An Neobenthamia gracilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Neobenthamia gracilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neobenthamia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Neobenthamia

Neobenthamia gracilis


(23469) Neilpeart ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 22. September 1990 vom US-amerikanischen Astronomen Brian P. Roman am Palomar-Observatorium (IAU-Code 675) in Kalifornien entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid ist nach dem kanadischen Texter und Schlagzeuger Neil Peart (1952–2020) benannt, der ab 1974 für die Rockband Rush spielte und für seine Liedtexte vielfach ausgezeichnet wurde.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Asteroiden

Weblinks
 Asteroid Neilpeart: Discovery Circumstances gemäß dem Minor Planet Center der Internationalen Astronomischen Union bei dem Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Eunomia-Familie

(23469) Neilpeart


Tasmanites, rod zelenih algi smješten u vlastitu porodicu Tasmanitaceae, dio reda Pseudoscourfieldiales. Postoji 14 vrsta.

Vrste
 Tasmanites balteus C.J.Felix
 Tasmanites bobrowskii Ważyńska
 Tasmanites corrugatus C.J.Felix
 Tasmanites exasperatus L.A.Sergeeva
 Tasmanites fissura C.J.Felix
 Tasmanites fulgidus C.J.Felix
 Tasmanites marshalliae (Parke) Boalch & Guy-Ohlson
 Tasmanites porosus C.J.Felix
 Tasmanites punctatus E.T.Newton
 Tasmanites sinuosus M.R.Winslow
 Tasmanites sommeri M.R.Winslow
 Tasmanites usitatus C.J.Felix
 Tasmanites validus C.J.Felix
 Tasmanites vindhyanensis P.K.Maithy & M.Shukla

Izvori

Pyramimonadophyceae

Tasmanites


Der Humański-Palast ist eine klassizistische, ehemalige Stadtresidenz in der Ulica Długa 15 im Warschauer Innenstadtdistrikt. Er liegt an der Kreuzung zur Ulica Miodowa und grenzt direkt an das dort liegende Gebäude des Warschauer Collegium Nobilium. Seine Fassade schließt den Krasiński-Platz nach Südosten ab. An dem Platz befinden sich auch der Krasiński-Palast und das Denkmal des Warschauer Aufstandes.

Geschichte
Der Palast wurde um 1725 für Jan Humański, einem Kanzler aus Chełm und Warschauer Kanoniker, errichtet. Kurze Zeit später stiftete Humański das Gebäude dem Warschauer Piaristenorden und die vormalige Residenz wurde nun als Teil des umgebenden Kirchen- und Klosterkomplexes der Mönche genutzt. 1735 wurde die Fassade des an die der allerseligsten Jungfrau Maria, der Königin von Polen gewidmeten Feldkathedrale der Polnischen Armee (poln. Katedra Polowa Wojska Polskiego pod wezwaniem Najświętszej Maryi Panny Królowej Polski) angrenzenden Palastes optisch den anderen Klostergebäuden angepasst. Das Gebäude wurde nun teilweise als Schulhaus des neu gegründeten Collegium Nobilium von Stanisław Konarski verwendet. Bei der Errichtung eines größeren Neubaues für die Schule an der Miodowa wurden die beiden Gebäude in den 1740er Jahren ineinander verzahnt. In den 1780er Jahren nahm Stanisław Zawadzki im Zuge der Neugestaltung des Collegium Nobilium weitere bauliche Änderungen am Humański-Palast vor.

Als Folge des missglückten Novemberaufstandes polnischer Patrioten konfiszierte die russische Besatzungsmacht im Jahr 1834 die Kathedrale und angrenzende Klostergebäude. Die Kathedrale wurde in eine orthodoxe Kirche umgestaltet und die beiden anliegenden Gebäude (der Humański-Palast zur rechten) dem neuen Äußeren des Gotteshauses angepasst. Der Entwurf dazu stammte von den Architekten Antonio Corazzi und Andrzej Gołoński.

Etwa um 1850 wurde die Fassade versachlicht und Mietwohnungen im Gebäude eingerichtet. Während des Warschauer Aufstandes 1944 wurde der ehemalige Palast bis auf die Fundamente zerstört. Anfang der 1960er Jahre erfolgte der Wiederaufbau. Das klassizistisch gestaltete Gebäude wurde nun Sitz des Generaldekanats der Polnischen Armee (poln. Generalny Dziekanat Wojska Polskiego). Auf der Hofseite erhielt das Gebäude eine moderne Fassade.

Literatur
 Julius A. Chroscicki und Andrzej Rottermund, Architekturatlas von Warschau, 1. Auflage, Arkady, Warschau 1978, S. 60

Weblinks

 Information zum Palast mit historischem Foto bei Warsawa1939.pl (in Polnisch)
 Długa. Nr 15: Pałacyk Humańskiego bei Ulice Twojego Miasta (in Polnisch)

Siehe auch
 Liste der Paläste in Warschau

Palast in Warschau
Erbaut im 18. Jahrhundert
Klassizistisches Bauwerk in Warschau

Humański-Palast


L'Akshaya Tritiya, aussi appelé Akti ou Akha Teej, est un festival annuel de printemps hindou et jaïn. Il tombe le troisième tithi (jour lunaire) de la moitié lumineuse (Shukla Paksha, de la nouvelle lune à la pleine lune) du mois de Vaisakha. Il est observé à l'échelle régionale comme un jour de bon augure par les hindous et les jaïns en Inde et au Népal, car il signifie le « troisième jour de prospérité sans fin » .

La date du festival, en avril ou mai du calendrier grégogien, varie et est fixée selon le calendrier hindou luni-solaire.

Étymologie
En sanskrit, le mot akshaya (अक्षय्य) signifie « jamais décroissant », ce qui s'interprète par « prospérité, espoir, joie, succès ». Tritiya se traduit par « troisième phase de la lune ». Il tire son nom du troisième jour lunaire du mois de printemps de Vaisakha dans le calendrier hindou, moment où il est observé.

Dans la tradition hindoue

Cette journée est considérée comme propice par les hindous et les jaïns dans plusieurs régions indiennes pour de nouvelles entreprises, des mariages, des investissements coûteux tels que de l'or ou d'autres biens et tout nouveau départ. C'est aussi une journée de souvenir pour les proches décédés . Les femmes, mariées ou non, prient pendant cette journée pour les hommes qui comptent pour elles, notamment leurs futurs fiancés. Après les prières, les pratiquants distribuent des germes de gram (germes), des fruits frais et des  confiseries indiennes .Ce festival est considéré comme d'autant plus propice qu'il tombe un lundi (Rohini) . Le jeûne, la charité et l'aide à autrui appartient à cette fête.

La légende de la présentation de l'Akshaya Patra (bol sacré) à Draupadi par le Seigneur Krishna lors de la visite de nombreux saints invités, dont le sage Durvasa, prend une place importante dans le cadre de cette fête, et lui donne son nom. Pendant leur exil dans la forêt, les princes Pandava étaient affamés à cause du manque de nourriture, et leur épouse Draupadi en était peinée car elle ne pouvait pas offrir l'hospitalité habituelle à leurs invités. Yudhishthira, aîné des Pandava, pria le Seigneur Surya, qui lui donna un bol restant plein jusqu'à ce que Draupadi ait servi tous leurs invités. Lors de la visite du sage Durvasa, le Seigneur Krishna fit en sorte que ce bol puisse toujours se remplir de nourriture, même pour rassasier le monde entier.

Akshaya Tritiya est considéré par les hindous comme l'anniversaire de Parasurama, sixième avatar de Vishnu, vénéré dans les temples Vaishnava. Ceux qui l'observent en l'honneur de Parasurama peuvent nommer ce festival Parasurama Jayanti  . Alternativement, certains concentrent leur vénération sur Vasudeva (Krishna), le huitième avatar de Vishnu.

Selon une légende, Veda Vyasa récita l'épopée hindoue Mahabharata à Ganesh sur Akshaya Tritiya. Un autre mythe dit que le Gange descendit sur terre ce jour-là . Les temples Yamunotri et Gangotri sont ouverts à l'occasion propice d'Akshaya Tritiya lors du pèlerinage de Chota Char Dham après avoir été fermés pendant les hivers chargés de neige dans les régions himalayennes. Les temples sont ouverts lors d' Abhijit Muhurat d'Akshaya Tritya.

Un autre événement important dont on raconte qu'il eut lieu ce jour-là est la visite de Sudama à son ami d'enfance, le Seigneur Krishna à Dwarka, lorsqu'il  reçut une richesse illimitée en guise de bénédiction.

En outre, c'est ce jour que Kubera devint dieu de la richesse.

Dans l'État d'Odisha, Akshaya Tritiya est célébré au début des semis de riz paddy pour la saison Kharif qui s'ensuit. La journée commence par un culte rituel de la Terre-mère, des bœufs, des équipements agricoles traditionnels et des semences par les agriculteurs dans le but de recevoir les bénédictions d'une bonne récolte. Après avoir labouré les champs, les paysans sèment des graines de riz en guise de début symbolique de la plus importante culture Kharif de l'État. Ce rituel, intitulé Akhi Muthi Anukula (Akhi- Akshaya Tritiya ; Muthi- poignée de paddy ; Anukula- commencement ou inauguration), est célébré en grande pompe dans tout cet État. Pendant l'époque contemporaine, cet événement gagne en visibilité en raison des programmes cérémoniels d'Akhi Muthi Anukula organisés par les organisations d'agriculteurs et les partis politiques. La construction de chars pour les festivités de Ratha Yatra du temple de Jagannath commence aussi ce jour-là à Puri.

Dans les États de Telangana et d'Andhra Pradesh où le tegulu est parlé, le festival est associé à la prospérité, et les femmes achètent de l'or et des bijoux . Le temple Simhachalam observe des rituels festifs spéciaux ce jour-là. La divinité principale du temple est recouverte de pâte de bois de santal pendant le reste de l'année : ce jour-là, l'idole est découverte. L'affichage de la forme réelle ou Nija Roopa Darsanam se produit ce jour-là .

Dans la tradition jaïne

Dans le jaïnisme, Akshaya Tritiya commémore le premier Tirthankara (Seigneur Rishabhdev), mettant fin à sa pratique ascétique d'un an en consommant du jus de canne à sucre versé dans ses mains en coupe. Certains jaïns nomment le festival Varshi Tapa . Les jaïns observent jeûne et austérités ascétiques, notamment sur les lieux de pèlerinage comme Palitana (dans l'État de Gujarat) .

Ce jour-là, ceux qui observent le jeûne alternatif d'un an connu sous le nom de varshi-tap closent leur tapasya en pratiquant le parana (consommation du jus de canne à sucre) .

Articles connexes

 Vaisakhi
 Visakha Puja, dans le bouddhisme
 Temple de Yamunotri
 Temple de Gangotri

Références

Fête hindoue
Fête de mai
Fête d'avril

Akshaya Tritiya


John Hanke (născut în 1967) este un antreprenor american și un director de afaceri. El este fondatorul și actualul CEO al companiei Niantic, Inc., o companie de dezvoltare software care a fost compusă din Google care a proiectat Ingress,  Pokémon Go și Harry Potter: Wizards Unite. Hanke a condus anterior divizia Google Geo, care a inclus Google Earth, Google Maps, Local, StreetView, SketchUp și Panoramio.

Legături externe
 Interview at Where 2.0 2005
 Why 'Pokémon Go' is Such a phenomenon - Business Insider, July 2016

Nașteri în 1967
Directori executivi ai tehnologiei americane
Oameni de afaceri din zona San Francisco Bay
Americani în viață

John Hanke


طيران ناس هي شركة طيران اقتصادي سعودية خاصة "مساهمة مغلقة"، وهي أول شركة طيران اقتصادية في المملكة العربية السعودية، يقع مقرها الرئيسي في العاصمة الرياض، تُشغّل أكثر من 1500 رحلة طيران أسبوعياً إلى أكثر من 70 وجهة محلية ودولية في الشرق الأوسط وآسيا وأوروبا وإفريقيا. وتتّخذ من مطار الملك خالد الدولي بالرياض، ومطار الملك عبد العزيز الدولي بجدة ومطار الملك فهد الدولي بالدمام، ومطار الأمير محمد بن عبدالعزيز الدولي بالمدينة المنورة مراكز لعملياتها. أسطولها يتكون من 51 طائرة حتى عام 2023.

