Copenhagen Suborbitals (CS) ist eine nichtgewinnorientierte Organisation, die sich das Ziel gesetzt hat, einen Menschen auf einem suborbitalen Flug in den Weltraum zu fliegen.

Der Verein arbeitet auf der dänischen Insel Refshaleøen im Hafen von Kopenhagen. Raketenstarts werden von einer mobilen Plattform (Sputnik) in der Ostsee durchgeführt. Das Startgebiet hat eine ungefähre Größe von 70 × 35 km und liegt in der Nähe der Insel Bornholm.

Mission
Ziel von Copenhagen Suborbitals ist es, einen Amateur-Astronauten über die international anerkannte Grenze des Weltraums von 100 Kilometern zu fliegen, und ihn oder sie wieder sicher zurück zur Erde zu bringen. Damit wäre Dänemark nach Russland, den USA und China das vierte Land, das eigenständig einen Menschen ins All fliegen kann. Die dafür benötigten Raumkapseln und Raketen werden von Copenhagen Suborbitals entwickelt und gebaut.

Ursprünglich war geplant, alle Baupläne und andere Materialien nach dem Open-Source-Prinzip zu veröffentlichen. Auf Wunsch des dänischen Geheimdienstes PET wird dies aber aus Gründen der nationalen Sicherheit unterlassen.

Es soll gezeigt werden, dass Raumfahrt abseits von staatlichen Organisationen auch von Privatpersonen mit niedrigem Budget durchgeführt werden kann.

Geschichte

Am 1. Mai 2008 wurde Copenhagen Suborbitals vom dänischen Architekten und ehemaligen NASA-Berater Kristian von Bengtson und dem Konstrukteur Peter Madsen gegründet.

Seit 2009 entwickelte und baute Copenhagen Suborbitals die Hybridrakete, HEAT-1X-Tycho Brahe. Diese Rakete mit 64 cm Durchmesser wurde von einem Triebwerk angetrieben, das mit Flüssigsauerstoff (LOX) und Polyurethan arbeitet. 2010 erfolgte ein erster Startversuch der Rakete HEAT-1X-Tycho Brahe. Dieser schlug fehl, da ein Ventil zufror und damit den Start verhinderte. Am 3. Juni 2011 wurde ein zweiter Startversuch durchgeführt. Das Triebwerk wurde frühzeitig abgeschaltet, da die Kursabweichung der Rakete zu groß wurde. Die Rakete erreichte eine Höhe von 2,8 km.

2012 wurde ein Prototyp eines Flüssigkeitstriebwerks TM65 fertiggestellt. Dieses Triebwerk soll mit Ethanol (75 %) und LOX betrieben werden und einen Schub von 65 kN leisten. Ein erster Test im Prüfstand wurde am 7. Mai 2012 für den 17. Mai 2012 angekündigt. Am 20. Mai 2012 wurde dann die TM65 erfolgreich für ungefähr 30 Sekunden gezündet.

Am 27. Juli 2012 wurde die erste zweistufige Rakete von Copenhagen Suborbitals erfolgreich auf der Ostsee gestartet. Die Smaragd besitzt wie die Heat-1X ein Hybrid-Triebwerk. Besonderheiten waren u. a. eine Rotation der Rakete zur Stabilisation sowie eine Trennung der zwei Stufen mittels Durchbrennen eines Seils. Die Rakete verlor kurz nach dem Start (Startbeschleunigung > 20 g) die Spitze mit der Elektronik zur Telemetrie-Übertragung. Die Triebwerke zündeten erfolgreich.

Im August 2012 wurde die Raumkapsel Tycho Deep Space fertiggestellt und unter anderem auf ihre Schwimmtauglichkeit getestet. Am 11. August wurde die Raumkapsel schließlich mit ihrer Rettungsrakete (ebenfalls Hybrid-Antrieb) gestartet, sie erreichte eine Flughöhe von etwa einem Kilometer. Die Rettungsrakete wurde im Flug planmäßig von der Raumkapsel abgesprengt und die Kapsel mit Hilfe der Fallschirme gelandet.

Die Rakete SAPPHIRE, eine Hybrid-Rakete mit aktiven Lenksystem, wurde am 23. Juni 2013 gestartet, wobei die Rakete eine Höhe von 8,2 km erreichte.

Am 23. Februar 2014 teilte Copenhagen Suborbitals mit, dass Gründer Kristian von Bengtson nach Streit mit Peter Madsen die Organisation verlässt. Nach längerem Streit verließ auch Madsen im Juni 2014 Copenhagen Suborbitals. Von Bengtson war 2015 Mitinitiator ein neues Raketenprojekts und ist heute Technikvorstand des daraus hervorgegangenen Raketenherstellers Orbex; Madsen wurde 2018 wegen Mordes zu lebenslanger Haft verurteilt.

Bei einem statischen Test am 16. August 2014 fing das Triebwerk der neuen HEAT-2X-Rakete Feuer und zerstörte den gesamten Triebwerksteil. Die HEAT-2X sollte die erste Rakete sein, die die Kármán-Linie von 100 Kilometern Höhe überschreiten kann.

Im Mai 2016 verabschiedete das dänische Parlament ein Gesetz zur Regelung der dänischen Weltraumaktivitäten. Grundsätzlich fasst es mehrere von Dänemark ratifizierte UN-Verträge zusammen, schließt aber auch Grauzonen, in denen sich Copenhagen Suborbitals befand. Da das Gesetz detailliert auf Copenhagen Suborbitals und die Danish Space Challenge eingeht, wird es auch "Copenhagen Suborbitals und Danish Space Challenge Gesetz" genannt.

Nach zweijähriger Pause wurde am 23. Juli 2016 die Rakete Nexø 1 gestartet. Dabei handelt es sich nicht um eine Rakete mit Hybrid-, sondern zum ersten Mal mit Flüssigkeitsraketentriebwerk. Auf Grund eines Ventil-Fehlers konnte nicht die volle Leistung des Triebwerks erreicht werden, weshalb nur eine Flughöhe von 1,5 Kilometern erreicht wurde.

Raketen, Raumkapseln und Triebwerke

Spica
Spica ist die Rakete mit der letztlich ein bemannter Flug in den Weltraum durchgeführt werden soll. Der grundlegende Aufbau wurde 2014 festgelegt und die Rakete nach Spica, dem hellsten Stern im Sternbild Jungfrau benannt.

Um den Weltraum zu erreichen, benötigt die 13 Meter hohe und etwa 4 Tonnen schwere Rakete ein Triebwerk mit einer Leistung von 100 kN – damit wäre sie mit Abstand die größte je von Amateuren gebaute Rakete. Wie bei den BPM-5-Triebwerken der Nexø-Raketen, ist als Treibstoff Ethanol und als Oxidator flüssiger Sauerstoff (LOX) geplant. Die Effizienz des Antriebs soll durch eine neue Steuermethode um etwa 8–10 % erhöht werden: Statt Strahlrudern (Jet-Vanes), die den Abgasstrom beeinflussen, soll nun das gesamte Triebwerk geschwenkt werden. Ein solcher Prototyp für das BPM-5-Triebwerk wurde bereits 2016 getestet.

Ein Großteil der für die Spica-Rakete benötigten Technologien werden mit den kleineren Nexø-Raketen erprobt.

Nexø 1 und 2
Der Zweck der Nexø-Raketen ist es, Technologien für die Spica-Rakete zu testen und Erfahrungen mit ihnen zu sammeln. Benannt wurden Nexø 1 und 2 nach dem Bornholmer Ort Nexø, dem Hafen von dem aus zum Startgebiet östlich der Insel ausgelaufen wird. Mit dem BPM-5-Triebwerk sind es die ersten Raketen von Copenhagen Suborbitals, die Flüssigkeitsraketentriebwerke statt Hybridtriebwerken nutzen.

Der Hauptunterschied zwischen Nexø 1 und Nexø 2 besteht darin, wie Treibstoff und Oxidator ins Triebwerk gelangen: Bei Nexø 1 werden die Tanks selbst mit Helium unter Druck gesetzt. Treibstoff und Oxidator werden so ins Triebwerk gedrückt. Durch den sinkenden Druck bei sich leerenden Tanks sinkt im Laufe des Flugs die Leistung der Rakete. Bei Nexø 2 wird ein sogenanntes DPR-System (Dynamic Pressure Regulation) zum Einsatz kommen. Dabei wird ein Tank mit komprimiertem Helium den Treibstoff und Oxidator ins Triebwerk drücken. Auf Grund des sehr hohen Drucks im Heliumtank ist die Leistung gut steuerbar und lässt während des Flugs kaum nach. Durch diesen zusätzlichen Tank ist Nexø 2 mit 6,7 m rund einen Meter größer als die 5,6 m hohe Nexø 1.

Nexø 1 wurde am 23. Juli 2016 vor Bornholm gestartet. Auf Grund eines zugefrorenen Ventils wurde dem Triebwerk nicht genügend und zu warmer Sauerstoff zugeführt, weshalb nicht die volle Leistung ausgeschöpft werden konnte. Die Rakete beschleunigte mit vergleichsweise geringen 0,2 g und erreichte nur 1,5 km Flughöhe. Aufgrund einer Fehlinterpretation des Bordcomputers wurde der Fallschirm während des Sinkflugs nicht ausgeworfen, weshalb die Rakete ungebremst etwa 300 Meter von der Startplattform Sputnik entfernt in der Ostsee aufschlug.

Ursprünglich war geplant, Nexø 2 im Sommer 2017 zu starten. Die Ermordung von Kim Wall durch Peter Madsen und das dadurch sehr hohe Interesse der Medien an Madsens Vergangenheit führte letztendlich zusammen mit anderen Gründen zur Verlegung des Starts um ein Jahr. Am 4. August 2018 wurde die Nexø 2 erfolgreich gestartet und flog etwa 6500 Meter hoch. Zum ersten Mal gelang es Copenhagen Suborbitals, eine Rakete weitgehend intakt zu bergen.

BPM-2 und BPM-5
BPM (Bi-propellant motor) -2 und -5 sind kleinere Flüssigkeitsraketentriebwerke mit jeweils 2 bzw. 5kN Schubkraft. Als Treibstoff wird ein Gemisch aus 75 % Ethanol und 25 % Wasser genutzt. Flüssiger Sauerstoff dient als Oxidator.

BPM-2 ist ein sehr rudimentäres Triebwerk, das einzig zu Testzwecken entwickelt wurde. Es ist einfach herzustellen und deshalb auch leicht zu ersetzen. Hauptsächlich wurde mit dem BPM-2-Triebwerk das Verhältnis von Ethanol und Wasser im Treibstoff optimiert.

BPM-5 ist das Triebwerk der Nexø-Raketen und ein Zwischenschritt zum BPM-100-Triebwerk, das die Spica-Rakete antreiben soll. Auch mit dem BPM-5-Triebwerk wurden eine Reihe von Tests durchgeführt. So wurden zum Beispiel verschiedene Zusatzstoffe im Treibstoff sowie verschiedene Materialien für die Strahlruder erprobt. Vor allem aber dienen die vielen Tests dazu, die Leistung des Triebwerks unter verschiedenen Bedingungen zu verstehen.

Das Triebwerk wird regenerativ gekühlt. Dabei wird der Treibstoff um die Brennkammer geleitet, wobei er einen Großteil der Wärme absorbiert. Hergestellt wird das BPM-5 aus Aluminium.

HEAT-2X
HEAT-2X war mit 10,7 m Höhe die größte bisher von Copenhagen Suborbitals konstruierte Rakete. Sie sollte als erste die Kármán-Linie überquerend und dabei die Tycho Deep Space-80-Kapsel transportieren. Zum Start, der für den Sommer 2014 geplant war, kam es allerdings nie. Bei einem statischen Test implodierte die innere Wand des regenerativ gekühlten TM-65LE-Triebwerks. Der austretende Treibstoff setzte den gesamten Prüfstand in Brand und richtete einen irreparablen Schaden an der Rakete an.

