Custe o Que Custar (traducción al idioma español: Cueste lo que cueste), más conocido por sus iniciales CQC, es un programa humorístico semanal de la televisión brasileña, producido por Eyeworks y transmitido por Rede Bandeirantes desde 17 de marzo de 2008. Es presentado por Marcelo Tas, Marco Luque y Rafinha Bastos. Los informes son realizados por los cronistas Rafael Cortez, Danilo Gentili, Felipe Andreoli, Oscar Filho, Monica Iozzi - este último elegido en el programa del 28 de septiembre de 2009 en el concurso para la elección del Octavo Integrante - y Mauricio Meirelles - que entró en el programa en noviembre de 2011.

El programa se ocupa de los acontecimientos políticos, las artes y el deporte de cada semana con un toque satírico y humorístico, bromeando con la información mediante efectos de sonido y gráficos entre las imágenes de los informes.

Está basado en el programa argentino Caiga quien caiga, creado en 1995 por Mario Pergolini.

Historia

Temporada 1 (2008)

Estrenada el 17 de marzo de 2008, en colaboración con la banda de Eyeworks Cuatro-Cabezas (ahora Eyeworks), productor de la original Caiga quien caiga.

El primer programa fue la controvertida prohibición de los miembros del programa para hacer informes sobre el Congreso Nacional. Con esto, la campaña fue creada el "CQC no Congresso" que recogió miles de firmas con el fin de volver a hacer que los materiales en el sitio.

En un principio, el programa tuvo el Repórter Inexperiente, donde Danilo Gentili desempeñó el papel de una prensa profesional que perdió el balón en el momento de entrevistar a celebridades. La tabla no se quedó mucho tiempo en el aire debido a su éxito, evitando así nuevos juegos que Danilo hizo, porque no tenían más. Danilo, sin embargo, siguió atrayendo.

En agosto de 2008, el programa envía Felipe Andreoli para la cobertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Beijing.

Rafael Cortez estuvo involucrado en una controversia en el Festival Internacional de Cine de Venecia en septiembre de 2008. El reportero logró invadir la alfombra roja para tratar de entrevistar a celebridades y terminó siendo arrestado por la policía italiana

Al final de 2008, el programa llevó a la adjudicación de la Asociación Paulista de Críticos de Arte (APCA) como el mejor espectáculo de comedia del año.

Temporada 2 (2009)
El 9 de marzo, el programa comenzó su segunda temporada. El programa había cambiado sus paisajes y viñetas para la temporada 2009. Sin embargo, el CQC debutó nuevos marcos como el "Palavras Cruzadas", donde dos personas diferentes las mismas preguntas y "Fala na Cara", donde la gente puede hablar personalmente sobre lo que piensas acerca de ciertos políticos.

En abril, el programa se llevó el "Troféu Imprensa" para el programa de la mejor comedia en 2008.

Sin embargo, el CQC llegó a tener que enfrentar problemas legales. Al llamar a la imagen Palavras Cruzadas, el presentador Marcelo Tas estaba confundido y llamó a la actriz porno Pamela Butt de prostituta. Tas se corrigió, pero Pamela presentó una demanda contra el programa.

Censura
Alegando que los miembros del programa son muy duros con los políticos y problemas con respecto a los polémicos comentarios de los integrantes, los directivos de Rede Bandeirantes censuraron al programa, el cual no salió al aire durante un tiempo en el año 2009. Danilo Gentili tenía instrucciones de no asistir al movimiento "Sarney Away" que se produjo el 1 de julio de 2009.

En septiembre se hizo un llamado para seleccionar más de un reportero del programa, conocido como el 8º Integrante CQC. Entre los más de 28.000 suscriptores, Monica Iozzi fue la ganadora y es la única mujer del grupo.

El 31 de octubre, Danilo Gentili fue detenido por la policía durante la grabación de una nota de CQC Investiga sobre la política de tolerancia cero a la vagancia implementada en la ciudad de Assis, SP. Para realizar la investigación, el periodista se disfrazó como un mendigo. Danilo fue esposado y llevado a la Dependencia Policial por perturbar el orden público. El delegado de Assis entendió que todo era un malentendido y Gentili fue liberado, aunque sufrió la rotura de un dedo.

Especial "Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2010"
El 10 de diciembre, el CQC pasó un especial sobre la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2010, el envío de Sudáfrica Felipe Andreoli y Rafael Cortez.

Temporada 3 (2010)
La tercera temporada de la serie fue anunciada en una conferencia de prensa el 8 de marzo. En la conferencia de prensa, las imágenes fueron presentadas el Trabalho Forçado, Cidadão em Ação, Luque Responde y Piores Notícias da Semana, y el escenario del programa para la temporada. Esta temporada se estrenó el 15 de marzo y tuvo su último episodio se transmitió en vivo el 20 de diciembre. El último episodio de la temporada, grabado, fue emitido el 27 de diciembre.

Controversia con la ciudad de Barueri
En el estreno de la tercera temporada, que marcó el debut de Danilo Gentili en Proteste Já, junto con Rafinha Bastos. En este primer artículo, que mostró la donación de un televisor LCD equipado con un sistema GPS instalado más tarde, que fue donado a una escuela de Barueri, en el Gran São Paulo. A través de GPS, se descubrió que la televisión había sido desviado a la casa de uno de los empleados de la escuela.

El asunto fue polémico ya que fue censurado anteriormente por la demanda presentada por el alcalde de Barueri, Rubens Furlan (PMDB), y aceptado por el juez Nilza Bueno da Silva, del Tribunal de Cuentas de Barueri. La acusación fue que no podía ser sensacionalistas y que la ciudad debe tener conocimiento previo sobre él. El presentador Marcelo Tas, durante el programa, dijo que la actitud se consideró la censura, porque el asunto fue censurada sin ser asistido, y contrariamente a lo alegado, se le dio la respuesta correcta.

El informe fue publicado y se muestra en la semana siguiente, el 22 de marzo de 2010. Un día después del estreno de la temporada, Danilo Gentili fue la ciudad de Barueri, donde se entrevistó con el alcalde de Rubens Furlan. Preguntado sobre la censura de la materia, el político habló:

El alcalde recibió el TV y dio un documento de confirmación a Gentili. La entrevista también se emitió el 22 de marzo, después de ver la imagen. El juez Marrey Uint de la Sala de Derecho tercero Público de la Corte de St. Paul, pidió al fiscal que investigue posibles delitos involucrados en el caso y emitió la siguiente declaración, leída por Marcelo Tas durante el programa:

El marco de la pantalla ha hecho que el programa llegó a su año récord, con un promedio de 5 puntos y picos de 9 puntos.

Para hacer la cobertura de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2010, el CQC envió a Felipe Andreoli y Rafael Cortez de nuevo a los asuntos no sólo con la selección brasileña como en otros juegos y la formación de otras selecciones.

CQC 100
El 14 de junio fue un espectáculo especial para celebrar el centenario de la edición del programa. En este tema, en particular, no fue la parte posterior del marco con el Repórter Inexperiente con Danilo Gentili (enmascaramiento) entrevistas Itamar Franco. En el hecho, los fanes de la serie, el 19 de junio, realizó el Flashmob CQC organizada por Chris Rodrigues.

Los ataques contra el equipo del programa
En un informe que aparece el 6 de julio de 2010, periodista Danilo Gentili fue atacado y derribado al suelo por algunas de las políticas de seguridad José Sarney sin haber hecho una pregunta en el parlamento.

En un informe que aparece el 14 de junio de 2010, el periodista Monica Iozzi y un equipo del programa fueron golpeados por el diputado Nelson Trad (PMDB-MS), mientras que haciendo un reportaje sobre las peticiones del Congreso. Una chica que era parte del programa de producción se orientó a recoger las firmas de los congresistas, que en su mayoría no otorga lo que estaban firmando.

El documento firmado por Trad pidió la inclusión de un litro de licor en el programa Bolsa Familia. Al ser informado de lo que era, el miembro es alabado y maldijo al equipo. Monica Iozzi llegó a ser empujado y un camarógrafo tenía la ropa hecha jirones y dañó parte del equipo. Tras el incidente, Nelson Trad abrió una investigación y llegó a afirmar que el equipo del programa a batir.

A la semana siguiente, el 21 de junio de 2010, el programa les niega el informe parlamentario en la transmisión de la completa sin cortes, que revela que el asalto procedía de la diputada, y no todos los miembros del CQC.

Temporada 4 (2011)
En la apertura de la temporada el 14 de marzo, Ronaldo hizo un cameo en el que había de traer una balanza para pesar a causa de una apuesta hecha en 2010 por Marcelo Tas. Cuando se compara el total fue de 73 kg. El otro día, Ronaldo dijo en Twitter que había cambiado el equilibrio.

Otro hecho que causó gran repercusión fue la apertura de nuevas viñetas e imágenes del programa, que tiene símbolos illuminati.

El 13 de junio, se emitió un especial sobre la mentira.

CQC 150
El 8 de agosto, fue un show especial celebrando los 150 edicións del programa. Inicialmente, el programa será operado en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, pero la idea fue cancelada. En esta edición, apareció Eduardo Suplicy, Preta Gil, Mauricio de Sousa y Luciana Giménez.

Rafinha Bastos eliminación de la presentación del programa
Más informaciones: Caso "Wanessa Camargo"
A finales de septiembre de 2011, la Rede Bandeirantes oficialmente autorización por tiempo indefinido presentador Rafinha Bastos. La razón de la retirada se debe a una broma que el cómico hizo en el programa sobre el cantante que acaba de Wanessa desagradar al cantante y su marido, que es un socio de una agencia que representa a algunos anunciantes en el programa. El 3 de octubre, Monica Iozzi tomó su lugar fue el tercer presentador del programa. Ya el 10 de octubre que era hora de reemplazar Oscar Filho en el banquillo. La situación no ha sido aún completamente definido por la red.

Especial "Día del Niño"
El 10 de octubre, el programa tuvo un especial sobre el Día del Niño. En esta edición, Rafinha Bastos fue reemplazado por el Oscar Filho, debido a la suspensión del programa. En esta edición, el programa mostró al reportero mirim João Pedro Carvalho, a partir de esta edición, es ahora la presentación de informes para el programa en forma esporádica.

Miembros

Reparto actual

Exmiembros

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial

Programas de televisión de Brasil
Programas de televisión iniciados en 2008
Programas de televisión de Rede Bandeirantes

Custe o Que Custar


Johann Wilhelm Kinau (22 August 1880 – 31 May 1916), better known by his pseudonym Gorch Fock (), was a German author. Other pseudonyms he used were Jakob Holst and Giorgio Focco.

Life
Kinau was the eldest child of fisherman Heinrich Wilhelm Kinau and his wife, Metta Holst, on the Elbe island of Finkenwerder (now part of Hamburg). In 1895 he was apprenticed to his uncle, the merchant August Kinau in Geestemünde (today part of Bremerhaven), and from 1897 until 1898 he attended a commercial school in Bremerhaven. Later he was employed as an accountant in Meiningen, Bremen, Halle (Saale) and from 1907 at the shipping company Hamburg-Amerika-Linie in Hamburg. He married Rosa Elisabeth Reich in 1908, with whom he had three children.
In 1904, Kinau started publishing poetry and stories in his native Low German dialect. In 1913, he published his most popular work, the novel Seefahrt ist Not!, in which he describes the life of the deep sea fishermen of his home island.

In the First World War, Kinau was drafted into the German infantry in 1915. He fought in Serbia and Russia and later at Verdun. From 1916 he served in the German Navy, having requested the transfer. He served as a lookout on the light cruiser SMS Wiesbaden and died when the ship was sunk in the Battle of Jutland. His body was found on the Swedish shore on the island Väderöbod midsummer's eve 1916 near Fjällbacka. He was later buried on the island of Stensholmen together with other German and British servicemen. He was recognised by carrying a poem, "Letzter Wunsch", which predicted his demise, in a hermetically sealed box in his pocket:

In 1938, his widow was invited to take part in the first voyage of M/V Wilhelm Gustloff to Madeira.