تاريخ

كانت الخطوط السعودية هي شركة الطيران الوحيدة في المملكة العربية السعودية، وعندما حصلت شركات الطيران منخفضة التكلفة "طيران ناس" على تراخيص من الحكومة تأسست شركة طيران ناس في عام 2007م، وبدأت العمليات في فبراير من ذلك العام، وأقلعت أول رحلة تجارية لها في 25 فبراير2007، وبدأت الشركة عملياتها تحت اسم "ناس إير" قبل أن تقوم بتغيير إسمها إلى "طيران ناس" في نوفمبر 2013.

في يوليو 2017 حقق تطبيق طيران ناس على الأجهزة الذكية الآي فون والأندرويد، مليون عملية تنزيل للتطبيق من قبل المستخدمين.

في 23 سبتمبر 2018 أعلنت طيران ناس بأن جميع رحلاتها الداخلية ستكون مجانية للمسافرين احتفالاً باليوم الوطني.

في نوفمبر 2018 تسلمت شركة طيران ناس أول طائرة من طراز إيرباص إيه 320 نيو، وجاء اختيار طيران ناس لهذا الطراز بالضبط لما يملكه من مواصفات حديثة واحترافية وكفاءة التشغيل والذي سيمكن طيران ناس من السفر لمسافات طويلة وفتح وجهات عديدة وبعيدة وذلك لتلبية الطلب المتزايد الذي يشهده سوق الطيران السعودي.

تاريخ الرحلات
بدأت الخدمة الأولى لأسيوط وشرم الشيخ في مصر من قبل طيران ناس في عام 2009 ، مع تشغيل الرحلات إلى الأخيرة على أساس موسمي في البداية. وفي عام 2011 بدأت شركة الطيران خدماتها لثلاث مدن في تركيا: أضنة وأنطاكيا واسطنبول. وفي نفس العام أصبحت لاهور في باكستان ثاني مدينة تخدم في البلاد بعد كراتشي. وفي فبراير 2013 انطلقت الرحلات من الدمام إلى ينبع. في نفس الشهر أيضاً بدأت شركة الطيران تسيير رحلاتها من الدمام إلى الخرطوم، حيث أصبحت العاصمة السودانية أول وجهة دولية لشركة الطيران يتم ربطها بالمدينة السعودية.

في فبراير 2014 قدمت طيران ناس برنامج مسارات الرحلات الجوية العالمية، الذي يهدف إلى تقديم أسعار معقولة لركاب الرحلات بين جدة واماكن في إفريقيا وآسيا وأوروبا، ونقل السائحين الدينيين إلى المملكة العربية السعودية.

أصبحت طيران ناس أول شركة طيران منخفضة التكلفة تخدم سوق المملكة العربية السعودية والمملكة المتحدة عندما أطلقت خدمة جدة - لندن جاتويك، وهو أول خط أوروبي طويل المدى في أبريل 2014. كما تم التخطيط لرحلات متوسطة المدى إلى كراتشي ولاهور، جنبًا إلى جنب مع خدمات المسافات الطويلة إلى جاكرتا وكوالالمبور والدار البيضاء ومانشستر وإسلام أباد. كان من المقرر أيضًا أن تبدأ الرحلات الجوية إلى إيران في نفس الوقت. أصبحت مانشستر الوجهة الثانية للرحلات إلى المملكة المتحدة في 7 مايو 2014. وأصبحت القاهرة جزءاً من شبكة الرحلات في يونيو 2014 مما جعل العاصمة المصرية الوجهة السابعة في البلاد. تم تقديم خدمات قطاع لندن - جاتويك - الرياض اعتبارًا من 27 يوليو من نفس العام. وبعد شهر تم إبلاغ بأنه سيتم إيقاف الخدمات إلى مانشستر اعتبارًا من أغسطس 2014 ، بعد ثلاثة أشهر من العمليات. في ذلك الشهر كان من المتوقع أن يتم تقديم السوق الهندي لأول مرة برحلات إلى حيدر أباد ، تليها كاليكوت في سبتمبر 2014 . كانت الخطط أيضًا لخدمة فرنسا بعد ذلك وكذلك الصين والفلبين ونيجيريا وجنوب إفريقيا في وقت لاحق. تمت إزالة مانشستر من قائمة الوجهات في أوائل أغسطس 2014 ، وفي أكتوبر من نفس العام أعلنت الشركة عن إلغاء بعض خدماتها للمسافات الطويلة والمتوسطة.

في أكتوبر 2014، تم دمج القصيم في شبكة الرحلات، واعتبارا من ابريل 2015 كانت أفضل ثلاثة خطوط داخلية لطيران ناس من حيث المقاعد المتاحة هي جدة - الرياض، الدمام - الرياض، وجدة – الدمام. وتساهم الشركة ايضاً برحلات و خدمات الحج.

قائمة الرحلات
تشمل رحلات طيران ناس حتى سبتمبر2023 الدول التالية:

إفريقيا:

 مصر
 السودان
 المغرب
 الجزائر

آسيا:

 المملكة العربية السعودية
 الإمارات العربية المتحدة
 الكويت
 العراق
 قطر
 عمان
 الأردن
 تركيا
 باكستان
 الهند
 قيرغيزستان
 كازاخستان
 أوزبكستان
 أذربيجان
 جورجيا
 أرمينيا
 المالديف

أوروبا:

 فرنسا
 البوسنة والهرسك
 الجبل الأسود
 ألبانيا
 التشيك
 النمسا

برنامج ناسمايلز
ناسمايلز هو برنامج الولاء للمسافرين الدائمين لرحلات طيران ناس، ويمكن جمع واستبدال نقاط سمايلز من خلال الرحلات، واختيار المقعد المفضل، وشراء الأمتعة الزائدة أو الإسترخاء في صالات الضيافة في أحد المطارات المختارة ضمن شبكة طيران ناس. ولجمع نقاط سمايلز بكل سهولة عند الحجز من خلال موقع طيران ناس يقوم المسافر بإضافة رقم عضويته خلال عملية الحجز. إذا كان المسافر يتوفر على درجة عضوية في ناسمايلز الفضية أو الذهبية، فإنه سوف يجمع نقطة سمايلز واحدة مقابل كل ريال سعودي يقوم بإنفاقه باستثناء الرسوم، الضرائب والتكاليف الإضافية. أما إذا كانت درجة العضوية هي البلاتينية فإنه سوف يجمع إضافة قدرها 50% على معدل الجمع الاعتيادي.

إتفاقيات الرمز المشترك
لدى طيران ناس اتفاقية مشاركة بالرمز مع الاتحاد الاماراتية تعود إلى 2012، مما يسمح لشركة طيران ناس بوضع رمزها على عدد من الرحلات التي تديرها شركة الاتحاد للطيران والتي تنطلق من أبوظبي. وفي مايو 2016 وقعت شركة الطيران اتفاقية الرمز المشترك مع شركة طيران بيجاسوس التركية.

في فبراير 2020، انضم طيران ناس إلى الاتحاد الدولي للنقل الجوي (IATA) ، والذي يساهم "تعاون أكبر" مع شركات الطيران الأعضاء الأخرى وزيادة الاتصال من خلال اتفاقيات المشاركة بالرمز.

الشركة

طيران ناس هي شركة مساهمة مغلقة رئيسها التنفيذي والعضو المنتدب هو بندر المهنا، ورئيس مجلس الإدارة هو عايض الجعيد، ونائب الرئيس طلال الميمان، وأعضاء مجلس الإدارة هم حمزة الخولي، وسعد الموسى، وصالح الحناكي.

الأسطول
يتكون اسطول طيران ناس على الطائرات التالية:

وقعت طيران ناس طلبية شراء 30 طائرة A320neo على هامش معرض باريس الدولي للطيران 2023 ضمن اتفاقية شراء 120 طائرة جديدة من شركة إيرباص من طرازي A320neo و A320neoXLR بقيمة 46 مليار ريال.

جوائز

 ضمن جوائز سكاي تراكس العالمية توج طيران ناس كرابع أفضل طيران في العالم والأول في الشرق الأوسط لعام 2023 للمرة السادسة على التوالي بعد الأعوام 2017، 2018، 2019، 2021، و2022.
 أعلى تصنيف في تقييمAPEX بأربع نجوم من بين 600 شركة طيران حول العالم.
 جائزة أفضل موظفي خدمة طيران بالشرق الأوسط لعام 2019 من منظمة سكاي تراكس.
 جائزة الطيران الأكثر تطوراً بالشرق الأوسط لعام 2021 منظمة سكاي تراكس.
 أفضل طيران اقتصادي في الشرق الأوسط لثمان سنوات متتالية من 2015 -2022 لعام 2022 وفق (جائزة السفر العالمي).
 أول شركة طيران تدخل قائمة أفضل 10 شركات طيران اقتصادي بالعالم عام 2022 وفق تقييم سكاي تراكس.
على مستوى المملكة العربية السعودية:

 أول شركة تطلق برنامج طياري المستقبل وتوطن وظيفة مساعد طيار بنسبة 100%.
 أول شركة تشغل طراز ايرباص A320neo.

انظر أيضًا
 الخطوط السعودية
 طيران أديل
 السعودية الخليجية
 بندر المهنا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لطيران ناس

تأسيسات سنة 2007 في السعودية
شركات سعودية أسست في 2007
شركات طيران أسست سنة 2007
شركات طيران سعودية
شركات طيران منخفضة التكلفة
علامات تجارية سعودية

طيران ناس


Avant les Actes d'Union de 1707, les barons comté de Ross  élisaient des commissaires pour les représenter au Parlement monocaméral d'Écosse et à la Convention des États.

Après 1708, le Ross-shire a envoyé un membre à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne.

Liste des commissaires du comté

 1649–50: Robert Munro d'Obsdaill

Pendant le Commonwealth d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande, les sheriffdoms de Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty étaient représentés conjointement par un Membre du Parlement au Parlement du Protectorat à Westminster. Après la Restauration, le Parlement d'Écosse fut de nouveau convoqué pour se réunir à Édimbourg.

 1661–63, 1685, 1689–93: Sir George Munro de Culraine and Newmore (mort en 1693)
 1661–63, 1678 (convention), 1681–82, 1685: Sir George Mackenzie de Tarbat and Cromarty
 1665 convention: John Mackenzie de Inverlawell
 1669–74: David Ross de Balnagown
 1669–74: Sir George Mackenzie de Rosehaugh
 1678 (convention), 1681–82: Sir Roderick Mackenzie de Findone
 1685–86: Sir Donald Bayne de Tulloch
 1689–97: Sir John Munro de Foulis (mort en 1697)
 1693–1702: Sir Alexander Mackenzie de Coul
 1697–1701: Sir Robert Munro de Foulis
 1702–07: Sir Kenneth Mackenzie de Scatwell
 1702–04: Sir Kenneth Mackenzie de Gairloch (décédé en 1704)
 1704–07: George Mackenzie de Cromarty and Grandvale

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans le comté de Ross and Cromarty

Ross-shire (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


Podzámčok este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Zvolen din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 533 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Zvolen.

