You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown is a 1967 musical with music and lyrics by Clark Gesner and (in a 1999 revision) Andrew Lippa. It is based on the characters created by cartoonist Charles M. Schulz in his comic strip Peanuts. The musical has been a popular choice for amateur theatre productions because of its small cast and simple staging.

Background
John Gordon was credited with the book of the show, but according to Gesner's foreword in the published script, "John Gordon" is a collective pseudonym that covers Gesner, the cast members, and the production staff, all of whom worked together to assemble the script. The Guide to Musical Theatre notes that "John Gordon is a pseudonym for the staff and cast of the show. The original cast included Bob Balaban, Gary Burghoff, Bill Hinnant, Skip Hinnant, Karen Johnson and Reva Rose."

History
During the early 1960s, Gesner had begun writing songs based on Charles Schulz's  Peanuts characters, but was unable to get permission from United Feature Syndicate to use the characters in his songs. Eventually Gesner sent Schulz a demo recording of some of the songs and Gesner soon had permission to properly record them, which he did in 1966. Orson Bean sang the role of Charlie Brown, Clark Gesner sang Linus, Barbara Minkus sang Lucy, and Bill Hinnant sang Snoopy (he reprised his role in the Off-Broadway production).

At the time, Gesner had no plans for a musical based on this pre-production "concept album". However, producer Arthur Whitelaw, who would later go on to write another musical based on Peanuts entitled: Snoopy! The Musical, encouraged Gesner to turn the album into a musical.

The stage adaptation of the concept album, titled You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, went into rehearsal in New York City on February 10, 1967. Prior to its opening, the musical had no actual libretto; it was several vignettes with a musical number for each one.

Productions

Original New York productions and U.S. tours

On March 7, 1967, the musical premiered off-Broadway at Theatre 80 in the East Village, featuring Gary Burghoff as Charlie Brown, Skip Hinnant as Schroeder, Reva Rose as Lucy, Bob Balaban as Linus, Karen Johnson as Patty (an early Peanuts character not to be confused with Peppermint Patty), and Bill Hinnant as Snoopy. Joseph Hardy directed and choreographer Patricia Birch was billed as "Assistant to the Director". Joe Raposo, later of Sesame Street fame, was billed as "Music Director" and composer of incidental music for the show. This production of You're A Good Man, Charlie Brown lasted 1,597 performances, closing on February 14, 1971.

The off-Broadway cast recording, originally released on MGM Records, was later remastered by Decca Broadway/Universal Classics and re-released on September 31, 2000. A 1970 U.S. tour lasted 202 performances on the road.

A Broadway production opened at the John Golden Theatre on June 1, 1971, and closed on June 27, 1971, after 32 performances and 15 previews. Directed by Joseph Hardy and with choreography by Patricia Birch, the new cast consisted of Carter Cole as Schroeder, Grant Cowan as Snoopy, Stephen Fenning as Linus, Liz O'Neal as Lucy, Dean Stolber as Charlie Brown, and Lee Wilson as Patty.

1968 West End premiere

The musical opened in the West End in London on February 1, 1968, produced by Harold Fielding and Bernard Delfont, and directed by original 1967 director Joseph Hardy. It played at the Fortune Theatre for 116 performances, until closing on May 11, 1968. The whole original Toronto cast reprised their roles for West End. Don Potter, who portrayed Snoopy, reprised his role in the original San Francisco cast of Snoopy! The Musical.

1986 television special

1998 U.S. tour and 1999 Broadway revival
A U.S. tour began on November 18, 1998, in Skokie, Illinois. The tour was expected to become a full-scale revival to open at the Longacre Theatre on Broadway, but was moved to the Ambassador Theatre after Bring in 'Da Noise, Bring in 'Da Funks closing. After the tour ended on January 17, 1999, the revival opened on February 4, 1999, and closed on June 13, 1999, having played 14 previews and 149 performances. It featured new dialogue by Michael Mayer, who also directed, and additional songs and orchestration written by Andrew Lippa; choreography was by Jerry Mitchell and sets by David Gallo, Mayer's frequent collaborator.

In this revival, the character of Patty was replaced with Sally Brown, inspired by the same change Schulz made in the animated TV adaptation. The cast featured Anthony Rapp as Charlie Brown, B.D. Wong as Linus, Ilana Levine as Lucy, and Stanley Wayne Mathis as Schroeder. Also featured were Kristin Chenoweth and Roger Bart as Sally and Snoopy, with each winning the Tony award in the respective category. Kirsten Wyatt was the standby for Lucy and Sally.

The original Broadway revival recording was released by RCA Victor/BMG on March 9, 1999.

The 1999 cast appeared on The Rosie O'Donnell Show to promote the show, singing "Beethoven Day."  O'Donnell joined in with the cast to close her show by performing the finale as the credits rolled.

2008 Manhattan benefit concert
On December 15, 2008, a one-night-only benefit performance of Charlie Brown was staged at the Gerald W. Lynch Theater at John Jay College in Manhattan for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, directed by David Lefkowich. The cast featured Morgan Karr as Charlie Brown, David Larsen as Schroeder, Tom Deckman as Snoopy, Matt Crowle as Linus, Carmen Ruby Floyd as Lucy, and Kenita R. Miller as Sally.

2016 Off-Broadway revival
The musical was revived at the Off-Broadway York Theatre Company. The revival used some young actors from Broadway productions. The six-member "Peanuts" gang featured Joshua Colley as Charlie Brown, Gregory Diaz as Schroeder, Aidan Gemme as Snoopy, Milly Shapiro as Sally, Mavis Simpson-Ernst as Lucy, and Jeremy T. Villas as Linus. Graydon Peter Yosowitz played the role of Charlie Brown from June 1–7. The production ran from May 24 – June 26, 2016.

Synopsis

Original
Act I
Charlie Brown and Linus are together, as his friends give their various opinions of him ("Opening"). Today everyone is calling him a "good man". They state he could be king. Lucy, however says he could be king if he wasn't so wishy-washy ("You're A Good Man, Charlie Brown"). Lucy expresses her deep infatuation with Schroeder and asks him what he thinks of the idea of marriage. Schroeder is aware of her feelings, but remains aloof as he plays his piano. Lucy then exclaims: "My Aunt Marion was right. Never try to discuss marriage with a musician" ("Schroeder").

Schroeder is walking around in the sun, happy with all the peace and quiet. However, that is soon interrupted by Lucy screaming for a ball. Snoopy is lying on top of his doghouse, relaxing vacantly and peacefully. He daydreams that all the children are adoring him, and saying he's "the best dog in the world". Birds start to poke his stomach, and then he begins to daydream about being a wild jungle beast. In a few minutes, however, he is back to his peaceful state ("Snoopy").

Linus enters, holding his blanket and sucking his thumb. Lucy and Patty show up and mock him for this habit. Lucy tries to pull away the blanket, but fails. Linus decides to abandon his blanket and move on, only to come running back to it in desperation. After the girls leave, Linus decides to relax with his blanket until he can outgrow it ("My Blanket and Me"). Charlie Brown appears, trying to get his unusually stubborn kite to soar in the air. Eventually, he succeeds in doing this, and he enjoys a few minutes of triumph before the kite plummets to the ground ("The Kite").

After this trauma, Charlie Brown tries to find the right way to give The Little Red-Headed Girl her Valentine's Day card, but he ends up saying "Merry Christmas", making a fool out of himself. He finds Patty handing out valentines, and she drops a valentine with the initials C.B. Charlie Brown gives it back to Patty, but soon learns it was Craig Bowerman's valentine. He goes to see Lucy, who is at her psychiatrist booth. He tells her all the things he thinks of himself. Lucy then clears it up by saying that Charlie Brown is unique the way he is, then asks for the five cent price ("The Doctor Is In").

Later, Lucy comes up to Schroeder again and talks about if they got married, and they were so poor that Schroeder had to sell his piano for saucepans, and, again, Schroeder cannot stand it. At noon, Linus, Lucy, Schroeder, and Charlie Brown are working on their Peter Rabbit book reports, each in his or her own way. Lucy is simply babbling to fit the 100-word requirement, Schroeder is doing a "comparison" between the book and Robin Hood, Linus is doing an overcomplicated psychological analysis, and Charlie Brown hasn't even started out of worry ("The Book Report").

Act II
Snoopy, in his World War I flying ace uniform, climbs atop his doghouse. He goes through a scene, with him being a pilot searching for the Red Baron. In his imagination, he is defeated by the Red Baron and returns to the aerodrome in France ("The Red Baron"). Meanwhile, Charlie Brown returns, and, with his friends, plays the Little League Baseball Championship. After some mishaps, the team finally manages to make some progress. Charlie Brown steps up to the plate, and despite his valiant efforts, strikes out and loses the game. We learn that this was a flashback, and Charlie Brown expresses his deep sorrow to his pen pal ("T-E-A-M (The Baseball Game)").

Later on, Linus and Lucy arrive home. Linus starts to watch TV, but Lucy tells him to switch channels. Lucy tells Linus that what she intends to do when she grows up, she will become a queen. Linus denies, and Lucy decides to cultivate her life for her "natural beauty" ("Queen Lucy"). The next day, at lunchtime, Charlie Brown talks about his bad days. Then he notices the Little Red-Haired Girl approaching and puts a paper bag over his head. It turns out it is Lucy and Patty, chatting together.

At Schroeder's Glee Club, Patty is the only one to arrive early. When everyone comes, it's chaos. Unfortunately, a fight ensues between Lucy and Linus over a pencil. Lucy threatens to tell Patty that Linus called her an enigma. The fight spreads, and Charlie Brown decides to leave with his angry friends, leaving Schroeder and Snoopy the only ones singing ("Glee Club Rehearsal"). Later, Charlie Brown comes across Lucy teaching Linus about nature the way she views it, with "facts" such as bugs pulling the grass to make it grow or snow coming out of the ground in winter. Charlie Brown tries to correct her, but she retaliates with a false explanation, and Charlie Brown bangs his head against a tree in frustration ("Little Known Facts").