The German Navy named two training windjammers in his honor, the Gorch Fock of the Kriegsmarine and the Gorch Fock of the Deutsche Marine. Gorch-Fock-Wall on the Hamburg Wallring is also named after him.

Burial

Gorch Fock is buried on the Stensholmen in Bohuslän the northernmost part of the Swedish west coast. He was buried in the War cemetery on Stensholmen in 1920 by the pastor C. Norborg in Fjällbacka alongside two British and thirteen German sailors found dead in the archipelago and brought to land by local fishermen.

Works
1910 Schullengrieper und Tungenkrieper
1911 Hein Godenwind
1913 Hamborger Janmaten
1913 Seefahrt ist Not! ()
1914 Fahrensleute
1914 Cilli Cohrs (play)
1914 Doggerbank (play)
1914–15 War poems in Plattdüütsch
1918 (posthumously) Sterne überm Meer (Diary notes and poems)

References

Further reading

Gorch Fock. Mythos, Marke, Mensch. Aufsätze zu Leben, Werk und Wirkung des Schriftstellers Johann Kinau (1880–1916), ed. by Rüdiger Schütt. Nordhausen 2010,

External links

 Gorch Fock biography (in German)
 Short Gorch Fock biography (in German)
 Article about the cemetery on Stensholmen, by Peter Danielsson (in Swedish)

1880 births
1916 deaths
Writers from Hamburg
German military writers
Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
German military personnel killed in World War I
German male poets
20th-century German poets
20th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
Military personnel from Hamburg

Gorch Fock (author)


Le raïon de Sievierodonetsk (en ) est un raïon (district) dans l'oblast de Louhansk en Ukraine.

Références

Sievierodonetsk
Division administrative fondée en 2020

Raïon de Sievierodonetsk


(10423) Dajčić, denumire internațională (10423) Dajcic, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10423 Dajčić este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Visnjan de Korado Korlević. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 2,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

10423 Dajčić


Pettisville é um lugar designado pelo censo localizado no condado de Fulton no estado estadounidense de Ohio. No Censo de 2010 tinha uma população de 498 habitantes e uma densidade populacional de 201,76 pessoas por km².

Geografia
Pettisville encontra-se localizado nas coordenadas . Segundo o Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos, Pettisville tem uma superfície total de 2.47 km², da qual 2.47 km² correspondem a terra firme e (0.1%) 0 km² é água.

Demografia
Segundo o censo de 2010, tinha 498 pessoas residindo em Pettisville. A densidade populacional era de 201,76 hab./km². Dos 498 habitantes, Pettisville estava composto pelo 95.58% brancos, 0% eram afroamericanos, 0.2% eram amerindios, 1% eram asiáticos, 0% eram insulares do Pacífico, 2.21% eram de outras raças e o 1% pertenciam a duas ou mais raças. Do total da população 9.84% eram hispanos ou latinos de qualquer raça.

Referências

Ligações externas

Regiões censitárias do Ohio
Localidades do condado de Fulton (Ohio)

Pettisville (Ohio)


Xitami is a Web and FTP server, originally developed by iMatix Corporation as a free, open-source product from 1996 to 2000. It ran as a single process with a small footprint. It was not as fast as the fastest servers but scaled well.  It supported several web application protocols and was very portable. It also had a web interface to configure the web/FTP server.

In 2009, iMatix launched a new version of Xitami, called X5 (Xitami/5).

History
iMatix started the original Xitami server in 1996 as a demonstration of its "SMT" multithreading technology for building protocol servers. The name was chosen at the last minute when the developers realized that their original choice ("Cosmos") had already been taken by another web server that no longer exists. "Xitami" is "iMatix" spelled backwards.

Xitami was featured in an April 1997 article in Dr. Dobb's Journal.
The web server attracted people looking for a fast but simple web/FTP server, mainly on Microsoft Windows.

Xitami was designed to be portable, and was ported to Windows, Linux and other Unices, OpenVMS, BeOS, and OS/2.  All non-portable functionality was encapsulated in a library layer called SFL (the "standard function library").  SFL was a free and open source project and was used fairly widely in other such projects. In 1999, the Apache web server adopted a similar approach to portability for Apache2, building the Apache Portable Runtime (APR).

The Xitami team continued to add features until mid-2000 when development of the server stopped except for security updates.  In 2008 multiple printf vulnerabilities were reported in the final release of Xitami/2.5.

X5
In January 2009 iMatix announced the start of a new Xitami project, version 5, called X5. This uses the latest generation of iMatix's multithreading technology (Base2), making Xitami scalable to multiple cores, while remaining small, and simple. iMatix has stated that it is "designed to handle thousands of connections without difficulty" which makes it ready for long polling, in which client connections remain open for extended durations.
Windows binaries for X5 were released in February 2009 and X5 was used for the first time to run the iMatix Live Zyre website.
X5 shares the same technical framework as iMatix's OpenAMQ message service.

X5 is written in ANSI C99, using a meta-programming approach called "Model Oriented Programming". X5 was presented at FOSDEM 2009 as consisting of 3,457 lines of meta-meta code.
X5 uses APR in place of SFL, and has been run on Windows, Linux, AIX, Solaris, and OpenVMS.

See also
 Comparison of web servers
 ØMQ

References

External links

Xitami legacy web site
Xitami FAQ with pronunciation of the name
ServerWatch review of Xitami
Implications of RestMS protocol on X5 design

Free web server software
Software using the BSD license

Xitami


Mausendorf mit Neundorf sind ein weilerartiger Ortsteil von Schalkau im Landkreis Sonneberg in Thüringen.

Lage
Mausendorf und der Nachbarort Neundorf liegen im westlichen Teil des Landkreises Sonneberg an der Landkreisgrenze zu Hildburghausen. Die Gemarkungen liegen am Fuß des Bleßberges direkt im Schalkauer Plateau, am Rande des Thüringer Waldes und des Thüringer Schiefergebirges. Die Landesstraße 2094 und die Kreisstraßen 11 und 528 erfassen die Weiler verkehrsmäßig.

Geschichte
1516 wurde der Weiler erstmals urkundlich genannt.
40 Bewohner leben im Dörfchen. Im Jahr 1910 hatte der Ort 79 und 1939 89 Einwohner.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde die bis dahin eigenständige Gemeinde Neundorf eingegliedert.

Am 1. Juni 1992 wurde Mausendorf nach Schalkau eingemeindet.

Dialekt
In Mausendorf wird Itzgründisch, ein mainfränkischer Dialekt, gesprochen.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort im Landkreis Sonneberg
Geographie (Schalkau)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sonneberg)
Ersterwähnung 1516
Gemeindeauflösung 1992

Mausendorf (Schalkau)


النياح هو رفع الصوت عند البكاء على الميت، وهو يغلب على النساء أكثر من الرجال لضعفهن وقلة قدرتهن على التحمل. وهو حرام شرعاً في الإسلام لأنه يرافقه عادة أعمال مكروهة: كلطم الخد وشق الجيب فضلاً عن إلحاق الأذى بالميت وعباد الله. وهو مما تبرأ منه الرسول الكريم محمد  وبايع عليه النسوة في بيعته العقبة الثانية أن لا ينحن. وفي الحديث النبوي الشريف أن النائحة إذا لم تتب قبل موتها تقوم يوم القيامة وعليها قميصان: واحد يقرّح جلدها والآخر من القطران ( النفط الأسود الثقيل) كي يقوى شعلة النار عليها؛ فيكون عذاب النائحة بالنار بسبب هذين القميصين أشد عذاب.

مراجع

شعائر
موت

نياح


Erich Karl Hesse (* 25. November 1874 in Leipzig; † Mai 1945 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Zoologe.

Erich Hesse besuchte von 1886 bis 1894 das Königliche Gymnasium in seiner Vaterstadt. Anschließend studierte er in Leipzig und erhielt 1899 seinen Doktortitel. Von 1909 bis 1911 arbeitete er an der Kaiserlichen biologischen Anstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft in Berlin-Dahlem als Assistent. Im Jahre 1911 begann Hesse seine Arbeit im Zoologischen Museum Berlin in der Vogel-Sammlung unter der Aufsicht von Anton Reichenow. In den Jahren 1916 bis 1918 ging Hesse zurück in seine Heimatstadt Leipzig, um dort als Kurator für Zoologie am Universitäts-Museum zu arbeiten, bis er im Oktober 1918 wieder nach Berlin zurückkehrte, zuerst als Kurator für die Schausammlung. Ab April 1921 ersetzte er Friedrich Dahl als Kurator in der Spinnensammlung. Drei Jahre später, 1924, wurde er zum Professor ernannt. 1940 ging Hesse in den Ruhestand und sein Nachfolger wurde 1946 Alfred Kaestner.

Hesses genaue Amtszeit im Zoologischen Museum ist schlecht dokumentiert und sein Schicksal auch. So ist er seit Sommer 1945 als vermisst registriert. Seine Aufzeichnungen als Kurator sind verschollen, vielleicht aus politischen Gründen nach dem Krieg.

Veröffentlichungen
 Beobachtungen und Aufzeichnungen während des Jahres 1909. in: Journal für Ornithologie 58: 489–519.
 Übersicht einer Vogelsammlung aus dem Altai, Ein Beitrag zur Ornis Innerasiens. in: Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum Berlin 6: 351–434. 1913
 Bernhard Hantzschs ornithologische Ausbeute in Baffinland. in: Journal für Ornithologie 63: 137–228. 1915
 Zur Ornis der Leipziger Gebiet. in: Journal für Ornithologie 67: 392–430.1919
 Beiträge zur Arachnoidenfauna der Mark. in: Märkische Tierwelt 1: 182–193. 1935
 Die Fauna der Binnendüne bei Bellinchen (Oder). IV. Die Tierwelt – Arachnoidea. in: Märkische Tierwelt 2: 134–140. 1936
 Die Arachnoidenfauna des Naturschutzgebietes Bellinchen (Oder). Märkische Tierwelt 3: 99–107. 1937
 Die Arachnoidenfauna des Naturschutzgebietes Bellinchen (Oder). 2. Beitrag. in: Märkische Tierwelt 4: 105–118. 1939
 Zwei ökologisch-faunistische Beiträge. in: Zoologischer Anzeiger 127: 270–272. 1939
 Untersuchungen an einer Kollektion Wipfelspinnen. in: Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde 1940: 350–363.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Ornithologe
Geboren 1874
Gestorben 1945
Deutscher
Mann

Erich Hesse


Područna nogometna liga Rijeka – Prvi razred, također i kao Prvi razred Područne nogometne lige Rijeke; Područna liga Rijeka – 1. razred; Područna liga Rijeka (Prvi razred) je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1974./75.
Sudjelovalo je 15 klubova, a prvak je klub "Jedinstvo" iz Ogulina.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Riječko-pulska zona 1975./76.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Juraj Katalinić: Nogometni klub "Ogulin" : 1932. – 2012. : 80 godina, Ogulin, 2012., , str. 48
 kvarnerski.com, SAMO NA KVARNERSKOM: NOGOMET RIJEKE i OKOLICE dio 1. (1945-1991), objavljeno 25. srpnja 2013., pristupljeno 7. rujna 2021.

1975-76 1
Rijeka-1
1975-76 Rijeka

Područna nogometna liga Rijeka – 1. razred 1975./76.


Domburg (Sranantongo: Dumborgu) ist ein Ort und ehemalige Plantage am Suriname (Fluss), im Distrikt Wanica, in der Republik Suriname mit 5661 Einwohnern (Census 2012).

Die Zuckerrohrplantage Domburg wurde Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts gegründet und bestand bis rund 1863, dem Jahr der Abschaffung der Sklaverei in Suriname. Im Jahre 1880 wurde durch die Kolonialverwaltung das ehemalige Plantagengebiet zur Ansiedlung von ehemaligen Sklaven als Kleinlandbauern parzelliert. Gleichzeitig wurden eine Schule, ein Verwaltungszentrum und ein Markt angelegt. Das ehemalige Plantagenhaus wurde als Verwaltungsgebäude genutzt. Der Ort, das moderne Domburg war geboren.

