Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet (c.1582/3 – April 1627) of Grace Dieu in the parish of Belton in Leicestershire, England, was a poet best known for his work Bosworth Field (a poem about the Battle of Bosworth Field).

Origins
He was born at Grace Dieu, near Thringstone in Leicestershire, the second son of the judge Sir Francis Beaumont (d.1598) by his wife Anne Pierrepont. His younger brother was the dramatist Francis Beaumont.

Career
John matriculated at Broadgates Hall (later Pembroke College) in the University of Oxford on 4 February 1596/1597, entered as a gentleman commoner. He was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1598 or 1600. The death in 1605 of his elder brother, Sir Henry Beaumont, made John the head of the Beaumont family, and he is thought to have returned to Grace-Dieu to manage the family estates. He was a Roman Catholic and together with his wife was fined for recusancy in 1607, and in 1625 was again in trouble on that account.

He began to write verse early and in 1602, at the age of nineteen, he published anonymously his Metamorphosis of Tabacco, written in very smooth couplets, in which he addressed Michael Drayton as his loving friend. After long retirement Beaumont was persuaded by the Duke of Buckingham to return to society. He attended court and on 31 January 1626/1627 was created by the king a Baronet "of Gracedieu, in Belton, County Leicester", in the Baronetage of England.

Marriage and children
Beaumont lived in Leicestershire for many years as a bachelor, before eventually marrying Elizabeth Fortescue (died after 16 April 1652), daughter of John Fortescue and paternal granddaughter of one of the only two married daughters of Sir Geoffrey Pole and Constance Pakenham. By his wife he had four sons, including:

Sir John Beaumont, 2nd Baronet (d.1643), eldest son and heir, killed at the Siege of Gloucester. He was considered one of the most athletic men of his time. He published some of his father's poems, and wrote an enthusiastic elegy on him.
Gervaise Beaumont, who died in childhood. The circumstances of his death are recorded in one of his father's most touching poems.

Death and burial
He died in April 1627 and was buried on 19 April 1627 in Westminster Abbey. He died intestate and his estate was administered on 3 January 1628/1629. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Sir John Beaumont, 2nd Baronet.

Works
Beaumont's major work is a poem in twelve books, entitled The Crown of Thornes, which was greatly admired in manuscript by Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton and others. Though lost for centuries, scholars have established that a long poem in twelve books contained in a manuscript in the British Library was indeed Beaumont's lost major work. In 1629 the 2nd Baronet published a volume of his father's works entitled Bosworth Field; with a taste of the variety of other Poems left by Sir John Beaumont. No more tastes were ever vouchsafed, so Beaumont's reputation rests on this the juvenile Metamorphosis of Tobacco. Beaumont's favoured medium was the heroic couplet. Bosworth Field, the scene of the battle described in Beaumont's principal poem, lay close to the poet's residence of Grace-Dieu. He always wrote with a remarkable smoothness, which marks him, with Edmund Waller and George Sandys, as one of the pioneers of the classic reformation of English verse.

The poems of Sir John Beaumont were included in Alexander Chalmers's English Poets, vol. vi (1810). An edition, with memorial introduction and notes, was included (1869) in Dr AB Grosart's Fuller Worthies Library; and the Metamorphosis of Tobacco was included in JP Collier's Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature, vol. i. (1863).

References

External links

1580s births
1627 deaths
17th-century English poets
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
English Catholic poets
English Roman Catholics
People from Thringstone
English male poets
Alumni of Broadgates Hall, Oxford

Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet


Dammfleth er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Wilstermarsch i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Dammfleth ligger ved Bundesstraße 5, syd for Wilster og nord for Brokdorf. Vandløbet Kampritt Wettern løber gennem kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Dammfleth


Luigi Bernardo Salvoni, né le  à Parme et mort en  dans la même ville, est un poète italien.

Biographie
Né à Parme le 26 septembre 1723, il était fort jeune lorsque son père l'emmena à Plaisance, où il allait s'établir comme limonadier. Envoyé ensuite à Pise pour y faire ses études, il entra dans le séminaire de cette ville et même, après en être sorti, il porta encore pendant quelque temps l'habit ecclésiastique. Voilà pourquoi il fut connu d'abord sous le nom d'abbé Salvoni, bien qu'il n'eût point reçu les ordres. De retour à Plaisance, il y fonda une imprimerie avec Andrea Bellici, son frère utérin. La première publication qui sortit de ses presses fut (en 1747) un Choix de poésies des plus célèbres auteurs vivants, parmi lesquels Salvoni ne craignit pas de se ranger, en faisant figurer dans ce recueil plusieurs de ses poésies. Il donna ensuite une édition des œuvres dramatiques de Métastase (1750), ce qui le mit en correspondance avec l'illustre poète. Dans une lettre que celui-ci lui adressa, on trouve, à côté de justes plaintes sur les fautes grossières qui déparent l'édition citée plus haut, des expressions d'admiration pour le talent de Salvoni comme poète. Mais, malgré ces éloges, ceux d'Angelo Mazza et de quelques journaux du temps, il n'en est pas moins vrai que les ouvrages de Salvoni sont tous fort médiocres et méritent l'oubli complet où ils sont tombés. Salvoni était déjà agent général de la maison Sforza Cesarini, dans la Lombardie, lorsqu'il revint, en 1766, à Parme avec sa famille, et depuis il cumula ces fonctions avec celles de directeur de la poste aux lettres, qu'il conserva jusqu'à sa mort arrivée en 1784. Salvoni était membre de l'Académie d'Arcadie de Rome, sous les noms de Nisalvo Euritense, et appartenait à différentes sociétés littéraires de Parme et de Plaisance.

Œuvres

 Massinissa, tragédie, Plaisance, 1744, in-8°. Elle est au-dessous du médiocre, et l'auteur eut le bon esprit de ne pas la comprendre dans l'édition de ses Œuvres.
 Un Recueil de poésies, dont il fut l'éditeur et en partie l'auteur, à l'occasion d'un doctorat, Plaisance, 1745, in-8° ;
 Choix de charmantes odes et de compositions dramatiques inédites de célèbres auteurs vivants, Plaisance, Salvoni, 1747, petit in-4° ;
 une Vie du docteur J. Schiavi, mise à la tête d'une édition de ses Œuvres publiées par Salvoni, Plaisance, 1748, in-8° ;
 Compositions dramatiques écrites par ordre de la cour de St-Ildefonse, Plaisance, 1753, in-8° ;
 les Combats des amants, comédie pour musique, Parme, in-4°. Cette pièce fut écrite par ordre du duc de Parme et représentée sur le grand théâtre de cette ville dans l'automne de 1772.
 Œuvres poétiques, Plaisance, 1777, Andrea Bellici-Salvoni, 2 vol. in-8°, avec le portrait de l'auteur. Ce recueil contient la plupart des pièces que nous avons citées dans le courant de cet article et plusieurs autres.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1723
Décès en 1784
Poète italien

Luigi Bernardo Salvoni


Bert-Jan Ruissen (nascido a 22 de Março de 1972) é um político holandês e membro do Parlamento Europeu (MEP) da Holanda. É membro do Partido Político Reformado (SGP), parte dos Conservadores e Reformistas Europeus (ECR).

No seu discurso inaugural no Parlamento Europeu, em Setembro de 2019, ele manifestou-se contra as patentes de características vegetais.

Nascidos em 1972
Pessoas vivas
Políticos dos Países Baixos
Deputados no Parlamento Europeu

Bert-Jan Ruissen


The standard-winged nightjar (Caprimulgus longipennis) is a nocturnal bird in the nightjar family.

Distribution and habitat
It is a resident breeder in Africa from Senegal east to Ethiopia. It is found in dry savannah habitats, with some scrub.

Description
The adult male has a bizarre and unusual wing ornament during the breeding season which consists of a broad central flight feather on each wing elongated to , much longer than the bird's body.  or more of this is bare shaft. In normal flight, these feathers trail behind, but in display flight they are raised vertically like standards. Outside the breeding season, there are no plumage distinctions between the male and female.

When roosting on the ground during the day, this medium-sized ( long) nightjar is mainly variegated grey, with a browner collar.
It is a shadowy form with easy, silent moth-like flight; this nightjar is relatively short-tailed, and lacks white in the wings or tail. The song is a churring trill.

Behaviour

Like other nightjars, the standard-winged nightjar feeds on insects in flight, the huge gape opening wide for moths and beetles. It flies at dusk, most often at sundown, and can sometimes be seen with flying foxes.

No nest is made; the two elongated and elliptical eggs are placed upon the bare ground.

References

standard-winged nightjar
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
standard-winged nightjar

Standard-winged nightjar


Olaylar
 368 - İznik'te büyük bir deprem oldu.
 1138 - Halep'te yaşanan büyük depremde 230.000 kişi öldü.
 1142 - Kin Hanedanı ile Song Hanedanı arasındaki savaş, Shaoxing Bariş Antlaşması ile sona erdi.
 1311 - Soylular ve din adamları, 1311 Kararnameleri ile İngiliz Krallarının yetkilerini sınırlandırdı.
 1469 - Aragon Kralı II. Fernando ile Kastilya Prensesi I. Isabel evlendi.
 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli, İsviçre Katolik Kantonları ile yapılan muharebede öldürüldü.
 1783 - Rusya Bilimler Akademisi kuruldu.
 1811 - İlk buharlı feribot Juliana, New York-New Jersey arasındaki seferlerine başladı.
 1852 - Avustralya'da Sidney Üniversitesi 3 profesör ve 24 öğrenciyle kuruldu.
 1881 - David Houston, kameralar için rulo filmin patentini aldı.
 1899 - Güney Afrika'da, Britanya İmparatorluğu ile Transvaal Cumhuriyeti ve Özgür Orange Devleti adlı iki Boer (Afrikaner) cumhuriyeti arasında, II. Boer Savaşı olarak adlandırılan savaş başladı.
 1907 - Lusitania yolcu gemisi, Atlas Okyanusu'nu 4 gün 18 saatte geçerek bir rekor kırdı ve "Mavi Kurdele"yi kazandı.
 1910 - Wright Kardeşler'in yaptığı uçakla Missouri'de dört dakika uçan Theodore Roosevelt bir uçakla uçan ilk ABD Başkanı oldu.
 1912 - I. Balkan Savaşı: Yunan Ordusu, Osmanlı şehri Kozana'yı ele geçirdi.
 1922 - İrlanda'da Anayasa kabul edildi.
 1922 - TBMM Hükümeti ile İtilaf Devletleri arasında Mudanya Mütarekesi imzalandı.
 1928 - LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin adlı bir zeplin, ilk kıtalararası uçuşunu yapmak üzere Almanya'dan New Jersey'e doğru yola çıktı.
 1929 - Yavuz savaş gemisinin onarımı bitti; gemi Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri'ne teslim edildi.
 1931 - SSCB'de serbest ticaret hakkı kaldırıldı.
 1939 - Albert Einstein, ABD Başkanı Roosevelt'e, atom bombası konusuna dikkatini çekmek için yazdığı ünlü mektubunu kaleme aldı.
 1944 - SSCB, Tuva Halk Cumhuriyeti'ni ilhak etti.
 1954 - Vietnam'da komünistler ülkenin kuzeyinde egemenlik kurarak Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'ni kurdu.
 1963 - Batman'da bir petrol damarı daha bulundu.
 1967 - Afganistan Başbakanı Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, sağlık nedenleriyle istifa etti.
 1968 - NASA, ilk insanlı uzay uçuşunda Apollo 7'yi uzaya fırlattı; astronotlar Wally Schirra, Donn Fulton Eisele ve R. Walter Cunningham.
 1971 - John Lennon'ın ünlü şarkısı Imagine yayımlandı.
 1972 - Millî Selamet Partisi (MSP), Necmettin Erbakan liderliğinde kuruldu.
 1973 - Elvis Presley ile Priscilla Presley boşandı.
 1977 - Deniz bilimcisi Kaptan Cousteau, ünlü teknesi Calypso ile İstanbul'a geldi.
 1979 - Gazeteci Abdi İpekçi cinayeti zanlısı Mehmet Ali Ağca'nın yargılanmasına başlandı.
 1980 - Uzay istasyonu Salyut 6'da 185 gün kalarak rekor kıran Sovyet kozmonotları (Valery V. Ryumin ve Leonid I. Popov) dünyaya döndü.
 1980 - Yönetmen Ali Özgentürk'ün Hazal filmi, 29. Uluslararası Mannheim Film Festivali'nde 3 ödül aldı.
 1981 - Erden Kıral'ın yönettiği Bereketli Topraklar Üzerinde filmi, Strazburg Film Festivali'nde birinci oldu.
 1984 - Avrupa Parlamentosu, Türkiye-Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu Karma Parlamento Komisyonu'nun yeniden kurulmasına karar verdi, fiili çalışmayı askıya aldı.
 1984 - Challenger ile uzaya çıkan astronot Kathryn D. Sullivan, uzayda yürüyen ilk Amerikalı kadın oldu.
 1986 - ABD Başkanı Ronald Reagan ile Sovyetler Birliği lideri Mikhail Gorbachev, Reykjavik'te (İzlanda) bir araya gelip Avrupa'daki orta menzilli füzelerin karşılıklı azaltılması konusunu görüştüler.
 1988 - Cumhurbaşkanı Kenan Evren, Alman Die Welt gazetesi muhabirinin, "Bir emirle İslamcıların kabineye girmesini engellediniz. Bunu niçin yaptınız?" sorusuna, "irtica ve komünizmin aynı derecede tehlikeli olduğu" cevabını verdi.
 1990 - Octavio Paz, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü alan ilk Meksikalı yazar oldu.
 1992 - Eduard Şevardnadze, Gürcistan Parlamentosu Başkanı seçildi.
 1995 - Bosna-Hersek'te ateşkes ilan edildi.
 1998 - Kongo'da ulusal havayollarına ait bir Boeing 727 isyancılar tarafından düşürüldü; 40 kişi öldü.
 1999 - CNN Türk yayın hayatına başladı.
 2002 - Eski ABD başkanlarından Jimmy Carter 2002 Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 2012 - Dünya Kız Çocukları Günü Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından alınan bir kararla, kız çocukları konusundaki farkındalığın artırılması amacıyla kutlanmaya başlamıştır.
 2012 - Suriye-Türkiye Krizi Rusya'dan Suriye'ye giden yolcu uçağı, ABD'nin askeri kargo istihbaratıyla Ankara'nın Esenboğa Havalimanı'na indirildi. ABD ve Avrupa ülkeleri ise olay konusunda Türkiye'nin yanında oldukları mesajını verdi.

