Sir Henry Richard Amherst Cecil (11 January 1943 – 11 June 2013) was a British flat racing horse trainer. Cecil was very successful, becoming Champion Trainer ten times and training 25 domestic Classic winners. These comprised four winners of the Derby, eight winners of the Oaks, six winners of the 1,000 Guineas, three of the 2,000 Guineas and four winners of the St Leger Stakes. His 1000 Guineas and Oaks successes made him particularly renowned for his success with fillies. He was noted for his mastery at Royal Ascot, where he trained 75 winners.

Describing his approach to training, Cecil told The Daily Telegraph: "I do everything by instinct really, not by the book. I like to think I've got a feeling for and understand my horses, that they tell me what to do really."

Cecil was knighted for services to horse racing in the Queen's 2011 Birthday Honours.

Background and education
Cecil was born on 11 January 1943 in a hospital near Aberdeen, ten minutes ahead of his twin brother David.  His father, Lt. Hon. Henry Kerr Auchmuty Cecil, younger brother of the 3rd Lord Amherst of Hackney, had been killed in action with the Parachute Regiment in North Africa shortly before Cecil was born. His mother, Rohays Cecil, was the daughter of Major-General Sir James Burnett of Leys, 13th Baronet, owner of Crathes Castle, Aberdeenshire.

When he was still a baby, Cecil's mother married Captain Cecil Boyd-Rochfort, who was British flat racing Champion Trainer five times and who trained for, among others, George VI.

Cecil and his brother were educated at Sunningdale School and at Canford School, Dorset. He described himself as "very late-maturing and backward", saying that he was the first boy from his prep school ever to fail Common Entrance to Eton. After school, the twins went to work at the Earl of Derby's Woodland Stud in Newmarket, Suffolk, and at other studs overseas. They completed their education at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Training career

Early career and success
From 1964 to 1968 Cecil worked as an assistant at his stepfather's Freemason Lodge stable. He took out his own licence to train in 1969 and that year had his first winner with Celestial Cloud at Ripon on 17 May, with Wolver Hollow winning the Eclipse Stakes in July to give Cecil his first Group One success. He had his first winner at Royal Ascot the following year when Parthenon won the Queen Alexandra Stakes. In his early years Cecil received the support of Lord Howard de Walden, a noted breeder and owner of racehorses.

The languid, dandyish Cecil, noted for his flair in clothing, went on to remarkable achievements. In 1973 he tasted his first Classic success in Ireland when Cloonagh won the Irish 1,000 Guineas and in 1975 he won his first English Classic with Bolkonski at the 2,000 Guineas.  He won three 1,000 Guineas and a further 2,000 Guineas before winning his first Epsom Derby in 1985 with Slip Anchor. In 1976 he had taken over the running of Warren Place in Newmarket from Sir Noel Murless, the father of his first wife, and he turned the stables into what has been called "the most glamorous yard in Europe", setting it at "the pinnacle of British racing". In 1999 he won three of the five Classic races and finished second in the other two. Prince Ahmed bin Salman, the owner of Oath, one of Cecil's Derby winners, once said: "Winning Classics is easy. Just buy a horse and send it to Henry Cecil".

Among the jockeys to ride for Cecil, the most notable have been Steve Cauthen, Lester Piggott, Joe Mercer, Kieren Fallon, Pat Eddery and, later, Tom Queally.

Period in the wilderness
After years of success, Cecil experienced a dramatic fall from grace. In the space of a few years a number of owner-breeders with long-standing relationships with Cecil died, including Louis Freedman, Jim Joel and Lord Howard de Walden. His first wife, Julie, and his head lad, Paddy Rudkin, left and in 1995 Cecil's relationship with Sheikh Mohammed broke down, with the owner removing overnight the 40 horses he had in training at Cecil's stable.  Sheikh Mohammed suggested at the time that he and Cecil had disagreed about the fitness of one of his thoroughbreds, Mark of Esteem, to run at Ascot—a disagreement which Cecil had made public. Cecil maintained that they were still "great friends" and had not fallen out. A number of Cecil's most notable horses had been owned by Sheikh Mohammed, including Oh So Sharp, Diminuendo, Indian Skimmer and Belmez. The incident has been flagged as the 'end of an era' in Cecil's career.

Between July 2000 and October 2006, Cecil failed to train a winner in any Group One race. In 2005 he saddled just a dozen winners overall. His stable of 200 horses shrank to barely 50 and Cecil began to talk of retirement. His second marriage publicly collapsed, his twin brother David died of cancer in 2000, his yard was losing money, and in 2006 it was revealed that he was himself undergoing treatment for stomach cancer. Cecil recalled being on the Heath at Newmarket and overhearing someone say, "That's Henry Cecil. He should have retired a long time ago". His stable was supported almost exclusively by the loyalty of Prince Khaled Abdulla.

Return to success and Frankel
When Cecil's Light Shift won the Oaks in 2007, it marked a return to form. This victory was his 24th English Classic winner and his eighth victory in the race, seven years after his previous winner. The season before he had barely made it into the top 100 trainers in the country.  "I might not be [competitive] on the outside", Cecil told The Independent. "But I am on the inside, definitely—underneath, very competitive. Always have been. We like winning, you know. We do like winning. It's what motivates you. Nobody likes failure. Your horses are running badly, or they're no good, you get jealous of everybody else. It's not quite so much fun, is it?" The 2011 season was Cecil's best for 10 years. He saddled 55 winners, securing prize money totaling more than £2.7 million.

Cecil's success in 2011 was partly due to his training of the Khalid Abdullah-owned Frankel.  In the 2010 season Frankel won the Royal Lodge Stakes and Group One Dewhurst Stakes.  The following year he continued unbeaten, winning the Greenham Stakes, the 2,000 Guineas, the St. James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot, the Sussex Stakes and the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. His six length victory in the 2,000 Guineas was described as "one of the greatest displays on a British racecourse". After his win in the Sussex Stakes Cecil himself described Frankel as "the best horse I've ever seen". Timeform and the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities rated him the best horse in the world. In his four-year-old season Frankel won the Group One Lockinge Stakes at Newbury before an eleven length victory in the Queen Anne Stakes at Royal Ascot, described in one national newspaper as "possibly the best single performance by any horse, on any track, since three Arabian stallions were imported into Britain to found the thoroughbred breed in the early years of the 18th century". Timeform raised their rating to 147, making Frankel the highest rated horse in their history. He won a second Sussex Stakes, at odds of 1–20, and then stepped up in distance to win by seven lengths the Juddmonte International Stakes at York over 10 furlongs. In October 2012 Frankel won the Champion Stakes at Ascot to finish his career unbeaten. "He's the best I've ever had, the best I've ever seen", Cecil told the BBC after the race, "I'd be very surprised if there's ever been anything better."

Personal life
In 1966, Cecil married Julie Murless, the daughter of trainer Sir Noel Murless.  The couple had two children but divorced in 1990. Cecil had been conducting an affair with Natalie Payne, whom he married two years later.  When they met Cecil was 46 and his future second wife was 22.

Cecil's second marriage broke down very publicly.  Newspaper reports alleged that his wife was being unfaithful, including with an unidentified jockey, while a front-page story in the News of the World suggested that Cecil had stayed at the Grand Hotel in Brighton with an £800-a-night prostitute. Days after the story broke Cecil dismissed his stable jockey Kieren Fallon for "personal reasons". Fallon issued a statement denying that he was involved in the breakdown of the Cecil marriage and began legal proceedings for breach of contract; the case was settled out of court. Cecil and his wife divorced in 2002.

In 2008, Cecil married Jane McKeown.

Cecil continued to receive treatment for stomach cancer. He was unable to be at Goodwood for Frankel's second victory in the Sussex Stakes in August 2012, but did attend the Ebor Festival at York later that month, describing Frankel's victory in the International Stakes as having made him feel "20 years better".

Death
Cecil died of cancer on 11 June 2013 in hospital in Cambridge. He was 70. Racing broadcaster Derek Thompson called him "the greatest trainer of all time" while trainer Paul Nicholls referred to Cecil as "a true legend". Clare Balding, on Twitter, referred to Cecil as "one of the true greats and a gentleman. Frankel his crowning glory." Royal Ascot paid its respects to Cecil with a minute's silence before the opening race of the five-day meeting at 2.20 pm on 18 June 2013.

Major wins

 1,000 Guineas – (6) – One in a Million (1979), Fairy Footsteps (1981), Oh So Sharp (1985), Bosra Sham (1996), Sleepytime (1997), Wince (1999)
 2,000 Guineas – (3) – Bolkonski (1975), Wollow (1976), Frankel (2011)
 Ascot Gold Cup – (5) – Le Moss (1979, 1980), Ardross (1981, 1982), Paean (1987)
 Champion Stakes – (5) – Indian Skimmer (1988), Bosra Sham (1996), Twice Over (2009, 2010), Frankel (2012)
 Coronation Stakes – (5) – Roussalka (1975), One in a Million (1979), Chalon (1982), Chimes of Freedom (1990), Kissing Cousin (1994)
 Derby – (4) – Slip Anchor (1985), Reference Point (1987), Commander in Chief (1993), Oath (1999)
 Dewhurst Stakes – (3) – Wollow (1975), Diesis (1982), Frankel (2010)
 Eclipse Stakes – (4) – Wolver Hollow (1969), Wollow (1976), Gunner B (1978), Twice Over (2010)
 Falmouth Stakes – (3) – Chalon (1982), Chimes of Freedom (1990), Timepiece (2011)
 Fillies' Mile – (6) – Formulate (1978), Oh So Sharp (1984), Diminuendo (1987), Tessla (1988), Bosra Sham (1995), Reams of Verse (1996)
 International Stakes – (4) – Wollow (1976), Royal Anthem (1999), Twice Over (2011) Frankel (2012)
 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes – (3) – Reference Point (1987), Belmez (1990), King's Theatre (1994)
 Lockinge Stakes – (4) – Kris (1980), Belmont Bay (1981), Prismatic (1985), Frankel (2012)
 Middle Park Stakes – (2) – Cajun (1981), Diesis (1982)
 Nassau Stakes – (8) – Roussalka (1975, 1976), Connaught Bridge (1979), Nom de Plume (1987), Lyphard's Delta (1993), Midday (2009, 2010, 2011)
 Oaks – (8) – Oh So Sharp (1985), Diminuendo (1988), Snow Bride (1989), Lady Carla (1996), Reams of Verse (1997), Ramruma (1999), Love Divine (2000), Light Shift (2007)
 Prince of Wales's Stakes – (5) – Lucky Wednesday (1977), Gunner B (1978), Perpendicular (1992), Placerville (1993), Bosra Sham (1997)
 Queen Anne Stakes – (5) – Belmont Bay (1981), Mr Fluorocarbon (1982), Valiyar (1983), Trojan Fen (1984), Frankel (2012)
 Queen Elizabeth II Stakes – (2) – Kris (1979), Frankel (2011)
 Racing Post Trophy – (10) – Approval (1969), Take Your Place (1975), Hello Gorgeous (1979), Dunbeath (1982), Lanfranco (1984), Reference Point (1986), Be My Chief (1989), Peter Davies (1990), Armiger (1992), King's Theatre (1993)
 St. James's Palace Stakes – (5) – Bolkonski (1975), Kris (1979), Shavian (1990), Dr Fong (1998), Frankel (2011)
 St. Leger – (4) – Light Cavalry (1980), Oh So Sharp (1985), Reference Point (1987), Michelozzo (1989)
 Sun Chariot Stakes – (2) – Home on the Range (1981), Indian Skimmer (1988)
 Sussex Stakes – (7) – Bolkonski (1975), Wollow (1976), Kris (1979), Distant View (1994), Ali-Royal (1997), Frankel (2011, 2012)
 Yorkshire Oaks – (5) – Connaught Bridge (1979), Diminuendo (1988), Catchascatchcan (1998), Ramruma (1999), Midday (2010)