Sapphire
Sapphire ist die kleinste von Copenhagen Suborbitals gestartete Rakete und gleichzeitig die erste, die aktiv vom Bordcomputer mit Hilfe von Kupfer-Strahlrudern gesteuert wurde. Am 23. Juni 2013 wich die Sapphire während ihres Flugs nur um 90 Meter vom angepeilten Ziel, direkt über der Startplattform ab und erreichte eine Flughöhe von 8,25 km.

Angetrieben wurde die etwa 200 kg schwere Rakete von einem Hybridraketentriebwerk, das die Sapphire auf bis zu 1238 km/h (Mach 1,03) beschleunigte. Der feste Treibstoff bestand aus Polyurethan-Körnern, als Oxidator fungierte Distickstoffmonoxid, auch bekannt als Lachgas.

Tycho Deep Space
Die Kapsel mit dem Spitznamen "Beautiful Betty" erinnert an das Kommandomodul des Apollo Raumschiffs der NASA, ist jedoch nur halb so groß und bietet Platz für einen statt drei Astronauten. Tycho Deep Space war von 2011 bis 2012 in der Produktion und wurde vor dem Start zahlreichen Tests unterzogen. So wurde zum Beispiel der Fallschirmauswurf, der Aufprall auf dem Wasser und die Schwimmtauglichkeit erprobt. Auch die Rettungsrakete (LES) wurde mehrfach getestet.

Am 11. August 2012 wurde die Kapsel dann von ihrer Rettungsrakete gestartet. Der Flug verlief tadellos, allerdings durfte die Rettungsrakete aus Sicherheitsgründen erst nach Brennschluss abgetrennt werden. Deshalb war nicht genügend Zeit, um die Kapsel mit dem Bremsfallschirm zu stabilisieren, weshalb der Hauptfallschirm früh ausgeworfen wurde. Die verbleibende Zeit reichte allerdings nicht zur vollen Entfaltung, weshalb die Kapsel hart auf dem Wasser landete und später geborgen werden konnte.

Smaragd
Smaragd ist die bisher einzige zweistufige CS-Rakete. Wie die Sapphire verwendet auch die Smaragd ein ventilloses Hybridraketentriebwerk mit Polyurethan als Treibstoff und Distickstoffmonoxid als Oxidator.

Nach einigen Verzögerungen wurde die Smaragd am 27. Juli 2012 vor Bornholm gestartet. Nur 1,8 Sekunden nach dem Start fiel allerdings die Raketenspitze mitsamt der gesamten Bordelektronik ab. Wegen eines Konstruktionsfehlers konnte diese der sehr starken Beschleunigung von etwa 20 g nicht standhalten, weshalb fast keine nützlichen Telemetriedaten gesammelt werden konnten.

Die zweite Stufe startete nach Durchbrennen eines Seils wie geplant, war aber zu Testzwecken nicht vollständig mit Treibstoff gefüllt. So erreichte die Smaragd letztlich eine Flughöhe von 8,2 Kilometern.

HEAT-1X
Die erste von Copenhagen Suborbitals gestartete Rakete war die HEAT-1X (Hybrid Exo Atmospheric Transporter). Sie startete die nach dem dänischen Astronomen benannte Kapsel Tycho-Brahe-1 mit einem Crashtest-Dummy an Bord. Zunächst sollte die 9,38 m hohe und 1627 kg schwere Rakete am 5. September 2010 gestartet werden. Da jedoch ein Ventil zur Sauerstoffversorgung zufror, musste der Start abgebrochen werden.

Am 3. Juni 2011 fand dann ein zweiter Startversuch statt. Nach einigen Sekunden kippte die Rakete um etwa 30°. Die Rakete näherte sich darauf der Grenze des Startgebiets, weshalb das Triebwerk nach 15 Sekunden Flug manuell abgeschaltet wurde. Der ungünstige Flugwinkel führte auch dazu, dass der Fallschirm nicht korrekt ausgeworfen werden konnte. Darum schlug die Rakete mit hoher Geschwindigkeit auf der Ostsee auf. Die Tycho-Brahe-Kapsel landete schwerbeschädigt mit einem teilweise gerissenen Fallschirm und konnte geborgen werden. Statt den ursprünglich geplanten 16 km Flughöhe wurden 2,8 km erreicht.

Die HEAT-1X basierte, trotz ihrer Größe, auf einfacher Raketentechnik. So wurde sie zum Beispiel rein passiv durch sogenannte Rollerons gesteuert. Dabei wird jeweils Metallrädchen an den Finnen angebracht. Diese werden während des Flugs durch den Luftstrom sehr stark beschleunigt und verhindern dann als Gyroskope, dass sich die Rakete um die eigene Achse dreht. Verwendet wird außerdem ein Hybridraketentriebwerk mit Polyurethan als Treibstoff und flüssigem Sauerstoff (LOX) als Oxidator. Der Flug hat bewiesen, dass es möglich ist, eine Rakete von einer schwimmenden Startplattform auf der Ostsee zu starten. Eine passive Steuerung wurde allerdings für spätere Großraketen ausgeschlossen, weshalb begonnen wurde ein aktives Lenksystem zu entwickeln.

Tycho Brahe
Tycho-Brahe ist ein sogenanntes Micro Spacecraft (MSC) und die erste von Copenhagen Suborbitals konstruierte Raumkapsel. Es besteht aus einer 64 cm breiten Stahlhülle, die mit Kork isoliert wird. Um den Durchmesser der nur 300 kg schweren Kapsel zu minimieren, sollte der Passagier, beim einzigen Flug ein Crashtest-Dummy, eine halb-stehende Position ein. Als Passagier hätte man den Flug durch eine Plexiglas-Kuppel an der Spitze der Kapsel mitverfolgen können. Die bemannte Kapsel hätte zusätzlich ein einfaches Lebenserhaltungssystem enthalten. Abgebremst werden sollte die Kapsel durch einen Hochgeschwindigkeits-Bremsschirm und einen Hauptfallschirm.

Astronauten

Zwei Copenhagen Suborbitals-Mitglieder sind Kandidaten für die erste bemannte Mission (Stand April 2018):

 Mads Stenfatt, Finanzanalyst
 Carsten Olsen, Kindergärtner

Startablauf

Als Startplatz wurden zunächst Andøya in Norwegen, Kiruna in Schweden oder Keflavík auf Island in Betracht gezogen. Diese Startplätze erfüllen aber nicht die Bedingungen für einen bemannten, suborbitalen Flug, weshalb letztlich nach Absprache mit den dänischen Behörden das Militärübungsgelände ESD138/ESD139 östlich von Bornholm in der Ostsee als Startplatz festgelegt wurde. Um von See starten zu können wurde die mobile Startplattform (MLP) Sputnik konstruiert. Zunächst musste diese von Peter Madsens U-Boot UC3 Nautilus gezogen werden, wurde später aber mit eigenen Dieselmotoren ausgestattet. Unter anderem diese Schiffe nahmen an verschiedenen Missionen teil:

 MHV Hjortø, ein Schiff der dänischen Marineheimwehr, das unter anderem als Missionskontrollzentrum, für den HEAT-1X-Start gedient hat.
 M/S Vostok, ursprünglich der Seenotrettungskreuzer G. Kuchenbecker der DGzRS, als Missionskontrollschiff für alle Missionen ab 2012. Die Vostok wurde Ende 2017 an einen Schiffssammler verkauft.
 M/S Antares, als Versorgungsboot
 Bolette Munkholm, ein umgebauter Fischkutter, als Missionskontrollschiff für zukünftige Missionen

Finanzierung

Finanziert wird Copenhagen Suborbitals durch Crowdfunding: Unterstützer aus der ganzen Welt spenden für das Projekt, viele von ihnen monatlich als Mitglieder von Copenhagen Suborbitals Support. Diese Unterstützergruppe wurde am 5. Oktober 2010 gegründet, hat mehr als 600 Mitglieder und kommt für die meisten Fixkosten wie Miete und Strom auf. Hinzukommen zahlreiche Sponsoren, Sachspenden und Einnahmen durch Vorträge. Das jährliche Budget von Copenhagen Suborbitals beläuft sich somit auf 1,5 Millionen dänische Kronen, umgerechnet etwa 200.000 Euro. Das entspricht etwa zehn Prozent des Kaffeebudgets der NASA.

Auszeichnungen
Am 3. Oktober 2013 wurde Copenhagen Suborbitals die "Breitling Milestone Trophy" der Fédération Aéronautique Internationale bei einer Zeremonie in Kuala Lumpur verliehen.

Weblinks

 Copenhagen Suborbitals Offizielle Webpräsenz (englisch)

 Dänisches Blog mit Artikeln von Copenhagen Suborbitals

 TEDxCopenhagen – Kristian von Bengtson – Danes in space Vortrag von Kristian von Bengtson auf einer TED-Konferenz (2010)

Einzelnachweise

Raumfahrtorganisation
Organisation (Dänemark)
Raumfahrt (Dänemark)
Gegründet 2008

Copenhagen Suborbitals


Jonathan Copete (Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia; 23 de enero de 1988) es un futbolista colombiano que juega como delantero o extremo, y actualmente es jugador de Bahia en el Brasileirão de Serie B. Fue  pieza clave de la Copa Libertadores de 2016 con Atlético Nacional.

Trayectoria

Trujillanos
Con el pase en su poder llegó al Trujillanos de Venezuela. Allí estuvo en la temporada 2005/2006, donde debutó en la Primera División.

Atlético Trujillo
En el año 2008 se convirtió en futbolista de Atlético Trujillo, institución en la que dio a conocer todas sus capacidades como delantero, ya que disputó 12 cotejos y marcó 16 goles.

Trujillanos
En la temporada 2009/2010 retornó al Trujillanos, club en el que se mantuvo por un año más, año en el que jugó 30 encuentros y anotó 10 goles.

Zamora
Para la temporada 2010/2011 se transformó en jugador del Zamora, en donde conseguiría su primer título como profesional: el Torneo Clausura 2011. Tras ese certamen, en el que fue el máximo artillero del mismo con 10 tantos, emigró a Colombia, su país natal. Sus números en el "Blanquinegro" indican que disputó 32 partidos y convirtió 14 tantos.

Santa Fe
A mediados de 2011 se confirmó su pase al club Santa Fe de la Primera División de Colombia. Allí marco un total de 4 goles en su primer semestre (entre partidos del torneo local y de la Copa Sudamericana 2011), convirtiéndose con esto para el Apertura 2012 en uno de los futbolistas clave en la conquista del campeonato por parte de Santa Fe. Copete convirtió 7 goles durante todo el certamen, además de ser el autor del tanto que le dio el título al conjunto cardenal sobre el Deportivo Pasto, cortando con 37 años de sequía del equipo en la Categoría Primera A.
Con el club bogotano convirtió 13 goles en 50 partidos.

Vélez Sarsfield
El 24 de julio de 2012 se confirma su paso a Vélez Sarsfield que compró el 50% de los derechos deportivos del jugador que eran propiedad del equipo "cardenal". El otro 50% pertenece a un grupo inversor.

En su primer partido con Vélez, sufre una fractura en el pie izquierdo, no obstante pasaron 2 partidos más para que su lesión se agravara y tuviera que ser operado dejándolo inactivo por 3 meses.

Por la fecha 17 del torneo Inicial 2012, frente a All Boys vuelve al primer equipo, luego de haber jugado 2 partidos por el torneo de reservas donde anotó 3 goles, entra en el segundo tiempo participando en el segundo gol de su equipo.
En la penúltima fecha, Vélez se consagra campeón con Copete en cancha. El colombiano, a pesar de su lesión, pudo formar parte del equipo en siete ocasiones.
Marca su primer gol con Vélez en la victoria 3 a 1 frente a Peñarol por la cuarta fecha de la fase de grupos de la Copa Libertadores 2013. En enero de 2014, a pesar de que iba a ser tenido en cuenta en Vélez.

Santa Fe
Fue cedido a préstamo por 6 meses al Santa Fe para jugar con mayor continuidad. En la primera fecha de la Copa Libertadores 2014 marca su primer gol, luego de su retorno al club cardenal, frente al Nacional de Paraguay en la victoria 3 a 1 de los bogotanos.