Doğumlar
 1671 - IV. Frederik, 1699'dan ölümüne kadar Danimarka ve Norveç kralı (ö. 1730)
 1675 - Samuel Clarke, İngiliz filozof (ö. 1729)
 1758 - Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers, Alman gök bilimci (ö. 1840)
 1804 - Napoleon Louis Bonaparte, Hollanda Krallığı'nın Bonapart Hanedanı'ndan gelen son Kralı (ö. 1831)
 1872 - Emily Davison, 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarında Birleşik Krallık'ta kadınların oy hakkına sahip olabilmesi için mücadele etmiş süfrajet (ö. 1913)
 1881 - Hans Kelsen, Avusturyalı-Amerikalı hukukçu (ö. 1973)
 1884 - Eleanor Roosevelt, ABD'nin 32. Başkanı Franklin D. Roosevelt'in eşi ve kuzeni (ö. 1962)
 1884 - Friedrich Bergius, Alman kimyager ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1949)
 1885 - François Mauriac, Fransız yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1970)
 1896 - Roman Jakobson, Rus düşünür (ö. 1982)
 1905 - Fred Trump, Amerikalı iş insanı ve girişimci (ö. 1999)
 1918 - Jerome Robbins, Amerikalı tiyatro yapımcısı, yönetmen ve koreograf (ö. 1998)
 1925 - Elmore Leonard, Amerikalı romancı ve senaryo yazarı (ö. 2013)
 1926 - Jean Alexander, İngiliz oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 1926 - Thích Nhất Hạnh, Vietnamlı Zen Budist rahip, öğretmen, yazar, şair ve barış aktivisti (ö. 2022)
 1926 - Earle Hyman, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1928 - Yıldız Kenter, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (ö. 2019)
 1931 - Yıldırım Önal, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (ö. 1982)
 1935 - Daniel Quinn, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 2018)
 1937 - Bobby Charlton, İngiliz futbolcu (ö. 2023)
 1939 - Maria Bueno, Brezilyalı tenis oyuncusu (ö. 2018)
 1942 - Amitabh Bachchan, Big B lakaplı Hint sinema sanatçısı
 1943 - John Nettles, İngiliz oyuncu
 1946 - Arsen Gürzap, Türk oyuncu ve tiyatro yönetmeni
 1946 - Daryl Hall, Amerikalı rock, R&B ve soul şarkıcısı
 1947 - Lukas Papadimos, Eski Yunanistan başbakanı ve yunan ekonomist
 1948 - Yasin Özdenak, Türk futbolcu ve antrenör
 1952 - Turan Özdemir, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 2018)
 1953 - David Morse, Amerikalı aktör
 1954 - Vojislav Šešelj, Sırp siyasetçi
 1955 - Hans Peter Briegel, Alman futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1956 - Nicanor Duarte, Paraguaylı siyasetçi
 1956 - André Parant, Fransız büyükelçi
 1957 - Cahit Kaşıkçılar, Türk dizi ve sinema oyuncusu
 1960 - Nicola Bryant, İngiliz oyuncu
 1961 - Volker Bertelmann, Alman besteci, piyanist ve En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1961 - Steve Young, Amerikalı futbolcu
 1962 - Anne Enright, İrlandalı yazar
 1962 - Joan Cusack, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1966 - Osman Aşkın Bak, Türk makine mühendisi ve siyasetçi
 1966 - Luke Perry, Amerikalı oyuncu ve dublaj sanatçısı
 1967 - Artie Lange, Amerikalı stand-up komedyeni ve sinema oyuncusu
 1968 - Ali Yerlikaya, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri bakanı
 1968 - Kıvırcık Ali, Türk besteci, müzisyen ve şarkıcı (ö. 2011)
 1968 - Jane Krakowski, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1969 - Merieme Chadid, Faslı-Fransız astronom, kaşif ve astrofizikçi
 1969 - Constantijn, Hollanda Kraliyet Hanedanı'nın üyesi ve Hollanda tahtına çıkma sırasında dördüncü
 1969 - Stephen Moyer, İngiliz aktör
 1970 - MC Lyte, Amerikalı rapçi
 1971 - Justin Lin, Amerikalı film yapımcısı ve yönetmen
 1972 - Cléber Eduardo Arado, Brezilyalı futbolcu (ö. 2021)
 1975 - Mete Horozoğlu, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu
 1976 - Emily Deschanel, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1976 - Gökhan Özoğuz, Türk solist
 1976 - Hakan Özoğuz, Türk gitarist ve solist
 1977 - Matt Bomer, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1977 - Jérémie Janot, Fransız futbolcu
 1977 - Desmond Mason, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1980 - Menduh Kızılkula, Türk profesyonel güreşçi
 1982 - Mauricio Victorino, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1983 - Bradley James, İngiliz oyuncu
 1983 - Ruslan Ponomariov, Ukraynalı satranç oyuncusu
 1985 - Nesta Carter, Jamaikalı atlet
 1985 - Álvaro Fernández, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1985 - Michelle Trachtenberg, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1987 - Mike Conley, Jr, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1988 - Ricochet, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1989 - Michelle Wie, Amerikalı golfçu
 1990 - Joo, Güney Koreli solo şarkıcı
 1990 - Sebastian Rode, Alman futbolcu
 1992 - Cardi B, Amerikalı rapçi
 1998 - Leandro Henrique do Nascimento, Brezilyalı futbolcu

Ölümler
 1086 - Sima Guang, Çin'de anıtsal tarih kitabı olan Zizhi Tongjian'ı yazan yüksek rütbeli Song Hanedanı bilim insanı ve tarihçi (d. 1019)
 1303 - VIII. Bonifacius, 24 Aralık 1294 - 17 Ekim 1303 döneminde papalık yapan din adamı (d. 1235)
 1347 - IV. Ludwig (Bavyeralı), Kutsal Roma İmparatoru (d. 1282)
 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli, İsviçreli din adamı ve İsviçre Protestan Reformunun lideri (d. 1484)
 1542 - Thomas Wyatt, İngiliz diplomat ve lirik şair (d. 1503)
 1579 - Sokullu Mehmet Paşa, Osmanlı Sadrazamı (d. 1505)
 1705 - Guillaume Amontons, Fransız fizikçi (d. 1663)
 1889 - James Prescott Joule, İngiliz fizikçi (d. 1818)
 1896 - Anton Bruckner, Avusturyalı besteci (d. 1824)
 1897 - Léon Boëllmann, Fransız besteci (d. 1862)
 1921 - Đorđe Simić, Sırp siyasetçi ve diplomat (d. 1843)
 1937 - Grigori Gurkin, Rus Türkolog, etnograf ve ressam (d. 1870)
 1940 - John Devey, İngiliz futbolcu (d. 1866)
 1940 - Vita Volterra, İtalyan fizikçi ve matematikçi (d. 1860)
 1944 - Józef Kałuża, Polonyalı millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1896)
 1958 - Maurice de Vlaminck, Fransız ressam (d. 1876)
 1961 - Chico Marx, Amerikalı komedyen ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1887)
 1963 - Jean Cocteau, Fransız yazar ve ozan (d. 1889)
 1965 - Dorothea Lange, Amerikalı belge fotoğrafçısı (d. 1895)
 1968 - Selim Sarper, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1899)
 1971 - Hikmet Kıvılcımlı, Türk komünist siyasetçi, yazar, yayıncı ve çevirmen (d. 1902)
 1984 - Catharine Cox Miles, zeka ve deha üzerine yaptığı çalışmalarla tanınan Amerikalı psikolog (d. 1890)
 1985 - Metin Eloğlu, Türk şair (d. 1927)
 1986 - Georges Dumézil, Fransız tarihçi ve dilbilimci (d. 1898)
 1988 - Bonita Granville, Amerikalı oyuncu ve yapımcı (d. 1923)
 1991 - Redd Foxx, Amerikalı stand-up komedyeni ve oyuncusu (d. 1922)
 1995 - Şemsi Belli, Türk yazar (d. 1925)
 1997 - Asuman Arsan, Türk oyuncu (d. 1934)
 1999 - Fakir Baykurt, Türk yazar (d. 1929)
 2005 - Edward Szczepanik, Polonyalı ekonomist ve Sürgündeki Polonya Hükûmeti'nin son Başbakanı (d. 1915)
 2007 - Mehmed Uzun, Kürt asıllı Türk yazar (d. 1953)
 2008 - Jörg Haider, Avusturyalı siyasetçi (d. 1950)
 2008 - Neal Hefti, Amerikalı caz trompetçisi, besteci ve aranjör (d. 1922)
 2008 - Nedret Selçuker, Türk gazeteci ve spiker (d. 1938)
 2009 - Halit Refiğ, Türk sinema yönetmeni (d. 1934)
 2010 - Georges Rutaganda, Ruanda Hutu milis Interahamwe 'de ikinci başkan yardımcısı (d. 1958)
 2011 - Ion Diaconescu, Rumen antikomünist politikacı (d. 1917)
 2011 - Frank Kameny, Amerikalı gök bilimci ve LGBT hakları eylemcisi (d. 1925)
 2012 - Helmut Haller, Alman eski millî futbolcu (d. 1939)
 2013 - María de Villota, İspanyol yarış pilotu (d. 1980)
 2013 - Erich Priebke, Nazi Almanyası'nda Waffen-SS'de eski Hauptsturmführer (yüzbaşı) (d. 1913)
 2016 - Patricia Barry, Amerikalı kadın film, televizyon oyuncusu ve hayırsever (d. 1922)
 2016 - Pia Hallström, İsveçli siyasetçi (d. 1961)
 2016 - Jan Matocha, Çekoslovak kano yarışçısı (d. 1923)
 2017 - James R. Ford, Amerikalı eğitimci, siyasetçi, iş insanı ve insan hakları aktivisti (d. 1925)
 2017 - Chikara Hashimoto, Japon beyzbol oyuncususu ve aktör (d. 1933)
 2017 - Clifford Husbands, Barbados'un eski Genel Valisi (d. 1926)
 2017 - Lika Kavjaradze, Gürcü sinema oyuncusu (d. 1959)
 2018 - Paul Andreu, Fransız mimar (d. 1938)
 2018 - Doug Ellis, İngiliz iş insanı (d. 1924)
 2018 - Labinot Harbuzi, İsveçli futbolcu (d. 1984)
 2018 - Greg Stafford, Amerikalı video oyunu yapımcısı ve çizer (d. 1948)
 2018 - Hebe Uhart, Arjantinli kadın yazar ve akademisyen (d. 1936)
 2019 - Robert Forster, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1941)
 2019 - Aleksey Leonov, Sovyet kozmonot (uzayda yürüyen ilk insan) (d. 1934)
 2019 - Ali Nahcıvani, 1963 ila 2003 yılları arasında Bahai Dininin en üst idari (d. 1919)
 2020 - Hugo Arana, Arjantinli aktör ve komedyen (d. 1943)
 2021 - İsmet Uçma, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1955)
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Peggy McIntosh (nascida em 7 de novembro de 1934) é uma feminista americana, ativista antirracismo, acadêmica, palestrante e pesquisadora sênior do Wellesley Centers for Women. Ela é a fundadora do Projeto Nacional SEED sobre Currículo Inclusivo (buscando Equidade e Diversidade Educacional). Ela e Emily Style co-dirigiram o SEED em seus primeiros vinte e cinco anos. Ela escreveu sobre revisão curricular, sentimentos de fraude, hierarquias na educação e na sociedade e desenvolvimento profissional de professores.

Em 1988, ela publicou o artigo "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Women's Studies". Esta análise, e sua versão mais curta, "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" (1989), foi pioneira em colocar a dimensão do privilégio nas discussões de poder, gênero, raça, classe e sexualidade nos Estados Unidos. Ambos os artigos se baseiam em exemplos pessoais de vantagem imerecida que McIntosh diz ter experimentado em sua vida, especialmente de 1970 a 1988. McIntosh encoraja os indivíduos a refletir e reconhecer suas próprias vantagens e desvantagens imerecidas como partes de sistemas de poder imensos e sobrepostos. Seu livro recente, On Privilege, Fraudulence, and Teaching As Learning: Selected Essays 1981-2019, é uma coleção de seus ensaios publicados ao longo de sua carreira.