 Canadian International Stakes – (1) – Royal Anthem (1998)

 Critérium de Saint-Cloud – (1) – Passage of Time (2006)
 Grand Critérium – (1) – Tenby (1992)
 Grand Prix de Paris – (1) – Beat Hollow (2000)
 Prix de Diane – (2) – Indian Skimmer (1987), Rafha (1990)
 Prix de la Forêt – (1) – Salse (1988)
 Prix d'Ispahan – (1) – Indian Skimmer (1989)
 Prix du Jockey Club – (1) – Old Vic (1989)
 Prix Maurice de Gheest – (1) – Pursuit of Love (1992)
 Prix du Moulin de Longchamp – (1) – All at Sea (1992)
 Prix Royal-Oak – (2) – Ardross (1981), El Cuite (1986)
 Prix Saint-Alary – (1) – Indian Skimmer (1987)
 Prix Vermeille – (1) – Midday (2010)

 Irish 1,000 Guineas – (1) – Cloonagh (1973)
 Irish Champion Stakes – (1) – Indian Skimmer (1988)
 Irish Derby – (2) – Old Vic (1989), Commander in Chief (1993)
 Irish Oaks – (3) – Diminuendo (1988, dead heat), Alydaress (1989), Ramruma (1999)
 Matron Stakes – (1) – Chachamaidee (2012)
 Moyglare Stud Stakes – (1) – Chimes of Freedom (1989)
 Tattersalls Gold Cup – (1) – Shiva (1999)

 Gran Premio d'Italia – (1) – El Cuite (1986)
 Premio Roma – (2) – Irvine (1972), Orban (1987)
 Premio Vittorio di Capua – (1) – Star Cutter (1986)

 Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf – (1) – Midday (2009)
 Flower Bowl Invitational Stakes – (1) – Yashmak (1997)

References

External links
 Henry Cecil website

1943 births
2013 deaths
People from Aberdeen
People educated at Sunningdale School
People educated at Canford School
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
British racehorse trainers
Knights Bachelor
People in sports awarded knighthoods
Henry Cecil
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from stomach cancer
British twins

Henry Cecil


Selimiye, Osmanlı Padişahları I., II. ve III. Selim dönemlerinde yaygınlaşan, mimari eserlere ve yerleşim birimlerine verilen bir isimdir.

Mimari eserler
 Selimiye Camii - Edirne'de Mimar Sinan tarafından inşa edilen cami
 Selimiye Camii (Lefkoşa) - Lefkoşa'da bulunan cami
 Selimiye Kışlası - İstanbul'un Üsküdar ilçesindeki kışla

Yerleşim birimleri
 Selimiye, Ceyhan - Adana ili Ceyhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Amasya - Amasya ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Döşemealtı - Antalya ili Döşemealtı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Altıeylül - Balıkesir ili Altıeylül ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Osmaneli - Bilecik ili Osmaneli ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Yenişehir - Bursa ili Yenişehir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Sivrihisar - Eskişehir ili Sivrihisar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Şiran - Gümüşhane ili Şiran ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Üsküdar - İstanbul ili Üsküdar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Gölcük - Kocaeli ili Gölcük ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Sarıgöl - Manisa ili Sarıgöl ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Marmaris - Muğla ili Marmaris ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Perşembe - Ordu ili Perşembe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Altınordu - Ordu ili Altınordu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Osmaniye - Osmaniye ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Çayeli - Rize ili Çayeli ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Rize - Rize ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Çarşamba - Samsun ili Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Selimiye, Zara - Sivas ili Zara ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Sulusaray - Tokat ili Sulusaray ilçesine bağlı köy
 Selimiye, Armutlu - Yalova ili Armutlu ilçesine bağlı köy

Selimiye


Skarszów Dolny  (deutsch Unter Scharsow) ist ein Dorf im Powiat Słupski (Kreis Stolp) der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern. Es gehört zur Landgemeinde Dębnica Kaszubska (Rathsdamnitz).

Geographische Lage und Verkehrsanbindung
Skarszów Dolny liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 13 Kilometer südöstlich  der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp), drei Kilometer südwestlich des Kirchdorfs
Dębnica Kaszubska und 1,5 Kilometer südlich des Dorfs Skarszów Górny (Hohen Scharsow). Etwa drei  Kilometer östlich des Dorfs verläuft die Wojewodschaftsstraße 210 Słupsk – Bytów (Bütow), mit der es über Nebenstraßen verbunden ist.

Durch die Ortschaft Skarszów Dolny fließt der Bach Skotawa (Schottow), der westlich des Dorfs in die Słupia (Stolpe) mündet.

Geschichte

Gemeinde Scharsow
Unter Scharsow ist der alte Ortskern des Gutsdorfs Scharsow. Es war in Form eines Zeilendorfs angelegt worden. Der Wohnort Hohen Scharsow entstand kurz nach 1850, als das Herrenhaus des alten Ritterguts Scharsow (früher auch Scharschow) vom Dorfkern des Gutsdorfs Scharsow  an der Mündung des Schottow-Bachs in die Stolpe  nach außerhalb – auf die Feldmark des Guts – verlegt wurde. Der Wohnplatz mit dem neuen Herrenhaus erhielt den Ortsnamen Hohen Scharsow.  Bald nach der Fertigstellung des neuen Herrenhauses wurden die alten Gutsgebäude im Dorfkern abgerissen. Hohen Scharsow und das Dorf Scharsow hatten im Jahr 1863 eigene Post-Haltestellen.

Die Region von Scharsow und der umliegenden Ortschaften Kublitz, Schmaatz, Krampe und Lossin hatten um 1300 zum umfangreichen Großgrundbesitz des Grafengeschlechts der Swenzonen gehört. Das Dorf Scharsow kam dann in den Besitz von Martin Stojentin und ging anschließend an Karsten Puttkamer. Danach wurde es ein Lehen der Familie Wobeser. Oswald von Wobeser verkaufte Scharsow 1727 an Felix Otto von Below auf Kulsow, und 1750 kam es an Matthias Friedrich von Boehn. In Scharsow gab es bis in das 19. Jahrhundert hinein ein Patrimonialgericht. Nachdem sich das Gut Scharsow  90 Jahre lang im Besitz der Familie Boehn befunden hatte, wurde es 1840 an Alexander Reyne verkauft, der es 1847 an Gustav Meissner weiterverkaufte.

Zum Gutsbezirk  gehörte die am rechten Ufer der Schottow gelegene Wassermühle, die zusammen mit den zugehörigen Grundstücken und Immobilien als Erbpacht-Eigentum vergeben wurde. Im Erpacht-Vertrag vom 3. November 1789 waren einiger Gerechtsame vereinbart worden, die dem Mühlenbesitzer zustanden,  darunter:
 freie Hütung auf der Scharsower Feldmark
 freies Brennholz während der Wintermonate, wöchentlich ein Fuder
 50%ige Gewinnbeteiligung am Lachsfang in der Schottow
 Fischerei im Mühlenteich unter Vorbehalt der gutsherrlichen Mitfischerei
 Kesselbrauerei bei besonderen Anlässen und zum Eigenbedarf
 Gebührenerhebung bei fremden Holzflößungen sowie das
 Staurecht an der Schottow etwa 800 Meter vor deren Einmündung in die Stolpe.
Durch einen Beschluss des Patrimonialgerichts Scharsow  vom 12. November  1814 wurde die Mühle 1815 öffentlich zur Versteigerung ausgeschrieben.  1847 war die Mühle mit dem Kauf des Guts  durch Gustav Meissner in dessen Besitz übergegangen.  Meissner verkaufte 1850 die Wassermühle und einige hundert Morgen Land an Eduard Meyer. Dieser baute die Mühle zu einem Eisenhammer-Werk um. Das Eisenhammer-Werk  war bis 1945 in Betrieb  und diente zuletzt als Dorfschmiede.

Auf der Feldmark des Guts ließ Meissner kurz nach 1850 ein neues Herrenhaus und neue Wirtschaftsgebäude für das Gut errichten. Daraus entwickelte sich in der Folgezeit die neue  Ortschaft Hohen  Scharsow.

Am 3. Dezember 1864 wurden im Gemeindebezirk Scharsow 59 und im Gutsbezirk Scharsow 259 Einwohner gezählt. Bis August 1876 hatte Scharsow zum Landkreis Rummelsburg i. Pom. gehört. Zum 10. August 1876 wurde Scharsow zusammen mit den Gemeinden Cunsow und Quackenburg aus dem Rummelsburger Kreisgebiet ausgegliedert und in den Landkreis Stolp  eingegliedert. Im Jahr 1880 vernichtete ein Großbrand das Herrenhaus und einen Teil der Wirtschaftsgebäude des  neuen Guts Hohen Scharsow. Dieses Unglück und sein Hang zum Glücksspiel trieben Gustav Meissner in den Konkurs. Neuer Besitzer des Guts Hohen Scharsow wurde 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Zielke (* 30. März 1836 in Stresow, Kreis Stolp, † 1894 in Hohen Scharsow). Dessen Sohn, Karl Ludwig Zielke, modernisierte seit 1910 das Gut und kaufte das Gut Labuhn hinzu.  Im Jahr 1938 war das Gut Hohen Scharsow 1.056 Hektar groß, wovon 350 Hektar Ackerland waren.

In den Ortsteilen Hohen Scharsow, Eisenhammer und Unter Scharsow zusammen standen im Jahr 1925 insgesamt 25 Wohngebäude, und in der Gemeinde Scharsow, die eine Gemeindefläche von insgesamt 787 Hektar hatte,  lebten im Jahr 1939 insgesamt 236 Einwohner, die auf 53 Haushaltungen verteilt waren.  Außer dem Gut Neuen Scharsow gab es in der Gemeinde Scharsow drei landwirtschaftliche Betriebe, eine Gemischtwarenhandlung und die kleine Dorfschmiede, die sich die Wasserkraft der Schottow zunutze machte und auch aufgrund ihres Alters eine touristische Attraktion darstellte.

Vor 1945 gehörte die Gemeinde Scharsow zum Landkreis Stolp, Regierungsbezirk Köslin, der Provinz Pommern. In der Gemeinde Scharsow gab es insgesamt drei Wohnplätze:
 Eisenhammer
 Hohen Scharsow
 Unter Scharsow

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs erhielt  die Gemeinde Scharsow mit ihren Ortsteilen  Hohen Scharsow, Eisenhammer  und Unter Scharsow  beim Herannahen der Roten Armee am 6. März 1945  einen Räumungsbefehl. Am nächsten Morgen begaben sich die Dorfbewohner bis auf etwa zehn Personen, die in der Ortschaft ausharrten, im Treck auf die Flucht. Der Treck zog über Rathsdamnitz, Dübsow, Puttkamerhof, Schwarz Damerow und Labuhn in den Kreis Lauenburg und wurde dann von sowjetischen Truppen überrollt; die Dorfbewohner mussten zurückkehren. Scharsow wurde am 8. März 1945 von Truppen der Sowjetarmee besetzt. Nur etwa dreizehn Dorfbewohnern gelang die Flucht mit der Wehrmacht nach Danzig und von dort aus mit dem Schiff nach Schleswig-Holstein.  Es gab zahlreiche Übergriffe der  sowjetischen Soldaten gegenüber der Zivilbevölkerung. Der letzte Besitzer und Betreiber des Eisenhammer-Werks, Walter Meyer, wurde beim Einmarsch der sowjetischen Truppen  erschossen. Viele Dorfbewohner wurden verschleppt, einige von diesen blieben verschollen. Seit Oktober 1945 kamen Polen in das Gemeindegebiet von Scharsow und übernahmen Häusern und Gehöfte der Deutschen. In der Folgezeit wurden die Dorfbewohner vertrieben.

Später wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 124 und in der DDR 66 aus Scharsow gekommene Dorfbewohner ermittelt.

