A binary option is a financial exotic option in which the payoff is either some fixed monetary amount or nothing at all. The two main types of binary options are the cash-or-nothing binary option and the asset-or-nothing binary option. The former pays some fixed amount of cash if the option expires in-the-money while the latter pays the value of the underlying security. They are also called all-or-nothing options, digital options (more common in forex/interest rate markets), and fixed return options (FROs) (on the NYSE American).

While binary options may be used in theoretical asset pricing, they are prone to fraud in their applications and hence banned by regulators in many jurisdictions as a form of gambling. Many binary option outlets have been exposed as fraudulent. The U.S. FBI is investigating binary option scams throughout the world, and the Israeli police have tied the industry to criminal syndicates. The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) have banned retail binary options trading. Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) considers binary options as a "high-risk" and "unpredictable" investment option,  and finally also banned binary options sale to retail investors in 2021.

The FBI estimates that the scammers steal US$10 billion annually worldwide. The use of the names of famous and respectable people such as Richard Branson to encourage people to buy fake "investments" is frequent and increasing. Articles published in The Times of Israel newspaper explain the fraud in detail, using the experience of former insiders such as a job-seeker recruited by a fake binary options broker, who was told to "leave [his] conscience at the door". Following an investigation by The Times of Israel, Israel's cabinet approved a ban on sale of binary options in June 2017, and a law banning the products was approved by the Knesset in October 2017.

On January 30, 2018, Facebook banned advertisements for binary options trading as well as for cryptocurrencies and initial coin offerings (ICOs). Google and Twitter announced similar bans in the following weeks.

Function

Binary options "are based on a simple 'yes' or 'no' proposition: Will an underlying asset be above a certain price at a certain time?" Traders place wagers as to whether that will or will not happen. If a customer believes the price of an underlying asset will be above a certain price at a set time, the trader buys the binary option, but if he or she believes it will be below that price, they sell the option. In the U.S. exchanges, the price of a binary is always under $100.

Investopedia described the binary options trading process in the U.S. thus:

[A] binary may be trading at $42.50 (bid) and $44.50 (offer) at 1 p.m. If you buy the binary option right then you will pay $44.50, if you decide to sell right then you'll sell at $42.50.

Let's assume you decide to buy at $44.50. If at 1:30 p.m. the price of gold is above $1,250, your option expires and it becomes worth $100. You make a profit of $100 – $44.50 = $55.50 (less fees). This is called being "in the money".

But if the price of gold is below $1,250 at 1:30 p.m., the option expires at $0. Therefore you lose the $44.50 invested. This is called being "out of the money".

The bid and offer fluctuate until the option expires. You can close your position at any time before expiry to lock in a profit or a reduce a loss (compared to letting it expire out of the money).

In the U.S., every binary option settles at $100 or $0, $100 if the bet is correct, 0 if it is not.

In the online binary options industry, where the contracts are sold by a broker to a customer in an OTC manner, a different option pricing model is used. Brokers sell binary options at a fixed price (e.g., $100) and offer some fixed percentage return in case of in-the-money settlement. Some brokers, also offer a sort of out-of-money reward to a losing customer. For example, with a win reward of 80%, out-of-money reward of 5%, and the option price of $100, two scenarios are possible. In-the-money settlement pays back the option price of $100 and the reward of $80. In case of loss, the option price is not returned but the out-of-money reward of $5 is granted to the customer.

On non-regulated platforms, client money is not necessarily kept in a trust account, as required by government financial regulation, and transactions are not monitored by third parties in order to ensure fair play.

Binary options are often considered a form of gambling rather than investment because of their negative cumulative payout (the brokers have an edge over the investor) and because they are advertised as requiring little or no knowledge of the markets. Gordon Pape, writing in Forbes.com in 2010, called binary options websites "gambling sites, pure and simple", and said "this sort of thing can quickly become addictive... no one, no matter how knowledgeable, can consistently predict what a stock or commodity will do within a short time frame".

Pape observed that binary options are poor from a gambling standpoint as well because of the excessive "house edge". One online binary options site paid $71 for each successful $100 trade. "If you lose, you get back $15. Let's say you make 1,000 "trades" and win 545 of them. Your profit is $38,695. But your 455 losses will cost you $38,675. In other words, you must win 54.5% of the time just to break even".

The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission warns that "some binary options Internet-based trading platforms may overstate the average return on investment by advertising a higher average return on investment than a customer should expect given the payout structure."

Black–Scholes valuation
In the Black–Scholes model, the price of the option can be found by the formulas below. In fact, the Black–Scholes formula for the price of a vanilla call option (or put option) can be interpreted by decomposing a call option into an asset-or-nothing call option minus a cash-or-nothing call option, and similarly for a put – the binary options are easier to analyze, and correspond to the two terms in the Black–Scholes formula.

In these, S is the initial stock price, K denotes the strike price, T is the time to maturity, q is the dividend rate, r is the risk-free interest rate and  is the volatility.  denotes the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution,

and,

Cash-or-nothing call
This pays out one unit of cash if the spot is above the strike at maturity. Its value now is given by

Cash-or-nothing put
This pays out one unit of cash if the spot is below the strike at maturity. Its value now is given by

Asset-or-nothing call
This pays out one unit of asset if the spot is above the strike at maturity. Its value now is given by

Asset-or-nothing put
This pays out one unit of asset if the spot is below the strike at maturity. Its value now is given by:

American style

An American option gives the holder the right to exercise at any point up to and including the expiry time . That is, denoting by  the strike price, if  (resp. ), the corresponding American binary put (resp. call) is worth exactly one unit. Let

The price of a cash-or-nothing American binary put (resp. call) with strike  (resp. ) and time-to-expiry  is:

where  denotes the error function and  denotes the sign function. The above follows immediately from expressions for the Laplace transform of the distribution of the conditional first passage time of Brownian motion to a particular level.

Foreign exchange

If we denote by S the FOR/DOM exchange rate (i.e., 1 unit of foreign currency is worth S units of domestic currency) we can observe that paying out 1 unit of the domestic currency if the spot at maturity is above or below the strike is exactly like a cash-or nothing call and put respectively. Similarly, paying out 1 unit of the foreign currency if the spot at maturity is above or below the strike is exactly like an asset-or nothing call and put respectively.
Hence if we now take , the foreign interest rate, , the domestic interest rate, and the rest as above, we get the following results.

In case of a digital call (this is a call FOR/put DOM) paying out one unit of the domestic currency we get as present value,

In case of a digital put (this is a put FOR/call DOM) paying out one unit of the domestic currency we get as present value,

While in case of a digital call (this is a call FOR/put DOM) paying out one unit of the foreign currency we get as present value,

and in case of a digital put (this is a put FOR/call DOM) paying out one unit of the foreign currency we get as present value,

Skew
In the standard Black–Scholes model, one can interpret the premium of the binary option in the risk-neutral world as the expected value = probability of being in-the-money * unit, discounted to the present value. The Black–Scholes model relies on symmetry of distribution and ignores the skewness of the distribution of the asset. Market makers adjust for such skewness by, instead of using a single standard deviation for the underlying asset  across all strikes, incorporating a variable one  where volatility depends on strike price, thus incorporating the volatility skew into account. The skew matters because it affects the binary considerably more than the regular options.

A binary call option is, at long expirations, similar to a tight call spread using two vanilla options. One can model the value of a binary cash-or-nothing option, C, at strike K, as an infinitesimally tight spread, where  is a vanilla European call:

Thus, the value of a binary call is the negative of the derivative of the price of a vanilla call with respect to strike price:

When one takes volatility skew into account,  is a function of :

The first term is equal to the premium of the binary option ignoring skew:

 is the Vega of the vanilla call;  is sometimes called the "skew slope" or just "skew". Skew is typically negative, so the value of a binary call is higher when taking skew into account.

Relationship to vanilla options' Greeks
Since a binary call is a mathematical derivative of a vanilla call with respect to strike, the price of a binary call has the same shape as the delta of a vanilla call, and the delta of a binary call has the same shape as the gamma of a vanilla call.

Regulation and fraud

Many binary option "brokers" have been exposed as fraudulent operations. In those cases, there is no real brokerage; the customer is betting against the broker, who is acting as a bucket shop. Manipulation of price data to cause customers to lose is common. Withdrawals are regularly stalled or refused by such operations; if a client has good reason to expect a payment, the operator will simply stop taking their phone calls. Though binary options sometimes trade on regulated exchange, they are generally unregulated, trading on the Internet, and prone to fraud. Most of the binary options brokers are registered in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and offering their services globally. The country's Financial Services Authority has issued a warning to the general public about unlicensed Forex and binary options trading provided by entities registered in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

European Union
On 23 March 2018, The European Securities and Markets Authority, a European Union financial regulatory institution and European Supervisory Authority located in Paris, agreed to new temporary rules prohibiting the marketing, distribution or sale of binary options to retail clients.

Australia
The Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) warned Australian investors on 13 February 2015 against Opteck, an unlicensed binary option provider. The ASIC later began a focused effort to control unlicensed derivative providers, including "review" websites, broker affiliates, and managed service providers related to binary option products. ASIC finally released a ban on sale of binary options to retail clients in 2021.

Belgium
In August 2016, Belgium's Financial Services and Markets Authority banned binary options schemes, based on concerns about widespread fraud.

Canada
No firms are registered in Canada to offer or sell binary options, so no binary options trading is currently allowed. Provincial regulators have proposed a complete ban on all binary options trading include a ban on online advertising for binary options trading sites. A complete ban on binary options trading for options having an expiration less than 30 days was announced on September 28, 2017.

Cyprus
On May 3, 2012, the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) announced a policy change regarding the classification of binary options as financial instruments. The effect is that binary options platforms operating in Cyprus, where many of the platforms are now based, would have to be CySEC regulated within six months of the date of the announcement. CySEC was the first EU MiFID-member regulator to treat binary options as financial instruments.

In 2013, CySEC prevailed over the disreputable binary options brokers and communicated intensively with traders in order to prevent the risks of using unregulated financial services. On September 19, 2013, CySEC sent out a press release warning investors against binary options broker TraderXP, who was not and had never been licensed by CySEC.
On October 18, 2013, CySEC released an investor warning about binary options broker NRGbinary and its parent company NRG Capital (CY) Ltd., stating that NRGbinary was not and had never been licensed by CySEC.

CySEC also temporarily suspended the license of the Cedar Finance on December 19, 2013, because the potential violations referenced appeared to seriously endanger the interests of the company's customers and the proper functioning of capital markets, as described in the official issued press release. CySEC also issued a warning against binary option broker PlanetOption at the end of the year and another warning against binary option broker LBinary on January 10, 2014, pointing out that it was not regulated by the Commission and the Commission had not received any notification by any of its counterparts in other European countries to the effect of this firm being a regulated provider.

The Cyprus regulator imposed a penalty of €15,000 against ZoomTrader. OptionBravo and ChargeXP were also financially penalized. CySEC also indicated that it had voted to reject the ShortOption license application.

In 2015, CySEC repeatedly fined Banc De Binary for several violations including the solicitation of U.S. clients. In 2016, the regulator fined Banc De Binary Ltd once again for violation of its legislation. The broker has come to a settlement of €350,000.

France
In August 2016, France's Sapin II bill on transparency was announced by the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF), seeking to outlaw all financial derivatives advertising. The AMF stated that it would ban the advertising of certain highly speculative and risky financial contracts to private individuals by electronic means. The document applies specifically to binary options, and to contracts for difference (CFDs), and financial contracts on currencies. The French regulator is determined to cooperate with the legal authorities to have illegal websites blocked. The law also prohibits all forms of sponsorship and partnership that results in direct or indirect advertising of the financial products it covers. This ban was seen by industry watchers as having an impact on sponsored sports such as European football clubs.