Educação e carreira docente
McIntosh nasceu no Brooklyn, Nova Iorque, e cresceu em Nova Jersey, onde frequentou escolas públicas em Ridgewood e Summit, e passou um ano na Kent Place School, antes de frequentar a George School em Newtown, Pensilvânia. Ela se formou no Radcliffe College da Universidade de Harvard em 1956 summa cum laude com um diploma em inglês. Depois de passar um ano na University College, em Londres, ela se tornou professora na Brearley School, uma escola para garotas na cidade de Nova York, onde ensinou um "currículo exclusivamente feminino". McIntosh recebeu seu PhD na Universidade de Harvard, onde escreveu sua dissertação sobre Emily Dickinson's Poems about Pain. Ela ocupou cargos de professora no que era então Trinity College (agora Trinity Washington University) em Washington, DC, na University of Durham na Inglaterra e na University of Denver, onde foi titular e experimentou "métodos radicais de ensino em inglês, estudos americanos, e Estudos da Mulher". Com a Dra. Nancy Hill, McIntosh co-fundou o Rocky Mountain Women's Institute, que por trinta e cinco anos anualmente deu "dinheiro e um quarto próprio" para dez mulheres que não eram mantidas por outras instituições e estavam trabalhando em projetos na artes e muitos outros campos.

Ela trabalha no que hoje é o Wellesley Centers for Women desde 1979. Em 1986, ela fundou o Projeto Nacional SEED sobre Currículo Inclusivo, que se tornou o maior projeto de desenvolvimento profissional liderado por pares para educadores nos Estados Unidos, ajudando o corpo docente a criar currículos, métodos de ensino e climas de sala de aula multiculturais, com gênero justo, e inclusivo de todos os alunos, independentemente de suas origens. Junto com Emily Style codirigiram os primeiros 25 anos do SEED, sendo que atualmente atua como Cientista de Pesquisa Sênior no Wellesley Centers for Women. Ela dirige o Projeto Gênero, Raça e Educação Inclusiva, que oferece oficinas sobre sistemas de privilégios, sentimentos de fraude e diversificação de locais de trabalho, currículos e métodos de ensino.

Ela foi destaque em Mirrors of Privilege: Making Whiteness Visible, um documentário produzido pela World Trust, revelando "o que muitas vezes é exigido [das pessoas] para passar pelos estágios de negação, defesa, culpa, medo e vergonha em fazendo um compromisso sólido para acabar com a injustiça racial."

"Mochila invisível"
Em seu ensaio de 1988, "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Women's Studies", ela descreveu sua compreensão do "privilégio branco" como uma vantagem imerecida baseada na raça, que pode ser observada tanto sistemicamente quanto individualmente, como todos os privilégios imerecidos na sociedade (como aqueles relacionados a classe, religião, etnia, orientação sexual, idade ou habilidade). Depois de observar e investigar o que ela chama de "privilégio masculino não reconhecido" mantido inconscientemente pelos homens, McIntosh concluiu que, uma vez que as hierarquias na sociedade estão interligadas, ela provavelmente experimentou um "privilégio branco" análogo ao privilégio masculino. McIntosh usou a metáfora do privilégio branco como "uma mochila leve e invisível de provisões especiais, garantias, ferramentas, mapas, guias, livros de código, passaportes, vistos, roupas, bússola, equipamento de emergência e cheques em branco".

Neste ensaio original de 1988, também foram listadas quarenta e seis de suas próprias vantagens cotidianas, como "Posso ir às compras a maior parte do tempo, com bastante certeza de que não serei seguida ou assediada"; "Tenho certeza de que meus filhos receberão materiais curriculares que atestam a existência de sua raça"; e "Se um guarda de trânsito me parar ou se o IRS auditar minha declaração de impostos, posso ter certeza de que não fui escolhido por causa da minha raça".

McIntosh afirmou que, a fim de estudar os sistemas de vantagem e desvantagem à medida que impactam os indivíduos, "a brancura é apenas uma das muitas variáveis que se pode observar, começando com, por exemplo, a posição de alguém na ordem de nascimento ou o tipo de corpo., ou suas habilidades atléticas, ou sua relação com palavras escritas e faladas, ou o local de origem de seus pais, ou a relação de seus pais com educação, dinheiro ou inglês, ou o que é projetado em sua religião ou origem étnica." Ela acredita que todas as pessoas nos EUA têm uma combinação de vantagens e desvantagens sistêmicas e imerecidas. Ela sente que não é possível trabalhar contra o racismo sem trabalhar contra o privilégio branco, assim como não é possível trabalhar contra o sexismo sem trabalhar contra o privilégio masculino.

Em 1989, o ensaio original "White Privilege and Male Privilege" foi editado e intitulado " White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack ". Tanto as peças longas quanto as curtas mostram o privilégio branco que McIntosh experimenta diariamente; por meio de uma extensa lista de exemplos, McIntosh ilustra que o privilégio branco é como um presente intangível de direito imerecido, vantagem imerecido e domínio imerecido. O privilégio dá aos brancos acesso mais fácil a benefícios políticos e sociais que são negados aos negros. Este trabalho foi incluído em muitos materiais de cursos K-12 e de ensino superior e foi citado como uma influência para comentaristas de justiça social posteriores.

McIntosh escreveu outros artigos sobre privilégio branco, incluindo "Privilégio Branco: Cor e Crime"; "Privilégio branco, uma conta para gastar"; e "Pessoas brancas enfrentando a raça: descobrindo os mitos que mantêm o racismo no lugar".

Projeto SEED
McIntosh fundou o Projeto Nacional SEED sobre Currículo Inclusivo ("Buscando Equidade e Diversidade Educacional") em 1986. Emily Style, como codiretora fundadora, fez parceria com McIntosh nos primeiros vinte e cinco anos do Projeto SEED. De 2001 a 2011, Brenda Flyswithhawks se juntou a eles como terceira codiretora. O SEED tornou-se o maior projeto de desenvolvimento docente liderado por pares para educadores nos Estados Unidos. McIntosh acreditava que os professores eram capazes de ser os líderes de seu próprio desenvolvimento adulto no que diz respeito ao ensino de forma equitativa e inclusiva. Os seminários mensais do SEED conduzidos por pares são concebidos como testemunhos de mesa redonda sobre as experiências passadas e presentes dos professores na vida e na escola. Os membros do seminário, incluindo pais e membros da comunidade, tornam-se mais conscientes de suas experiências de opressão sistêmica associada a seu gênero, raça, classe e orientação sexual, dentro e fora das estruturas de escolarização. As discussões do SEED ajudam os professores a desenvolver maneiras de implementar currículos justos de gênero e globalmente informados para seus alunos.

Desde a primeira reunião do Projeto SEED em 1987, a SEED treinou 2.200 professores K-16 em 40 estados dos EUA e 14 outros países, impactando indiretamente milhões de estudantes. O Projeto SEED foi financiado por doadores privados, apoio escolar local e 15 fundações, incluindo a Fundação WK Kellogg. Em 2011, McIntosh deixou o cargo de codiretor do projeto.

Publicações

 McIntosh, P. (1988). Privilégio branco e privilégio masculino: um relato pessoal de como chegar a ver correspondências por meio do trabalho em estudos femininos. Documento de trabalho nº 189 . Wellesley, Massachusetts: Wellesley Center for Research on Women.
 McIntosh, P. (1989, julho/agosto). Privilégio Branco: Desempacotando a Mochila Invisível . Revista Paz e Liberdade, 10–12.
 McIntosh, P. (1998). Privilégio branco, cor e crime: um relato pessoal. Em Mann, CR, & Zatz, M. (Eds. ), Imagens coloridas, imagens do crime (pp. 207–216). Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.
 McIntosh, P. (2009). Privilégio branco: Uma conta para gastar. St. Paul, Minnesota: Fundação Saint Paul.
 McIntosh, P. (2009). Pessoas brancas enfrentando raça: descobrindo os mitos que mantêm o racismo no lugar. St. Paul, Minnesota: Fundação Saint Paul.
 McIntosh, P. (1985). Sentindo-se uma fraude. Obra em andamento nº 18 . Wellesley, Massachusetts: Stone Center Working Paper Series.
 McIntosh, P. (1989). Sentindo-se uma fraude – Parte II. Obra em andamento nº 37 . Wellesley, Massachusetts: Stone Center Working Paper Series
 McIntosh, P. (2000). Sentindo-se uma fraude – Parte III: Encontrando formas autênticas de entrar em conflito. Obra em andamento nº 90 . Wellesley, Massachusetts: Stone Center Working Paper Series.
 McIntosh, P. (2019). Sentindo-se como uma fraude, Parte IV: A psique como singular e plural. Em McIntosh, P. (2019). Sobre privilégio, fraude e ensino como aprendizado: ensaios selecionados 1981-2019 (pp. 107–118). Nova York: Routledge.
 McIntosh, P. (1983). Fases interativas da revisão curricular: uma perspectiva feminista. Documento de trabalho nº 124. Wellesley, Massachusetts: Wellesley College Center for Research on Women.
 McIntosh, P. (1990). Fases interativas de revisão curricular e pessoal em relação à raça. Documento de trabalho nº 219. Wellesley, Massachusetts: Wellesley Centers for Women.
 McIntosh, P. & Style, E. (1994). Desenvolvimento docente centrado no corpo docente. Em Bassett, P. & Crosier, LM (Eds. ), olhando para o futuro: problemas e respostas da escola independente. Washington, DC: Avocus Publishing, Inc.
 McIntosh, P. & Style, E. (1999). Aprendizagem Social, Emocional e Política. Em Cohen, J. (1999). Educando mentes e corações: aprendizagem socioemocional e a passagem para a adolescência (pp. 137–157). Nova York: Teachers College Press.
 McIntosh, P., Badger, Chen, J., P. Gillette, P., Gordon, B., Mahabir, H., & Mendoza, R. (2015, verão). Autoconhecimento do professor: A aprendizagem mais profunda. Revista Escolar Independente, 74(4).
 McIntosh, P. (2019). Sobre privilégio, fraude e ensino como aprendizado: ensaios selecionados 1981-2019 (pp. 107–118). Nova York: Routledge.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Bio em Wellesley Centers for Women

Alunos da University College London
Pessoas vivas
Feminismo interseccional
Feministas dos Estados Unidos
Nascidos em 1934
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)

Peggy McIntosh


West Hyattsville es una estación elevada en la línea Verde del Metro de Washington, administrada por la Autoridad de Tránsito del Área Metropolitana de Washington. La estación se encuentra localizada en el condado de Prince George en la localidad de Hyattsville en Maryland.

Conexiones de autobuses
 WMATA Metrobus
 TheBus

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 WMATA: West Hyattsville Station
 StationMasters Online: West Hyattsville Station
 The Schumin Web Transit Center: West Hyattsville Station

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1993
Estaciones de la línea Verde (Metro de Washington)

West Hyattsville (Metro de Washington)


Eadgils, Adils,  Aðils, Adillus, Aðísl at Uppsölum, Athisl, Athislus or Adhel was a semi-legendary king of Sweden, who is estimated to have lived during the 6th century.
Beowulf and Old Norse sources present him as the son of Ohthere and as belonging to the ruling Yngling (Scylfing) dynasty. These sources also deal with his war against Onela, which he won with foreign assistance: in Beowulf he gained the throne of Sweden by defeating his uncle Onela with Geatish help, and in two Scandinavian sources (Skáldskaparmál and Skjöldunga saga), he is also helped to defeat Onela in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern, but with Danish help. However, Scandinavian sources mostly deal with his interaction with the legendary Danish king Hrólfr Kraki (Hroðulf), and Eadgils is mostly presented in a negative light as a rich and greedy king. Snorri Sturluson, who documented many of the Scandinavian traditions, reported that the Swedes called him a "great king".

Name
The Norse forms are based on an older (Proto-Norse) *Aþagīslaz (where *aþa is short for *aþala meaning "noble, foremost" (German 'adel') and *gīslaz means "arrow shaft"). However, the Anglo-Saxon form is not etymologically identical. The A-S form would have been *Ædgils, but Eadgils (Proto-Norse *Auða-gīslaz, *auða- meaning "wealth") was the only corresponding name used by the Anglo-Saxons. The name Aðils was so exceedingly rare even in Scandinavia that among almost 6000 Scandinavian runic inscriptions, it is only attested in three runestones (U 35, DR 221 and Br Olsen;215).

Beowulf
The Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf, composed sometime between the 8th century and the 11th century, is (beside the Norwegian skaldic poem Ynglingatal from the 9th century) the oldest source that mentions Eadgils.

The text of Beowulf implies that the Swedish king Ohthere died and that his younger brother Onela succeeded him, because Ohthere's two sons, Eadgils and Eanmund had to seek refuge with Heardred, Hygelac's son and successor as king of the Geats. This caused Onela to attack the Geats, and Heardred was killed. Onela returned home and Beowulf succeeded Heardred as the king of Geatland. In the following lines, Onela is referred to as the Scylfings' helmet and the son of Ongenþeow, whereas Eadgils and Eanmund are referred to as the sons of Ohtere:

Later in the poem, it tells that during the battle, Eadgils's brother Eanmund was killed by Onela's champion Weohstan, Wiglaf's father. In the following lines, Eanmund also appears as the son of Ohtere and as a brother's child:

Eadgils, however, survived and later, Beowulf helped Eadgils with weapons and warriors. Eadgils won the war and killed his uncle Onela. In the following lines, Eadgils is mentioned by name and as the son of Ohtere, whereas Onela is referred to as the king:

This event also appears in the Scandinavian sources Skáldskaparmál and Skjöldunga saga – see below.

Norse sources
The allusive manner in which Eadgils and his relatives are referred to in Beowulf suggests that the scop expected his audience to have sufficient background knowledge about Eadgils, Ohthere and Eanmund to understand the references. Likewise, in the roughly contemporary Norwegian Ynglingatal, Eadgils (Aðils) is called Onela's enemy (Ála dólgr), which likewise suggests that the conflict was familiar to the skald and his audience.

