Brechin City Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the town of Brechin in Angus. The club was founded in 1906 by players and officials of two local clubs, Brechin Harp and Brechin Hearts. The club currently competes in the Highland Football League after successive relegations from the Championship in 2018, League One in 2019 and League Two via the play-off in 2021 after a 3–1 aggregate defeat by Kelty Hearts.

The club's highest achievements include winning the third tier of Scottish football three times, the last coming in 2004–05 as champions of the Second Division. The club has also reached the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup, losing 2–0 to Queen of the South in 2002. Brechin's home ground is Glebe Park with the capacity to seat around 1,500 spectators in its capacity of 4,123. The ground opened in 1919. They are managed by ex-Hearts Women First Team Manager Andy Kirk.

History

Early years
The club was founded in 1906 by players and officials from two comparatively successful local junior sides – Brechin Harp and Brechin Hearts. A deputation from the Forfarshire Football Association had met with representatives of the local game at the Temperance Hall in City Road and managed to persuade them that Brechin would benefit from having a single senior club. Although Brechin Harp folded with the establishment of the senior side, Brechin Hearts continued as a viable and successful Junior side until the years of the Great War.

The club won its first important local honour, the Forfarshire Cup, in the 1909–10 season with a side that featured nine players from the town. The club moved to their Glebe Park home in 1919, a stadium which currently has a capacity of 4,123 (1,519 seated) and is famous for the hedge that runs alongside one side of the pitch.

Joining the league

The team was admitted to the Scottish league in 1923 with the formation of the original Third Division. However, City struggled, finishing bottom of the League in that first season. The club failed to make any headway in the doomed division and disappeared from the Scottish League at the end of the 1925–26 season along with most of the other teams in the division.

The club was not away long, as it returned to the League for the 1929–30 season following the departure of Bathgate and Arthurlie the previous season. Once again the club finished rock bottom. The club continued to struggle in the bottom half of the Second Division throughout the 1930s before going into hibernation during the Second World War. Indeed, so poor was the club at times that during the 1937–38 season the club were beaten 10–0 by Cowdenbeath, Albion Rovers and Airdrieonians.

Post-war return
Brechin City returned to action in the 1946–47 season in the C Division, a competition which did not have full membership of the Scottish Football League and which contained a mix of first teams and reserve sides. The club remained in this set-up until its success in the North-East section (the division having been restructured into two separate competitions) in the 1953–54 season saw it return to full League membership. Their first season back however resulted in another bottom placed finish, although it was not relegated. Despite this shaky return the club enjoyed a halcyon period of sorts in the late 1950s, securing four consecutive top half finishes (without managing to clinch promotion) as well as reaching the semi-finals of the 1957–58 Scottish League Cup.

The 1960s, however, saw the club struggling again, with yet another bottom place its fate for the 1961–62 season and again the following season with a further two wooden spoon efforts before the end of the decade. The unwanted feat of finishing bottom two years in a row was repeated in 1972–73 and 1973–74 as Brechin City continued to be one of the weakest sides in Scottish League football.

New Second Division
The club finished 17th out of 20 in the 1974–75 season and as such was placed in the new Division Two, which was the third tier of the restructured League. The new set-up suited the club little better as they remained in and around the bottom. However a mid-table 1979–80 season ushered in something of a change in fortune as the club began to challenge for its first promotion as full League members. With both a new stand and floodlighting added to Glebe Park, the club played with a new ambition until finally breaking its duck with a title win in the 1982–83 season. Under the chairmanship of David Will, the then Scottish Football Association vice-president and a future vice-president of FIFA, and the player-management of ex-Dundee stalwart Ian Fleming, the club pipped Meadowbank Thistle to the title by one point.

The 1980s
Under Will's progressive leadership City found its feet in the First Division and challenged near the top in the 1983–84 season before finishing in a creditable fifth place. However 1986–87 season saw the club narrowly relegated ahead of Queen of the South although undaunted it challenged at the top of the Second Division before winning the title for the second time in 1989–90 season again by one point, this time ahead of Kilmarnock.

The 1990s
Brechin's return to the First Division was to prove somewhat inauspicious as it was immediately relegated, although 1992–93 season saw it promoted again, this time as runners-up. Again, however, it was relegated immediately and worse was to follow as it suffered consecutive demotions, dropping into the newly created Third Division, the fourth tier of League football. However once again there was an immediate change as the club finished second in this division for the 1995–96 season, ensuring promotion and five changes of division in five frantic seasons. The club was relegated again after two seasons and finished the decade back in the bottom division.

The 2000s
In the new millennium the club experienced a revival in fortune under Dick Campbell, winning the Third Division in 2001–02 season after a narrow miss the previous season. The push continued the following season as the club finished runners-up to secure a second consecutive promotion with Chris Templeman bagging 21 League goals for the club in a season in which it was also beaten Scottish Challenge Cup finalists. However the First Division proved too much for the part-timers as they were immediately relegated. However the topsy-turvy existence of Brechin City continued as the following season it again won the Second Division title, although success was soured by the departure of Campbell to Partick Thistle. Without Campbell the team struggled even more than before in the First Division and managed only two wins all season on its way to relegation under Ian Campbell, the twin brother of their previous manager. The mood was lifted somewhat by the club's centenary celebrations which included a 2–2 draw in a prestige friendly against English Championship side Ipswich Town at Glebe Park.

The club, led by the management of Michael O'Neill and with the goal threat of Iain Russell, finished fourth in the following season's Second Division and under new arrangements this entitled it to a place in promotion play-offs, although a 6–1 aggregate mauling at the hands of Airdrie United put paid to any hopes of another immediate return to the second tier. 2007–08 proved somewhat disappointing as City missed out on the play-offs by finishing sixth, and on 31 January 2008, was thrown out of the Scottish Cup after fielding two ineligible players in its 2–1 fourth round replay win over Hamilton Academical. Hamilton Academical took their place in the fifth round. 2008–09 proved a season of upheaval as O'Neill left on 15 December 2008 to take charge of Republic of Ireland side Shamrock Rovers, although the experienced Jim Duffy followed him into the hotseat on 9 January 2009 and led the club to third place and a play-off place. Once again however the play-offs did not prove rewarding as Ayr United recorded a 5–2 aggregate win over the club to leave Brechin City in the Second Division for 2009–10. Under Duffy Brechin made the play-offs again the following season but Duffy resigned after Brechin were beaten 3–0 on aggregate by Cowdenbeath.

The 2010s
For the 2010–11 season the club appointed Jim Weir as manager, departing Arbroath at short notice after leading them to relegation. That season, Brechin reached the quarter-finals of the Scottish Cup, drawing 2–2 with SPL side St Johnstone at Glebe Park, resulting in a replay which City eventually lost 1–0 after a valiant effort.