The Cyprus-based company 24Option was banned from trading in France by AMF earlier in 2016. They had sponsored a well-known Irish mixed martial artist, Conor McGregor, who in turn promoted the company through social media.

Germany

German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) has been regularly publishing investor warnings. On November 29, 2018, BaFin announced that it is planning to "prohibit the marketing, distribution and sale of binary options to retail clients at a national level".

Indonesia
According to the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (CoFTRA) in Indonesia, also known as BAPPEBTI, binary options are considered a form of online gambling and is illegal in the country. The move to delegalize binary options stems from concerns that the public may be swayed by misleading advertisements, promotions, and offers to participate in fraudulent practices that operate under the guise of binary options trading. As of 2 February 2022, at least 92 binary options websites, including Binomo, IQ Option, and Olymp Trade, have been classified as unlicensed operators and blocked by the Indonesian government.

Israel
Binary options trading
In March 2016 binary options trading within Israel was banned by the Israel Securities Authority, on the grounds that such trading is essentially gambling and not a form of investment management. The ban was extended to overseas clients as well in October 2017. It was approved by the Knesset in October, despite strong opposition from the binary options industry.

Fraud
In 2016 The Times of Israel ran several articles on binary options fraud. "The wolves of Tel Aviv: Israel's vast, amoral binary options scam exposed" revealed that the industry is a scam. A second article describes in detail how a binary options salesman fleeced clients. "According to one ex-employee of a firm that employs over 1,000 people in a high-rise office building in Tel Aviv, losses are guaranteed because the 'dealing room' at the binary options firm controls the trading platform — like the crooked ownership of a rigged casino manipulating the roulette wheel".

In July 2016 the Israeli binary option firms Vault Options and Global Trader 365 were ordered by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois to pay more than $4.5 million for unlawful off-exchange binary options trading, fraud, and registration violations. The companies were also banned permanently from operating in the United States or selling to U.S. residents.

In November 2016 the Israel Securities Authority carried out a raid on the Ramat Gan offices of binary option broker iTrader. The CEO and six other employees were charged with fraud, providing unlicensed investment advice, and obstruction of justice.

On May 15, 2017, Eliran Saada, the owner of Express Target Marketing, which has operated the binary options companies InsideOption and SecuredOptions, was arrested on suspicion of fraud, false accounting, forgery, extortion, and blackmail. The case involves a Singaporean woman who claims to have lost over $500,000 to the firm.

In August 2017 Israeli police superintendent Rafi Biton said that the binary trading industry had "turned into a monster". He told the Israeli Knesset that criminal investigations had begun.

In September 2017, the FBI arrested Lee Elbaz, CEO of binary options trading company Yukom Communications, upon her arrival in the United States. They arrested her for wire fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud. In 2019, Lee Elbaz was found guilty and sentenced to 22 years in prison.

In February 2019, the FBI arrested Austin Smith, Founder of Wealth Recovery International, after his arrival in the United States. Smith was arrested for wire fraud due to his involvement as an employee of Binarybook.com.

Malta
In March 2013 the Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) announced that binary options regulation would be transferred away from Malta's Lottery and Gaming Authority. On 18 June 2013 MFSA confirmed that in their view binary options fell under the scope of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), which made Malta the second EU jurisdiction to regulate binary options as a financial instrument. This required providers to obtain a category 3 Investment Services license and conform to MiFID's minimum capital requirements; firms could previously operate from the jurisdiction with a valid Lottery and Gaming Authority license.

New Zealand
In April 2017, New Zealand's Financial Markets Authority (FMA) announced that all brokers that offer short-term investment instruments that settle within three days are required to obtain a license from the agency. This is intended to cover binary options as well as contracts for difference (CFDs).

United Kingdom
Binary options trading
In the UK, binary options were regulated by the Gambling Commission rather than the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). This regulation, however, applied only to firms that have gambling equipment in the UK. The FCA in 2016 did propose bringing binary options under its jurisdiction and restricting them. They stated that binary options "did not appear to meet a genuine investment need". In March 2017, Action Fraud issued a warning on binary options.

The Isle of Man, a self-governing Crown dependency for which the UK is responsible, has issued licenses to companies offering binary options as "games of skill" licensed and regulated under fixed odds betting by the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission (GSC). This positions binary options as a form of gambling, and the administrator of the trading as something akin to a casino, as opposed to an exchange or brokerage house.

On October 19, 2017, London police raided 20 binary options firms in London. On January 3, 2018, the FCA took over regulation of binary options from the Gambling Commission. In December 2018, FCA has proposed new rules which would permanently ban the sale, marketing and distribution of binary options to retail consumers.

Fraud
Fraud within the market is rife, with many binary options providers using the names of famous and respectable people without their knowledge. According to a national fraud and cybercrime reporting centre Action Fraud, 664 binary options frauds were reported in 2015/16, increasing to 1,474 in 2016/17. The City of London police in May 2017 said that reported losses for the previous financial year were £13 million, increased from £2 million the year before. In the first half of 2017, 697 people reported losses totaling over £18 million.

United States
Binary options trading

In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved exchange-traded binary options in 2008. Trading commenced on the NYSE American (MYSEA) and the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) in May and June 2008.

The MYSEA offers binary options on some exchange-traded funds and a few highly liquid equities such as Citigroup and Google. On the exchange binary options were called "fixed return options" (FROs). To reduce the threat of market manipulation of single stocks, FROs use a "settlement index" defined as a volume-weighted average of trades on the expiration day. MYSEA and Donato A. Montanaro submitted a patent application for exchange-listed binary options using a volume-weighted settlement index in 2005. CBOE offers binary options on the S&P 500 (SPX) and the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX). The tickers for these are BSZ and BVZ, respectively.

NADEX, a U.S.-based Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) regulated exchange, launched binary options for a range of Forex, commodities, and stock indices' markets in June 2009,. On March 30, 2010 the CFTC issued an amended Order of Designation to allow trades on NADEX to be intermediated. NADEX have since offered binary options trading between buyers and sellers. They do not participate in the trades.

Fraud

On June 6, 2013, the U.S. CFTC and the SEC jointly issued an Investor Alert to warn about fraudulent promotional schemes involving binary options and binary options trading platforms. The two agencies said that they had received numerous complaints of fraud about binary options trading sites, "including refusal to credit customer accounts or reimburse funds to customers; identity theft; and manipulation of software to generate losing trades". Other binary options operations were violating requirements to register with regulators.

In June 2013, U.S. regulators charged Israeli-Cypriot company Banc De Binary with illegally selling binary options to U.S. investors. In February 2016, the company reached an $11 million settlement with U.S. authorities. Regulators found the company used a "virtual office" in New York's Trump Tower in pursuit of its scheme, evading a ban on off-exchange binary option contracts. The company neither admitted nor denied the allegations. In November 2016, SEC published yet another Investor Alert on binary options websites. In 2016,

In February 2017 The Times of Israel reported that the FBI was conducting an active international investigation of binary option fraud, emphasizing its international nature, saying that the agency was "not limited to the USA". Victims from around the world were asked to contact an FBI field office or the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center. The investigation is not limited to the binary options brokers, but is comprehensive and could include companies that provide services that allow the industry to operate. Credit card issuers will be informed of the fraudulent nature of much of the industry, which could possibly allow victims to receive a chargeback, or refund, of fraudulently obtained money.

On March 13, 2017, the FBI reiterated its warning, declaring that the "perpetrators behind many of the binary options websites, primarily criminals located overseas, are only interested in one thing—taking your money". They also provide a checklist on how to avoid being victimized.

There is also a popular binary options recovery services scam, where fraudsters promise to "hunt" down the binary options scammers and retrieve the money from them through legal methods. In January 2018, Boston federal prosecutors filed a complaint against Leonel Alexis Valerio Santana and Frank Gregory Cedeno, accusing them of such type of fraud. In August 2018, Santana was sentenced to 63 months in prison, three years of supervised release, and ordered to pay restitution of $105,869 (Cedeno was indicted in March and pleaded not guilty).

See also
Option (finance)
Options strategies
Options spread
Options arbitrage
Synthetic position
Prediction market

References

Further reading

External links
Canadian securities regulators website
CFTC investor alert

Options (finance)
Investment
Derivatives (finance)
2 (number)
Finance fraud

Binary option


A Congregação Patriarcal de Bzommar (  ) é uma congregação religiosa armênia católica de padres que foi fundada em 1750. Eles usam as iniciais I.C.P.B. após seus nomes.

Eles foram estabelecidos quando o Patriarca da Cilícia, chefe da Igreja Católica Armênia, estabeleceu um mosteiro anexo à sua catedral em Bzoummar, no Líbano. Os homens que entraram formaram uma comunidade religiosa dedicada ao serviço da Igreja, dando apoio espiritual ao povo armênio. Eles se comprometeram a ir a qualquer parte do mundo onde fossem enviados pelo Catholicos, que é ex officio o Superior Geral da Congregação.

A congregação forneceu vários bispos para a Igreja durante sua história. Um exemplo é Jean Pierre XVIII Kasparian, que era membro da congregação, foi Patriarca da Cilícia de 1982–1998.

Referências

Ligações externas
 Site oficial
Igreja Católica Armênia

Congregação Patriarcal de Bzoummar


Ceci est une liste des représentations diplomatiques de la Norvège, à l'exclusion des consulats honoraires.

Dans les pays sans représentation norvégienne, les citoyens norvégiens peuvent demander l'aide des services étrangers de n'importe lequel des , conformément au traité d'Helsinki.

Représentations actuelles

Afrique

Amérique

Asie

Europe

Océanie

Organisations internationales

Galerie

Représentations fermées

Afrique

Amérique

Asie

Europe

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Politique étrangère de la Norvège
 Ministère des Affaires étrangères (Norvège)

Liens externes
 Ministère des Affaires étrangères de Norvège

Ambassade de Norvège
Norvège

Représentations diplomatiques de la Norvège


Sütlü Nuriye, Türk mutfağından bir tatlı. İhtilal tatlısı veya ihtilal baklavası da denir. Süt, fındık, şeker ve un ile yapılır.

12 Eylül döneminde bir generalin, satın aldığı baklavanın fiyatının yüksekliğini, İstanbul'da görevli İsmail Hakkı Akansel'e şikayet etmesi üzerine, o sene Ramazan Bayramından iki gün önce baklavanın satış fiyatının üst sınırıyla ilgili liste yayınlanmıştır. Ancak belirlenen fiyatın, baklava maliyetini kurtarmaması üzerine, Güllüoğlu Baklavaları sahipleri, narh fiyatı dahilinde satılabilecek maliyette bir baklava yapmanın çaresini aramış; fıstık yerine fındık kullanılmış, süt ilave edilerek de tatlının gramajı arttırılmıştır. Böylelikle ihtilal muktedirlerinin vazettikleri fiyatta satılabilecek, görece düşük maliyeti baklava yapılmış odu.

Tatlının ismi ile ilgili olarak, tatlının mucidi Güllüoğlu Baklavaları sahibi Nejat Güllü şunları söylemiştir: Maliyeti düşük ancak oldukça da lezzetli olan bu tatlıya oluşturulan listede olmayan, ilginç bir isim vermek istediklerini, sonunda da Sütlü Nuriye ismine karar verdikleri, bu tatlının isminin nereden geldiği çok merak edildi ama bu ismin hiçbir anlamı, hiçbir hikayesi yoktu. Bizim esas amacımız bu tatlıyı insanlara sevdirebilmekti.
masterchef programına katılan ve Güven Tatlı işletmesinin sahibi Metin Güven'in söylediğine göre babasına ait Diyarbakırlı bir kadın çalışanının icaat ve imalidir.