Kirche
Die vor 1945 in Scharsow anwesende Bevölkerung war evangelisch. Ursprünglich hatte Scharsow zum Kirchspiel der St.-Petri-Kirche im Kirchenkreis Stolp-Altstadt gehört. Später war Scharsow in das Kirchspiel Rathsdamnitz umgepfarrt worden und gehörte seitdem zum Kirchenkreis Stolp-Stadt. Um  das Jahr 1860 gab es in Scharsow ein Mitglied der zu dieser Zeit in Hinterpommern relativ stark vertretenen Sekte der Seehofianer.

Schule
Vor 1945 verfügte die Gemeinde Scharsow über eine eigene Volksschule. Diese war im Jahr 1932 einstufig; ein einzelner Lehrer unterrichtete dort zu diesem Zeitpunkt 54 Schulkinder.

Skarszów Dolny

Das Dorf ist heute ein Teil der Gmina Dębnica Kaszubska im Powiat Słupski der Woiwodschaft Pommern. Der Ortsteil Unter Scharsow wurde in  Skarszów Dolny umbenannt.  Im Jahr 2006 hatte Skarszów Dolny 55 Einwohner.

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 854–858 (PDF Ortsbeschreibung Scharsow)
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, Nr. 57.

Fußnoten

Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Ort in Pommern
Gmina Dębnica Kaszubska

Skarszów Dolny


Roman Petrović (polj. Roman Petrowicz; Donji Vakuf, 1896. – Sarajevo, 1947.), bosanskohercegovački je slikar ukrajinsko-poljskog podrijetla.

Životopis

Roman Petrović je rođen 1896. godine u Donjem Vakufu. Po ocu bio je Ukrajinac, po majci Poljak. Gimnaziju je pohađao u Sarajevu i Mostaru. Njegov otac Ivan, bio je službenik u austrougarskoj Bosni i Hercegovini, ali i slikar amater. Oduševljen slikarskim talentom svog sina šalje ga na studij u Petrograd. U tom gradu se ne zadržava dugo, nego studije nastavlja u Krakovu, Zagrebu i Budimpešti, gdje je završio svoj studij. U Parizu je boravio od 1925 do 1927. godine. Kao profesionalni slikar mogao je mnogo bolje živjeti i većeg uspjeha imati u Ljubljani, Zagrebu ili Beogradu. Početkom 20. stoljeća Sarajevo nije imalo neku posebnu likovnu tradiciju. Osim trećerazrednih slikara koji su stigli u grad s austrijskom okupacijom i prve generacije bosanskohercegovačkih slikara, Bosna i Hercegovina nije imala ni slikara.  Međutim, Roman Petrović je volio Sarajevo više nego ono njega i rijetko je u tom gradu doživljavao trenutke razumijevanja. Za njega nije bilo radnog mjesta u školama. Da bi preživio radio je na kazališnim scenografijama, slikao freske i ikone za ikonostase u pravoslavnim crkvama, ilustracije za knjige, portrete po narudžbi. Svojim realizmom pretežno ekspresionističke tendencije utjecao je na mlađe bosanske slikare, na Ismeta Mujezinovića i Micu Todorović. Jedan je od osnivača Udruge likovnih umjetnika Bosne i Hercegovine. Petrović spada u najznačajnije bosanskohercegovačke likovne umjetnike. Pored njega se tu nalaze Vojo Dimitrijević, Ismet Mujezinović, Daniel Ozmo i Mica Todorović.

Umro je u Sarajevu 1947. godine. Jedna galerija u Sarajevu nosi njegovo ime. U Umjetničkoj galeriji Bosne i Hercegovine prema službenim podatcima pohranjeno je 165 njegovih djela.

Djela

 Krik
 Oslikavanje Saborne crkve u Sarajevu
 Krovovi Sarajeva
 Branislav Nušić, karikatura
 Ikonostas i ikone u Crkvi Uspenja Presvete Bogorodice u Mokrom
 Freske u Crkvi sv. proroka Ilije – Romanijska Lazarica u Sokocu
 Freske u Crkvi Uspenja Presvete Bogorodice u Travniku
 Portret sestre
 Autoportret
 Djeca ulice
 U šumi, crteš krejonom
 Alagorija, akvarelisani drvorez

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Roman Petrović

Bosanskohercegovački slikari
Životopisi, Donji Vakuf
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Roman Petrović


හීබෲ භාෂාව බටහිර සෙමිටික භාශාවකි. එය ඊශ්‍රායෙල ජාතිකයන්ගේ භාෂාව ලෙස ඉතිහාසය පුරා හඳුන්වාදී ඇත. හීබෲ බසින් ලියවුනු මුල්ම ලේඛනය ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව දසවන සියවස තරම් පැරණිය. අද වනවිට හීබෲ භාෂාව ලොව පුරා මිලියන 9ක ජනතාවක් විසින් භාවිතා වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

භාෂාව
ඊශ්‍රායලය
යුදෙව්වන්
හෙබ්‍රෙව් භාෂාවවැඩිදුර තොරතුරු

මූලාශ්‍ර

 Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2020 Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press  /
 Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2003 Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan  /

භාෂා
ඊශ්‍රායලය
ISO 639-2 කේතය සහිත භාෂා
ISO 639-1 කේතය සහිත භාෂා
ඊශ්‍රායෙලයේ භාෂා
ක්‍රියාපදය-කතෘ-කර්මපදය භාෂා
සැමිටික් භාෂා

හීබෲ භාෂාව


ماثيو ماكونهي: ممثل أمريكي.
 ماثيو برودريك: ممثل أمريكي.
 ماثيو ماكفادين: ممثل إنجليزي
 ماثيو بريجز: لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي
 ماثيو تايلور: لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي
 ماثيو بيري: ممثل أمريكي.
 ماثيو ميلز: لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي
 ماثيو باتيس:
 ماثيو أبسون: لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي
 ماثيو إثرينغتون: لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي
 ماثيو فوكس: ممثل أمريكي.
 ماثيو بريز: حكم كرة قدم أسترالي
 ماتيو فلاميني: لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي
 بول هنري ماثيو: لاعب كرة مضرب فرنسي
 ماثيو باربر: مغني كندي
 ماثيو نيميتز: دبلوماسي أمريكي
 ماثيو فونتين موري: عالم فلك
 ماثيو كوتادور: لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي
 ماثيو بومر: ممثل أمريكي
 ماثيو هولمان: عالم فلك
 ماثيو برادي: صحفي أمريكي
 ماثيو جوود: ممثل إنجليزي
 ماثيو ريدجواي: عسكري أمريكي

صفحات توضيح أشخاص

ماثيو (توضيح)


Cory Barlog (né le 2 septembre 1975) est un concepteur, réalisateur et écrivain américain de jeux vidéo qui est actuellement directeur créatif du développeur de jeux vidéo Santa Monica Studio. Il est surtout connu pour son travail sur God of War (2005), God of War II (2007) et God of War (2018).

Début de la vie
Barlog est né à Sacramento, en Californie, aux États-Unis le 2 septembre 1975, il est le fils du romancier fantastique J.M. Barlog.

Carrière
Au début de sa carrière, Barlog a travaillé comme animateur principal chez Paradox Development sur Backyard Wrestling: Don't Try This at Home et X-Men: Next Dimension. Après avoir rejoint Santa Monica Studio, il a été l'animateur principal de God of War (2005) et a réalisé God of War II (2007), pour lequel il a remporté un BAFTA pour son travail d'écriture sur le jeu. Il a également été directeur du jeu God of War III (2010) pendant les huit premiers mois de son développement. Bien qu'il ne fasse pas partie de Sony à l'époque, il a participé à l'écriture de God of War : Ghost of Sparta (2010).

En mars 2012, il a été annoncé que Barlog avait rejoint Crystal Dynamics pour diriger les cinématiques de Tomb Raider et un jeu alors non annoncé. Cependant, il a quitté l'entreprise en avril 2013.

En août 2013, il a été annoncé que Barlog reviendrait à Santa Monica Studio. Il est actuellement directeur créatif du studio et avait réalisé God of War (2018), dont il a remporté le Game Award de la meilleure direction de jeu, tandis que le jeu lui-même a remporté le prix du jeu vidéo de l'année et le BAFTA Games Award du meilleur jeu. Il a également écrit la préface de la novélisation du jeu, qui a été écrite par son père. Il a maintenant produit la suite : God of War Ragnarök (2022).

Jeux

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1975
Concepteur américain de jeux vidéo

Cory Barlog


Devi Mahatmya (Devi Mahatmyam = "slava Božice"; sanskrt devīmāhātmyam, देवीमाहात्म्यम्) hinduistički je tekst koji opisuje žensko božanstvo (Devi) kao vrhovno biće i stvoriteljicu svemira, a dio je teksta naziva Markandeya Purana, sastavljenog na sanskrtu 400. – 600. poslije nove ere. Druga imena teksta Devi Mahatmya su Durgā Saptashatī (दुर्गासप्तशती) i Caṇḍī Pāṭha (चण्डीपाठः). Tekst ima 13 poglavlja te ga se smatra jednim od najvažnijih tekstova u šaktizmu (hinduistička sekta koja slavi Šakti kao vrhovno biće). Druga dva teksta iznimno bitna šaktistima su Devi-Bhagavata Purana i Devi Upanishad.

U tekstu je opisana borba dobra i zla — Božica se pojavljuje kao strašna i bijesna Durga, koja se bori s asurom ("demon") zvanim Mahishasura te ga pobjeđuje. Nadalje, isti tekst kaže da se Devi u razdoblju mira pojavljuje kao Lakšmi, koja donosi bogatstvo. Filozofija ovog teksta, vrlo popularnog na istoku Indije, je ta da je Brahman (apsolutna stvarnost) žena.

Pogledajte također
Devīsūkta — himna Božici
Chandi di Var

Izvori i bilješke

Hinduistički tekstovi

Devi Mahatmya


FC Stumbras (Futbolo klubas "Stumbras") je bio profesionalni nogometni klub iz Kaunasa u Litvi. Natječe se u A ligi.

Povijest
Osnovan je 2013. godine.

U elitnom razredu je od 2015. godine.

U ljeto 2019. klub je prestao postojati. Na kraju su eliminirani iz elitne divizije.

Uspjesi
Pirma lyga (D2)
prvak (1): 2014.
Nacionalni kup
prvak (1): 2017.

Sezoni

Boje kluba
 Bijelo/plava.

Stadion
Stumbras domaće utakmice igra na S. Dariaus ir S. Girėno stadionas, čiji je kapacitet 8.000 sjedećih mjesta.

Značajni igrači
  Artūras Rimkevičius

Treneri
  Gerhardas Kvedaras (2010. – 2014.)
  Rolandas Čepkauskas (2014. – 2015.)
  Darius Gvildys (2015. – 2016.)
  Mariano Barreto (2016. – 2018.)
  Joao Luis Martins (2019.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Oficialna FC Stumbras str.
 A lyga of.str.
 Facebook
 twitter.com/fcstumbras
 Soccerway
 eurofootball.lt

Stumbras

FC Stumbras


Bergþóra Þorkelsdóttir (f. 21. mars 1963) er núverandi vegamálastjóri Vegagerðarinnar og hefur gegnt því starfi frá 2018.

Tenglar

Vegamálastjórar

Bergþóra Þorkelsdóttir


A herbal is a book containing the names and descriptions of plants, usually with information on their medicinal, tonic, culinary, toxic, hallucinatory, aromatic, or magical powers, and the legends associated with them.  A herbal may also classify the plants it describes, may give recipes for herbal extracts, tinctures, or potions, and sometimes include mineral and animal medicaments in addition to those obtained from plants. Herbals were often illustrated to assist plant identification.

Herbals were among the first literature produced in Ancient Egypt, China, India, and Europe as the medical wisdom of the day accumulated by herbalists, apothecaries and physicians.  Herbals were also among the first books to be printed in both China and Europe. In Western Europe herbals flourished for two centuries following the introduction of moveable type (c. 1470–1670).