Domburg liegt am linken Ufer des Suriname, circa 16 km südlich der Hauptstadt Paramaribo. Der Ort ist einer von sieben Ressorts im Distrikt Wanica.

Persönlichkeiten aus Domburg
 Desi Bouterse (* 1945), ehemaliger Putschführer, Oberbefehlshaber und Präsident von Suriname.

Weblinks

 Navigation, Wetter

Ort in Suriname
Wanica

Domburg (Suriname)


Izbacivači, kultna kazališna predstava zagrebačkog Teatra Exit, nastala u režiji Matka Raguža. Premijerno je izvedena 25. rujna 1996. u Zagrebačkom kazalištu mladih, na sceni Istra. Nakon toga je imala više od 200 izvedbi i dobila niz nagrada. Igrali su je Sreten Mokrović, Tarik Filipović, Mario Mirković i Rene Bitorajac.

Smatra se najvećim i najoriginalnijim kazališnim hitom u Hrvatskoj druge polovice 1990-ih. "Izbacivači" su u domaći teatar uveli urbane teme noćnog života i tada popularnih disko-klubova, a nezavisni Teatar Exit potvrdili kao moderno kazalište koje istražuje urbane, provokativne teme. Energična, dinamična i satirična, predstava je precizno dočarala noćni život Zagreba svoga vremena te na nov način prikazala probleme sazrijevanja mlade rock i techno generacije.

"Izbacivači" su proslavili mlade glumce Filipovića, Bitorajca i Mirkovića, koji su na predstavi radili i u kreativnom dijelu. Ostali članovi autorskog tima bili su Srđan Sorić (suradnik za pokret), Ivan Marušić Klif (glazbeni suradnik), Damir Kruhak (svjetlo), Tanja Lacko (izbor kostima), Nino Šolić (fotografija) i Maja Jurić (organizacija i promocija).

Izvori

Kazalište

Izbacivači


Dansk Athletik Forbund 1930-1933 er en dansk dokumentarfilm.

Handling
Diverse optagelser af idrætsudøvere 1930 til 1933.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Dansk Athletik Forbund 1930-1933


Zagorski puran je hrvatska pasmina purana.

Povijest
Prve jedinke zagorskih purana su u hrvatske krajeve došle iz Italije u 16. stoljeću. Od konca 19. stoljeća purane se izvozi iz Hrvatskog zagorja na europsko tržište. Vrhunac proizvodnje bio je 1930-ih kad je na tržišta poput poput Engleske, Italije, Njemačke, Švicarske i Belgije, godišnje u izvoz otišlo do 100.000 jedinaka.

Zaštita
Od 1998. godine je na popisu izvornih i zaštićenih pasmina Republike Hrvatske. Godine 2000. upisan je u svjetski registar pasmina domaćih životinja koja se vodi pri FAO-u. Da bi neki puran bio zagorski puran, on mora biti uzgojen isključivo na području Hrvatskog zagorja, što zemljopisno obuhvaća Krapinsko-zagorsku županiju, Varaždinsku županiju te rubne dijelove Zagrebačke županije koji graniče s Krapinsko-zagorskom i Varaždinskom županijom odnosno općine: Brdovec, Marija Gorica, Pušća, Dubravica, Luka, Jakovlje, Bistra i Bedenica.

Izvori

Hrvatske pasmine domaćih životinja
Fazanke
Puran

Zagorski puran


Rafael Puyol Antolín (Gijón, Asturias, 1945) es un doctor en Geografía español, rector de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid entre 1995 y 2003. Es el presidente del Consejo de Dirección de la IE Universidad de Segovia y vicepresidente de la Fundación Instituto de Empresa.

Biografía
Estudió en el Colegio de la Inmaculada de Gijón y desarrolló su labor académica y docente en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, donde fue director del departamento de Geografía General (1981-1982), vicedecano de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia (1986-87) y vicerrector de Ordenación Académica (1988-1995), hasta ocupar el rectorado entre 1995 y 2003.

Fue Presidente y actualmente es miembro del Grupo de Población de la Asociación Española de Geografía (AGE), Vicepresidente de la Real Sociedad Geográfica; Miembro de la Junta Directiva del Capítulo Español del Club de Roma, Vicepresidente 1º de la Real Sociedad Geográfica y es Exvicepresidente de la Fundación General de la UCM. Es Patrono de cinco Fundaciones y Full Member del Club de la Haya.

En 2014 fue condecorado con la Gran Cruz de la Orden Civil de Alfonso X el Sabio.
El 6 de noviembre de 2014 es nombrado Presidente de SECOT, Seniors Españoles para la Cooperación Técnica,con efectividad del 1 de enero de 2015.

Es doctor honoris causa por las siguientes universidades: Universidad Anáhuac (México), Universidad del Norte (Paraguay), Universidad Nacional de Cuzco (Perú), Universidad Ricardo Palma (Perú), Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña (República Dominicana) y Universidad de Panamá.

El 23 de septiembre de 2019, Rafael Puyol fue nombrado como nuevo presidente de la Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Geógrafos de España del siglo XX
Rectores de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Antiguos alumnos del Colegio de la Inmaculada (Gijón)
Académicos de la Real Academia de Doctores de España
Académicos de la Academia Europea de Ciencias y Artes
Grandes cruces de la Orden de Alfonso X el Sabio
Doctores honoris causa
Nacidos en Gijón

Rafael Puyol Antolín


After Forever was a Dutch symphonic metal band with strong progressive metal influences. The band relied on the use of both soprano vocals and death growls.

In February 2009, it was announced that After Forever had disbanded. Singer Floor Jansen and keyboardist Joost van den Broek both collaborated again in ReVamp and Star One, before Jansen eventually joined Nightwish as lead singer in 2013. Former rhythm guitarist Mark Jansen founded Epica in 2002 after his departure from After Forever and, in 2010, founded MaYaN, which included former After Forever members Sander Gommans and Jack Driessen.  Floor Jansen has appeared as a session or live vocalist for both Epica and MaYaN.

History

First years and Prison Of Desire (1995-2000)
After Forever was originally assembled in 1995, under the name Apocalypse. They were originally a death metal cover band with harsh male vocals. With the joining of vocalist Floor Jansen in 1997, their style and sound shifted towards symphonic gothic metal, in order to give emphasis to her soprano voice, in contrast with the grunts and screams provided by Sander Gommans and Mark Jansen. Their line-up at this point comprised Floor Jansen, Mark Jansen (no relation to Floor), Sander Gommans, Luuk van Gerven, Jack Driessen and Joep Beckers. Soon, the band began composing their own songs, and then they changed their name to After Forever, after the Black Sabbath song. In 1999, the band recorded two demos entitled Ephemeral and Wings of Illusion, which drew the attention of the Dutch Transmission Records label, with whom the band signed a contract.

Their debut album Prison of Desire was recorded in 2000, featuring a guest appearance of Sharon den Adel of the Dutch band Within Temptation on the song "Beyond Me". The album obtained very good reviews in Europe. By the end of the year, drummer André Borgman and keyboardist Lando van Gils joined the band, replacing Joep Beckers and Jack Driessen.

During the year 2000, Floor Jansen was invited to guest sing in Ayreon's Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer album. Ayreon is the most successful of the many projects by Dutch guitarist Arjen Anthony Lucassen and that album is only the first of many other collaborations with Floor Jansen.

Decipher and departure of Mark Jansen (2001-2002)
In 2001, the band released the album Decipher, which featured for the first time live classical instruments and a live choir. The complex arrangements of the new compositions pushed After Forever's music even more towards the symphonic metal genre.

By the end of 2001, After Forever appeared as rising stars on the dynamic scene of Dutch metal, which included bands like The Gathering, Within Temptation, Gorefest and Ayreon. Their second album Decipher (2001) had received very positive reviews and their name was well known in the underground scene of the Netherlands. Critics were impressed by the remarkable musicianship of the young members of the band and in particular by Floor Jansen's vocals, both in studio and in live performances. In contrast with these premises for a bright future, the relationships within the band were not so idyllic. Soon after the release of Decipher, After Forever faced a strong creative contrast between founding member and guitarist Mark Jansen and the rest of the band. Mark Jansen had been the main composer of the band together with Sander Gommans and his love for movie soundtracks and classical music had had a strong influence on the musical style of After Forever's first two albums, Prison of Desire (2000) and Decipher. Moreover, his interest for religious and moral themes had characterized his lyrics for many songs, often collected under a common title (e.g. The Embrace That Smothers and My Pledge of Allegiance). In the next album, Mark Jansen meant to further explore complex interactions between classical instruments, choruses in Latin and death metal elements, while Gommans and the others preferred a more direct and aggressive approach to music, retaining some elements that made the sound of the band recognizable, but expanding it in new and different directions. These musical differences led to Mark Jansen leaving the band, in what he felt as an actual dismissal. Upon his departure, Jansen quickly formed another band called Sahara Dust, which later developed into the symphonic metal band Epica. In a 2007 interview, Jansen described his departure from After Forever as coming as an unexpected shock to him at the time, with the news of his dismissal being delivered to him by fellow band members shortly before a band rehearsal. At the time of his dismissal, the band were preparing to participate in a series of major tours and concerts such as Pinkpop.

Jansen's place was taken by Bas Maas, who had been the guitar technician for After Forever during the tours of 2001 and 2002.  August and September 2002 were dedicated to a European tour, supporting Finnish act Nightwish and attending some rock festivals, which exposed the band to larger audiences and gained them even more favourable press. Further media exposure came from Floor Jansen's collaboration with Dutch multi-instrumentalist and composer Arjen Anthony Lucassen, for the recording of Star One's album Space Metal and the subsequent tour in late 2002.

Exordium and Invisible Circles (2003-2004)
Floor Jansen's activities, as well as the regular jobs and studies of the After Forever band members, reduced the band's live performances for the rest of 2002 and half of 2003. It was known that the band was working at a new album from the beginning of 2003, but their first release was the EP Exordium in October 2003, containing an instrumental track, three new songs and two covers.
In Jansen's words "the EP Exordium was like an introduction to this new full length album and the subjects of the lyrics are already connected to the concept (...) meaning they are also dealing with modern, social problems".

In 2004, the concept album Invisible Circles was released. The album, that deals with childhood traumas and abuse, introduced progressive metal elements to the music of After Forever and the use of a clean male voice. The album reached No. 24 in the Dutch Top 100 musical chart. In the same year, Lando van Gils also left the band and was replaced by Joost van den Broek, a keyboard player that Floor Jansen had met during her tour with Star One, another project by Arjen Lucassen.

Remagine and signing to Nuclear Blast (2005-2006)
In early September 2005, the band released their fourth album Remagine. The album was produced using pre-recorded drum tracks by André Borgman, who had to take a long leave of absence to cure his illness. The songs of the album are simpler and more straightforward than in the previous albums, preserving anyway the usual dual voice dynamic in the sound of the band.

On 3 March 2006 the band left the Transmission Records label, due to the scarce promotion that the label was providing to their albums. Following this departure, Transmission Records released the Mea Culpa compilation, with plenty of rarities and B-sides. By October the same year, After Forever had signed to the German label Nuclear Blast Records.

After Forever and hiatus (2007-2008)
In late 2006 the band recorded what would be their final album, as well as their only album to be released through Nuclear Blast, the self-titled After Forever. It features guest appearances from Annihilator guitarist Jeff Waters and Doro Pesch. Videos of the recording sessions were available for download on the band's website. The album was released on 23 April 2007.

In January 2008, After Forever announced on their website, that the band would be taking a break of at least a year, mainly to assess the health problems of vocalist and guitarist Sander Gommans, who had been absent during most of the tour supporting the album After Forever. In an interview with Ragnarök radio, Floor said the band would get together early 2009 to discuss After Forever's future.

Dissolution and later musical activities (2009-present)
On 5 February 2009, After Forever announced that they decided to call it quits. The long break, during 2008 and 2009, had made them realize that they did not feel the passion towards the band any longer.