Atlético Nacional
Para el segundo semestre de 2014 fue contratado por el equipo verde para afrontar los tres torneos que se aproximaban junto a Alejandro Guerra y Luis Carlos Ruiz. Al principio le costó adaptarse a la metodología y el modo de trabajar del profesor Juan Carlos Osorio, pero con el pasar de las fechas demostró que podía cubrir el puesto de titular en el caso de alguna ausencia en la primera plantilla. El segundo semestre de Atlético Nacional fue para cerrar un año dorado aunque no haya obtenido ningún título. Llegó hasta cuartos de final de la Copa Colombia aunque haya usado una plantilla mixta entre las alternativas del equipo y algunos jugadores canteranos. En cuanto a la liga local, el equipo quedó penúltimo de su cuadrangular usando nóminas mixtas también incluyendo varias veces a Jonathan quien entraba a disputar minutos y logró marcar varios goles. En la Copa Sudamericana el equipo fue finalista subcampeón ante River Plate quien venció 3-1 al elenco paisa debido a sus falencias defensivas en el juego aéreo. Jonathan Copete no anotó ningún gol en este certamen.

Para 2015 el equipo paisa tenía en su camino la Copa Libertadores y el torneo local. Copete ganó la confianza de Juan Carlos Osorio y se afirmó más en la plantilla titular que disputó los dos torneos. Copete logró anotar un tanto en la goleada que le proporcionó el conjunto verdolaga al Libertad de Paraguay en el Atanasio Girardot por un marcador de 4-0 en la Copa Libertadores, competencia de la que el elenco saldría eliminado en octavos de final contra Emelec de Ecuador por un marcador global de 2-1. En la liga local Copete lograría marcar varios tantos, destacándose su triplete contra la Uniautónoma. Para el primer semestre Atlético Nacional clasificaría a octavos de final con 33 puntos, llave que emparejaría con el Deportivo Cali el cual logró un empate 3-3 en el Atanasio Girardot (compromiso en el cual Copete fue figura) y un sufrido penal en Palmaseca para quedarse con la llave. Fue un semestre complicado para el verde de la montaña quien ya completaba un año sin títulos.

Para el segundo semestre de 2015, bajo la dirección técnica de Reinaldo Rueda, Copete no fue clave en el equipo del técnico caleño, ya que disputó pocos partidos como titular, todo esto debido también a una fuerte lesión que recayó en una operación de su zona mandibular que lo alejó de las canchas por dos meses y que después de su retorno no convenció con su nivel al DT Reinaldo Rueda, aunque haya sido clave en la victoria ante Cúcuta Deportivo, partido en el cual una victoria significaría conseguir un puntaje histórico en torneos cortos (45: el récord lo poseía el América de Cali con 43 puntos). Copete se consagró campeón con la escuadra verdolaga a fin de año siendo el equipo más destacado de la temporada.

Para 2016 Copete continúa con la escuadra verdolaga acechando por una oportunidad debido a la partida de uno de los máximos referentes en la posición que cubría, Yimmi Chará.

Santos
El 18 de mayo de 2016 llega al Santos de Brasil. Debutó el 29 de junio con gol en la derrota de su equipo 3-2 frente a Grêmio por el Brasileirao. El 13 de octubre le daría la victoria a su club por la mínima en la visita a Sao Paulo. Marcaría el gol de la victoria de su club por la mínima el 29 de octubre en el clásico contra Palmeiras. El 6 de noviembre le da la victoria a su club como visitantes ante Ponte Preta por 2 a 1.

El 5 de marzo de 2017 le da la victoria a su club por la mínima entrando desde el banco en su visita a Santo André por el torneo Campeonato Paulista 2017, el 21 de junio marca los dos goles de la victoria de su club 2 a 0 sobre Vitória. El 9 de julio marca su primer hat-trick como profesional dándole la victoria a su club 3 a 2 en el clásico frente al Sao Paulo donde sale como la figura del partido. Jugó la Copa Libertadores 2017 donde llegó hasta cuartos de final, siendo eliminados por Barcelona. El 19 de noviembre marca el gol del triunfo por la mínima sobre Gremio.

Su primer gol del 2018 lo marca hasta el 3 de noviembre en la caída 3-2 contra el líder Palmeiras.
El 24 de enero marca su primer gol del 2019 en la goleada 4 por 0 sobre San Bento.

Everton de Viña del Mar
El 7 de febrero de 2020 se confirma como nuevo jugador del Everton de Viña del Mar de la Primera División de Chile. Debutó el 22 de febrero en la derrota como local de su equipo frente a Unión La Calera ingresando en el segundo tiempo.

Selección nacional
El 4 de noviembre de 2016 es convocado por José Pekerman por primera vez para integrar la plantilla de la Selección Colombia para disputar ante las selecciones de Selección Chile y la de Selección Argentina, los partidos por las Eliminatorias al Mundial de 2018.
El 15 de noviembre debuta con la selección nacional por las Eliminatorias Rusia 2018 en la derrota 3-0 frente a Selección Argentina en San Juan, entrando a los 66 minutos por Daniel Alejandro Torres.

Participaciones en Eliminatorias al Mundial

Estadísticas

Hat-tricks

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales

Torneos internacionales

Distinciones individuales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en BDFA
 Ficha en Soccerway
 Fichaje Club Bahia

Futbolistas de Colombia
Futbolistas del Trujillanos Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Zamora Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Independiente Santa Fe
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield
Futbolistas del Atlético Nacional
Futbolistas del Santos Futebol Clube
Futbolistas del Club de Fútbol Pachuca
Futbolistas de Everton de Viña del Mar en los años 2020

Jonathan Copete


Lindernia procumbens, la Lindernie couchée, Lindernie pyxidaire, Lindernie rampante ou Lindernie des marais, est une espèce de plantes à fleurs annuelles de la famille des Linderniaceae, répandue en Eurasie et en Océanie, où elle pousse dans les milieux humides.

Description

Appareil végétatif

C'est une petite plante annuelle, glabre, à croissance diffuse, haute de , à tiges plus ou moins étalées, quadrangulaires et feuillées. Ses feuilles sont opposées, généralement entières, ovales, à trois à cinq nervures principales.

Appareil reproducteur

Les fleurs sont axillaires, longuement pédicellées, discrètes. Les cinq pétales rosâtres forment une corolle à deux lèvres très inégales, la supérieure petite, bilobée, l'inférieure plus grande et trilobée. Il y a quatre étamines fertiles. Le fruit est une capsule ovoïde, pratiquement de la longueur du calice, à deux loges et s'ouvrant par deux valves. La floraison a lieu de juin à septembre.

Confusions possibles
La Lindernie couchée peut être confondue avec Lindernia dubia, une espèce originaire des Amériques et introduite en Europe et en Asie, qui s'en distingue par des pédicelles floraux plus courts, une corolle plus grande, et deux étamines fertiles associées à deux staminodes (étamines stériles).

Répartition
L'espèce est largement répandue en Eurasie et se rencontre jusqu'en Australie. Elle est absente des îles britanniques et du nord de l'Europe, de la Mongolie et de la Chine intérieure, du nord-est de l'Asie.

Habitat et écologie

C'est une plante thérophyte, parfois cléistogame, et parfois donc autoféconde. Elle pousse dans les milieux humides, en bordure d'étangs ou de rivières, sur la vase ou les alluvions, jusqu'à  d'altitude. On la rencontre en particulier dans les groupements d'herbes rases, sur les grèves, de l'Isoetion ou du Nanocyperion. Comme un certain nombre de petites plantes annuelles des mêmes milieux, elle peut parfois former des peuplements denses, mais elle est en général plutôt rare.

Systématique
L'espèce porte en français les noms vulgaires « Lindernie couchée », « Lindernie pyxidaire », « Lindernie des marais », « Lindernie rampante ».

Elle a été initialement classée comme la seule espèce du genre Anagalloides, sous le basionyme Anagalloides procumbens, par le botaniste Anton Johann Krocker en 1790. Elle est déplacée en 1965 dans le genre Lindernia par David Philcox, sous le nom correct Lindernia procumbens. Elle a aussi été classée selon les auteurs dans les genres Bonnaya, Gratiola, Ilyogeton, Pyxidaria, Tittmannia, Torenia, Vandellia et Vriesea.

Lindernia procumbens a pour synonymes :

Menaces et conservation
Il s'agit en France d'une espèce rare, dont les populations sont faibles et dont les habitats se raréfient ; elle est aussi de petite taille et fugace, elle peut donc passer inaperçue. L'artificialisation des rivières est en partie responsable de la régression de l'espèce. Également, l'espèce exotique L. dubia, qui occupe les mêmes milieux, a tendance à la remplacer voire à l'éliminer. Lindernia procumbens est classée par l' en préoccupation mineure au niveau mondial et européen, mais elle est classée « en danger » (EN) sur la Liste rouge de la flore vasculaire de France métropolitaine (2019) ; au niveau régional, elle est « en danger critique d'extinction » (CR) en Auvergne et dans la région Centre-Val-de-Loire, et « en danger » (EN) en Aquitaine, Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Alsace et Rhône-Alpes. L'espèce est éteinte en Espagne.

Usages
Cette espèce a des propriétés médicinales d'élimination de la chaleur du foie, de refroidissement du sang, de diminution de l'inflammation et de détumescence. Elle peut être propagée par culture de tissus. Elle est aussi utilisée comme un remède pour la gonorrhée et le jus est donné aux enfants qui font des selles de couleur verte.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Linderniaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante médicinale

Lindernia procumbens


The Argentina national football team () represents Argentina in men's international football and is administered by the Argentine Football Association, the governing body for football in Argentina.

Nicknamed La Albiceleste ('The White and Sky Blue'), they are the reigning world champions, having won the most recent World Cup in 2022, earning their third star shown by the team's crest. Overall, Argentina has appeared in a World Cup final six times, a record equaled by Italy and surpassed only by Brazil and Germany. Argentina played in the first ever final in 1930, which they lost 4–2 to Uruguay. The following final appearance came 48 years later, in 1978, when the team captained by Daniel Passarella defeated the Netherlands 3–1 in extra time, becoming world champions for the first time. Captained by Diego Maradona, Argentina won their second World Cup eight years later, in 1986, with a 3–2 final victory over West Germany. They reached the final once more under the guidance of Maradona, in 1990, but were ultimately beaten 1–0 by West Germany. A few decades later, Argentina, led by Lionel Messi made their fifth final appearance in 2014, losing to Germany 1–0 after extra time. In 2022, again captained by Messi, they were crowned world champions for the third time, the fourth-most of any country, beating France 4–2 on penalties, following a 3–3 draw after extra time.

The team's World Cupwinning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, Carlos Bilardo in 1986 and Lionel Scaloni in 2022. Since the Golden Ball for the tournament's best player was officially awarded by FIFA in 1982, Argentina players have won it thrice: Maradona in 1986 and Messi in 2014 and 2022. Argentines Guillermo Stábile in 1930 and Mario Kempes in 1978 were the top-scoring players at their respective World Cups.

Argentina has also been very successful in the Copa América, winning it 15 times, a record shared with Uruguay, most recently winning the 2021 edition. The team won the inaugural FIFA Confederations Cup in 1992. Argentina is the most successful team in the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions, having won it twice, in 1993 and 2022. Argentina is known for having rivalries with Brazil, Uruguay, England, Germany and the Netherlands. As of 2023, Argentina holds the record for most official titles won by a men's national team with 22. Individually for Argentina, Lionel Messi is the all-time most-capped player with 178 games and the highest goalscorer with 106 goals.

History

The first ever match Argentina played was against Uruguay on 20 June 1902. The game, which was the first international for both sides, was held in Montevideo, and Argentina won 6–0. During the first years of its existence, Argentina only played friendly matches against other South American teams. The reasons for this varied, including long travel times between countries and the interruption due to World War I.