Diyarbakır usulü
1900'lü yılların başında Diyarbakır yöresinde doğmuş olan bir tatlıdır. Diyarbakır'ın vazgeçilmez lezzetleri arasında bulunan Sütlü Nuriye, baklavaya göre hafif olması nedeniyle tercih edilir. Badem ve baklava yufkasıyla hazırlanan, üzerine sütlü şerbet dökülen tatlı, halk arasında "Diyarbakır baklavası" olarak adlandırılır. Diğer baklava çeşitlerine göre bu tatlının içinde bolca badem bulunur.

Ayrıca bakınız
Nuriye (tatlı)

Kaynakça

Türk mutfağındaki şerbetli tatlılar

Sütlü Nuriye


This is a listing of sessions of the Parliament of Great Britain, tabulated with the elections to the House of Commons of Great Britain for each session, and the list of members of the House.

The sessions are numbered from the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain.  For later Westminster parliaments, see List of parliaments of the United Kingdom, and for earlier ones, see List of parliaments of England and List of parliaments of Scotland.

See also
Duration of English parliaments before 1660
Duration of English, British and United Kingdom parliaments from 1660
List of parliaments of England
List of parliaments of Scotland
List of parliaments of the United Kingdom
List of British governments

External links
 Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of the British Parliament, from the Union in 1708, to the Third Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in 1807: From the Union in 1708, to the Third Parliament Of the United Kingdom Of Great Britain and Ireland in 1807, Volume 1, printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme by J. Chalmers & Co., 1807;   (PDF)

List of parliaments of Great Britain


Stanko Ibler (Zagreb, 6. siječnja 1901. - Zagreb, 12. listopada 1993.), hrvatski liječnik pneumoftizeolog

Životopis
Rođen u Zagrebu. Potječe iz jedne od najuglednijih hrvatskih obitelji akademske provenijencije.
U rodnom gradu završio 1919. gimnaziju, 1928. studij medicine i 1932. specijalizaciju iz pneumoftizeologije. Zaposlio se u zagrebačkom Antituberkuloznom dispanzeru, od 1934. dio novoosnovana Instituta za tuberkulozu. Od 1935. – 36. usavršavao se u Parizu, u Danskoj, Švedskoj i Norveškoj. Ibler je od 1943. u hrvatskome pokretu otpora. Bio je epidemiolog VI. slavonskoga korpusa, pa zamjenik načelnika saniteta štaba X. zagrebačkoga korpusa. U činu sanitetskog kapetana demobiliziran je 1945. godine. Od demobiliziranja vodi Odjel za tuberkulozu Zakladne bolnice Rebro u Zagrebu. Nakon godine dana ravnatelj je novoosnovane specijalne bolnice na Jordanovcu. U tu je bolnicu premješten i Odjel za tuberkulozu. Na dužnosti je sve do odlaska u mirovinu 1963. godine. Od 1947. do 1950. bio je glavni urednik Liječničkog vjesnika. Na Medicinskom fakultetu honorarno je predavao ftizeologiju.

Radovi
Pisao radove iz područja plućne tuberkuloze, karcinoma bronha te plućnog emfizema. Radovi su mu objavljeni u Liječničkom vjesniku, Tuberkulozi, Suvremenim temama iz tuberkuloze, u zbornicima kongresa ftizeologa i simpozija o alergiji i gerontologiji.

Obitelj
Otac je hrvatskoga anesteziologa i diplomata Mladena Iblera, djed danske arhitektice i publicistice Marianne Ibler. Brat mu je Drago Ibler, a hrvatski književni kritičar i publicist Janko Ibler otac.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
WorldCat Author:Ibler, S

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski liječnici

Stanko Ibler


Svijet

Književna djela

 Igra staklenim biserima Hermanna Hessea
 Bitak i ništo Jean-Paula Sartrea

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 12. srpnja – Ivan Goran Kovačić, hrvatski pjesnik, pripovjedač, esejist, prevoditelj, novinar, publicist i kritik (* 1913.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1943.


Albeiro de Jesús García Castañeda (Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia; 30 de octubre de 1963) es un entrenador de fútbol colombiano.

En enero de 2011, asumió la dirección técnica de Bogotá F.C., reemplazando a Fernando Velasco. El 13 de abril renunció a su cargo ya que fue nombrado como asistente técnico de Carlos Mario Hoyos en Itagüí F.C., club de la Primera A.

Con Itagüí, García estuvo vinculado hasta la salida de Carlos Mario Hoyos a mediados del año, para llegar al Atlético Bucaramanga, donde fue integrante del cuerpo técnico durante el segundo semestre.

En noviembre de 2011 es nombrado como nuevo Director Técnico del Depor Aguablanca para la temporada 2012.

Clubes

Asistente técnico

Entrenador

Referencias

Nacidos en Rionegro (Antioquia)
Entrenadores de fútbol de Colombia
Entrenadores del Bogotá Fútbol Club
Entrenadores del Itagüí Leones

Albeiro García


Die Nassauische Landesbank in Hadamar, einer Stadt im Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg in Hessen, ist eine ehemalige Filiale der Nassauischen Landesbank. Das Gebäude mit der Adresse Alte Chaussee 4 ist ein geschütztes Baudenkmal.

Geschichte und Beschreibung
Das Gebäude wurde im Jahr 1911 als Filiale der 1840 gegründeten Herzoglich Nassauischen Landesbank erbaut. Es besitzt einen stark terrassierten Unterbau und liegt am nördlichen Ende eines Villenviertels. Der Bau verbindet Elemente des Neubarock und des Klassizismus. Die Gestaltung ist sachlich und im Detail vom Jugendstil beeinflusst. Den Hauptschmuck bildet das Säulenportal mit einem Sprenggiebel, der von dem Wappen des Herzogtums Nassau und Früchten geschmückt wird.

Literatur
 Falko Lehmann: Kulturdenkmäler in Hessen. Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg Band I (Bad Camberg bis Löhnberg). Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Herausgegeben vom Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig und Wiesbaden 1994, ISBN 3-528-06243-6, S. 264.

Weblinks

Bauwerk in Hadamar
Erbaut in den 1910er Jahren
Herzogtum Nassau
Kulturdenkmal in Hadamar

Nassauische Landesbank (Hadamar)


Sergio Guilherme Nunes Saraceni, né à Rio de Janeiro le , est un musicien, compositeur, arrangeur et producteur très actif sur le marché de la bande originale de 1975 à 2014.

Biographie
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En 1962, encore un garçon, à l'âge de neuf ans, Saraceni rencontre le compositeur Antônio Carlos Jobim lors de l'enregistrement de la musique originale du long métrage « Porto das Caixas », réalisé par son oncle Paulo Cezar Saraceni. Ce fait allait changer sa vie pour toujours, et à partir de ce moment-là, Saraceni aurait sa trajectoire entrelacée avec la musique et la figure de Jobim, son grand mentor et inspiration, devenu de bons amis et partenaires dans des conversations sans fin dans les bars d'Ipanema et de Leblon.

Dès l'âge de onze ans, toujours encouragé par son père et sa famille, il étudie la guitare classique avec Jodacil Damaceno, le piano avec Manoel Correa do Lago et Clelia Ognibene, la théorie avec George Kiszely, l'orchestration et la composition avec Eunice Katunda, la théorie et le solfège avec Bohumil Med. Il a étudié l'orchestration avec Francis Hime. À , il obtient la première place au concours d'entrée à l'école de musique Instituto Villa-Lobos-Fefierj (1971), actuellement UniRio. Parallèlement, il entre au cursus de droit de l'Universidade do Estado da Guanabara, UEG, actuellement Université d'État de Rio de Janeiro.

Trajectoire professionnelle
Il s'installe aux États-Unis en 1972, étudiant l'arrangement et la composition au prestigieux Berklee College of Music de Boston (sans diplôme). Saraceni a été l'un des premiers Brésiliens à arriver à l'école, considérée comme le centre d'études de jazz et de musique populaire le plus renommé au monde.

De retour au Brésil en 1975, il travaille comme professeur, enseignant la guitare classique, le piano et le solfège, jouant dans de petits groupes et accompagnant des chanteurs populaires tels que Nana Caymmi, Emílio Santiago, Beth Carvalho, entre autres.

En 1977, il écrit la bande originale de son premier film, dans le film primé Anchieta, José do Brasil, un long métrage réalisé par son oncle Paulo Cezar Saraceni, une œuvre interprétée par l'Orchestre symphonique de l'État de São Paulo, sorti sur disque par l'étiquette Bandeirantes, de l'État de São Paulo.

De là, il a commencé une longue et fructueuse carrière en tant que compositeur de musiques de films et de télévision. Il a joué la musique de plus de  métrages, d'innombrables documentaires, ayant travaillé avec certains des cinéastes brésiliens les plus importants. Il a collaboré avec Radamés Gnattali à la production et à l'enregistrement de la bande originale du film They Don't Wear Black-Tie (1980) de Leon Hirszman. Prix du meilleur film du jury à l'important Festival du film de Venise en Italie en 1982. En 1997, il décide de mettre fin à sa carrière de compositeur de films.

À la télévision brésilienne
En 1978, après un bref stage dans le département musical de TV Globo, il rejoint en tant qu'arrangeur l'ancien et célèbre programme de l'auditorium Globo de Ouro, où les chanteurs les plus célèbres des hit-parades se produisent en direct, avec chœur et orchestre, ou de petits ensembles. Pendant ce temps, il a construit une amitié solide, un partenariat professionnel et une convivialité avec le maestro Radamés Gnattali, jusqu'à sa mort en 1988, à Rio de Janeiro.

En 1979, il a commencé un travail de pionnier aux côtés des chefs d'orchestre Waltel Branco et Geraldo Vespar, écrivant les premières compositions pour des feuilletons et des séries télévisées, un travail qui a ouvert la voie à Rede Globo et à d'autres diffuseurs, visant à créer des noyaux de composition de partition originaux pour les œuvres.

Jusqu'au début des années 80, il n'y avait aucune inclusion de musique originale composée par des musiciens et compositeurs brésiliens, tous les programmes dramatiques de TV Globo étaient sonorisés par des disques et des bandes sonores américains et européens. Dans cette période, l'amitié et la connaissance de Saraceni avec Jobim et Radamés ont été renforcées.

Dans sa carrière à la télévision, les compositions et la direction musicale de Saraceni se sont démarquées pour les mini-séries Anos Dourados (1985) et O Tempo e o Vento (1984) et dans de nombreux feuilletons à succès, tels que Vale Tudo - 1988, Roque Santeiro- 1985, parmi des dizaines d'autres travaux.

En 1993, à l'invitation du réalisateur Nilton Travesso, il passe de TV Globo à SBT pour un nouveau projet de création d'un centre de production de musique originale pour la dramaturgie, chose inédite à cette station. Il est resté au SBT jusqu'en 1995, date à laquelle il a quitté son poste de directeur musical. À sa sortie, il poursuit ses activités de compositeur et producteur de bandes sonores pour le cinéma et la publicité. En 1995, à l'invitation de Cecília Conde, il enseigne l'orchestration (1995/1996) au Conservatoire Brésilien de Musique, à Rio de Janeiro.

En 1997, à l'invitation du directeur musical Aluísio Didier, il assume le rôle de producteur musical responsable des bandes sonores de la chaîne Globonews. En 1999, il réintègre le noyau dramaturgique de TV Globo, en tant que producteur, arrangeur et compositeur.

Tout au long de sa carrière télévisuelle et cinématographique, Sergio Saraceni a travaillé avec certains des réalisateurs de télévision et de cinéma les plus importants du pays, tels que Roberto Talma, Walter Avancini, Paulo Ubiratan, Denise Saraceni, Roberto Farias, Dennis Carvalho, Jorge Fernando, Ricardo Waddington, Nilton Travesso, Daniel Filho, Paulo Cezar Saraceni, Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Carlos Manga, Paulo Thiago, Fábio Barreto, Paulo José, parmi tant d'autres.