After the split up of the band, Sander Gommans released the album System Overload in 2009 with his solo project HDK, followed by Serenades of the Netherworld in 2014. He also created Magic-O-Metal, a metal/comic project for children, and works as a high school art teacher.

Floor Jansen started a new band called ReVamp, which got signed by Nuclear Blast and released the albums ReVamp in 2010 and Wild Card in 2013. The band was on hold for a while after the release of ReVamp because of Jansen's health problems and her subsequent recruitment as the new lead singer for Nightwish. Jansen's involvement with Nightwish ultimately caused ReVamp to call it quits.

Joost van den Broek collaborated with both Gommans and Jansen on their new musical projects, while also leading several symphonic/crossover projects, particularly the Christmas Metal Symphony shows in 2008 and 2009 and Stream of Passion's second album The Flame Within. He has since focused mostly on composing and studio work, but sporadically performs live, mainly as a session member of Ayreon and The Gentle Storm.

Bas Maas joined the live band supporting German hard rock singer Doro Pesch in 2008.

Both André Borgman and Luuk van Gerven joined Robby Valentine's live band while After Forever was on hiatus. Borgman also joined Amanda Somerville's band Trillium in 2017, thereby reuniting with his former band mate Sander Gommans.

Band members

Final line-up
 Floor Jansen – lead vocals (1997–2009)
 Sander Gommans – lead guitar, vocals, screams (1995–2009)
 Bas Maas – rhythm guitar, vocals (2002–2009)
 Luuk van Gerven – bass guitar (1996–2009)
 André Borgman – drums, percussion (2000–2009)
 Joost van den Broek – keyboards (2004–2009)

Previous members
 Mark Jansen – rhythm guitar, vocals, screams (1995–2002)
 Joep Beckers – drums, percussion (1995–2000)
 Jack Driessen – keyboards (1995–2000)
 Lando van Gils – keyboards (2000–2004)

Guests
 Sharon den Adel – guest vocals on song "Beyond Me" (Prison of Desire)
 Melissa 't Hart – soprano on songs "Mea Culpa", "Leaden Legacy", "Follow in the Cry", "Silence From Afar" and "Yield to Temptation" (Prison of Desire)
 Simone Simons – vocals on song "Beyond Me" (Live in Hardenberg 26 December 2007)
 Irene Jansen – vocals on song "Who I Am" (Live in Tilburg 23 December 2007)
 George Oosthoek – vocals on the 2007 tour, replacing Sander Gommans
 Doro Pesch – vocals on song "Who I Am" (Release Party @ Tivoli 17. April 2007 Tilburg)
 Mark Jansen – rhythm guitar and vocals on song "Beyond Me" (Live in Hardenberg 26 December 2007)
 Arjen Anthony Lucassen – guitars on song "Who Wants to Live Forever" ("Emphasis/Who Wants to Live Forever")
 Damian Wilson – vocals on song "Who Wants to Live Forever" ("Emphasis/Who Wants to Live Forever")
 Jeff Waters – guitars on song "De-Energized" (After Forever)
 Rannveig Sif Sigurdardottir – mezzo-soprano vocal (After Forever)
 Amanda Somerville – alto vocal (Remagine, After Forever)
 Yvonne Rooda – alto vocal (Prison of Desire)
 Caspar De Jonge – tenor vocal (Prison of Desire)
 Previn Moore – bass vocal (After Forever)
 Hans Cassa – bass vocal (Prison of Desire)
 Marko Hietala – guest vocals on single version of "Face Your Demons" (Mea Culpa)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

EPs

Singles

Music videos
 "Emphasis" (2002)
 "My Choice" (2003)
 "Digital Deceit" (2004)
 "Being Everyone" (2005)
 "Energize Me" (2007)
 "Equally Destructive" (2007)
 "Discord" (2007)

Demos

Interviews
 Interview of Floor Jansen (August 2007)
 Ragnarok Radio Interview with Floor Jansen and Lori Linstruth (December 2008)

References

External links

 Official website
 Pictures of After Forever concerts
 After Forever videography

Dutch symphonic metal musical groups
Dutch progressive metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Dutch gothic metal musical groups
Dutch musical sextets

After Forever


Olaylar
 Viyana Üniversitesi kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 25 Temmuz - U, Goryeo Krallığı'nın 34. hükümdarı (ö. 1389)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Abdülkerim el-Cili, tasavvufun İbn Arabi okulundan sufi
 Devletşah Hatun, Osmanlı padişahı Yıldırım Bayezid'in üçüncü eşi, Germiyanoğlu Süleyman Şah'ın kızı (ö. 1414)

Ölümler
 27 Temmuz - IV. Rudolf, Avusturya Dükü (d. 1339)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Anna, Bizans İmparatoru III. Andronikos'un imparatoriçe eşi (d. 1306)

1365


L'Association Sportive Sainte-Suzanne, aussi appelé AS Sainte-Suzanne est un club de football Réunionnais basé à Saint-Suzanne, ville du nord de l'île de La Réunion. Le club évolue actuellement dans le Championnat de La Réunion.

Historique
L'histoire du club commence en 2008 sous le nom de la MJC Sainte-Suzanne. Après quelques saisons passées dans les divisions inférieures, il faut attendre la saison 2014 pour voir le club monter en puissance. Après le titre de champion acquis en poule A, Sainte-Suzanne monte en D2R.

Lors de la saison 2015, Jean Max Tréport est nommé entraîneur. Le recrutement effectué est tel que bon nombre d'observateur, considère qu'il peuvent joué le haut de tableau. Après un démarrage poussif ou s'incline 4-0 lors de la première journée contre un autre promu l'ASC Grands-Bois, leur régularité les permets de finir a la deuxième place synonyme de monter en D1R.

Le club apparaît pour la première fois donc dans l'élite du football Réunionnais lors du championnat 2016-2017. L'AS Sainte-Suzanne réalise de bonnes performances et parvient ainsi à se maintenir en régional 1 en obtenant la dixième place avec 55 points, soit 4 points de plus que l'AS Capricorne, avant dernier et premier relégable. Mais lors de cette saison le club se fait surtout remarquer en Coupe de la Réunion : en effet, les verts et noirs enchaînent les victoires, en battant l'AJS Saint-Denis 5 à 1 en trente-deuxièmes de finale, le FC Bagatelle 2 buts à 1 en seizièmes, l'AFC Saint-Laurent 1 but à 0 en huitièmes, le RC Saint-Benoît 3 buts à 0 en quarts, la SS Jeanne d'Arc 2 buts à 1 (après prolongations) en demi et enfin l'AS Marsouins au terme d'une finale tendue qui se jouera au tir au but, et que l'AS Sainte-Suzanne remporte 5 buts à 3. Cette victoire en Coupe de la Réunion représente le premier titre majeur de l'histoire du club.

Lors du championnat 2017, le club est dans la continuité de ce qu'il avait réalisé l'an passé, mais se sépare en cours de saison de Jean Max Tréport. Son ajdoint Jean Mary Macôn assurera l'intérim jusqu'à la fin la saison et obtenant une neuvième place avec 56 points et 4 points d'avances sur le SDEFA, barragiste. Lors de la Coupe de la Réunion 2018, le club ne parvient pas à réitérer son exploit de la dernière édition : il est battu en quarts de finale par la JS Saint-Pierroise (futur vainqueur de la coupe) sur le score de 3 buts à 0.

Il n'y a pas non plus de grosses évolutions dans le championnat 2018 : l'AS Sainte-Suzanne change d'entraîneur et fait venir Claude Maurice. Les vers finissent à la huitième place avec 58 points, cette fois-ci avec sept points d'avances sur le barragiste. Cependant, le club obtient le deuxième trophée de son histoire au terme d'une très bonne campagne en Coupe Régionale de France. Les verts et noirs remporte la finale face à la Tamponnaise en remportant la séance de tirs au but 4 à 2 (les deux clubs restant sur un 0-0 après 120 minutes de jeu).

En 2019, les choses se passent beaucoup moins bien pour l'AS Sainte-Suzanne; Claude Maurice est remplacé par Kévin Assati. En milieu de saison Assati est remercié et remplacé par Sully Lamoly l'entraîneur qui avait fait monter le club en Division 2 Régionale en 2014. Cependant le club finit lanterne rouge du championnat avec 45 points et deux victoires seulement. Cette dernière place est ainsi synonyme de relégation pour le club, 4 ans après sa première apparition dans l'élite du football Réunionnais.

Le retour en Régionale
Après deux saisons en division inférieure, le club fait son retour en régional 1 lors du championnat 2022.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Club de football à La Réunion
Club de football fondé en 2008
Sainte-Suzanne (La Réunion)

Association sportive Sainte-Suzanne


Petar Mišur (1. kolovoza 1892. – 1977. ) bio je važna osoba u katoličkoj župi u Vrlici. Papa Pavao VI. odlikovao ga je 1965. godine diplomom i medaljom.

Životopis
Petar Mišur, rođen 1.kolovoza 1892., bio je pedeset osam godina sakristan u crkvi Gospe Ružarice u Vrlici.  U vrijeme II. svjetskog rata 1943. godine sklonio se u Sinj gdje je bio na raspolaganju tamošnjem samostanu. Tijekom bombardiranja Sinja uzeo je iz crkve sliku Gospe Sinjske i potajno je čuvao u tvrđavi Kamičku. Poslije se vratio u Vrliku i nastavio obavljati svoje crkvenjačke dužnosti do kraja života 1977. godine.
Po zanimanju je bio stolar te je izradio kip umrlog Krista koji se u Vrlici koristi za obrede Velikog tjedna.
U teškim vremenima, kada su se župnici povremeno morali skrivati, Petar je sam, s narodom u crkvi, predvodio molitve. U matičnim knjigama rođenih župe Vrlika puno je puta zapisan kao svjedok ili kum, ponekad prilikom tajnih krštenja.
Za njegove zasluge Papa Pavao VI. odlikovao ga je 1965. godine diplomom i medaljom.
Ulica u Vrlici koja vodi od crkve do župnog ureda nosi ime Ulica Petra Mišura.

Bibliografija

Izvori
 Kazivao: Braco Mišur, zabilježio: fra Ante Madunić: Da se ne zaborave: Petar Mišur, Vrličko kolo, list župe Gospe Ružarice, g. VII, Ružarica 1999., br. 1 (11)

Životopisi, Vrlika

Petar Mišur


An Festuca elwendiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Markgr.-dann.. An Festuca elwendiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca elwendiana


සෝයුස් අභ්‍යාවකාශ යානය යනු රුසියනු අභ්‍යාවකාශ වැඩසටහන සදහා කොරලියෙව් සැලසුම් ආයතනය මගින් 1960 දී නිර්මාණය කරන ලද මේදක්වා සේවාවේ පවතින අභ්‍යාවකාශ යාන පෙළකි.රුසියනු වොස්ක්හොඩ් අභ්‍යාවකාශ යානයට පසුව පැමිණි සෝයුස් යානය මුලින් නිර්මණය කරන ලද්දේ සෝවියට්-රුසියනු සඳ මත ගොඩබසීමේ වැඩසටහනේ කොටසක් ලෙසය.

සෝයුස් යානා අභ්‍යවකශ ගතකරනු ලබන්නේ සෝයුස් රොකට්ටු මගිනි. මෙම සෝයුස් රොකට්ටු වර්ගය රුසියාව තුල බහුලවම භාවිතා වන සහ වඩාත්ම විශ්වාසදායක රුසියනු රොකට්ටුව වේ.