The next morning, Snoopy is puzzled why he has his supper in the red dish, and the water in the blue dish. Meanwhile, Linus and Schroeder are walking to school. Schroeder asks if Linus filled out the form that Ms. Othmar gave them. Linus puts down "Dr. Seuss". Snoopy talks about how he hates cats, but he is also scared of them ("Peanuts Potpourri").  That evening, Snoopy complains that he hasn't been fed yet, and begins to overly complicate and dramatize the matter until Charlie Brown shows up with his dinner. Snoopy bursts into song about his craving for supper until Charlie Brown firmly tells him to eat his meal ("Suppertime").

That night, everyone is looking at the stars in wonder. Charlie Brown soon discovers a pencil which has been dropped by the Little Red-Haired Girl (his perennial crush). As he examines it, he discovers that "there are teeth-marks all over it . . . she nibbles her pencil . . . she's HUMAN!" With that realization, he concludes that today hasn't been so bad, after all, and he's done a lot of things that make him happy. As Charlie Brown expresses what makes him happy, everyone, touched by his love of life, begin to express what makes them happy as well ("Happiness"). Right then, he realizes being a "good man" means trying your best and making the most of the things you've been given in life. As his other friends leave the stage, Lucy turns to him then tells him, "You're a good man, Charlie Brown."

Revised
Act I
Charlie Brown stands alone as his friends give their various opinions of him("Opening"). Today everyone is calling him a "good man". Charlie Brown is happy and hopeful as usual, but he nevertheless wonders if he really is what they say. He decides to find out how he can really become a good person ("You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown").

Alone one day, during lunch, Charlie Brown talks about his bad days. Then he notices the Little Red-Haired Girl and decides to go sit with her. However, he cannot find the courage to do so, and puts a paper bag over his head. It turns out it is Lucy and Sally, chatting together. They draw a dress on the paper bag, while Charlie Brown feels like he has no confidence ("You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" (reprise))

Lucy expresses her deep infatuation with Schroeder and asks him what he thinks of the idea of marriage. Schroeder is aware of her feelings, but remains aloof as he plays his piano. Lucy then exclaims: "My Aunt Marion was right. Never try to discuss marriage with a musician" ("Schroeder"). Sally is sad because her jump rope tangled up.

Snoopy is lying on top of his doghouse, relaxing vacantly and peacefully. He begins to daydream about being a wild jungle beast. In a few minutes, however, he is back to his peaceful state ("Snoopy"). Linus enters, holding his blanket and sucking his thumb. Lucy and Sally show up and mock him for this habit. Linus decides to abandon his blanket and move on, only to come running back to it in desperation. After the girls leave, Linus daydreams of a blanket fantasy where everyone can relax with their blankets ("My Blanket and Me"). Lucy later tells him that she would someday like to be a queen ("Queen Lucy"). However, Linus tells her that she can't and she threatens to punch him. Sally gets a D for her pathetic coat-hanger sculpture.

Charlie Brown appears, trying to get his unusually stubborn kite to soar in the air. Eventually, he succeeds in doing this, and he enjoys a few minutes of triumph before the notorious Kite-Eating Tree eats it up ("The Kite"). After this trauma, Charlie Brown tries to find the right way to give Lucy a Valentine's Day card, but he ends up saying "Merry Christmas", making a fool out of himself. He later learns that no one sent him a card, whereas everyone else, including Snoopy, got several. He goes to see Lucy, who is at her psychiatrist booth. He tells her all the things he thinks of himself. Lucy then clears it up by saying that Charlie Brown is unique the way he is, then asks for the five cent price ("The Doctor Is In"). Later, Charlie Brown sees a happy Schroeder spreading the word of Beethoven's birthday and pulling together a celebration. He and company join Schroeder in the song of jubilation ("Beethoven Day").

The next morning, Sally wakes up Snoopy to go rabbit chasing, and they go into strange places, like the Sahara. At noon, Linus, Lucy, Schroeder, and Charlie Brown are working on their Peter Rabbit book reports, each in his or her own way. Lucy is simply babbling to fit the 100-word requirement, Schroeder is doing a "comparison" between the book and Robin Hood, Linus is doing an overcomplicated psychological analysis, and Charlie Brown hasn't even started out of worry, while Sally and Snoopy continue to chase rabbits ("The Book Report").

Act II
Snoopy, in his World War I flying ace uniform climbs atop his doghouse. He goes through a scene, with him being a pilot searching for the Red Baron. In his imagination, he is defeated by the Red Baron and returns to the aerodrome in France ("The Red Baron").

Sally is clearly cross about a D her teacher gave her on her homework assignment. In response, she says, "Oh, yeah? That's what you think!" Schroeder hears and asks why Sally is telling him that. It quickly becomes Sally's new "philosophy", and she bursts into song about her philosophies. Schroeder, after failing to explain to her how philosophies work, leaves in bafflement while Sally continues ("My New Philosophy").

Charlie Brown returns, and, with his friends, plays the Little League Baseball Championship. After some mishaps, the team finally manages to make some progress. Charlie Brown steps up to the plate, and despite his valiant efforts, strikes out and loses the game. We learn that this was a flashback, and Charlie Brown expresses his deep sorrow to his pen pal ("T-E-A-M (The Baseball Game)"). After Schroeder tells her she is a very crabby person, Lucy takes a crabbiness survey of all her friends to determine her crabbiness: Charlie Brown gives a waffling answer, while Sally is more definitive. Upon asking Linus, he refuses to answer until she promises not to punch him; when he gives her a score of ninety-five, though, she punches him anyway. After tallying the score, she realizes that she, in reality, is really very crabby and becomes depressed. Linus cheers her up by reminding her she has a little brother who loves her, remarking as she sobs in his shoulder "Every now and then I say the right thing!"

Determined not to let what happened at the championship bother him, Charlie Brown decides to join Schroeder's Glee Club and cheer up by singing "Home on the Range" with his friends. Unfortunately, a fight ensues between Lucy and Linus over a pencil. The fight spreads, and Charlie Brown decides to leave with his angry friends, leaving Schroeder and Snoopy the only ones singing ("Glee Club Rehearsal").

Later, Charlie Brown comes across Lucy teaching Linus about nature the way she views it, with "facts" such as bugs pulling the grass to make it grow or snow growing out of the ground in winter. Charlie Brown tries to correct her, but she retaliates with a false explanation, and Charlie Brown bangs his head against a tree in frustration ("Little Known Facts"). That evening, Snoopy complains that he hasn't been fed yet, and begins to overly complicate and dramatize the matter until Charlie Brown shows up with his dinner. Snoopy bursts into song about his craving for supper until Charlie Brown firmly tells him to eat his meal ("Suppertime").

That night, Charlie Brown is still sad that he has not discovered what it means to be a "good man", then he discovers a pencil which has been dropped by the Little Red-Haired Girl (his perennial crush). As he examines it, he discovers that "there are teeth-marks all over it . . . she nibbles her pencil . . . she's HUMAN!" With that realization, he concludes that today hasn't been so bad, after all, and he's done a lot of things that make him happy. As Charlie Brown expresses what makes him happy, everyone, touched by his love of life, begin to express what makes them happy as well ("Happiness"). Right then, he realizes being a "good man" means trying your best and making the most of the things you've been given in life. As his other friends leave the stage, Lucy turns to him and puts out her hand, making him shrink back. As he reaches out, she shakes his hand firmly, then tells him, "You're a good man, Charlie Brown."

A medley of "Happiness" and "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" is performed as the cast comes out for a final curtain call.

Musical numbers
Original

Act I
 "Opening" – Company
 "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" – Company
 "Schroeder" – Lucy (sung over Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata")
 "Snoopy" – Snoopy
 "My Blanket and Me" – Linus
 "The Kite" – Charlie Brown
 "The Doctor is In" (Dr. Lucy) – Lucy and Charlie Brown
 "The Book Report" – Company

Act II
 "Opening, Pt. 2" - Company
 "T-E-A-M (The Baseball Game)" – Charlie Brown and Company
 "The Red Baron" – Snoopy
 "Queen Lucy" – Lucy and Linus
 "Glee Club Rehearsal" – Company (sung over "Home on the Range")
 "Little Known Facts" – Lucy with Linus and Charlie Brown
 "Peanuts Potpourri" – Snoopy, Schroeder, and Linus
 "Suppertime" – Snoopy
 "Happiness" – Company
  Bows – Company (includes a reprise of "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown")

Note: "Opening, Pt. 2", "Glee Club Rehearsal", and "Bows" was not included in the original cast recording.
Revised

Act I
 "Opening" – Company
 "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" – Company
 "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" (reprise) – Charlie Brown, Linus, and Sally
 "Schroeder" – Lucy (sung over Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata")
 "Snoopy" – Snoopy
 "My Blanket and Me" – Linus and Company
 "Queen Lucy" – Lucy and Linus
 "The Kite" – Charlie Brown (optional company background)
 "The Doctor is In" (Dr. Lucy) – Lucy and Charlie Brown
 "Peanuts Potpourri" – Sally, Linus, Snoopy, Lucy, and Schroeder
 "Beethoven Day" – Schroeder and Company
 "Rabbit Chasing" - Sally and Snoopy
 "The Book Report" – Company

Act II
 "The Red Baron" – Snoopy
 "My New Philosophy" – Sally and Schroeder
 "T-E-A-M (The Baseball Game)" – Charlie Brown and Company
 "Glee Club Rehearsal" – Company (sung over "Home on the Range")
 "Little Known Facts" – Lucy with Linus and Charlie Brown
 "Suppertime" – Snoopy
 "Happiness" – Company
 Bows – Company (includes a partial reprise of "Happiness," and "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown")

Note: The three new songs added to the show ("Beethoven Day", "Rabbit Chasing", and "My New Philosophy") are by Andrew Lippa.  "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown Reprise", "Queen Lucy", "Peanuts Potpourri", "Rabbit Chasing", and "The Red Baron" are not included in the 1999 revival Broadway cast recording.

Instrumentation

The instrumentation varies greatly and three kinds exist.

In the original Off-Broadway production, the instrumentation was simply a piano (doubling on toy piano and melodica), a bass, and percussion. It can be heard on the original cast recording.

When Tams-Witmark acquired the rights to Charlie Brown, the orchestration was rewritten from the original version. The complete orchestration contained a piano, bass, guitar, percussion, five woodwind parts, two trumpets, horn, trombone, and strings. The piano player can also be doubled on celeste, toy piano, and melodica; the first woodwind plays flute and piccolo; the second is the second flute part; the third and fourth are the first and second clarinet parts respectively; the fifth on bass clarinet and tenor sax. Any guitar, horn, and string parts (excluding bass) were all optional.