The tradition of Eadgils and Onela resurfaces in several Old Norse works in prose and poetry, and another matter also appears: the animosity between Eadgils and Hrólfr Kraki, who corresponds to Hroðulf in Beowulf.

Ynglingatal
The skaldic poem Ynglingatal is a poetic recital of the line of the Yngling clan. They are also called Skilfingar in the poem (in stanza 19), a name that appears in its Anglo-Saxon form Scylfingas in Beowulf when referring to Eadgils' clan. It is presented as composed by Þjóðólfr of Hvinir by Snorri Sturluson in the Ynglinga saga.

Although its age has been debated, most scholars hold to date from the 9th century. It survives in two versions: one is found in the Norwegian historical work Historia Norvegiæ in Latin, and the other one in Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga, a part of his Heimskringla. It presents Aðils (Eadgils) as the successor of Óttarr (Ohthere) and the predecessor of Eysteinn. The stanza on Aðils refers to his accidental death when he fell from his horse:

Translation: 'I have learned, further, that the creature of charms [SORCERESS] had to destroy the life of Aðils. And the deed-eager descendant of Freyr [= Swedish king] had to fall off the back of the steed. And the sea [fluid] of the brains of the son of the ruler [RULER] was blended with mud. And the deed-fortunate enemy of Áli had to die at Uppsala.'

Note that Eadgils' animosity with Onela also appears in Ynglingatal as Aðils is referred to as Ole's deadly foe (Ála dólgr). This animosity is treated in more detail in the Skjöldunga saga and Skáldskaparmál, which follow.

The Historia Norwegiæ, which is a terse summary in Latin of Ynglingatal, only states that Eadgils fell from his horse and died during the sacrifices. In this Latin translation, the Dísir are rendered as the Roman goddess Diana:

The same information is found the Swedish Chronicle from the mid-15th century, which calls him Adhel. It is probably based on the Ynglingatal tradition and says that he fell from his horse and died while he worshipped his god.

Íslendingabók
In Íslendingabók from the early 12th century, Eadgils only appears as a name in the listing of the kings of the Yngling dynasty as Aðísl at Uppsala. The reason what that the author, Ari Þorgilsson, traced his ancestry from Eadgils, and its line of succession is the same as that of Ynglingatal.

i Yngvi Tyrkjakonungr. ii Njörðr Svíakonungr. iii Freyr. iiii Fjölnir. sá er dó at Friðfróða. v Svegðir. vi Vanlandi. vii Visburr. viii Dómaldr. ix Dómarr. x Dyggvi. xi Dagr. xii Alrekr. xiii Agni. xiiii Yngvi. xv Jörundr. xvi Aun inn gamli. xvii Egill Vendilkráka. xviii Óttarr. xix Aðísl at Uppsölum. xx Eysteinn. xxi Yngvarr. xxii Braut-Önundr. xxiii Ingjaldr inn illráði. xxiiii Óláfr trételgja...

As can be seen it agrees with the earlier Ynglingatal and Beowulf in presenting Eadgils as the successor of Óttarr (Ohthere).

Skjöldunga saga
The Skjöldunga saga was a Norse saga which is believed to have been written in the period 1180–1200. The original version is lost, but it survives in a Latin summary by Arngrímur Jónsson.
Arngrímur's summary relates that Eadgils, called Adillus, married Yrsa with whom he had the daughter Scullda. Some years later, the Danish king Helgo (Halga) attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa, not knowing that she was his own daughter, the result of Helgo raping Olava, the queen of the Saxons. Helgo raped Yrsa as well and took her back to Denmark, where she bore the son Rolfo (Hroðulf). After a few years, Yrsa's mother, queen Olava, came to visit her and told her that Helgo was her own father. In horror, Yrsa returned to Adillus, leaving her son behind. Helgo died when Rolfo was eight years old, and Rolfo succeeded him, and ruled together with his uncle Roas (Hroðgar). Not much later, Roas was killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo, whereupon Rolfo became the sole king of Denmark.

In Sweden, Yrsa and Adillus married Scullda to the king of Öland, Hiørvardus/Hiorvardus/Hevardus (Heoroweard). As her half-brother Rolfo was not consulted about this marriage, he was infuriated and he attacked Öland and made Hiørvardus and his kingdom tributary to Denmark.

After some time, there was animosity between king Adillus of Sweden and the Norwegian king Ale of Oppland. They decided to fight on the ice of Lake Vänern. Adillus won and took his helmet, chainmail and horse. Adillus won because he had requested Rolfo's aid against king Ale and Rolfo had sent him his berserkers. However, Adillus refused to pay the expected tribute for the help and so Rolfo came to Uppsala to claim his recompense. After surviving some traps, Rolfo fled with Adillus' gold, helped by his mother Yrsa. Seeing that the Swedish king and his men pursued him, Rolfo "sowed" the gold on the Fyrisvellir, so that the king's men would pick up the gold, instead of continuing the pursuit.

As can be seen, the Skjöldunga saga retells the story of Eadgils fighting his uncle Onela, but in this version Onela is no longer Eadgils' uncle, but a Norwegian king of Oppland. This change is generally considered to be a late confusion between the core province of the Swedes, Uppland, and its Norwegian namesake Oppland. Whereas, Beowulf leaves the Danish court with the suspicion that Hroðulf (Rolfo Krage, Hrólfr Kraki) might claim the Danish throne for himself at the death of Hroðgar (Roas, Hróarr), it is exactly what he does in Scandinavian tradition. A notable difference is that, in Beowulf, Eadgils receives the help of the Geatish king Beowulf against Onela, whereas it is the Danish king Hroðulf who provides help in Scandinavian tradition.

Skáldskaparmál
Skáldskaparmál was written by Snorri Sturluson, c. 1220, in order to teach the ancient art of kennings to aspiring skalds. It presents Eadgils, called Aðils, in two sections.

The first section is the Kálfsvísa of which Snorri quotes small parts:

This is a reference to the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern, during which Eadgils slew Onela and which also appears in the Skjöldunga saga. There is also second stanza, where Eadgils is riding his horse Slöngvir, apparently a combination famous enough to be mentioned.

Eadgils' horse Slöngvir also appears in Snorri's later work, the Ynglinga saga.

Snorri also presents the story of Aðils and Hrólfr Kraki (Hroðulf) in order to explain why gold was known by the kenning Kraki's seed. Snorri relates that Aðils was in war with a Norwegian king named Áli (Onela), and they fought in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. Aðils was married to Yrsa, the mother of Hrólfr and so sent an embassy to Hrólfr asking him for help against Áli. He would receive three valuable gifts in recompense. Hrólfr was involved in a war against the Saxons and could not come in person but sent his twelve berserkers, including Böðvarr Bjarki. Áli died in the war, and Aðils took Áli's helmet Battle-boar and his horse Raven. The berserkers demanded three pounds of gold each in pay, and they demanded to choose the gifts that Aðils had promised Hrólfr, that is the two pieces of armour that nothing could pierce: the helmet battle-boar and the mailcoat Finn's heritage. They also wanted the famous ring Svíagris. Aðils considered the pay outrageous and refused.

When Hrólfr heard that Aðils refused to pay, he set off to Uppsala. They brought the ships to the river Fyris and rode directly to the Swedish king's hall at Uppsala with his twelve berserkers. Yrsa welcomed them and led them to their lodgings. Fires were prepared for them and they were given drinks. However, so much wood was heaped on the fires that the clothes started to burn away from their clothes. Hrólfr and his men had enough and threw the courtiers on the fire. Yrsa arrived and gave them a horn full of gold, the ring Svíagris and asked them to flee. As they rode over the Fyrisvellir, they saw Aðils and his men pursuing them. The fleeing men threw the gold on the plain so that the pursuers would stop to collect it. Aðils, however, continued the chase on his horse Slöngvir. Hrólfr then threw Svíagris and saw how Aðils stooped down to pick up the ring with his spear. Hrólfr exclaimed that he had seen the mightiest man in Sweden bend his back.

Ynglinga saga
The Ynglinga saga was written c. 1225 by Snorri Sturluson and he used Skjöldunga saga as a source when he told the story of Aðils. Snorri relates that Aðils succeeded his father Óttar (Ohthere) and betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geirþjófr and queen Alof the Great. The king and consort were not at home, and so Aðils and his men plundered their residence at ease driving cattle and captives down to the ships. One of the captives was a remarkably beautiful girl named Yrsa, and Snorri writes that everyone was soon impressed with the well-mannered, pretty and intelligent girl. Most impressed was Aðils who made her his queen.

Some years later, Helgi (Halga), who ruled in Lejre, attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa. As he did not know that Yrsa was his own daughter, he raped her, and took her back to Lejre, where they had a son, Hrólfr kraki. When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father. Horrified, Yrsa returned to Aðils, leaving her son behind, and stayed in Sweden for the rest of her life. When Hrólfr was eight years old, Helgi died during a war expedition and Hrólfr was proclaimed king.

Aðils waged a war against king Áli (Onela of Oppland), and they fought in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. Áli died in this battle. Snorri writes that there was a long account of this battle in the Skjöldunga Saga, which also contained an account of how Hrólf came to Uppsala and sowed gold on the Fyrisvellir.

Snorri also relates that Aðils loved good horses and had the best horses in his days (the contemporary Gothic scholar Jordanes noted that the Swedes were famed for their good horses). One horse was named Slöngvi and another one Raven, which he had taken from Áli. From this horse he had bred a horse also named Raven which he sent to king Godgest of Hålogaland, but Godgest could not manage it and fell from it and died, in Omd on the island of Andøya. Aðils himself died in a similar way at the Dísablót. Aðils was riding around the Disa shrine when Raven stumbled and fell, and the king was thrown forward and hit his skull on a stone. The Swedes called him a great king and buried him at Uppsala. He was succeeded by Eysteinn.

Hrólfr Kraki's saga
Hrólfr Kraki's saga is believed to have been written in the period c. 1230 – c. 1450. Helgi and Yrsa lived happily together as husband and wife, not knowing that Yrsa was Helgi's daughter. Yrsa's mother queen Oluf travelled to Denmark to tell her daughter the truth. Yrsa was shocked and although Helgi wanted their relationship to remain as it was, Yrsa insisted on leaving him to live alone. She was later taken by the Swedish king Aðils as his queen, which made Helgi even more unhappy. Helgi went to Uppsala to fetch her, but was killed by Aðils in battle. In Lejre, he was succeeded by his son Hrólfr Kraki.

After some time, Böðvarr Bjarki encouraged Hrólfr to go Uppsala to claim the gold that Aðils had taken from Helgi after the battle. Hrólfr departed with 120 men and his twelve berserkers and during a rest they were tested by a farmer called Hrani (Odin in disguise) who advised Hrólfr to send back all his troops but his twelve berserkers, as numbers would not help him against Aðils.

They were at first well received, but in his hall, Aðils did his best to stop Hrólfr with pit traps and hidden warriors who attacked the Danes. Finally Aðils entertained them but put them to a test where they had to endure immense heat by a fire. Hrólfr and his berserkers finally had enough and threw the courtiers, who were feeding the fire, into the fire and leapt at Aðils. The Swedish king disappeared through a hollow tree trunk that stood in his hall.

Yrsa admonished Aðils for wanting to kill her son, and went to meet the Danes. She gave them a man named Vöggr to entertain them. This Vöggr remarked that Hrólfr had the thin face of a pole ladder, a Kraki. Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it.

They then found out that Aðils had set the hall on fire, and so they broke out of the hall, only to find themselves surrounded by heavily armed warriors in the street. After a fight, king Aðils retreated to summon reinforcements.

Yrsa then provided her son with a silver drinking horn filled with gold and jewels and a famous ring, Svíagris. Then she gave Hrólf and his men twelve of the Swedish king's best horses, and all the armour and provisions they needed.

Hrólfr took a fond farewell of his mother and departed over the Fyrisvellir. When they saw Aðils and his warriors in pursuit, they spread the gold behind themselves. Aðils saw his precious Svíagris on the ground and stooped to pick it up with his spear, whereupon Hrólf cut his back with his sword and screamed in triumph that he had bent the back of the most powerful man in Sweden.

Danish sources

Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses
The Chronicon Lethrense (and the included Annales Lundenses) tell that when the Danish kings Helghe (Halga) and Ro (Hroðgar) were dead, the Swedish king Hakon/Athisl forced the Daner to accept a dog as king. The dog king was succeeded by Rolf Krage (Hrólfr Kraki).

Gesta Danorum
The Gesta Danorum (book 2), by Saxo Grammaticus, tells that Helgo (Halga) repelled a Swedish invasion, killed the Swedish king Hothbrodd, and made the Swedes pay tribute. However, he committed suicide due to shame for his incestuous relationship with Urse (Yrsa), and his son Roluo (Hrólfr Kraki) succeeded him.

The new king of Sweden, Athislus, thought that the tribute to the Daner might be smaller if he married the Danish king's mother and so took Urse for a queen. However, after some time, Urse was so upset with the Swedish king's greediness that she thought out a ruse to run away from the king and at the same time liberate him of his wealth. She incited Athislus to rebel against Roluo, and arranged so that Roluo would be invited and promised a wealth in gifts.

At the banquet Roluo was at first not recognised by his mother, but when their fondness was commented on by Athisl, the Swedish king and Roluo made a wager where Roluo would prove his endurance. Roluo was placed in front of a fire that exposed him to such heat that finally a maiden could suffer the sight no more and extinguished the fire. Roluo was greatly recompensed by Athisl for his endurance.