On 14 May 2011, Brechin beat Cowdenbeath 4–2 on aggregate, in the 1st Division play-offs semi-final, to set up a final with Ayr United, in which the victors secured First Division football for season 2011–12. In the first leg at Somerset Park the match ended 1–1 however Ayr won the second leg at Glebe Park 2–1 meaning that Brechin stayed in the Second Division.

The club appointed Forfar Athletic defender Darren Dods as player/manager in June 2015. Dods' first season with the club saw Brechin remain rooted to the bottom of League One for the majority of the 2015–16 season, winning just four of their first twenty-six matches. However, a late burst of form saw the club win eight of the final ten games, pushing the side clear of the relegation and play-off positions to finish the season in seventh. Dods' second season was in stark contrast to the first, with Brechin remaining in the top four for most of the season 2016–17. Finishing the season in fourth, the club then went on to win promotion to the Scottish Championship for the first time in 11 years, defeating Raith Rovers and Alloa Athletic in the Championship play-offs.

Back to back relegations
Brechin's return to the second tier proved short lived; having not won a league match and with four points, the club were relegated on 24 March 2018 following a 2–0 loss to Greenock Morton.

Brechin ended their Championship campaign with a 1–5 loss to Queen of the South at Glebe Park. This meant the club became the first senior Scottish side in 126 years to fail to win a single game in a league season. Brechin ended the 2017–18 season with no wins, four draws, 32 defeats and no away points at all.

Brechin went into the 2018–2019 season as favourites for promotion; however they ended up in yet another relegation battle which resulted in the club finishing bottom of League One and back to back relegations.

The 2019–20 season again turned into a battle to stay off the foot of the table and dodge a play-off that could result in relegation to the Highland League. The club were at the bottom of League Two when the league was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and avoided the play-offs due to the league eventually being curtailed.

Out of the SPFL
On 23 May 2021, Brechin lost 3–1 on aggregate to Lowland League side Kelty Hearts in the relegation playoffs, dropping down to the Highland League, the club's first spell out of the national leagues in 67 years. In June 2021, after the departure of player/manager Michael Paton, the club appointed Andy Kirk to the role of club manager. In the club's first season in the Highland League, they secured a respectable third-place finish.

The following season, they won the title after beating closest challengers, Buckie Thistle, 0–2 on the final day of the campaign.

On 6 May 2023, Brechin were defeated 3–4 on penalties by Lowland League outfit The Spartans in the pyramid play-offs. They headed into the 2nd leg with a 1–0 deficit to turn around, despite winning the game 3–2 and making it 3–3 on aggregate; they fell short in the penalty shootout.

Rivalries
Brechin share several rivalries with clubs from Angus, such as Arbroath, Forfar Athletic and Montrose, and contests between them are known as Angus derbies.

Recent managers

Frank Sandeman (1970–1971)
 Bobby Methven (1971–1972)
Ken Dick (1972–1974)
Charlie Dunn (1974–1978)
Ian Stewart (1978–1979)
Doug Houston (1979–1982)
Ian Fleming (1982–1987)
John Ritchie (1987–1993)
Ian Redford (1993–1994)
John Young (1994–2000)
Dick Campbell (2000–2005)
Ian Campbell (2005–06)
Michael O'Neill (2006–2008)
Jim Duffy (2009–2010)
Jim Weir (2010–2012)
Ray McKinnon (2012–2015)
Darren Dods (2015–2018)
Barry Smith (2018–2019)
Mark Wilson (2019–2020)
Michael Paton (2020–2021)

Honours
Second Division
Champions: 1982–83, 1989–90, 2004–05
Runners-Up: 1992–93, 2002–03
Play-off winners: 2016–17
Third Division
Champions: 2001–02
Runners-Up: 1995–96
Highland League
Champions: 2022–23
Challenge Cup
Runners-Up: 2002–03
Forfarshire Cup
Champions: 1909–10, 1952–53, 1958–59, 1996–97, 2008–09
Scottish League Division C
Champions: 1953–54
Scottish Qualifying Cup
Champions: 1950–51
 Keith Tournament
Champions: 1982–83

Club records

Record victory: 12–1: vs Thornhill F.C. on 23 January 1925–26
Biggest loss: 0–10: vs Airdrieonians, Cowdenbeath and Albion Rovers 1937–38
Biggest home attendance: 8,122: vs Aberdeen on 3 February 1972–73
Record league appearances: David Watt 459
Record scorer: Ian (Pink) Campbell 131
Record for goals in one season: Ronald McIntosh (26) 1959–60

Club staff

Board of directors
Chairman: Kevin Mackie
Vice-chairman: Grant Johnson
Secretary: Gary Robertson
Treasurer: John Littlewood
Directors: Kevin Mackie, Grant Johnson, Grant Turriff, David Hamilton, Paul Ritchie, Peter Carmichael
Football Operations/Committee: Dean Greig, Gary Robertson, John Littlewood, Graham Donald, Murray Lindsay, Clark Renilson, Dick Robertson
Club Advisor: Craig Levein

Coaching staff
Manager: Andy Kirk
Assistant Manager: Stephen Simmons
Goalkeeping Coach: Grant Clark
Kitman: Allan Grieve
Physio: Vicki Costello

Current squad

On loan

Notable players
This list contains the players who have made at least 100 League appearances for Brechin City between the 1940s and the 2010s (figures indicate league appearances and goals scored, whilst bold type indicates a player still at the club).

Bobby Aitken (149/3)
Ray Allan (129/0)
Richard Baillie (127/0)
Kevin Bain (123/24)
Roddie Black (200/19)
Ralph Brand Jr. (174/43)
Alex Brown (120/0)
Bobby Brown (444/33)
Harry Cairney (355/3)
Dick Campbell (157/7)
Ian Campbell (282/125)
Graeme Christie (129/7)
Doug Clark (145/5)
Frank Conway (200/7)
Andy Dow (100/7)
Charlie Dunn (223/22)
Alex Edmiston (127/0)
Charlie Elvin (225/19)
Craig Farnan (102/7)
Ian Fleming (132/15)
Graham Gibson (100/18)
Ralph Gillespie (112/29)
Steven Hampshire (123/31)
Bisset Harrier (208/15)
Hugh Hill (118/4)
Jimmy Hodge (227/3)
Andy Jackson (208/68)
Steve Kerrigan (111/19)
John Kidd (103/2)
Charlie King (297/54)
David Lawrie (166/0)
Gordon Lees (203/41)
Ray Lorimer (107/7)
George Mackie (118/15)