When Charlie Brown was brought back to Broadway in 1999, the orchestration was deeply revised, containing a five-piece orchestra that consisted of a piano, bass, percussion, a woodwind player, and a violinist. The piano player can double on keyboard synthesizer and kazoo; the bass player doubles on electric and acoustic bass, tenor recorder, and kazoo (in the original Broadway pit the bass player also doubled on acoustic and electric guitar); the woodwind part doubles on piccolo, flute, clarinet, soprano and alto sax, soprano recorder, and kazoo; the violin part also doubles on viola, alto recorder, kazoo, and tambourine. The percussionist primarily plays drum set but doubles on vibraphone, bells, triangle, timpani, and xylophone, with the parts intended to be played with a synthesizer. This version is also available through Tams-Witmark.

Casts

Notes: The character of "Sally" was added in the 1999 revival, replacing "Patty" from the original version. Sally was then used for the 2016 revival as well. The characters of Patty and Schroeder do not appear on the concept album.

Articles about the 1999 revision while it was in previews noted that the one difference between the original production and the 1999 version was that the latter reflected the increased ethnic diversity of casting over the decades that had passed, with Schroeder being played by an African American actor (Mathis) and Linus by an Asian American (Wong).

Response
The off-Broadway production was well received, with The Village Voice praising the simplistic set and "strikingly talented" cast. Walter Kerr in The New York Times called the show "a miracle", saying, "Almost everything works, because almost everything is effortless."

In reviewing the 1999 revival, Playbill'''s Steven Suskin found it "overblown and underwhelming. The scenic and musical enhancements were especially harmful, it seemed to me; the unassuming, child-size characters were overwhelmed… Which is not to say that the 1999 music department did a bad job; it's simply that the concept of a big, new 'You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown' worked against the inherent qualities of the material." In The New York Times, Ben Brantley wrote a lukewarm review:

Brantley did praise some of the cast, saying, "Kristin Chenoweth's performance as Sally will be the part that should seal her reputation. This glow cast by a star-in-the-making gives a real Broadway magic to a show that otherwise feels sadly shrunken… And Roger Bart, in the plum role of Snoopy, the charismatic beagle, incorporates some delightful doglike mannerisms."

Awards and nominations
Original Off-Broadway Production

1999 Broadway Revival

 Adaptations
In 1973, the show was adapted for television in a Hallmark Hall of Fame TV special, broadcast on NBC. Actors featured in the adaptation included original 1967 cast member Bill Hinnant as Snoopy. Hinnant was the only member of the original off-Broadway cast to reprise their role in the special.

CBS aired a new prime-time animated TV special in 1985, based on the original musical. This version was the first animated depiction of Snoopy with comprehensible dialogue, voiced by Robert Towers, who previously portrayed the role in the 1967 Los Angeles production alongside Burghoff as Charlie Brown and Judy Kaye as Lucy.

Original cast albums have been released for all three versions of the stage show, however the 1973  Hallmark Hall of Fame recording on Atlantic Records is no longer in print.

See alsoSnoopy! The MusicalDog Sees God: Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead''

References

External links

You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown 1999 at the Internet Broadway Database
You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Tams-Witmark plot synopsis and production information

1967 musicals
Broadway musicals
Drama Desk Award-winning musicals
Musicals based on comic strips
Off-Broadway musicals
Works based on Peanuts (comic strip)
Peanuts music
West End musicals
Tony Award-winning musicals

You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown


بنو قاسم أو بني قاسم (بالإسبانية Benicasim وبلنسية Benicásim)، بلديةٌ إسبانية تقع في ساحل الأزهار بمنطقة بلنسية، وتشتهر بمهرجانها الموسيقي مهرجان بني قاسم الدولي.

توأمة
لبنو قاسم اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 باد زالتسدتفورت
 إيفيان

مراجع

أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية
أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

بنو قاسم


A biogenic substance is a product made by or of life forms. While the term originally was specific to metabolite compounds that had toxic effects on other organisms, it has developed to encompass any constituents, secretions, and metabolites of plants or animals. In context of molecular biology, biogenic substances are referred to as biomolecules. They are generally isolated and measured through the use of chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Additionally, the transformation and exchange of biogenic substances can by modelled in the environment, particularly their transport in waterways.

The observation and measurement of biogenic substances is notably important in the fields of geology and biochemistry. A large proportion of isoprenoids and fatty acids in geological sediments are derived from plants and chlorophyll, and can be found in samples extending back to the Precambrian. These biogenic substances are capable of withstanding the diagenesis process in sediment, but may also be transformed into other materials. This makes them useful as biomarkers for geologists to verify the age, origin and degradation processes of different rocks.

Biogenic substances have been studied as part of marine biochemistry since the 1960s, which has involved investigating their production, transport, and transformation in the water, and how they may be used in industrial applications. A large fraction of biogenic compounds in the marine environment are produced by micro and macro algae, including cyanobacteria. Due to their antimicrobial properties they are currently the subject of research in both industrial projects, such as for anti-fouling paints, or in medicine.

History of discovery and classification

During a meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences' Section of Geology and Mineralogy in 1903, geologist Amadeus William Grabau proposed a new rock classification system in his paper 'Discussion of and Suggestions Regarding a New Classification of Rocks'. Within the primary subdivision of "Endogenetic rocks" – rocks formed through chemical processes – was a category termed "Biogenic rocks", which was used synonymously with "Organic rocks". Other secondary categories were "Igneous" and "Hydrogenic" rocks.

In the 1930s German chemist Alfred E. Treibs first detected biogenic substances in petroleum as part of his studies of porphyrins. Based on this research, there was a later increase in the 1970s in the investigation of biogenic substances in sedimentary rocks as part of the study of geology. This was facilitated by the development of more advanced analytical methods, and led to greater collaboration between geologists and organic chemists in order to research the biogenic compounds in sediments.

Researchers additionally began to investigate the production of compounds by microorganisms in the marine environment during the early 1960s. By 1975, different research areas had developed in the study of marine biochemistry. These were "marine toxins, marine bioproducts and marine chemical ecology". Following this in 1994, Teuscher and Lindequist defined biogenic substances as "chemical compounds which are synthesised by living organisms and which, if they exceed certain concentrations, cause temporary or permanent damage or even death of other organisms by chemical or physicochemical effects" in their book, Biogene Gifte. This emphasis in research and classification on the toxicity of biogenic substances was partly due to the cytotoxicity-directed screening assays that were used to detect the biologically active compounds. The diversity of biogenic products has since been expanded from cytotoxic substances through the use of alternative pharmaceutical and industrial assays.

In the environment

Hydroecology

Through studying the transport of biogenic substances in the Tatar Strait in the Sea of Japan, a Russian team noted that biogenic substances can enter the marine environment due to input from either external sources, transport inside the water masses, or development by metabolic processes within the water. They can likewise be expended due to biotransformation processes, or biomass formation by microorganisms. In this study the biogenic substance concentrations, transformation frequency, and turnover were all highest in the upper layer of the water. Additionally, in different regions of the strait the biogenic substances with the highest annual transfer were constant. These were O2, DOC, and DISi, which are normally found in large concentrations in natural water. The biogenic substances that tend to have lower input through the external boundaries of the strait and therefore least transfer were mineral and detrital components of N and P. These same substances take active part in biotransformation processes in the marine environment and have lower annual output as well.

Geological sites

Organic geochemists also have an interest in studying the diagenesis of biogenic substances in petroleum and how they are transformed in sediment and fossils. While 90% of this organic material is insoluble in common organic solvents – called kerogen – 10% is in a form that is soluble and can be extracted, from where biogenic compounds can then be isolated. Saturated linear fatty acids and pigments have the most stable chemical structures and are therefore suited to withstanding degradation from the diagenesis process and being detected in their original forms. However, macromolecules have also been found in protected geological regions. Typical sedimentation conditions involve enzymatic, microbial and physicochemical processes as well as increased temperature and pressure, which lead to transformations of biogenic substances. For example, pigments that arise from dehydrogenation of chlorophyll or hemin can be found in many sediments as nickel or vanadyl complexes. A large proportion of the isoprenoids in sediments are also derived from chlorophyll. Similarly, linear saturated fatty acids discovered in the Messel oil shale of the Messel Pit in Germany arise from organic material of vascular plants.

Additionally, alkanes and isoprenoids are found in soluble extracts of Precambrian rock, indicating the probable existence of biological material more than three billion years ago. However, there is the potential that these organic compounds are abiogenic in nature, especially in Precambrian sediments. While Studier et al.'s (1968) simulations of the synthesis of isoprenoids in abiogenic conditions did not produce the long-chain isoprenoids used as biomarkers in fossils and sediments, traces of C9-C14 isoprenoids were detected. It is also possible for polyisoprenoid chains to be stereoselectively synthesised using catalysts such as Al(C2H5)3 – VCl3. However, the probability of these compounds being available in the natural environment is unlikely.

Measurement

The different biomolecules that make up a plant's biogenic substances – particularly those in seed exudates - can be identified by using different varieties of chromatography in a lab environment. For metabolite profiling, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to find flavonoids such as quercetin. Compounds can then be further differentiated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

When it comes to measuring biogenic substances in a natural environment such as a body of water, a hydroecological CNPSi model can be used to calculate the spatial transport of biogenic substances, in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. This model takes into account the water exchange and flow rate, and yields the values of biogenic substance rates for any area or layer of the water for any month. There are two main evaluation methods involved: measuring per unit water volume (mg/m3 year) and measuring substances per entire water volume of layer (t of element/year). The former is mostly used to observe biogenic substance dynamics and individual pathways for flux and transformations, and is useful when comparing individual regions of the strait or waterway. The second method is used for monthly substance fluxes and must take into account that there are monthly variations in the water volume in the layers.

In the study of geochemistry, biogenic substances can be isolated from fossils and sediments through a process of scraping and crushing the target rock sample, then washing with 40% hydrofluoric acid, water, and benzene/methanol in the ratio 3:1. Following this, the rock pieces are ground and centrifuged to produce a residue. Chemical compounds are then derived through various chromatography and mass spectrometry separations. However, extraction should be accompanied by rigorous precautions to ensure there is no amino acid contaminants from fingerprints, or silicone contaminants from other analytical treatment methods.