Prix
Sergio Saraceni a participé aux plus importants festivals de cinéma brésilien (récompensé cinq fois), dans les années 80 et 90, à Gramado également à Brasilia et a reçu des prix dans les chaînes de télévision où il est passé.

En , il a reçu le prix Remo Usai de l'Association des compositeurs de musique pour l'audiovisuel), pour son travail en  en tant que compositeur de cinéma et de télévision. D' autres noms importants ont reçu le même prix sont Edino Krieger, Sérgio Ricardo, Waltel Branco et Geraldo Vespar.

Vie privée
Il met fin à sa carrière professionnelle en 2014, s'installant à Petrópolis, une région montagneuse de Rio de Janeiro, où il vit avec sa femme Raquel, et proche de son fils Bruno et de ses petits-enfants.

Carrière
D'après immub.org et l'IMDb.

En tant que compositeur de musique de films

Au cinéma

 1977 : ) de Paulo Cezar Saraceni
 1980 : Um Ladrão de Nelson Pereira dos Santos
 1980 :  Dá-lhe Rigoni  (court-métrage)
 1981 :  Engraçadinha
 1982 :  de Nelson Pereira dos Santos
 1982 :  de Paulo Sergio de Almeida
 1982 :  de Paulo Cezar Saraceni
 1983 : Les Chemins de la vie (Na Estrada da vida) de Nelson Pereira dos Santos
 1984 :  Plus heureux que jamais () de Murilo Salles
 1984 :  de Paulo Thiago
 1985 :  Muda Brasil
 1985 :  Noite
 1985 :  de Fabio Barreto
 1986 :  Baixo Gávea
 1986 :  de David Névés
 1986 :  de Carlos Manga
 1988 :  de Paulo Thiago
 1988 :  de Paulo Cezar Saraceni
 1988 :  de Paulo Sergio de Almeida
 1990 :  1930 - Tempo de Revolução
 1991 :  Vai Trabalhar, Vagabundo II
 1997 :  Policarpo
 1998 :  de Paulo Cezar Saraceni

À la télévision

 1986 :  Tenda dos Milagres (mini-série télévisée, 30 épisodes)
 1988 :  Caso Especial (série télévisée, 1 épisode)
 1990 :  A, E, I, O... Urca (mini-série télévisée, 13 épisodes)
 1992 :  Story of O, the Series  (série télévisée)
 2003 :  Celebridade  (série télévisée)
 2010 :  Dalva e Herivelto: Uma Canção de Amor  (mini-série télévisée)

En tant que compositeur et directeur musical

Notes et références

Producteur de musique
Musicien brésilien
Naissance en novembre 1952
Naissance à Rio de Janeiro

Sergio Saraceni


Patlıcan (Eski Türkçe: Bütüge), bilimsel adıyla Solanum melongena, Solanaceae familyasına ait olup, ılık iklimlerde tek yıllık, tropik iklimlerde ise küçük bir ağaç şeklinde büyüyen çok yıllık bir kültür bitkisidir. Patlıcanın ilk yetiştiriciliği MÖ 5. yüzyılda Hindistan'da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra Afrika'ya, sonra Doğu Akdeniz'e ve Avrupa'ya getirilmiştir. Avrupa'ya getirilmesi 16. yüzyılda İspanyollar tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Avrupa'ya ilk getirilişinde süs bitkisi olarak kullanılan patlıcan, dünyada üretilen yaş sebzeler arasında 6. sırada yer almaktadır. İçeriğinde düşük nikotin barındırır. Tropik bölgelerde çok yıllık bitki özelliği gösterirken bu kuşağın dışındaki iklim kuşaklarında bir yıllıktır.

Tüketim
Türkiye'de daha çok imambayıldı, karnıyarık yemekleri ve kızartması şeklinde tüketilir. Ayrıca salatası da yapılır.

Patlıcanın insan sağlığındaki yerinin diğer sebze türlerinden küçümsenmeyecek düzeyde olduğu bilinmektedir.
100 gr patlıcanın kalori değeri 24'dür. 100 gr patlıcanda 1.1 g protein, 2 g yağ, ve 5.5 g karbonhidrat vardır.
Vitamin içeriği bakımından ise; 100 gramında 30 IU A vitamini, 0.4 mg B1 vitamini, 0.5 mg B2 vitamini ve 5 mg C vitamini bulunmaktadır.

Üretim

Dünya'da üretim

Patlıcan; dünyada üretilen sebzeler içerisinde; domates, biber ve hıyar üretiminden sonra gelmektedir.

Dünya patlıcan üretimi 1994 yılından itibaren düzenli olarak artarak, 2003 yılında %84 artışla 29,5 milyon tona ulaşmıştır. Bu artışta önemli patlıcan üreticisi ülkelerin payı olduğu görülmektedir. Nitekim dünyada önemli üretici ülkeler olan Çin, Hindistan, Türkiye, Mısır, İtalya ve İspanya'da patlıcan üretimi son on yılda %21 ile %1,8 arasında artmıştır.

Son on yıllık veriler incelendiğinde; dünya patlıcan üretiminde Çin'in %50,6, Hindistan'ın %30,1, Türkiye'nin %3,8 ile ilk üç sırayı paylaştıkları, özellikle son beş yılda Çin üretiminin arttığı; Hindistan ve Türkiye üretimlerinin ise fazla değişmediği görülmektedir. Dünya üretiminde ilk üç sırayı %84,5 oranı ile Çin, Hindistan ve Türkiye almaktadır. 2003-2004 yılına ait dünya patlıcan üretimi istatistikleri, FAO Birleşmiş Milletler'in Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü verileri șu tabloda özetlenmektedir:

Bu ülkelerin ihracattaki payları incelendiğinde ise; Çin'in ihracatının %5,5, Türkiye ihracatının %1,5 olduğu, Hindistan ihracatının ise kayda değer olmadığı görülmektedir. Diğer yandan dünya patlıcan ihracatının %21,8'ini İspanya, %21,7'sini Meksika, %5,5'ni Çin, %3,4'ünü İtalya, %1,5'ini ise Türkiye karşılamaktadır. Son verilere göre üretilen patlıcanın yaklaşık %2'si ticarete (ihracat-ithalat) konu olmakta, taze olarak stok olmadığı için de kalan miktarın tüketimde kullanıldığı varsayılmaktadır.

Türkiye'de üretim

Türkiye'de farklı iklim ve toprak yapısı nedeni ile birçok sebze türü üretilebilmektedir. Patlıcan da bu sebze türlerinden biridir, Türkiye şartlarında patlıcan üretimi hem tarlada hem serada yapılabilmekte, fakat iklim ve toprak isteği yanında bakım şartları ve ekim nöbeti tercihinden dolayı her bölgede yetiştirilememektedir. Türkiye'de patlıcan üretimi yapılan en önemli iller; İçel, Antalya, Şanlıurfa, Hatay, Aydın, Bursa, Adana ve Samsun'dur. Türkiye'nin 1997-2002 yılları arasında patlıcan üretimi 1992 ve 1993 yılında 750.000 ton olarak gerçekleşmiş, 1994 – 1998 yıllarında ise, 750.000 ton ile 850.000 ton arasında değişim göstermiştir. 1998 yılından sonra da üretim 900.000 tonu asarak 2002 yılında 955.000 tona ulaşmıştır. 1991- 2002 yılları arasında Türkiye patlıcan verimi hektara 19.621 kg ile 29.216 kg arasında değişmiştir. Türkiye'nin patlıcan ihracatı 2.600 ton ile 5.600 ton arasında değişmektedir. ihracat, 1993 yılında olduğu gibi bazı yıllarda 1.000 ton seviyesine düşerken, 2001 yılı gibi bazı yıllarda ise 5.500 tona ulaşmıştır. Diğer yandan Türkiye'nin en fazla patlıcan ihraç ettiği ülkeler arasında Almanya, Avusturya, Bulgaristan, Hollanda, Romanya, Rusya ve Belçika yer almaktadır.

Galeri

Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
Solanum

Patlıcan


Blahová este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Dunajská Streda din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 368 de locuitori.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Blahová


A ponte Alfred Beit é uma ponte rodoviária sobre o rio Limpopo, que liga as localidades de Musina e
Beitbridge, respetivamente na África do Sul e Zimbabwe.

Há no local uma ponte original também chamada Alfred Beit, que hoje é exclusivamente de tráfego ferroviário, e terminada em 1929 por Dorman Long. O nome é devido a Alfred Beit, um magnata dos diamantes e ouro. Essa ponte original custou 600.000 dólares e foi inaugurada pelo conde de Athlone em 31 de agosto de 1929.

A nova ponte rodoviária, paralela à primeira, foi construída em 1995.

Pontes rodoviárias
Pontes da África do Sul
Pontes do Zimbabwe
Pontes internacionais
Fronteira África do Sul-Zimbabwe
Rio Limpopo

Ponte Alfred Beit


Mapanija (lat. Mapania), rod vodenih trajnica iz porodice šiljovki (Cyperaceae), dio je potporodice Mapanioideae. Sastoji se od 100 priznatih vrsta u tropskim krajevima Afrike, Amerike, Azije i Australije

Vrste

 Mapania africana Boeckeler
 Mapania amplivaginata K.Schum.
 Mapania angustifolia Uittien
 Mapania archboldii Uittien
 Mapania arunachalensis G.D.Pal
 Mapania assimilis T.Koyama
 Mapania aturensis D.A.Simpson
 Mapania baccifera C.B.Clarke
 Mapania balansae (E.G.Camus) T.Koyama
 Mapania baldwinii Nelmes
 Mapania ballehensis Miraadila, Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania bancana (Miq.) Ridl.
 Mapania bauensis Miraadila, Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania borneensis Merr.
 Mapania bougainvillensis D.A.Simpson
 Mapania caudata Kük.
 Mapania coodei D.A.Simpson
 Mapania coriandrum Nelmes
 Mapania cuatrecasasii T.Koyama
 Mapania cuspidata (Miq.) Uittien
 Mapania debilis C.B.Clarke
 Mapania effusa (C.B.Clarke) T.Koyama
 Mapania enodis (Miq.) C.B.Clarke
 Mapania ferruginea Ridl.
 Mapania floribunda (Nees ex Steud.) T.Koyama
 Mapania foxworthyi Merr.
 Mapania graminea Uittien
 Mapania hidiriana Miraadila, Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania hispida D.A.Simpson
 Mapania holttumii J.Kern
 Mapania imeriensis (Gross) T.Koyama
 Mapania immersa (Thwaites) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke
 Mapania insignis Sandwith
 Mapania ivorensis (J.Raynal) J.Raynal
 Mapania jongkindii Mesterházy
 Mapania kadimiana Shabdin, Meekiong & Miraadila
 Mapania kipas Miraadila, Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania kurzii C.B.Clarke
 Mapania latifolia Uittien
 Mapania lentaliffii Miraadila, Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania liberiensis D.A.Simpson
 Mapania linderi Hutch. ex Nelmes
 Mapania longiflora C.B.Clarke
 Mapania lorea Uittien
 Mapania macrantha (Boeckeler) H.Pfeiff.
 Mapania macrocephala (Gaudich.) K.Schum.
 Mapania macrophylla (Boeckeler) H.Pfeiff.
 Mapania maguireana T.Koyama & Steyerm.
 Mapania mangenotiana Lorougnon
 Mapania mannii C.B.Clarke
 Mapania maschalina J.Kern
 Mapania meditensis D.A.Simpson
 Mapania meekiongii Miraadila & Shabdin
 Mapania micrococca (T.Koyama) D.A.Simpson
 Mapania micropandanus Holttum
 Mapania minor (Nelmes) J.Raynal
 Mapania mirae Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania monostachya Uittien
 Mapania moseleyi C.B.Clarke
 Mapania multiflora Shabdin
 Mapania neblina D.A.Simpson
 Mapania nudispica T.Koyama
 Mapania obscuriflora D.A.Simpson
 Mapania pacifica (Hosok.) T.Koyama
 Mapania pallescens Lye
 Mapania palustris (Hassk. ex Steud.) Fern.-Vill.
 Mapania paradoxa J.Raynal
 Mapania pedunculata D.A.Simpson
 Mapania pubisquama Cherm.
 Mapania purpuriceps (C.B.Clarke) J.Raynal
 Mapania pycnocephala (Benth.) Benth.
 Mapania pycnostachya (Benth.) T.Koyama
 Mapania raynaliana D.A.Simpson
 Mapania rhynchocarpa Lorougnon & Raynal
 Mapania richardsii Uittien
 Mapania rionegrensis D.A.Simpson
 Mapania rumputensis Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania sapuaniana Shabdin
 Mapania sembilingensis Miraadila, Shabdin & Meekiong
 Mapania sessilis Merr.
 Mapania seychellaria D.A.Simpson
 Mapania silhetensis C.B.Clarke
 Mapania soyauxii (Boeckeler) H.Pfeiff.
 Mapania spadicea Uittien
 Mapania squamata (Kurz) C.B.Clarke
 Mapania steyermarkii T.Koyama
 Mapania sumatrana (Miq.) Benth.
 Mapania surinamensis Uittien
 Mapania sylvatica Aubl.
 Mapania tamdaoensis N.K.Khoi
 Mapania tenuiscapa C.B.Clarke
 Mapania tepuiana (Steyerm.) T.Koyama
 Mapania testui Cherm.
 Mapania theobromina D.A.Simpson
 Mapania tonkinensis (E.G.Camus) T.Koyama
 Mapania unimasiana Shabdin, Meekiong & Miraadila
 Mapania vitiensis (Uittien) T.Koyama
 Mapania wallichii C.B.Clarke
 Mapania zeylanica (Thwaites) Trimen
 Mapania zinnirahae Miraadila & Meekiong