James McKellar (148/15)
Duncan MacLeod (124/3)
Paul McLean (299/21)
Tom McLevy (236/0)
Billy McNeill (128/17)
Marc Millar (123/25)
Jim Morton (124/22)
Derek Neilson (244/0)
Craig Nelson (209/0)
Archie Paterson (142/1)
Ian Paterson (256/65)
Brian Reid (139/37)
Brian Reid (303/6)
John Ritchie (287/0)
Paul Ritchie (179/60)
Ronnie Robb (136/30)
Sandy Ross (120/40)
Frank Sandeman (128/12)
Doug Scott (414/18)
John Sime (164/1)
Greig Smith (103/1)
Jamie Smith (100/11)
Peter Smith (141/5)
Les Sneddon (157/43)
Stuart Sorbie (118/23)
Bobby Stewart (113/19)
Ian Stewart (116/14)
Clark Sutherland (104/7)
Chris Templeman (129/55)
George Tidy (124/0)
Willie Tocher (159/15)
Scott Walker (128/0)
Bobby Warrender (200/83)
David Watt (459/3)

Notes

References

External links

Official site

Football clubs in Scotland
Football clubs in Angus, Scotland
Association football clubs established in 1906
1906 establishments in Scotland
Scottish Football League teams
Scottish Professional Football League teams
Brechin
Highland Football League teams

Brechin City F.C.


مشعل بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (1971 -) أمير منطقة مكة سابقاً، هو الابن السادس من أبناء الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود. حصل على درجة البكالوريوس في العلوم السياسية من جامعة الملك سعود، كما حصل على دراسات عليا من المملكة المتحدة.

مناصبه
 مدير لإدارة الحاسب الآلي بالحرس الوطني وذلك منذ 25 شعبان 1418هـ حتى عام 1424هـ.
 وزير مفوض على المرتبة الثالثة عشرة بوزارة الخارجية وذلك في تاريخ 22 شعبان 1424هـ،
 وزير مفوض بوزارة الخارجية على المرتبة الرابعة عشرة وذلك في 12 صفر 1427هـ.
 مستشار في الديوان الملكي السعودي.
 أمير منطقة نجران منذ 26 مارس 2009 الموافق 29 ربيع الأول 1430هـ.، 22 إلى ديسمبر 2013
 أمير منطقة مكة المكرمة منذ 22 ديسمبر 2013 الموافق 19 صفر 1435 هـ.، 29 إلى يناير  2015

الأوسمة
 وسام الاستحقاق الايطالى بدرجة مسؤول كبير عام 2008م
 وسام تحرير الكويت 1412هـ
 نوط المعركة 1412هـ

أسرته
والدته الأميرة تاضي بنت مشعان الجربا ابنة الشيخ مشعان بن فيصل الجربا العراقي، رحلَ لوثر شتاين إلى ديار شمر في العراق، والتقى بشيخ شمر هناك مشعان الفيصل، وألف كتابه "لوثر شتاين:رحلة إلى شيخ قبيلة شمر مشعان الفيصل الجربا سنة 1962م، وأخوها اللواء فيصل مشعان الفيصل، قائد في الجيش العراقي، وأحد إخوانها هو الشيخ أحمد بن مشعان بن فيصل الجربا وهو شيخ قبائل شمر في الكويت حالياً.

أشقاؤه
 الأمير تركي بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 الأمير محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود. متزوج من الأميرة نوف بنت نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 الأميرة عريب بنت عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود. مطلقة من الأمير سعود بن مشعل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود، ومتزوجة من الأمير سلمان بن عبد العزيز بن سلمان بن محمد آل سعود.
 الأميرة الهنوف بنت عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود. متزوجة من الأمير نواف بن سلطان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 الأمير ماجد بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 الأمير مشهور بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

أسرته
 كان متزوج من الأميرة لولوة بنت نواف بن محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود.
 كان متزوج من الأميرة نوف بنت بندر بن عبد الله بن محمد بن سعود الكبير آل سعود، وله من البنات:
 الأميرة صيتة بنت مشعل بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (مواليد 1 سبتمبر 2014).
 الأميرة مشاعل بنت مشعل بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (مواليد 1 سبتمبر 2014).

مصادر

أبناء عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
أحفاد عبد العزيز آل سعود
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الرياض
أمراء المناطق السعودية
أمراء سعوديون
أمراء منطقة مكة المكرمة
أمراء منطقة نجران
خريجو جامعة الملك سعود
سياسيون سعوديون في القرن 20
سياسيون سعوديون في القرن 21
مواليد 1391 هـ
مواليد 1970
مواليد عقد 1960
مواليد في الرياض

مشعل بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


Ruscus × microglossus, zimzeleni polugrm iz roda veprina, porodica šparogovke. Hibrid (R. hypoglossum × R. hypophyllum) iz Italije, uvezen na područje Francuske i nekadašnje Jugoslavije.

Uzgaja se i u Hrvatskoj

Izvori

Veprina

Ruscus × microglossus


Ambros Ebhart OSB (* 21. Juli 1952 in Heinreichs bei Weitra als Karl Ebhart) ist Abt des Benediktiner-Stiftes Kremsmünster.

Leben
Karl Ebhart besuchte zunächst die Volksschule Heinrichs, dann die Hauptschule Neuhofen und von 1963 bis 1971 das Stiftsgymnasium Kremsmünster. Nach der Matura begann er 1971 das Noviziat im Stift Kremsmünster bei, wo er den Ordensnamen Ambros erhielt und am 18. August 1972 die Profess ablegte. Anschließend erfolgte sein Studium der Philosophie und Katholischen Theologie in Salzburg. 1977 erwarb er den Magistergrad in Theologie. Am 11. Juli 1977 erfolgte seine Priesterweihe in Kremsmünster.

Er wirkte danach als Kooperator in Vorchdorf (1977–1981), als Kaplan in Einsiedling (1978–1981), als Kooperator in Thalheim und zugleich Kaplan in Schauersberg (1981–1987). Von 1987 bis 1990 war er Kooperator, dann Pfarrer in Bad Hall.

Von 1994 bis 1997 war Ambros Ebhart Dekanatsjugendseelsorger des Dekanates Kremsmünster und seit 2000 Dechant des Dekanats Kremsmünster. 2005 wurde er Konventdelegierter zum Generalkapitel und dritter Assistent des Kongregationspräsidiums gewählt.

Am 2. März 2007 wurde er für zwölf Jahre vom Konvent zum Abt gewählt und am 1. April 2007 durch Bischof Richard Weberberger benediziert. Sein Wahlspruch lautete: Per ducatum evangelii ("Unter der Führung des Evangeliums", Benediktsregel, Prolog 21). Am 25. Jänner 2019 wurde er für weitere sechs Jahre wiedergewählt.

Er ist zudem Protektor des Stiftsgymnasiums Kremsmünster und war dort auch als Religionslehrer tätig.