In the late 17th century, the rise of modern chemistry, toxicology and pharmacology reduced the medicinal value of the classical herbal.  As reference manuals for botanical study and plant identification herbals were supplanted by Floras – systematic accounts of the plants found growing in a particular region, with scientifically accurate botanical descriptions, classification, and illustrations. Herbals have seen a modest revival in the Western world since the last decades of the 20th century, as herbalism and related disciplines (such as homeopathy and aromatherapy) became popular forms of alternative medicine.

History

The use of plants for medicinal purposes, and their descriptions, dates back two to three thousand years. The word herbal is derived from the mediaeval Latin liber herbalis ("book of herbs"): it is sometimes used in contrast to the word florilegium, which is a treatise on flowers with emphasis on their beauty and enjoyment rather than the herbal emphasis on their utility. Much of the information found in printed herbals arose out of traditional medicine and herbal knowledge that predated the invention of writing.

Before the advent of printing, herbals were produced as manuscripts, which could be kept as scrolls or loose sheets, or bound into codices.  Early handwritten herbals were often illustrated with paintings and drawings. Like other manuscript books, herbals were "published" through repeated copying by hand, either by professional scribes or by the readers themselves.  In the process of making a copy, the copyist would often translate, expand, adapt, or reorder the content.  Most of the original herbals have been lost; many have survived only as later copies (of copies...), and others are known only through references from other texts.

As printing became available, it was promptly used to publish herbals, the first printed matter being known as incunabula. In Europe, the first printed herbal with woodcut (xylograph) illustrations, the Puch der Natur of Konrad of Megenberg, appeared in 1475. Metal-engraved plates were first used in about 1580. As woodcuts and metal engravings could be reproduced indefinitely they were traded among printers: there was therefore a large increase in the number of illustrations together with an improvement in quality and detail but a tendency for repetition.

As examples of some of the world's most important records and first printed matter, a researcher will find herbals scattered through the world's most famous libraries including the Vatican Library in Rome, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the Royal Library in Windsor, the British Library in London and the major continental libraries.

China, India, Mexico

Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao ching of China

China is renowned for its traditional herbal medicines that date back thousands of years. Legend has it that mythical Emperor Shennong, the founder of Chinese herbal medicine, composed the Shennong Bencao Jing or Great Herbal in about 2700 BCE as the forerunner of all later Chinese herbals. It survives as a copy made c. 500 CE and describes about 365 herbs. High quality herbals and monographs on particular plants were produced in the period to 1250 CE including: the Zhenlei bencao written by Tang Shenwei in 1108, which passed through twelve editions until 1600; a monograph on the lychee by Cai Xiang in 1059 and one on the oranges of Wenzhhou by Han Yanzhi in 1178. In 1406 Ming dynasty prince Zhu Xiao (朱橚) published the Jiuhuang Bencao illustrated herbal for famine foods. It contained high quality woodcuts and descriptions of 414 species of plants of which 276 were described for the first time, the book pre-dating the first European printed book by 69 years.  It was reprinted many times. Other herbals include Bencao Fahui in 1450 by Xu Yong and Bencao Gangmu of Li Shizhen in 1590.

Sushruta Samhita of India

Traditional herbal medicine of India, known as Ayurveda, possibly dates back to the second millennium BCE tracing its origins to the holy Hindu Vedas and, in particular, the Atharvaveda. One authentic compilation of teachings is by the surgeon Sushruta, available in a treatise called Sushruta Samhita. This contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. Other early works of Ayurveda include the Charaka Samhita, attributed to Charaka. This tradition, however is mostly oral. The earliest surviving written material which contains the works of Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript—dated to the 4th century CE.

Hernandez – Rerum Medicarum and the Aztecs
An illustrated herbal published in Mexico in 1552, Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ("Book of Medicinal Herbs of the Indies"), is written in the Aztec Nauhuatl language by a native physician, Martín Cruz. This is probably an extremely early account of the medicine of the Aztecs although the formal illustrations, resembling European ones, suggest that the artists were following the traditions of their Spanish masters rather than an indigenous style of drawing.  In 1570 Francisco Hernández (c.1514–1580) was sent from Spain to study the natural resources of New Spain (now Mexico). Here he drew on indigenous sources, including the extensive botanical gardens that had been established by the Aztecs, to record c. 1200 plants in his Rerum Medicarum of 1615. Nicolás Monardes' Dos Libros (1569) contains the first published illustration of tobacco.

Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome

By about 2000 BCE, medical papyri in ancient Egypt included medical prescriptions based on plant matter and made reference to the herbalist's combination of medicines and magic for healing.

Papyrus Ebers

The ancient Egyptian Papyrus Ebers is one of the earliest known herbals; it dates to 1550 BCE and is based on sources, now lost, dating back a further 500 to 2000 years. The earliest Sumerian herbal dates from about 2500 BCE as a copied manuscript of the 7th century BCE. Inscribed Assyrian tablets dated 668–626 BCE list about 250 vegetable drugs: the tablets include herbal plant names that are still in use today including: saffron, cumin, turmeric and sesame.

The ancient Greeks gleaned much of their medicinal knowledge from Egypt and Mesopotamia. Hippocrates (460–377 BCE), the "father of medicine" (renowned for the eponymous Hippocratic oath), used about 400 drugs, most being of plant origin. However, the first Greek herbal of any note was written by Diocles of Carystus in the fourth century BC—although nothing remains of this except its mention in the written record. It was Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus (371–287 BCE) in his Historia Plantarum, (better known as the Enquiry into Plants) and De Causis Plantarum (On the Causes of Plants) that established the scientific method of careful and critical observation associated with modern botanical science. Based largely on Aristotle's notes, the Ninth Book of his Enquiry deals specifically with medicinal herbs and their uses including the recommendations of herbalists and druggists of the day, and his plant descriptions often included their natural habitat and geographic distribution. With the formation of the Alexandrian School c. 330 BCE medicine flourished and written herbals of this period included those of the physicians Herophilus, Mantias, Andreas of Karystos, Appolonius Mys, and Nicander. The work of rhizomatist (the rhizomati were the doctors of the day, berated by Theophrastus for their superstition) Krateuas (fl. 110 BCE) is of special note because he initiated the tradition of the illustrated herbal in the first century BCE.

Dioscorides – De Materia Medica

The De Materia Medica (c. 40–90 CE; Greek, Περί ύλης ιατρικής "Peri hules iatrikes", 'On medical materials') of Pedanios Dioscorides, a physician in the Roman army, was produced in about 65 CE. It was the single greatest classical authority on the subject and the most influential herbal ever written, serving as a model for herbals and pharmacopoeias, both oriental and occidental, for the next 1000 years up to the Renaissance. It drew together much of the accumulated herbal knowledge of the time, including some 500 medicinal plants. The original has been lost but a lavishly illustrated Byzantine copy known as the Vienna Dioscurides dating from about 512 CE remains.

Pliny – Natural History

Pliny the Elder's (23–79 CE) encyclopaedic Natural History (c. 77–79 CE) is a synthesis of the information contained in about 2000 scrolls and it includes myths and folklore; there are about 200 extant copies. It comprises 37 books of which sixteen (Books 12–27) are devoted to trees, plants and medicaments and, of these, seven describe medicinal plants. In medieval herbals, along with De Materia Medica it is Pliny's work that is the most frequently mentioned of the classical texts, even though Galen's (131–201 CE) De Simplicibus is more detailed. Another Latin translation of Greek works that was widely copied in the Middle Ages, probably illustrated in the original, was that attributed to Apuleius: it also contained the alternative names for particular plants given in several languages. It dates to about 400 CE and a surviving copy dates to about 600 CE.

The Middle Ages and Arab World

During the 600 years of the European Middle Ages from 600 to 1200, the tradition of herbal lore fell to the monasteries. Many of the monks were skilled at producing books and manuscripts and tending both medicinal gardens and the sick, but written works of this period simply emulated those of the classical era.

Meanwhile, in the Arab world, by 900 the great Greek herbals had been translated and copies lodged in centres of learning in the Byzantine empire of the eastern Mediterranean including Byzantium, Damascus, Cairo and Baghdad where they were combined with the botanical and pharmacological lore of the Orient. In the medieval Islamic world, Muslim botanists and Muslim physicians made a major contribution to the knowledge of herbal medicines. Those associated with this period include Mesue Maior (Masawaiyh, 777–857) who, in his Opera Medicinalia, synthesised the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Arabs, Indians and Babylonians, this work was complemented by the medical encyclopaedia of Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980–1037). Avicenna's Canon of Medicine was used for centuries in both East and West. During this period Islamic science protected classical botanical knowledge that had been ignored in the West and Muslim pharmacy thrived.

Albertus Magnus – De Vegetabilibus

In the thirteenth century, scientific inquiry was returning and this was manifest through the production of encyclopaedias; those noted for their plant content included a seven volume treatise by Albertus Magnus (c. 1193–1280) a Suabian educated at the University of Padua and tutor to St Thomas Aquinas. It was called De Vegetabilibus (c. 1256 AD) and even though based on original observations and plant descriptions it bore a close resemblance to the earlier Greek, Roman and Arabic herbals. Other accounts of the period include De Proprietatibus Rerum (c. 1230–1240) of English Franciscan friar Bartholomaeus Anglicus and a group of herbals called Tractatus de Herbis written and painted between 1280 and 1300 by Matthaeus Platearius at the East-West cultural centre of Salerno Spain, the illustrations showing the fine detail of true botanical illustration.

Western Europe

Perhaps the best known herbals were produced in Europe between 1470 and 1670. The invention in Germany of printing from movable type in a printing press c. 1440 was a great stimulus to herbalism. The new herbals were more detailed with greater general appeal and often with Gothic script and the addition of woodcut illustrations that more closely resembled the plants being described.

Three important herbals, all appearing before 1500, were printed in Mainz, Germany. Two of these were by Peter Schoeffer, his Latin Herbarius in 1484, followed by an updated and enlarged German version in 1485, these being followed in 1491 by the Hortus Sanitatis printed by Jacob Meyderbach. Other early printed herbals include the Kreuterbuch of Hieronymus Tragus from Germany in 1539 and, in England, the New Herball of William Turner in 1551 were arranged, like the classical herbals, either alphabetically, according to their medicinal properties, or as "herbs, shrubs, trees". Arrangement of plants in later herbals such as Cruydboeck of Dodoens and John Gerard's Herball of 1597 became more related to their physical similarities and this heralded the beginnings of scientific classification. By 1640 a herbal had been printed that included about 3800 plants – nearly all the plants of the day that were known.

In the Modern Age and Renaissance, European herbals diversified and innovated, and came to rely more on direct observation than being mere adaptations of traditional models. Typical examples from the period are the fully illustrated De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes by Leonhart Fuchs (1542, with over 400 plants), the astrologically themed Complete Herbal by Nicholas Culpeper (1653), and the Curious Herbal by Elizabeth Blackwell (1737).

Anglo-Saxon herbals
Anglo-Saxon plant knowledge and gardening skills (the garden was called a wyrtzerd, literally, herb-yard) appears to have exceeded that on the continent. Our limited knowledge of Anglo-Saxon plant vernacular comes primarily from manuscripts that include: the Leechbook of Bald and the Lacnunga. The Leechbook of Bald (Bald was probably a friend of King Alfred of England) was painstakingly produced by the scribe Cild in about 900–950 CE. This was written in the vernacular (native) tongue and not derived from Greek texts. The oldest illustrated herbal from Saxon times is a translation of the Latin Herbarius Apulei Platonici, one of the most popular medical works of medieval times, the original dating from the fifth century; this Saxon translation was produced about 1000–1050 CE and is housed in the British Library. Another vernacular herbal was the Buch der natur or "Book of Nature" by Konrad von Megenberg (1309–1374) which contains the first two botanical woodcuts ever made; it is also the first work of its kind in the vernacular.