Istoric
Localitatea Podzámčok este atestată documentar din 1425.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Podzámčok, Zvolen


Antony is a Danish, English, Finnish, German, Norwegian and Swedish given name that is a form of Anthony. As a surname it is derived from the Antonius root name. People with this name include the following:

Given name
 Mark Antony (83–30 BC), Roman politician and general
 Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), also known as Antony, Egyptian saint
 Antony the Younger (785–865), Byzantine soldier, monk and Eastern Orthodox saint
 Anthony of Sourozh (Bloom, 1914–2003) of Sourozh, Russian Orthodox bishop
 Antony (Khrapovitsky) (1863–1936) of Kiev, Russian Orthodox bishop
 Antony (footballer, born 2000) (Antony Matheus dos Santos), Brazilian footballer
 Antony (footballer, born 2001) (Antony Alves Santos), Brazilian footballer
 Antony Acland (1930–2021), British diplomat and Provost of Eton College
 Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon (1930–2017), English photographer and filmmaker, husband of Princess Margaret
 Antony de Ávila (born 1962), Colombian footballer
 Antony Beevor (born 1946), English military historian
 Antony Blinken (born 1962), American government administrator and secretary of state of the United States
 Antony Caceres (born 2000), Canadian soccer player
 Antony Clark (born 1956), South African educationalist
 Antony Duff (1920–2000), British diplomat and Director General of MI5
 Antony Flew (1923–2010), English philosopher
 Antony Gormley (born 1950), British sculptor
 Antony Green (born 1960), Australian psephologist and commentator
 Antony Hämäläinen (born 1980), Finnish musician, singer and composer
 Antony Hewish (1924–2021), British radio astronomer, Nobel Prize for Physics
 Antony Jay (1930–2016), English writer, broadcaster and director
 Antony Johnston (born 1972), British writer of comics, video games and novels
 Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree (1937–2012), British politician
 Antony Padiyara (1921–2000), Indian Roman Catholic archbishop and cardinal
 Antony Pappusamy (born 1949), Indian Roman Catholic archbishop
 Antony Lopez Peralta (born 1981), French footballer
 Antony Raju (born 1954), Indian politician
 Antony Sher (1949–2021), English actor
 Antony Starr (born 1975), New Zealand television actor
 Antony C. Sutton (1925–2002), British and American economist, historian and writer
 Antony Valentini (born 1965), British theoretical physicist
 Tony Whitlam (born 1944), Australian lawyer, judge, politician and son of former Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam

Surname
 A. K. Antony (born 1940), Indian politician, former Defence Minister of India and three-time Chief Minister of the state of Kerala
 Anto Antony (born 1956), Indian politician
 Johny Antony (), Indian film director
 P. J. Antony (1925–1979), Indian stage and film actor
 Steve Antony, British children's author and illustrator

See also

 Anthony (disambiguation)
Antona (name)
Antone
 Antoni, a given name and surname
 Antonie (disambiguation)
Antono (name)

References

Danish masculine given names
English masculine given names
Masculine given names
Finnish masculine given names
German masculine given names
Norwegian masculine given names
Swedish masculine given names

bg:Антоний

Antony (name)


Mikael Salomon (født 24. februar 1945) er en dansk filmfotograf, filminstruktør og filmproducer af film og fjernsyns-programmer. Efter en lang karriere som filmfotograf i den danske filmbranche begyndte han i Hollywoods filmindustri i slutningen af 1980'erne, hvor han siden har haft en succesfuld karriere, og har modtaget to Academy Award-nomineringer. Han er også fjernsynsinstruktør, og han har bl.a. arbejdet på Kammerater i krig, Salem's Lot, Rome og The Andromeda Strain, som han har modtaget adskillige priser og nomineringer for, inklusive Primetime Emmy Award og Directors Guild of America Award.

Udvalgt filmografi

Fjernsyn

Film

Som fotograf

Som instruktør

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filmfotografer fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog
Danskere i Hollywood

Mikael Salomon


David Alan Harvey () este un fotograf american. Harvey trăiește atât în Carolina de Nord, cât și în New York și începând cu anul 1997 a devenit unul dintre membrii agenției Magnum Photos. De-a lungul timpului, a realizat fotografii pentru revista National Geographic, iar în anul 1978 a fost numit de către National Press Photographers Association Fotograful Anului (secțiunea Reviste), o publicație online.

Viața și cariera
Harvey s-a născut în San Francisco, California și a crescut în statul Virginia. A început să fotografieze la vârsta de 11 ani. În anul 1969, a absolvit Școala Postuniversitară de Jurnalism din cadrul Universității din Missouri. A lucrat pentru revista National Geographic. În anul 1978, fost numit Fotograful Anului (secțiunea Reviste) de către National Press Photographers Association.
Prima carte a lui Harvey, Tell It Like It Is, a fost publicată în anul 1967 și este despre viețile unei familii de culoare din Norfolk, Virginia. Martin Parr și Gerry Badger au declarat despre cartea lui Harvey (Based on a True Story) că "și-a făcut locul printre cele mai bune și extravagante cărți ilustrate, concepute într-un moment în care designul extravagant este la apogeu".

Este fondator și editor al Burn, un website destinat pasionaților de fotografie.

Premii
 1978: Magazine Photographer of the Year, National Press Photographers Association
 2005: Photographer of the Year, PMDA (PhotoImaging Manufacturers and Distributors Association)

Cărți
 Tell It Like It Is. Self-published, 1967.
 Cuba. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2000. ISBN 978-84-8298-196-3.
 Divided Soul. London: Phaidon, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7148-4313-1.
 Living Proof. Brooklyn, NY: powerHouse, 2007. ISBN 978-1-57687-403-5.
 Based on a True Story. Self-published / BurnBooks, 2012. First edition of 600 copies. Also available in handmade book and handmade box, edition of 5 copies; handmade collector box with signed book and print, edition of 15 copies; and magazine version, edition of 5000.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Official website
 Harvey's portofolio at Magnum Photos
 Burn Magazine for emerging photographers curated by David Alan Harvey
 Behind the scenes with David Alan Harvey as he shoots the final chapter of his book RIO
 2011 Sem Presser Lecture: David Alan Harvey from World Press Photo (video)
 True Originals: David Alan Harvey at IMDB

Fotografi americani

David Alan Harvey


Red Guaraní fue un canal de televisión abierta paraguayo propiedad del Grupo Vierci, lanzado al aire el 1 de julio de 2002. Se encontraba disponible al nivel nacional gracias a una red de 20 estaciones retransmisoras. Cerró sus transmisiones el 1 de enero de 2019 y fue reemplazado por Noticias PY y E40 TV.

Historia
En octubre de 1997, la familia Manzoni-Wasmosy crea el Canal 2 Tevedos de Asunción con una programación básica hasta el 19 de septiembre de 1998 cuando hicieron un cierre de transmisiones por un ajuste técnico pero en marzo de 1999 volvió sus transmisiones normales hasta el 30 de junio de 2002. Era operada por CapecoVisión S.A.

El 1 de julio de 2002 Tevedos es relanzado como Red Guaraní y surgió como una iniciativa del arquitecto Dany Edgar Xavier Durand Espínola, exdiputado y exministro de Urbanismo, Vivienda y Hábitat (MUVH) y el productor chileno Ulises Arístides, CEO de Bakus International Inc. para reposicionar el canal utilizando la producción local con más de 18 horas de programación exclusiva producida en sus estudios ubicados en el Complejo Textilia.

En enero de 2003, sus dueños aceptaron la propuesta económica del grupo religioso Obedira Comunicación Integral (actualmente Red de Comunicación Integral), encabezado por Arnoldo Wiens Durksen y Oscar Escobar Morínigo, que toma la operación luego de varios años de ser creada la Red Guaraní. El 1 de junio de 2003 coincidiendo al estreno del programa Siglo a Siglo el canal cambia su eslogan de El canal de nuestra gente a El canal de la familia y contó con una programación saludable y basada en la fe evangélica con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con figuras renovadas, una pantalla limpia, con el propósito definido haciendo de Red Guaraní un canal alternativo por 10 años.

Sus programas más recordados de esa época de Obedira fueron: Siglo a Siglo, 30 Minutos, Red de Noticias, Sabores y algo más, Sólo Fútbol, La Selección, El Doctor en Casa, Entre Amigos, La Hora de Aprender, TaTeTiTo, Hablando en Familia, El Gigante de la Mañana, Cocina Rica TV, entre otros.

Fue propiedad de la Red de Comunicación Integral (RCI) hasta el 18 de diciembre de 2013 cuando el canal fue vendido al Grupo Vierci, liderado por Antonio Juan Bautista Vierci, dueño de Telefuturo, Latele, Radio Monumental, entre otros y el 31 de marzo de 2014 Red Guaraní relanzó su programación con noticieros, magazines, periodísticos, deportes, series y telenovelas mexicanas de Televisa que ya fueron transmitidas por Telefuturo y Latele que tuvieron éxito y con más producción nacional e enlatados y estrenos de enlatados actuales.

Desde el 2 de septiembre de 2018 Red Guaraní emitió en dúplex con el canal de cable de noticias Noticias Paraguay y el 1 de enero de 2019 a las 0:05, Red Guaraní fue reemplazado por NPY, siendo un canal de noticias por televisión abierta en el canal 2 VHF de Asunción y en el resto de repetidoras analógicas en el país, ya que en la TDT está disponible en el subcanal 18.2. Además, ocupó el lugar de Red Guaraní en algunas operadoras de televisión por suscripción como Personal TV y Claro TV. No obstante, en otras operadoras como Tigo Star, Red Guaraní fue relanzado como E40 TV, un canal de música de 24 horas que ocupa ahora en el canal 6 de Tigo Star y curiosamente su logotipo seguía en marca de agua en la señal de NPY canal 17.1 hasta 2022/23.

Eslóganes
 1997-1998: Un canal diferente
 1998-2000: La nueva imagen
 2000-2002: El canal metropolitano
 2002-2003: El canal de nuestra gente
 2003-2014: El canal de la familia
 2014-2015: Por Red Guaraní
 2015-2019: Aquí por Red Guaraní

Estaciones retransmisoras
Por disposición oficial, el canal virtual asignado para esta cadena es el 2.1, con la excepción de ZP32-TDT y ZP67-TDT en la frontera este, las cuales tienen asignado el canal 51.1 de manera provisional, debido a que el canal virtual 2.1 está siendo utilizado en estaciones del Brasil, y cuyas señales llegan a Paraguay, impidiendo su uso.

Locuciones
 Enrique Santomé (1997-2002)
 Raúl Proenza (2002-2003, 2018-2019)
 Gustavo Ginar (2003-2009)
 Enrique Ayala (2010-2019)
 Alejandro Valiente (2018-2019)
 Domingo Germán (2010-2013)

Véase también
 Telefuturo
 Latele
 SNT
 Paravisión
 Trece
 Unicanal
 Paraguay TV
 Televisión en Paraguay

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web Oficial

Canales de televisión desaparecidos de Paraguay

Red Guaraní


EMV is a payment method based on a technical standard for smart payment cards and for payment terminals and automated teller machines which can accept them. EMV stands for "Europay, Mastercard, and Visa", the three companies that created the standard.

EMV cards are smart cards, also called chip cards, integrated circuit cards, or IC cards, which store their data on integrated circuit chips, in addition to magnetic stripes for backward compatibility. These include cards that must be physically inserted or "dipped" into a reader, as well as contactless cards that can be read over a short distance using near-field communication technology. Payment cards which comply with the EMV standard are often called chip and PIN or chip and signature cards, depending on the authentication methods employed by the card issuer, such as a personal identification number (PIN) or electronic signature. Standards exist, based on ISO/IEC 7816, for contact cards, and based on ISO/IEC 14443 for contactless cards (Mastercard Contactless, Visa PayWave, American Express ExpressPay).

History

Until the introduction of chip & PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions involved the use of a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for purposes of identity verification. The customer hands their card to the cashier at the point of sale who then passes the card through a magnetic reader or makes an imprint from the raised text of the card. In the former case, the system verifies account details and prints a slip for the customer to sign. In the case of a mechanical imprint, the transaction details are filled in, a list of stolen numbers is consulted, and the customer signs the imprinted slip. In both cases the cashier must verify that the customer's signature matches that on the back of the card to authenticate the transaction.

Using the signature on the card as a verification method has a number of security flaws, the most obvious being the relative ease with which cards may go missing before their legitimate owners can sign them. Another involves the erasure and replacement of legitimate signature, and yet another involves the forgery of the correct signature.