Applications

Anti-fouling paints
Metabolites produced by marine algae have been found to have many antimicrobial properties. This is because they are produced by the marine organisms as chemical deterrents and as such contain bioactive compounds. The principal classes of marine algae that produce these types of secondary metabolites are Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae. Observed biogenic products include polyketides, amides, alkaloids, fatty acids, indoles and lipopeptides. For example, over 10% of compounds isolated from Lyngbya majuscula, which is one of the most abundant cyanobacteria, have antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, a study by Ren et al. (2002) tested halogenated furanones produced by Delisea pulchra from the Rhodophyceae class against the growth of Bacillus subtilis. When applied at a 40 µg/mL concentration, the furanone inhibited the formation of a biofilm by the bacteria and reduced the biofilm's thickness by 25% and the number of live cells by 63%.

These characteristics then have the potential to be utilised in man-made materials, such as making anti-fouling paints without the environment-damaging chemicals. Environmentally safe alternatives are needed to TBT (tin-based antifouling agent) which releases toxic compounds into water and the environment and has been banned in several countries. A class of biogenic compounds that has had a sizeable effect against the bacteria and microalgae that cause fouling are acetylene sesquiterpenoid esters produced by Caulerpa prolifera (from the Chlorophyceae class), which Smyrniotopoulos et al. (2003) observed inhibiting bacterial growth with up to 83% of the efficacy of TBT oxide.

Current research also aims to produce these biogenic substances on a commercial level using metabolic engineering techniques. By pairing these techniques with biochemical engineering design, algae and their biogenic substances can be produced on a large scale using photobioreactors. Different system types can be used to yield different biogenic products.

Paleochemotaxonomy
In the field of paleochemotaxonomy the presence of biogenic substances in geological sediments is useful for comparing old and modern biological samples and species. These biological markers can be used to verify the biological origin of fossils and serve as paleo-ecological markers. For example, the presence of pristane indicates that the petroleum or sediment is of marine origin, while biogenic material of non-marine origin tends to be in the form of polycyclic compounds or phytane. The biological markers also provide valuable information about the degradation reactions of biological material in geological environments. Comparing the organic material between geologically old and recent rocks shows the conservation of different biochemical processes.

Metallic nanoparticle production

Another application of biogenic substances is in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The current chemical and physical production methods for nanoparticles used are costly and produce toxic waste and pollutants in the environment. Additionally, the nanoparticles that are produced can be unstable and unfit for use in the body. Using plant-derived biogenic substances aims to create an environmentally-friendly and cost-effective production method. The biogenic phytochemicals used for these reduction reactions can be derived from plants in numerous ways, including a boiled leaf broth, biomass powder, whole plant immersion in solution, or fruit and vegetable juice extracts. C. annuum juices have been shown to produce Ag nanoparticles at room temperature when treated with silver ions and additionally deliver essential vitamins and amino acids when consumed, making them a potential nanomaterials agent. Another procedure is through the use of a different biogenic substance: the exudate of germinating seeds. When seeds are soaked, they passively release phytochemicals into the surrounding water, which after reaching equilibrium can be mixed with metal ions to synthesise metallic nanoparticles. M. sativa exudate in particular has had success in effectively producing Ag metallic particles, while L. culinaris is an effective reactant for manufacturing Au nanoparticles. This process can also be further adjusted by manipulating factors such as pH, temperature, exudate dilution and plant origin to produce different shapes of nanoparticles, including triangles, spheres, rods, and spirals. These biogenic metallic nanoparticles then have applications as catalysts, glass window coatings to insulate heat, in biomedicine, and in biosensor devices.

Examples

Coal and oil are possible examples of constituents which may have undergone changes over geologic time periods.
Chalk and limestone are examples of secretions (marine animal shells) which are of geologic age.
grass and wood are biogenic constituents of contemporary origin.
Pearls, silk and ambergris are examples of secretions of contemporary origin.
Biogenic neurotransmitters.

Table of isolated biogenic compounds

Abiogenic (opposite)
An abiogenic substance or process does not result from the present or past activity of living organisms. Abiogenic products may, e.g., be minerals, other inorganic compounds, as well as simple organic compounds (e.g. extraterrestrial methane, see also abiogenesis).

See also
 Biogenic minerals
 Natural product
Microalgae
Phytochemical

References

Biosphere
Geological processes
Natural materials
Organic compounds
Phycology
Paleobiology

Biogenic substance


Charango, Güney Amerika'ya özgü telli bir çalgıdır. Rezönans gövdesi, aslen bir armadillonun kurutulmuş kabuğu kullanılarak yapılırken, günümüzde ağırlıklı olarak ahşaptan ender olarak da kaplumbağa kabuğundan imal edilir. Dış görünümü gitar veya uda benzer, buna karşın büyüklüğü çok değişken ama genelde küçüktür. Küçükleri (Charanguito) bir Ukulele ile karşılaştırılabilir.

Dış bağlantılar
 YouTube'da Estudio para charango.Dinlemek için tıklayın
 YouTube'da Inti-İllimani'den Charango

Telli çalgılar

Charango


Pali się er en sang af det polske band Tulia. Den repræsenterede Polen i Eurovision Song Contest 2019 i Tel Aviv.

Referencer

Sange fra 2019
Singler fra 2019
Sange fra Polen
Eurovision Song Contest-sange fra Polen
Sange fra Eurovision Song Contest 2019

Pali się


العقيد جاسم علوان (1928 - 2018)، ضابط بالجيش السوري وشخصية ناصرية بارزة، وأحد اللاعبين الأساسيين في التاريخ السوري المعاصر خلال فترة الستينيات.

حياته

قاد انقلاب 18 تموز / يوليو 1963 وهي أول محاولة انقلابية في سوريا بعد استلام حزب البعث للحكم في 8 آذار / مارس 1963، وبعد فشل انقلابه هذا اعتقل وأقيمت محكمة استثنائية برئاسة اللواء صلاح الضللي حكمت عليه وعلى رفاقه بالإعدام، إلا أنه بقي في زنزانته إلى أن تدخل الرئيس المصري جمال عبد الناصر لتخفيف الحكم عنه ونفيه إلى القاهرة.

وقبل هذا الانقلاب الشهير قاد العقيد جاسم علوان تمرداً مشهوراً في حلب يوم 28/3/1962 واقتحم على رأس عدد من الضباط الناصريين والبعثيين قلعة حلب وقتلوا آمر حاميتها ورفعوا على ساريتها علم الوحدة، ثم سيطروا على الإذاعة وطلبوا من مصر إرسال قوات لحمايتهم، إلا أن الحركة فشلت وتم اعتقال قائدها علوان.

يعتبر علوان أحد أبرز رموز التيار الناصري، وكان انتخب العام 1968 أمينا عاما لحزب الاتحاد العربي الاشتراكي الديمقراطي في سوريا، لكنه اعتذر بحجة أنه لن يستطيع ممارسة مهامه على اعتبار أنه خارج البلاد، فانتخب بدلا عنه جمال الأتاسي الذي استمر في منصبه حتى وفاته في مارس العام 2000، فانتخب المحامي حسن عبد العظيم.

وبتاريخ 19-4-2005 عاد العقيد جاسم علوان إلى بلده سوريا بعد أن قضى أربعين عاماً في منفاه في جمهورية مصر العربية، وقد إرسل الرئيس السوري بشار الأسد كبار ضباط القصر الجمهوري لاستقبال العقيد علوان وقد حجزوا له في أكبر الفنادق السورية، وذلك بعد أن قام شقيق علوان بتقديم طلب إلى الجهات السورية المختصة للسماح له بالعودة إلى وطنه لأنه «يريد أن يدفن في أرض بلده».

وتأتي عودة العقيد علوان على خلفية توجيه السلطات السورية للسفارات السورية في الخارج بمنح جوازات سفر للسوريين خارج بلادهم حتى يتمكنوا من العودة، وكانت أعلنت مصادر سورية في وقت سابق أن هذا القرار يشمل المعارضين السوريين.

المراجع

مواقع الأنترنت:
 موقع eSyria.
 المصري اليوم.
 ويكيبيديا الأخوان المسلمين.

لمزيد من الملومات عن العقيد جاسم العلوان يمكنكم زيارة موقع الجزيرة نت ومشاهدة مقابلته في قناة الجزيرة التي أجراها معه المذيع (سامي كليب) بتاريخ: 12/09/2003

الجزء الأول
الجزء الثاني

أشخاص من دير الزور
عقداء سوريون
قوميون عرب سوريون
مسلمون سنة سوريون
معارضون سوريون
مغتربون سوريون في مصر
منفيون سوريون
مواليد 1347 هـ
مواليد 1349 هـ
مواليد 1928
مواليد في دير الزور
ناصريون
وفيات 1439 هـ

جاسم علوان


ලාල්ගුවන් මහාදේව දේවාලය යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ මධ්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ්හි ඛජුරාහෝ නගරයේ පිහිටි නටබුන් වූ ශිව දේවාලයකි.

ලාල්ගුවන් මහාදේව දේවාලයේ ඉදිකිරීම් ක්‍රි.ව. 900ට පමණ අයත් යැයි සැලකිය හැක. මෙය චෞසත් යෝගිනී දේවාලයෙන් පසුව ඛජුරාහෝවේ පවතින දෙවන පැරණිතම දේවාලය වේ. මෙම දේවාල දෙකම තනා ඇත්තේ ග්‍රැනයිට්වලිනි. මෙම දේවාලය ඉදිවූයේ වැලිගල් (ඛජුරාහෝවේ සෙසු දේවාලවල භාවිතයට ගැනුණු) භාවිතය හඳුන්වා දුන් නමුත්, ග්‍රැනයිට් භාවිතය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නැවතී නොතිබූ යුගයක ලෙස සැලකේ.

ලාල්ගුවන් දේවාලය ඉදිකොට ඇත්තේ වර්තමානයේ ලාල්ගුවන් සාගර් යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන ජලාශයේ ඉවුරේ ය. ඛජුරාහෝවේ පසුකාලීන දේවාල හා සැසඳීමේ දී, මෙය ප්‍රමාණයෙන් කුඩා අතර සැලැස්ම ද චාම් ය. මෙහි බිම් සැලැස්ම සහ ආකෘතිය යාබද බ්‍රහ්ම දේවාලයට සමාන වේ. මෙහි පිරමිඩාකාර පියස්සක් වේ. දොරකඩෙහි ඇති එකම කැටයම් වජ්‍ර හැඩැති මෝස්තරයන් ය.