Anglo-Norman herbals
In the 12th and early 13th centuries, under the influence of the Norman conquest, the herbals produced in Britain fell less under the influence of France and Germany and more that of Sicily and the Near East. This showed itself through the Byzantine-influenced Romanesque framed illustrations. Anglo-Saxon herbals in the vernacular were replaced by herbals in Latin including Macers Herbal, De Viribus Herbarum (largely derived from Pliny), with the English translation completed in about 1373.

Fifteenth-century incunabula
The earliest printed books and broadsheets are known as incunabula. The first printed herbal appeared in 1469, a version of Pliny's Historia Naturalis; it was published nine years before Dioscorides De Materia Medica was set in type. Important incunabula include the encyclopaedic De Proprietatibus Rerum of Franciscan friar Bartholomew Anglicus (c. 1203–1272) which, as a manuscript, had first appeared between 1248 and 1260 in at least six languages and after being first printed in 1470 ran to 25 editions.  Assyrian physician Mesue (926–1016) wrote the popular De Simplicibus, Grabadin and Liber Medicinarum Particularum the first of his printings being in 1471. These were followed, in Italy, by the Herbarium of Apuleius Platonicus and three German works published in Mainz, the Latin Herbarius (1484), the first herbal published in Germany, German Herbarius (1485), the latter evolving into the Ortus Sanitatis (1491). To these can be added Macer's De Virtutibus Herbarum, based on Pliny's work; the 1477 edition is one of the first printed and illustrated herbals.

Fifteenth-century manuscripts

In medieval times, medicinal herbs were generally referred to by the apothecaries (physicians or doctors) as "simples" or "officinals". Before 1542, the works principally used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples by Avicenna and Serapion's Liber De Simplici Medicina. The De Synonymis and other publications of Simon Januensis, the Liber Servitoris of Bulchasim Ben Aberazerim, which described the preparations made from plants, animals and minerals, provided a model for the chemical treatment of modern pharmacopoeias. There was also the Antidotarium Nicolai of Nicolaus de Salerno, which contained Galenical compounds arranged in alphabetical order.

Spain and Portugal – de Orta, Monardes, Hernandez
The Spaniards and Portuguese were explorers, the Portuguese to India (Vasco da Gama) and Goa where physician Garcia de Orta (1490–1570) based his work Coloquios dos Simples (1563). The first botanical knowledge of the New World came from Spaniard Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588) who published Dos Libros between 1569 and 1571. The work of Hernandez on the herbal medicine of the Aztecs has already been discussed.

Germany – Bock, Brunfels and Fuchs

Otto Brunfels (c. 1489–1534), Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566)  and Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554) were known as the "German fathers of botany" although this title belies the fact that they trod in the steps of the scientifically celebrated Hildegard of Bingen whose writings on herbalism were Physica and Causae et Curae (together known as Liber subtilatum) of 1150. The original manuscript is no longer in existence but a copy was printed in 1533. Another major herbalist was Valerius Cordus (1515–1544).

The 1530, Herbarum Vivae Eicones of Brunfels contained the admired botanically accurate original woodcut colour illustrations of Hans Weiditz along with descriptions of 47 species new to science. Bock, in setting out to describe the plants of his native Germany, produced the New Kreuterbuch of 1539 describing the plants he had found in the woods and fields but without illustration; this was supplemented by a second edition in 1546 that contained 365 woodcuts. Bock was possibly the first to adopt a botanical classification in his herbal which also covered details of ecology and plant communities. In this, he was placing emphasis on botanical rather than medicinal characteristics, unlike the other German herbals and foreshadowing the modern Flora. De Historia Stirpium (1542 with a German version in 1843) of Fuchs was a later publication with 509 high quality woodcuts that again paid close attention to botanical detail: it included many plants introduced to Germany in the sixteenth century that were new to science. The work of Fuchs is regarded as being among the most accomplished of the Renaissance period.

Low Countries – Dodoens, Lobel, Clusius
The Flemish printer Christopher Plantin established a reputation publishing the works of Dutch herbalists Rembert Dodoens and Carolus Clusius and developing a vast library of illustrations. Translations of early Greco-Roman texts published in German by Bock in 1546 as Kreuterbuch were subsequently translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Dodoens (1517–1585) who was a Belgian botanist of world renown. This was an elaboration of his first publication Cruydeboeck (1554). Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616) published his Stirpium Adversaria Nova (1570–1571) and a massive compilation of illustrations while Clusius's (1526–1609) magnum opus was Rariorum Plantarum Historia of 1601 which was a compilation of his Spanish and Hungarian floras and included over 600 plants that were new to science.

Italy – Mattioli, Calzolari, Alpino

In Italy, two herbals were beginning to include botanical descriptions. Notable herbalists included Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577), physician to the Italian aristocracy and his Commentarii (1544), which included many newly described species, and his more traditional herbal Epistolarum Medicinalium Libri Quinque (1561). Sometimes, the local flora was described as in the publication Viaggio di Monte Baldo (1566) of Francisco Calzolari. Prospero Alpini (1553–1617) published in 1592 the highly popular account of overseas plants De Plantis Aegypti and he also established a botanical garden in Padua in 1542, which together with those at Pisa and Florence, rank among the world's first.

England – Turner, Gerard, Parkinson, Culpeper

The first true herbal printed in Britain was Richard Banckes' Herball of 1525 which, although popular in its day, was unillustrated and soon eclipsed by the most famous of the early printed herbals, Peter Treveris's Grete Herball of 1526 (derived in turn from the derivative French Grand Herbier).

William Turner (?1508–7 to 1568) was an English naturalist, botanist, and theologian who studied at Cambridge University and eventually became known as the "father of English botany." His 1538 publication Libellus de re Herbaria Novus was the first essay on scientific botany in English. His three-part A New Herball of 1551–1562–1568, with woodcut illustrations taken from Fuchs, was noted for its original contributions and extensive medicinal content; it was also more accessible to readers, being written in vernacular English. Turner described over 200 species native to England. and his work had a strong influence on later eminent botanists such as John Ray and Jean Bauhin.

John Gerard (1545–1612) is the most famous of all the English herbalists. His Herball of 1597 is, like most herbals, largely derivative. It appears to be a reformulation of Hieronymus Bock's Kreuterbuch subsequently translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585), and thence into English by Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609) then re-worked by Henry Lyte in 1578 as A Nievve Herball. This became the basis of Gerard's Herball or General Historie of Plantes. that appeared in 1597 with its 1800 woodcuts (only 16 original). Although largely derivative, Gerard's popularity can be attributed to his evocation of plants and places in Elizabethan England and to the clear influence of gardens and gardening on this work.
He had published, in 1596, Catalogus which was a list of 1033 plants growing in his garden.

John Parkinson (1567–1650) was apothecary to James I and a founding member of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries.  He was an enthusiastic and skilful gardener, his garden in Long Acre being stocked with rarities. He maintained an active correspondence with important English and Continental botanists, herbalists and plantsmen importing new and unusual plants from overseas, in particular the Levant and Virginia.  Parkinson is celebrated for his two monumental works, the first Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris in 1629: this was essentially a gardening book, a florilegium for which Charles I awarded him the title Botanicus Regius Primarius – Royal Botanist. The second was his Theatrum Botanicum of 1640, the largest herbal ever produced in the English language. It lacked the quality illustrations of Gerard's works, but was a massive and informative compendium including about 3800 plants (twice the number of Gerard's first edition Herball), over 1750 pages and over 2,700 woodcuts. This was effectively the last and culminating herbal of its kind and, although it included more plants of no discernible economic or medicinal use than ever before, they were nevertheless arranged according to their properties rather than their natural affinities.

Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654) was an English botanist, herbalist, physician, apothecary and astrologer from London's East End. His published books were A Physicall Directory (1649), which was a pseudoscientific pharmacopoeia. The English Physitian  (1652) and the Complete Herbal (1653), contain a rich store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge. His works lacked scientific credibility because of their use of astrology, though he combined diseases, plants and astrological prognosis into a simple integrated system that has proved popular to the present day.

Legacy

The legacy of the herbal extends beyond medicine to botany and horticulture. Herbal medicine is still practiced in many parts of the world but the traditional grand herbal, as described here, ended with the European Renaissance, the rise of modern medicine and the use of synthetic and industrialized drugs. The medicinal component of herbals has developed in several ways. Firstly, discussion of plant lore was reduced and with the increased medical content there emerged the official pharmacopoeia. The first British Pharmacopoeia was published in the English language in 1864, but gave such general dissatisfaction both to the medical profession and to chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and amended edition in 1867. Secondly, at a more popular level, there are the books on culinary herbs and herb gardens, medicinal and useful plants. Finally, the enduring desire for simple medicinal information on specific plants has resulted in contemporary herbals that echo the herbals of the past, an example being Maud Grieve's A Modern Herbal, first published in 1931 but with many subsequent editions.

The magical and mystical side of the herbal also lives on. Herbals often explained plant lore, displaying a superstitious or spiritual side. There was, for example, the fanciful doctrine of signatures, the belief that there were similarities in the appearance of the part of the body affected the appearance of the plant to be used as a remedy. The astrology of Culpeper can be seen in contemporary anthroposophy (biodynamic gardening) and alternative medical approaches like homeopathy, aromatherapy and other new age medicine show connections with herbals and traditional medicine.

It is sometimes forgotten that the plants described in herbals were grown in special herb gardens (physic gardens). Such herb gardens were, for example, part of the medieval monastery garden that supplied the simples or officinals used to treat the sick being cared for within the monastery. Early physic gardens were also associated with institutes of learning, whether a monastery, university or herbarium. It was this medieval garden of the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, attended by apothecaries and physicians, that established a tradition leading to the systems gardens of the eighteenth century (gardens that demonstrated the classification system of plants) and the modern botanical garden. The advent of printing, woodcuts and metal engraving improved the means of communication. Herbals prepared the ground for modern botanical science by pioneering plant description, classification and illustration. From the time of the ancients like Dioscorides through to Parkinson in 1629, the scope of the herbal remained essentially the same.

The greatest legacy of the herbal is to botany. Up to the seventeenth century, botany and medicine were one and the same but gradually greater emphasis was placed on the plants rather than their medicinal properties. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, plant description and classification began to relate plants to one another and not to man. This was the first glimpse of non-anthropocentric botanical science since Theophrastus and, coupled with the new system of binomial nomenclature, resulted in "scientific herbals" called Floras that detailed and illustrated the plants growing in a particular region. These books were often backed by herbaria, collections of dried plants that verified the plant descriptions given in the Floras. In this way modern botany, especially plant taxonomy, was born out of medicine. As herbal historian Agnes Arber remarks – "Sibthorp's monumental Flora Graeca is, indeed, the direct descendant in modern science of the De Materia Medica of Dioscorides."

See also

 Ethnobotany
 Herbalism
 List of culinary herbs and spices
 List of florilegia and botanical codices
 Botanical gardens
 Herbarium
 Herbal medicine
 Medicinal plants

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Arber, Agnes 1986. Herbals, Their Origin and Evolution, a Chapter in the History of Botany 1470–1670. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . (first published in 1912).
 Anderson, Frank J. An Illustrated History of the Herbals. New York: Columbia University Press. .
 Andrews, Theodora 1982. A Bibliography on Herbs, Herbal Medicine, "Natural" Foods, and Unconventional Medical Treatment. Littleton, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. .
 Blunt, Wilfrid & Raphael, Sandra 1980. The Illustrated Herbal. London: Francis Lincoln. .
 Culpeper, Nicholas 1995. Culpeper's Complete Herbal: A Book of Natural Remedies of Ancient Ills. (The Wordsworth Collection Reference Library) Contemporary Publishing Company. .
 Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar 2007. History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence. National Informatics Centre (Government of India).
 Greene, Edward L. 1981. Landmarks of Botanical History: Part 1. ed. Egerton, Frank N. from 1909 edition. Stanford: Stanford University Press. .
 Grieve, Maud 1984. A Modern Herbal. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.  (first published in 1931).
 Henrey, Blanche 1975. British botanical and horticultural literature before 1800. Vols 1–3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
 Hong-Yen Hsu 1980. Oriental Materia Medica: A Precise Guide. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Healing Arts Institute. .
 Jackson, Benjamin D. 1900. A Glossary of Botanical Terms. London: Duckworth & Co.
 Kutumbian, P. 2005. Ancient Indian Medicine. Orient Longman. .
 Keys, John D. 1976. Chinese Herbs, Their Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacodynamics. Rutland,  Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. .