La Albiceleste has appeared in World Cup finals six times, including the first ever final on 30 July 1930, which they lost 4–2 to Uruguay. Argentina won their next final on 25 June 1978, beating the Netherlands 3–1. Eight years later, in 1986, Argentina led by Diego Maradona won their second title with a 3–2 victory over West Germany. Under the guidance of Maradona, they reached the final again, in 1990, but ultimately lost 1–0 to West Germany, by a much-disputed penalty. Led by Lionel Messi, Argentina reached the final in 2014, where they were beaten 1–0 by Germany in extra time. In 2022, again under the captaincy of Messi, Argentina won their third World Cup, beating France 4–2 on penalties, following a 3–3 draw after extra time. The team's World Cupwinning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, Carlos Bilardo in 1986 and Lionel Scaloni in 2022.

Argentina has also been very successful in the South American Football Championship, the Copa América, winning it 15 times, a record it shares with Uruguay; they were crowned champions most recently in 2021. The team also won the inaugural FIFA Confederations Cup in 1992 and the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions in 1993 and 2022.

In March 2007, Argentina reached the top of the FIFA Men's World Ranking for the first time.

Home stadium

Argentina plays most of its home matches at River Plate's stadium, Estadio Monumental, in Buenos Aires, although the team also uses various other venues frequently, such as Estadio Único Madre de Ciudades and Boca Juniors' stadium, La Bombonera. Those venues, along with Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes and Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario, were used for the 2022 World Cup qualification. Additionally, Argentina played some matches at Rosario Central's stadium, Estadio Gigante de Arroyito, during their 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign.

GEBA Stadium was the first stadium Argentina used for its home matches; that includes the Copa Newton match against Uruguay held on 13 September 1908, which has a historic significance for being the first time Argentina wore the light blue and white-striped jersey in an official game, which has since then been the defining uniform up to the present day. GEBA was also used for the Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo, the first competition held between South American national teams, considered the predecessor of Copa América, organised by the Argentine Football Association (AFA) in 1910. Most recently, Argentina played at GEBA on 19 October 1919, winning the Copa Premier Honor Argentino after a 6–1 victory over Uruguay.

Furthermore, Estadio Sportivo Barracas is also considered a memorable venue for Argentina; the stadium was commonly used by Argentina from 1920 to 1932. Playing at the stadium for La Albiceleste on 2 October 1924, forward Cesáreo Onzari scored directly from a corner kick, the first such incident in football, when Argentina beat Uruguay 2–1; such goals are now often referred as Olympic goals due to the fact that Uruguay had just won the 1924 Olympic title. Sportivo Barracas was later demolished after 1936.

Team image

Kit

The first kit ever worn by Argentina, in their official debut against Uruguay in 1902, included a light blue shirt. On 2 July 1908, Argentina debuted a shirt with light blue vertical stripes on a white jersey, which they used when they played a side formed of Campeonato Paulista players at Velódromo Paulistano; they used the jersey in an official game against Uruguay on 13 September 1908, and the striped jersey has remained as the definitive kit for Argentina ever since then. The team's away kits have been in dark blue shades, with the colours of shorts and socks varying from time to time.

Argentina has also sported other kits; on 3 June 1919 in Rio de Janeiro, playing against Brazil, Argentina wore a light blue kit, similar to that of Uruguay, out of respect for Roberto Chery, a substitute goalkeeper for Uruguay, who had collapsed and died during a match against Chile at the 1919 South American Championship; the game between Argentina and Brazil was organised by the Brazilian Football Confederation for the benefit of Chery's relatives. At the 1958 World Cup, Argentina wore the yellow jersey of Swedish club IFK Malmö against West Germany, as the team had arrived in Sweden without an away kit.

At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, the then manager, Carlos Bilardo, asked the team's kit supplier, Le Coq Sportif, for lighter blue shirts for their quarter-final against England in three days, but they could not be provided. Then, a member of the coaching staff scoured the shops of Mexico City for 38 plain shirts, which were transformed with an improvised version of the AFA emblem embroidered on the shirts and silvery American football numbers ironed to the backs. Sporting the makeshift jerseys, Argentina beat England on 22 June, with Diego Maradona scoring his famous "Hand of God goal". Afterwards, the shirt became a symbol of the occasion and an important collector's item.

At the 2018 World Cup in Russia, Argentina debuted a black away kit; and at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, they wore a purple away kit in a competitive game for the first time.

Kit suppliers

Crest
Argentina has used the logo of the Argentine Football Association as its emblem since it was first worn at the 1958 World Cup in Sweden; the logo was added to the team's jackets, but not the shirts. The emblem was not used on jerseys until 16 November 1976, when Argentina played the Soviet Union at Estadio Monumental. At the beginning, the crest used did not include a laurel wreath, which was first added for the 1982 World Cup.

As a respected and common practice, two stars were added above the crest in 2004, symbolising Argentina's World Cup titles in 1978 and 1986. In 2022, a third star was added after Argentina were crowned world champions for the third time.

Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

2022

2023

2024

Coaching staff

Manager history

 Sources:

 Pedro Calomino (1921)
 Ángel Vázquez (1924–1925)
 José Lago Millán (1927–1928)
 Francisco Olazar (1929)
 Francisco Olazar &  Juan J. Tramutola (1929–1930)
 Felipe Pascucci (1934)
 Manuel Seoane (1935–1937)
 Ángel Fernández Roca (1937–1939)
 Guillermo Stábile (1939–1958)
 José Manuel Moreno (1959)
 Guillermo Stábile (1960)
 Victorio Spinetto (1960–1961)
 José D'Amico (1962)
 Juan Carlos Lorenzo (1962)
 Néstor Rossi (1962)
 Jim Lópes (1962)
 Horacio A. Torres (1963–1964)
 José D'Amico (1964)
 José María Minella (1964–1965)
 Osvaldo Zubeldía (1965)
 Juan Carlos Lorenzo (1966)
 Jim Lópes (1967)
 Carmelo Faraone (1967)
 Renato Cesarini (1967–1968)
 José María Minella (1968)
 Humberto Maschio (1968–1969)
 Adolfo Pedernera (1969)
 Juan José Pizzuti (1970–1972)
 Omar Sívori (1972–1973)
 Vladislao Cap (1974)
 César Menotti (1974–1982)
 Carlos Bilardo (1983–1990)
 Alfio Basile (1990–1994)
 Daniel Passarella (1994–1998)
 Marcelo Bielsa (1998–2004)
 José Pékerman (2004–2006)
 Alfio Basile (2006–2008)
 Diego Maradona (2008–2010)
 Sergio Batista (2010–2011)
 Alejandro Sabella (2011–2014)
 Gerardo Martino (2014–2016)
 Edgardo Bauza (2016–2017)
 Jorge Sampaoli (2017–2018)
 Lionel Scaloni (2018–present)

Players

Current squad
The following 23 players were named in the squad for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Paraguay and Peru on 12 and 17 October 2023, respectively.

Caps and goals are correct as of 18 October 2023, after the match against Peru.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up for the team in the last twelve months.

COV Withdrew from the squad due to quarantine or infection by COVID-19
INJ Withdrew due to injury
PRE Preliminary squad
RET Retired from the national team
SUS Suspended
U23  Selected at Argentina Under 23 National Football Team

Individual records and achievements

Players in bold are still active with Argentina.

Most-capped players

Top goalscorers

World Cup-winning captains

Caps
 Most capped player overall: 178, Lionel Messi, 2005 – present
 Most FIFA World Cups played: 5, Lionel Messi
 Most FIFA World Cup appearances made: 26, Lionel Messi
 Most FIFA World Cup matches played as captain: 19, Lionel Messi
 Most Copa America appearances made: 34, Lionel Messi
 Youngest player: Diego Maradona,  old against Hungary on 27 February 1977
 Youngest player to appear in a FIFA World Cup match: Lionel Messi,  old against Serbia and Montenegro on 16 June 2006
 Oldest player: Ángel Labruna,  old against Czechoslovakia at the 1958 FIFA World Cup on 15 June

Goals
 Most goals scored: 106, Lionel Messi, 2005–
 Oldest goalscorer: Martín Palermo, 36 years and 7 months old in 2010 against Greece
 Youngest goalscorer: Diego Maradona, 18 years, 7 months and 4 days old in 1979 against Scotland
 Youngest player to score in a FIFA World Cup match: Lionel Messi, 18 years and 357 days, against Serbia and Montenegro in 2006
 Most goals scored in a single match: 5 – Manuel Seoane in 1925, Juan Marvezzi in 1941, Lionel Messi in 2022
 Most goals scored in a calendar year: 18 – Lionel Messi in 2022
 Most goals scored at FIFA World Cup matches : 13 – Lionel Messi
 Most goals scored at Conmebol FIFA World Cup Qualification matches: 31 – Lionel Messi
 Most assists provided in all international competitions, including friendlies: 56 – Lionel Messi
 Most direct free kick goals at Conmebol FIFA World Cup Qualification matches: 4 – Juan Roman Riquelme and Lionel Messi

Manager records
 Most games coached: 127, Guillermo Stábile. During his tenure, he won the South American Championship six times with Argentina, in 1941, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1955 and 1957.

World Cup awards and achievements
World Cup Golden Ball

The World Cup Golden Ball has been given by FIFA to the best player at the World Cup since 1982; Argentina players have won it thrice; Maradona in 1986 and Messi in 2014 and 2022.

World Cup top goalscorer

Guillermo Stábile in 1930 and Mario Kempes in 1978 were both the top-scoring players at their respective World Cups.

World Cup Golden Glove

The best goalkeeper at the World Cup is awarded the FIFA World Cup Golden Glove. In 2022 this award was won by Emiliano Martínez.

World Cup Young Player Award

The best player at the World Cup who is no older than 21 during the calendar year of the tournament is awarded the FIFA World Cup Young Player Award. In 2022 this award was won by Enzo Fernández.

Competitive record
 Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Tournament played fully or partially on home soil

FIFA World Cup

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Copa América

FIFA Confederations Cup

CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Olympic Games

Head-to-head record

Below is a result summary of all matches Argentina has played against FIFA recognised teams.

Rivalries

Brazil

Argentina and Brazil have a fierce rivalry which is one of the oldest in South America. Games between the two teams, even those that are only friendly matches, are often marked by notable and controversial incidents. The rivalry has also been referred to as the "Battle of the Americas." FIFA has described it as the "essence of football rivalry". According to CNN, Argentina-Brazil rivalry ranked second on their top 10 list of international football rivalries—only below the ancient England–Scotland football rivalry.

The rivalry has extended to comparisons between Pelé and Diego Maradona. Some of their countrymen also feature regularly in such debates. The next most notable pair are perhaps Garrincha (Brazilian) and Alfredo Di Stéfano (Argentine). The most dominant figures from the two countries in the modern game are Neymar (Brazilian) and Lionel Messi (Argentine). Both Pelé and Maradona have declared Neymar and Messi their respective "successors".

England

With a rivalry stemming from the 1966 World Cup and intensified by the Falklands War of 1982, Argentina and England have had numerous confrontations in World Cup tournaments. Among them was the quarter-final match in 1986, where Diego Maradona scored two goals against England. The first was a handball, but was ruled legal by the referee. The second, scored minutes later, saw Maradona passing five England outfield players before scoring, and is often described as one of the greatest goals in football history.

The nations were paired together in the Round of 16 at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, won by Argentina on penalties, and again at the group stage in 2002, England winning 1–0 through a penalty by David Beckham who had been sent off in the tie four years earlier.

Germany

Argentina has played Germany in seven FIFA World Cup matches including three FIFA World Cup finals: In 1986 Argentina won 3–2, but in 1990 it was the Germans who were the victors by a 1–0 scoreline.

In 1958 they met for the first time in the group stage, where Argentina suffered a 1–3 loss to defending champions West Germany. In 1966 both again faced each other in the group stage which ended in a scoreless draw. In 2006, they met in the quarter-finals; Argentina lost on penalties after a 1–1 draw, which was followed by a brawl on the pitch involving several players. They met again at the same stage in 2010, this time ending with a 4–0 victory for Germany. They played each other for the third consecutive World Cup in the Brazil 2014 event's final, where Argentina was defeated in extra time by a score of 1–0.