The invention of the silicon integrated circuit chip in 1959 led to the idea of incorporating it onto a plastic smart card in the late 1960s by two German engineers, Helmut Gröttrup and Jürgen Dethloff. The earliest smart cards were introduced as calling cards in the 1970s, before later being adapted for use as payment cards. Smart cards have since used MOS integrated circuit chips, along with MOS memory technologies such as flash memory and EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory).

The first standard for smart payment cards was the Carte Bancaire B0M4 from Bull-CP8 deployed in France in 1986, followed by the B4B0' (compatible with the M4) deployed in 1989. Geldkarte in Germany also predates EMV. EMV was designed to allow cards and terminals to be backwardly compatible with these standards. France has since migrated all its card and terminal infrastructure to EMV.

EMV stands for Europay, Mastercard, and Visa, the three companies that created the standard. The standard is now managed by EMVCo, a consortium with control split equally among Visa, Mastercard, JCB, American Express, China UnionPay, and Discover. EMVCo accepts public comment on its draft standards and processes, but also allows other organizations to become "Associates" and "Subscribers" for deeper collaboration. JCB joined the consortium in February 2009, China UnionPay in May 2013, and Discover in September 2013.

The top vendors of EMV cards and chips are: ABnote (American Bank Corp), CPI Card Group, IDEMIA (from the merger of Oberthur Technologies and Safran Identity & Security (Morpho) in 2017), Gemalto (acquired by the Thales Group in 2019) Giesecke & Devrient and Versatile Card Technology.

Differences and benefits
There are two major benefits to moving to smart-card-based credit card payment systems: improved security (with associated fraud reduction), and the possibility for finer control of "offline" credit-card transaction approvals. One of the original goals of EMV was to provide for multiple applications on a card: for a credit and debit card application or an e-purse. New issue debit cards in the US  contain two applications — a card association (Visa, Mastercard etc.) application, and a common debit application. The common debit application ID is somewhat of a misnomer as each "common" debit application actually uses the resident card association application.

EMV chip card transactions improve security against fraud compared to magnetic stripe card transactions that rely on the holder's signature and visual inspection of the card to check for features such as hologram. The use of a PIN and cryptographic algorithms such as Triple DES, RSA and SHA provide authentication of the card to the processing terminal and the card issuer's host system. The processing time is comparable to online transactions, in which communications delay accounts for the majority of the time, while cryptographic operations at the terminal take comparatively little time. The supposed increased protection from fraud has allowed banks and credit card issuers to push through a "liability shift", such that merchants are now liable (as of 1 January 2005 in the EU region and 1 October 2015 in the US) for any fraud that results from transactions on systems that are not EMV-capable. The majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN) rather than signing a paper receipt. Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card.

When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical rather than magnetic portable card imprinters that required carbon paper to make an imprint. They did not communicate electronically with the card issuer, and the card never left the customer's sight. The merchant had to verify transactions over a certain currency limit by telephoning the card issuer. During the 1970s in the United States, many merchants subscribed to a regularly-updated list of stolen or otherwise invalid credit card numbers. This list was commonly printed in booklet form on newsprint, in numerical order, much like a slender phone book, yet without any data aside from the list of invalid numbers. Checkout cashiers were expected to thumb through this booklet each and every time a credit card was presented for payment of any amount, prior to approving the transaction, which incurred a short delay.

Later, equipment electronically contacted the card issuer, using information from the magnetic stripe to verify the card and authorize the transaction. This was much faster than before, but required the transaction to occur in a fixed location. Consequently, if the transaction did not take place near a terminal (in a restaurant, for example) the clerk or waiter had to take the card away from the customer and to the card machine. It was easily possible at any time for a dishonest employee to swipe the card surreptitiously through a cheap machine that instantly recorded the information on the card and stripe; in fact, even at the terminal, a thief could bend down in front of the customer and swipe the card on a hidden reader. This made illegal cloning of cards relatively easy and a more common occurrence than before.

Since the introduction of payment card chip and PIN, cloning of the chip is not feasible; only the magnetic stripe can be copied, and a copied card cannot be used by itself on a terminal requiring a PIN. The introduction of chip and PIN coincided with wireless data transmission technology becoming inexpensive and widespread. In addition to mobile-phone-based magnetic readers, merchant personnel can now bring wireless PIN pads to the customer, so the card is never out of the cardholder's sight. Thus, both chip and PIN and wireless technologies can be used to reduce the risks of unauthorized swiping and card cloning.

Chip and PIN vis-à-vis chip and signature
Chip and PIN is one of the two verification methods that EMV enabled cards can employ. Rather than physically signing a receipt for identification purposes, the user enters a personal identification number (PIN), typically of four to six digits in length. This number must correspond to the information stored on the chip or PIN at Host. Chip and PIN technology makes it much harder for fraudsters to use a found card, inasmuch as if someone steals a card, they are unable to make fraudulent purchases unless they know the PIN.

Chip and signature, on the other hand, differentiates itself from chip and PIN by verifying a consumer's identity with a signature.

As of 2015, chip and signature cards are more common in the US, Mexico, parts of South America (such as Argentina, Colombia, Peru) and some Asian countries (such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Singapore, and Indonesia), whereas chip and PIN cards are more common in most European countries (e.g., the UK, Ireland, France, Portugal, Finland and the Netherlands) as well as in Iran, Brazil, Venezuela, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Online, phone, and mail order transactions
While EMV technology has helped reduce crime at the point of sale, fraudulent transactions have shifted to more vulnerable telephone, Internet, and mail order transactions—known in the industry as card-not-present or CNP transactions. CNP transactions made up at least 50% of all credit card fraud. Because of physical distance, it is not possible for the merchant to present a keypad to the customer in these cases, so alternatives have been devised, including

 Software approaches for online transactions that involve interaction with the card-issuing bank or network's website, such as Verified by Visa and Mastercard SecureCode (implementations of Visa's 3-D Secure protocol). 3-D Secure is now being replaced by Strong Customer Authentication as defined in the European Second Payment Services Directive.
 Creating a one-time virtual card linked to a physical card with a given maximum amount.
 Additional hardware with keypad and screen that can produce a one-time password, such as the Chip Authentication Program.
 Keypad and screen integrated into complex cards to produce a one-time password. Since 2008, Visa has been running pilot projects using the Emue card where the generated number replaces the code printed on the back of standard cards.

As for which is faster, The New York Times explained that it's a matter of perception: While the chip method requires that the chip stay in the machine until the transaction and the authorization process is completed, the phone swipe method does the authorization in the background; a receipt starts coming out right away.

Commands
ISO/IEC 7816-3 defines the transmission protocol between chip cards and readers. Using this protocol, data is exchanged in application protocol data units (APDUs). This comprises sending a command to a card, the card processing it, and sending a response. EMV uses the following commands:

 application block
 application unblock
 card block
 external authenticate (7816-4)
 generate application cryptogram
 get data (7816-4)
 get processing options
 internal authenticate (7816-4)
 PIN change / unblock
 read record (7816-4)
 select (7816-4)
 verify (7816-4).

Commands followed by "7816-4" are defined in ISO/IEC 7816-4 and are interindustry commands used for many chip card applications such as GSM SIM cards.

Transaction flow
An EMV transaction has the following steps:

Application selection
Initiate application processing
Read application data
Processing restrictions
Offline data authentication
Certificates
Cardholder verification
Terminal risk management
Terminal action analysis
First card action analysis
Online transaction authorization (only carried out if required by the result of the previous steps; mandatory in ATMs)
Second card action analysis
Issuer script processing.

Application selection
ISO/IEC 7816 defines a process for application selection. The intent of application selection was to let cards contain completely different applications—for example GSM and EMV.  However, EMV developers implemented application selection as a way of identifying the type of product, so that all product issuers (Visa, Mastercard, etc.) must have their own application. The way application selection is prescribed in EMV is a frequent source of interoperability problems between cards and terminals. Book 1 of the EMV standard devotes 15 pages to describing the application selection process.

An application identifier (AID) is used to address an application in the card or Host Card Emulation (HCE) if delivered without a card. An AID consists of a registered application provider identifier (RID) of five bytes, which is issued by the ISO/IEC 7816-5 registration authority. This is followed by a proprietary application identifier extension (PIX), which enables the application provider to differentiate among the different applications offered. The AID is printed on all EMV cardholder receipts. Card issuers can alter the application name from the name of the card network. Chase, for example, renames the Visa application on its Visa cards to "CHASE VISA", and the Mastercard application on its Mastercard cards to "CHASE MASTERCARD". Capital One renames the Mastercard application on its Mastercard cards to "CAPITAL ONE", and the Visa application on its Visa cards to "CAPITAL ONE VISA". The applications are otherwise the same.

List of applications:

Initiate application processing
The terminal sends the get processing options command to the card. When issuing this command, the terminal supplies the card with any data elements requested by the card in the processing options data objects list (PDOL). The PDOL (a list of tags and lengths of data elements) is optionally provided by the card to the terminal during application selection. The card responds with the application interchange profile (AIP), a list of functions to perform in processing the transaction. The card also provides the application file locator (AFL), a list of files and records that the terminal needs to read from the card.

Read application data
Smart cards store data in files. The AFL contains the files that contain EMV data. These all must be read using the read record command. EMV does not specify which files data is stored in, so all the files must be read. Data in these files is stored in BER TLV format. EMV defines tag values for all data used in card processing.

Processing restrictions
The purpose of the processing restrictions is to see if the card should be used. Three data elements read in the previous step are checked: Application version number, Application usage control (this shows whether the card is only for domestic use, etc.), Application effective/expiration dates checking.

If any of these checks fails, the card is not necessarily declined. The terminal sets the appropriate bit in the terminal verification results (TVR), the components of which form the basis of an accept/decline decision later in the transaction flow. This feature lets, for example, card issuers permit cardholders to keep using expired cards after their expiry date, but for all transactions with an expired card to be performed on-line.

Offline data authentication (ODA)
Offline data authentication is a cryptographic check to validate the card using public-key cryptography. There are three different processes that can be undertaken depending on the card:
Static data authentication (SDA) ensures data read from the card has been signed by the card issuer. This prevents modification of data, but does not prevent cloning.
Dynamic data authentication (DDA) provides protection against modification of data and cloning.
Combined DDA/generate application cryptogram (CDA) combines DDA with the generation of a card's application cryptogram to assure card validity. Support of CDA in devices may be needed, as this process has been implemented in specific markets. This process is not mandatory in terminals and can only be carried out where both card and terminal support it.

EMV certificates
To verify the authenticity of payment cards, EMV certificates are used. The EMV Certificate Authority issues digital certificates to payment card issuers. When requested, the payment card chip provides the card issuer's public key certificate and SSAD to the terminal. The terminal retrieves the CA's public key from local storage and uses it to confirm trust for the CA and, if trusted, to verify the card issuer's public key was signed by the CA.  If the card issuer's public key is valid, the terminal uses the card issuer's public key to verify the card's SSAD was signed by the card issuer.

Cardholder verification
Cardholder verification is used to evaluate whether the person presenting the card is the legitimate cardholder. There are many cardholder verification methods (CVMs) supported in EMV. They are
Signature
Offline plaintext PIN
Offline enciphered PIN
Offline plaintext PIN and signature
Offline enciphered PIN and signature
Online PIN
No CVM required
Consumer Device CVM
Fail CVM processing

The terminal uses a CVM list read from the card to determine the type of verification to perform. The CVM list establishes a priority of CVMs to use relative to the capabilities of the terminal. Different terminals support different CVMs. ATMs generally support online PIN. POS terminals vary in their CVM support depending on type and country.

For offline enciphered PIN methods, the terminal encrypts the cleartext PIN block with the card's public key before sending it to the card with the Verify command. For the online PIN method, the cleartext PIN block is encrypted by the terminal using its point-to-point encryption key before sending it to the acquirer processor in the authorization request message.