Weblinks

 Abt Ambros Ebhart: Der Krisenmanager

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (Österreich)
Abt (Kremsmünster)
Österreicher
Geboren 1952
Mann

Ambros Ebhart


Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor (nascida em 1968) é uma escritora queniana, autora de romances, contos e ensaios. Ela ganhou o Prêmio Caine de Escrita Africana em 2003 por sua história "Weight of Whispers".

Escritos
O romance de Owuor de 2014, Dust, retrata a história violenta do Quênia na segunda metade do século XX. Escrevendo sobre Dust no The New York Times, a escritora de Gana Taiye Selasi escreveu: "Neste romance deslumbrante, você encontrará a totalidade da experiência humana - derramamento de lágrimas, derramamento de sangue, luxúria, amor - em proporções impressionantes." Ron Charles, do The Washington Post, escreveu: "Owuor demonstra talento extraordinário e alcance nestas páginas. Seu estilo é alternadamente impressionista e áspero, encantatório e propulsivo. Em um momento, ela nos mantém presos dentro das paredes ensanguentadas de uma cela de tortura; no próximo, sua voz poética paira sobre planícies ensolaradas. Ela pode limpar a escuridão com passagens de comédia dickensiana ou romance terno, mas a maior parte de seu romance se passa em 'silêncios assombrados'. 'Poeira' se move entre a lamentação de uma única família e a corrupção da política nacional, girando em torno da morte de um jovem para criar um vórtice de dor que atrai gerações de engano e a tumultuada história moderna do Quênia."

Prêmios e reconhecimento
Owuor ganhou o Prêmio Caine de Escrita Africana em 2003 por sua história "Weight of Whispers", que trata de um refugiado aristocrático ruandês no Quênia. A história foi originalmente publicada em Kwani?, a revista literária queniana criada por Binyavanga Wainaina depois que ele ganhou o Prêmio Caine no ano anterior.

Em 2004, ela ganhou o prêmio de Mulher do ano (Artes, categoria Heritage) por suas contribuições para as artes no Quênia. Em setembro de 2015, seu livro aclamado pela crítica, Dust, foi selecionado para o Prêmio Folio e ganhou o preeminente prêmio literário do Quênia, o Prêmio Jomo Kenyatta de Literatura .

Trabalhos selecionados

romances

 Peso dos Sussurros (Kwani Trust, 2003)
 Poeira (Knopf, Granta, 2014)
 Der Ort, an dem die Reise endet (tr. Simone Jakob) (Dumont, 2016)
 La Maison au bout des voyages (tr. Françoise Pertat ) (Atos Sud, 2017)
 O Mar da Libélula (Knopf, 2019)
 Das Meer der Libellen (Dumont, 2020)

Pessoas vivas
Escritores do Quénia
Alunos da Universidade de Reading
Nascidos em 1968

Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor


Vladimir Petrovitch Frolov (en ), mort en , est un officier russe, major général, commandant adjoint de la  de la Garde.

Biographie
Promu major général par Vladimir Poutine le , Vladimir Frolov est tué lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine en avril 2022.

Il a été inhumé le  au cimetière Serafimovski à Saint-Pétersbourg.

Notes et références

Major-général russe
Mort lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Serafimovski
Décès en avril 2022
Militaire russe mort lors de la guerre russo-ukrainienne

Vladimir Frolov (militaire)


Las montañas Dabié (en chino:大别山, pinyin:Dàbié Shān) son la mayor cordillera de la región central de la República Popular China. Se extienden de noroeste a sureste y son la principal cadena montañosa que separa las cuencas de los ríos Huai y Yangtsé. También marcan la frontera entre la provincia de Hubei y sus vecinas Henan (al norte) y Anhui (al este).

El oeste de las montañas tiene una elevación de solo 400 m, aunque existen unos pocos picos que sobrepasan los 900 m. La zona oriental de la cordillera es más alta, tiene una media de más de 1000 m. El pico más alto es la montaña Huo, de 1774 m.

Características
La gama de montañas es muy boscosa (cerca del 85%) con grandes campos de bambú, roble y sobre todo alcornoques por esa razón esta parte de China es productora de corchos. La región es muy pobre y sobre existe de la agricultura, el arroz y el té predominan aquí.

La temperatura media anual es de 12C, máxima 18C y mínima 8C, las temperaturas extremas van de -16C a 37C. La precipitación media es de 1832mm, y entre 1400-1600 horas de sol.

El principal transporte es por los ríos, algunas vías férreas cruzan las partes bajas de la gama. En 2009 se inauguró el tren de alta velocidad que conecta las ciudades de  Hefei y Wuhan por la cual se necesitó construir túneles para circular en las montañas.

Geológicamente, la gama es una estructura compleja, a sus alrededores se ejecutan terremotos. A finales de 2005, un terremoto de magnitud 5,7 con epicentro en la esquina noroeste de la provincia de Jiangxi, al sur de la ciudad Jiujiang se desarrolla matando al menos a 15 personas, cientos de heridos y destruyó casas, este terremoto se sintió incluso en Wuhan.

Existe una parque, el cual es una atracción turística importante en la parte más alta de las montañas. El área total del parque es de 300 km². Situado en la provincia de Hubei, condado Luotian, cerca de la frontera con la provincia de Anhui, el parque está a unos 68 kilómetros del condado Luotian administrado por la ciudad Huanggang a 210 kilómetros de la capital provincial de Hubei, Wuhan.

Galería
Como se puede ver en estas fotos, estas montañas son famosas por las azaleas que florecen en primavera:

Tal vez te interese
 Batalla de Wuhan: batalla en la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa.
 Ciervo almizclero: mamífero que solo habita en esta zona.
 Pino chino: planta que habita aquí.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  más en .
 montañas en línea .

Cordilleras de China
Geografía de la provincia de Anhui
Geografía de la provincia de Henan
Geografía de la provincia de Hubei

Montañas Dabie


Severínia es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo.

Se localiza a una latitud 20º48'34" sur y a una longitud 48º48'10" oeste, estando a una altitud de 605 metros. Tiene una población de 15.501 habitantes (IBGE/2010). Severínia pertenece a la Microrregión de Catanduva.

Geografía
Posee un área de 140,395 km².

Hidrografía
 Río de la Cachoeirinha

Carreteras
 SP-322
 SP-373

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 15.501
 Urbana: 14.774
 Rural: 727
 Hombres: 8.045
 Mujeres: 7.456
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 110,38

Administración
14ª Legislatura: De 1 de janeiro de 2009* a 31 de dezembro de 2012

 Prefecto: Raphael Cazarine Hijo
 Viceprefecto: Ivo Ariovaldo Pimenta
 Presidente de la Cámara: Celso da Silva (biênio 2011/2012)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Severínia


Şahinağa, Adana ilinin Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 26 km, Yüreğir ilçesine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
Yerelnet

Yüreğir'in mahalleleri

Şahinağa, Yüreğir


Natura 2000-område nr. 114: Odense Å med Hågerup Å, Sallinge Å og Lindved Å består af habitatområde H98. Natura 2000-området ligger i Odense, Assens og Faaborg-Midtfyn Kommuner, i vandplanopland Vandplan 1.13 Odense Fjord  .