 Morelon, Régis & Rashed, Roshdi 1996. Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Vol. 3. Routledge. .
 Morton, Alan G. 1981. History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day. London: Academic Press. .
 Pavord, Anna 2005. The Naming of names. Bloomsbury: London .
 Raphael, Sandra 1986. Herbal. In Goode, Patrick & Lancaster, Michael. "The Oxford Companion to Gardens." Oxford: Oxford University Press. . pp. 249–252.
 Reed, Howard S. 1942. A Short History of the Plant Sciences. New York: Ronald Press.
 Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair 1974. The Old English Herbals. London: Minerva Press. .
 Singer, Charles 1923. Herbals. The Edinburgh Review 237: 95–112.
 Stuart, Malcolm (ed.) 1979. Herbs and Herbalism. London: Orbis publishing Limited. .
 Tang, W. & Eisenbrand, G. 1992. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. New York: Springer-Verlag. .
 Toresella, Sergio 1996. Gli erbari degli alchimisti. In Arte farmaceutica e piante medicinali — erbari, vasi, sturmenti e testi dalla raccolte liguri, Liana Soginata (ed). Pisa: Pacini Editore.
 Unschuld, Paul U. 1985. Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. California: University of California Press. .

 Woodland, Dennis W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Systematics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. .
 Wujastyk, Dominik 2003. The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. London: Penguin Classics. .

External links

 The Anglo-Saxon Plant-Name Survey
 Manuscript Herbals held by the University of Pennsylvania Libraries
Hortus sanitatis (1485) – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
Ain Garten der Gesundheit (1487) – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
Hortus sanitatis (1491) – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
Digital images of pages from 2 editions of Crüydeboeck (Dodoens, 1554 and 1608) from Linda Hall Library

Herbalism
Botany
History of botany
Herbaria
Books by type

Herbal


Kemmelberg er en bakke i Flandern, Belgien. Den ligger mindre end en kilometer fra landsbyen Kemmel i Heuvelland kommune i provinsen Vestflandern.

Historie
De tidligste bosættelser på Kemmelberg dateres 2.500 år tilbage, da keltiske stammer fra Hallstatt-kulturen befolkede området. Bakken har sit navn fra den keltiske krigsgud Camulos.

I første verdenskrig blev der udkæmpet nogle af krigens mest voldsomme kampe på stedet. På grund af Kemmelbergs strategiske betydning blev der kæmpet hårdt i slaget ved Lys. Den 25. april 1918 begyndte de tyske kejserlige styrker at angribe de franske tropper på Kemmelberg med gasgranater i håbet om at fremtvinge et gennembrud til Nordsøen. Klokken 6 om morgenen erobrede det tyske Alpenkorps Kemmelberg, hvilket førte til at de allierede tropper trak sig tilbage fra alle bakkerne i regionen. Tusindvis af franske soldater blev slagtet. Flere gader og kaserner i Tyskland blev opkaldt efter denne begivenhed (Kemmel-Privatweg i Magdeburg, Kemmelkaserne i Murnau). Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin og Prins Franz af Bayern var kommandanter, men Karl Höfer blev fejret som Kemmelbergs helt - Held vom Kemmelberge. Kemmelberg blev generobret i det femte slag ved Ypres i slutningen af september 1918 som en forløber til Våbenhvilen 11. november 1918.

På den vestlige fod af bakken er der en stor krigskirkegård, Kemmel number 1 French Cemetery som vedligeholdes af Commonwealth War Graves Commission, med mere end 5.000 døde franske soldater. På toppen af Kemmelberg er der et mindesmærke for krigen, monumentet aux soldats français, bygget i 1932 og indviet af den franske general og krigshero Lacappelle. Mindesøjlen er 17 meter høj og viser den romerske sejrgudinde Victoria. I lokalområdet kaldes monumentet "Englen".

Et NATO Air Defense Command Center var placeret i en underjordisk bunker på den sydlige side af bakken i 1950'erne. Det fungerer nu som et besøgscenter.

Cykling
De stejle brostensbelagte veje over bakken er ofte benyttet i cykelløb, især i de flamske forårsklassikere. Stigningene har ofte en afgørende placering i Gent-Wevelgem, men de er også regelmæssigt inkluderet i Fire dage ved Dunkerque, Classic Brugge-De Panne, Tværs gennem Vestflandern og Tour de l'Eurométropole. I 1950 blev Kemmelberg inkluderet i ruten for VM i landevejscykling og vundet af det lokale belgiske cykelikon Briek Schotte.

Billeder

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Die Eroberung des Kemmel - Bericht des deutschen Hauptquartiers aus dem Jahre 1918
 Fotos der Eroberung des Kemmelberges

Bjerge og bakker i Belgien

Kemmelberg


Højdeskræk er en dansk kortfilm fra 2005 med instruktion og manuskript af Jacob Tschernia.

Handling
En film om præstationsangst i elitesport. Filmen handler om en ung mand, Thomas, der under en udspringskonkurrence i en svømmehal kikser et enkelt udspring. Thomas er klubbens stjerne og store håb, og det er derfor ikke kun et nederlag for ham selv, men også for klubben, træneren og hans ambitiøse forældre. Hans fejlslagne udspring betyder, at hans klub taber konkurrencen, hvis ikke Thomas' sidste udspring i konkurrencen er perfekt, og det lægger et voldsomt pres på den unge mand. Men mens Thomas på det yderste af vippen forsøger at samle mod til det endelige afgørende spring, ser han sig selv i øjnene som 8-årig, en konfrontation med sig selv, sin far og hans ambitioner, og han får dermed kraften til at overvinde sin egen angst for at fejle.

Medvirkende
 Kristian Leth - Thomas
 Lars Bom - Thomas' træner
 Erik Holmey - Far
 Jeanne Boel - Mor
 Jon Lange - Kåre
 Jens Jørn Spottag - Kåres træner
 Dennis Haladyn - Svømmer
 Per Bang Thomsen - Janus
 Randy Fryd - Tilskuer
 Sanne Juul Bojko - Tilskuer
 Dennis Grønvold - Tilskuer
 Morten B. Petersen - Tilskuer

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2005

Højdeskræk


HMS Cardiff was a British Type 42 destroyer and the third ship of the Royal Navy to be named in honour of the Welsh capital city of Cardiff.

Cardiff served in the Falklands War, where she was involved in the 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident. She also shot down the last Argentine aircraft of the conflict and accepted the surrender of a 700-strong garrison in the settlement of Port Howard.

During the 1991 Gulf War, her Lynx helicopter sank two Iraqi minesweepers. She later participated in the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as part of the Royal Navy's constant Armilla patrol, but was not involved in the actual invasion.

Cardiff was decommissioned in July 2005, and sent for scrapping despite calls by former servicemen for her to be preserved as a museum ship and local tourist attraction in Cardiff.

Construction

The Type 42 destroyers (also known as the Sheffield class) were made in three batches; Cardiff was built in the first. She cost over £30 million, which was double her original quoted price. Her keel was laid down on 6 November 1972, at Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria. The build was interrupted by a labour shortage at Vickers. To solve this problem, she was towed to Swan Hunter Hawthorn Leslie yard in Hebburn, Tyne and Wear and completed there.

Type 42s were designed as anti-aircraft vessels primarily equipped with the Sea Dart, a surface-to-air missile system capable of hitting targets up to  away. Cardiffs secondary weapon system was a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun, capable of firing  shells to a range of . After the Falklands War, in which two Type 42s were sunk by enemy aircraft, the entire class was equipped with the Phalanx close-in weapon system, a Gatling cannon that could fire 3,000 rounds per minute and was designed to shoot down anti-ship missiles.

Operational history

Early career

Cardiff was launched on 22 February 1974 by Lady Caroline Gilmour. Following fitting-out and sea trials, Cardiff commissioned on 24 September 1979 under command of Captain Barry Wilson. During the next 12 months of active service she steamed over  and undertook various duties. She returned to her place of construction, Tyne and Wear, so that the Swan Hunter crew who fitted her out could exhibit the warship to their families. In the spirit of establishing a firm association, Cardiff visited her namesake city and welcomed more than 7,000 people on board. Her crew raised over £1,000 for local charities by participating in sponsored bicycle rides and dinghy rows from Portsmouth and Newcastle upon Tyne. BBC Radio Wales based an entire programme on her and she appeared on the BBC and ITV national television channels. In November 1979, Cardiff coordinated the search for survivors of the , which sank off the Isle of Wight with the loss of most of her crew.

In 1980, she attended the annual Navy Days event at Portsmouth and Portland Harbour, receiving a total of 17,300 visitors. In October of the same year, she ventured abroad for the first time on a visit to Ghent, Belgium. She followed this with a fortnight of Sea Dart exercises on a range off Aberporth, in South Wales. Whilst in the region, the destroyer attended celebrations marking the 75th anniversary of Cardiff's city status.

Falklands War (1982)

On 2 April 1982, the disputed British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands was invaded by neighbouring Argentina. The United Kingdom, nearly  away, assembled and dispatched a naval task force of 28,000 troops to recapture the islands. The conflict ended that June with the surrender of the Argentine forces; the battles fought on land, at sea, and in the air had cost the lives of some 900 British and Argentine servicemen.

Just over a month before the start of the war, Cardiff, under the command of Captain Michael Harris, had begun a six-month deployment to the Persian Gulf with the Armilla Patrol. Cardiff had relieved her sister ship and class lead  from this operational tasking, but was herself redeployed to the Falklands effort on 23 April. She sailed alone to Gibraltar and rendezvoused on 14 May with the Bristol group of British warships already heading south to the islands.

During the journey, Cardiffs crew performed various training exercises, including defence against air attack (involving simulation runs by friendly Harrier and Jaguar aircraft), nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and Exocet anti-ship missiles. All British Type 42's involved in the war were instructed to paint two vertical black stripes down either side the middle of their ships. This would allow the Royal Navy submarines to distinguish them from the two Argentine Type 42's. On 22 May, an Argentine reconnaissance Boeing 707, no. TC-92 of the Argentine Air Force's  (Spanish for "2nd Air Transport Squadron, Group 1"), was fired on by Cardiff. The aircraft was detected while shadowing the Bristol group, and Cardiff was ordered to drop back and engage. The ship fired two Sea Darts at the aircraft at 11:40 (local time) from maximum range; the first fell short and second missed due to evasive manoeuvres taken by the aircraft's crew. After the attack, TC-92 dropped below radar level and returned to El Palomar. On 25 May, Cardiff was tasked with the recovery of four Special Air Service (SAS) troopers, who had parachuted from a C-130 Hercules passing over the destroyer.

The Bristol group met up with the main task force on 26 May. Cardiffs arrival allowed the damaged  to return to the United Kingdom for repairs. Cardiffs primary role was to form part of the anti-aircraft warfare picket, protecting British ships from air attack and attempting to ambush Argentine aircraft that were re-supplying Port Stanley Airport. She was also required to fire at enemy positions on the islands with her 4.5-inch gun. In one engagement she fired 277 high-explosive rounds.