Uruguay

Argentina has a long-standing rivalry with its neighbour, that came into existence from the early South American Championships, the 1928 Summer Olympics and the first World Cup final, held in 1930.

Argentina and Uruguay hold the record for most international matches played between two countries. The two teams have faced each other 197 times since 1902. The first match between Argentina and Uruguay was also the first official international match to be played outside the United Kingdom.

Mexico

Argentina has a minor rivalry with Mexico, which developed in the 1990s. The rivalry is considered one-sided as a number of Argentines do not consider Mexico as rivals. Although the first official match between both nations came in the 1930 FIFA World Cup where Argentina beat Mexico 6–3 on group stage, the rivalry emerged during the late twentieth century, especially after the 1993 Copa América Final, where Argentina beat Mexico 2–1. That was the first time a non-CONMEBOL nation played in a Copa América final, and the first final played between both sides.

The rivalry has continued in club competitions, where Argentine and Mexicans first met in 1968 Copa Interamericana. The rivalry between both nations at club level increased during the late 1990s, when Mexican clubs were invited to participate in Copa Libertadores, where they played memorable matches v Boca Juniors.

During the 2022 FIFA World Cup held in Qatar, some Mexican and Argentine fans had a fight in Doha prior to the match between both sides, among great animosity. Both supporters fought again inside Lusail Stadium after the match that Argentina won 2–0, giving Argentina a chance to qualify and forcing Mexico to win against Saudi Arabia to qualify, which ended with Argentina and Poland qualifying and Mexico being eliminated alongside Saudi Arabia.

This sense of rivalry is more keenly felt by Mexican supporters and media, since Argentines do not consider Mexico rivals like Brazil, Germany, Uruguay or England.

Nigeria
A recurrent rivalry developed from the 1990s between Argentina and Nigeria, based not on geographical proximity, long-term battles for honours or factors outside football, but due to the frequency of significant matches between them. This has included five World Cup group games, all won by Argentina by a single goal margin: 2–1 in 1994, 1–0 in 2002, 1–0 in 2010, 3–2 in 2014 and 2–1 in 2018. The fixture is the most common in the competition's history involving an African nation, and has occurred in five of the six tournaments for which Nigeria has qualified. The sides also met in the 1995 King Fahd Cup (the predecessor to the Confederations Cup) as champions of their respective continents, drawing 0–0.

Below full international level, their Olympic teams also faced off in the gold medal match in 1996 (3–2 to Nigeria), and 2008 (1–0 to Argentina). The final of the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship was also played between them; both Argentina goals in their 2–1 win were scored by Lionel Messi, who would go on to find the net for the senior team in the 2014 and 2018 World Cup fixtures.

The sense of rivalry is more keenly felt on the Nigerian side, as Argentina has won almost all of their encounters, so they do not consider Nigeria a rival like Brazil, England, Uruguay or Germany, in contrast to the West Africans who remain keen to finally overcome a more illustrious foe.

Netherlands

Considered by sports media to be two historically great teams, the Argentines and Dutch have developed an intense rivalry. They have met ten times in total, including six times during the FIFA World Cup tournament.

The two teams first met on 26 May 1974 in an international friendly, won by the Netherlands 4–1. Their most high-profile matchup occurred in the 1978 FIFA World Cup final which was won by Argentina. One of the most recent and intense meetings happened in the 2022 FIFA World Cup, a 2–2 draw where Argentina advanced on penalties, in what is known as the Battle of Lusail.

Honours

Senior team
 FIFA World Cup
  Champions (3): 1978, 1986, 2022
  Runners-up (3): 1930, 1990, 2014
 FIFA Confederations Cup
  Champions (1): 1992
  Runners-up (2): 1995, 2005
 South American Championship / Copa América
  Champions (15): 1921, 1925, 1927, 1929, 1937, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1991, 1993, 2021
  Runners-up (14): 1916, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1935, 1942, 1959, 1967, 2004, 2007, 2015, 2016
  Third place (5): 1919, 1956, 1963, 1989, 2019
 Fourth place (2): 1922, 1987
 CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions
  Champions (2): 1993, 2022
 Panamerican Championship
  Champions (1): 1960
  Runners-up (1): 1956

Olympic team

 Olympic Games
 Silver medal (1): 1928

Friendly
  Newton Cup (17): 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1916, 1918, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1937, 1942, 1945, 1957, 1973, 1975, 1976 (record)
  Lipton Cup (18): 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1928, 1937, 1942, 1945, 1957, 1962, 1968, 1976, 1992 (record)
  Copa Premier Honor Argentino (7): 1909, 1911, 1913, 1914,1918, 1919, 1980 (record)
  Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo (1): 1910
  Copa Premier Honor Uruguayo (5): 1915, 1916, 1917, 1923, 1924
  Copa Juan Mignaburu (5): 1935, 1936, 1938, 1940, 1943 (record)
  Copa Héctor Rivadavia Gómez (3): 1935, 1936, 1943 (record)
  Roca Cup (4): 1923, 1939, 1940, 1971 (shared)
  Superclásico de las Américas (2): 2017, 2019
  Nations' Cup (1): 1964
  Kirin Cup (2): 1992, 2003
  Copa Times of India (1): 2011
  San Juan Cup (1): 2019

Chronology of titles

Summary

Notes

See also

 List of Argentina international footballers
 Argentina national under-23 football team
 Argentina national under-20 football team
 Argentina national under-17 football team
 Vamos, vamos, Argentina

Notes and references

Notes

References

External links

 Argentina at CONMEBOL
 Argentina at FIFA

FIFA Confederations Cup-winning countries
FIFA World Cup-winning countries
South American national association football teams
Football teams in Argentina

Argentina national football team


Jeg er min egen Dolly Parton er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2011 med instruktion og manuskript af Jessica Nettelbladt.

Handling
En dybt personlig dokumentarfilm instrueret af Jessica Nettelbladt, der har tilbragt lang tid med blandt andet musikproduceren Gudrun Hauksdottir og sanger Nina Persson - i alt filmer hun fem farverige kvinder der, inspireret af Dolly Parton, har fået styrke til at gå deres egne veje. Fem kvinder, klar til at tage de udfordringer livet giver dem, tager os på en tankevækkende og inspirerende rejse, der handler om at tage sig selv alvorligt og have modet til at gøre drømmene til virkelighed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Svenske film fra 2011
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Jag är min egen Dolly Parton


La famille Hettich est une famille franco-allemande d'hommes politiques et d'entrepreneurs.

Amédée-Louis Hettich (1856-1937), poète, chanteur, journaliste, professeur de musique et musicologue français ;
 Eugen Hettich (1848-1888), peintre allemand ;
Georg Hettich (1978-), coureur allemand du combiné nordique ;
Janina Hettich (1996-), biathlète allemande ;
Prof. Dr. Karl Hettich (1901-?), avocat et homme politique (SPD)
Urban Hettich (1953-), coureur allemand du combiné nordique.

Patronyme allemand

Hettich


ISO (International Organization for Standardization), Uluslararası Standartlar Teşkilatı, Uluslararası Elektroteknik Komisyonu'nun çalışma sahasına giren elektrik ve elektronik mühendisliği konuları dışında, bütün teknik ve teknik dışı dallardaki standartların belirlenmesi çalışmalarını yürütmek gayesiyle resmi olarak 23 Şubat 1947 tarihinde Cenevre'de kurulan uluslararası teşkilât.

Uluslararası Standartlar Teşkilatına üye ülkelerin sayısı 162'dir. Teşkilat üyesi olan milli birimler kendi ülkelerinde standartlar konusunda en yetkili kuruluşlardır. Her ülke teşkilatta yetkili bir organ tarafından temsil edilir.

Standartlaştırma, ölçme, adlandırma ve yabancı adları çeşitli dillere çevirmeyle, makinelerin, deney idarecilerinin, aletlerin, işlemlerin, yüzeylerin, malzemelerin ve parçaların taşıması gereken özelliklerin ve bu özelliklerin arz edilme biçiminin tespiti gibi konular Uluslararası Standartlar Teşkilatının faaliyet sahasına girer. Bu teşkilat talep üzerine özel bir ilmi standart konusunu çözüme bağlamak üzere uluslararası teknik komiteler kurarak bu komitelerin çalışmalarının neticelerini Uluslararası Standart (IS) olarak yayımlar. Teknolojik ihtiyaçlardan dolayı ISO standartları, her beş yılda bir gözden geçirilir ve gerekli değişiklikler yapılır.

ISO Kalite Belgesi
ISO kalite belgesi, aşağıda yer alan tüm ISO kalite belgelerinin her birini tanımlamak amacıyla üretilmiş bir ifadedir. ISO belgesiyle bahsedilen standart çoğu zaman ISO 9001 olmakla birlikte çok karıştırılan husus, standart ve belgenin farklı anlamlar taşımakta olmasıdır.

ISO ile başlayan yanında bir takım sayılar bulunan ifadeler ilgili yönetim sistemine ait ISO'nun geliştirdiği standart kodlarını göstermektedirler. Örnek: ISO 9001, ISO 22000 vb.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) kısaltmasının yanında yer alan rakam standardın kodu ve sondaki yıl bilgisi içeren diğer rakamsa, ilgili standardın son revizyonuna ait yılı göstermektedir. Örnek: ISO 9001:2015, ISO 22000:2016 vb.

ISO Belgesiyse, herhangi bir ISO kalite standardının kurumda hazırlanıp, uygulanmaya başlamasını takiben işletmede Akredite belgelendirme kuruluşlarının onaylanmış "Baş Denetçileri" tarafından gerçekleştirilen denetimler neticesinde, uygulanan standardın gerekliliklerini karşılaması durumunda verilmekte olan ISO Sertifikasıdır. Çoğu zaman ISO standart kodlarıyla ISO kalite belgesi anlamsal olarak karıştırılmakta ve anlam karmaşasına neden olabilmektedir.

 ISO 9001 Kalite yönetim standardıISO 9000; ISO 9001 standardı ilk yayınlanan standart olmakla birlikte en çok tercih edilen ISO kalite standardıdır. ISO 9001 kök standart olup diğer pek çok standart bu merkezi standardın üzerine kurulmaktadır.
 ISO 22000 Gıda güvenliği yönetim standardıGıda Güvenliği; ISO 22000 standardı, gıda güvenliği için artan uluslararası ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi ve giderilmesi amacıyla toplanan ISO komitesinin uzun yıllar süren çalışmaları sonucunda geliştirilmiş bir gıda güvenliği standardı olarak yayınlanmıştır,
 ISO 14001 Çevre yönetim standardı; işletmelerin çevresel etkilerinin kontrol altına alınması, olası çevresel risklerin belirlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi sonucunda yapılacakları belirleyen risk yaklaşımlı yönetim standartlarından biridir. Öncelikle çevresel riskler belirlenmekte sonrasında bu risklere bağlı tedbirler bir planlama yapısıyla standart alt yapısına oturtulmaktadır. Kurum ve kuruluşların çevre ile olan ilişkileri bu standart içerisinde tanımlanır ve yönetilir.
 OHSAS 18001 İş güvenliği standardıOHSAS 18001; İngiliz BSI (2) (İngiltere Standart Kurumu) tarafından geliştirilmiş ve bu yönüyle ISO'dan ayrılan iş ve işçi güvenliği yönetim sistemidir. ISO'nun halen yayınlamak için üzerinde geliştirmelere devam ettiği iş güvenliği standardı ISO 45001'dir.
 ISO 27001 Bilgi güvenliği yönetim standardıBilgi Güvenliği; ISO 27001 kurum ve kuruluşlarda bulunan ticari ve ticari olmayan tüm bilgilerin saklanması, dağıtılması ve korunmasına yönelik hazırlanıp yayımlanmış ISO standardıdır. ISO'nun geliştirdiği popüler standartlar arasında yer almaktadır.
 ISO 10002 Müşteri memnuniyet yönetim standardı, kurum ve kuruluşların müşterileriyle olan tüm ilişkilerini kontrol altına almak, değerlendirmek ve gereklerini yerine getirip ölçülebilirliğini sağlamak amacıyla üretilmiş ISO standardıdır. Daha önce ISO 9001 içerisinde prosedür düzeyinde ele alınmakta bulunan bu standart geliştirilmiş ve giderek artan önemine binaen bağımsız yayımlanmaya uygun görülmüş müşteri memnuniyet yönetim sistemidir. Müşteri şikayet yönetimi olarak da adlandırılmaktadır.
 ISO 45001 İş güvenliği yönetim standardıISO 45001, kalite belgeleri de bulunmakta ve ISO standart ailesi (1) giderek genişlemektedir.