Områdebeskrivelse

Hele området omfatter 662 hektar, og ligger langs Odense Å og dens større tilløb, helt fra Arreskov Sø, der også er Natura 2000-område (nr 121) til vest for Odense, lige efter sammenløbet med Lindved Å, der er en del af området ned motorvejen øst for Hjallese. Sydøst for Brobyværk løber Sallinge Å, der også er en del af området, ud i Odense Å; Den kommer fra øst, fra Ringe. Hågerup Å kommer også fra øst, fra Egeskov Slot og Kværndrup. Natura 2000-området er hovedsagelig snævert afgrænset til vandløbene, men omkring Odense og lige syd herfor er habitatområdet noget bredere og omfatter det meste
af ådalen. Her findes mange små forekomster af kildevæld, rigkær og elle- og askeskove, som udgør
rester af tidligere meget udbredte og særdeles artsrige eng- og moseområder. På ådalens sider
findes enkelte arealer med kalkoverdrev og surt overdrev.

Flere steder findes der en bestand af tykskallet malermusling, der har været i
kraftig tilbagegang både på landsplan og i hele EU. I Odense Å findes desuden bæklampret og den rødlistede pigsmerling, der også findes i Lindved Å og Hågerup Å.

Se også
 Internationale naturbeskyttelsesområder i Danmark
 Naturtyper i Danmark

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kort over området på miljoegis.mim.dk
 Naturplanen
 Basisanalysen 2016-21

Natura 2000-planer
Lokaliteter i Odense Kommune
Lokaliteter i Assens Kommune
Lokaliteter i Faaborg-Midtfyn Kommune

Natura 2000-område nr. 114 Odense Å med Hågerup Å, Sallinge Å og Lindved Å


Le raïon de Korioukivka (en ) est un raïon situé dans l'oblast de Tchernihiv en Ukraine. Son chef-lieu est Korioukivka.

Avec la réforme administrative du 18 juillet 2020, le raïon est étendu aux dépens des raïons de Koriukivka, Snovsk, Mena et Semenivka.

Lieux d'intérêt

Références

Korioukivka

Raïon de Korioukivka


Lord Jeremy John Durham Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon (født 27. februar 1941, død 22. december 2018), kendt som Paddy Ashdown, var en britisk politiker og diplomat, der i perioden 1988-1999 var leder af partiet Liberaldemokraterne. Han blev internationalt kendt som verdenssamfundets Høje Repræsentant for Bosnien og Hercegovina 2002-2006 efter hans stærke støtte til militær intervention i krigen i Jugoslavien i 1990'erne.

Ashdown havde oprindeligt en karriere i Royal Marines, hvor han var officer i Special Boat Service, samt i den britiske sikkerhedsservice. I 1983 blev han valgt til Parlamentet i Yeovil og forblev medlem, til han ikke genopstillede ved valget i 2001.

Han var en berejst herre og beherskede blandt andet mandarin, som han havde tolkeeksamen i. Ashdown modtog en række udmærkelser, herunder Knight Grand Cross af Sankt Mikaels og Sankt Georgs orden samt Order of the Companions of Honour.

Referencer

Politikere fra England
Diplomater fra Storbritannien
Briter i 1900-tallet
Briter i 2000-tallet

Paddy Ashdown


BonziBuddy (stylisé comme BonziBUDDY) était un assistant virtuel de bureau gratuit créé par Joe et Jay Bonzi. Selon le choix de l'utilisateur, il partage des blagues et des faits, gère les téléchargements, chante des chansons et parle, entre autres fonctions.

BonziBuddy a été décrit comme un logiciel espion et un logiciel publicitaire, et a été abandonné en 2004 après que l'entreprise à l'origine de ce logiciel ait fait l'objet de poursuites judiciaires concernant le logiciel et ait été condamnée à payer des amendes. Le site Web de Bonzi est resté ouvert après l'arrêt de BonziBuddy, mais a été fermé fin 2008.

Conception
Le logiciel utilisait la technologie Microsoft Agent similaire à Office Assistant, et arborait à l'origine Peedy, un perroquet vert et l'un des personnages disponibles avec Microsoft Agent. Les versions ultérieures de BonziBuddy en mai 2000 comportaient son propre personnage : Bonzi, le gorille violet. Le programme a également utilisé une voix de synthèse vocale pour interagir avec l'utilisateur. La voix s'appelait Sydney et était tirée d'un ancien package Lernout & Hauspie Microsoft Speech API 4.0. Il est souvent désigné dans certains logiciels sous le nom d'Adult Male #2.

Un certain nombre de sources identifient BonziBuddy comme un logiciel espion, une affirmation contestée par la société. En 2002, un article de Consumer Reports Web Watch a qualifié BonziBuddy de logiciel espion, indiquant qu'il contient un cheval de Troie backdoor qui collecte des informations sur les utilisateurs. Les activités du programme comprennent la réinitialisation constante de la page d'accueil du navigateur Web de l'utilisateur sur bonzi.com sans sa permission, la demande et le suivi de diverses informations sur l'utilisateur, l'installation d'une barre d'outils et la diffusion de publicités.

Trend Micro et Symantec ont tous deux classé le logiciel comme adware. La fiche de Spyware Guide sur le programme indique également qu'il s'agit d'un logiciel publicitaire.

Réception
En avril 2007, les lecteurs de PC World ont élu BonziBuddy sixième sur une liste intitulée "Les 20 produits technologiques les plus ennuyeux". Un lecteur a été cité comme critiquant le programme parce qu'il "n'arrêtait pas d'apparaître et d'obscurcir les choses que vous deviez voir".

L'un des derniers articles de journaux écrits sur BonziBuddy alors qu'il était encore en distribution le décrivait comme un logiciel espion et un "fléau d'Internet". Un autre article trouvé en 2006 sur le site Web de BusinessWeek décrivait BonziBuddy comme "le cheval de troie espiogiciel incroyablement pénible".

Poursuites
Internetnews.com a rapporté le règlement d'un recours collectif le 27 mai 2003. Initialement intentée contre Bonzi Software le 4 décembre 2002, la poursuite accusait Bonzi d'utiliser ses bannières publicitaires pour imiter de manière trompeuse les alertes informatiques Windows, alertant l'utilisateur que son adresse IP était diffusée. Dans le cadre du règlement, Bonzi Software a accepté de modifier ses publicités afin qu'elles ressemblent moins à des boîtes de dialogue Windows et davantage à de véritables publicités.