All offline methods are vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks.
In 2017, EMVCo added support for biometric verification methods in version 4.3 of the EMV specifications.

Terminal risk management
Terminal risk management is only performed in devices where there is a decision to be made whether a transaction should be authorised on-line or offline. If transactions are always carried out on-line (e.g., ATMs) or always off-line, this step can be skipped.  Terminal risk management checks the transaction amount against an offline ceiling limit (above which transactions should be processed on-line). It is also possible to have a 1 in an online counter, and a check against a hot card list (which is only necessary for off-line transactions). If the result of any of these tests is positive, the terminal sets the appropriate bit in the terminal verification results (TVR).

Terminal action analysis
The results of previous processing steps are used to determine whether a transaction should be approved offline, sent online for authorization, or declined offline. This is done using a combination of data objects known as terminal action codes (TACs) held in the terminal and issuer action codes (IACs) read from the card. The TAC is logically OR'd with the IAC, to give the transaction acquirer a level of control over the transaction outcome. Both types of action code take the values Denial, Online, and Default. Each action code contains a series of bits which correspond to the bits in the Terminal verification results (TVR), and are used in the terminal's decision whether to accept, decline or go on-line for a payment transaction.  The TAC is set by the card acquirer; in practice card schemes advise the TAC settings that should be used for a particular terminal type depending on its capabilities.  The IAC is set by the card issuer; some card issuers may decide that expired cards should be rejected, by setting the appropriate bit in the Denial IAC. Other issuers may want the transaction to proceed on-line so that they can in some cases allow these transactions to be carried out.

When an online-only device performs IAC-Online and TAC-Online processing the only relevant TVR bit is "Transaction value exceeds the floor limit". Because the floor limit is set to zero, the transaction should always go online and all other values in TAC-Online or IAC-Online are irrelevant. Online-only devices do not need to perform IAC-default processing. An online-only device such as an ATM always attempts to go on-line with the authorization request, unless declined off-line due to IAC-Denial settings. During IAC-Denial and TAC-Denial processing, for an online only device, the only relevant Terminal verification results bit is "Service not allowed".

First card action analysis
One of the data objects read from the card in the Read application data stage is CDOL1 (Card Data object List). This object is a list of tags that the card wants to be sent to it to make a decision on whether to approve or decline a transaction (including transaction amount, but many other data objects too). The terminal sends this data and requests a cryptogram using the generate application cryptogram command. Depending on the terminal's decision (offline, online, decline), the terminal requests one of the following cryptograms from the card:

Transaction certificate (TC)—offline approval
Authorization Request Cryptogram (ARQC)—online authorization
Application Authentication Cryptogram (AAC)—offline decline

This step gives the card the opportunity to accept the terminal's action analysis or to decline a transaction or force a transaction on-line. The card cannot return a TC when an ARQC has been asked for, but can return an ARQC when a TC has been asked for.

Online transaction authorization
Transactions go online when an ARQC has been requested. The ARQC is sent in the authorisation message. The card generates the ARQC. Its format depends on the card application. EMV does not specify the contents of the ARQC. The ARQC created by the card application is a digital signature of the transaction details, which the card issuer can check in real time. This provides a strong cryptographic check that the card is genuine. The issuer responds to an authorization request with a response code (accepting or declining the transaction), an authorisation response cryptogram (ARPC) and optionally an issuer script (a string of commands to be sent to the card).

ARPC processing is not performed in contact transactions processed with Visa Quick Chip for EMV and Mastercard M/Chip Fast, and in contactless transactions across schemes because the card is removed from the reader after the ARQC has been generated.

Second card action analysis
CDOL2 (Card data object list) contains a list of tags that the card wanted to be sent after online transaction authorisation (response code, ARPC, etc.). Even if for any reason the terminal could not go online (e.g., communication failure), the terminal should send this data to the card again using the generate authorisation cryptogram command. This lets the card know the issuer's response. The card application may then reset offline usage limits.

Issuer script processing
If a card issuer wants to update a card post issuance it can send commands to the card using issuer script processing. Issuer scripts are meaningless to the terminal and can be encrypted between the card and the issuer to provide additional security. Issuer script can be used to block cards, or change card parameters.

Issuer script processing is not available in contact transactions processed with Visa Quick Chip for EMV and Mastercard M/Chip Fast, and for contactless transactions across schemes.

EMV chip specification

The first version of EMV standard was published in 1995. Now the standard is defined and managed by the privately owned corporation EMVCo LLC. The current members of EMVCo are American Express, Discover Financial, JCB International, Mastercard, China UnionPay, and Visa Inc. Each of these organizations owns an equal share of EMVCo and has representatives in the EMVCo organization and EMVCo working groups.

Recognition of compliance with the EMV standard (i.e., device certification) is issued by EMVCo following submission of results of testing performed by an accredited testing house.

EMV Compliance testing has two levels: EMV Level 1, which covers physical, electrical and transport level interfaces, and EMV Level 2, which covers payment application selection and credit financial transaction processing.

After passing common EMVCo tests, the software must be certified by payment brands to comply with proprietary EMV implementations such as Visa VSDC, American Express AEIPS, Mastercard MChip, JCB JSmart, or EMV-compliant implementations of non-EMVCo members such as LINK in the UK, or Interac in Canada.

List of EMV documents and standards

As of 2011, since version 4.0, the official EMV standard documents which define all the components in an EMV payment system are published as four "books" and some additional documents:
 Book 1: Application Independent ICC to Terminal Interface Requirements
 Book 2: Security and Key Management
 Book 3: Application Specification
 Book 4: Cardholder, Attendant, and Acquirer Interface Requirements
 Common Payment Application Specification
 EMV Card Personalisation Specification

Versions
The first EMV standard came into view in 1995 as EMV 2.0. This was upgraded to EMV 3.0 in 1996 (sometimes referred to as EMV '96) with later amendments to EMV 3.1.1 in 1998. This was further amended to version 4.0 in December 2000 (sometimes referred to as EMV 2000). Version 4.0 became effective in June 2004. Version 4.1 became effective in June 2007. Version 4.2 is in effect since June 2008. Version 4.3 is in effect since November 2011.

Vulnerabilities

Opportunities to harvest PINs and clone magnetic stripes
In addition to the track-two data on the magnetic stripe, EMV cards generally have identical data encoded on the chip, which is read as part of the normal EMV transaction process. If an EMV reader is compromised to the extent that the conversation between the card and the terminal is intercepted, then the attacker may be able to recover both the track-two data and the PIN, allowing construction of a magnetic stripe card, which, while not usable in a Chip and PIN terminal, can be used, for example, in terminal devices that permit fallback to magstripe processing for foreign customers without chip cards, and defective cards. This attack is possible only where (a) the offline PIN is presented in plaintext by the PIN entry device to the card, where (b) magstripe fallback is permitted by the card issuer and (c) where geographic and behavioural checking may not be carried out by the card issuer.

APACS, representing the UK payment industry, claimed that changes specified to the protocol (where card verification values differ between the magnetic stripe and the chip – the iCVV) rendered this attack ineffective and that such measures would be in place from January 2008. Tests on cards in February 2008 indicated this may have been delayed.

Successful attacks
Conversation capturing is a form of attack which was reported to have taken place against Shell terminals in May 2006, when they were forced to disable all EMV authentication in their filling stations after more than £1 million was stolen from customers.

In October 2008, it was reported that hundreds of EMV card readers for use in Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Belgium had been expertly tampered with in China during or shortly after manufacture. For 9 months details and PINs of credit and debit cards were sent over mobile phone networks to criminals in Lahore, Pakistan. United States National Counterintelligence Executive Joel Brenner said, "Previously only a nation state's intelligence agency would have been capable of pulling off this type of operation. It's scary." Data were typically used a couple of months after the card transactions to make it harder for investigators to pin down the vulnerability. After the fraud was discovered it was found that tampered-with terminals could be identified as the additional circuitry increased their weight by about 100 g. Tens of millions of pounds sterling are believed to have been stolen. This vulnerability spurred efforts to implement better control of electronic POS devices over their entire life cycle, a practice endorsed by electronic payment security standards like those being developed by the Secure POS Vendor Alliance (SPVA).

PIN harvesting and stripe cloning
In a February 2008 BBC Newsnight programme Cambridge University researchers Steven Murdoch and Saar Drimer demonstrated  one example attack, to illustrate that Chip and PIN is not secure enough to justify passing the liability to prove fraud from the banks onto customers. The Cambridge University exploit allowed the experimenters to obtain both card data to create a magnetic stripe and the PIN.

APACS, the UK payments association, disagreed with the majority of the report, saying "The types of attack on PIN entry devices detailed in this report are difficult to undertake and not currently economically viable for a fraudster to carry out." They also said that changes to the protocol (specifying different card verification values between the chip and magnetic stripe – the iCVV) would make this attack ineffective from January 2008. The fraud reported in October 2008 to have operated for 9 months (see above) was probably in operation at the time, but was not discovered for many months.

In August 2016, NCR Corporation security researchers showed how credit card thieves can rewrite the code of a magnetic strip to make it appear like a chipless card, which allows for counterfeiting.

2010: Hidden hardware disables PIN checking on stolen card

On 11 February 2010 Murdoch and Drimer's team at Cambridge University announced that they had found "a flaw in chip and PIN so serious they think it shows that the whole system needs a re-write" that was "so simple that it shocked them". A stolen card is connected to an electronic circuit and to a fake card which is inserted into the terminal ("man-in-the-middle attack"). Any four digits can be typed in and accepted as a valid PIN.

A team from the BBC's Newsnight programme visited a Cambridge University cafeteria (with permission) with the system, and were able to pay using their own cards (a thief would use stolen cards) connected to the circuit, inserting a fake card and typing in "0000" as the PIN. The transactions were registered as normal, and were not picked up by banks' security systems. A member of the research team said, "Even small-scale criminal systems have better equipment than we have. The amount of technical sophistication needed to carry out this attack is really quite low." The announcement of the vulnerability said, "The expertise that is required is not high (undergraduate level electronics) ... We dispute the assertion by the banking industry that criminals are not sophisticated enough, because they have already demonstrated a far higher level of skill than is necessary for this attack in their miniaturized PIN entry device skimmers." It was not known if this vulnerability had been exploited, but it could explain unresolved cases of claimed fraud.

EMVCo disagreed and published a response saying that, while such an attack might be theoretically possible, it would be extremely difficult and expensive to carry out successfully, that current compensating controls are likely to detect or limit the fraud, and that the possible financial gain from the attack is minimal while the risk of a declined transaction or exposure of the fraudster is significant. The Cambridge team disagrees: they carried it out without the banks noticing, with off-the-shelf equipment with some non-sophisticated additions. Less bulky versions could easily be made. The ones producing such equipment for the attack need not put themselves at risk, but can sell it to anybody via the net.

When approached for comment, several banks (Co-operative Bank, Barclays and HSBC) each said that this was an industry-wide issue, and referred the Newsnight team to the banking trade association for further comment.  According to Phil Jones of the Consumers' Association, Chip and PIN has helped to bring down instances of card crime, but many cases remain unexplained. "What we do know is that we do have cases that are brought forward from individuals which seem quite persuasive."

The attack uses the fact that the choice of authentication method is unauthenticated, which allows the man in the middle. The terminal asks for a PIN, gets it and gets the transaction confirmed by the card – which thinks it is doing a card-and-signature transaction, which could indeed success offline. It works also online, perhaps because of insufficient checks.

Originally, bank customers had to prove that they had not been negligent with their PIN before getting redress, but UK regulations in force from 1 November 2009 placed the onus firmly on the banks to prove that a customer has been negligent in any dispute, with the customer given 13 months to make a claim. Murdoch said that "[the banks] should look back at previous transactions where the customer said their PIN had not been used and the bank record showed it has, and consider refunding these customers because it could be they are victim of this type of fraud."

2011: CVM downgrade allows arbitrary PIN harvest
At the CanSecWest conference in March 2011, Andrea Barisani and Daniele Bianco presented research uncovering a vulnerability in EMV that would allow arbitrary PIN harvesting despite the cardholder verification configuration of the card, even when the supported CVMs data is signed.