'ISO' Kurum Olarak Belgelendirme Gerçekleştirmez

Uluslararası standartlar organizasyonu ISO 9001 ve ISO 14001 gibi Uluslararası Standartları geliştirmekte, ancak belgelendirme yapmamakta ve ISO kalite belgesi vermemektedir. Belgelendirme işlemleri, akredite belgelendirme kuruluşları tarafından gerçekleştirilmekte ve bu sebeple ISO (International Organization for Standardization) bir şirket veya kuruluşa ISO belgesi vermemektedir.

Bununla birlikte ISO, belgelendirme kuruluşlarının akredite olma süreçleriyle ilgili sertifikasyon standardı geliştirmiştir.

Özet olarak, ISO (International Organization for Standardization); standartları üretir, bu standartları uygulayan işletmelerin ISO sertifikasyon süreçlerine dahil olmaz,

IAF (Uluslararası Akreditasyon Forumu) belgelendirme kuruluşlarını akredite eden kurumdur,

ISO kalite belgelendirme süreçleri IAF ve IAF üyesi kurumlar tarafından gerçekleştirilip onaylanan kurum ve kuruluşlarca yürütülmektedir. (Bakınız TURKAK ve TSE vb.)

Örgütün amacı
 Uluslararası mal ve hizmet değişimini hızlandırmak,
 Entelektüel, bilimsel, teknolojik ve ekonomik faaliyetler alanında iş birliğini geliştirmektir.

Örgütün hedefleri
 ISO'nun pazar ilgisini arttırmak,
 ISO sistemi ve standartlarını geliştirmek,
 Kaynakları en iyi şekilde kullanmak,
 Yeni teknik programları teşvik etmek,
 Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde alt yapıyı oluşturmaktır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Avrupa Standartlar Komitesi
 ECMA Standartlar Birliği
 İnternet Mühendisliği Görev Gücü
 Uluslararası Telekomünikasyon Birliği

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 ISO
 ISO Certification
 IAF
 ISO Belgesi
 ISO Tarihçe

Kalite

ISO


محمد بن حسين بن محمد الجسر الصيادي الرفاعي سياسي لبناني من وجهاء مدينة طرابلس اللبنانية. خاض الانتخابات الرئاسية بدعمٍ من معظم اللبنانيين على اختلاف أطيافهم وطوائفهم في عهد الانتداب الفرنسي للبنان كما ترأس مجلس النواب اللبناني من 18 تشرين الأول 1927 حتى 10 أيار 1932.

حياته
ولد في منطقة الحدادين طرابلس عام 1881م. والده الشيخ حسين الجسر الذي كان عالماً مؤسساً للمدرسة الوطنية، ومحرراً في جريدة طرابلس.

تلقى الشيخ محمد تعليمه الأول في المنزل على يد والده ودرس الإسلام في سن مبكرة ثم دخل المدرسة الوطنية التي أسسها والده عام 1880 فدرس العربية وتعاليم الإسلام.

ترشحه لرئاسة الجمهورية
مع اقتراب موعد الانتخابات الرئاسية ونهاية ولاية الرئيس شارل دباس في 26 أيار 1932 عملاً بأحكام المادة 49 من الدستور اللبناني والذي كان قد صدر عام 1926 وعدل عام 1927 لإلغاء مجلس الشيوخ اللبناني وعدل أيضاً لأجل رئاسة الجمهورية عام 1929 حيث تم التمديد للرئيس دباس مدة ثلاث سنوات، برز صراع شديد على منصب الرئاسة بين إميل إده وبشارة الخوري فترشح حينئذٍ الشيخ محمد الجسر لرئاسة الجمهورية فمال معظم النواب لانتخابه ورحب اللبنانيون بذلك لكن المفوض السامي الفرنسي آنذاك أوغست هنري بونصو (الذي كان يرفض وصول مسلم إلى سدة الرئاسة بعد أن قطع وعداً للبطريرك الماروني بأن يكون الرئيس المقبل بعد دباس مارونياً) قام بتاريخ 10 أيار 1932 بإصدار قرار يقضي بتعليق العمل بالدستور وحل المجلس النيابي وإقالة الحكومة وتعيين شارل دباس رئيساً مؤقتاً للدولة وللحكومة لمدة سنة واحدة قابلة للتجديد.

وفاته
توفي بطرابلس سنة 1353 هـ / 1934م.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمجلس النواب اللبناني

المراجع

 تاريخ للبنان والعالم العربي(كتاب مدرسي) للمؤلف عبد الحسين حاوي

رؤساء مجلس نواب لبنان
رؤساء هيئات تشريعية في لبنان
سياسيون لبنانيون سنة
علماء دين سنة لبنانيون
مسلمون سنة لبنانيون
مواليد 1881
وفيات 1934

محمد الجسر


මඩකලපු ද්වාරය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මඩකලපුව හා පුලියනතිව් දිවයින අතර පිහිටි, මඩකලපු නගරයට පැමිනෙණන් සඳහා වූ ප්‍රධාන නගර පිවිසුම වේ. 1814 වර්ෂයේ ලංකාවට පැමිණි විලියම් ඕල්ට් (William Ault), ගොඩබට ස්ථානය ලෙස මෙය විශ්වාස කෙරේ.. ඔහුගේ පිළිරුවක්ද මෙම ද්වාරය අසල දැකගත හැකිවේ.

මේවාද බලන්න
මඩකලපුව බලකොටුව

ආශ්‍රිත

මඩකලපුව පිවිසුම


Steinar Lone (n. 23 august 1955, Oslo) este un scriitor și traducător norvegian. El traduce în principal din limbile italiană, română și franceză.

Biografie
A absolvit studii universitare de limbi romanice și a lucrat ca traducător la firme de traduceri, edituri și în cadrul Departamentului de Stat. El este în prezent un traducător independent și locuiește în Fredrikstad.

În 2003 a obținut Premiul Departamentului de Cultură și Culte pentru literatură pentru copii pentru cea mai bună traducere a unei cărți pentru copii în norvegiană - Fablar i telefonen de Gianni Rodari. În același an a primit o subvenție pentru traducerea romanului Patul lui Procust (Prokrustes' seng) al scriitorului român Camil Petrescu. Traducerea a fost publicată în 2006.

A fost distins în 2009 cu Premiul Criticilor Norvegieni pentru Literatură pe anul 2008, pentru traducerea romanului Orbitor. Aripa stângă de Mircea Cărtărescu.

Scrieri
 Bon appétit! Hjelp til selvhjelp på franske restauranter –  Spartacus Forlag 2002 – ISBN 82-430-0225-1
 Buen provecho! : hjelp til selvhjelp på spanske restauranter – Spartacus 2003 – ISBN 82-430-0276-6
 Buon appetito! : hjelp til selvhjelp på italienske restauranter – Spartacus 2003 – ISBN 82-430-0277-4
 God appetit i Sør-Europa – Spartacus 2003 – ISBN 82-430-0246-4

Traduceri
 Mircea Eliade: Mântuleasa-gaten (Pe strada Mântuleasa...) – Gyldendal, Solum 1993
 Mihail Sadoveanu: Øksa : roman (Baltagul) – Gyldendal, Oslo 1997
 Mircea Cărtărescu: Travesti : roman – Bokvennen 2001 – ISBN 82-7488-088-9
 Mircea Cărtărescu: Nostalgien : roman – Bokvennen 2001 – ISBN 82-7488-121-4
 Gianni Rodari: Fablar i telefonen Det Norske Samlaget 2002- ISBN 82-521-5376-3
 Catherine Breillat: Pornokrati : fortelling – Spartacus 2002 – ISBN 82-430-0228-6
 Umberto Eco: Skjønnhetens historie Kagge forlag 2004 (Sammen med Mona Vestli) ISBN 82-489-0452-0
 Camil Petrescu: Prokrustes' seng Cappelen 2006 – ISBN 82-02-24634-2
 Mircea Cărtărescu: Orbitor. Venstre vinge : roman – Bokvennen 2008 – ISBN 978-82-7488-160-0

Referințe

Legături externe
 Lindholm, Audun: «Mellom blokker og fraktaler i București», intervju med Steinar Lone. Tidligere publisert i Nordahl & Eftf. 1-2/2009

Nașteri în 1955
Traducători norvegieni
Oameni în viață

Steinar Lone


The Welsh Tract, also called the Welsh Barony, was a portion of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania settled largely by Welsh-speaking Quakers. It is located to the west of Philadelphia. The original settlers, led by John Roberts, negotiated with William Penn in 1684 to constitute the Tract as a separate county whose local government would use the Welsh language.  The Barony was never formally created, but the many Welsh settlers gave their communities Welsh names that survive today. A more successful attempt at setting up a Gwladfa (Welsh-speaking colony) occurred two centuries later, in the Chubut Province of Patagonia, Argentina.

History

In the late 17th century, there was significant Welsh immigration to Pennsylvania for religious and cultural reasons. In about 1681, a group of Welsh Quakers met with William Penn to secure a grant of land in which they could conduct their affairs in their own language. The parties agreed on a tract covering 40,000 acres (160 km2), to be constituted as a separate county whose people and government could conduct their affairs in Welsh.

Whereas divers considerable persons among ye Welsh Friends have requested me yt all ye Lands Purchased of me by those of North Wales and South Wales, together with ye adjacent counties to ym, as Haverfordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire, about fourty thousand acres, may be layd out contiguously as one Barony, alledging yt ye number  come and suddenly to come, are such as will be capable of planting ye same much wth in ye proportion allowed by ye custom of ye country, & so not lye in large useless vacancies. And because I am inclined and determined to agree and favor ym wth any reasonable Conveniency and priviledge: I do hereby charge thee and strictly require thee to lay out ye sd tract of Land in as uniform a manner as conveniently may be, upon ye west side of Skoolkill river, running three miles upon ye same, & two miles backward, & then extend ye parallel wth ye river six miles and to run westwardly so far as this ye sd quantity of land be Compleatly surveyed unto you.—Given at Pennsbury, ye 13th Ist mo. [March] 1684.

TRANSCRIPTION: The "y" is the old letter "thorn". It is read as "TH."

The Welsh Tract's boundaries were established in 1687, but notwithstanding the prior agreement, by the 1690s the land had already been partitioned among different counties, despite appeals from the Welsh settlers, and the Tract never gained self-government.

The Roberts and other Welsh families became influential in the area, through the building of mills and the eventual introduction of the railroad. It is the railroad that gives the best-known part of the area its current name, the Philadelphia Main Line, named after the mainline of the Pennsylvania Railroad, portions of which were absorbed into Conrail in 1976 (with Amtrak operating intercity passenger rail service from 1971, SEPTA operating commuter rail service from 1983, and Norfolk Southern acquiring Conrail's freight operations in 1997) as one of the principal rail lines running between Chicago, IL and the Eastern seaboard. After the American Civil War, 104 Welsh families from this region migrated to Knoxville, Tennessee, establishing a strong Welsh presence there.

As suburbanization spread westward from Philadelphia in the late 19th century (thanks to the railroads), living in a community with a Welsh name acquired a cachet.  Some communities in the area formerly comprising the Welsh Tract were subsequently given Welsh or Welsh-sounding names to improve their perceived desirability.  Among these were Gladwyne, formerly "Merion Square" (which was given its new name in 1891, although the name is meaningless in Welsh), and Bryn Mawr, formerly "Humphreysville" (which was renamed in 1869).