Le 18 février 2004, la Federal Trade Commission a publié une déclaration indiquant que Bonzi Software, Inc. avait été condamnée à payer  de frais, entre autres, pour avoir enfreint la loi sur la protection de la vie privée en ligne des enfants en collectant des informations personnelles auprès d'enfants de moins de  avec BonziBuddy.

Articles connexes
 Animal de compagnie numérique
 Barre d'outils
 CoolWebSearch

Références

Chanteur de fiction
Interaction homme-machine
Phénomène Internet
Logiciel espion
Freeware

BonziBuddy


Un acid sulfonic este un compus organic cu sulf cu formula generală R−S(=O)2−OH, unde R este un radical alchil sau aril, iar grupa S(=O)2−OH este un hidroxi-sulfonil. Un acid sulfonic poate fi asemănat cu acidul sulfuric, în care o grupă hidroxil este înlocuită de un substituent organic. Dacă substituentul este anorganic (de exemplu atom de halogen F, Cl, Br, etc.) atunci prin substituire se obțin acizi anorganici acid fluorosulfuric, acid clorosulfuric. Sărurile și esterii acidului sulfonic se numesc sulfonați.

Obținere

Acizii sulfonici se obțin în majoritatea cazurilor prin reacții de sulfonare. De obicei, agentul de sulfonare este trioxidul de sulf, sau câteodată în amestec cu acidul sulfuric (amestec oleum). Această metodă este larg utilizată pentru producerea de acizi alchil-benzensulfonici:

RC6H5 + SO3 → RC6H4SO3H

În această reacție, trioxidul de sulf este electrofilul, iar arena suferă o substituție electrofilă aromatică.

Și tiolii  pot fi oxidați la acizi sulfonici:

RSH +  O2 → RSO3H

Vezi și
 Acid sulfuros
 Fosfonat

Note

Grupe funcționale

Acid sulfonic


Guarujá do Sul es un municipio brasileño del estado de Santa Catarina. Tiene una población estimada al 2022 de 4829 habitantes. Pertenece a la Región metropolitana del Extremo Oeste.

Toponimia
Su nombre fue dado por el fundador en honor a la playa Guarujá del estado de São Paulo.

Historia
Guarujá do Sul fue colonizada a partir de 1940 por inmigrantes de origen italiano y alemán de Río Grande del Sur. Las principales actividades de los colonos eran la agricultura y la explotación de la madera. Distrito de Dionísio Cerqueira, se emancipó el 25 de julio de 1961.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio del municipio
 Sitio de la cámara del municipio

Localidades de Santa Catarina
Localidades establecidas en 1961
Brasil en 1961

Guarujá do Sul


الأقاليم الفرنسية  هي تقسيم إداري في فرنسا، وهي في نفس الوقت دائرة انتخابية لا محورية (une circonscription administrative déconcentrée)، وحكومة محلية لا مركزية (une collectivité locale décentralisée).

تضم الجمهورية الفرنسية:
 الوطن الأم: مقسم إلى 22 منطقة، 96 إقليماً.
 إلى جانب خمس مقاطعات في الأراضي الواقعة ما وراء البحار (TOM): الجزر البولينيزية الفرنسية ، واليس وفوتونا ، مايوت ، سان-بيير-إيه-ميكلون ، والأراضي القطبية الجنوبية الفرنسية.
 ومقاطعة ذات وضع خاص: كاليدونيا الجديدة .

قائمة الأقاليم الفرنسية

معرض صور

المراجع

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة الأقاليم الفرنسية حسب عدد السكان

تقسيمات البلدان في أوروبا
تقسيمات إدارية من المستوى الثاني حسب البلد
تقسيمات فرنسا
قوائم تقسيمات فرنسا
مدن فرنسا

أقاليم فرنسا


Kenichi Hashimoto (født 16. april 1975) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashima Antlers og Yokohama Marinos.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kenichi Hashimoto


Lundby Mølle er en fredet hollandsk vindmølle i Lundby omkring 5 km nordvest for Eskilstrup på Nordfalster. Både møllekroppen og hatten er stråtækt, hvilket er sjældent for hollandske møller i Danmark.

Historie
Møllen blev opført i 1856. I 1896 udgav den senere nobelprismodtager i litteratur Karl Gjellerup romanen Møllen, som Lundby Mølle var model for. Møllen blev fredet i 1959.

Beskrivelse
Møllen har et galleri omkring det ottekantede tårn. Soklen er opført i kampesten og underdelen af møllen er grundmuret i gule sten, mens hele overmøllen og hatten er stråtækt.

Både møllekroppen og hatten er stråtækt, hvilket er sjældent for hollandske møller i Danmark.

Møllen kan krøje, men har ingen vinger, og er derfor ikke funktionsdygtig. En stor del af inventaret er bevaret.

Se også
 Fredede bygninger i Guldborgsund Kommune
 Vindmøller på Lolland-Falster

Referencer

Hollandske vindmøller i Danmark
Fredede bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Guldborgsund Kommune
Etableret i 1856

Lundby Mølle


La Zona Típica de Puerto Varas o Barrio Patrimonial es una zona de alrededor de 13 hectáreas del área urbana, que se ubica en el sector poniente de la ciudad, que fue declarada el año 1992 mediante el decreto supremo n°290 del Ministerio de Educación.

Cuenta con numerosos ejemplos de la arquitectura de los colonos alemanes de fines del  y comienzos del .

De acuerdo a investigaciones previas del año 1989, las edificaciones de interés se podían agrupar en 4 tipologías principales según sus características histórico-arquitectónicas: vivienda primitiva, chalet, neoclásica, cuarta generación.

En 1992, una decena de edificaciones de Puerto Varas fueron declaradas Monumentos Históricos, categoría máxima de reconocimiento y protección patrimonial existente en Chile, de los cuales 3 se ubican al interior de la Zona Típica.

Las casas están ubicadas en tres sectores de la ciudad de Puerto Varas: el sector San Ignacio, el sector Estación y el sector costanera y se pueden ser recorridas a pie en un lapso de 2 horas, aproximadamente.

Posteriormente, en el año 2014, mediante el decreto n°419, se modificaron los límites de la zona, incorporando por un lado la Iglesia del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (MH), el Monte Calvario y restando áreas situadas en el centro de la ciudad que no presentaban una arquitectura de valor patrimonial.