Sinonimi
 Apartea Pellegr.
 Cephaloscirpus Kurz
 Langevinia Jacq.-Fél.
 Lepistachya Zipp. ex Miq.
 Mapaniopsis C.B.Clarke
 Pandanophyllum Hassk.
 Thoracostachyum Kurz

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Šiljovke

Mapanija


كيسوكه أوكادا  (20 يناير 1868 - 7 أكتوبر 1952) كان أدميرال في البحرية اليابانية الإمبراطورية وسياسي ياباني شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء الياباني الحادي والثلاثون.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص في فترة مييجي
أشخاص في الحرب اليابانية الصينية الأولى
أشخاص من فوكوي (محافظة)
أفراد عسكريون من محافظة فوكوي
أفراد عسكريون يابانيون في الحرب الروسية اليابانية
أفراد عسكريون يابانيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
أميرالات البحرية الإمبراطورية اليابانية
حاصلون على وسام رايزينغ صن
حكام فاشيون
رؤساء وزراء اليابان
رؤساء وزراء اليابان القرن 20
عسكريون يابانيون في الحرب العالمية الثانية
مواليد 1868
مواليد في فوكوي (فوكوي)
وزراء البحرية الإمبراطورية اليابانية
وزراء حكومة اليابان
وفيات 1952
وفيات في طوكيو

كيسوكه أوكادا


Lumbricaria ist ein Spurenfossil, das als der versteinerte Kot (Koprolith) von Kopffüßern (Cephalopoda) interpretiert wird. Diese Spurengattung (Ichnogenus) kommt in den Solnhofener Plattenkalken und verschiedenen anderen, ähnlichen Plattenkalk-Vorkommen vor. In den Solnhofener Plattenkalken gehört sie zu den relativ häufigen Fossilien.

Beschreibung
Es handelt sich um eine schnurförmige, oft in Häufchen verschlungene Struktur. Der Durchmesser der Schnüre beträgt 1–4 mm, ihre Länge variiert und erreicht im Extremfall 170 cm. Die Schnüre weisen eine raue Oberfläche auf und zeigen in unregelmäßigen Abständen Verjüngungen. Lumbricaria besteht fast ausschließlich aus den calcitischen Resten der freischwimmenden Seelilie Saccocoma.

Interpretationen
Der Ursprung dieser Strukturen war lange Zeit umstritten, vor allem, weil die Bestimmung der organischen Bestandteile lange nicht möglich war. Im 18. Jahrhundert und Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden sie häufig für Würmer gehalten, worauf auch der Name Lumbricaria verweist (lat. lumbricus – "Regenwurm"). Schon bald wurden Zweifel an dieser Deutung geäußert – so bemerkt ein anonymer Autor im Jahr 1830, dass die Schnüre unregelmäßig gegliedert seien und nicht regelmäßig, wie es bei Würmern zu erwarten wäre. Als alternative Deutung wurde vorgeschlagen, dass es sich um die ausgestoßenen Eingeweide von Seegurken gehandelt haben könnte – diese Deutung stützt sich auf ein Fossil aus den Solnhofener Plattenkalken, das eine direkt neben einer vermeintlichen Seegurke befindliche Lumbricaria zeigt. Später zeigte sich, dass es sich bei der vermeintlichen Seegurke tatsächlich um einen Weichschwamm handelt. Eine andere, durch Agassiz (1833) populär gewordene Interpretation deutet Lumbricaria als Fischdärme. Diese Interpretation stützt sich auf die Beobachtung, dass sich bei toten Fischen, die durch in der Bauchregion angesammelte Gase an der Wasseroberfläche treiben, gelegentlich der Bauch aufplatzt, wobei die Eingeweide in die Wassersäule entlassen werden.

Die heute allgemein akzeptierte Deutung stammt von Janicke (1970) und interpretiert Lumbricaria als die Exkremente von Kopffüßern wie Ammoniten oder Tintenfischen. Janicke argumentiert, dass es sich aufgrund der enthaltenen Saccocoma-Reste um Koprolithen handeln muss. Bei den Erzeugern muss es sich ferner um freischwimmende Tiere gehandelt haben, da bodenbewohnende Tiere aus den Solnhofener Plattenkalken kaum überliefert sind. Deutungen, die Lumbricaria als Fischkot interpretieren, widerspricht dieser Autor, da diese Exkremente meist phosphatisch seien. Die Kopffüßer würden ebenso wie Lumbricaria zu den häufigen Fossilien der Solnhofener Plattenkalke gehören; außerdem würden die Exkremente der rezenten Gattung Octopus eine ähnliche Form aufweisen.

Belege

Palichnologie
Kot

Lumbricaria


Yogyakarta ( dʒ ɒ ɡ j ə k ɑːr t ə, ˌ j ɒ ɡ - / ; i Jogjakarta ili Jogja ; javanski : ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ, Ngayogyakarta ) je glavni grad Posebne oblasti Yogyakarta u Indoneziji, na otoku Javi. Kao jedini indonezijski kraljevski grad kojim još uvijek vlada jedina službeno priznata monarhija unutar Indonezije. Yogyakarta se smatra važnim središtem klasične javanske likovne umjetnosti i kulture, kao što su balet, batik tekstil, drama, književnost, glazba, poezija, srebrnarstvo, vizualne umjetnosti i Wayang lutkarstva.
Poznat kao centar indonezijskog obrazovanja, Yogyakarta je postao dom brojnoj studentskoj populaciji koja pohađa nastavu u desecima škola i sveučilišta, uključujući sveučilište Gadjah Iako, zacijelo najveći te jedan od najprestižnijih instituta visokog obrazovanja u zemlji.

Etimologija toponima

Yogyakarta je dobila ime po indijskom gradu Ayodhya, rodnom mjestu heroja Rame iz epa o Ramajani.
Od sanskrtskog अयोध्या (ayodhyā, "Ayodhya", doslovno "neosvojiva citadela") + कृत (kṛta, "gotovo, ostvareno") do javanskog ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ (ngayogyakarta). Yogya znači "prikladan; sposoban; podesan", a karta znači "uspješan; napredan". Dakle, značenje toponima Yogyakarta je "grad koji je sposoban za napredak".
U prepisci iz kolonijalnog perioda, grad se često pisao javanskim pismom kao ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ, a čitao se kao <ŋɑːjɒɡjəˈkɑːrtə> s dodanim prefiksom <nga->. U tadašnjem pravopisu vlastito se ime pisalo latinskom abecedom kao "Jogjakarta". Kako se pravopis indonezijskog jezika mijenjao, tako se suglasnik < j > počeo pisati kao < y >, a suglasnik < dʒ > kao < j >. Međutim, prema suvremenoj indonezijskoj ortografiji osobna i zemljopisna imena smiju se pisati prema izvornom pravopisu. Dakle, ime grada se nastavilo pisati u obliku "Yogyakarta", što odgovara izvornom izgovoru i pravopisu javanskog jezika, ali i "Jogjakarta", što odgovara starom nizozemskom pravopisu i odražava danas popularni izgovor, ali se znatno razlikuje od izvorne Ayodhya etimologije. U suvremenim dokumentima nailazimo na oba imena: "Yogyakarta" kao i "Jogjakarta".

Kratka povijest

Prvi pisani tragovi u kojima se spominje Yogyakarta su nađeni u zapisu Canggal iz 732. godine. To je područje bilo tradicionalno poznato kao Mataram a postalo je glavnim gradom kraljevstva Medang i identificira se kao Mdang i Bhumi Mataram koje je uspostavio kralj Sanjaya od Matarama.
Yogyakarta je glavni grad povjesnog Yogyakarta Sultanata, odnosno moderne Posebne oblasti Yogyakarta (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta).  U periodu od 1946. do 1948. godine, za vrijeme Indonezijskog rata za neovisnost služio je kao glavni grad Indonezije, i u njemu je bila smještena predsjednička palača Gedung Agung. Kotagede, jedan od okruga na jugoistoku Yogyakarte, bio je glavni grad Mataram Sultanata između 1587. i 1613. godine.

Stanovništvo

Velika većina stanovništva su Javanci. Međutim, kao grad s velikim brojem škola i sveučilišta i relativno niskim životnim troškovima u usporedbi s drugim indonezijskim gradovima, Yogyakarta je privukao značajan broj studenata iz cijele Indonezije. Kao rezultat toga, u Yogyakarti žive mnoge druge indonezijske etničke skupine, posebno one iz istočnih dijelova Indonezije.
Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2017. godine u Yogyakartai je bilo 422 732 stanovnika, dok je u izgrađenom području metropole živjelo 4 010 436 stanovnika, što uključuje grad Magelang i 65 okruga koji se prostiru u regenstvima Sleman, Klaten, Bantul i Kulon Progo. Prema HDI indeksu (Human Development Index - ljudski razvojni indeks; izražava se u rasponu od 0,001 pa do 1,0) Yogyakarta ima indeks od 0,837, te je jedan od najviših u Indoneziji, na osnovu čega se smatra razvijenim gradom.