සෝයුස් අභ්‍යාවකාශ යානය, වොස්කොඩ් අභ්‍යවකාශ යානයෙන් පසුව භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර එය මුලින් ගොඩනගනු ලැබුවේ සෝවියට් චන්ද්‍ර වැඩසටහන් වල කොටසක් ලෙසය. එය කසකස්තානයේ බයිකොනූර් කොස්මොඩ්‍රෝමය වෙතින් Soyuz රොකට්ටුවක් මත දියත් කෙරේ. 2011 දී අභ්‍යවකාශ ෂටල විශ්‍රාම ගැන්වීම සහ SpaceX Crew Dragon හි 2020 demo පියාසැරිය දක්වා, ජාත්‍යන්තර අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය ගෙනයාමට ඇති එකම මාධ්‍යය ලෙස සෝයුස් සේවය කළ අතර, ඒ සඳහා එය විශාල වශයෙන් දැනුදු භාවිතා වේ. එම කාලය තුළ චීනය, කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සහිත Shenzhou ගුවන් ගමන් දියත් කළද, ඒ කිසිවක් ISS වෙත ගමන් කළේ නැත.

සෝයුස් අභ්‍යාවකාශ යානය


Kenan Akyüz, (d. 1911, Yanya - ö. 1996, İstanbul),  Türk, akademisyen, edebiyat tarihçisi ve yazarı.

Hayatı

Kenan Akyüz 1911 o zaman Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlı olan (modern Yunanistan'da bulunan) Yanya'da doğmuştur. Kabataş Erkek Lisesi'nden mezun olmuştur. Yüksek öğretimini İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümünde 1934'te tamamlayıp üniversite diploması almıştır. Sonra 1934-1944  yıllarında Kenan Akyüz, Kars, Sivas, Yozgat liselerinde edebiyat öğretmenliği yapmıştır. 1944'te Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi'nde yeni kurulan Türk Edebiyatı bölümünde doçentlik görevini almıştır. 1954′te profesörlüğe yükselmiştir. 1982 yılında emekli olmuştur. 1996'da İstanbul'da ölmüştür.

Türk edebiyat tarihiyle ilgili araştırma ve incelemeleri bulunan Akyüz, özellikle 19. yy'dan sonraki dönemi konu alan çalışmalarıyla tanınır. Tanzimat yazarlarının kimi yapıtlarının yeni basımlarını hazırlamış, 1964'te yayınlanan Fundamenta'''nın Modern Türk Edebiyatı bölümünü yazmıştır.

 Başlıca yapıtları
 Kitapları
 Tevfik Fikret (1953)
 Batı Tesirinde Türk Şiiri Antolojisi (1953), Son baskı:2002 İstanbul:İnkılap Kitabevi ISBN 9751007941
 Ziya Paşa'nın Amasya Mutasarrıflığı Sırasındaki Olaylar (1964)
 Modern Türk Edebiyatının Ana Çizgileri (Fundamenta'daki incelemenin Türkçesi, Türkoloji Dergisi, 1965) Son baskı:2015 İstanbul:İnkılap Kitabevi  ISBN 9751002591
 Ahmet Hâşim (İnceleme, şiirler) 1973 Ankara, Kültür Müsteşarlığı Yayınları.

 Makaleleri

 "Penbe Evin Kaderi",Hisar, Sayı:8-9 13 Mayıs  1951, say.18.
 "İsmail Habip Sevük",  Hisar Sayı 6-7  Nisan  1954,
 "Şinasi'nin Fransa'daki Öğrenimiyle İlgili Bazı Belgeler", Türk Dili,  1  Nisan  1954, say.397-404.
 "Çalı Kuşu", Hisar, Sayı:3-4 Ocak  1957,
 "Paris Milli Kütüphanesi'nde İlk Türkçe-Fransızca ve Fransızca-Türkçe Yazma  Eserler", Türk  Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı, Belleten, 1959 say:249-292.
 "Finten", Türkoloji Dergisi, Cilt:I, Sayı:I  1969, say.: 15-49.
 "Abdullah Efendi'nin Rüyaları", Ülkü, Cilt:VI, Sayı:68, say.:18-20.
 "Yeni Türk Edebiyatı", İslam  Ansiklopedisi, Cilt.XXXII,   Fas.257-258.  Ansiklopedi Maddesi

Yeni harflerle kritik edisyonlar

 Namık Kemal, Gulnihal Kritik önsöz ile 1964, 1984 Milli Eğitim Basımevi
 Abdülhak Hamid, Finten Kritik önsöz ile  1964, Milli Eğitim Basımevi
 Ahmet Mithat, Denizci Hasan Kritik önsöz ile Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, C.I, 1975; C.II, 1976; C.III, 1981
 Namık Kemal, Vatan yahut Silistre Kritik önsöz ile  1990, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.

Kaynakça

 Dış bağlantılar

 Önertoy, Olcay () "Kenan Akyüz'un Yapıtlarına Bir Bakış",  Türkoloji Dergisi'', Online:

1911 doğumlular
1996 yılında ölenler
Kabataş Erkek Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Türk profesörler
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi öğretim üyeleri
Resim aranan yazarlar

Kenan Akyüz


Der Gerichtsbezirk Tamsweg ist einer von sechs Gerichtsbezirken in Salzburg und umfasst den politischen Bezirk Tamsweg. Der übergeordnete Gerichtshof ist das Landesgericht Salzburg.

Gemeinden
 Einwohner Stand

Marktgemeinden
 Mauterndorf ( Ew.)
 Sankt Michael im Lungau ()
 Tamsweg ()

Gemeinden
 Göriach ()
 Lessach ()
 Mariapfarr ()
 Muhr ()
 Ramingstein ()
 Sankt Andrä im Lungau ()
 Sankt Margarethen im Lungau ()
 Thomatal ()
 Tweng ()
 Unternberg ()
 Weißpriach ()
 Zederhaus ()

Geschichte
1962 wurde der Gerichtsbezirk Sankt Michael im Lungau (Gemeinden Mauterndorf, Muhr, Sankt Margarethen im Lungau, Sankt Michael im Lungau, Thomatal, Tweng und Zederhaus) aufgelöst und die Gemeinden dem Gerichtsbezirk Tamsweg zugewiesen.

Siehe auch
 Gerichtsorganisation in Österreich
 Liste österreichischer Gerichte

Weblinks
 Gerichtsdatenbank des Bundesministeriums für Justiz
 Erlass OLG Linz 1850 über Zuteilung von Steuergemeinden an die Gerichte

Bezirk Tamsweg
Tamsweg

Gerichtsbezirk Tamsweg


රංගනය
සාරංග දිසාසේකර
අනර්කලී ආකර්ෂා
පුබුදු චතුරංග
චරිත් අබේසිංහ
ඕෂදී හෙව්වාමද්දුම
දමිතා අබේරත්න

ජූලී 7යි


بوب برادلي، من مواليد 3 مارس 1958، مدرب المنتخب الأمريكي لكرة القدم السابق.

المسيرة
بوب برادلي من مواليد 3 مارس 1958 في مونت كلير بولاية نيوجيرسي الأمريكية، ظهر نجم بوب برادلى حين كان يلعب كرة القدم في مدرسة غرب إكسيس العليا ثم انتقل إلى جامعة برينستون ومارس اللعبة إيضاً، التحق ببرنامج إدارة العلوم الرياضية بجامعة أوهايو عام 1981، وبدا برادلى عمله حين أصبح مديرا فنيا لفريق كرة القدم لجامعه أوهايو في الثانية والعشرين من العمر، ثم عمل برادلى كمساعد للمدير الفنى بروس أرينا بجامعه فرجينيا لمدة سنيتن تولى بعدها قياده الفريق من 1984 إلى 1995 حيث فاز مرتين بدورى الجامعات.

في عام 1996 بدأ بوب برادلى العمل في دوري الدرجة الأولى الأمريكي كمساعد في فريق دي.سي. يونايتد ثم بعد سنتين تولى برادلى قيادة فريق شيكاغو فاير كمدير فنى حيث حصل معهم لأول مرة في تاريخهم على كأس MLS Cup وUS Cup في عام 1998 وبناء على ذلك حصل على أفضل مدير فنى في الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم كما حصل على الجائزة الفضية عندما فاز فريقة في عام 2000 بكأس بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وكندا)، بعد بطولة دورى 2002 استقال برادلى من فريق شيكاجو فاير وعمل كمدير فنى لفريق مترو ستارز وفي حدث تاريخي وصل بفريقه إلى نهائي بطولة أمريكا الفتوحة لكرة القدم 2003.وبعد موسم 2003 تم الاستغناء عنه بعد سلسلة من النتائج المخيبة لفريقه.

في 2005 تولى برادلى قياده فريق لوس أنجلوس تشفياس الأمريكي حيث كان يعانى الفريق من سلسلة من النتائج المخيبة هذا الموسم ولكن برادلى استطاع إخراج جيل من الشباب الذي التحق بالمنتخب الأمريكي للشباب وخسر وقاده للمركز الثالث في بطولة المقاطعة الغربية وخسر في مباراة فاصلة الكأس ضد فريق دينامو هيوستن.

بعد النتائج المخيبة لفريق كرة القدم الأمريكية في كأس العالم 2006 تولى برادلى المهمة وعمل على إعداد خطة للعمل تعتمد على لاعبيين صغار السن لاعدادهم لقيادة الفريق حتى 2014.

وبدأت فترة ولايتة كمدير فنى بسلسلة من النجاحات بدءها بالفوز على فريق المكسيك 2-0 وبعد فترة أعلن اتحاد كرة القدم الأمريكية عن ان المدير الفنى الرسمي للمنتخب الأول هو بوب برادلى عام 2007 واستمرت سلسلة من النجاحات حيث قاد الفريق إلى نهائي بطولة الكأس الذهبية (الكونكاكاف) بعد خسارته في مباراة مثيرة أما المكسيك بنتيجة 2-1 لصالح الأخير وفي أول سنة له كمدير فنى أستطاع تحقيق 12 فوز وتعادل وحيد وخسارة خمس لقاءات ولم لو يهزم الفريق في 10 لقاءات متتالية لمده خمس شهور.

وفى بطولة كوبا أمريكا خسر الفريق الأمريكي جميع مبارياته ضد الأرجنتين وبارجواي وكولومبيا وفي عام 2009 حصل على المركز الثاني في بطولة القارات وفي هذه البطولة قد أستطاع هزيمة الفريق المصنف الأول على العالم المنتخب الإسباني وتم ترشيحه لتولي عدة أندية كبرى مثل أستون فيلا الإنجليزي لكنه رفض وفضل الأستمرار مع منتخب أمريكا.
وقاد برادلي منتخب أمريكا للظهور في نهائيات كأس العالم 2010 بجنوب أفريقيا وصعد للدور الثاني.

وقاد برادلى المنتخب الأمريكي إلى نهائي بطولة الكونكاكاف عام 2011 وبعدها رأى انه لن يضيف جديد للمنتخب الأمريكي فقرر التخلى عنه والبحث عن فرصة جديدة إلى أن أستقر برادلى على قيادة منتخب مصر الأول، ووقع عقداً لتدريب منتخب مصر لكرة القدم حتى يوليو 2014، وقد قدم خطة للمنتخب للتأهل إلى كأس العالم 2014.
و فاز مع المنتخب المصري في 2 من المباريات الرسمية وخسر مباراة واحدة رسمية وتعادل مباراة رسمية.

انجازات برادلي كمدرب
 الوصول لكأس العالم لكرة القدم عامي 2010-2006
 وصيف كأس القارات عام 2009 بعد الخسارة من البرازيل بنتيجة 3-2
 بطل بطولة الكونكاكاف الكأس الذهبية عام 2007 علي حساب المكسيك

الحياة الأسرية
ابنه مايكل برادلي لاعب كرة قدم محترف يلعب لكييفو فيرونا في الدوري الإيطالي وقد شارك في تمثيل المنتخب الأمريكي تحت قيادته في مونديال جنوب أفريقيا 2010.

معرض صور

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
خريجو جامعة أوهايو الحكومية
رياضيون أمريكيون مغتربون في المملكة المتحدة
رياضيون أمريكيون مغتربون في النرويج
طاقم دي.سي. يونايتد غير اللاعبين
مدربو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
مدربو سوانزي سيتي
مدربو شيكاغو فاير
مدربو كأس العالم 2010
مدربو كأس القارات 2009
مدربو كرة قدم أمريكيون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في النرويج
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في ويلز
مدربو كوبا أمريكا 2007
مدربو لوهافر
مدربو منتخب الولايات المتحدة لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخب مصر لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي شيفاز يو إس أي
مدربو نيويورك ريد بولز
مواليد 1958

بوب برادلي


A heat pipe is a heat-transfer device that employs phase transition to transfer heat between two solid interfaces.