The PIN harvesting can be performed with a chip skimmer. In essence, a CVM list that has been modified to downgrade the CVM to Offline PIN is still honoured by POS terminals, despite its signature being invalid.

PIN bypass

In 2020, researchers David Basin, Ralf Sasse, and Jorge Toro from ETH Zurich reported a critical security issue affecting Visa contactless cards: lack of cryptographic protection of critical data sent by the card to the terminal during an EMV transaction. The data in question determines the cardholder verification method (CVM, such as PIN verification) to be used for the transaction. The team demonstrated that it is possible to modify this data to trick the terminal into believing that no PIN is required because the cardholder was verified using their device (e.g. smartphone). The researchers developed a proof-of-concept Android app that effectively turns a physical Visa card into a mobile payment app (e.g. Apple Pay, Google Pay) to perform PIN-free, high-value purchases. The attack is carried out using two NFC-enabled smartphones, one held near the physical card and the second held near the payment terminal. The attack might affect cards by Discover and China's UnionPay but this was not demonstrated in practice, in contrast to Visa cards.

In early 2021, the same team disclosed that Mastercard cards are also vulnerable to a PIN bypass attack. They showed that criminals can trick a terminal into transacting with a Mastercard contactless card while believing it to be a Visa card. This card brand mixup has critical consequences since it can be used in combination with the PIN bypass for Visa to also bypass the PIN for Mastercard cards.

"Complex systems such as EMV must be analyzed by automated tools, like model checkers", researchers point out as the main takeaway of their findings. As opposed to humans, model-checking tools like Tamarin are up to the task since they can deal with the complexity of real-world systems like EMV.

Implementation
EMV stands for "Europay, Mastercard, and Visa", the three companies that created the standard. The standard is now managed by EMVCo, a consortium of financial companies.  Additional widely known chips of the EMV standard are:
 AEIPS: American Express
 UICS: China Union Pay
 J Smart: JCB
 D-PAS: Discover/Diners Club International
 Rupay: NPCI
 Verve

Visa and Mastercard have also developed standards for using EMV cards in devices to support card not present transactions (CNP) over the telephone and Internet. Mastercard has the Chip Authentication Program (CAP) for secure e-commerce. Its implementation is known as EMV-CAP and supports a number of modes. Visa has the Dynamic Passcode Authentication (DPA) scheme, which is their implementation of CAP using different default values.

In many countries of the world, debit card and/or credit card payment networks have implemented liability shifts. Normally, the card issuer is liable for fraudulent transactions. However, after a liability shift is implemented, if the ATM or merchant's point of sale terminal does not support EMV, the ATM owner or merchant is liable for the fraudulent transaction.

Chip and PIN systems can cause problems for travellers from countries that do not issue Chip and PIN cards as some retailers may refuse to accept their chipless cards. While most terminals still accept a magnetic strip card, and the major credit card brands require vendors to accept them, some staff may refuse to take the card, under the belief that they are held liable for any fraud if the card cannot verify a PIN. Non-chip-and-PIN cards may also not work in some unattended vending machines at, for example, train stations, or self-service check-out tills at supermarkets.

Africa
Mastercard's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2006. By 1 October 2010, a liability shift had occurred for all point of sale transactions.
Visa's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 January 2006. For ATMs, the liability shift took place on 1 January 2008.

South Africa
Mastercard's liability shift took place on 1 January 2005.

Asian and Pacific countries
Mastercard's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2006. By 1 October 2010, a liability shift had occurred for all point of sale transactions, except for domestic transactions in China and Japan.
Visa's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 October 2010. For ATMs, the liability shift date took place on 1 October 2015, except in China, India, Japan, and Thailand, where the liability shift was on 1 October 2017. Domestic ATM transactions in China are not currently not subject to a liability shift deadline.

Australia
Mastercard required that all point of sale terminals be EMV capable by April 2013. For ATMs, the liability shift took place in April 2012. ATMs must be EMV compliant by the end of 2015.
Visa's liability shift for ATMs took place 1 April 2013.

Malaysia
Malaysia is the first country in the world to completely migrate to EMV-compliant smart cards two years after its implementation in 2005.

New Zealand
Mastercard required all point of sale terminals to be EMV compliant by 1 July 2011. For ATMs, the liability shift took place in April 2012. ATMs are required to be EMV compliant by the end of 2015.
Visa's liability shift for ATMs was 1 April 2013.

Europe
Mastercard's liability shift took place on 1 January 2005.
Visa's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 January 2006. For ATMs, the liability shift took place on 1 January 2008.
France has cut card fraud by more than 80% since its introduction in 1992 (see Carte Bleue).

United Kingdom
Chip and PIN was trialled in Northampton, England from May 2003, and as a result was rolled out nationwide in the United Kingdom on 14 February 2006 with advertisements in the press and national television touting the "Safety in Numbers" slogan. During the first stages of deployment, if a fraudulent magnetic swipe card transaction was deemed to have occurred, the retailer was refunded by the issuing bank, as was the case prior to the introduction of Chip and PIN. On January 1, 2005, the liability for such transactions was shifted to the retailer; this acted as an incentive for retailers to upgrade their point of sale (PoS) systems, and most major high-street chains upgraded on time for the EMV deadline. Many smaller businesses were initially reluctant to upgrade their equipment, as it required a completely new PoS system—a significant investment.

New cards featuring both magnetic strips and chips are now issued by all major banks. The replacement of pre-Chip and PIN cards was a major issue, as banks simply stated that consumers would receive their new cards "when their old card expires" — despite many people having had cards with expiry dates as late as 2007. The card issuer Switch lost a major contract with HBOS to Visa, as they were not ready to issue the new cards as early as the bank wanted.

The Chip and PIN implementation was criticised as designed to reduce the liability of banks in cases of claimed card fraud by requiring the customer to prove that they had acted "with reasonable care" to protect their PIN and card, rather than on the bank having to prove that the signature matched. Before Chip and PIN, if a customer's signature was forged, the banks were legally liable and had to reimburse the customer. Until 1 November 2009 there was no such law protecting consumers from fraudulent use of their Chip and PIN transactions, only the voluntary Banking Code. There were many reports that banks refused to reimburse victims of fraudulent card use, claiming that their systems could not fail under the circumstances reported, despite several documented successful large-scale attacks.

The Payment Services Regulations 2009 came into force on 1 November 2009 and shifted the onus onto the banks to prove, rather than assume, that the cardholder is at fault. The Financial Services Authority (FSA) said "It is for the bank, building society or credit card company to show that the transaction was made by you, and there was no breakdown in procedures or technical difficulty" before refusing liability.

Latin America and the Caribbean
Mastercard's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2005.
Visa's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 October 2012, for any countries in this region that had not already implemented a liability shift. For ATMs, the liability shift took place on 1 October 2014, for any countries in this region that had not already implemented a liability shift.

Brazil
Mastercard's liability shift took place on 1 March 2008.
Visa's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 April 2011. For ATMs, the liability shift took place on 1 October 2012.

Colombia
Mastercard's liability shift took place on 1 October 2008.

Mexico
Discover implemented a liability shift on 1 October 2015. For pay at the pump at gas stations, the liability shift was on 1 October 2017.
Visa's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 April 2011. For ATMs, the liability shift took place on 1 October 2012.

Venezuela
Mastercard's liability shift took place on 1 July 2009.

Middle East
Mastercard's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2006. By 1 October 2010, a liability shift had occurred for all point of sale transactions.
Visa's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 January 2006. For ATMs, the liability shift took place on 1 January 2008.

North America

Canada
American Express implemented a liability shift on 31 October 2012.
Discover implemented a liability shift on 1 October 2015 for all transactions except pay-at-the-pump at gas stations; those transactions shifted on 1 October 2017.
Interac (Canada's debit card network) stopped processing non-EMV transactions at ATMs on 31 December 2012, and mandated EMV transactions at point-of-sale terminals on 30 September 2016, with a liability shift taking place on 31 December 2015.
Mastercard implemented domestic transaction liability shift on 31 March 2011, and international liability shift on 15 April 2011. For pay at the pump at gas stations, the liability shift was implemented 31 December 2012.
Visa implemented domestic transaction liability shift on 31 March 2011, and international liability shift on 31 October 2010. For pay at the pump at gas stations, the liability shift was implemented 31 December 2012.
Over a five-year period post-EMV migration, domestic card-card present fraudulent transactions significantly reduced in Canada.  According to Helcim's reports, card-present domestic debit card fraud reduced 89.49% and credit card fraud 68.37%.

United States
After widespread identity theft due to weak security in the point-of-sale terminals at Target, Home Depot, and other major retailers, Visa, Mastercard and Discover in March 2012 – and American Express in June 2012 – announced their EMV migration plans for the United States. Since the announcement, multiple banks and card issuers have announced cards with EMV chip-and-signature technology, including American Express, Bank of America, Citibank, Wells Fargo, JPMorgan Chase, U.S. Bank, and several credit unions.

In 2010, a number of companies began issuing pre-paid debit cards that incorporate Chip and PIN and allow Americans to load cash as euros or pound sterling. United Nations Federal Credit Union was the first United States issuer to offer Chip and PIN credit cards. In May 2010, a press release from Gemalto (a global EMV card producer) indicated that United Nations Federal Credit Union in New York would become the first EMV card issuer in the United States, offering an EMV Visa credit card to its customers. JPMorgan was the first major bank to introduce a card with EMV technology, namely its Palladium card, in mid-2012.

As of April 2016, 70% of U.S. consumers had EMV cards and as of December 2016 roughly 50% of merchants were EMV compliant. However, deployment has been slow and inconsistent across vendors. Even merchants with EMV hardware may not be able to process chip transactions due to software or compliance deficiencies. Bloomberg has also cited issues with software deployment, including changes to audio prompts for Verifone machines which can take several months to release and deploy software out. Industry experts, however, expect more standardization in the United States for software deployment and standards. Visa and Mastercard have both implemented standards to speed up chip transactions with a goal of reducing the time for these to be under three seconds. These systems are labelled as Visa Quick Chip and Mastercard M/Chip Fast.
American Express implemented liability shift for point of sale terminals on 1 October 2015. For pay at the pump, at gas stations, the liability shift was 16 April 2021. This was extended from 1 October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Discover implemented liability shift on 1 October 2015. For pay at the pump, at gas stations, the liability shift was 1 October 2020.
Maestro implemented liability shift of 19 April 2013, for international cards used in the United States.
Mastercard implemented liability shift for point of sale terminals on 1 October 2015. For pay at the pump, at gas stations, the liability shift formally was on 1 October 2020. For ATMs, the liability shift date was on 1 October 2016.
Visa implemented liability shift for point of sale terminals on 1 October 2015. For pay at the pump, at gas stations, the liability shift formally was on 1 October 2020. For ATMs, the liability shift date was on 1 October 2017.

Notes

See also
 Contactless payment
 Supply chain attack
 Two-factor authentication
 MM code

References

External links

 BBC: What's inside a bank card, November 2022

German inventions
French inventions
1986 introductions

EMV


محمد عبد الحميد موسى مندور (1325 هـ / 1907- 1384 هـ / 1965 م)، ناقد أدبي وكاتب مصري متنوع، ولغوي. مارس الصحافة والتدريس الجامعي. عاش تاريخا حافلا بمعارك سياسية، وفكرية، واجتماعية مؤثرة، ولد بالشرقية في 5 يوليو 1907 والتحق بكلية الحقوق وقت افتتاح الجامعة المصرية عام 1925 ثم درس بكلية الآداب قسم الاجتماع وقسم اللغة العربية وحصل على ليسانس الآداب عام 1929 وليسانس الحقوق عام 1930.