වර්තමානය වන විට මෙම දේවාලය නටබුන් බවට පත්ව ඇත. මෙහි ගර්භගෘහයේ වක්‍රරේඛීය ශිඛරය ඇද වැටී ඇත. පිවිසුම් ද්වාරය දක්නට නැත. ඉන්දියාවේ පුරාවිද්‍යා සමීක්ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව විසින් මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල ජාතික වැදගත්කමක් සහිත ස්මාරකයක් ලෙස නම්කොට තිබේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ග්‍රන්ථාවලිය

ඛජුරාහෝවේ හින්දු දේවාල
මධ්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ්හි ශිව දේවාල
10වන සියවසේ හින්දු දේවාල
ග්‍රැනයිට් ගොඩනැගිලි

ලාල්ගුවන් මහාදේව දේවාලය


محمد كمال الدين إمام (1946 - 2020) فقيه وأكاديمي وإعلامي مصري، شغل منصب رئيس قسم الشريعة الإسلامية بكلية الحقوق جامعة الإسكندرية.

سيرته
ولد في إسنا في 2 أبريل 1946، حصل على ليسانس الحقوق في يناير 1969 من جامعة الإسكندرية، ثم حصل على دبلوم الدراسات العليا في الشريعة الإسلامية 1973 بتقدير جيد من جامعة الإسكندرية، ودبلوم الدراسات العليا في القانون العام 1976 بتقدير مقبول من جامعة عين شمس، ثم نال درجة الدكتوراة في الحقوق 1982 بتقدير جيد جدا مع مرتبة الشرف من جامعة الإسكندرية.

الحياة العملية
 عمل أستاذًا ورئيسًا لقسم الشريعة بكلية الحقوق جامعة الإسكندرية.
 ترأس قسم الشريعة بجامعة المنيا.
 كان أستاذًا مشاركًا بجامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية بالرياض على مدى عامين وعضو اللجنة القومية للإصلاح التشريعي.
 عمل في الإذاعة المصرية إلى أن وصل إلى منصب كبير المذيعين بإذاعة القرآن الكريم ومديرًا للتنفيذ بها.
 عمل مديرًا لتحرير مجلة (المسلم المعاصر) على مدى 20 عاما.
 شارك في مؤتمر القمة العالمي لحوار الأديان في نيويورك.
 شارك في الدورتين الأولى والثانية من المؤتمر الدولي للفقه والقانون في إيران.
 شارك في الهيئة الاستشارية لـ مجلة الفقه المقارن.

من مؤلفاته
 الوصايا والأوقاف: مقاصد وقواعد،
 أصول الحسبة في الإسلام: دراسة تأصيلية مقارنة،
 مقدمة لدراسة الفقه الإسلامي،
 أصول الفقه الإسلامي،
 النظرة الإسلامية للإعلام: محاولة منهجية،
 أحكام الأسرة في الإسلام،
 تنظير القوة: دراسة في فقه العلاقات الدولة،
 الإنسان والدولة: دراسة في فقه تنظيم السياسة،
 الدليل الإرشادي إلى مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية،

وفاته
توفي في 8 أكتوبر 2020، ونعاه مفتي الديار المصرية والأزهر الشريف، وشريحة واسعة من العلماء والأكاديمين والإعلاميين وطلابه.

المراجع

أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة الإسكندرية
أشخاص من إسنا
خريجو جامعة الإسكندرية
خريجو جامعة عين شمس
فقهاء مصريون
كتاب وكاتبات مصريون
مواليد 1365 هـ
مواليد 1946
وفيات 1442 هـ
وفيات 2020
وفيات بعمر 74
وفيات في الإسكندرية

محمد كمال الدين إمام


Network Solutions, LLC is an American-based technology company and a subsidiary of Web.com, the 4th largest .com domain name registrar with over 6.7 million registrations as of August 2018. In addition to being a domain name registrar, Network Solutions provides web services such as web hosting, website design and online marketing, including search engine optimization and pay per click management.

History
Network Solutions started as a technology consulting company incorporated by Emmit McHenry with Ty Grigsby, Gary Desler and Ed Peters in Washington, D.C., in 1979.

In its first few years, the company focused on systems programming services, primarily in the IBM environment. Annual revenues passed $1 million in 1982, growing to $18.5 million in 1986.

Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI) first operated the domain name system (DNS) registry under a sub-contract with the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) in September 1991.  NSI gave out names in the .com, .org, .mil, .gov, .edu and .net Top Level Domains (TLDs) for free, along with free Internet Protocol (IP) address blocks.
The Network Information Center at SRI International had performed the work under Elizabeth J. Feinler since 1972.

In 1992, NSI was the sole bidder on a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to further develop the domain name registration service for the Internet. In 1993, NSI was granted an exclusive contract by the NSF to be the sole domain name registrar for .com (commerce), .net (network) and .org (organization) TLDs, a continuation of work NSI had already been doing. NSI also maintained the central database of assigned names called WHOIS. A contract was given to Boeing to operate the .mil TLD registry, and was also performed by NSI under subcontract.

In May 1993, the NSF privatized the domain name registry; Network Solutions was the only bidder on the $5.9 million annual contract to administer it.

In March 1995, the company was acquired by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for $4.7 million. At that time, the company managed 60,000 domain names.

Following the acquisition by SAIC, the NSF gave Network Solutions authority to charge for domain name registrations. Network Solutions imposed a charge of $100 for two years registration. 30% of this revenue went to the NSF to create an "Internet Intellectual Infrastructure Fund." In 1997, a lawsuit was filed charging Network Solutions with antitrust violations with regard to domain names. The 30% of the registration fee that went to the NSF was ruled by a court to be an illegal tax. This led to a reduction in the domain name registration fee to $70 (for two years).

Network Solutions also implemented a policy of censoring domain names. This came to light when Jeff Gold attempted to register the domain name shitakemushrooms.com but was unable to. Network Solutions' automated screening system blocked the registration "because it contains four letters they consider obscene", though the domain name 'shit.com' had been successfully registered. Network Solutions argued that it was within its First Amendment rights to block words it found offensive, even though it was operating pursuant to contract with a Federal agency.

Network Solutions' $100 charge and its monopoly position in the market were contributing pressures that resulted in the creation of the International Ad Hoc Committee and a failed attempt to take control of the domain name system, and to the U.S. Department of Commerce and National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) releasing a white paper and ultimately contracting with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to administer the DNS.

In September 1997, the Network Solutions () became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO).

After the formation of ICANN in 1998, the domain name industry opened up to partial competition, with NSI retaining its monopoly on .com, .net and .org but having to recognize a separation between the functions of a registry, which manages the underlying database of domain names, and that of a registrar, which acts as a retail provider of domain names.  To achieve this separation, NSI created a "firewall" between the two new divisions of the business, creating separate technical infrastructure, organizations, and facilities.  By the end of 1999 the fee for registration had been reduced, from $34.99, to a wholesale rate of $6 per year to registered resellers.

In May 1999, Jim Rutt was named chief executive officer of the company; he stepped down in February 2001.

In 2000, at the peak of the dot-com bubble, the company was acquired by VeriSign for $21 billion in stock ().

On October 17, 2003, VeriSign announced the sale of Network Solutions to Pivotal Equity Group for $100 million.

In January 2006, Network Solutions acquired MonsterCommerce, an e-commerce company in the Greater St. Louis area.

In February 2007, General Atlantic, a private equity firm, acquired the company for a reported $800 million.

In January 2008, Roy Dunbar was appointed CEO.

On November 2, 2009, Tim Kelly, president of the company, replaced Dunbar as CEO. Dunbar continued to act as chairman and advisor to the company.

In August 2011, Web.com announced the acquisition of the company for $405 million and 18 million shares of newly-issued Web.com stock (), which closed at $8.66 per share before the announcement, for a total purchase price of about $560 million. The acquisition was completed on October 27, 2011.

This was immediately followed by the departure of CEO Kelly, and other leadership. Large scale employee layoffs began the following day as well. By December 31, 2011, over half of the office space in the Herndon, Virginia, headquarters had been vacated, and on March 31, 2012, the company's Belleville, Illinois, office was closed.

In June 2020, Network Solutions revoked the domain name registration of two hate sites (VDARE and niggermania.com) after receiving a demand letter from the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, a civil rights organization.

2008 domain name front running class action lawsuit

Network Solutions offers a search engine which permits users to find out if a domain name is available for purchase.  Unregistered domain names entered into this search engine are then speculatively reserved by Network Solutions. This "reservation" can be removed by anyone immediately by contacting Network Solutions customer service hotline, or it will automatically unreserve within four days, allowing the domain to be freely registered anywhere.  Also, visitors searching for domain names on their website allow the reservation when they click "OK" on the Reservation Confirmation dialog box. Clicking "Cancel" will prevent the domain name from being reserved.

On January 8, 2008, Domain Name Wire published a story alleging that Network Solutions practices domain name front running. "If you try to register a domain at Network Solutions, but decide not to register it, you won't be able to register it anywhere else", the article says. "Network Solutions registers the domain in its company name with the words 'This Domain is available at NetworkSolutions.com'." Circle ID reported on January 8, 2008, that Jonathon Nevett, Vice President of Policy at Network Solutions and one of the seven members of the ICANN community who was consulted by the ICANN committee looking at registrar abuse of domain "tasting", as the availability search practice is called, had offered a response to the news story stating Network Solutions' policy. The policy was "a security measure to protect our customers", said Nevett. "When a customer searches for an available domain name at our website, but decides not to purchase the name immediately after conducting the search", Nevett added, "after the search ends, we will put the domain name on reserve." Nevett said that if the domain was "not purchased within 4 days, it will be released back to the registry and will be generally available for registration." But once a name was supposedly "reserved" for a potential customer, not only was it not available at any less expensive registrar, but the fee charged by Network Solutions went up to $35 instead of the original fee charged of around $10.