At the hot interface of a heat pipe, a volatile liquid in contact with a thermally conductive solid surface turns into a vapor by absorbing heat from that surface. The vapor then travels along the heat pipe to the cold interface and condenses back into a liquid, releasing the latent heat. The liquid then returns to the hot interface through capillary action, centrifugal force, or gravity and the cycle repeats.

Due to the very high heat transfer coefficients for boiling and condensation, heat pipes are highly effective thermal conductors. The effective thermal conductivity varies with heat pipe length and can approach  for long heat pipes, in comparison with approximately  for copper.

Structure, design and construction

A typical heat pipe consists of a sealed pipe or tube made of a material that is compatible with the working fluid such as copper for water heat pipes, or aluminium for ammonia heat pipes.  Typically, a vacuum pump is used to remove the air from the empty heat pipe.  The heat pipe is partially filled with a working fluid and then sealed.  The working fluid mass is chosen so that the heat pipe contains both vapor and liquid over the operating temperature range.

The stated/recommended operating temperature of a given heat pipe system is critically important. Below the operating temperature, the liquid is too cold and cannot vaporize into a gas. Above the operating temperature, all the liquid has turned to gas, and the environmental temperature is too high for any of the gas to condense. Thermal conduction is still possible through the walls of the heat pipe, but at a greatly reduced rate of thermal transfer. In addition, for a given heat input, it is necessary that a minimum temperature of the working fluid be attained ; while at the other end, any additional increase (deviation) in the heat transfer coefficient from the initial design will tend to inhibit the heat pipe action. This can be counterintuitive, in the sense that if a heat pipe system is aided by a fan, then the heat pipe operation may break down, resulting in a reduced effectiveness of the thermal management system—potentially severely reduced. The operating temperature and the maximum heat transport capacity of a heat pipe—limited by its capillary or other structure used to return the fluid to the hot area (centrifugal force, gravity, etc.)—are therefore inescapably and closely related.

Working fluids are chosen according to the temperatures at which the heat pipe must operate, with examples ranging from liquid helium for extremely low temperature applications (2–4 K) to mercury (523–923 K), sodium (873–1473 K) and even indium (2000–3000 K) for extremely high temperatures. The vast majority of heat pipes for room temperature applications use ammonia (213–373 K), alcohol (methanol (283–403 K) or ethanol (273–403 K)), or water (298–573 K) as the working fluid.  Copper/water heat pipes have a copper envelope, use water as the working fluid and typically operate in the temperature range of 20 to 150 °C. Water heat pipes are sometimes filled by partially filling with water, heating until the water boils and displaces the air, and then sealed while hot.

For the heat pipe to transfer heat, it must contain saturated liquid and its vapor (gas phase).  The saturated liquid vaporizes and travels to the condenser, where it is cooled and turned back to a saturated liquid.  In a standard heat pipe, the condensed liquid is returned to the evaporator using a wick structure exerting a capillary action on the liquid phase of the working fluid.  Wick structures used in heat pipes include sintered metal powder, screen, and grooved wicks, which have a series of grooves parallel to the pipe axis.  When the condenser is located above the evaporator in a gravitational field, gravity can return the liquid.  In this case, the heat pipe is a thermosiphon. Finally, rotating heat pipes use centrifugal forces to return liquid from the condenser to the evaporator.

Heat pipes contain no mechanical moving parts and typically require no maintenance, though non-condensable gases that diffuse through the pipe's walls, that result from breakdown of the working fluid, or that exist as original impurities in the material, may eventually reduce the pipe's effectiveness at transferring heat.

The advantage of heat pipes over many other heat-dissipation mechanisms is their great efficiency in transferring heat. A pipe one inch in diameter and two feet long can transfer 3.7 kW (12.500 BTU per hour) at  with only  drop from end to end.  Some heat pipes have demonstrated a heat flux of more than 23 kW/cm2, about four times the heat flux through the surface of the Sun.

Heat pipe materials and working fluids
Heat pipes have an envelope, a wick, and a working fluid.  Heat pipes are designed for very long term operation with no maintenance, so the heat pipe wall and wick must be compatible with the working fluid.  Some material/working fluids pairs that appear to be compatible are not.  For example, water in an aluminium envelope will develop large amounts of non-condensable gas over a few hours or days, preventing normal operation of the heat pipe.

Since heat pipes were rediscovered by George Grover in 1963, extensive life tests have been conducted to determine compatible envelope/fluid pairs, some going on for decades.  In a heat pipe life test, heat pipes are operated for long periods of time, and monitored for problems such as non-condensable gas generation, material transport, and corrosion.

The most commonly used envelope (and wick)/fluid pairs include:

 Copper envelope with water working fluid for electronics cooling. This is by far the most common type of heat pipe.
 Copper or steel envelope with refrigerant R134a working fluid for energy recovery in HVAC systems.
 Aluminium envelope with ammonia working fluid for spacecraft thermal control.
 Superalloy envelope with alkali metal (cesium, potassium, sodium) working fluid for high temperature heat pipes, most commonly used for calibrating primary temperature measurement devices.

Other pairs include stainless steel envelopes with nitrogen, oxygen, neon, hydrogen, or helium working fluids at temperatures below 100 K, copper/methanol heat pipes for electronics cooling when the heat pipe must operate below the water range, aluminium/ethane heat pipes for spacecraft thermal control in environments when ammonia can freeze, and refractory metal envelope/lithium working fluid for high temperature (above ) applications.

Types of heat pipes
In addition to standard, constant conductance heat pipes (CCHPs), there are a number of other types of heat pipes, including:

 Vapor chambers (planar heat pipes), which are used for heat flux transformation, and isothermalization of surfaces
 Variable conductance heat pipes (VCHPs), which use a Non-Condensable Gas (NCG) to change the heat pipe effective thermal conductivity as power or the heat sink conditions change
 Pressure controlled heat pipes (PCHPs), which are a VCHP where the volume of the reservoir, or the NCG mass can be changed, to give more precise temperature control
 Diode heat pipes, which have a high thermal conductivity in the forward direction, and a low thermal conductivity in the reverse direction
 Thermosyphons, which are heat pipes where the liquid is returned to the evaporator by gravitational/accelerational forces,
 Rotating heat pipes, where the liquid is returned to the evaporator by centrifugal forces

Vapor chamber or flat heat pipes
Thin planar heat pipes (heat spreaders) have the same primary components as tubular heat pipes: a hermetically sealed hollow vessel, a working fluid, and a closed-loop capillary recirculation system.   In addition, an internal support structure or a  series of posts are generally used in a vapor chamber to accommodate clamping pressures sometimes up to 90 PSI. This helps prevent collapse of the flat top and bottom when the pressure is applied.

There are two main applications for vapor chambers. First, they are used when high powers and heat fluxes are applied to a relatively small evaporator.  Heat input to the evaporator vaporizes liquid, which flows in two dimensions to the condenser surfaces. After the vapor condenses on the condenser surfaces, capillary forces in the wick return the condensate to the evaporator. Note that most vapor chambers are insensitive to gravity, and will still operate when inverted, with the evaporator above the condenser. In this application, the vapor chamber acts as a heat flux transformer, cooling a high heat flux from an electronic chip or laser diode, and transforming it to a lower heat flux that can be removed by natural or forced convection. With special evaporator wicks, vapor chambers can remove 2000 W over 4 cm2, or 700 W over 1 cm2.

Another major usage of vapor chambers is for cooling purposes in gaming laptops. As vapor chambers are a flatter and more two-dimensional method of heat dissipation, sleeker gaming laptops benefit hugely from them as compared to traditional heat pipes. For example, the vapor chamber cooling in Lenovo's Legion 7i was its most unique selling point (although it was misadvertised as all models having vapor chambers, while in fact only a few had).

Second, compared to a one-dimensional tubular heat pipe, the width of a two-dimensional heat pipe allows an adequate cross section for heat flow even with a very thin device. These thin planar heat pipes are finding their way into "height sensitive" applications, such as notebook computers and surface mount circuit board cores. It is possible to produce flat heat pipes as thin as 1.0 mm (slightly thicker than a 0.76 mm credit card).

Variable conductance heat pipes (VCHPs)
Standard heat pipes are constant conductance devices, where the heat pipe operating temperature is set by the source and sink temperatures, the thermal resistances from the source to the heat pipe, and the thermal resistances from the heat pipe to the sink.  In these heat pipes, the temperature drops linearly as the power or condenser temperature is reduced.  For some applications, such as satellite or research balloon thermal control, the electronics will be overcooled at low powers, or at the low sink temperatures.  Variable Conductance Heat Pipes (VCHPs) are used to passively maintain the temperature of the electronics being cooled as power and sink conditions change.

Variable conductance heat pipes have two additions compared to a standard heat pipe: 1. a reservoir, and 2. a non-condensable gas (NCG) added to the heat pipe, in addition to the working fluid; see the picture in the spacecraft section below.  This non-condensable gas is typically argon for standard Variable conductance heat pipes, and helium for thermosyphons.  When the heat pipe is not operating, the non-condensable gas and working fluid vapor are mixed throughout the heat pipe vapor space.  When the variable conductance heat pipe is operating, the non-condensable gas is swept toward the condenser end of the heat pipe by the flow of the working fluid vapor.  Most of the non-condensable gas is located in the reservoir, while the remainder blocks a portion of the heat pipe condenser.  The variable conductance heat pipe works by varying the active length of the condenser.  When the power or heat sink temperature is increased, the heat pipe vapor temperature and pressure increase.  The increased vapor pressure forces more of the non-condensable gas into the reservoir, increasing the active condenser length and the heat pipe conductance.  Conversely, when the power or heat sink temperature is decreased, the heat pipe vapor temperature and pressure decrease, and the non-condensable gas expands, reducing the active condenser length and heat pipe conductance.  The addition of a small heater on the reservoir, with the power controlled by the evaporator temperature, will allow thermal control of roughly ±1-2 °C.  In one example, the evaporator temperature was maintained in a ±1.65 °C control band, as power was varied from 72 to 150 W, and heat sink temperature varied from +15 °C to -65 °C.

Pressure controlled heat pipes (PCHPs) can be used when tighter temperature control is required.  In a pressure controlled heat pipe, the evaporator temperature is used to either vary the reservoir volume, or the amount of non-condensable gas in the heat pipe.  Pressure controlled heat pipes have shown milli-Kelvin temperature control.

Diode heat pipes
Conventional heat pipes transfer heat in either direction, from the hotter to the colder end of the heat pipe.  Several different heat pipes act as a thermal diode, transferring heat in one direction, while acting as an insulator in the other:

 Thermosyphons, which only transfer heat from the bottom to the top of the thermosyphon, where the condensate returns by gravity.  When the thermosyphon is heated at the top, there is no liquid available to evaporate.
 Rotating heat pipes, where the heat pipe is shaped so that liquid can only travel by centrifugal forces from the nominal evaporator to the nominal condenser.  Again, no liquid is available when the nominal condenser is heated.
 Vapor trap diode heat pipes.
 Liquid trap diode heat pipes.

A vapor trap diode is fabricated in a similar fashion to a variable conductance heat pipe, with a gas reservoir at the end of the condenser. During fabrication, the heat pipe is charged with the working fluid and a controlled amount of a non-condensable gas (NCG).  During normal operation, the flow of the working fluid vapor from the evaporator to the condenser sweeps the non-condensable gas into the reservoir, where it doesn't interfere with the normal heat pipe operation.  When the nominal condenser is heated, the vapor flow is from the nominal condenser to the nominal evaporator. The non-condensable gas is dragged along with the flowing vapor, completely blocking the nominal evaporator, and greatly increasing the thermal resistivity of the heat pipe.  In general, there is some heat transfer to the nominal adiabatic section.  Heat is then conducted through the heat pipe walls to the evaporator.  In one example, a vapor trap diode carried 95 W in the forward direction, and only 4.3 W in the reverse direction.