Religija

U Yogyakartai su zastupljene sljedeće religije:

Islam 83.22%
Kršćanstvo 15.65%
Budizam 0.29%
Hinduizam 0.20%
Konfucijanizam 0.02%
Ostali 0.01%

Gradovi prijatelji

Yogyakarta ima ugovore o prijateljstvu sa sljedećim gradovima:

Izvori

Gradovi u Indoneziji
Java

Yogyakarta


Acanthus (: acanthus, rarely acanthuses in English, or acanthi in Latin), its feminine form acantha (plural: acanthae), the Latinised form of the ancient Greek word acanthos or akanthos, or the prefix acantho-, may refer to:

Biology
Acanthus (plant), a genus containing plants used for ornament and in  traditional medicine
Acanthus (ornament), ornamental forms in architecture using the leaf shape
Acanthus, an entomological term for a thorn-like projection on an insect, typically a single-celled cuticular growth without tormogen (socket) or sensory cells

Mythology
Acantha, a figure in Greek mythology associated with the Acanthus plant
Acanthus, son of Autonous who received his name after the plant, which was common in his infertile homeland

People
Acanthus of Sparta, an ancient athlete
Acanthus, the pen-name of the cartoonist Frank Hoar

Places
Acanthus, Ontario, a modern Canadian town
Acanthus (Caria), a town of ancient Caria, near Bybassus
Acanthus (Egypt), an ancient Egyptian city
Akanthos (Greece), an ancient Greek city in Greek Macedonia
Acantha, County Offaly, a townland in the civil parish of Durrow, barony of Ballycowan, Ireland

Other uses
Acanthus path, a fictional tradition of enchanters, magicians and witches in the game Mage: The Awakening

See also
List of commonly used taxonomic affixes

Acanthus


Die Nationale Front für die Rettung Libyens (Kürzel NFSL, ) war eine libysche politische Bewegung.

Sie stand in Opposition zu Muammar al-Gaddafis Regierung in Libyen. Die Nationale Front wurde am 7. Oktober 1981 bei einer Pressekonferenz gegründet, die in der sudanesischen Hauptstadt Khartum abgehalten wurde. Ihr ursprünglicher Vorsitzender war Mohammed Yusef el-Megarief, der ehemalige libysche Botschafter in Indien.

Der Generalsekretär der NFSL war zuletzt Ibrahim Abdulaziz Sahad, ein ehemaliger Militäroffizier und Diplomat. Der letzte Nationalkongress der NFSL wurde in den Vereinigten Staaten im Juli 2007 abgehalten. Der Nachfolger der Nationalfront wurde 2012 die Partei der Nationalen Front.

Hintergrund
Die Nationale Front für die Rettung Libyens operierte von Sudan aus – bis zum dortigen Staatsstreich im Jahre 1985, welcher zum Sturz von Oberst Gaafar Nimeiry führte. Die NFSL opponierte gegen die militärische und diktatorische Herrschaft in Libyen und rief zu einer demokratischen Regierung mit verfassungsmäßigen Garantien, freien Wahlen, einer freien Presse und Gewaltenteilung zwischen der Exekutive, der Judikative und der Legislative auf. Sie leitete eine weite Kampagne ein, um Gaddafi in Libyen zu Fall zu bringen, und etablierte eine Kurzwellen-Radiostation, ein militärisches Kommando-Ausbildungslager und veröffentlichte ein halbmonatliches Informationsblatt, Al Inqadh (Rettung). Saudi-Arabien und die Central Intelligence Agency der USA unterstützten die Nationale Front.

Organisation
Die organisatorische Struktur der Nationalen Front basierte auf zwei Hauptkörperschaften, dem Nationalkongress (المجلس الوطني) und dem Ständigen Büro (المكتب الدائم). Der Nationalkongress war die höchste Autorität innerhalb der NFSL. Das Ständige Büro wurde während der Sitzungen des Nationalkongresses gewählt und vertrat die legislative Autorität, wenn sie nicht in der Sitzung war. Das Ständige Büro war zudem verantwortlich für die Überwachung der exekutiven Körperschaft der NFSL: Das Exekutivkomitee (اللجنة التنفذية) wurde vom Generalsekretär geleitet, welcher ebenfalls während der Sitzungen des Nationalkongresses gewählt wurde. Das Exekutivkomitee bestand aus mehreren Kommissionären, welche die verschiedenen Programme der Oppositionsorganisation kontrollierten, sowie der Stellvertretende Generalsekretär.

Führerschaft
Das Exekutivkomitee der NFSL wurde zuletzt vom Generalsekretär Ibrahim Abdulaziz Sahad geleitet, welcher für seine zweite Amtszeit während des 5. Nationalkongresses in den Vereinigten Staaten im Juli 2007 wiedergewählt wurde. Sahad hat Mohammed Ali Abdallah zu seinem Stellvertreter ernannt, und vier andere als Mitglieder für das Exekutivkomitee und der verschiedenen Kommissionen, welche vom Komitee geleitet wurden, ausgewählt.

Die Führerschaft des Ständigen Büros der NFSL (Nationalkongress) wurde von Fawzi al-Tarabulsi innegehalten, welcher zum Vizepräsidenten des Nationalkongresses und zum Präsidenten nach der Resignation von Dr. Suleiman Abdalla als Präsident des Nationalkongresses im Jahre 2008 gewählt wurde. Die Führerschaft des Büros schloss auch Vizepräsident Mohamed Saad und den Rapporteur des Büros Mohamed Ali Binwasil mit ein.

Militärische Aktion
Am 8. Mai 1984 nahmen Kommandos der Nationalen Front an einem wagemutigen Angriff auf das Hauptquartier Gaddafis bei den Bab al-Aziziya-baracken nahe Tripolis teil, als ein Versuch, den libyschen Führer zu ermorden. Die Attacke vereitelt, als der Anführer der Gruppe, Ahmed Ibrahim Ihwas, gefangen genommen wurde, als er Libyen von der tunesischen Grenze aus betreten wollte. Obwohl der Putschversuch scheiterte und Gaddafi unversehrt entkam, behaupteten Dissidentengruppen, dass etwa 80 Libyer, Kubaner und Ostdeutsche bei der Operation getötet wurden. Allerdings wurden als Folge auf den Angriff etwa 2.000 Menschen in Libyen festgenommen, und acht wurden öffentlich gehängt.

Die NFSL setzte ihre Bemühungen um Gaddafi zu Fall zu bringen fort und gründete die Libysche Nationalarmee (LNA), nachdem eine Gruppe von Soldaten, die im Tschad während des Tschadisch-Libyschen Krieges inhaftiert wurden, von der Libyschen Armee desertierten und der NFSL im Jahre 1987 beitraten. Diese von Chalifa Haftar kommandierte Nationalarmee wurde später aus dem Tschad evakuiert, nachdem Präsident Hissène Habré durch eine seiner ehemaligen Offiziere, Idriss Déby gestürzt wurde, welcher von Gaddafi gestützt wurde.

Botschaftsdemonstration 1984
Am 17. April 1984 organisierte die Nationale Front eine Demonstration libyscher Dissidenten außerhalb der libyschen Botschaft in London. Während der Demonstration wurden von der Botschaft aus Schüsse in die Gruppe der Protestler abgefeuert, welche elf Personen trafen, einschließlich eine der Polizeibeamten, die die Demonstration überwachten, Yvonne Fletcher – welche kurz darauf starb. Fletchers Ermordung führte schnell zur Verschlechterung der diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen Großbritannien und Libyen.

Politische Opposition
Obwohl sie mittlerweile die Idee der militärischen Machtübernahme aufgegeben hatte, führte die Nationale Front für die Rettung Libyens ihre Opposition zu Gaddafi fort – durch Medienkampagnen und durch die Bildung politischer Allianzen mit anderen Oppositionsgruppen. Die NFSL war eine der sieben anderen Oppositionsgruppen, welche die Nationalkonferenz für die Libysche Opposition (NKLO) auf einer Konferenz in London im Juni 2005 gründeten. Die Nationale Front und drei andere Organisationen zogen sich von dieser Allianz im Februar 2008 zurück, da sie Meinungsverschiedenheiten beklagten. In einer Aussage, welcher von der NFSL am 28. Februar 2008 herausgegeben wurde, kündigte die NFSL ihren Rückzug von der Nationalkonferenz aufgrund des Abirrens vom 'Nationalakkord von 2005'. Die NFSL hat ihre Medienkampagnen fortgesetzt und verwendete vor allem Onlinemedien. Sie war allerdings schwächer als zuvor.

Am 14. März 2012 gründete die Nationalfront als Nachfolgerin in Bengasi eine politische Partei, die Nationale Front, die an der ersten libyschen Wahl seit 40 Jahren, der Wahl zum Allgemeinen Nationalkongress, teilnahm. Anschließend wurde die NFSL-Führungspersönlichkeit el-Megarief zum Präsidenten des Übergangsparlaments, und damit zum interimistischen Staatsoberhaupt, gewählt.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite der Nationalen Front für die Rettung Libyens

Einzelnachweise

Partei (Libyen)
Untergrundorganisation
Gegründet 1981
Aufgelöst 2012

Nationale Front für die Rettung Libyens


La Hermandad y Cofradía de Nazarenos de Nuestra Señora del Santo Rosario, Nuestro Padre Jesús de la Sentencia y María Santísima de la Esperanza Macarena es una cofradía de culto católico que tiene su sede canónica en la parroquia de San Ildefonso de la ciudad de Almería, en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía (España).

Tiene como titulares a Nuestro Padre Jesús de la Sentencia y a María Santísima de la Esperanza Macarena, con las que participa en la Semana Santa en Almería, realizando su estación de penitencia hasta 2017 en la tarde-noche del Lunes Santo, pues a partir de la Semana Santa de 2018 lo haría el Miércoles Santo tras un Cabildo extraordinario de hermanos el 2 de septiembre de 2016.

La hermandad fue fundada en 1986, y tiene como referente a la Hermandad de la Esperanza Macarena de Sevilla, que venera las imágenes de Nuestro Padre Jesús de la Sentencia y María Santísima de la Esperanza Macarena. Fueron aprobados sus primeros estatutos en 1990, siendo la primera hermandad de la ciudad en realizar su estación de penitencia la tarde noche de Lunes Santo.

El mundo taurino de la ciudad está muy ligado a la hermandad, debido a que tiene su sede canónica en la parroquia de San Ildefonso, ubicada en el barrio de la Plaza de toros de Almería.

El hábito de esta cofradía es túnica y capa color crema, con antifaz y cíngulo morados en el Misterio y verdes en la Virgen.

Musicalmente está acompañado por la Banda de Cornetas y Tambores "Santa Cruz" de Almería (surgida de la desaparecida Banda de Cornetas y Tambores de la hermandad), que acompaña fielmente al Señor de la Sentencia todos los lunes Santos, y por la Banda de Música Municipal de Torredonjimeno (Jaén), para el paso de palio.

Véase también

 Semana Santa en Almería.
 Anexo:Hermandades con advocación a la Esperanza Macarena.

Bibliografía

 La Macarena de Almería.

Cofradías de Semana Santa de Almería
María Santísima de la Esperanza Macarena
Almeria

Hermandad de la Esperanza Macarena (Almería)


Regimentul 7 Infanterie a fost o unitate de nivel tactic care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916, prin mobilizarea unităților și subunităților existente la pace aparținând de Regimentul Prahova No. 7. Regimentul a făcut parte din organica Brigăzii 9 Infanterie, fiind dislocat la pace în garnizoana Ploiești. La intrarea în război, Regimentul 7 Infanterie a fost comandat de colonelul Gheorghe Canariu. Regimentul 7 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul românesc, pe toată perioada războiului, între 14/27 august 1916 - 28 ocotmbrie/11 noiembrie 1918.