Jay Westerdal, one of the seven members of the ICANN community who was consulted by the ICANN committee looking at domain tasting abuse, published an article on Domain Tools on January 8, 2008, stating that Network Solutions is exposing the domains to domain tasters. The domain tasters "will snipe those domain up milliseconds after Network Solutions deletes them", says Westerdal. "It is a deplorable action that Network Solutions would announce potential domain names to the entire world", Westerdal added. On January 8, 2008, Tucows, the largest publicly traded domain name registrar, published an article on its company web site titled "Registrar Reputation and Trust" criticizing Network Solutions policy. "Potential Registrants are effectively forced to purchase the domain from Network Solutions for a period of four days at which point the domain is dropped", wrote Tucows employee James Koole.  Koole says that Tucows has found a way to address the issue of domain tasting and has policies in place that uphold the rights of Registrants. "Tucows works to prevent domain name tasting by charging our Resellers a monetary fee on domain name registrations that are cancelled within the five-day Add Grace Period (AGP)", Koole said. "Tucows doesn't use WHOIS query data or search data from our API to front-run domain names", Koole added.

On January 9, 2008, Cnet reported that Network Solutions will soon not register domains when people search for domains from the company's Whois search page, will offer only an "under construction" page for sites that it has reserved, and newly reserved pages won't be linked to the numerical Internet addresses that allow Web browsers to locate the pages. Network Solutions will continue to register domains when people search for domains from the company's home page.

Class action and resolution
On February 25, 2008, law firms Kabateck LLP, (then Kabateck Brown Kellner), and Engstrom, Lipscomb & Lack, filed class-action lawsuits, McElroy v. Network Solutions LLC, et. al and James Lee Finseth v. Network Solutions LLC, against the company for front running, which was settled in favor of the plaintiffs, in 2009.

Controversies

Server breach
In August 2009, Network Solutions notified customers that its servers were breached, and led to the exposure of names, address, and credit card numbers of more than 573,000 people who made purchases on Web sites hosted by the company. Susan Wade, a spokesperson for Network Solutions, said, "We really feel terrible about this".  At the time of this writing, NSI does not know how their servers were compromised.

Malware
One year later in August 2010, Network Solutions discovered that one of their widgets offered to their domain registration and hosting customers was capable of distributing malware by sites displaying it.  As many as 5,000,000 of their registered domains may have been affected by the hack.  The affected widget was at least temporarily addressed by Network Solutions, who were able to make changes to the code to prevent it from loading.

WebLock Service
In January, 2014 Network Solutions' marketing department sent an email to customers stating that the company would be automatically enrolling customers in a new security program called WebLock, for an initial charge of $1,850 for the first year and $1,350 each subsequent year. The company claimed the cost offset new security features to protect domains, including registering as a "certified user" and confirmation of configuration changes with those "certified users".

... To help recapture the costs of maintaining this extra level of security for your account, your credit card will be billed $1,850 for the first year of service on the date your program goes live... After that you will be billed $1,350 on every subsequent year from that date. If you wish to opt out of this program you may do so by calling us at 1-888-642-0265.

Web.com COO Jason Teichman later clarified that the program would actually be opt-in, saying "we did not do a good job in wording that [email]" and "It's not our intention to enroll anyone in a program they don't want."

Publishing Non-Public Information
In September, 2009, Network Solutions began publishing a list of domain name WHOIS searches performed by customers and other service users in the past day.

Fitna controversy
In March 2008, "Fitnathemovie.com", a website that Dutch politician Geert Wilders had reserved at Network Solutions, was taken offline. Wilders intended to host a film he had created, Fitna. At that time, the only page on the site was a picture of the Qur'an accompanied by the text "Geert Wilders presents Fitna" and "Coming soon". Network Solutions' notice stated that they were "investigating whether the site's content is in violation of the Network Solutions Acceptable Use Policy".  Wilders said the 15-minute film will show how verses from the Qur'an are being used today to incite modern Muslims to behave violently and anti-democratically.

As a result of Network Solutions' decision, "fitnathemovie.com" was not available to the public on the day of the film's release.  Wilders expressed his displeasure with Network Solutions for pre-censoring the domain name.

Network Solutions also came under criticism because although they refused to host Wilders' website, they had provided registration services for the Hezbollah domain hizbollah.org. In response to these criticisms, Network Solutions agreed that hizbollah.org violated their acceptable use policy and ceased hosting that web site, as well.

Due to heavy media coverage, many people were aware of the film's existence and the controversy surrounding its domain name.  Some were outraged by the actions of Network Solutions in dealing with one of its customers.  Freedom of speech protestors created videos commenting on the situation, and some uploaded Wilders' film to social networking sites such as YouTube shortly after its release. Protestors for both sides created their own blogs and video statements on the matter. Anti-censorship protestors took their campaigns to sites such as YouTube in order to alert others of the situation. On March 23, 2008, Brian Krebs of the Washington Post published an article explaining more facts related to the event. Krebs wrote that Network Solutions spokesperson Susan Wade stated that Network Solutions had received several complaints regarding the website, but she did not elaborate on the specific nature of the complaints.

Controversy over subdomain hijacking
In April 2008, reports indicated that in addition to the aforementioned front-running practices, Network Solutions had begun exploiting an obscure provision of its end-user license agreement that permits it to use and advertise on its users' unassigned subdomains, even despite the registration and private ownership of the top-level domain itself. The provision states: 'You also agree that any domain name directory, sub-directory, file name or path (e.g.) that does not resolve to an active web page on your Web site being hosted by Network Solutions, may be used by Network Solutions to place a "parking" page, "under construction" page, or other temporary page that may include promotions and advertisements for, and links to, Network Solutions' Web site...'"
Ars Technica has documented how to opt out of this scheme, but many private domain holders and privacy advocates cite the move as another step in Network Solutions' series of recent attempts to push the boundaries of profitability and responsibility in its domain practices.

Races.com controversy
According to a Wired.com article, in 1999 Network Solutions bungled the transfer of "races.com", accidentally placing it back into the pool of available domain names. MBA student John McLanahan purchased the domain privately for thousands of dollars. A domain name speculator was able to obtain it, and demanded $500,000 for its return.

Misleading customers over refunds
In April 2015, the Federal Trade Commission announced that Network Solutions had agreed to settle charges that it misled consumers who bought web hosting services by promising a full refund if they canceled within 30 days. In reality, the FTC stated, the company withheld substantial cancellation fees amounting to up to 30 percent of the refund.

See also

 Domain Name System

References

External links

Certificate authorities
Domain name registrars
American companies established in 1979
1979 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Herndon, Virginia
Web.com
1997 initial public offerings
2000 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Fairfax County, Virginia

Network Solutions


එස්.බී පත් කිරීම ගැන තවම තීරණයක් නෑ- තිස්ස අත්තනායක  (විමසුම)
 ගුවන් තොටුපොළට නව සංචාරක ප්‍රවර්ධන කාර්යාලයක්  (රජයේ නිල පුවත් වෙබ් අඩවිය)
 විදුලි දුම්රිය සේවයක්  (රජයේ නිල පුවත් වෙබ් අඩවිය)
 ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් ඇල්ලීමට සිවිල් ඇඳුමෙන් සැරසුණ පොලිස් කණ්ඩායම් (රජයේ නිල පුවත් වෙබ් අඩවිය)
 සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය නැංවීමට ජපන් ආධාර (රජයේ නිල පුවත් වෙබ් අඩවිය)
 මහාමාර්ග අවහිර කරන ඉදිකිරීම්වලට එරෙහි නීතිමය පියවර (රජයේ නිල පුවත් වෙබ් අඩවිය)

2008 ජුනි 15


Jeremy Rickard, généralement cité comme J. C. Rickard, est un mathématicien britannique, qui s'occupe d'algèbre et de topologie algébrique.

Formation et carrière
Rickard obtient son doctorat en 1988 sous la supervision d'Aidan Schofield au University College de Londres (avec une thèse intitulée Derived Categories and Representation Theory). Il est professeur à l'université de Bristol.

Travaux
Il s'intéresse à la théorie des représentations modulaires des groupes finis et aux questions connexes de topologie algébrique, de théorie des représentations des algèbres finies et d'algèbre homologique. Les équivalences de Rickard (équivalences dérivées) en tant que généralisation des équivalences de Morita des anneaux et des algèbres portent son nom.

Prix et distinctions
Rickard reçoit le prix Whitehead en 1995.
En 2002 il est lauréat du prix Berwick senior. En 1998 il est conférencier invité au Congrès international des mathématiciens à Berlin (avec une conférence intitulée The abelian defect group conjecture).

Publications
 Derived categories and stable equivalence, J. Pure Appl. Algebra, volume 61, 1989, pages 303-317
 Derived equivalences as derived functors, J. London Mathematical Society, Vol.43, 1991,
 .
 .
 .

Références

Liens externes
 page personnelle à Bristol

Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)
Mathématicien britannique du XXe siècle
Lauréat du prix Berwick
Lauréat du prix Whitehead

Jeremy Rickard


La Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad de Caracas, es una iglesia bicentenaria de Venezuela. Inicia su construcción el 5 de agosto de 1744 y fue inaugurada el 15 de julio de 1781. Fue destruida durante el terremoto del 26 de marzo de 1812. Su constructor fue Juan Domingo del Sacramento Infante. Hoy sobre los que fueron sus ruinas se halla la sede del Panteón Nacional de Venezuela.

Reseña histórica

La construcción de la Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad se inicia el 5 de agosto de 1744 y fue inaugurada el 15 de julio de 1781, la obra se atribuye a Juan Domingo del Sacramento Infante, fiel devoto de la Santísima Trinidad. La edificación fue completada por el fruto del trabajo de Infante, de las limosnas los feligreses y el ayuntamiento de Caracas. Luego de 36 años, el coronel Juan Vicente Bolívar y Francisco Rodríguez del Toro IV Marqués del Toro donaron solares para que la obra quedase finalizada en 1780. Juan Infante muere el 12 de diciembre de 1780, sus restos fueron enterrados en el altar mayor de la Iglesia, por orden del primer capellán, el presbítero Santiago Castro.

Luego de 31 años, el 26 de marzo de 1812, ocurre un terremoto que destruyó la ciudad de Caracas y gran parte de la poblados de Venezuela, quedando en ruinas a la iglesia.