نشأته ودراسته الأولى
ولد محمد مندور في 5 يوليو 1907م في قرية كفر مندور، بالقرب من منيا القمح بمديرية الشرقية، وكان والده يقرأ ولكنه لا يستطيع أن يكتب، وكان الأب منتميًا إلى الطريقة النقشبندية. وعندما بلغ محمد مندور الخامسة ألحقه أبوه بكتّاب الشيخ عطوة، فتعلم القراءة والكتابة والحساب وجزءي عم وتبارك، ثم التحق بمدرسة الألفي الابتدائية في منيا القمح، التي تبعد عن كفر مندور حوالي ستة كيلومترات، كان مندور الطفل يقطعها كل صباح راكبًا حمارًا. وفي سنة 1921 حصل مندور على الشهادة الابتدائية، ولما كانت مدينة الزقازيق ـ عاصمة مديرية الشرقية ـ تخلو آنذاك من مدرسة ثانوية، ألحقه أبوه بالقسم الداخلي في مدرسة طنطا الثانوية، وهناك ظهر تفوقه الدراسي، حتى حصل على البكالوريا من القسم الأدبي سنة 1925، وكان ترتيبه الثاني عشر على القطر المصري كله. وقد تخلل ذلك فصله من المدرسة حينًا من الوقت بسبب تزعمه الطلاب في الإضراب والمظاهرات ضد الإنجليز وحكومة زيور التي خلفت حكومة سعد زغلول إثر مقتل السردار.

دراسته في الجامعة المصرية
افتتحت الجامعة المصرية في نفس العام الذي حصل فيه مندور على البكالوريا، فالتحق بكلية الحقوق آملًا أن يصير وكيلًا للنيابة، غير أن الدكتور طه حسين نصحه بالانتقال إلى كلية الآداب، فآثر مندور البقاء في كلية الحقوق مع الانتساب في الوقت ذاته إلى كلية الآداب (قسم الأدب العربي واللغات السامية)، كما أعجب أحد الأساتذة الأجانب في قسم علم الاجتماع باجتهاد مندور في مادته، فعرض عليه الانتقال إلى قسم الاجتماع، ولما رفض مندور عرض عليه أن يجمع بين القسمين، فقبِل أيضًا، وجاء ترتيبه في السنة التحضيرية الأول مكررًا على طلاب الآداب والحقوق معًا.

في سنة 1929، نال محمد مندور شهادة الليسانس في الآداب ـ التي كانت مدة الدراسة فيها أربع سنوات ـ سنة 1929، وكان ترتيبه فيها الأول، وبقيت له سنة خامسة في كلية الحقوق، وأثناء ذلك وقع اختيار الجامعة عليه عضوًا ببعثتها إلى جامعة السوربون، ولحسن حظه قررت الكلية أن تستبقي المبتعثين سنة لدراسة اللغة الفرنسية، فاستطاع مندور أن يكمل دراسته للحقوق، وحصل على ليسانس الحقوق سنة 1930، وكان ترتيبه بين الأوائل.

البعثة الفرنسية
بعد حصول مندور على ليسانس الحقوق، وبعد تردد ـ كان منشؤه حلمه القديم في أن يصير وكيلًا للنيابة ـ فضّل مندور السفر إلى فرنسا على التعيين وكيلًا للنيابة.

غير أن مندور سقط قبل السفر في الكشف الطبي لضعف بصره، وكادت بعثته أن تُلغى لولا تدخل الدكتور طه حسين، الذي ذهب بنفسه لمقابلة محمد حلمي عيسى وزير المعارف آنذاك، حاملًا معه بحثًا كان مندور قد كتبه عن ذي الرمة، فأُعجب الوزير بالبحث عندما قرئت فقرات منه عليه، واستطاع طه حسين أن يدفع الوزير إلى كتابة مذكرة إلى مجلس الوزراء، وافق على إثرها المجلس على إعفائه من الكشف الطبي.

كان الهدف من بعثة مندور في باريس الحصول على ليسانس من السوربون في الآداب واللغات اليونانية القديمة واللاتينية والفرنسية والأدب المقارن، مع حضور محاضرات المستشرقين وتحضير دكتوراه في الأدب العربي مع أحدهم. وقد نفذ مندور الجزء الأول في تسع سنوات (من 1930 إلى 1939)، ولكنه لم يقدم الدكتوراه لتدهور الظروف السياسية في أوروبا آنذاك عقب فشل مفاوضات تشمبرلين مع هتلر وظهور بواكير الحرب العالمية الثانية في الأفق، ففضل مندور العودة إلى مصر دون أن يكتب رسالة الدكتوراه، وإن كان قد حصل من السوربون ـ بالإضافة إلى الليسانس ـ على دبلوم في القانون والاقتصاد السياسي والتشريع المالي، كما كان يحضر محاضرات الفلسفة والتاريخ والاجتماع وعلم النفس بالإضافة إلى البرامج المقررة.

في باريس التحق مندور أيضًا بمعهد الأصوات، حيث درس أصوات اللغة دراسة معملية، وقام ببحث عام عن موسيقى الشعر العربي وأوزانه مسجلة ومقاسة بالكيموغراف، وكتب في ذلك بحثاً مهمًا بالفرنسية.

عودته إلى مصر
في يوليو 1939 عاد مندور إلى القاهرة، وكان أحمد أمين قد صار عميدًا لكلية الآداب، ولم يكن مندور قد حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في الأدب العربي، فرفض الدكتور طه حسين أن يدرّس في قسم اللغة العربية، ورفض قسم اللغات القديمة أن يدرّس به؛ لأنه درسها على المنهج الفرنسي، بينما كان رئيس القسم إنجليزيًا يدرسها بالمنهج الإنجليزي، أما رئيس قسم اللغة الفرنسية فقال إن لديه من الأساتذة الفرنسيين ما يكفي وزيادة، فلم يجد أحمد أمين أمامه إلا سوى أربع ساعات خالية كلف مندور فيها بتدريس الترجمة من الإنجليزية إلى العربية، رغم أن مندور كان قادمًا من فرنسا لا من إنجلترا، وفي السنة الدراسية التالية (1940/1941) تمكن عميد الكلية من أن يحصل له على بضع ساعات ترجمة من الفرنسية في قسم اللغة الفرنسية.

ثم افتتحت كلية الآداب المعهد العالي للصحافة، فقام مندور فيه بتدريس الترجمة من الفرنسية، واللغة الفرنسية وآدابها، وعندما أنشئت جامعة الإسكندرية سنة 1942، قرر مديرها الدكتور طه حسين تعيين مندور وزملائه العائدين من فرنسا دون دكتوراه في الجامعة الوليدة.

ولم ييأس فحصل على الدكتوراة من جامعة فؤاد الأول (جامعة القاهرة) بتشجيع من أحمد أمين، الذي أشرف أيضًا على رسالته، وكان موضوعها «تيارات النقد العربي في القرن الرابع الهجري»، بينما أعلن طه حسين أنه لن يعترف بهذه الدكتوراه، ورفض أن يشترك في اللجنة التي ناقشت الرسالة. وقد طُبع هذا البحث لاحقًا عدة مرات في كتاب عنوانه «النقد المنهجي عند العرب»، الذي صار مرجعًا جامعيًا من المراجع الأساسية في دراسة الأدب العربي.

واصل أحمد أمين دعمه لمندور، فضمه إلى عضوية لجنة التأليف والنشر والترجمة، التي نشر مندور من خلالها عددًا من مترجماته، كما فتح أمامه باب الكتابة في مجلة «الثقافة»، التي كانت تصدرها اللجنة آنذاك، وكان أحمد أمين يرأس تحريرها.

استقالته من الجامعة
في سنة 1943 حصل مندور على درجة الدكتوراه من جامعة القاهرة بمرتبة الشرف الممتازة، ومن ثم تقدم إلى الدكتور طه حسين ـ مدير جامعة الإسكندرية آنذاك ـ بطلب ترقيته إلى وظيفة مدرس «أ» من الدرجة الرابعة، غير أن طه حسين رفض طلبه وأصر على الرفض، فقدم مندور استقالته من الجامعة سنة 1944، وكان قد قضى بجامعة الإسكندرية أقل من عامين.

عمله بالصحافة
بعد استقالة مندور عينه محمود أبو الفتح مديرا لتحرير جريدة المصري، غير أن أبا الفتح لم يلبث أن فصله بعد حوالي ثلاثة أشهر، بعد أن نشر مندور في جريدة الأهرام المنافسة مقالة كان أبو الفتح قد منع نشرها في جريدته، معتبرًا ذلك خروجًا على شروط العقد المبرم بين مندور وبين الجريدة. وكان مندور قد رفض الاعتذار لأبي الفتح عما فعل، قائلًا إن أبا الفتح لم يشتره، ولم يشترِ قلمه ولا فكره، وما دام قد رفض نشر مقاله في جريدته، فمن حق مندور كإنسان أن ينشر رأيه حيث يستطيع.

بعد فصل مندور من جريدة المصري، مر بأزمة مالية خانقة، لم يكن له مورد خلالها إلا ما كان يكتسبه من كتابة بعض المقالات في مجلات كالرسالة و«الثقافة»، ومن إلقاء بعض المحاضرات في معهد التمثيل، الذي افتتح مسائيًا سنة 1944، حتى عُين رئيسًا لتحرير جريدة «الوفد المصري» في فبراير 1945، وفي الوقت نفسه عهد مندور إلى المحامي زهير جرانة برفع دعوى على جريدة المصري ومالكها محمود أبو الفتح، مطالبًا بتعويض قدره خمسة آلاف جنيه، وقد ظلت القضية منظورة في المحاكم ما يقرب من خمس سنوات، ثم حُكم لمندور بالتعويض المطلوب، الذي حسّن من وضع مندور المالي إلى حد كبير.

ثم رأس تحرير جريدة الوفد المصري عام 1945 ليفضح الاستعمار السياسي والاقتصادى، ثم أصدر جريدة البعث وأغلقت بسبب معارضتها لمعاهدة «صدقى بيفن».

قبض عليه وسجن ثم خرج ليشتغل بالمحاماة وكتابة المقالات في روز اليوسف والجمهورية.

أسرته
في سنة 1941 تزوج مندور من الشاعرة ملك عبد العزيز، وكانت آنذاك طالبة بالسنة الثالثة بكلية الآداب بجامعة فؤاد الأول.

من كتبه

تأليف
 النقد المنهجي عند العرب: وهي في الأصل رسالته التي نال بها درجة الدكتوراه.
 في النقد والأدب

ترجمة
 دفاع عن الأدب، جورج دوهاميل (لجنة التأليف والترجمة والنشر)
 من الحكيم القديم إلى المواطن الحديث (لأربعة من كبار أساتذة السوربون)
 تاريخ إعلان حقوق الإنسان، ألبير باييه

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أشخاص من محافظة الشرقية
خريجو جامعة السوربون
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
صحفيون مصريون
مترجمو القرن 20
مترجمون إلى العربية
مترجمون مصريون
مترجمون من الفرنسية
مصريون مغتربون في فرنسا
مواليد 1325 هـ
مواليد 1907
نقاد أدب مصريون
وفيات 1384 هـ
وفيات 1385 هـ
وفيات 1965

محمد مندور


USS Nassau (CVE-16) (originally AVG-16 then ACV-16) was laid down 27 November 1941 by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation of Tacoma, Washington, as M.C. Hull No. 234; launched 4 April 1942; sponsored by Mrs. G. H. Hasselman, Tongue Point, Oregon; acquired by the Navy 1 May, towed to the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington, and converted to an escort carrier; and commissioned 20 August, Captain Austin K. Doyle in command.

Nassau was one of thirty-seven Tacoma-built C3 CVEs, of which twenty-six went to the Royal Navy. It was one of the ten s that served in the U.S. Navy.

Service history
On 10 October, Nassau arrived at the Naval Air Station, Alameda, California, loaded aircraft, and four days later steamed for Pearl Harbor, thence to Palmyra Island, arriving 30 October. For the next four months, she operated between Palmyra and Nouméa, New Caledonia and Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides.