A liquid trap diode has a wicked reservoir at the evaporator end of the heat pipe, with a separate wick that is not in communication with the wick in the remainder of the heat pipe.  During normal operation, the evaporator and reservoir are heated.  The vapor flows to the condenser, and liquid returns to the evaporator by capillary forces in the wick.  The reservoir eventually dries out, since there is no method for returning liquid.  When the nominal condenser is heated, liquid condenses in the evaporator and the reservoir.  While the liquid can return to the nominal condenser from the nominal evaporator, the liquid in the reservoir is trapped, since the reservoir wick is not connected.  Eventually, all of the liquid is trapped in the reservoir, and the heat pipe ceases operation.

Thermosyphons
Most heat pipes use a wick to return the liquid from the condenser to the evaporator, allowing the heat pipe to operate in any orientation. The liquid is sucked up back to the evaporator by capillary action, similar to the way that a sponge sucks up water when an edge is placed in contact with a pool of water. However the maximum adverse elevation (evaporator over condenser) is relatively small, on the order of 25 cm long for a typical water heat pipe.

If however, the evaporator is located below the condenser, the liquid can drain back by gravity instead of requiring a wick, and the distance between the two can be much longer. Such a gravity aided heat pipe is known as a thermosyphon.

In a thermosyphon, liquid working fluid is vaporized by a heat supplied to the evaporator at the bottom of the heat pipe.  The vapor travels to the condenser at the top of the heat pipe, where it condenses.  The liquid then drains back to the bottom of the heat pipe by gravity, and the cycle repeats.  Thermosyphons are diode heat pipes; when heat is applied to the condenser end, there is no condensate available, and hence no way to form vapor and transfer heat to the evaporator.

While a typical terrestrial water heat pipe is less than 30 cm long, thermosyphons are often several meters long.  As discussed below, the thermosyphons used to cool the Alaska pipe line were roughly 11 to 12 m long.  Even longer thermosyphons have been proposed for the extraction of geothermal energy.  For example, Storch et al. fabricated a 53 mm I.D., 92 m long propane thermosyphon that carried roughly 6 kW of heat.

Loop heat pipe
A loop heat pipe (LHP) is a passive two-phase transfer device related to the heat pipe.  It can carry higher power over longer distances by having co-current liquid and vapor flow, in contrast to the counter-current flow in a heat pipe. This allows the wick in a loop heat pipe to be required only in the evaporator and compensation chamber.  Micro loop heat pipes have been developed and successfully employed in a wide sphere of applications both on the ground and in space.

Oscillating or pulsating heat pipe
An oscillating heat pipe, also known as a pulsating heat pipe, is only partially filled with liquid working fluid. The pipe is arranged in a serpentine pattern in which freely moving liquid and vapor segments alternate. Oscillation takes place in the working fluid; the pipe remains motionless.

Heat transfer
Heat pipes employ phase change to transfer thermal energy from one point to another by the vaporization and condensation of a working fluid or coolant. Heat pipes rely on a temperature difference between the ends of the pipe, and cannot lower temperatures at either end below the ambient temperature (hence they tend to equalize the temperature within the pipe).

When one end of the heat pipe is heated, the working fluid inside the pipe at that end vaporizes and increases the vapor pressure inside the cavity of the heat pipe. The latent heat of vaporization absorbed by the working fluid reduces the temperature at the hot end of the pipe.

The vapor pressure over the hot liquid working fluid at the hot end of the pipe is higher than the equilibrium vapor pressure over the condensing working fluid at the cooler end of the pipe, and this pressure difference drives a rapid mass transfer to the condensing end where the excess vapor condenses, releases its latent heat, and warms the cool end of the pipe. Non-condensing gases (caused by contamination for instance) in the vapor impede the gas flow and reduce the effectiveness of the heat pipe, particularly at low temperatures, where vapor pressures are low. The speed of molecules in a gas is approximately the speed of sound, and in the absence of noncondensing gases (i.e., if there is only a gas phase present) this is the upper limit to the velocity with which they could travel in the heat pipe. In practice, the speed of the vapor through the heat pipe is limited by the rate of condensation at the cold end and far lower than the molecular speed. Note/explanation: The condensation rate is very close to the sticking coefficient times the molecular speed times the gas density, if the condensing surface is very cold. However, if the surface is close to the temperature of the gas, the evaporation caused by the finite temperature of the surface largely cancels this heat flux. If the temperature difference is more than some tens of degrees, the vaporization from the surface is typically negligible, as can be assessed from the vapor pressure curves. In most cases, with very efficient heat transport through the gas, it is very challenging to maintain such significant temperature differences between the gas and the condensing surface. Moreover, this temperature differences of course corresponds to a large effective thermal resistance by itself. The bottleneck is often less severe at the heat source, as the gas densities are higher there, corresponding to higher maximum heat fluxes.

The condensed working fluid then flows back to the hot end of the pipe. In the case of vertically oriented heat pipes the fluid may be moved by the force of gravity. In the case of heat pipes containing wicks, the fluid is returned by capillary action.

When making heat pipes, there is no need to create a vacuum in the pipe. One simply boils the working fluid in the heat pipe until the resulting vapor has purged the non-condensing gases from the pipe, and then seals the end.

An interesting property of heat pipes is the temperature range over which they are effective.  Initially, it might be suspected that a water-charged heat pipe only works when the hot end reaches the boiling point (100 °C, 212 °F, at  normal atmospheric pressure) and steam is transferred to the cold end.  However, the boiling point of water depends on the absolute pressure inside the pipe.  In an evacuated pipe, water vaporizes from its triple point (0.01 °C, 32 °F) to its critical point (374 °C; 705 °F), as long as the heat pipe contains both liquid and vapor.  Thus a heat pipe can operate at hot-end temperatures as low as just slightly warmer than the melting point of the working fluid, although the maximum rate of heat transfer is low at temperatures below 25 °C (77 °F). Similarly, a heat pipe with water as a working fluid can work well above the atmospheric boiling point (100 °C, 212 °F).  The maximum temperature for long term water heat pipes is 270 °C (518 °F), with heat pipes operating up to 300 °C (572 °F) for short term tests.

The main reason for the effectiveness of heat pipes is the vaporization and condensation of the working fluid.  The heat of vaporization greatly exceeds the specific heat capacity.  Using water as an example, the energy needed to evaporate one gram of water is 540 times the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of that same one gram of water by 1 °C.  Almost all of that energy is rapidly transferred to the "cold" end when the fluid condenses there, making a very effective heat transfer system with no moving parts.

Development
The general principle of heat pipes using gravity, commonly classified as two phase thermosiphons, dates back to the steam age and Angier March Perkins and his son Loftus Perkins and the "Perkins Tube", which saw widespread use in locomotive boilers and working ovens. Capillary-based heat pipes were first suggested by R. S. Gaugler of General Motors in 1942, who patented the idea, but did not develop it further.

George Grover independently developed capillary-based heat pipes at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1963, with his patent of that year being the first to use the term "heat pipe", and he is often referred to as "the inventor of the heat pipe". He noted in his notebook:

Grover's suggestion was taken up by NASA, which played a large role in heat pipe development in the 1960s, particularly regarding applications and reliability in space flight. This was understandable given the low weight, high heat flux, and zero power draw of heat pipes – and that they would not be adversely affected by operating in a zero gravity environment.

The first application of heat pipes in the space program was the thermal equilibration of satellite transponders. As satellites orbit, one side is exposed to the direct radiation of the sun while the opposite side is completely dark and exposed to the deep cold of outer space. This causes severe discrepancies in the temperature (and thus reliability and accuracy) of the transponders. The heat pipe cooling system designed for this purpose managed the high heat fluxes and demonstrated flawless operation with and without the influence of gravity. The cooling system developed was the first use of variable conductance heat pipes to actively regulate heat flow or evaporator temperature.

Wider usage
NASA has tested heat pipes designed for extreme conditions, with some using liquid sodium metal as the working fluid. Other forms of heat pipes are currently used to cool communication satellites. Publications in 1967 and 1968 by Feldman, Eastman, and Katzoff first discussed applications of heat pipes for wider uses such as in air conditioning, engine cooling, and electronics cooling. These papers were also the first to mention flexible, arterial, and flat plate heat pipes. Publications in 1969 introduced the concept of the rotational heat pipe with its applications to turbine blade cooling and contained the first discussions of heat pipe applications to cryogenic processes.

Starting in the 1980s Sony began incorporating heat pipes into the cooling schemes for some of its commercial electronic products in place of both forced convection and passive finned heat sinks. Initially they were used in receivers and amplifiers, soon spreading to other high heat flux electronics applications.

During the late 1990s increasingly high heat flux microcomputer CPUs spurred a threefold increase in the number of U.S. heat pipe patent applications. As heat pipes evolved from a specialized industrial heat transfer component to a consumer commodity most development and production moved from the U.S. to Asia.

Modern CPU heat pipes are typically made of copper and use water as the working fluid. They are common in many consumer electronics like desktops, laptops, tablets, and high-end smartphones.

Applications

Spacecraft

The spacecraft thermal control system has the function to keep all components on the spacecraft within their acceptable temperature range.  This is complicated by the following:

 Widely varying external conditions, such as eclipses
 Micro-g environment
 Heat removal from the spacecraft by thermal radiation only
 Limited electrical power available, favoring passive solutions
 Long lifetimes, with no possibility of maintenance

Some spacecraft are designed to last for 20 years, so heat transport without electrical power or moving parts is desirable.  Rejecting the heat by thermal radiation means that large radiator panes (multiple square meters) are required.  Heat pipes and loop heat pipes are used extensively in spacecraft, since they don't require any power to operate, operate nearly isothermally, and can transport heat over long distances.

Grooved wicks are used in spacecraft heat pipes, as shown in the first photograph in this section. The heat pipes are formed by extruding aluminium, and typically have an integral flange to increase the heat transfer area, which lowers the temperature drop. Grooved wicks are used in spacecraft, instead of the screen or sintered wicks used for terrestrial heat pipes, since the heat pipes don't have to operate against gravity in space.  This allows spacecraft heat pipes to be several meters long, in contrast to the roughly 25 cm maximum length for a water heat pipe operating on Earth. Ammonia is the most common working fluid for spacecraft heat pipes. Ethane is used when the heat pipe must operate at temperatures below the ammonia freezing temperature.

The second figure shows a typical grooved aluminium/ammonia variable conductance heat pipe (VCHP) for spacecraft thermal control.  The heat pipe is an aluminium extrusion, similar to that shown in the first figure.  The bottom flanged area is the evaporator. Above the evaporator, the flange is machined off to allow the adiabatic section to be bent.  The condenser is shown above the adiabatic section. The non-condensable gas (NCG) reservoir is located above the main heat pipe. The valve is removed after filling and sealing the heat pipe. When electric heaters are used on the reservoir, the evaporator temperature can be controlled within ±2 K of the setpoint.

Computer systems

Heat pipes began to be used in computer systems in the late 1990s, when increased power requirements and subsequent increases in heat emission resulted in greater demands on cooling systems. They are now extensively used in many modern computer systems, typically to move heat away from components such as CPUs and GPUs to heat sinks where thermal energy may be dissipated into the environment.

Solar thermal
Heat pipes are also widely used in solar thermal water heating applications in combination with evacuated tube solar collector arrays. In these applications, distilled water is commonly used as the heat transfer fluid inside a sealed length of copper tubing that is located within an evacuated glass tube and oriented towards the Sun. In connecting pipes, the heat transport occurs in the liquid steam phase because the thermal transfer medium is converted into steam in a large section of the collecting pipeline.