Drapelul de luptă al regimentului a fost decorat cu cea mai înaltă distincție de război, Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III.
"Pentru vitejia și curajul remarcabil cu care ofițerii, subofițerii și soldații acestui eroic regiment au luptat în bătălia de la Mărășești din anul 1917. În dimineața zilei de 25 iulie pe când batalionul 1 ataca cu furie în direcția Moara Albă, spre a opri înaintarea inamicului, batalionul 2 izbi cu aceeași furie trupele germane ce urmăreau pe ruși și amenințau aripa dreaptă a primului batalion. În zilele de 26 și 27 iulie, regimentul a rămas neclintit sub un îngrozitor bombardament pe poziția din Pădurea Călinești și a sfărâmat repetatele atacuri inamice. În fine. în dimineața zilei de 27 iulie, Regimentul 7 Infanterie, s-a aruncat în mod strălucit la atac, împingând trupele inamice până la Valea Jugastrului, iar la 29 iulie, printr-un atac tot atât de strălucit a câștigat teren, rectificând frontul de la Viroaga din Pădurea Călinei. Un mare număr de ofițeri, subofițeri și soldați și-au sacrificat viața, însă eroicul regiment a pus stavilă înaintării forțelor covârșitoare ale inamicului."
Înalt Decret no. 902 din 16 aprilie 1918

Decorații
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III

Note

Bibliografie
 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial'', Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Regimentul 7 Infanterie (1916-1918)


تلفزيون بي بي سي عربي هي قناة إخبارية تلفزيونية تبث إلى الشرق الأوسط من قبل هيئة الإذاعة البريطانية «بي بي سي». تم إطلاقها في الساعة 09.56 بتوقيت غرينتش في 11 مارس 2008. تم الإعلان عن تقديم هذه الخدمة في أكتوبر 2005 وكانت لتبدأ بثها في خريف 2007 إلا أنه تم تأجيل البث. من مذيعيها طارق العاص، أحمد فاخوري، رانيا العطار، أنطوان خوري، ملاك جعفر، فدى باسيل، حمدان الجرجاوي، حيدر النعيمي.

وتمتلك البي بي سي العديد من المكاتب في مختلف دول العالم. أضخمها في مصر وتتولى إدارته نجلاء العمري.

يتم تشغيل تلفزيون بي بي سي العربي من خلال الخدمة العالمية لشبكة بي بي سي، وبدأ البث لمدة 24 ساعة يومياً منذ 19 يناير 2009.

يمكن مشاهدة برامج من تلفزيون بي بي سي العربية من خلال موقع بي بي سي العربية على الإنترنت www.bbcarabic.com. كما يتضمن الموقع البث المباشر للقناة حفاظاً على الحقوق الملكية للبث عبر الإنترنت.

ليست هذه المرة الأولى التي تنطلق فيها خدمة تلفزيون بي بي سي باللغة العربية، المحاولة السابقة انتهت في 21 أبريل 1996 بعد سنتين من البث التلفزيوني حينما كان شركاء بي بي سي حينها شبكة أوربت الإعلامية المملوكة لمستثمرين سعوديين، ليسحب الاتفاق بين الجهتين بعد بث بي بي سي حلقة من برنامج بانوراما التلفزيوني، وضعت الحكومة السعودية حينها في موقف حرج. لينتقل العديد من طاقم بي بي سي العربية حينها إلى قناة الجزيرة القطرية.

انظر أيضًا
 بي بي سي عربي
 راديو بي بي سي
 برنامج ما لا يقال
 برنامج نقطة حوار

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 BBC Arabic.com

الإعلام في الوطن العربي
بي بي سي
تأسيسات سنة 1994 في المملكة المتحدة
قنوات إخبارية
قنوات تلفزيونية إخبارية تبث 24 ساعة
قنوات وشبكات تلفزيونية انحلت في 1996
قنوات وشبكات تلفزيونية أسست في 1994
قنوات ومحطات تلفازية أسست في 2008
محطات تلفزيونية باللغة العربية

تلفزيون بي بي سي عربي


Chamaedorea glaucifolia es una especie de palmera que se distribuye por México en Chiapas.

Descripción
Son palmas con tallos solitarios,  erectos que alcanzan un tamaño de 5 m de altura. El tallo de 2-3,5 cm de diámetro, verde, con anillos prominentes, entrenudos de 25-35 cm de largo. Las hojas: 3-5, pinnadas, erectas, ascendentes,  la vaina de 25-40 cm de largo, tubular, verde, abierta oblicuamente hacia el ápice, largo pecíolo de 15-40 cm, ligeramente acanalado y verde, sobre todo hacia la base, redondeado y de color verde glauco; raquis de 1 - 2 m de largo, en ángulo. Las inflorescencias son infrafoliares,  erectas, solitarias, con pedúnculos de 50 cm de largo, grueso ±, 7 mm de diámetro. El fruto globoso, de color negro.

Taxonomía
Chamaedorea glaucifolia fue descrita por Hermann Wendland y publicado en Index Palmarum 12, 64, en el año 1854.
Etimología
Chamaedorea: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: χαμαί (chamai), que significa "sobre el terreno", y δωρεά (dorea) , que significa "regalo", en referencia a las frutas fácilmente alcanzadas en la naturaleza por el bajo crecimiento de las plantas.

glaucifolia, epíteto latino que significa glaucus = de color gris y folia =  hojas, en referencia a las hojas, pecíolos y raquis que son glaucas.

Sinonimia
 Chamaedorea crucifolia Hook.f.
 Chamaedorea elegantissima hort.
 Chamaedorea glaucophylla hort.
 Discoma glaucifolia (H.Wendl.) O.F.Cook
 Nunnezharia glaucifolia (H.Wendl.) Kuntze

Referencias

Enlaces externos

glaucifolia
Flora de México
Plantas descritas en 1854
Plantas descritas por H.Wendl.

Chamaedorea glaucifolia


Maʻilikākahi (havajski: Aliʻi Maʻilikākahi; Maʻilikukahi) bio je kralj havajskog otoka Oʻahua. Spomenut je u drevnim pojanjima kao nasljednik kralja Hake.

Životopis
Maʻilikākahi je živio u 15. ili 16. stoljeću, ali je isto tako moguće da je rođen na kraju 14. Postoji mnogo špekulacija u svezi havajske kronologije.

Njegov otac je bio plemić zvan Kukahiaililani (lani = "nebo"), a majka mu je bila Kokalola, spomenuta u pojanju; Kukahiaililanijeva supruga ili ljubavnica. Preko oca je Maʻilikākahi bio potomak velike poglavarice Maelo od Kone.

Maʻilikākahi je naslijedio Haku, koji je ubijen te je osnovao svoju dinastiju — Hale o Maʻilikākahi.

Imao je mnogo rivala, posebno na otoku Hawaiʻi (Havaji).

Maʻilikākahija je naslijedio sin zvan Kālonaiki. Njegova majka je bila Maʻilikākahijeva supruga ili konkubina.

Poveznice
Maelo
Maweke, davni Maʻilikākahijev predak s Tahitija

Izvori

Havajski vladari

Maʻilikākahi


نيفتشي فرغانة هو نادي كرة قدم أوزبكي تأسس عام 1962. يلعب الفريق في الدرجة الممتازة من الدوري الأوزبكي. الملعب البيتي للنادي هو ملعب فرغانة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي
 FC Neftchi – soccerway

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1962
أندية كرة قدم في أوزبكستان
تأسيسات سنة 1962 في أوزبكستان

نادي نيفتشي فرغانة


Haruto Shirai (født 23. oktober 1999) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Gamba Osaka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Haruto Shirai


Konzervacija restauracija slika na dasci specijalnost je u podučju konzervacije restauracije.Slike na dasci zahtjevnije su za rad zbog činjenice da se sastoje od daske i sloja boje na sloju preparacije.

Preventivna zaštita
Preventivna zaštita je najlakši oblik skrbi za slike na dasci. Nepravilni uvjeti skladištenja, uvjeti okoline (npr. Svjetlost, temperatura i relativna vlažnost zraka) i rukovanje mogu djelovati kao katalizatori u štetnim učincima kao što su kemijska i strukturna oštećenja boja. Produljenje idealnog trenutnog stanja slike na dasci može se provesti kroz sljedeće prihvaćene metode:

Rukovanje
Primjereno rukovanje slikama na dasci jednako je onom koje se koristi kod slika na drugim podlogama.Kod premještanja i skidanja obavezno računati na dovoljan broj ljudi kako bi se isto obavilo na siguran način.

Pohrana

Okolišni uvjeti
Manji skokovi u relativnoj vlazi zraka i temperaturi, te neprimjeren način rukovanja mogu prouzročiti manje probleme.Vlažnost zraka iznad 65 % može prozročiti pojavu pljesni .Preporučena vlaga oko 50 % +/- 5%. Razina rasvijete od 50 do 200 luksa

Integrirana zaštita od štetnika
Vidi Muzejska integrirana zaštita od štetnika

Mikroklimatske komore
Iako nisu idealno rješenje mikroklimatske su komore danas najbolje što se može učiniti za dugotrajno i kvalitetno zbrinjavanje nestabilnih slika na dasci,odnosno slika izloženih ili čuvanih u neprimjerenim uvjetima.Prva slika postavljena u hermetički zatvoren ostakljeni okvir bila je jedna slika J.M.W. Turnera, još davne 1892.Četrdeset godina kasnije pojavio se prvi patent za klasičnu pasivnu mikroklimatsku komoru(Britanski patent 396 439),koja je uključivala i posudu s higroskopnim materijalom. Komore s aktivnim sustavom prvi se puta javljaju oko 1938. u SAD,a prvi komercijalni sustav 1984.godine.Danas se kao higroskopna tvar najčešće koristi silika gel,te zaštićeni proizvod Art-Sorb.

Dodatan razlog za uporabu mikroklimatskih komora je taj što one najjednostavnije,s već spomenutim pasivnim sustavom kontrole relativne vlage nisu niti odviše složene za izradu,niti odviše skupe.

Primjeri oštećenja

Uzroci štete mogu biti razni:
 Neprimjerena vlažnost zraka
 Niska vlažnost umanjuje kemijske promjene no isto tako povećava rizik mehaničkog oštećenja slikanog sloja.
 Visoka vlažnost smanjuje mehaničku štetu no podiže rizik od biološki induciranih oštećenja.
 Visoka vlažnost uvećeva i rizik od iskrivljenja nosioca,te otprskivanja boje zbog istog
 Natapanje daske prouzročit će bubrenje pojedinih dijelova.

 Neprimjerena temperatura
Za više informacija o šteti zbog neprimjerenih okolišnih uvjeta vidi web stranicu američkog Northern States Conservation Center's article

Uvid u stanje

Strukturalno stanje

Primjereni uvid u stanje objekta je prvi korak u postupku konzervacije.Najčešće se tu koriste rendgenske snimke i reflektografija.

Površina i oslik

Fotodokumentacija uz uporabu povećanja te difuznog i kosog svjetla uobičajene su metode rabljene u svjetskim muzejima,

Primjeri tehnologije

 Reflectance transformation imaging je vrsta kopjuterske fotografije koja umjesto optičkih procesa koristi digitalnu tehnologiju kako bi se stvorili novi podaci.Vidi Penn Museum's veb stranicuFayum Mummy Portraits.
 X-ray Fluorescencija (XRF) " je nedestruktivna analitička tehnika koja se koristi za definiranje elementarnog sastava pojedinih materijala"
 Multispectral Imaging
 Rentgenski snimak

Postupci

Strukturalni
Povremeno nailazimo na od štetnika oštećeno drvo slike na dasci.Iste treba istrijebiti prije konzervacije.Primjer postupaka uključuje:
 Zatvaranje slike u polietilensku vreću,trajanje od par tjedana do nekoliko mjeseci.Dakako uz stalni nadzor.I
 Zamrzavanje - sliku stavljamo u zamrzivač primjeren za ovu svrhu. Najmanje 4 sata na temperaturi od -29 C.

Površina i oslik
Konzervacija restauracija slike varira obzirom na široku lepezu vrsta boje,i uključuje čišćenje,uklanjanje i zamjenu dotrajalog laka novim,te nadoknadu oštećenog oslika.