Después de su destrucción en 1812, la iglesia tuvo varios intentos de ser reconstruida, resultando infructuosos. En 1874 el Presidente Antonio Guzmán Blanco, firma un decreto donde expropia el terreno de la iglesia para convertirla en lo que hoy es el Panteón Nacional de Venezuela

Simón Bolívar y la iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad

Simón Bolívar y su familia están vinculados con la iglesia, pues su padre Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte contribuyó a la culminación de la obra. Posteriormente, a Simón Bolívar se le asocia con la iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad, debido a que los tres meses fue llevado a la Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad para el bautismo. Tiempo después tomó su primera comunión de manos del obispo Mariano Marti. Posteriormente, en 1827, en su última visita a Caracas estuvo en donde se encontraban los escombros de la iglesia como consecuencia del terremoto de 1812. En el año 1842, sus restos son llevados a Venezuela, y antes de ser depositados en la iglesia San Francisco, estuvieron una noche en la iglesia.

Capilla Santísima Trinidad
Tras la edificación del Panteón Nacional de Venezuela, la feligresía de la zona se organizó para edificar una Capilla, ubicada en la esquina de La Fe. Una Rectoría perteneciente a la Parroquia Altagracia. En la primera década del  fue asistida por los integrantes del Oratorio Arquidiocesano San Felipe Neri.

Parroquia Santísima Trinidad
En el año 1963 un grupo de Sacerdotes de la Sociedd de San Edmundo se establece en Prados del Este, asignándole al templo el patronazgo de Santísima Trinidad, con categoría de Parroquia adscrita a la Arquidiócesis de Caracas.

Véase también
 Anexo:Terremotos en Venezuela
 Simón Bolívar

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Simplemente Venezuela: Panteón Nacional

 Parroquia Santísima Trinidad (Prados del Este)

Iglesias católicas de Caracas
Monumentos de Caracas
Panteones
Municipio Libertador (Caracas)
Panteón Nacional de Venezuela
Iglesias de Venezuela del siglo XVIII
Caracas

Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad (Caracas)


Kameliadamen er en dansk stumfilm fra 1907 instrueret af Viggo Larsen. Filmen er baseret på Alexandre Dumas den yngres roman af samme navn fra 1848.

Handling
Det er kærlighed ved første blik, da Armand Duval møder pariserkurtisanen Marguerite. De to flytter sammen og lever lykkeligt indtil Armands far en dag opsøger Marguerite og fortæller hende, at hendes tvivlsomme ry har kastet vanære over familien Duval. Hun ofrer sig og forlader sin elskede, der herpå, i troen om at hun er gået af fri vilje, forbitres af sorg og vrede. Men skæbnen vil, at deres veje krydses igen.

Medvirkende
 Oda Alstrup, Marguerite Gauthier
 Robert Storm Petersen, Gustave
 Lauritz Olsen, En herre
 Gustav Lund, Armands far
 Viggo Larsen, Armand
 Helga Tønnesen
 Inger Melchior
 Carl Alstrup

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1907

Kameliadamen (film fra 1907)


Adenostemma, rod glavočika u tropskim krajevima Amerike, Azije, Afrike, Australije  i pacifičkih otoka. Postoji dvadesetak vrsta, neke se upotrebljavaju u medicini, kao A. viscosum i A. platyphyllum

O ljekovitosti
Koriste se u narodnoj medicini kao lijekovi za bolesti kao što su groznica, upale, edemi, probavne smetnje i ozljede pluća. Otkriveno da biljke Adenostemma imaju različite sekundarne metabolite, uključujući alkaloide, terpenoide, fenole, flavonoide, masne kiseline, saponine i tanine. Znanstveni dokazi njegovih ekstrakata i izoliranih spojeva pokazali su antioksidativno, protuupalno, antimelanogeno, antitumorsko i antivirusno djelovanje. Ovo istraživanje je pokazalo da vrste Adenostemma nude potencijalni izvor za razvoj novih lijekova. Međutim, fitokemijski i farmakološki podaci trenutno su ograničeni i zahtijevaju daljnja istraživanja.

Vrste
 Adenostemma brasilianum Cass.
 Adenostemma caffrum DC.
 Adenostemma cuatrecasasii R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenostemma flintii R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenostemma fosbergii R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenostemma goyazense R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenostemma harlingii R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenostemma hirsutum DC.
 Adenostemma hirtiflorum Benth.
 Adenostemma involucratum R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze
 Adenostemma macrophyllum DC.
 Adenostemma madurense DC.
 Adenostemma mauritianum DC.
 Adenostemma parviflorum (Blume) DC.
 Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass.
 Adenostemma renschii J.Kost.
 Adenostemma suffruticosum Gardner
 Adenostemma vargasii R.M.King & H.Rob.
 Adenostemma verbesina Kuntze
 Adenostemma viscosum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
 Adenostemma vitiense H.Rob., fidžijski endem
 Adenostemma zakii R.M.King & H.Rob., ekvadorski endem

Izvori

Eupatorieae

Adenostemma


I sporten cricket er en over et sæt af seks bolde, der bliver kastet af en kaster fra den ene ende af en cricket pitch.

I en normal over kastes der seks bolde - en ad gangen - til gærdespilleren, som står på den anden ende. Efter de seks bolde kalder dommeren "over", og en anden kaster skal kaste den næste over fra den anden ende af pitchen. Anføreren af holdet, der står i marken, må bestemme hvilke kastere han vil bruge, men ingen kaster må kaste to overs i træk.

Cricket

Over (cricket)


An Carex macrostyla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Philippe Picot de Lapeyrouse. An Carex macrostyla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex macrostyla


Kinshasa Symphony es una película del año 2010.

Sinopsis
Kinshasa, capital de la República Democrática del Congo, tiene diez millones de habitantes y es la tercera ciudad más grande de África. La película muestra cómo algunos de sus habitantes han conseguido ensamblar uno de los sistemas más complejos de cooperación humana: una orquesta sinfónica que interpreta a Haendel, Verdi, Beethoven. "Sinfonía de Kinshasa" enseña la ciudad en toda su diversidad, velocidad, color, vitalidad y energía. Es una película acerca del Congo, los habitantes de Kinshasa y la música.

Premios
 New York City 2010
 Vancouver 2010
 Rhode Island 2010

Referencias

Películas ambientadas en la República Democrática del Congo

Kinshasa Symphony


Otokultivator - ljetna škola kulture na otoku Visu (2001. - 2003. godine), je bio projekt udruga i klubova Udruženja za razvoj kulture (klub Močvara), Multimedijalnog instituta (klub MaMa), Udruge studenata arhitekture EASA Hrvatska (iz koje je nastala i udruga Platforma 9.81), te lokalnih i međunarodnih partnera.

Otokultivator 2001.
Projekt Otokultivator razvio se 2000. iz studentskog istraživanja potencijala arhitekture otoka Visa (Jakova Šrajera, Miše Renića, Filipa Kelave i drugih), te je tako Vis odabran za lokaciju EASA 2002 SENSES - međunarodnog skupa studenata arhitekture. Vrlo brzo, u pripreme su pozvali Udruženje za razvoj kulture, a nakon njih i Multimedijalni institut te je 2001. kao pripremni događaj za EASA 2002. nastao prvi Otokultivator 2001. godine kao proba infrastrukturnih i ljudskih kapaciteta. Prvi se Otokultivator pokazao uspješnim unatoč lošim uvjetima:

Otokultivator 2002.

Programska okosnica drugog Otokultivatora 2002. godine bila je edukacija i produkcija kroz raznovrsne radionice koje su pokrivale multimediju i suvremene tehnologije, arhitekturu, glazbu, teatar te likovne umjetnosti kroz platformu u kojoj su se prožimale znanost, informacijske tehnologije i urbana kultura kako bi se zajednički pokušalo odgovoriti na kompleksne potrebe odnosa turizma i života i razvoja otočke sredine. U osnovi projekta bio je koncept nekonzumerističkog i ekološki osviještenog turizma kojim se željelo doprinijeti revitalizaciji otoka Visa, a ujedno i sačuvati prednosti njegove izdvojenosti i očuvanosti. Organizatori su se usredotočili na infrastrukturu i razvili suradnju s gradom Visom:

Otokultivator je 2002. godine okupio preko 800 ljudi u mjesec dana u bivšoj vojarni i izbjegličkom centru Samogor. U prvom dijelu, od 15. do 25. srpnja, održano je 15 radionica, uključujući žonglersku, zlobubnjarsku, etno i band radionicu sa završnim nastupima, dizajn i likovnu radionicu koje su rezultirale izložbom, dramsku i "mit i maska" koje su završile dramsko-plesnom predstavom i performansima, stripaonicu u kojoj je izrađen strip fanzin, kompjuterske radionice, šljaka radionice u kojima se čistilo i obnovilo zapušteni objekt unutar Samogora te radionicu izrade zmajeva i radionicu kreativnog pisanja.

U drugom dijelu, od 27. srpnja do 11. kolovoza, održana je EASA 2002 SENSES, 22. skup europskih studenata arhitekture unutar koje je održano 26 radionica u kojima je sudjelovalo gotovo 400 arhitekata, studenata arhitekture i stručnjaka znanosti i umjetnosti iz 33 europske zemlje. Radionice su se bavile temama korištenja napuštenih objekata i gradnji na otocima, a veći dio vremena fokusirale su se na direktne intervencije u prostoru otoka (u mjerilu 1:1), od čišćenja i označavanja puteva i plaža, uređenja napuštenih objekata, do multimedijskih programa u gradskim jezgrama Visa i Komiže.

Posebnost ovog događaja bila je što je dio skupa (50-ak sudionika) bio dislociran iz glavne baze (Samogor), i to u Komiži i Dragodidu, autentičnom mediteranskom selu u brdu iznad Komiže. Tamo su studenti osam dana zajedno živjeli i sudjelovali u radionicama, od kojih je najinteresantija bila ona u Dragodidu, gdje je jednoj kamenoj kući zidanoj suhozidom obnovljen krov, na izvorni način od prije 200 godina. Kao gosti kritičari radionica sudjelovali su svjetski poznati arhitekti (Vedran Mimica - Course director pri Berlage institutu u Rotterdamu, Stefano Boeri – profesor na Berlage institutu u Rotterdamu, Brett Steele – profesor na AA u Londonu, Idis Turato, Pero Puljiz, Tadej Glažar i dr.).