In solar thermal water heating applications, an individual absorber tube of an evacuated tube collector is up to 40% more efficient compared to more traditional "flat plate" solar water collectors. This is largely due to the vacuum that exists within the tube, which slows down convective and conductive heat loss. Relative efficiencies of the evacuated tube system are reduced however, when compared to flat plate collectors because the latter have a larger aperture size and can absorb more solar energy per unit area. This means that while an individual evacuated tube has better insulation (lower conductive and convective losses) due to the vacuum created inside the tube, an array of tubes found in a completed solar assembly absorbs less energy per unit area due to there being less absorber surface area pointed toward the Sun because of the rounded design of an evacuated tube collector. Therefore, real world efficiencies of both designs are about the same.

Evacuated tube collectors reduce the need for anti-freeze additives since the vacuum helps slow heat loss. However, under prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures the heat transfer fluid can still freeze and precautions must be taken to ensure that the freezing liquid does not damage the evacuated tube when designing systems for such environments. Properly designed solar thermal water heaters can be frost protected down to more than -3 °C with special additives and are being used in Antarctica to heat water.

Permafrost cooling

Building on permafrost is difficult because heat from the structure can thaw the permafrost. Heat pipes are used in some cases to avoid the risk of destabilization. For example, in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System residual ground heat remaining in the oil as well as heat produced by friction and turbulence in the moving oil could conduct down the pipe's support legs and melt the permafrost on which the supports are anchored. This would cause the pipeline to sink and possibly be damaged. To prevent this, each vertical support member has been mounted with four vertical heat pipe thermosyphons.

The significant feature of a thermosyphon is that it is passive and does not require any external power to operate. During the winter, the air is colder than the ground around the supports. The liquid at the bottom of the thermosyphon is vaporized by heat absorbed from the ground, cooling the surrounding permafrost and lowering its temperature.  During the summer, the thermosyphons stop operating, since there is no gas condensing at the top of the heat pipe, but the extreme air cooling during the winter causes condensation and the liquid to flow down. In the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System initially ammonia was used as the working fluid, however this was replaced with carbon dioxide due to blockages.

Heat pipes are also used to keep the permafrost frozen alongside parts of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway where the embankment and track absorb the sun's heat. Vertical heat pipes on either side of relevant formations prevent that heat from spreading any further into the surrounding permafrost.

Depending on application there are several thermosyphon designs: thermoprobe, thermopile, depth thermosyphon, sloped-thermosyphon foundation, flat loop thermosyphon foundation, and hybrid flat loop thermosyphon foundation.

Cooking
The first commercial heat pipe product was the "Thermal Magic Cooking Pin" developed by Energy Conversion Systems, Inc. and first sold in 1966.  The cooking pins used water as the working fluid.  The envelope was stainless steel, with an inner copper layer for compatibility.  During operation, one end of the heat pipe is poked through the roast.  The other end extends into the oven where it draws heat to the middle of the roast.  The high effective conductivity of the heat pipe reduces the cooking time for large pieces of meat by one-half.

The principle has also been applied to camping stoves. The heat pipe transfers a large volume of heat at low temperature to allow goods to be baked and other dishes to be cooked in camping-type situations.

Ventilation heat recovery
In heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, heat pipes are positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air-handling system or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the heat energy.

The device consists of a battery of multi-row finned heat pipe tubes located within both the supply and exhaust air streams. The system recovers heat from the exhaust and transfers it to the intake.

Because of the characteristics of the device, better efficiencies are obtained when the unit is positioned upright with the supply-air side mounted over the exhaust air side, which allows the liquid refrigerant to flow quickly back to the evaporator aided by the force of gravity. Generally, gross heat transfer efficiencies of up to 75% are claimed by manufacturers.

Nuclear power conversion
Grover and his colleagues were working on cooling systems for nuclear power cells for space craft, where extreme thermal conditions are encountered. These alkali metal heat pipes transferred heat from the heat source to a thermionic or thermoelectric converter to generate electricity.

Since the early 1990s, numerous nuclear reactor power systems have been proposed using heat pipes for transporting heat between the reactor core and the power conversion system.  The first nuclear reactor to produce electricity using heat pipes  was first operated on September 13, 2012, in a demonstration using flattop fission.

Wankel rotary combustion engines
Ignition of the fuel mixture always takes place in the same part of Wankel engines, inducing thermal dilatation disparities that reduce power output, impair fuel economy, and accelerate wear. In the SAE paper 2014-01-2160, by Wei Wu et al., describes: 'A Heat Pipe Assisted Air-Cooled Rotary Wankel Engine for Improved Durability, Power and Efficiency', they obtained a reduction in top engine temperature from 231 °C to 129 °C, and the temperature difference reduced from 159 °C to 18 °C for a typical small-chamber-displacement air-cooled unmanned aerial vehicle engine.

Heat pipe heat exchangers
Heat exchangers transfer heat from a hot stream to a cold stream of air, water or oil. A heat pipe heat exchanger contains several heat pipes of which each acts as an individual heat exchanger itself. This increases efficiency, life span and safety. In case that one heat pipe breaks, only a small amount of liquid is released which is critical for certain industrial processes such as aluminium casting. Additionally, with one broken heat pipe the heat pipe heat exchanger still remains operable.

Currently developed applications
Due to the great adaptability of heat pipes, research explores the implementation of heat pipes into various systems:

 Improving the efficiency of geothermal heating to prevent slippery roads during winter in cold climate zones
 Increased efficiency of photovoltaic cells by coupling the solar panel to a heat pipe system. This transports heat away from overheated panels to maintain optimal temperature for maximum energy generation. Additionally, the tested set up seizes the recovered thermal heat to warm, for instance, water
 Hybrid control rod heat pipes to shut down a nuclear reactor in case of an emergency and simultaneously transferring decay heat away to prevent the reactor from running hot

Limitations
Heat pipes must be tuned to particular cooling conditions. The choice of pipe material, size, and coolant all have an effect on the optimal temperatures at which heat pipes work.

When used outside of its design heat range, the heat pipe's thermal conductivity is effectively reduced to the heat conduction properties of its solid metal casing alone. In the case of a copper casing, that is around 1/80 of the original flux. This is because outside the intended temperature range the working fluid will not undergo phase change; below the range, the working fluid never vaporizes, and above the range it never condenses.

Most manufacturers cannot make a traditional heat pipe smaller than 3 mm in diameter due to material limitations.

See also

 Air cooling
 CPU cooling
 Evaporative cooling
 Heat sink
 Loop heat pipe
 Peltier-Seebeck effect
 Phase-change material
 Thermoelectric cooling
 Thermosiphon
 Vapor-compression refrigeration
 Water cooling

References

External links

 Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP) – An International Journal
 Previous edition of the Joint International Heat Pipe Conference & International Heat Pipe Symposium (20IHPC & 14IHPS), 7-10 September 2021
 Upcoming edition of the Joint International Heat Pipe Conference & International Heat Pipe Symposium (21IHPC & 15IHPS), 5-9 February 2023
 House_N Research (mit.edu)
 Heat pipe selection guide (pdf)
 Heat Pipe Basics and Demonstration

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Computer hardware cooling
Heat conduction
Spacecraft components
Heat transfer

Heat pipe


Marion Morgan (4 janvier 1881 - 10 novembre 1971) est  une chorégraphe et scénariste américaine. Elle a créé les Marion Morgan Dancers pour apparaître à l'écran et dans des prologues à travers les États-Unis. Ses séquences cinématographiques étaient souvent des bacchanales et Morgan « détenait les honneurs pour son travail d'interprétation qui occupait une place distincte bien que mineure parmi le déluge de séquences de danse dans les films ».

Biographie
Marion R. Cahill est née le 4 janvier 1881 à Paterson, New Jersey. Elle est la fille d'Emily et John F. Cahill, qui était avocat. En 1910, Marion et son fils déménagent à Long Beach , Californie où elle travaille comme professeure d'éducation physique à la  de Los Angeles.

Danse
Plus tard, elle est embauchée comme professeure de danse pour le programme d'été de l'Université de Californie à Berkeley, elle commence à recruter des filles pour une troupe de danse pour se produire dans le vaudeville sur le circuit Orpheum. En 1915, elle organise une danse, à but publicitaire, dans la neige à Central Park à Manhattan. Initialement, Morgan présente six jeunes femmes qui ont étudié ensemble en Californie. Le groupe passe ensuite à vingt-cinq membres et emploi parfois un danseur. En 1918, Ramon Novarro travaille avec la troupe dans les prologues de théâtre. En 1919, Derelys Perdue est engagée.

Les Marion Morgan Dancers exécutent des danses interprétatives, à bras nus et parfois pieds nus, dans des costumes vaporeux, avec un répertoire basé sur des thèmes grecs et romains, égyptiens et classiques. Ils s'inspirent par exemple de L'Après-midi d'un faune de Nijinski.

Marion Morgan a des exigences spécifiques pour que ses danseurs restent en forme. Ils doivent être végétariens , à un moment donné, tous pratiquent la science chrétienne, et ils doivent tous étudier la littérature classique pour comprendre leurs rôles. Le groupe tourne dans tout le pays, faisant sensation partout où ils apparaissent.

En 1923, sa troupe se produit à Karlsbad en été, au Palladium de Londres en octobre et à l'Alhambra à Paris en novembre.

Cinéma

Après plus d'une décennie de représentations sur la scène de vaudeville, Morgan commence à créer des chorégraphies pour des films, comme Paris at Midnight (1926), A Night of Love (1926), Up in Mabel's Room (1926) et The Masked Woman (1927). Les Marion Morgan Dancers apparaissent dans Don Juan (1926), The Night of Love, and The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1927).

Dorothy Arzner et Marion Morgan travaillent ensemble pour la première fois en 1927 sur le tournage de Fashions for Women, premier film d'Azner en tant que réalisatrice, qui embauche Morgan pour chorégraphier le défilé de mode. La même année, dans Get Your Man d'Azner, Morgan créé un tableau mettant en vedette ses danseurs dans un musée de cire, que Variety qualifie de point culminant du film. Pour Manhattan Cocktail (1928), il s'associent à nouveau, Morgan chorégraphiant le prologue avec le conte d'Ariane et Thésée, que ses danseurs ont précédemment interprété sur scène.

Au cours des années 1930, Morgan voyage fréquemment sur la côte Est et en Europe. En 1934, elle est diplômée de la Yale School of Drama,. Au milieu des années 1930, Morgan fait équipe avec George B. Dowell et écrit plusieurs nouvelles. Mae West co-scénarise Goin' to Town (1935) et Klondike Annie (1936) avec Azner et Morgan.

Morgan est décédée le 10 novembre 1971 à Los Angeles. Morgan est enterrée au Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) avec son fils, Roderick D. Morgan (1901–1929).

Ses archives de danse sont conservées à la Jerome Robbins Dance Division de la New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

Vie privée
Elle épouse Matthew A. Morgan en 1900 et l'année suivante, le couple a un fils, Roderick, avant de se séparer en 1905 .

En 1921, Morgan rencontre Dorothy Arzner sur le tournage du film  réalisé par Allen Holubar. Il s'ensuit une relation passionnée qui se transforme ensuite en une relation d'affaires. Dorothy Arzner vit les 40 dernières années de sa vie avec Morgan. En 1930, le couple s'installe dans une maison qu'ils nomment Armor, situé sur Mountain Oak Drive dans les collines d'Hollywood. En 1951, le couple déménage dans le désert de Palm Springs , où elles vivent jusqu'à la mort de Morgan.

Références

Bibliographie
 :
.
Le livre examine la carrière d'Arzner, sa relation avec Marion Morgan et les préoccupations thématiques et stylistiques de son travail ainsi que la façon dont son image a été évaluée et appropriée. L'argument de Mayne est que le concept de « continuum lesbien » ou d'expérience identifiée par les femmes d'Adrienne Rich décrit précisément la carrière d'Arzner dans laquelle la contribution des amitiés et des communautés de femmes est sa « caractéristique la plus cohérente et la plus importante ».

.
.
.

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1881
Décès en novembre 1971
Danseuse américaine du XXe siècle
Danse moderne
Chorégraphe américaine
Décès à 90 ans
Personnalité inhumée au Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)

Marion Morgan