When the banquet had lasted for three days, Urse and Roluo escaped from Uppsala, early in the morning in carriages where they had put all the Swedish king's treasure. In order to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path (later in the work, this is referred to as "sowing the Fyrisvellir"), although there was a rumour that she only spread gilded copper. When Athislus, who was pursuing the escapers saw that a precious ring was lying on the ground, he bent down to pick it up. Roluo was pleased to see the king of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother.

Roluo later defeated Athislus and gave Sweden to young man named Hiartuar (Heoroweard), who also married Roluo's sister Skulde. When Athislus learnt that Hiartuar and Skulde had killed Roluo, he celebrated the occasion, but he drank so much that he killed himself.

Archaeology

According to Snorri Sturluson, Eadgils was buried at Gamla Uppsala. Birger Nerman suggested that he was buried in the Western mound (also known as Thor's mound) at Gamla Uppsala. An excavation in this mound showed that a man was buried there c. 575 on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings. There were luxurious weapons and other objects, both domestic and imported, show that the buried man was very powerful. These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a board game with Roman pawns of ivory. He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a costly buckle. There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket. The finds show the distant contacts of the House of Yngling in the 6th century.

Snorri's account that Adils had the best horses of his days, and Jordanes' account that the Swedes of the 6th century were famed for their horses find support in archaeology. This time was the beginning of the Vendel Age, a time characterised by the appearance of stirrups and a powerful mounted warrior elite in Sweden, with rich graves in for instance Valsgärde and Vendel.

Notes

Bibliography and external links
 English translations of the Old Norse Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans :
 The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and his Champions. Trans. Peter Tunstall (2003). Available at Norse saga: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and Northvegr: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki.
 The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. Trans. Jesse L. Byock (1998).  London: Penguin. . Selection from this translation are available at The Viking Site: Excerpts from The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki.
 "King Hrolf and his champions" included in Eirik the Red: And Other Icelandic Sagas. Trans. Gwyn Jones (1961).  Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press. .
 Original texts:
 Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Old Norse from heimskringla.no
 University of Oregon: Norse: Fornaldarsögur norðurlanda: Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans
 Sagnanet: Hrólfs saga kraka
 Anderson, Poul (1973). Hrolf Kraki's Saga. New York: Ballantine Books. . New York: Del Rey Books. .  Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, .
 Literary Encyclopedia entry
 Birger Nerman, 1925, Det svenska rikets uppkomst (in Swedish)
 Beowulf:
 Beowulf read aloud in Old English
 Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
 Modern English translation by John Lesslie Hall
 Ringler, Dick. Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery, May 2005. Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.
 Several different Modern English translations
 Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense:
 Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundense in translation by Peter Tunstall
 The same translation at Northvegr
 Book 2 of Gesta Danorum at the Online and Medieval & Classical library
 The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg
 the Ynglinga saga in translation by Samuel Laing, 1844, at Northvegr
 The Gróttasöngr in Thorpe's translation
 Skáldskaparmál:
 Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda in the original language
 CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda – Skáldskaparmál (English)
 CyberSamurai Encyclopedia of Norse Mythology: Prose Edda – Skáldskaparmál (Old Norse)
 Krag, C. Ynglingatal og Ynglingesaga: en studie i historiske kilder (Oslo 1991).
 Sundquist, O. "Freyr"s offspring. Rulers and religion in ancient Svea society". (2004)

575 deaths
6th-century monarchs in Europe
Characters in Beowulf
Deaths by horse-riding accident
English heroic legends
Semi-legendary kings of Sweden
Year of birth unknown

Eadgils


Mauzolej Halper-Radić je višeslojni objekt u gradu Krapini.

Opis
Mauzolej obitelji Halper-Radić dala je podignuti Terezija Halper 1911. prema nacrtima arhitekta Stjepana Podhorskog. Zidan je punom opekom i svođen kupolastim svodom. Vanjštinom dominiraju dva volumena. Niži prostor kripte izvana vidljiv u zoni sokla riješen je ravnim plohama s oštrim bridovima bez dekoracije. Središnji prostor definiran je masivnom centralnom kupolom. Oko nje gusto su raspoređeni volumeni triju manjih i nižih polukupola što mauzoleju daje trolisni tlocrt. Masivni zabatni istak nad ulazom poduprt je dvama zdepastim stupovima s dekorativnim kapitelima. Slični stupovi manjih dimenzija tvore arkadne otvore na zidnoj oplati bočnih pročelja. Unutrašnjost je skromnih dimenzija – širina unutrašnjeg prostora je 655 cm, dubina 500 cm, a visina oko 800 cm. Iz centralne apside nasuprot ulaza, odijeljene željezno kovanom ogradom, silazi se u kriptu spiralnim stubištem. U njoj je sa svake strane u 2 reda poredano 10 grobova. Zbog malog prostora spuštanje ljesova bilo je omogućeno pomicanjem pravokutne ploče smještene na sredini poda.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6916 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene memorijalne građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Građevine u Krapini
Mauzoleji u Hrvatskoj

Mauzolej Halper-Radić


Epidote is a calcium aluminium iron sorosilicate mineral.

Description
Well developed crystals of epidote, Ca2Al2(Fe3+;Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system, are of frequent occurrence: they are commonly prismatic in habit, the direction of elongation being perpendicular to the single plane of symmetry. The name Epidote is derived from the Greek word 'epidosis', meaning "increase", in allusion to the crystal characteristic of one longer side at the base of the prism. The faces are often deeply striated and crystals are often twinned. Many of the characters of the mineral vary with the amount of iron present for instance, the color, the optical constants, and the specific gravity.  The color is green, grey, brown or nearly black, but usually a characteristic shade of yellowish-green or pistachio-green. It displays strong pleochroism, the pleochroic colors being usually green, yellow and brown. Clinozoisite is green, white or pale rose-red group species containing very little iron, thus having the same chemical composition as the orthorhombic mineral zoisite. The name, due to Haüy, is derived from the Greek word "epidosis" (ἐπίδοσις) which means "addition" in allusion to one side of the ideal prism being longer than the other.

Epidote is an abundant rock-forming mineral, but one of secondary origin. It occurs in marble and schistose rocks of metamorphic origin. It is also a product of hydrothermal alteration of various minerals (feldspars, micas, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets, and others) composing igneous rocks. A rock composed of quartz and epidote is known as epidosite. Well-developed crystals are found at many localities: Knappenwand, near the Großvenediger in the Untersulzbachthal in Salzburg, as magnificent, dark green crystals of long prismatic habit in cavities in epidote schist, with asbestos, adularia, calcite, and apatite; the Ala valley and Traversella in Piedmont; Arendal in Norway; Le Bourg-d'Oisans in Dauphiné; Haddam in Connecticut; Prince of Wales Island in Alaska, here as large, dark green, tabular crystals with copper ores in metamorphosed limestone.

The perfectly transparent, dark green crystals from the Knappenwand and from Brazil have occasionally been cut as gemstones.

Related species
Belonging to the same isomorphous group with epidote are the REE-rich allanite (containing primarily lanthanum, cerium, and yttrium), and the manganese-rich piemontite.

Piemontite occurs as small, reddish-black, monoclinic crystals in the manganese mines at San Marcel, near Ivrea in Piedmont, and in crystalline schists at several places in Japan. The purple color of the Egyptian porfido rosso antico is due to the presence of this mineral.

Allanite and dollaseite-(Ce) have the same general epidote formula and contain metals of the cerium group. In external appearance allanite differs widely from epidote, being black or dark brown in color, pitchy in lustre, and opaque in the mass; further, there is little or no cleavage, and well-developed crystals are rare. The crystallographic and optical characters are similar to those of epidote; the pleochroism is strong with reddish-, yellowish-, and greenish-brown colors. Although not a common mineral, allanite is of fairly wide distribution as a primary accessory constituent of many crystalline rocks, gneiss, granite, syenite, rhyolite, andesite, and others. It was first found in the granite of east Greenland and described by Thomas Allan in 1808, after whom the species was named. Allanite is a mineral readily altered by hydration, becoming optically isotropic and amorphous: for this reason several varieties have been distinguished, and many different names applied. Orthite was the name given by Jöns Berzelius in 1818 to a hydrated form found as slender prismatic crystals, sometimes a foot in length, at Finbo, near Falun in Sweden. Dollaseite is less common, famous from the Ostanmossa mine in the Norberg district of Sweden.

Gallery

References

External links

 The mineral Epidote Mineral Galleries

Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Epidote group
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11

Epidote


Careca (født 5. oktober 1960) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

|-
|1982||4||0
|-
|1983||11||5
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||7||3
|-
|1986||11||8
|-
|1987||4||2
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||6||6
|-
|1990||7||3
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||7||2
|-
!Total||60||29
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1986
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1990

Careca


Kinga Klivinyi (født. 31. marts 1992 i Budapest) er en kvindelig ungarsk håndboldspiller, der spiller for Siófok KC og Ungarns håndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Ungarn
Håndboldspillere fra Ferencváros TC (håndbold)

Kinga Klivinyi


Le diocèse de Meru est un diocèse de l'Église catholique au Kenya.

Histoire
Il a été créé le .

Références

Meru
Meru
Fondation en 1986

Diocèse de Meru


{{Infobox Objet astronomique
| nom				= NGC 5863
| image				= NGC 5863 PanS.jpg
| légende 			= La galaxie spirale intermédiaire NGC 5863
| découvreur    	= Ormond Stone
| date découverte	=
| désignations		= PGC 54160  ESO 581-22  MCG -3-39-1  NPM1G -18.0484
| type				= Galaxie spirale intermédiaire
| type de galaxie	=(R')SAB(rs)a SBa? SBa  SABa
| constellation 	= Balance
| redshift			= 0,014223 ± 0,000030
| vitesse radiale 	= 4264 ± 9
	|vitesse radiale notes =
| ascension droite	= 15/10/48.3
   |ascension droite notes=
| déclinaison		= -18/25/52
	| déclinaison notes	=
| carte UAI             = Balance
| dist 				=
| magnitude apparente	= 12,9
| magnitude apparente notes    = 13,8 dans la Bande B
| brillance de surface 	= 13,46
	| brillance de surface notes =
| angle de position	= 30°
	| angle de position notes=
| dimensions apparentes	= 1,4′ × 1,2′
| dimensions = <ref group=alpha>Diamètre isophote du relevé ESO-LV Quick Blue"" IIa-O.</ref>
}}

NGC 5863 est une galaxie spirale intermédiaire située dans la constellation de la Balance. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5863 a été découverte par l'astronome américain Ormond Stone en 1886.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5863 est I.

À ce jour, quatre mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift'') donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5863 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5863
Constellation de la Balance
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale intermédiaire
Objet céleste découvert en 1886
Objet céleste découvert par Ormond Stone

NGC 5863


No se debe confundir con sus sobrinos del mismo nombre.

Juan de Mella (Zamora, 1397 - Roma, 13 de octubre de 1467) fue un eclesiástico español, obispo de Zamora y de Sigüenza y cardenal.

Fue hijo de Alonso Fernández Mella y de Catalina Alfonso; de sus hermanos, Fernando llegó a ser obispo de Palestrina, Luis fue regidor y Alfonso fraile.

Colegial de San Bartolomé y doctorado en cánones en la universidad de Salamanca, donde también fue catedrático de derecho, fue auditor de la Rota en Roma y arcediano de Madrid en la diócesis de Toledo.

En 1423, junto con Alonso Paladínez y Juan Rodríguez de Toro, viajó a Roma para reclamar ante la corte del papa Martín V la devolución de la archidiócesis de Sevilla a Diego de Anaya Maldonado, de la que había sido suspendido tres años antes, sospechoso de entenderse con el antipapa Benedicto XIII de Aviñón.
Mella permaneció en Roma sirviendo a Eugenio IV, por aquel entonces enemistado con los Colonna; en 1434 fue elegido obispo de León en sustitución de Alonso de Cusanza, que iba a ser promovido a Osma, pero éste renunció al traslado y la toma de posesión de Mella no se hizo efectiva. Por esas mismas fechas su hermano Alfonso fue procesado por encabezar un grupo considerado herético en Durango.

En 1440 fue nombrado obispo de Zamora, aunque no residió en la sede, sino en Roma. En 1456 Calixto III le creó cardenal de Santa Priscila, en cuya condición participó en el cónclave de 1458 en el que fue elegido Pío II y en el de 1464 en el que salió papa Paulo II.

En marzo de 1465, residiendo todavía en Roma, fue trasladado a Jaén, pero a finales de este mismo año vacó el obispado de Sigüenza por muerte de Fernando de Luján, y aunque el rey Enrique IV de Castilla intervino ante el papa para que se le diese al obispo de Calahorra Pedro González de Mendoza, Paulo II la concedió a Juan de Mella. Para entonces el cabildo seguntino había elegido obispo al deán Diego López de Madrid, que desobedeciendo al papa se negó a ceder la sede, manteniéndola hasta que en 1467 fue desalojado por la fuerza.

Para entonces Juan de Mella había ya muerto en Roma. Fue sepultado en la iglesia de Santiago de los españoles.

Dejó escritas algunas obras, que se conservan manuscritas en Roma.

Referencias

Obispos de Zamora
Obispos de Sigüenza
Obispos de España del siglo XV
Cardenales de España del siglo XV
Cardenales creados por Calixto III
Catedráticos de la Universidad de Salamanca
Colegiales del Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé
Alumnado de la Universidad de Salamanca en el siglo XV
Nacidos en Zamora
Arcedianos de Madrid
Fallecidos en Roma

Juan de Mella


SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 abrégé en SDSS J0855-0015, est l'un des quasars les plus lumineux observés à ce jour, sa magnitude bolométrique est égale à 3,7 × 1048 ergs. Il a été découvert en décembre 2009 par une équipe analysant les données enregistrées par le Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMSOT). Il se situe dans la constellation de l'Hydre et se situerait, selon les valeurs de décalage vers le rouge, à 3,34 milliards d'années-lumière.