Jedan od segmenata programa na Otokultivatoru bio je i večernji glazbeno-scenski program koji se svaku večer odvijao u Samogoru (dvije pozornice - glazbeni i filmski program) i u Visu (pozornica na terasi Doma kulture - kazališne i plesne predstave i video projekcije kazališnih predstava).

Otokultivator 2003.
Treći Otokultivator 2003. godine uključivao je privremenu lokalnu radiostanicu Samogor, 18 radionica (dizajn, likovna, zmaj, mozaik, loaded, site-specific imprints, boo, beats, 320x420, stripaonica, piši, piši mi, dj, linux, dramska, žonglerska, zlobubnjarska, etno, mit i maska i band), glazbeni program na glavnoj gradskoj plaži, projekcije filmova te besplatni večernji program uz koncerte, kazalište, DJeve i live actove. Smještajni kapaciteti popunjeni su dva tjedna prije početka programa, a organizacijski tim je uključivao oko 90 ljudi uz minimalnu novčanu naknadu.

Kraj Otokultivatora
Iako je Otokultivator u tri godine zarađivao i do 800.000 kuna, od čega je velik dio išao lokalnoj zajednici, inicijativa se povukla sa Visa pošto je Samogor postao vlasništvom grada Visa koji se dao u potragu za ozbiljnijim investitorima od udruga mladih, što nije urodilo plodom:

Učinak
Osim velikog broja turističkih posjeta, nakon Otokultivatora Visu su ostali izgrađeni vidikovac na Zvonketovoj kuli i autentični krov kuće u Dragodidu, a neke od radionica, poput Dragodida, prerasle su u zasebne inicijative i organizacije.

Izvori

Festivali
Nezavisna_kultura_u_Hrvatskoj
Građansko društvo
Arhitektura_u_Hrvatskoj
Vis

Otokultivator


La route régionale 641 () est une route régionale allant de Asemaseutu à Hankasalmi jusqu'à Konnevesi  en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 641 est une route régionale de Finlande-Centrale.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

641

Transport à Hankasalmi
Transport à Konnevesi

Seututie 641


Sysmä, Finlandiya'nın Päijät-Häme bölgesinde bulunan bir belediyedir. Yüzölçümü 936.18 km² olan belediyenin nüfusu 31 Ağustos 2017 tarihi itibari ile 3,883'tür.

Sysmä, yaz aylarında Sysmän Suvisoito ve Sysmä Kitap Günleri nedeniyle birçok ziyaretçinin akınına uğramaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Päijät-Häme'nin belediyeleri

Sysmä


El Rally Cataluña de 2007, oficialmente 43è Rally RACC Catalunya – Costa Daurada (Rallye de España), fue la edición 43º y la décimo segunda ronda de la temporada 2007 del Campeonato Mundial de Rally. Se disputó del 5 al 7 de octubre en la provincia de Tarragona, con un total de dieciocho tramos de asfalto sumando un total de 352,87 km cronometrados.

El ganador fue Sébastien Loeb a bordo de un Citroën C4 WRC logrando su tercera victoria consecutiva en Cataluña. Segundo fue su compañero de equipo Dani Sordo que finalizó a sólo trece segundos y tercero el finlandés Marcus Grönholm con un Ford Focus WRC, resultado que le valía para conservar el liderato del mundial y mantener una ventaja de seis puntos sobre Loeb.
En el campeonato junior vencía el sueco Per-Gunnar Andersson, su tercera victoria del año y que a posteriori sería campeón del certamen. Segundo fue Martin Prokop y tercero Urmo Aava.

Itinerario y ganadores

Clasificación final

Campeonato
 Clasificación del campeonato tras la celebración del Rally Cataluña:

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Catalunya 2007 juwra.com

2007
Deporte en España en 2007
Temporada 2007 del Campeonato Mundial de Rally

Rally Cataluña de 2007


, también conocida como Encontré al diablo en España, Yo vi al diablo en Argentina, y I Saw the Devil en países de habla inglesa, es una película surcoreana de 2010 dirigida por Kim Ji-woon. La cinta es protagonizada por Lee Byung-hun y Choi Min-sik. La película narra la historia de un agente de policía que inicia una persecución y posterior venganza en contra del hombre que asesinó a su esposa. Su título en inglés fue I Saw the Devil.

Argumento
Una noche de invierno, el automóvil de la joven Joo-yun (Oh San-ha) sufre un desperfecto al pinchar una de sus llantas. Kyung-chul (Choi Min-sik), quien estaba cerca del lugar, se ofrece a ayudarla, pero la joven no acepta. Tras esto, el hombre la secuestra y conduce a su casa. Unas horas después ella despierta y le pide al hombre que no la mate, revelando que está embarazada; sin embargo, Kyung-chul la ignora y la mata brutalmente. El asesino corta el cadáver de Joo-yun en varias partes y se deshace de ella. Al día siguiente, un niño encuentra una de las orejas de la joven en un río y avisa a la policía, que acude al lugar para identificar el cuerpo. Entre los policías se encuentra el jefe Jang (Jeon Kuk-hwan), padre de la joven. Tras confirmar que los restos son los de Joo-yun, su marido, Soo-hyun (Lee Byung-hun), quien es un agente de la policía, decide vengar su muerte y perseguir al asesino.

Soo-hyun consigue una lista de los sospechosos del crimen y los tortura para saber si son los culpables. El agente obtiene la dirección de Kyung-chul tras conversar con su hijo, a quien el hombre abandonó al cuidado de sus abuelos. Al llegar a la casa de Kyung-chul, Soo-hyun encuentra el anillo de bodas de Joo-yun, confirmando la identidad del asesino. Luego, el agente ataca al hombre en un invernadero mientras violaba a una de sus víctimas, fracturando una de sus muñecas y dejándolo inconsciente. Aprovechando esto, Soo-hyun obliga al asesino a ingerir un rastreador que le permite conocer su ubicación y escuchar sus conversaciones. Tras despertar, Kyung-chul huye del lugar y se dirige a un hospital, donde intenta abusar de una enfermera. Sin embargo, es interrumpido por el agente, quien lo golpea y le corta el tendón de Aquiles.

Luego del ataque, Kyung-chul se dirige a la casa de su amigo Tae-joo (Choi Moo-sung), quien es también un asesino y además caníbal, para solicitar alojamiento. Tras escuchar su historia, Tae-joo le sugiere que su perseguidor podría estar relacionado con alguna de sus víctimas. Gracias al rastreador, Soo-hyun encuentra la casa y ataca a los dos asesinos y a Se-jung (Kim In-seo), novia de Tae-joo. Al día siguiente, la policía encuentra a Tae-joo y Se-jung, y los envía a un hospital. Mientras tanto, Kyung-chul y Soo-hyun son enviados en forma secreta a un hospital donde son curados de sus heridas. Sin embargo, en aquel lugar el asesino descubre que tiene un rastreador en su interior.

Mientras Soo-hyun compra medicamentos, Kyung-chul le comunica a través del rastreador que sabe quién es y cómo lo estuvo siguiendo. Para eludir al agente, el asesino ingiere un laxante que le permite expulsar el rastreador y lo introduce en un taxista al que roba su vehículo. Soo-hyun interroga a Tae-joo sobre el paradero de Kyung-chul, quien le dice que está tras la familia de Joo-yun: su padre Jang y su hermana Se-yun (Kim Yun-seo). El agente intenta evitar que el asesino los dañe, pero sin éxito.

Tras asesinar a Se-yun y dejar ciego a Jang, Kyung-chul decide entregarse a la policía, pero es secuestrado por Soo-hyun antes. Luego de esto, Soo-hyun lleva al asesino a su casa, donde le revela que su plan era matarlo luego de hacerlo sufrir. El agente entonces instala una guillotina, inmovilizando a Kyung-chul bajo la hoja afilada. El arma es instalada de tal forma que se activa cuando la puerta de la habitación es abierta o cuando Kyung-chul suelte una cuerda que sujeta solo con sus dientes. Antes de irse de la casa, Soo-hyun deja un transmisor junto a la guillotina. Tras esto, el hijo del asesino y sus padres llegan a la casa, pero al intentar abrir la puerta de la habitación la guillotina se activa y le corta la cabeza a Kyung-chul. La última escena muestra al agente alejarse caminando de la casa, mientras rompe en llanto.

Reparto
 Lee Byung-hun como Soo-hyun.
 Choi Min-sik como Kyung-chul.
 Jeon Kuk-hwan como Jefe Jang.
 Chun Ho-jin como el Jefe de Sección Oh, el líder de la policía.
 Oh San-ha como Joo-yun.
 Kim Yoon-seo como Se-yun.
 Choi Moo-sung como Tae-joo.
Kim In-seo como Se-jung.
Yoon Chae-young como Han Song Yi, nurse.
Nam Bo-ra como la hija del jefe de la sección Oh.
 Lee Joon Hyuk como un agente en el NIS.
 Kim Kap-soo como el segundo Director General de Planificación en el Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional.
 Choi Jin-ho como el director de planeación.

Estreno
Akmareul boattda fue estrenada el 12 de agosto de 2010 en Corea del Sur, y el 4 de marzo de 2011 en un número limitado de cines de Estados Unidos. Fue además mostrada en varios festivales de cine, incluyendo los de Sitges, Toronto, San Sebastián y Sundance. La cinta recaudó más de 129.000 dólares en Estados Unidos, y más de 12 millones en el resto de los países, logrando un total de $12.773.990 a lo largo del mundo.

Recepción
La película recibió, en general, una respuesta positiva por parte de la crítica cinematográfica. La cinta posee un 79% de comentarios «frescos» en el sitio web Rotten Tomatoes, basado en un total de 77 críticas, y una puntuación de 67/100 en Metacritic. Jeannette Catsoulis del periódico The New York Times escribió: «A pesar de una abundancia de regocijo sanguinario (y un desprecio notable hacia las mujeres), I Saw the Devil es una graciosa fábula nietzscheana que es plenamente consciente de sus lapsos a la absurdidad».

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas de terror asiático
Películas de terror coreano
Películas en coreano
Películas de Corea del Sur
Películas ambientadas en Seúl
Películas rodadas en Corea del Sur

Akmareul Boattda