Shortly after arrival, she was involved in the final Exocet raid against the aircraft carrier . In the early hours of 6 June, Cardiff shot down a friendly Army Air Corps Gazelle helicopter (no. XX377 of 656 Squadron), in the belief it was a low flying enemy C-130 Hercules. All four on board were killed, the factors contributing to the accident were a poor level of communication between the army and navy, and the helicopter's "Identification Friend or Foe" transmitter had been turned off due to it interfering with other equipment. However a board of inquiry recommended that neither negligence nor blame should be attributed to any individual and that no action should be taken against any individual. The number "205" was later painted at the crash site () as a memorial, the significance being that two of the helicopter's passengers were from 205 Signal Squadron. Approximately an hour after the shoot down, Cardiff spotted four landing craft carrying troops from the 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards. Having been told there were no other British forces in the area, Cardiff's crew assumed they were Argentine, and fired illuminating star shells over them in preparation to attack. When the Guards saw the star shells and realised Cardiffs intentions, the officer in charge of the landing craft, Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour, moved them to shallow water in an attempt to outrun her. Cardiff, still closing on the craft, signalled to them a single word "friend" via Aldis lamp, Southby-Tailyour responded with "to which side". At this point Cardiff "left them alone", neither attacking or assisting them, nevertheless another "blue on blue" incident was avoided.

On the morning of 13 June, two Argentine Dagger aircraft attacked Cardiffs Lynx helicopter, no. 335 of 829 NAS, while it was searching in the Falkland Sound area. Poor weather had forced the Argentine craft to abandon their original mission of bombing Mount Longdon, and the third Dagger of their formation had suffered a mechanical failure and returned to base. The Lynx began evasive manoeuvres and dodged the attacks; the pilot, Lieutenant Christopher Clayton, was mentioned in despatches for his efforts.

Later that day, Cardiff shot down what would prove to be the last Argentine aircraft lost during the war, with a Sea Dart missile Canberra bomber B-108 of  ("Bombing Group 2") en route to bomb Port Harriet House. The pilot, Captain Pastrán, managed to eject but the navigator, Captain Casado, (whose ejection seat may have been damaged by the missile) was killed. The remains of Captain Casado were discovered in 1986, and identified by DNA testing in September 2008.

Argentina surrendered on 14 June, and Cardiff was required to accept the surrender of a 700-strong Argentine garrison in the settlement of Port Howard on West Falkland a day later. Five members of Cardiffs crew were used to man a captured Argentine patrol boat, renamed , in Stanley. Cardiff spent the rest of June acting as the Landing Area Air Warfare Controller (LAAWC) around San Carlos.

Over the course of the war, Cardiff fired nine Sea Dart missiles and one Mk 46 torpedo. She returned to the United Kingdom on 28 July 1982, having left the Falklands three weeks earlier along with  and . Captain Michael Harris handed over command on 24 August 1982, after the annual maintenance period. Following the war, all Type 42 destroyers were fitted with Oerlikon 30 mm twin cannons port and starboard, for protection against airborne threats. These were later replaced by the Phalanx close-in weapon system.

Gulf War (1990–91)

When Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait on 2 August 1990, British Secretary of State for Defence Tom King soon announced that the UK military contribution to the region was to be increased. A coalition of nations was formed, and a combined naval force entered the Persian Gulf and sailed north, neutralising the Iraqi Navy as it went, and then began conducting naval gunfire support and mine counter-measure missions in preparation for the main amphibious landing force.

Having returned from the Persian Gulf in May 1990, after only a few months in UK Cardiff sailed again, as a reinforcement to Group X-Ray, ,  and  who had sailed to relieve Armilla Group Whiskey, which consisted of ,  and . Cardiff and  were to form part of the air defence barrier along with ,  and  protecting three United States aircraft carriers: ,  and . Cardiff had other responsibilities, including surface surveillance and boarding operations, to maintain the security around the task force.

[[File:Lynx 335.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A light blue helicopter on a ship's flight deck with its rotor blades folded away. A large dark blue missile is attached to its right side and the number 335 is written in white on its door.|Cardiff'''s Lynx helicopter, no. 335, with a Sea Skua missile]]

Royal Navy Lynxes worked in combination with US Seahawks during the Gulf War. The American helicopters lacked an effective anti-ship missile, but had superior surveillance capability compared to the British Lynx. They would locate hostile boats for the British helicopters, which would then attack the target with its Sea Skua missiles. In total, Lynx helicopters flew nearly 600 sorties during the Gulf War, while their crews and engineers maintained flying rates three times their norm.

Despite her parent ship dodging mines and maintaining the air defence line as the closest non-US to Kuwait for the first 4 weeks of the 1991 War, Cardiffs Lynx helicopter, no. 335 of 815 NAS, saw more of the combat in the Gulf War than Cardiff actually did. On 24 January 1991, no. 335 spotted Iraqi minesweepers and landing craft going to support the Iraqi land operations of the Battle of Khafji. 335 attacked and sank one - the first successful British naval engagement of the war. Later that day, Qaruh Island was captured by coalition forces, becoming the first Kuwaiti territory to be liberated. Overnight five days later (30–31 January 1991) with Lynxes from Gloucester and Brazen, no. 335 attacked at least two Iraqi missile firing fast patrol boats vessels exiting the Shatt Al Arab . Cardiff and 335 sank two more Iraqi ships in February. Cardiff and Brazen were relieved in mid February by Group Yankee, comprising , ,  and .

 Post Gulf War

After the Gulf War, Cardiffs assignments included a deployment with the Standing Naval Force Mediterranean, a post Cold War NATO immediate reaction force in the Mediterranean, and counter-narcotics patrols in the West Indies, during which she also assisted with relief tasks on the island of Eleuthera in the wake of Hurricane Andrew. From 1993 to 1994, she was commanded by Richard Leaman.Cardiff later returned to the Persian Gulf for seven months.

On 14 October 1994, in response to renewed Iraqi deployment of troops near the Kuwaiti border, the US-led Operation Vigilant Warrior began. The operation was designed to deter Saddam Hussein's "sabre-rattling" by sending large amounts of allied military forces to Kuwait;  and Cardiff were the UK contribution. The operation ended on 21 December 1994, when Hussein pulled back his forces.

Upon her return to the UK from Operation Vigilant Warrior, Cardiff participated in the 1995 NATO exercise "Strong Resolve", a training exercise conducted every four years in dual crisis management. The ship next underwent Operational Sea Training (OST) at Portland, in preparation for assuming the duty of Fleet Ready Escort, which required a ship to be available to deploy anywhere in the world at short notice. After completing OST, she attended the 50th VE Day anniversary in Copenhagen and Oslo and provided navigational sea training for frigate and destroyer navigating officer candidates. A visit to her namesake city of Cardiff for VJ Day celebrations followed, after which she sailed to Plymouth for a trials and weapon training programme. She then took part in Operation Bright Star, a multi-national exercise conducted every two years in Egypt. In November, Cardiff became the first Royal Navy ship to enter the Lebanese capital of Beirut in 27 years, spurring the creation of the Beirut Phoenicians Rugby Club, followed by visits to Tunisia and Gibraltar.

In 2000, as part of the Royal Navy's Atlantic Patrol Task North, Cardiff spent six months in the Caribbean with RFA Black Rover. They provided relief aid to the island of Caye Caulker, near Belize, in the wake of Hurricane Keith. In addition to clearing routes, distributing supplies, and making buildings and electrical cables safe, Cardiffs surgeon and medical team monitored sanitation. In October, they also took part in the NATO exercise "Unified Spirit", held off the east coast of the United States. "Unified Spirit" is a training exercise conducted every four years in NATO-led "out-of-area" UN peace support operations. In the same year she participated in the US Navy Fleet Battle Exercise after her combat system was integrated into the Digital Fires Network.Cardiff conducted her last Armilla patrol in early 2003. During her time in the Persian Gulf, Cardiff prevented more than £2 million of illegal cargo from being smuggled out of Iraq, inspected 178 vessels, and seized more than 25,000 tonnes of oil. The destroyer was relieved by  before the beginning of the Iraq War and returned to Portsmouth on 4 April 2003. In late 2003, the ship was involved in the annual Sea Days demonstration exercise, and in October was used for tests of QinetiQ's Maritime Tactical Network.

In 2005, she participated in the Trafalgar 200 International Fleet Review, just two weeks before she was decommissioned. In this post Gulf War period, the Royal Navy's first female chaplain also served on board.

 Decommissioning and fate Cardiff was originally to be replaced in 2009 by , the first of the Royal Navy's next generation Type 45 destroyers. However, it was announced in July 2004 that she would be one of a number of ships withdrawn from service early, in accordance with the "Delivering Security in a Changing World" white paper on the British military.Cardiff was decommissioned on 14 July 2005, after making a final visit to her namesake city, where members of the public were allowed on board. She then stayed in Portsmouth Harbour at Fareham Creek () alongside sister ship , where both were heavily cannibalised to keep the remaining Type 42 Destroyers running.

On 21 November 2008, the two ships left Portsmouth for the last time for Aliağa, Turkey under tow for scrapping. Following a decommissioning ceremony at Cardiff City Hall, her bell was removed and is now mounted in the north aisle of St John's Parish Church in Cardiff. Calls were made for the conversion of the ship into a Cardiff tourist attraction by a Member of the National Assembly for Wales and former naval servicemen.

, a Type 45 destroyer, has been assigned as the current Royal Navy ship to be affiliated with the city of Cardiff.

On 1 March 2018, Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson announced that the third Type 26 frigate would be named Cardiff''. This will be the fourth Royal Navy vessel of its name.

See also

 British naval forces in the Falklands War
 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident

References

Sources

External links

Type 42 destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Ships built on the River Tyne
1974 ships
Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
Gulf War ships of the United Kingdom

HMS Cardiff (D108)


Kjetil Jemte (sueco: Kettil Jamte) o Kjetil Anundson fue un caudillo vikingo de Sparbu en Nord-Trøndelag, Noruega en el  y el primer colono conocido en Jämtland, Suecia.

Cuando su padre, el jarl Anund marchó a la guerra dejó a Kjetil encargado de sus tierras en Sparbu. Eran tiempos turbulentos y con permanentes conflictos entre caudillos que pretendían gobernar Noruega a la fuerza. Kjetil creció y se preguntaba una y otra vez porque debía existir tanta guerra y si no habría un lugar donde vivir en paz y planteó el dilema con sus amigos y vecinos que no vieron más solución que buscar un lugar más allá de las montañas donde no llegasen los conflictos armados. Tomaron una decisión muy dura, tuvieron dudas, pero decidieron marcharse. Tras un largo viaje, encontraron un valle (nórdico antiguo: jamt que significa llano) y lo llamaron Jamtland (tierra llana). Kjetil adoptó el apodo de la tierra, Jamte, y su pueblo creció y prosperó y Jamtland fue famosa en el mundo entero (en aquel tiempo, Escandinavia era el mundo) viviendo en paz durante más de cien años.

Kjetil y la historia de Jamtland se menciona en la saga de Haakon el Bueno (cap. 12), saga de Harald Hårfager (cap. 19), saga Eyrbyggja (cap.1-3), saga de Egil (cap. 4), saga de Laxdœla (cap. 3), Óláfs saga helga (cap. 147) y Landnámabok (libro de los asentamientos).

Véase también
 Kjallak

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Sturluson, Snorri. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trad. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
 Nils-Erik Eriksson, Sägnen om Kettil Jamte och Härjulf Hornbrytare, 1993

Enlaces externos
 The saga about how Jamtland was founded.

Exploradores vikingos
Saga Eyrbyggja
Saga de Laxdœla
Vikingos de Noruega

Kjetil Jemte


est un film américain réalisé par Robert G. Vignola et sorti en 1925.

Synopsis
Entendant son fiancé dire à son père qu'il sait tout sur la manipulation des filles, Rosamond décide de lui montrer qu'il n'en sait rien. Ses frasques la conduisent en prison pour excès de vitesse. Son fiancé la sauve de sa peine de dix jours. Toujours têtue dans sa conviction qu'aucun homme ne peut la maîtriser, elle conduit imprudemment sur un talus et est sauvée par deux criminels qui se cachent dans une grotte. Après avoir échappé à ce qui semble être une mort certaine, elle est sauvée et "apprivoisée", admettant sa soumission.