Caractéristiques
Ce quasar est situé dans une région nommée le désert des quasars, en effet, les quasars avec un décalage vers le rouge similaire à celui de SDSS J0855-0015 sont quasi indiscernables par rapport aux étoiles lointaines (distance ) d'où le nom désert des quasars. Selon les mesures du Lamost et celles du SDSS, il est le quasar le plus lumineux avec un décalage vers le rouge entre 2,3 et 2,7. Sa magnitude apparente est de 16,84 tandis que sa magnitude absolue est de -31,5. Les propriétés de la luminosité infrarouge et optique du quasar révèlent la présence d'un trou noir ultra-massif d'une masse comprise entre 14 et 39 milliards de masses solaires.

Articles connexes
 Liste des trous noirs les plus massifs
 Listes de quasars
 Quasar

Références

Sources externes

 SDSS J0855-0015 sur le site Stellarium.org.

Quasar
Constellation de l'Hydre
Trou noir supermassif

SDSS J085543.40-001517.7


The Madawaska River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Ontario, Canada. The river is  long and drains an area of . Its name comes from an Algonquian band of the region known as "Matouweskarini", meaning "people of the shallows".

Geography
The Madawaska River rises at Source Lake in geographic Canisbay Township in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District, in the highlands of southern Algonquin Park. It flows east, dropping  before emptying into the Ottawa River at Arnprior.

Tributaries
 Opeongo River
 York River

Lakes and reservoirs
The lower portion of the Madawaska River supports several large lakes, including:
 Centennial Lake
 Black Donald Lake
 Calabogie Lake
 Madawaska Reservoir(Arnprior Head Pond)
 Kamaniskeg Lake

History
In the late 19th century, the river was used to transport lumber from the forested areas surrounding the river. Beginning in the 1960s, the river was used to generate hydroelectric power. Undammed sections of the river are also used for canoeing, kayaking and recreational fishing.

Around 1916, artist Tom Thomson followed the log drive down the river, painting the subject in The Drive (1916-17).

Fauna
The most common species of game fish found in this river include walleye (yellow pickerel), northern pike, muskellunge, smallmouth bass, and largemouth bass.

Hydroelectric Power
Ontario Power Generation (OPG) has 5 stations on the Madawaska.

In June 2002 sluice gates at the Barrett Chute Generating Station were accidentally opened, killing two people, and injuring seven. OPG and two employees were charged with criminal negligence. Procedures at the plant were reviewed, and fencing added or repaired.

The Calabogie station is being upgraded in 2022 to double capacity from 5 MW to 10 MW. The original station was badly damaged by a tornado in September 2018. Clean up was completed in 2020. The project is expected to cost 100 million dollars.

Provincial parks
Two sections of the river are designated and protected as provincial waterway parks:
Upper Madawaska River Provincial Park, between Whitney and Madawaska; .
Lower Madawaska River Provincial Park, between Latchford Bridge and Griffith; .

Both parks are administered by Ontario Parks but are non-operating, meaning there are no visitor facilities or services available. Both are ideal for whitewater canoeing.

See also
Bonnechere River - nearby river with similar characteristics
List of Ontario rivers

References

Sources

External links

 Ontario Power Generation - History and water management

Rivers of Nipissing District
Rivers of Renfrew County

Madawaska River (Ontario)


Louns (eller Lovns) er en landsby på Lounshalvøen.
Landsbyen ligger på sydøstsiden af halvøen ud til Louns Breding og sydøst for den genskabte Lovns Sø.
Louns er centreret om krydset for Lounsvej og Torpvej.
Mod vest går Lounsvej mod Hvalpsund og mod nordøst går vejen mod Tingvej og Alstrup, mens Torpvej går mod syd til et sommerhusområde.
I det nordøstlige går en vej mod stranden til Kragøre Huse.

Louns hører til Louns Sogn, Vesthimmerlands Kommune og Region Nordjylland.

Louns Kirke med kirkegård ligger på en bakke ved landsbyens kryds.
Der har været præstegård i byen.
Rødmurede bygninger blev opført i 1898 med en tilbygning der kom til noget senere.
I 2009—2010 blev taget udskiftet.
Der har været forpagtebolig og konfirmandstue som blev nedrevet omkring 2010.
I 2016 fandt Teknologisk Institut et kraftigt angreb af skimmelsvamp, så menighedsrådet besluttede at de to resterende bygninger skulle nedrives.
I november 2019 var der rejsegilde for en ny bygning.

Henvisninger

Landsbyer
Vesthimmerlands Kommunes geografi

Louns


إيرمتراود مورجنر Irmtraud Morgner (ولدت في 22 أغسطس 1933 في شيمنيتس - وماتت في 6 مايو 1990 في برلين) هي أديبة ألمانية.

حياتها

كان أبوها يعمل سائق قطار. درست علوم اللغة الألمانية وآدابها وعلوم الأدب في جامعة لايبزج. عملت مساعدة في تحرير مجلة الأدب الألماني الجديد Neue deutsche Literatur بين عامي 1956 و 1958. تفرغت للكتابة الحرة في عام 1958 في برلين.

بعد عدة أعمال قصصية في أسلوب الواقعية الاشتراكية، حققت إيرمتراود مورجنر نجاحها الأول في عام 1968 بروايتها «زفاف في القسطنطينية» Hochzeit in Konstantinopel. وتميزت الرواية بالمزج بين الفانتازيا وأحداث الحياة اليومية الواقعية من وجهة نظر أنثوية. كتبت بعد ذلك عدة روايات منها «حياة ومغامرة المغنية بياتريس» ورواية «أماندا» وحققت بتلك الروايات نجاحا لدي جمهور القارئات خصوصا سواء في ألمانيا الشرقية أو الغربية. وفي الثمانينات قامت بعدة جولات في البلاد الغربية منها إلى الولايات المتحدة وسويسرا، كذلك ألقت محاضرات بصفتها محاضرة زائرة في عام 1987 و 1988 في جامعة زيورخ. ولم تستطع الكاتبة إتمام الجزء الثالث من ثلاثيتها «زالمان» بسبب إصابتها عام 1987 بالسرطان؛ وظهرت قطع منها بعد وفاتها بعنوان «العهد البطولي» Das heroische Testament.

وكانت عضوة في مجلس إدارة اتحاد الكتاب في ألمانيا الشرقية. وحصلت على عدة جوائز:
 جائزة هاينريش مان من أكاديمية الفنون في ألمانيا الشرقية 1975
 الجائزة القومية من ألمانيا الشرقية من الدرجة الثالثة 1977
 جائزة روزفيتا من مدينة باد جادرسهايم 1985

من أعمالها
 بيت على أطراف المدينة 1962
 زفاف في القسطنطينية 1968
 حياة ومغامرة المغنية بياتريس 1974
 أماندا 1983
 رومبا في ذات خريف 1992
 العهد البطولي 1998
 قصص 2006

روابط خارجية

مراجع

كتاب من كيمنتس
أشخاص من كيمنتس
ألمانيات شرقيات
بروتستانت ألمان
شيوعيون ألمان
كاتبات ألمانيات في القرن 20
كتاب ألمانيون شرقيون
كتاب من ساكسونيا
كتاب نسويون
كتاب واقعية اشتراكية
كتاب واقعية سحرية
مواليد 1933
مواليد في كيمنتس
نسويات اشتراكيات
نسويون ألمان
وفيات 1990
وفيات في برلين

إيرمتراود مورجنر


إمبراطور فارس 273 - 276 . من آل ساسان .خلف والده بهرام الأول.

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 قائمة شاهنشاهات الإمبراطورية الساسانية
شجرة عائلة الساسانيين

مراجع

سنة الولادة غير معروفة
شخصيات من الشاهنامة
ملوك ساسانيون
مواليد القرن 3
وفيات 293
أشخاص في الحروب الرومانية الساسانية
ملكيون ساسانيون في القرن 3

بهرام الثاني


Danimarka'daki şehirler listesi, Danimarka'da bulunan şehirlerin listesidir.
 Aastrup
 Allinge-Sandvig
 Ans
 Assens
 Augustenborg
 Beder
 Billund
 Birkerød
 Bjerringbro
 Bogense
 Brande
 Brønderslev
 Christiansfeld
 Kopenhag (København)
 Dragør
 Ebeltoft
 Elsinore (Helsingør)
 Esbjerg
 Espergærde
 Fakse
 Farum
 Fjerritslev
 Fredensborg
 Fredericia
 Frederiksberg
 Frederikshavn
 Frederikssund
 Frederiksværk
 Fåborg
 Gilleleje
 Grenå
 Greve Strand
 Grindsted
 Gråsten
 Gudhjem
 Haderslev
 Hadsten
 Hadsund
 Haslev
 Hedensted
 Helsinge
 Herning
 Hillerød
 Hinnerup
 Hirtshals
 Hjørring
 Hobro
 Holbæk
 Holstebro
 Horsens
 Hvalsø
 Hvidovre
 Høje Tåstrup
 Hørsholm
 Ikast
 Ishøj
 Jelling
 Jyllinge
 Kastrup
 Kalundborg
 Kerteminde
 Kjellerup
 Kolding
 Kongens Lyngby
 Korsør
 Køge
 Lemvig
 Lillerød
 Lystrup
 Løgstør
 Løgumkloster
 Løkken
 Mariager
 Maribo
 Marstal
 Middelfart
 Møldrup
 Nakskov
 Nexø
 Nibe
 Nivå
 Nordby
 Nyborg
 Nykøbing Falster
 Nykøbing Mors
 Nykøbing Sjælland
 Næstved
 Nørresundby
 Odder
 Odense
 Padborg
 Præstø
 Randers
 Ranum
 Ribe
 Ringe
 Ringkøbing
 Ringsted
 Roskilde
 Rudkøbing
 Rødby
 Rønne
 Rørvig
 Sakskøbing
 Silkeborg
 Skagen
 Skanderborg
 Skive
 Skjern
 Skælskør
 Slagelse
 Smidstrup Strand
 Smørumnedre
 Solrød
 Sorø
 Stenløse
 Store Heddinge
 Strib
 Struer
 Stubbekøbing
 Svaneke
 Svendborg
 Sæby
 Sønderborg
 Thisted
 Thyborøn
 Tranbjerg
 Trærød
 Tønder
 Tårbæk
 Tåstrup
 Varde
 Vejle
 Viborg
 Virum
 Vojens
 Vorbasse
 Vordingborg
 Værløse
 Ærøskøbing
 Aabenraa
 Aalborg
 Ålestrup
 Aarhus
 Års

Ülkelerine göre şehir listeleri

Danimarka'daki şehirler listesi


O Lola B99/50 é um carro de competição monolugar desenvolvido pela fabricante britânica Lola, para uso na Formula 3000 Internacional, entre 1999 a 2001, até ser substituído pelo Lola B02/50 em 2002. O chassis teve uso na Fórmula 3000 Europeia de 2001 a 2005.

História
O carro foi concebido como carro oficial da Fórmula 3000 Internacional a partir da temporada de 1999. Ele foi utilizado por três temporadas naquele campeonato (até 2001), antes de ser substituída pelo Lola B02/50. Posteriormente, em 2002, foi introduzido na Fórmula 3000 Europeia, sendo usado exclusivamente até 2004, para depois se juntar ao mais moderno Lola B02/50. Uma classificação separada foi reservada para os pilotos que usam o chassi antigo. Também foi usado na 3000 Pro Series entre 2005 e 2006.

Fórmula Nippon
O Lola B99/51 foi utilizado na Fórmula Nippon em 1999, sendo equipado com um motor 3.0 V8 Mugen-Honda MF308.

Referências

Fórmula 3000

Lola B99/50


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1905-1906, nommée la KNVB Beker, est la  de la Coupe des Pays-Bas.

Déroulement de la compétition
Tous les tours se jouent en élimination directe. À chaque tour, un tirage au sort est effectué pour déterminer les adversaires.

Finale
La finale se joue le  à La Haye, le Concordia Delft bat le Volharding Amsterdam 3 à 2 et remporte son premier titre.

Notes et références
KNVB Beker 1905-1906 sur voetbalarchieven.nl

1905-1906
1905 aux Pays-Bas
1906 aux Pays-Bas
Pays-Bas


بوك تشوي BOK CHOY هو نوع من الخضر التي تشبه الملفوف، له عرق عريض أبيض طري وأوراق خضراء داكنة، ويعرف أحيانا باسم باك تشوي وباك تشوا وملفوف الخردل الأبيض. إنه أحد المكونات التقليدية في الطعام الصيني، ويزرع حاليا في جميع أنحاء العالم ويتميز بطعمه المعتدل وقوامه الخفيف المقرمش.

الأنواع والاستخدامات
يتوافر البوك تشوي في متاجر الاطعمة الطبيعية والاسواق التي تبيع منتجات الشرق الأقصى ،وهو لذيذ الطعم عند استخدامه مع الخضر الكبيرة الأخرى والتوفو المقلية أو التمبيه أو السمك أو الأطعمة البحرية أو غيرها من أنواع الاطعمة ذات المذاق القوي، يمكن قليه كما يمكن طهوه بالبخار أو سلقه، يقدم مع سلطة الكوزو.

فوائده
يفيد الكبد والمرارة ويحتوي على نسبة عالية من الكالسيوم والمعادن الأخرى.

معرض صور

المصدر
 طعام المايكروبيوتك الموسع لمريم نور وكمال مزوق (بتصرف).