Monumentos Históricos incluidos en la Zona

 Casa Gotschlich
 Casa Yunge
 Iglesia del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús

Inmuebles de Valor Ambiental

Casa Muñoz
Casa Boegel
Casa Del Salvador 945
Edificio Comercial Del Salvador 1033
Casa Esquina
Casa Wallach
Casa Otto Bader
Casa Brintrup
Casa San Ignacio 996
Casa San Ignacio 968
Casa San Ignacio 908
Casa O'Higgins 913
Casa San Ignacio 879
Casa San Ignacio
Casa Del Salvador 581
Edificio Comercial San Bernardo
Casa Parroquial
Casa Del Salvador 655

Galería

Referencias

Véase también
Zona Típica de Puerto Octay

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de la Zona Típica de Puerto Varas

Puerto Varas
Puerto Varas
Inmigración alemana en Chile

Zona Típica de Puerto Varas


محمود البحرة من أعلام الرياضة السورية مواليد دمشق 1911 ميلادي أول من أدخل الجمباز إلى سوريا فكان من أبطال دمشق المعدودين في الجمباز والمصارعة ورفع الأثقال والسباحة وكمال الأجسام كما كان نجم الملاعب والحلبات في دمشق وبيروت طيلة ربع قرن من الزمن نال وسام الرياضة السورية من الدرجة الأولى من الحكومة السورية.

عمل مدرساً للتربية البدنية في حلب عام 1937 ميلادي ثم أوفد للدراسة في معهد التربية للمعلمين في مصر قسم التربية البدنية عام 1938 ميلادي وتخرج منها عام 1941 ميلادي ليعمل مدرساً للتربية البدنية في دمشق التجهيز الأولى والثانية ودار المعلمين ومفتشاً للتربية البدنية الرياضية من عام 1951 –1954 وأشرف على عدد من المهرجانات الرياضية في دمشق فكان بذلك أول من أدخل التظاهرة الرياضية المعروفة باسم الإسبارتاكياد لسورية.

تخرج على يديه عدد من أبطال الرياضة السوريين المعروفين في الألعاب المختلفة، كان رئيساً لنادي المغاوير السوري ونادي الغافقي السوري واللجنة العليا للجمباز في سوريا ونائباً لرئيس الأتحاد العربي للجمباز من 1958 – 1961 كما كان مدرباً لفوج إطفاء دمشق الذي ضم عدداً من خيرة أبطال سوريا الرياضيين، عمل حكماً في الجمباز والمصارعة ورفع الأثقال والسباحة وألعاب القوى وعضواً في اللجنة الأولمبية لعدة سنوات.

له ثلاثة أبناء وبنت: محمد ممتاز البحرة رسام تشكيلي ومؤنسة البحرة مدرسة ومخلص البحرة وأحمد محسن البحرة مهندس.

وفاته
توفي في دمشق بتاريخ 17/2/1962 م.

مصادر

جمباز
رياضيون سوريون
لاعبو كمال أجسام سوريون
مواليد 1911
وفيات 1962

محمود البحرة


An Puya antioquensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith ngan Robert William Read. An Puya antioquensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya antioquensis


Le Rallye de Suède 1985 (35th International Swedish Rally), disputé du 15 au , est la cent-trente-septième manche du championnat du monde des rallyes (WRC) courue depuis 1973, et la deuxième manche du championnat du monde des rallyes 1985. De 1980 à 1984, bien que faisant partie du calendrier du championnat du monde des pilotes, l'épreuve ne comptait plus pour le championnat du monde des marques ; elle a été réintégrée cette saison.

Contexte avant la course

Le championnat du monde

Ayant succédé en 1973 au championnat international des marques (en vigueur de 1970 à 1972), le championnat du monde des rallyes comprend généralement une douzaine manches, comprenant les plus célèbres épreuves routières internationales, telles le Rallye Monte-Carlo, le Safari ou le RAC Rally. Depuis 1979, le championnat des constructeurs a été doublé d'un championnat pilotes, ce dernier remplaçant l'éphémère Coupe des conducteurs, organisée à seulement deux reprises en 1977 et 1978. Le calendrier 1985 intègre douze manches pour l'attribution du titre de champion du monde des pilotes mais seulement onze sélectives pour le championnat des marques (le Rallye de Côte d'Ivoire en étant exclu). Les épreuves sont réservées aux catégories suivantes :

 Groupe N : voitures de grande production de série, ayant au minimum quatre places, fabriquées à au moins 5000 exemplaires en douze mois consécutifs ; modifications très limitées par rapport au modèle de série (bougies, amortisseurs).
 Groupe A : voitures de tourisme de grande production, fabriquées à au moins 5000 exemplaires en douze mois consécutifs, avec possibilité de modifications des pièces d'origine ; poids minimum fonction de la cylindrée.
 Groupe B : voitures de grand tourisme, fabriquées à au moins 200 exemplaires en douze mois consécutifs, avec possibilité de modifications des pièces d'origine (extension d'homologation portant sur 10% de la production).

La saison 1984 a permis à Audi de conquérir un second titre mondial après avoir mené le championnat de bout en bout, les Audi Quattro s'étant imposées dans cinq des dix manches du calendrier, prenant sa revanche sur la Scuderia Lancia, victorieuse en 1983. Principal artisan de ce succès, Stig Blomqvist a été sacré champion du monde des pilotes. L'année 1985 s'avère cependant plus difficile pour le constructeur allemand, qui doit désormais faire face à la menace de Peugeot Sport et sa redoutable 205 Turbo 16, qui aux mains d'Ari Vatanen vient de remporter le Rallye Monte-Carlo, après avoir dominé les trois dernières courses de la saison précédente.

L'épreuve

C'est en 1950 que fut créé le Rallye du soleil de minuit, qui parcourait les pistes scandinaves jusqu'au cercle polaire. Alors disputé en juin, il fut intégré au championnat d'Europe dès 1953. En 1966, les organisateurs avancèrent de quatre mois sa date et l'épreuve, rebaptisée Rallye de Suède, devenant derrière le Rallye Monte-Carlo la deuxième manche hivernale européenne. Depuis 1973, le Rallye de Suède figure également au calendrier du championnat du monde. S'étant imposé à sept reprises entre 1971 et 1984, Stig Blomqvist y détient le record de victoires.