Today
The area is now part of Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware counties. Many towns in the area still bear Welsh names. Some, such as North Wales, Lower Gwynedd, Upper Gwynedd, Lower Merion, Upper Merion, Narberth,
Bala Cynwyd, Radnor, Malvern, Berwyn, and Haverford Township, are named after places in Wales. Others, such as Tredyffrin and Uwchlan have independent Welsh names.

A second "Welsh Tract" of  was granted to Welsh emigrants by William Penn in 1701. It made up the modern Pencader Hundred, Delaware, and some of Cecil County, Maryland.

See also
 Cambria, Pennsylvania
 Churchtown, Pennsylvania, settled by Welsh adherents of the Church of England
 History of Pennsylvania
 Welsh American

Further reading

References

External links
 A history of the Tract
 A briefer history
 Photograph of the indenture creating the Tract

Former regions and territories of the United States
Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Main Line
Welsh-American history
Welsh emigration
Welsh-American culture in Pennsylvania
+
Regions of Pennsylvania
Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania

Welsh Tract


Dive Bomber (en. Sturzbomber) ist ein US-amerikanisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 1941 von Michael Curtiz. Curtiz inszenierte die als Propagandafilm geltende Produktion nach einer Erzählung von Frank Wead für die Produktionsgesellschaft Warner Bros.

Handlung
Die Navy-Piloten Joe Blake, Tim Griffin und Swede Larson verbindet eine tiefe Freundschaft. Als Zeichen ihrer Verbundenheit haben alle drei die gleiche Art Zigarettendose. Swede erleidet bei einem Flug in der Nähe von Hawaii eine Ohnmacht. Es kommt zu einem Absturz, bei dem er schwer verletzt wird. Auch eine sofortige Operation durch den Chirurgen Dr. Lee kann Swede nicht retten. Der Arzt zieht sich durch Swedes Tod die Feindschaft von Joe und Tim zu.

Einige Zeit später arbeitet Joe in San Diego als Fluglehrer. Zu seiner Bestürzung erfährt er, dass Dr. Lee das Flugtraining mitmacht, um Erfahrung über gesundheitliche Gefahren für die Piloten aus erster Hand zu erhalten. Der Arzt bekommt Probleme mit einem weiteren Arzt, Lance Rogers, der aus gesundheitlichen Gründen nicht mehr fliegen darf. Dr. Lee erfährt, dass Rogers an seinen Herzproblemen selber schuld ist. Lee und Rogers werden Freunde. Rogers bietet ihm an, ihm bei seinen medizinischen Recherchen in San Diego zu helfen.

Die beiden Ärzte wollen eine Möglichkeit finden, die Piloten vor Bewusstlosigkeit durch einen rapiden Sturzflug zu schützen. Für die Experimente stellt sich Joe als Testpilot zur Verfügung. Lee entwickelt einen Druckluftgürtel, der den Blutverlust im Hirn des Piloten verhindern soll. Rogers muss dem ausgebrannten Tim Flugverbot erteilen. Da Tim jedoch eine Familie zu ernähren hat, lässt er sich bei der kanadischen Luftwaffe einschreiben. Bei einem Flug von San Diego nach Vancouver stürzt Tims Maschine ab. Tim findet bei dem Unglück den Tod.

Lee und Rogers untersuchen nun die Höhenkrankheit. Um ihre Feinde von oben angreifen zu können, erreichen die Piloten große Höhen, was bei vielen zu schwerer Übelkeit führt. Nach Tims Tod ändert Joe seine Meinung über Lee. Die beiden arbeiten nun zusammen, um einen Druckluftanzug zu entwickeln, der die Piloten schützen soll. Bevor Joe mit einem Anzug fliegen soll, wird in einer Spezialkammer getestet. Lee erkennt, dass auch Joe durch die Belastung ermüdet ist, und erteilt ihm Flugverbot. Doch Joe ignoriert Lees Anweisung und startet zum Testflug. In einer Höhe von über 10.000 Metern frieren die Schläuche für die Sauerstoffversorgung ein. Joe stürzt ab, kann jedoch vorher eine Notiz schreiben. Lee soll den Sauerstoff erwärmen, damit die Schläuche nicht einfrieren.

Lee und Rogers werden für ihre Arbeit geehrt. Lee nimmt die Zigarettendosen, die er am Absturzort von Joes Maschine gefunden hat, an sich. Er startet mit der Staffel und wirft die Dose, als letzte Ehre für Joe, aus der Maschine.

Kritiken
Bosley Crowther von der New York Times zeigte sich in seiner Kritik von der seltsamen Dramaturgie und den außerordentlich farbenprächtigen Inhalten beeindruckt.

Auszeichnungen
Bert Glennon wurde 1942 in der Kategorie Beste Kamera (Farbe) für den Oscar nominiert.

Hintergrund
Die Premiere fand am 12. August 1941 in San Diego statt.

Drehorte waren u. a. die Eglin Air Force Base im Norden Floridas, die Marinebasis von San Diego, die Flugzeugträger USS Enterprise und USS Saratoga sowie das Cabrillo National Monument.

Der Film ist der letzte von 12 Filmen, bei denen Regisseur Curtiz und Errol Flynn zusammenarbeiteten. In kleinen Nebenrollen spielten Moroni Olsen, Gig Young und Alan Hale junior mit. Produktionsmanager war Al Alleborn, Byron Haskin war für die Spezialeffekte zuständig. Musikalischer Direktor war Leo Forbstein, Orchesterleiter war Hugo Friedhofer. Der spätere Fliegerheld Edward O'Hare war einer der Piloten, die die US Navy zur Verfügung stellten.

Laut einem Bericht der New York Times vom 1. Juni 1941 bereiteten die Technicolorkameras den Sturzkampfbombern Probleme. Die Bomber waren nicht in der Lage, akkurate Sturzflüge durchzuführen. Byron Haskin entwickelte eine spezielle Halterung, die es erlaubte, dass sich eine der zwei mitgeführten Kameras vor- und zurückbewegen konnte.

Die im Film verwendeten Flugzeuge waren Sturzkampfbomber vom Typ Vought Vindicator und Torpedobomber vom Typ Douglas Devastator. Auch Schulflugzeuge, Doppeldecker vom Typ Naval Aircraft Factory N3N, kamen zum Einsatz. Für die Produktion stand ein Budget von 1,7 Millionen US-Dollar zur Verfügung. Da die USA sich für einen möglichen Eintritt in den Krieg vorbereitete, musste das Filmteam mit einem sehr engen Zeitplan arbeiten. Die Dreharbeiten begannen am 20. März 1941 auf der der Naval Air Station North Island. Während der Dreharbeiten befahl die Navy einen neuen grauen Tarnanstrich für die Flugzeuge. Der Produktionsleiter Robert Lord konnte erreichen, dass einige der Maschinen ihren vorherigen farbigen Anstrich behielten und so zu den bereits abgedrehten Szenen passten.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Michael Curtiz
Filmtitel 1941
US-amerikanischer Film
Farbfilm
Filmdrama

Dive Bomber


Alistair Appleton (born 12 February 1970) is a British broadcaster, psychotherapist and meditation teacher.

Early life and education
Born in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, to Peter and Sally (née Cooper) Appleton, the younger of two sons, Alistair was brought up in Lee-on-the-Solent, Hampshire, where as a boy he sang in the church choir at St Faith's. He earned ten O-levels and three A-levels at St John's College, Portsmouth. In 1988, he went to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he studied English Literature.

Career
On graduating with an upper second class degree, Appleton left the UK for Poland, where he took to writing poetry and helped to edit a children's anthology, as well as teaching at the University of Gdansk. He later taught English in eastern Germany and worked as a translator and journalist for Deutsche Welle television. Appleton broke into television with Deutsche Welle, and eventually became the frontman of the channel's youth current-affairs show Heat.

In 1999, Appleton returned to the UK, where he secured roles on Sky's Hot TV (2000), Five's House Doctor (2000–03), BBC Two's Rhona (2000), the Travel Channel's Travel On (2001), BBC One's Garden Invaders (2001), Cash in the Attic (2002–05), BBC Food's Stately Suppers (2005) and had an appearance as himself on the 2006 Doctor Who episode Army of Ghosts. He has also hosted several television specials, including The Proms.

Appleton also did some acting, including a role in Footballers' Wives, during 2002. In 2005 he completed The Man Who Drank the Universe, a short documentary on the entheogen ayahuasca, an ancient plant brew from the Amazon.

In early January 2007, Appleton appeared in BBC America promotions for the fourth series of Cash in the Attic, even though he did not appear in that series. Since 2007, he has been one of the presenters for Escape to the Country on BBC television. He has also hosted the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment's late night concert series The Night Shift at London's South Bank.

In January 2016, he appeared on BBC One's Celebrity Mastermind, where he came joint second with 21 points, with a specialist subject of 20th-century European classical music.

Appleton is a psychotherapist and teaches meditation in retreats and classes across the UK – notably, on the Holy Island in western Scotland. He has a therapy practice in Brighton, where he lives; he practices as a fully accredited member of the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy, the therapy governing body, and works mostly one-to-one.

Since 2000, Appleton has pursued a serious interest in meditation and has trained mainly in the Buddhist tradition. Since 2004, he has also drawn inspiration from outside the Buddhist world, working with ayahuasca at the Spirit Vine Ayahuasca Retreat Center in Brazil. He is currently studying with the contemporary Vajrayana teacher, Reggie Ray. In 2014, he completed an MA in Advanced psychotherapy at the Minster Centre in London and he now practises as a psychotherapist in Brighton. Appleton founded Mindsprings in 2005 "to explore the therapeutic uses and benefits of meditation" and operates retreats and courses about therapeutic meditation.

Personal life
Appleton is gay, and came out at university. In an article in Gay Times, however, he admits he only fully accepted his sexuality when he lived in Poland and Germany. As of August 2021, Appleton resided with his husband Daniel in a 1930s French sea captain's cottage in the port of Newhaven, East Sussex.

In 2000 he converted to Buddhism. He later became a proponent of Ashtanga, the decision made after an unhappy period in his 30s. Appleton also considered becoming a monk while in Thailand, but a friend convinced him not to take that step.

References

External links
Official Website of Alistair Appleton

1970 births
Living people
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Converts to Buddhism
English Buddhists
English television presenters
LGBT Buddhists
English LGBT writers
People from Royal Tunbridge Wells
British gay writers
21st-century English LGBT people

Alistair Appleton


මිරුසුවිල් ඝාතනය  ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 2000 වර්ෂයේ දෙසැම්බර් 20 වැනි දිනදී  ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදා සාමාජිකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකු විසින් ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දෙමළ  අට දෙනෙකු ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් යැයි සැක සිතා  ඝාතනය කිරීමේ සිදුවීම වේ.

සිදුවීම
2000 වර්ෂයේ දෙසැම්බර් 19වන දින සිය දේපල සෝදිසිකර බැලීමට පැමිණි සිවිල් වැසියන් අටදෙනෙකු යාපනයට නුදුරු මිරුසුවිල් ග්‍රාමයේදී අත්අඩංගුවට ගනු ලැබූ අතරතුර දෙසැම්බර් 20 වන දිනදී සමූලඝාතනය සිදුවිය. ඔවුන් සියළුදෙනා ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදාවෙහි යැයි සැක කෙරෙන සෙබළුන් පිරිසක් විසින් ඝාතනය කර දමනු ලැබ යාපනය නගරයට සැතපුම් 16ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි පෙදෙසක වැසිකිලි වලක දමා තිබී හමුවී තිබිණ.