Dodatna literatura

Knjige
Dardes, K.; Rothe, A. (eds.).  The Structural Conservation of Panel Paintings:Proceedings of a symposium at the J. Paul Getty Museum,Los Angeles 1998.

Ciatti,M., Castelli,C., Santacesaria,A.  Panel painting: technique and conservation of wood supports,Firenca 2006.

Paul van Duin, Nico Kos,  The conservation of panel paintings and related objects,Amsterdam 2014.(online)

Paul van Duin, Nico Kos,  The conservation of panel paintings and related objects,pregled literature,Amsterdam 2014.
 (online)

Periodika
Allegretti O. and Raffaelli F., Barrier effect to water vapour of early European
painting materials on wood panels, Studies in conservation 53, 3,
2008, p. 187 - 197
Bardage S.L. and Bjurman J., Adhesion of waterborne paints to wood,
Journal of Coatings Technology, Volume 70, 878, 1998, p. 39 - 47
Beardsley B.H., A Flexible Balsa Back for the Stabilization of a Botticelli
Panel Painting, Conservation of Wood in Painting and the Decorative Arts,
Preprints of the Contributions to the Oxford Congress, 17-23 September 1978,
p. 153 - 156
Bernikola E., Nevin A. and Tornari V., Rapid initial dimensional changes in
wooden panel paintings due to simulated climate-induced alterations
monitored by digital coherent out-of-plane interferometry, Appl Phys
A, 2009, p. 387 - 399
Bisacca G. and Fuente Martinez J. de la, The Treatment of Dürer's Adam
and Eve Panels at the Prado Museum, Facing the Challenges of Panel
Paintings Conservation: Trends, Treatments, and Training, ed. Alan Phenix and
Sue Ann Chui, Los Angeles, Getty Conservation Institute, 2011, p. 10 – 24
Bratasz L., Kozlowski R., Camuffo D., Pagan E., Impact of indoor heating on
painted wood: monitoring the altarpiece in the church of Santa Maria
Maddalena in Rocca Pietore, Italy, Studies in conservation 52, 3, 2007, p.
199 - 210
Bratasz Ł., Harris I., Lasyk Ł., Łukomski M., Kozlowski R., Future climateinduced
pressures on painted wood, Journal of Cultural Heritage, volume
13, No. 4, October-December 2012, p. 365 - 370
Brewer A., Effect of selected coatings on moisture sorption of selected
wood tests panels with regard to common panel painting supports,
Studies in conservation 36, 1, 1991, p. 9 - 23

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 The Getty Conservation Institute has multiple resources through a YouTube Playlist on Panel Paintings Conservation and the Panel Painting Initiative page on their website
 Victoria and Albert's Conservation Treatment of a 17th Century English Panel Painting
 The Metropolitan Museum of Art's A Treatment for Panel Paintings
 Asian Art Museum's Conservation of a South Asian Painting

Konzervacija


Das 28.  1000-km-Rennen auf dem Nürburgring, auch XXVIII. ADAC 1000km Rennen Marken Weltmeisterschaft, Nürburgring Nordschleife Pfingsten, fand am 30. Mai 1982 auf der Nordschleife des Nürburgrings statt und war der dritte Wertungslauf der Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft dieses Jahres.

Das Rennen

Zum dritten Mal in der Saison gingen die diversen Sportwagenteams im Mai 1982 bei einem Rennen der Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft an den Start. Das erste Rennen des Jahres, das 1000-km-Rennen von Monza hatte mit dem Gesamtsieg von Henri Pescarolo und Giorgio Francia auf einem Rondeau M382 geendet. Beim 6-Stunden-Rennen von Silverstone siegten Michele Alboreto und Riccardo Patrese für Lancia. Auch auf der Nordschleife des Nürburgrings siegten die Beiden, unterstützt vom Landsmann Teo Fabi. Ungewöhnlich war der Start von Jürgen Lässig, der im Rennen mit dem BMW M1 und einem Porsche 935, zwei unterschiedliche Fahrzeuge fuhr.

Ergebnisse

Schlussklassement

1 nicht gestartet
2 nicht gestartet
3 nicht gestartet
4 Unfall im Training

Nur in der Meldeliste

Hier finden sich Teams, Fahrer und Fahrzeuge, die ursprünglich für das Rennen gemeldet waren, aber aus den unterschiedlichsten Gründen daran nicht teilnahmen.

Klassensieger

Renndaten

 Gemeldet: 91
 Gestartet: 51
 Gewertet: 23
 Rennklassen: 9
 Zuschauer: unbekannt
 Wetter am Renntag: warm und trocken
 Streckenlänge: 22,835 km
 Fahrzeit des Siegerteams: 5:54:10,830 Stunden
 Gesamtrunden des Siegerteams: 44
 Gesamtdistanz des Siegerteams: 1004,740 km
 Siegerschnitt: 170,208 km/h
 Pole Position: Klaus Ludwig – Ford C100 (#7) – 7:16,570 = 188,300 km/h
 Schnellste Rennrunde: Manfred Winkelhock – Ford C100 (#7) – 7:23,870 = 185,190 km/h
 Rennserie: 3. Lauf zur Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft 1982

Literatur

 Michael Behrndt, Jörg-Thomas Födisch, Matthias Behrndt: ADAC 1000 km Rennen. HEEL Verlag, Königswinter 2008, ISBN 978-3-89880-903-0.
 Peter Higham: The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing. A complete Reference from Formula 1 to Touring Car. Guinness Publishing Ltd., London 1995, ISBN 0-85112-642-1.

Weblinks

1982
Rennen der Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft 1982

1000-km-Rennen auf dem Nürburgring 1982


Anne Tracy Morgan (25 de julio de 1873 – 29 de enero de 1952) fue una filántropa estadounidense quién proporcionó suministros y esfuerzos en ayuda a Francia durante y después de las Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial. Fue educada en su hogar en privado, viajó con frecuencia y creció entre la abundancia que su padre había atesorado.

Fue galardonada con la medalla del National Institute of Social Science en 1915, el mismo año en el que publicó la historia de The American Girl. En 1932 Anne Morgan fue la primera mujer americana en ser nombrada comendador de la Legión de Honor francesa.

Biografía
Nació el 25 de julio de 1873, hija de John Pierpont Morgan y Frances Louisa Tracy.

En 1903 Anne Morgan se hizo dueña de parte de la "Villa Trianon" cerca de Versalles, Francia, junto con la decoradora y miembro de la jet-set Elsie DeWolfe y la agente de teatro/literaria Elisabeth Marbury. Anne Morgan fue un instrumento en la ayuda de DeWolfe, su amiga cercana, en la promoción de una carrera en la decoración interior. Las tres señoras, conocidas cariñosamente como "El triunvirato de Versalles", mantuvieron un salón famoso en Francia y, en 1903, junto con Ana Vanderbilt, ayudaron a organizar el Colony Club, el primer club social de mujeres en la ciudad de Nueva York y, más adelante, ayudó a crear el exclusivo barrio del "Sutton Place" a lo largo del "East River" de Manhattan. En 1916, Anne Morgan y DeWolfe en una gran parte financiaron a Cole Porter y también, el primer Musical de Broadway, See America First, producido por Marbury.

Entre 1917 y 1921 Anne Morgan residió cerca del frente francés, no lejos de Soissons y del "Chemin des Dames" en Blérancourt, y creó una formidable organización de ayuda, « The American Friends of France  » (los amigos americanos de Francia), empleó a varios cientos de personas a la vez, voluntarios del extranjero y a personal local, financiados en parte con su propio dinero, en parte con la ayuda de una activa red de recaudación de fondos en los Estados Unidos. El AFF fue muy activo en prestar ayuda a los no combatientes, organizando un servicio médico que todavía existe en Soissons, un taller para proporcionar unos muebles básicos a las familias desalojadas de sus viviendas por los bombardeos, un campamento de vacaciones para los niños, y una biblioteca móvil que fue administrada por la biblioteca en Soissons, y así sucesivamente. Anne Morgan volvió en 1939 para ayudar a las personas evacuadas de Soissons.

Entre las amistades de Anne Morgan se incluyeron muchos miembros de la jet-set y celebridades de su tiempo. Su conexión a los individuos por ejemplo del Cole Porter, según lo mencionado anteriormente, permitió que ella compilara un libro de cocina para la caridad. Tituló a este Spécialités de la Maison y fue publicado en 1940 en beneficio al AFF, ofrecía recetas suministradas por figuras culturales de la talla de Pearl S. Buck, Salvador Dalí, y Katharine Hepburn.

Un bloque de viviendas de cuatro plantas de 1921 en el barrio de Sutton Place en el Upper East Side de Manhattan en la ciudad de Nueva York fue donado por Anne Morgan como un regalo a Naciones Unidas en 1972. Actualmente es la residencia oficial de Secretario General de Naciones Unidas.

Anne Morgan murió el 29 de enero de 1952 en Mount Kisco (Nueva York).

Referencias

Fuentes
 Morgan, Anne Tracy, Noted Relations: Celebrities, et Cetera. Retrieved 2006
 Morgan, Anne Tracy,  Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 Sep 2017

Morgan
Comendadores de la Legión de Honor

Anne Morgan (filántropa)


Novozelandska ženska nogometna reprezentacija predstavlja Novi Zeland u međunarodnom ženskom nogometu.

U međunarodnim natjecanjima nastupa od 1975. godine, kada je ostvarila najveći uspjeh u povijesti osvajanjem Azijskog prvenstva.

Članica FIFA-e je od 1948., a OFC-a od 1966. godine.

Postignuća
 Svjetsko prvenstvo
 Kina 1991.: skupina (11. mjesto)
 Kina 2007.: skupina (14. mjesto)
 Njemačka 2011.: skupina (12. mjesto)
 Kanada 2015.: skupina (19. mjesto)

 Olimpijske igre
 Peking 2008.: skupina (10. mjesto)
 London 2012.: četvrtzavršnica (8. mjesto)
 Rio de Janeiro 2016.: skupina (9. mjesto)

 Oceanijsko prvenstvo
 Nova Kaledonija 1983.:  prvakinje
 Novi Zeland 1986.:  trećeplasirane
 Australija 1989.:  drugoplasirane
 Australija 1991.:  prvakinje
 Papua Nova Gvineja 1995.:  drugoplasirane
 Novi Zeland 1998.:  drugoplasirane
 Australija 2003.:  drugoplasirane
 Papua Nova Gvineja 2007.:  prvakinje
 Novi Zeland 2010.:  prvakinje
 Papua Nova Gvineja 2014.:   prvakinje

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice

Nogomet na Novom Zelandu
Nogometne reprezentacije


Cornellà-Riera est une station de la ligne 8 du métro de Barcelone.

Situation sur le réseau
La station se situe sous le passage des Chemins de fer catalans (), sur le territoire de la commune de Cornellà de Llobregat. Elle s'intercale entre les stations Sant Boi et Almeda de la ligne Llobregat - Anoia des Chemins de fer de la généralité de Catalogne (FGC).

Histoire
La station ouvre au public le , à l'occasion de l'enfouissement de la ligne entre Cornellà de Llobregat et L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, sous le nom de Cornellà. Elle se trouve presque sous l'emplacement de l'ancienne gare de Cornellà-Gare, ouverte en . Elle prend le nom de Cornellà-Riera en .

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil
La station dispose de deux voies et de deux quais latéraux.

Desserte

Intermodalité
La station permet la correspondance avec les lignes suburbaines et régionales de l'infrastructure Llobregat - Anoia.

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Barcelone
 Liste des stations du métro de Barcelone
 Ligne 8 du métro de Barcelone

Liens externes
 .

Station de la ligne 8 du métro de Barcelone
Station de métro mise en service en 1985

Cornellà-Riera (métro de Barcelone)