Nassau returned to Pearl Harbor 14 February 1943, embarked personnel and aircraft, and sailed 21 February on a ferry mission to Espiritu Santo. She returned to Pearl Harbor in mid-March and then continued on to Alameda, California. In April, she moved to San Diego and conducted flight training operations, after which she rendezvoused with Task Group 51.1 and steamed for Cold Bay, Alaska with Composite Squadron 21 (VC-21) embarked.

Nassau got underway on a search mission 4 May and conducted flight operations with Task Force 51, providing air cover for the occupation of Attu Island from 11 May through 20 May. She returned to San Diego in late May, arrived at Alameda 8 June and onloaded 45 aircraft destined for Brisbane, Australia. She delivered the aircraft 2 July and returned to San Diego via Nouméa, New Caledonia.

In August, she trained off San Diego before ferrying planes to Samoa. Returning to San Diego from Samoa, 19 October, Nassau embarked Marine Fighter Squadron 225 (VMF-225) for passage to Pearl Harbor. Arriving 30 October, she conducted air operations off Pearl Harbor during the early days of November and on 7 November, she embarked Fighter Squadron 7 (VF-1) and steamed for the Gilbert Islands for operations with Task Force 52.

Nassaus mission was to transport VF-1 to Tarawa and to send it ashore as soon as facilities were available. The invasion of Tarawa commenced 20 November but encountered bitter resistance. As a result, VF-1 was assigned combat air patrol and flew bombing and strafing runs from the carrier in support of the assault troops. The squadron flew a total of 106 missions and spent 237 hours of flying time in four days of operations without losing a single plane or pilot.

Nassau returned to Pearl Harbor on 5 December following flight operations. She then sailed to the Marshall Islands with Task Group 51.2 and launched strikes 29 January 1944 against Taroa Field on Maloelap Atoll.  The next day, the Task Group centered its operations around Kwajalein, Wotje, and Maloelap Atolls, with Nassau conducting both anti-submarine and combat air patrols.

Nassau returned to Pearl Harbor 3 March, disembarked VC-66, and took on aircraft, cargo, and passengers for ferry to the Marshall Islands. Throughout March, ferry missions were performed between Kwajalein, Majuro, and Pearl Harbor. After repairs and alterations at Mare Island Navy Yard, the carrier sailed with 51 aircraft for Finschhafen, New Guinea 5 May. The next four months she performed ferry missions from San Diego to Pearl Harbor, the Admiralties and the New Hebrides Islands.

Upon arrival at Seeadler Harbor 1 September, Nassau reported to Commander Task Group 30.8.  Thus began her tour of duty with Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet, which made unprecedented naval history in the following months. Nassau'''s mission was to operate out of the Admiralties with other escort carriers to provide replacement aircraft and pilots for the attack carriers of Task Force 38. Steaming in company with the oiler groups, which refueled the ships of the Task Force at sea, Nassau made three cruises into the western Pacific. She returned to the Admiralties with disabled aircraft which were destined for shipment to Pearl Harbor or the United States for reconditioning.

The first of these replacement trips was in support of the strikes against Palau; the second in support of operations against the southern and central Philippines. Then Task Force 38 shifted to more northerly targets in the Philippines and Formosa. Nassau reached Manus on 20 October. After offloading old aircraft and taking on new ones, she departed on her last replacement trip. Steaming to Ulithi Atoll in the Caroline Islands, she joined up with Task Groups 38.1 and 38.3 on 28 October and transferred 70 aircraft and 43 pilots to the attack carriers.

Task Unit 12.6.1, composed of Nassau,  and four other ships steamed for Pearl Harbor 5 November, arriving 16 November. Two days later, Nassau was dispatched to San Diego. Among her passengers were 382 survivors of , which was sunk in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, 24 October 1944. Another ferry mission to Pearl Harbor followed in mid-November, with three more runs to Guam in December, January 1945, and February. Nassau returned to Alameda, California, 23 March and through the remainder of the war, performed transport and ferry missions between Alameda, Pearl Harbor, Guam, Manus, Samar and Saipan.Nassau departed Alameda 13 May 1946 for Tacoma, Washington. On 28 October, she decommissioned and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Designated for modification for aircraft transportation purposes, her classification was changed to CVHE-16, 12 June 1955. Shortly thereafter she transferred to the Bremerton Reserve Group, and was struck from the Navy Register, 1 March 1959.  In June 1961, she was towed to Japan for scrapping.

AwardsNassau'' received five battle stars for World War II service.

References

Bogue-class escort carriers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1942 ships
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Pacific Reserve Fleet, Bremerton Group
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign

USS Nassau (CVE-16)


මධ්‍යතන වේල්ස සාහිත්‍යය යනු මධ්‍යතන යුගයන්හිදී වේල්ස භාෂාවෙන් ලියැවුනු සාහිත්‍යය වෙයි.   වේල්ස භාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය භාෂාවෙන් ප්‍රභින්න වීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය ඇරඹුනු පස්වන සියවසෙහි ලිපි ද්‍රව්‍ය සිට 16වන සියවසෙහි කෘතීන් දක්වා මෙයට අයත් වෙති.

සාහිත්‍යය

මධ්‍යතන වේල්ස සාහිත්‍යය


Romsetfjorden er en fjord på nordsiden af Langøya i Øksnes kommune i Nordland fylke  i Norge. Fjorden har indløb mellem Smines i vest og Hundsholmen i øst og går 7,5 kilometer mod syd til bebyggelsen  Kavåsen i enden af fjorden. Øst for Hundsholmen går Steinlandsfjorden mod sydøst.

Bebyggelsen  Romset, som fjorden har navn efter, ligger på vestsiden omtrent halvvejs inde i fjorden.

Fylkesvej 955 (Nordland) går langs hele vestsiden af fjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland
Øksnes

Langøya (Vesterålen)

Romsetfjorden


Der Burgstall bei den Schenkenseen ist der Rest einer abgegangenen, vermutlich hochmittelalterlichen Turmhügelburg (Motte), die südöstlich des Weilers Markertshofen im baden-württembergischen Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall im Tal des Schenkenbachs lag. Über diese kleine Burganlage ist bis heute nichts Näheres gesichert, weder wer sie einst errichten ließ, noch wer auf ihr saß oder warum sie zerstört wurde.

Geschichte
Es lassen sich bis heute keine schriftlichen Nachrichten mit Sicherheit auf diese Burgstelle beziehen, nach der Bauweise der Burg ist sie ins 12. oder 13. Jahrhundert zu datieren.
Aus verschiedenen Urbaren des 14. Jahrhunderts stammt die Bezeichnung "Neukottspiel" für diese Burg. Damit würde sie mit dem Ortsadel von Kottspiel und ihrer dortigen Wasserburg Kottspiel (heute ebenfalls ein Burgstall) in direktem Zusammenhang stehen. Warum sie aber diesen abgelegenen Platz wählten, der anscheinend auch nicht von einer Altstraße berührt wurde, ist nicht nachvollziehbar. Durch das Tal des Schenkenbaches, also unmittelbar am Burgstall vorbei, verlief ein Abschnitt der Ellwanger Wildbanngrenze. Ob die Burg aber diesem Grenzverlauf zugeordnet werden kann, ist unbekannt. Die ältere Forschung hatte die eher unwahrscheinliche These aufgestellt, dass dort der ursprüngliche Sitz der Herren von Kottspiel gewesen sei, der in Altkottspiel umbenannt worden sei, nachdem sie eine neue Burg (Neukottspiel) im Ort Kottspiel errichtet hatten.

Erstmals erwähnt wurde der Burgname im Jahr 1419 in einem Lehensrevers von Haller Bürgern, als Graf Albrecht von Hohenlohe verschiedene Güter, darunter das "purkstal genant neuen kotspühel" eingezogen hatte. Da sich die Herren von Kottspiel Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts in Schwäbisch Hall niederließen, könnte es sich um ihre ehemaligen Güter gehandelt haben.
Auch 1495 wurde der Wald Neukottspiel genannt, damals wurde er von Kraft von Hohenlohe an das Spital in Schwäbisch Hall verkauft.

1522 wurde ein Holz "das Meylandt Alt und Neu Kotspuhel" erwähnt, auch später, 1717, wurde der Spitalwald als das "alt Cothspühl" bezeichnet. Da es auch auf weiteren Karten des 18. Jahrhunderts die Bezeichnungen "Kotzbühel" für den Burghügel und "Hallisch Spital Holtz der Alte Kotzbühl" für den umliegenden Wald gab, scheint die Bezeichnung Neukottspiel sich allmählich in Altkottspiel gewandelt zu haben.

Beschreibung
Heute befindet sich der Burgstall am Südrand des östlichen und oberen der zwei noch bestehenden Schenkenseen. Diese Fischweiher, damals waren es noch vier, wurden wohl erst in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts als Fischweiher angelegt.
Auf der Talseite war die Burganlage von Natur aus gut durch die sumpfige Niederung des Bachlaufes geschützt. Da sich dort heute der Weiher befindet, kann über die Befestigung an dieser Seite nichts gesagt werden. Nur an den restlichen Seiten, vor allem an der durch den Schiedberg überhöhten Südseite, wurde zusätzlicher Schutz benötigt.

An diesen Seiten wurden zwei Gräben angelegt. Der äußere, winkelförmige Sohlgraben beginnt westlich des Weihers stark verflacht, und wird nach etwa 17 Meter von einem Waldweg unterbrochen. Er verläuft 94 Meter in südöstlicher Richtung mit etwa 3 Meter Breite an der Sohle und verschmälert sich allmählich. Von außen ist der Graben etwa 3 bis 3,5 Meter tief, nach innen etwa 2,5 Meter, dort wurde ihm ein bis zu 1,2 Meter hoher Randwall aufgesetzt. Am südlichsten Punkt des Grabens wird er nochmals von einem Waldweg überquert, der in das Innere der Anlage führt. Anschließend biegt der Graben in nördliche Richtung um und endet nach etwa 60 Metern im Weiher. Dieser Wallgraben umgibt ein sichelförmiges Gelände, das nach Norden leicht abfällt und wohl der Platz der Vorburg war. Spuren von Bebauung sind dort nicht mehr zu sehen.

Der zweite, innere Graben umgibt den zentralen Burghügel etwa halbringförmig. Der aus dem Schilfsandstein herausgehauene Halsgraben (Bild 2 und 3) endet an beiden Seiten im Weiher (Bild 4). Seine äußere, fast senkrechte Böschung ist etwa 7 Meter hoch, zum Burghügel hin steigt sie nur 3 bis 4 Meter an.

Der rechteckige Burghügel erstreckt sich etwa 27 Meter von Nord nach Süd und war 20 Meter breit. Auch dieser Bereich fällt leicht nach Norden ab und endet an einem 6 Meter hohen Geländeabfall in den Weiher (Bild 1 und 4). Spuren von Bebauung sind dort ebenfalls nicht mehr vorhanden.

Literatur
 Alois Schneider: Die Burgen im Kreis Schwäbisch Hall – Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1228-7, S. 95–97.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Schenkensee, Burgstall
Schenkensee, Burgstall
Schenkensee, Burgstall
Bauwerk in Frankenhardt
Schenkenseen

Burgstall bei den Schenkenseen


Granegg ist der Burgenname von

 Burgruine Granegg (Egesheim) bei Egesheim im Landkreis Tuttlingen
 Das 1891 abgebrannte Schloss Granegg (Emmishofen) in Emmishofen im Kanton Thurgau
 Das abgegangene Schloss Granegg (Niedereschach) im heutigen Niedereschach im Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
 Burg Granegg, eine Burgruine bei Waldstetten im Ostalbkreis

Granegg ist der Namensbestandteil des Adelsgeschlechts Ifflinger von Granegg des Ritterkantons Neckar-Schwarzwald

Graneggle bezeichnet einen Bergsporn des Kalten Feldes auf der Schwäbischen Alb

Siehe auch:
 Burg Graneck

Granegg


Keiya Shiihashi (født 20. juni 1997) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Vegalta Sendai.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Keiya Shiihashi