උඩුපිඩ්ඩි ප්‍රදේශයේ සිට නැවත පැමිණ සිටි සරණාගත පිරිස දෙසැම්බර් 19වන දින මිරුසුවිල් වෙත, සිය නිවාස සෝදිසි කර බැලීමට සහ දර එකතු කිරීම පිණිස පැමිණ සිටියදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදාව විසින් අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන තිබුණි. සිය පැරණි දේපල නිරික්ෂණය කිරීම සඳහා පැමිණීමට පෙරාතුව සරණාගත පිරිස විසින් ප්‍රාදේශීය බලධරයින්ගෙන් අවසර ගෙන තිබූ බව පැවසෙයි. දිස්ත්‍රික් වෙෙද්‍ය නිළදාරී වෙෙද්‍ය සී. කදිර්වෙට්පිල්ලෙයිගේ සාකෂ්‍ය අනූව ඝාතනයට ලක්වූ වින්දිතයින්ගේ ගෙල කපාදමා තිබී ඇත. ගාතනයට ලක්වූ සියලුම පුද්ගලයින් සාමාන්‍ය සිවිල් වැසියන් ලෙස සැලකේ. අත්අඩංගුවේ සිට දරුණු තුවාලද සහිතව හමුදා භාරයෙන් පලා ආ යැයි කියන අයෙකු විසින් සිය ඥාතීන්ට මෙය සැළකිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව ඝාතන සිද්ධිය වෙත භාහිර අවධානය යොමු විය. අවසානයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය විසින්, නීතිවිරෝධී ලෙස අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීම, අඩන්තේට්ටම් කිරීම, ඝාතනය කිරීම සහ ඔවුන්ගේ මෘත දේහ සමූහ මිනීවලක භූමදානය කිරීම යන චෝදනා යටතේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදා සෙබළු පස්දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා ලදී.

නඩු විභාගය
සිදුවීමට සම්බන්ධව මුලදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදා සෙබළුන් 14දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගනු ලැබුණි. ඔවුන් පිරිස යාපනය, චාවකච්චේරි මහේස්ත්‍රාත් ඉදිරියට පමුණුවීමෙන් අනතුරුව රිමාන්ඩ් භාරයට පත්කරන ලදී. අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් 14දෙනාගෙන් 9දෙනෙකු සියළු චෝදනා වලින් නිදහස් කරනු ලැබුණු නමුත් නීතිපති විසින් ඔවුන්ගෙන් පස්දෙනෙකුට එරෙහිව සිදුවීමට සම්බන්ධ චෝදනා ගොනුකරන ලදී. පසුව නඩු විභාගය අනුරාධපුර මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණයට ගෙනයන ලදී. 2002 වසරේදී නඩුව කොළඹ මහාධිකරණයට හරවා යැවුණු අතර එදින් වසර 13ක් මුළුල්ලේ නඩු විභාගය පැවැත්විණි.

තීන්දුව
වසර 13ක් තිස්සේ විභාගයට ගැණුනු නඩු විභාගයකින් අනතුරුව කොළඹ මහාධිකරණය විසින් 2015 ජූනි 25වන දිනදී හමුදා සැරයන් සුනිල් රත්නායක විරුවා, යාපනය මිරුසුවිල්හී සිදුකල සිවිල් වැසියන් අටදෙනෙකු ඝාතනය කිරීමේ සිදුවීමට අදාල චෝදනා 15කට වරදකරු කරමින් ඔහු වෙත මරණ දණ්ඩනය නියම කරන ලදී. මෙම ඝාතනය කෙරේ අත්අඩංගුවට ලක්වූ අනෙක් සෙබලුන් හතර දෙනා වෙත එල්ල වූ චෝදනාවල සාක්ෂි ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවීම හේතුවෙන් ඔවුන් සිවුදෙනා නිදහස් කොට දැමුණි.

සුනිල් රත්නායක මරුවා නිදහස් වීම
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 7 වන විධායක ජනාධිපතිවරයා වන ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ මහතා විසින් මරණ දණ්ඩනය හිමි වී සිටි සුනිල් රත්නායක 2020 මාර්තු මස 26 වන දින ජනාධිපති සමාව යටතේ නිදහස් කරන ලදී. මෙම නිදහස් කිරීමට එරෙහිව දෙමල ඩයස්‌පෝරාවේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බුද්ධිමත් ජනතාවගේ විවේචනාත්මක මතවාද ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ  මහතා වෙත එල්ල විය. කෙසේ වුවද ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල බයි ජනතාව මින් සතුටට පත්විය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
මිරුසුවිල් කේස් ප්‍රොසීඩිංග්ස් Feb 2003
මිරුසුවිල් කේස් ප්‍රොසීඩිංග්ස් Feb(2) 2003
මිරුසුවිල් කේස් ප්‍රොසීඩිංග්ස් March 2003
මිරුසුවිල් කේස් ප්‍රොසීඩිංග්ස් May 2003
මිරුසුවිල් කේස් ප්‍රොසීඩිංග්ස් June 2003

මිරුසුවිල් සමූලඝාතනය


Bankside Gallery is a public art gallery in Bankside, London, England. Opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1980, Bankside is an educational charity, situated on the Thames Path just along from Tate Modern.

The gallery is home to the Royal Watercolour Society and the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers. The members of these societies follow a 200-year-old tradition of being elected by their peers. The gallery houses changing exhibitions of contemporary watercolours and prints, which are accompanied by special events including artists' talks and tours. A full education programme covering the theory and practice of art is organised every year.

Bankside Gallery is open daily during exhibitions, from 11am to 6pm.

External links

Art galleries in London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Southwark
Museums in the London Borough of Southwark

Bankside Gallery


Colorado ( veya ) veya Türkçeleştirilmiş ismi ile Kolorado, orta-batı ABD'de bulunan, en yüksek rakıma sahip eyaletlerden biri. Doğuda Büyük Ovalar, merkezde Rocky Dağları, batıda Colorado Ovası ve kuzeybatıda Intermontane Havzası olmak üzere dört ana bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Yazları serin ve kuru, kışları ise soğuk ve karlı olur. Yazın ortalama sıcaklık 15 °C, kışın ise -6 °C'dir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Hava Kuvvetleri Colorado Springs'de bulunmaktadır. Colorado'nun başkenti Denver, yüzölçümü 269.619 km², nüfusu (2000 yılı) 4.301.260 kişidir.

Çizburger Denver'da ortaya çıkmıştır. Dünya'nın ilk rodeosu 1869'da Deer Trail'de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tim Allen (aktör), M. Scott Carpenter (astronot) ve Gene Fowler (yazar) Colorado Eyaleti'nin ünlülerindendir. Ayrıca South Park dizisinin kurucuları ve OneRepublic isimli Rock-Pop müzik grubu buradan çıkmıştır.

Etimoloji
İspanyol kaşifler, bugünkü kaynağı bugün eyalet topraklarında olan nehre alüvyonlu rengi nedeniyle İspanyolca "kızıl" anlamına gelen "colorado" adını vermişlerdir. Daha sonra burada kurulan eyalet de adını Colorado Nehri'nden almıştır.

Tarihçe
Kolorado topraklarına insanların MÖ 14 ila 10. bin yılda yerleştiği düşünülmektedir. Bölgeye ilk gelen Avrupalı, muhtemelen 1541 yılında İspanyol kâşif Francisco Vázquez de Coronado oldu. 1682'de Fransız kâşif Robert de La Salle, Rocky Dağları'na kadar olan Kolorado topraklarına Fransa adına el koyduğunu ilan etti. 1803 yılında ABD hükûmeti, 68 milyon Frank karşılığında Kolorado'yu da kapsayan geniş bir bölgeyi Fransa'dan satın aldı. Bu sırada bölgede Amerikan yerlileri yaşadığı için satın alma ve ABD hakimiyeti sadece kâğıt üzerindeydi. Kolorado topraklarında yaşayan yerli halklardan önemlileri Utesler, Arapaholar ve Şayenler'di. 1806 yılında bölgeyi keşfetmek için ABD hükûmeti tarafından Teğmen Zebulon M. Pike görevlendirildi. Küçük bir birlikte bölgeye gelen Pike, 1807'de bölgede nüfuz kurmaya çalışan İspanyollar tarafından tutuklandı ama kısa sürede serbest bırakılıp geri gönderildi. 1820 yılında bu kez Binbaşı Stephen H. Long, ABD adına bölgede keşif yaptı. Bölgede kürk ticareti başladı. 1832'de ünlü kürk tüccarlarından Bent kardeşler, bugünkü La Junta şehri yakınlarında Bent Kalesi'ni inşa etti. Kolorado 1861 yılında resmen bir ABD toprağı (territory) haline geldi.

İç Savaş'ta Colorado
Amerikan İç Savaşı'nın başında Denver şehir merkezindeki bir binaya Konfederasyon bayrağı asan yaklaşık yüz kişilik Güney taraftarı grup Vali William Gilpin tarafından tutuklatıldı. Gilpin, Kuzey'in yanında yer alan Colorado'yu savunmak için Colorado Gönüllüleri adlı bir milis gücü kurdu. 1862'nin ilk aylarında Konfederasyon kuvvetleri Kolorado'daki altın madenlerini ele geçirmek için harekete geçti. Albay John Chivington komutasındaki gönüllüler işgali engellemek için Glorieta Geçidi'nde mevzilendi. 26 Mart'ta iki taraf arasında çatışma başladı. 28 Mart'ta Chivington'ın adamları Konfederasyon birliklerinin cephe gerisine sızarak düşmanın savunmasız bıraktığı ikmal kafilesini tahrip etti ve hayvanları saldı ya da öldürdü. Erzak ve malzemelerini kaybeden Konfederasyon kuvvetleri daha üstün konumda oldukları halde çekilmek zorunda kaldı.

Sand Creek Katliamı
Beyazların bölgeye yerleşmesi sonucu yerlilerin verimli toprakların dışına itilmesi bölgede yıllardır gerginliğe sebep oluyordu. 1864 yılında Albay John Chivington komutasındaki Kolorado Gönüllüleri'nden bir grup, Şayen köylerine saldırmaya başladı. Şayenler ilk başta misillemede bulunsalar da daha sonra Şayen şefleri barış istedi. Şayenlerden bir grup bu amaçla Kolorado'da Lyon Kalesi yakınlarında kendilerine güvende olacakları söylenen Sand Creek mevkiinde kamp kurdu ve kendilerine söylendiği gibi kampa ABD bayrağı dikti. Barış sağlandığına inanan Şayen erkekleri kampı bırakarak avlanmaya gittiği sırada, 29 Kasım 1864 günü Albay John Chivington, 700 silahlı adamıyla kadınlar, çocuklar ve yaşlı erkeklerin bulunduğu kampa saldırarak yüzlerce yerliyi öldürdü. Chivington'un adamları teslim olanları da katletti, cesetleri parçaladı ve kafa derilerini yüzdü. Olay, tarihe Sand Creek Katliamı olarak geçti. Katliamdan sonra beyazların yanına dönen Chivington ve adamları ilk önce kendilerini savaş kazanmış kahraman gibi gösterdilerse de hayatta kalan yerlilerin ve Chivington'un adamlarından bazılarının anlattıkları katliamı ortaya çıkardı. Yine de Chivington ve adamları yargılanmadı.

Başlıca şehirleri
 Aurora (CO)
 Boulder
 Colorado Springs
 Denver
 Fort Collins
 Lakewood
 Grand Junction

Kaynakça

Colorado


Byen Forsvinder er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1972 instrueret og med manuskript af af Steen Rasmussen.

Handling
Miljøfilm. Fire sange med temaer fra byen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1972

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Byen Forsvinder


عقد 530 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 530 و31 ديسمبر 539 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 520 ولحقه عقد 540.

أحداث

مواليد

 موريكيوس (539)
 جونتران (532)
 الإمبراطور بيداتسو (538)
 تشي يي (538)
 إفاغريوس سكولاستيكوس (537)
 نتيلة بنت جناب (537)
 سيجيبيرت الأول (535)
 شيلبيريك الأول (537)
 النابغة الذبياني (535)
 قيس بن عاصم التميمي (536)
 تشن وان (535)
 أبو طالب بن عبد المطلب (539)
 معقل بن خويلد الهذلي (531)

وفيات

 سيرديك وسكس (534)
 الإمبراطور كيتاي (531)
 فيلكس الرابع (530)
 بونيفاس الثاني (532)
 ثيوداهاد (536)
 قباد بن فيروز (531)
 هلدريق (533)
 تيموثاوس الثالث (536)
 أغابيتس الأول (536)
 أتالاريك (534)
 الإمبراطور أنكان (535)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

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