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : Robert G. Vignola
 Scénario : Albert S. Le Vino d'après une histoire de Katharine Newlin Burt
 Producteurs : Louis B. Mayer, Irving Thalberg
 Photographie : John Arnold
 Distributeur : Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
 Durée : 60 minutes (6 bobines)
 Date de sortie :  (USA)

Distribution
Eleanor Boardman : Rosamond
Matt Moore : George
William Russell : Brand
Matthew Betz : Matt
Charles K. French : le juge

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1925
Film dramatique américain
Thriller (film) américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film muet américain
Film de Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Way of a Girl


Ulrike Fitzer, née Flender en 1982, est une aviatrice allemande qui est la première pilote de chasse de la Force de Défense fédérale allemande.

Biographie
Fitzer est la fille d'un ingénieur électricien et d'une ingénieure en génie civil à Aidlingen. Son aspiration professionnelle initiale était de devenir astronaute. Alors qu'elle était encore à l'école, elle a effectué un stage dans un escadron Tornado.

En 2003, elle a passé son Abitur et, à la suggestion de son père, a postulé pour devenir élève-officier dans l'armée de l'air. Elle a effectué son premier vol en mai 2005 avec le 3e escadron d'entraînement de l'armée de l'air allemande au Airline Training Center Arizona à Goodyear (Arizona) dans un avion à hélice monomoteur Grob G 120A.

Elle a poursuivi sa formation en vol pendant treize mois à partir de février 2007 à la Sheppard Air Force Base près de Wichita Falls, au Texas. La formation y a été effectuée sur les types Cessna T-37 et Northrop T-38. Le 22 septembre 2007, elle a reçu sa licence de pilote militaire. Elle a ensuite été formée sur le Tornado à la Holloman Air Force Base près d'Alamogordo, au Nouveau-Mexique.

À partir de 2008, elle fait partie de la Fighter-Bomber Wing 32 à la base aérienne de Lechfeld près d'Augsbourg. Concernant son rôle de pionnière, elle a déclaré : . En octobre 2013, elle a terminé sa reconversion en tant que pilote d'Eurofighter au Tactical Air Force Wing 73 "Steinhoff", et depuis novembre 2014, elle est instructrice de vol sur ce type d'avion.

Livre
 Werner Bischler, Klaus Hager: Leutnant Ulrike Flender: Erste Frau der Luftwaffe im Jet-Cockpit. In: 50 Jahre Jagdbombergeschwader 32. 150 Jahre Militärgeschichte Lechfeld.  Achensee-Verlag, Augsburg 2008, , S. 250–251.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Aviatrice allemande
Pilote de chasse
Naissance en 1982
Naissance en Bade-Wurtemberg

Ulrike Fitzer


A vila de Espungabera é um posto administrativo e sede do distrito de Mossurize na província de Manica. Esta vila localiza-se ao sul da capital provincial e, é limitada a:

 Norte - pelo posto administrativo de dacata;
 Sul - pelo posto administrativo de Chiuraírue;
 Este - pelo distrito de chibabava; e
 Oeste - pela província zimbabweana de Manicaland.

População
A população desta parte do distrito de Mossurize é composta por diferentes grupos étnicos, pelo facto de estar na fronteira com o Zimbabué, mas alguns dos grupos étnicos são: shona e ndau.

Postos administrativos de Moçambique

Espungabera


Marie Hermanson (* 1956 in Göteborg) ist eine schwedische Schriftstellerin und Journalistin.

Leben
Marie Hermanson wuchs in Sävedalen bei Göteborg auf. Sie besuchte die Journalistenhochschule in Göteborg und studierte Literaturwissenschaft und Soziologie an der Universität Göteborg. Neben dem Studium arbeitete sie als Pflegerin in einer psychiatrischen Klinik.

Nach ihrem Studium arbeitete sie als Journalistin bei verschiedenen Tageszeitungen.

1986 erschien ihr Debüt Det finns ett hål i verkligheten ("Es gibt ein Loch in der Wirklichkeit"), ein Band mit Erzählungen, die von skandinavischen Märchen und Mythen inspiriert sind. Ihr Roman Die Schmetterlingsfrau wurde 1995 in Schweden für den renommierten August-Preis (Augustpriset) nominiert. Mit Muschelstrand gelang ihr auch international der Durchbruch. Auf Deutsch erschienen außerdem Das unbeschriebene Blatt (2004), Saubere Verhältnisse (2005), Der Mann unter der Treppe (2007) und Pilze für Madeleine (2009), alles Romane, in denen sie nach eigener Aussage "den alltäglichen Horror in unserer eigenartigen Zeit" thematisiert.

2011 erschien ihr Psychothriller Himmelstal.

Werke
 Det finns ett hål i verkligheten. Erzählungen. Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 1986.
 Snövit. Roman. Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 1990.
 Tvillingsystrarna. Roman. Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 1993.
 Värddjuret. Roman. Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 1995.
 Deutsch: Die Schmetterlingsfrau. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2002, ISBN 978-3-518-45555-5.
 Musselstranden. Roman. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 1998.
 Deutsch: Muschelstrand. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 978-3-518-39890-6.
 Ett oskrivet blad. Roman. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 2001.
 Deutsch: Das unbeschriebene Blatt. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 978-3-518-45626-2.
 Hembiträdet. Roman. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 2004.
 Deutsch: Saubere Verhältnisse. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-518-45957-7.
 Mannen under trappan. Roman. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 2005.
 Deutsch: Der Mann unter der Treppe. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2007, ISBN 978-3-518-46064-1.
 Svampkungens son. Roman. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 2007.
 Deutsch: Pilze für Madeleine. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN  978-3-518-46075-7.
 Das englische Puppenhaus. Erzählungen. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-518-46270-6.
 Himmelsdalen. Roman. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 2011.
 Deutsch: Himmelstal. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Insel Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-458-17530-8.
 Pestön. Roman. Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm 2021.
 Deutsch: Die Pestinsel. Aus dem Schwedischen von Regine Elsässer, Insel Verlag, Berlin 2022, ISBN 978-3-458-68234-9.

Weblinks

 Homepage von Marie Hermanson
 Marie Hermansons Autorenseite beim Suhrkamp Verlag
 Sonderseite zum Roman Himmelstal
 Interview (PDF; 212 kB) mit Marie Hermanson und ihrer Übersetzerin Regine Elsässer

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Schwedisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Roman, Epik
Journalist (Schweden)
Schwede
Geboren 1956
Frau

Marie Hermanson


La boda (título original en inglés: The Wedding) es una novela romántica de 2003 por Nicholas Sparks.

Argumento
Es sobre una pareja que celebra 30 años de casados, y ha sido descrita como una secuela de la novela anterior de Sparks, The Notebook.

El libro sigue la vida de la hija de Noah y Allie, Jane y su esposo, Wilson Lewis los cuales llevan casados casi 30 años. Tienen tres hijos y tienen una vida tranquila y desahogada en la bucólica Carolina del Norte.
Es de este aniversario, el trigésimo, del que Wilson se olvida, lo que marca un punto de inflexión en su vida. Por fin se da cuenta de que la pasión y el romanticismo ya no tienen lugar en su matrimonio, y temeque su mujer ya no lo quiera. Siendo un hombre metódico, decide embarcarse en un proyecto a un año vista, tiempo que, el prevé, le permitirá renovar el romanticismo en su matrimonio. Wilson buscará el consejo de Noah (protagonista de la primera novela de Sparks, El Cuaderno), quien ahora pasa los días en una residencia de ancianos alimentando a un cisne, seguro de es la reencarnación de su amada Allie. Mientras todo esto sucede, Anna, la hija de Jane y Wilson, anuncia que se casará.

El evento le dará a Wilson la excusa perfecta para llevar a buen puerto su plan para reconquistar a su esposa.

Referencias

Novelas de 2003
Novelas de Nicholas Sparks
Novelas de Estados Unidos
Novelas en inglés

La boda (novela)


Jaguarão - município do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
 Rio Jaguarão - rio na fronteira entre o Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul) e o Uruguai.
 Batalha do Jaguarão - batalha travada na cidade de Jaguarão em 1865.

 Yaguarón - município do Paraguai.

Jaguarão (desambiguação)


Abid Raja (født 5. november 1975 i Oslo) er en norsk-pakistansk advokat, diplomat og stortingspolitiker for Venstre. Han var på andenpladsen på Venstres valgliste i Akershus ved stortingsvalget i 2009, og blev derefter valgt som vararepræsentant i Stortinget. I 2010 fik han tildelt Fritt Ords højeste pris for hans arbejde. Ved stortingsvalget 2013 blev Raja valgt ind i Stortinget fra Akershus.

Bibliografi
 Talsmann, selvbiografi udgivet på Aschehoug forlag. (2008)
 Dialog - om vold undertrykkelse og ekstremisme på CappelenDamm. (2010)

Stortingskomiteer
 2013–2017 2. viceleder i Transport- og kommunikationskomité
 2013–2017 medlem i Kontrol- og konstitutionskomiteen

Eksterne henvisninger

 Abid Q. Raja Selvpresentasjon, Akershus Venstre.
 «Kjendisadvokat blir politiker» (VG, 2006)
 «Gjennomførte halal-kupp»  (Intervju i Universitas, 2006)
 «Halaladvokaten», intervju i Aftenposten, 6. august 2005
 Politiske taler av Abid Raja, virksommeord.uib.no

Stortingsrepræsentanter fra Venstre (Norge)
Forfattere fra Norge
Advokater fra Norge
Diplomater fra Norge

Abid Raja


Eğitimsel değerlendirme, eğitimsel ölçme sonucu bireyin yeterlilik düzeyinin belirlenmesine denir. Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation gibi uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından belirlenen ölçütleri temel alır.

Eğitimsel değerlendirme


Cité internationale des arts Paris (CIA) er et atelier- og boliganlæg i Paris som blev grundlagt i 1965. Det er oprettet for at tjene som opholdssted for kunstnere som opholder seg i byen for at studere eller videreuddanne sig i deres fag. Det drives af en stiftelse ved navn Reconnaissance d'utilité publique, som støttes af en række nationale og udenlandske skoler, institutter, universiteter og regeringer. Enkelte institutioner og lande, deriblant Danmark, disponerer et givet antal pladser i anlægget. Opholdet ved Cité varer sædvanligvis seks måneder.

Anlægget skal betjene kunstnere som allerede har opnået en vis anerkendelse.

Cité betjener omkring 300 kunstnere fra hele verden med boliger og arbejdspladser. Hoveddelen af anlægget med omtrent 240 boliger befinner sig i Rue de l'Hôtel de Ville i nærheden af Notre Dame. Siden åbningen har omtrent  kunstnere benyttet sig af facilitetene.

Referencer

Eksterne links
 Officiel hjemmeside

Etableret i 1965
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Paris
4. arrondissement

Cité internationale des arts


La X edición del Festival de Eurovisión de Jóvenes Músicos se celebró en el Auditorio de Música Grieg de Bergen (Noruega) el 15 de junio de 2000.

En esta edición, 24 países mostraron interés en participar, y 8 de ellos fueron seleccionados para competir en la final televisada. Los participantes de esta edición fueron acompañados por la Orquesta Filarmónica de Bergen bajo la dirección de Simone Young.

El representante de Polonia, Stanislaw Drzewiecki, tocando el piano se convirtió en el ganador de esta edición.

Ronda preliminar

Participantes y Clasificación

Enlaces externos

 Página web oficial

Predecesor y sucesor

Referencias

Festival de Eurovisión de Jóvenes Músicos
Festivales de música de 2000
Noruega en 2000
Bergen

Festival de Eurovisión de Jóvenes Músicos 2000