مراجع

براسيكا
خضراوات ورقية
المايكروبيوتك
كرنبية
مطبخ صيني
مطبخ كانتوني

ملفوف صيني


Kammerwald steht für:

 Kammerwald, Ortsteil der Gemeinde Hellenthal im Kreis Euskirchen, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Kammerwald (Duppach), Waldgebiet bei Duppach, Standort der nicht realisierten Adenauervilla
 Kammerwald (Luženský les), ehemals deutscher Name des Waldgebietes Luženský les im Nordwesten Tschechiens
 Kammerwald (Roth an der Our), Waldgebiet von Roth an der Our, das nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zum luxemburgischen Staatsgebiet gehörte

Kammerwald (Begriffsklärung)


Michael Smith (born 8 November 1940) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Defence from 1997 to 2004, Minister for Education from November 1994 to December 1994, Minister for the Environment from 1992 to 1994 and a Minister of State in various governments. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary North constituency from 1969 to 1973, 1977 to 1981 and 1987 to 2002. He also served as a Senator for the Cultural and Educational Panel from 1983 to 1987 and for the Agricultural Panel from May 1982 to December 1982.

Background and education
Smith was born in Roscrea, County Tipperary in 1940. He was educated at CBS Templemore in County Tipperary. Smith worked as a farmer before entering Dáil Éireann at the 1969 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD for the Tipperary North constituency.

He lost his seat at the 1973 general election but was re-elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1977 general election.

Political career

1980s
In 1980, the Taoiseach Charles Haughey appointed him Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture. Smith lost his Dáil seat again at the February 1982 general election, and failed to regain it at the November 1982 general election. He spent the next five years as a Senator in Seanad Éireann, elected first by the Agricultural Panel and then by the Cultural and Educational Panel, before his re-election to the Dáil at the 1987 general election.

When Smith was returned to the Dáil in 1987, he was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Energy. He was appointed to cabinet as the Minister for Energy in 1988. His stay in cabinet was brief; following the 1989 general election he was demoted to Minister of State at the Department of Industry and Commerce.

1992–2007
In February 1992, he returned to cabinet for two years as Minister for the Environment. He held office until Fianna Fáil left government in December 1994.

After the 1997 election, Fianna Fáil returned to government and Smith was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Education and Science. In October 1997, he replaced David Andrews as Minister for Defence, and held that position until he was dropped from the cabinet in a reshuffle in 2004. During his tenure Smith dealt with the Army deafness compensation issue that ultimately resulted in claims of €300 million against the State.

At the 2007 general election he lost his seat to Noel Coonan of Fine Gael.

References

1940 births
Living people
Members of North Tipperary County Council
Fianna Fáil TDs
20th-century Irish farmers
Members of the 16th Seanad
Members of the 17th Seanad
Members of the 19th Dáil
Members of the 21st Dáil
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 26th Dáil
Members of the 27th Dáil
Members of the 28th Dáil
Members of the 29th Dáil
Politicians from County Tipperary
Ministers for Defence (Ireland)
Ministers for Education (Ireland)
Ministers for the Environment (Ireland)
Ministers of State of the 28th Dáil
Ministers of State of the 26th Dáil
Ministers of State of the 25th Dáil
Ministers of State of the 21st Dáil
People from Roscrea
Fianna Fáil senators
People educated at Our Lady's Secondary School, Templemore
Agricultural Panel senators
Cultural and Educational Panel senators

Michael Smith (Irish politician)


Steve W. Troxler (born 1952) is an American farmer and Republican politician. He serves as the Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services for North Carolina. Because of a contested election due to lost ballots in the November 2004 statewide election, he was not sworn in until February 8, 2005. He was re-elected in 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020.

Biography
Troxler was born and grew up in Browns Summit, North Carolina, where he attended local schools. He studied conservation at North Carolina State University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1974.

Troxler originally leased farmland in Browns Summit before he purchased some after he got his degree and primarily grew tobacco. After he was elected to office, he planted less tobacco in favor of wheat and produce.

Political career
Troxler was originally a member of the Democratic Party, but left the organization in the late 1990s, feeling that Democrats were hostile to tobacco production. Jerry Blackwelder, a Republican Party consultant, recruited him as a candidate for the office of North Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture. Troxler ran in 2000, losing to Meg Scott Phipps. Due to a financial corruption scandal, Phipps was replaced by Democrat Britt Cobb in 2003.

Troxler ran again for the same position in the 2004 Council of State election, finishing 2,287 votes ahead of incumbent Cobb. However, because more than 4,000 votes were lost in Carteret County, the race was unresolved for more than three months. After extended legal challenges between Cobb and Troxler, Cobb conceded the race on February 4, 2005.

Troxler was sworn in as North Carolina Agriculture Commissioner on February 8, 2005. He was the first Republican to be elected as Agriculture Commissioner in the state's history, reflecting the ascendancy of the party in the state. After his inauguration at the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, Troxler rode a tractor to his downtown offices. Troxler was re-elected in 2008 as Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services for the state of North Carolina. As of 2021 he is currently serving his fifth term.

Because of a state law passed in 2013 that expanded venues for carrying legally permitted weapons, in 2014 a gun owners group challenged the no-guns policy of the North Carolina State Fair. Troxler enforced the ban that year while court cases were litigated. A Wake County Superior Court upheld the ban at the fair later that year. By early 2015, some legislators introduced bills to allow guns, while others introduced a bill to maintain the ban on carrying guns at the fair. The ban continues as of 2021.

Electoral history

References

External links
 North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services website

1952 births
Living people
North Carolina Commissioners of Agriculture
North Carolina Republicans
North Carolina State University alumni
People from Browns Summit, North Carolina

Steve Troxler


Juan oder Hernando de Saavedra (* vor 1530; † nach 1564) war ein spanischer Jurist, der 1564 als Dekan der Real Audiencia von Lima vorübergehend die Amtspflichten eines Vizekönigs von Peru innehatte, ohne formell dieses Amt zu bekleiden.

Von Saavedra ist wenig bekannt. Da er aber als Richter (Oidor) an der Real Audiencia von Lima amtierte, muss er eine Rechtsausbildung in Spanien genossen haben. Sein Verwandtschaftsverhältnis zum conquistador Juan de Saavedra ist den Quellen nicht zu entnehmen.

Im Februar 1564 wurde Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, Conde de Nieva, der amtierende Vizekönig von Peru, umgebracht. Zu dieser Zeit war Saavedra der dienstälteste Richter in Lima. An seiner Seite amtierten Ponce de León, Salazar de Villasante und Juan de Matienzo. Als Dekan übernahm Saavedra die Amtspflichten der Kolonialverwaltung, bis im Herbst der bereits im Vorjahr (1563) ernannte neue Kolonialverwalter Lope García de Castro in Peru eintraf.

Weblinks
 Amtsliste der Vizekönige (spanisch) - Zugriff am 21. März 2012
 Biografie des Co-Oidors Matienza (spanisch) - Zugriff am 21. März 2012

Vizekönigreich Peru
Spanier
Geboren im 15. oder 16. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 16. Jahrhundert
Mann

Juan de Saavedra (Richter)


Daniel Hadad (Buenos Aires, 28 de novembro de 1961) é um empresário argentino envolvido em telecomunicações e mídia.

Biografia
Daniel Hadad nasceu em Buenos Aires em 1961 em uma família de origem síria. Formou-se advogado e jornalista pela Universidade Católica da Argentina e fez pós-graduação na Universidade de Navarra, na Espanha. Ele recebeu uma bolsa da Fundación Universidad Río de la Plata para continuar seus estudos em Washington DC.

Antes de se tornar um empresário de mídia, Daniel Hadad trabalhou como jornalista. Ele ganhou notoriedade pela primeira vez em 1991 como co-apresentador do programa matinal da Radio América e, mais tarde, co-apresentador de Después de Hora. Ele também estava encarregado de um talk show de rádio, El Primero de la Mañana. Após a privatização da maioria das ondas de rádio do país pelo presidente Carlos Menem, Hadad lançou a Radio 10 (líder de audiência no mercado de rádios AM), em 1998. Ele adquiriu 50% das ações do Canal 9, uma emissora líder de Buenos Aires, em 2002 e comprou a metade restante. Hadad vendeu a rede em dezembro de 2007 para o investidor mexicano Miguel Ángel González e adquiriu o canal TV News C5N (Canal 5), que vendeu em 2012 junto com Pop Radio, Mega 98.3, FM Vale 97.5, Radio 10 e TKM Radio. Atualmente, ele é dono do jornal diário online Infobae, que ganhou o prêmio de excelência "Konex de Platino" em 2017.

Ligações externas

 Infobae.com
 Radio 10
 Radio MEGA
 Radio Amadeus
 Pop Radio
 10 Música

Nascidos em 1961
Homens
Empresários da Argentina
Alunos da Universidade de Navarra
Argentinos de ascendência síria

Daniel Hadad


අපේ තාත්තා ඇඩ්ඩින් මාමාට පොල්ලකින් ගහලා අවුරුදු දෙකකට හිරේ ගියාට පස්සේ මගේ ඉස්කෝලේ යාම නවත්තන්න සිද්ධ වුණා. අපේ අම්මාට කිසිම ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් තිබුණේ නැති හින්දා මේ වෙලාවේ අපට උදව් කළේ චූටි මාමා විතරයි. එයාටත් හරි හමන් රස්සාවක් තිබුණේ නෑ. එයා කළේ ටවුමෙ පේමන්ට් එකේ එළවළු වෙළෙඳාම් කරන එක.

එක දවසක් චූටි මාමා ගෙදර ඇවිල්ලා අම්මත් එක්ක දුකෙන් වගේ කතා කළා.

අක්කේ මේ එළවළු වෙළෙඳාමෙන් කිසි වගතුවක් නෑ. මං හෙට ඉඳලා කොළඹ කඩේක වැඩට යන්නයි හිතාගෙන ඉන්නේ. එහෙදී මට ලැබෙන පඩියෙන් මං උඹලටත් කීය කීය හරි මාස් පතා එවන්න බලන්නා. ඒ අතරේ උඹ කොහොම හරි මේ කොල්ලා ආයෙත් ඉස්කෝලේ ඇරපන්.

ඒ වචන ඇසූ අම්මා දුකෙන් වගේ මොහොතක් චූටි මාමා දෙස බලාගෙනම සිටියා.

මල්ලි ගියාම මට තමයි පාඩු. මගේ අත කැඩුණා වගේ තියෙයි. ඇය රෙද්දේ නෙරි පොටෙන් කඳුළු පිස දා ගනිමින් කිව්වා.

අයියාගේ ඇති වැරැද්දක් නෑ. එදා ඇඩ්ඩියා කරපු පාහර වැඩේට මම ගෙදර හිටියා නම් අයියා නෙවෙයි මායි ඌට ඉස්සර වෙලාම පොල්ලෙන් ගහන්නේ. හැබැයි මං ගැහුවා නම් ගහනවා. දෙකින් එකක් වෙන්න. උගෙ වෙලාවට එදා මං ගෙදර නොහිටියේ. උඹ හිත හදාගෙන හිටපන් අක්කේ. තව එක් අවුරුද්දෙනේ. ඒකත් ඉක්මණින් ගෙවිලා යයි. චූටි මාමා එහෙම කියලා පිට වෙලා ගියාට පස්සේ මාස ගාණකට දැක්කේ නෑ. ඒ අතරෙ තමයි හන්දියේ කඩේ මුදලාලිත් එක්ක කවුද නෝනා කෙනකුයි, මහත්තයෙකුයි අපේ ගෙදර ආවේ. ඒ අය ඇවිත් හිටියේ මාව එක්කරගෙන යන්න.

අනේ නෝනා දරුවගේ ඉගෙන ගැනිල්ලා අතර මඟ කඩාකප්පල් උණා. මොකක් හරි අකුරක් සාස්තරයක් උගන්නන්න ආයෙ ඉස්කෝලෙ අරින්න කියලා තමයි අපි හිතාගෙන ඉන්නේ. ඒත් තාම ඒ වැඩේ හරි ගියේ නෑ. අම්මා ඒ වෙලාවේ කිව්වා. ඒක ඉතින් අපට කරන්න පුළුවනි. අපට ඕනෑ කරන්නේ අපේ පුතාගේ තනියට එයාගෙ වයසෙම කෙනෙක් මහත්තයා කිව්වා.

ඉස්කෝලෙ යන්න පුළුවන්ය. කියලා කිව්වා හින්දා මමත් නෝනලා එකක් යන්න කැමති වුණා. මට ඕනෑ කම තිබුණේ කොහොම හරි ආයෙත් ඉස්කෝලේ යන්න. නෝනලා එක්ක ගිහින් ටික කාලයක් ගත වුණත් මට ඉස්කෝලෙකට නම් යන්න හම්බ වුණේ නෑ. ඒ ගොල්ල මාව කිසිම ඉස්කොලෙකට දැම්මේ නෑ. ඒත් හැමදාම උදේට පුංචි බේබි නම් ඉස්කෝලෙ යනවා. එයා නම් ඉස්කෝලෙ යන්නේ කිසිම කැමැත්තකින් නොවෙයි. යන්න ලෑස්ති වෙලා හැමදාම උදේට නෝනත් එක්ක රංඩු මට අද ඉස්කෝලේ යන්න බෑ කියලා බේබි කියනවා. එහෙම කියන කොට නෝනා පිංසෙණ්ඩු වෙනවා. අනේ පුතේ ඉස්කෝලේ යන්න බෑ නේ. අද ඉස්කෝලේ ගියොත් මම පුතාට ලොකු චොකලට් එකක් අරන් දෙනවා.

මට දැන්ම චොකලට් එකක් ඕනෑ. නැත්නම් මං යන්නේ නෑ. දැන් චොකලට් නෑනේ පුතා. මම අද ගෙනත් තියන්නා. ඉස්කෝලේ ඇරිලා ආපු ගමනට පුතාට ඒක දෙනවා.

කොහොම හරි අන්තිමට රණ්ඩුවෙන් දිනන්නේ පුංචි බේබා. එයා බෙරිහන් දිදි අඬන කොට නෝනා අල්මාරිය ඇරලා ඒකෙන් චොකලට් එකක් අරන් එයාට දෙනවා. එතකොට තමයි බේබි ඉස්කෝලේ යන්නේ. හැමදාම සිද්ධ වෙන්නේ ඒ දේම තමයි. අදත් සිද්ධ උණෙත් ඒකමයි.

බේබි ඉස්කෝලේ ගිහින් තියෙන්නේ පොත් ඔක්කොම මේසේ පුරාම විසුරෝලාදාලා. පාට පැන්සල්, ඩ්‍රෝවින් පොත්, පාට පෙට්ටි හැම තැනමම. මම ඒවා අහුලලා මේසේ උඩින් පිළිවෙළකට තිබ්බා. ඒ අතරේ ම එක පොතක් අතට අරගෙන පෙරළලා බැලුවා. ඒක කවි පොතක්. ඒකේ ලස්සන පිංතූර ගොඩක් තියෙනවා. පිංතූර යටින් ඇති පුංචි පුංචි අකුරු පේලි හරියට හිනා වෙනවා වගේ. ඒත් මට ඒවා හරියට කියවන්න බෑ. ඒ උණාට පිංතූරෙ දිහා බලපුවාම මට ඒකට යටින් තියන කවිය මොකක් ද කියලා හිතා ගන්න පුළුවනි. පුංචි බේබි මේ පොත බලාගෙන නිතරම කවි කියන හින්දා මටත් දැන් ඒ කවි කට පාඩම් වෙලා.

මේ තියෙන්නේ අහස පුරා තාරකා ගොඩක්. ඒ ළඟින්ම හඳ පායලා තියෙනවා හරි, ඊට යටින් තියන කවිය මට මතක් වුණා.

පුංචි පුංචි තාරකා

දිලෙයි අහස් ගැබේ

රංචු රංචු කාකයෝ

යතී පියා හඹා

පේලි පේලි පොඩි ළමෝ

ඇදෙත් නිවෙස් කරා

ඩිංග ඩිංග පුන් සඳත්

එබෙයි වළා කුළෙන්

මම පොතේ තියන ඔක්කොම පිංතූර ටික පෙරළලා බැලුවා. ඒ පිංතූර ළඟින් තියන කවි ඔක්කොම වාගේ මට කට පාඩම්. ඒත් පුංචි බේබිට නම් කොච්චර කියලා දුන්නත් කවි පාඩම් හිටින්නේ නෑ. පාඩම් දෙනකොට එයා නිතරම කවි වරද්දනවා. එතකොට නෝනා ඒ වැරදි හරි ගස්සලා ආයෙත් කියලා දෙනවා. කොච්චර කියා දුන්නත් පුංචි බේබිට නම් ඒවා මතක හිටින්නේ නෑ. ඒත් මට නම් වරද්දන්නේ නැතිව හැම කවියක්ම කට පාඩමෙන් කියන්න පුළුවනි. පුංචි බේබි කවි කියන කොට මමත් සද්දෙ පිට නොවෙන විදිහට හිං සැරේ ඒ කවි කියනවා. ඒ හින්දා පුංචි බේබිගේ පොතේ තියන හැම කවියක්ම දැන් මට පාඩම්. හාවාගේ පිංතූර ළඟ තියෙන්නේ. ලස්සන පොඩි හා පැටියා කියන කවිය. මල් වත්ත ළඟ තියෙන්නේ. මල් පිපිලා මේ උදේ හරිම ලස්සනයි. කියන කවිය දේදුන්නට යටින් තියෙන දේදුන්නට පාට හතයි කියන කවිය.

ජිනදාම මොකද උඹ ඔය කරන්නේ. උඹ බේබිගේ පොත්වල කුනු ගානවා නේ ද? පලයන් ගිහින් කුස්සි අම්මා මොනවා ද කරන්නේ කියලා බබාලා ඒ වැඩවලට උදව් වෙයන්.

කොහේද ඉඳලා ආපු නෝනා එක පාරටම මාව දැකලා කිව්වා. මම ඉක්මනට කුස්සිය පැත්තට ගියා.

මගේ නම අසිත උණත් නෝනලා මට කතා කරන්නේ ජිනදාස කියලා. මේ ගෙදර කලින් වැඩට හිටියේ ජිනදාස කියා කෙනෙක්ලු. ඒ හින්දා මටත් ඒ නම ම කියලා කතා කරන එක නෝනලාට ලේසිලු.

සුදු කමිසෙයි, නිල් කලිසමයි ඇඳලා සපත්තු දෙක දාලා බෑග් එකක් කරේ එල්ලාගෙන බේබි ඉස්කෝලේ යන්නේ මහත්තයාගේ කාර් එකේ. බේබිගේඉස්කෝලේ තියෙන්නේ ටවුම මැද්දේ. නෝනත් එක්ක එළවළු ගෙන්න මාකට් එකට යන කොට අපට යන්න වෙන්නේ ඒ ඉස්කෝලේ පහු කරගෙන. ඒ වෙලාවට මම ඉස්කෝලේ ළමයි සෙල්ලම් කරන දිහා ආසාවෙන් බල බලා යනවා. බේබිත් ඒ අතරේ ඉන්නවාද කියලා මම හැමදාම එබිලා බලනවා. ඒත් ඔක්කොම ළමයි එක වාගේ හින්දා මට ඒ අය වෙන වෙනම අඳුන ගන්න අමාරයි.

බේබි ඉස්කෝලේ ඇරිලා එනකල් මට කරන්න වැඩ ගොඩක් තියෙනවා. අතු ගාන්නත්, මල් ගස්වලට වතුර දාන්න. ගේ මදින්න වාගේ වැඩ. ඒවා කරන අතරේ ටිකක් වෙලාවත් මම නිකම් හිටියොත් නෝනා මට බණිනවා. හැබැයි හවස බේබි ගෙදර ආවහම නම් මට හරි සතුටුයි. එයා අම්මා එක්ක රණ්ඩු වුණාට එච්චර නපුරු නෑ. එයත් එක්ක බෝල ගහන්න එන්න කියලා බේබි මට අඬගහනවා. මම නෝනට හොරෙන් ටික වේලාවක් එයත් එක්ක බෝල ගහනවා. ඒ වෙලාවට නම් නෝනා දැක්කෙත් මට මොකවත් කියනනේ නෑ.

එක දවසක් උදේ බේබිල ගියාට පස්සේ මම මල් පාත්තිවලට වතුර දම දමා මිදුලේ ඉන්න කොට මම දැක්කා අපේ චූටි මමා එතැනට ඇවිත් ඉන්නවා.

අසිත වරෙන් ගෙදර යන්න. චූටි මාමා මගේ දිහා බලලා කිව්වා. ඒ අහලා මම වට පිට බැලුවා.

වරෙන් යන්න ඉක්මනට.

අනේ චූටි මාමේ මට බෑ නෝනා මට බණියි. උඹ බය නැතුව වරෙන් අම්මා මට කිව්වා උඹව එක්කරාන එන්න කියලා

ඔය ඇත්තම ද?

ඔව්.

මම හිමින් සීරුවෙ ගේට්ටුව ඇරගෙන එළියට ගියා. චූටි මාමා මගේ අතින් අල්ලගෙන පාර දිගේ මාව එක්කරගෙන ගියා.

චූටි මාමා කවද්ද ආවේ මම ඇහුවා.

ඊයෙ.

අතර මඟ දී චූටි මාම මට අයිස් ක්‍රීමුත් අරන් දුන්නා. ඊට පස්සේ අපි බස් එකේ නැගිලා ආපහු ගෙදර ගියා. අපේ අම්මා මාව දැක්කා විතරයි කෑ ගහන්න පටන් ගත්තා. සී වරෙන් දෙයියනේ මොකක්ද මල්ලියේ උඹ මේ කළේ. උඹ ඒ මිනිස්සුන්ට කියල ද මේ ළමයා එක්කරං ආවේ ?

ඒ මිනිස්සුන්ඩ මොනව ද කියන්නේ. උඹ මට කියල ද මේ කොල්ලා උන්ඩ දුන්නේ. උඹට මං එදා කියලා ගියෙ මොකක්ද ? කොහොම හරි කොල්ලා ආයේ ඉස්කෝලේ අරින්න කියලා නේද? ඒත් උඹ මොකද කළේ ඒකා අනුන්ගේ බැල මෙහෙවරකං කරන්න ඇරියා. උඹ රෙද්දකුත් ඇඳගෙන ද අක්කේ එහෙම දෙයක් කළේ. අයියා දන්නවා නම් ඒ මිනිහා ගෙදර ඇතුළෙම බෙල්ලෙ වැල දාගන්නවා. මේ අහපන් අක්කේ මීට පස්සේ මං මේ කොල්ලා කාටවත්ම දෙන්න දෙන්නේ නෑ. මං ඌ හෙටම ආයෙත් ඉස්කෝලෙකට එක්කං යනවා.

මාම එහෙම කියන කොටම පොලිස් ජීප් එකක් පාරේ නවත්තලා එකේ ඉඳලා පොලිස් මහත්තුරු දෙන්නෙක් බැහැලා අපේ ගේ දිහාට ආවා.

කවුද මේ ළමයා පැහැරගෙන ආවේ. පොලිස් රාලහාමි මාව දැකලා සැරෙන් ඇහුවා. අම්මා චූටි මාමා දිහා බැලුවා. මම ඒ දෙන්නා ම දිහා බැලුවා. එතකොට චූටි මාමා කතා කළා.

පැහැර ගත්තේ නැ. රාලහාමි මම අඬගාපුවාම එයා මාත් එක්ක ආවා.

දන්නවද කරලා තියෙන වැඩේ බරපතළකම. මේක උසාවියෙන් මෙහා බේරෙන්න හම්බ වෙන්නේ නෑ නගිනවා ජීප් එකට.

චූටි මාමා කිසි කතාවක් නැතිව ජීප් එකට නැග්ගා. එතකොට මම හයියෙන් කෑ ගහලා ඇඬුවා.

හ්ම්. ඔය දෙන්නත් නගිනවා. අපට මේ ගැන කට උත්තරයක් ගන්න තියෙනවා.

අපි ඔක්කොම ජීප් එකේ නැගිලා පොලිසියට ගියා. පොලිසියේදී අපෙන් එක එක ප්‍රශ්න ඇහුවා. ඒ වෙලාවේ අම්මා කිව්වේ ගෙදර මහත්තයාලට දන්නලා මාව එක්කරගෙන එන්න කියලා. එයා චූටි මාමාට කිව්වා කියලයි ඒ හින්දා ඒ අය චූටි මාමාට මොකවත් කීවේ නෑ. අන්තිමේ රාලහාමි මගෙනුත් ප්‍රශ්න ඇහුවා.

මේ කවුද ඔය ළමයාගේ ?

චූටි මාමා.

ඔය ළමයා කැමැත්තෙන් ද එයත් එක්ක ආවේ?

ඔව්.

දැන් ඔය ළමයාට ආයෙත් ආපහු මේ මහත්තයලාගෙ ගෙදර යන්න වෙනවා. රාලහාමි එහෙම කියන කොට ආයෙත් මට හයියෙන් ඇඬුණා.

ඒ දැකලා රාළහාමි මහත්තයා එක්ක ඉංග්‍රීසියෙන් මොනවදෝ කතා කළා. පොලිස් රාලහාමි ගොඩක් උස මහත වුණාට එයා එච්චර සැර කෙනෙක් නොවෙයි. එයා මා දිහා බැලුවෙ ආදරෙන් වගේ. පස්සේ එයා ආයෙත් මහත්තයාට ඉංග්‍රීසියෙන් මොනව ද කිව්වා.

හැබැයි කිසිම වන්දියක් දෙන්න මම ලැස්ති නෑ. එතකොට මහත්තයා කිව්වා. අපට වන්දි එපා රාලහාමි අපට ඕනෑ ළමයා විතරයි. ඒ අහලා චූටි මාමා කිව්වා. ඊට පස්සේ අම්මයි චූටි මාමයි පොලිසියේ පොතේ අත්සන් කරලා ආපහු මාත් එක්ක ගෙදර ආවා.

ඊළඟ සඳුදා චූටි මාමයි අපේ අම්මයි මාව ගෙදර ළඟ තියෙන ඉස්කෝලෙට ආපහු ඇතුළු කළා.

දැන් හැමදාම උදේට මාව ඉස්කොලෙට එක්කරගෙන යන්නේ චූටි මාමා. එයා කොළඹ රස්සාවෙන් අස් වෙලා ආයෙත් එළවළු වෙළෙඳාම් කරනවා. එයා මාව ඉස්කෝලෙට දාලා එතැනින්ම ටවුමට යනවා. ටවුමේ එළවළු වෙළෙඳාම් කරලා ඉවර වෙලා මාත් එක්කම ආපහු ගෙදර එනවා.

චූටි මාමා ආයෙත් ගෙදර ආපු එක ගැන මට හරිම සතුටුයි.

නන්දසේන හේරත්

හාරගම ගුරුදෙණිය.

චූටි මාමා කතාව