Le parcours

 départ :  de Karlstad
 arrivée :  à Karlstad
 distance :  dont  sur 29 épreuves spéciales
 surface : neige et glace
 Parcours divisé en trois étapes

Première étape
 Karlstad - Hagfors - Malung - Torsby - Alster, , le
 10 épreuves spéciales,

Deuxième étape
 Alster - Torsby - Arvika - Alster, , le
 12 épreuves spéciales,

Troisième étape
 Alster - Arvika - Karlstad, , le
 7 épreuves spéciales,

Les forces en présence
 Audi

Audi Sport aligne trois Sport Quattro groupe B pour Stig Blomqvist, Hannu Mikkola et Walter Röhrl. Caractérisés par un empattement très court (2,20 m), ces coupés à moteur en porte-à-faux avant et transmission intégrale permanente sont apparus au printemps 1984 en remplacement des premiers modèles Quattro, à l'architecture identique, mais plus imposants et nettement moins maniables. Dotées d'un cinq cylindres de 2110 cm3 à culasse vingt soupapes alimenté par système d'injection électronique Bosch associé à un turbocompresseur KKK, les Sport Quattro disposent de 400 chevaux à 7500 tr/min. Elles pèsent 960 kg et sont dotées de pneus Michelin. Au côté des voitures officielles, quatre pilotes disposent de Quattro groupe B «classiques» (1100 kg, 2121 cm3, turbo KKK, environ 350 chevaux) ; il s'agit de Per Eklund, Lasse Lampi, David Llewellin et Malcolm Wilson, ce dernier utilisant des pneus Dunlop et non des Michelin. La marque allemande est également bien représentée en groupe A avec six 80 Quattro au départ, les plus en vue étant celles de Mikael Ericsson et de Gunnar Pettersson. Ces berlines à transmission intégrale sont mues par un moteur cinq cylindres atmosphérique de 2144 cm3, délivrant 190 chevaux.

 Peugeot
Peugeot Talbot Sport a engagé deux 205 Turbo 16 groupe B à transmission intégrale permanente pour Ari Vatanen et Timo Salonen. Leur moteur quatre cylindres de 1775 cm3 placé en position centrale arrière est muni d'une culasse seize soupapes. Alimenté par un système d'injection électronique Bosch associé à un turbocompresseur KKK, il délivre 350 chevaux à 7200 tr/min. Malgré un empattement de 2,54 m, les 205 T16 ne mesurent que 3,82 m de long (soit 34 cm de moins que les Audi Sport), les porte-à-faux avant et arrière étant très faibles. Cette architecture confère à ces voitures de 980 kg une grande agilité. Les 205 utilisent des pneus Michelin.

 Mazda

Ingvar Carlsson dispose de l'unique RX-7 groupe B engagée par le Mazda Rally Team Europe. Ce coupé à transmission classique pèse environ une tonne. Il utilise un moteur moteur birotor de 1308 cm3 (correspondant à 2616 cm3 pour un moteur à quatre temps). Alimenté par un carburateur Weber à double corps, il développe 280 chevaux à 8000 tr/min. La voiture de Carlsson est chaussée de pneus Pirelli.

 Opel
On compte plus de vingt Opel au départ, la marque allemande étant très prisée en Suède. À l'exception de Mats Jonsson qui pilote une ancienne Ascona 400 groupe B (transmission classique moteur quatre cylindres à double arbre à cames en tête, 2420 cm3, deux carburateurs double corps Weber, les pilotes Opel présents concourent en groupe A. Parmi les plus en vue se trouvent Ola Strömberg et Kenneth Eriksson (Kadett GSi, 170 chevaux), Björn Johansson (Kadett GT/E, 170 chevaux) et Jerry Åhlin (Ascona i2000, 180 chevaux).

 Renault
En vue d'une utilisation dans les rallyes sur asphalte, Lars-Erik Walfridsson a fait entièrement réviser sa 5 Turbo groupe B (960 kg, moteur central arrière, quatre cylindres, 1397 cm3, turbocompresseur Garrett) par Renault Sport. Bénéficiant désormais de l'évolution «Tour de Corse», elle dispose de 300 chevaux à 7000 tr/min. Avec ses voies avant et arrière élargies, elle risque cependant d'être moins efficace qu'auparavant sur les pistes enneigées.

 Volkswagen
Volkswagen Motorsport a engagé une Golf GTI groupe A pour le pilote local Lars-Erik Torph. Cette petite traction de 880 kg est mue par un moteur quatre cylindres de 1781 cm3 alimenté par injection mécanique Bosch, d'une puissance de 170 chevaux.

Déroulement de la course

Première étape

Karlstad - Malung

Les équipages s'élancent de Karlstad le vendredi matin. Spécialiste de l'épreuve, Stig Blomqvist parvient à faire jeu égal avec Ari Vatanen dans le premier secteur chronométré, mais va ensuite céder du terrain à son adversaire finlandais qui exploite parfaitement l'agilité de sa 205 T16 pour prendre l'avantage sur la meilleure Audi. Sur la deuxième Peugeot, Timo Salonen, troisième, n'est que quelques secondes derrière Blomqvist. Vatanen domine nettement la dernière épreuve spéciale, près de Räforsen, avant le regroupement de Malung et rejoint le parc fermé avec une avance de vingt-cinq secondes sur Blomqvist et de trente secondes sur Salonen, ce dernier ayant nettement pris l'ascendant sur les Audi de Walter Röhrl et Hannu Mikkola. Lasse Lampi s'était montré le meilleur pilote indépendant et occupait la sixième position au volant de son Audi Quattro A2 jusqu'à sa sortie de route dans le secteur de Räforsen, lui faisant perdre plus d'une demi-heure. Per Eklund, sur un modèle identique, lui succède à la sixième place, avec près de deux minutes et demie de retard sur la Peugeot de tête. Septième sur son Audi 80, Gunnar Pettersson est en tête du groupe A, en pleine bagarre avec son compatriote Mikael Ericsson, également sur Audi 80.

Malung - Alster
Les concurrents repartent de Malung dans le courant de l'après-midi. Dans la longue (près de cinquante kilomètres) spéciale de Gärdsås, Blomqvist parvient à reprendre cinq secondes à Vatanen, mais le pilote finlandais va ensuite enchaîner les meilleurs temps, ralliant Alster avec plus d'une minute d'avance sur le champion du monde. Troisième, Salonen n'est pas trop distancé, alors que Röhrl et Mikkola comptent désormais plus de trois minutes de retard sur la Peugeot de tête. Ralenti par des problèmes électriques, Eklund conserve néanmoins la sixième place, mais son retard s'élève à près de huit minutes. La lutte est toujours très serrée en groupe A entre Pettersson et Ericsson, ce dernier ayant pris l'avantage sur son rival dès le secteur de Gärdsås.

Deuxième étape

Alster - Torsby
Il neige le samedi matin, pour le départ de la deuxième étape. Dans ces conditions, Blomqvist parvient à faire pratiquement jeu égal avec Vatanen. Celui-ci va se faire piéger dans le secteur de Musjöhden : il sort de la route, endommageant le radiateur de sa 205. Il parvient cependant à reprendre la piste, ne perdant qu'une trentaine de secondes. Son coéquipier Salonen va d'ailleurs faire la même erreur, avec des conséquences identiques. Cela n'empêchera pas les deux pilotes Peugeot de se montrer les plus rapides dans les deux secteurs suivants et c'est avec une minute d'avance sur Blomqvist que Vatanen rallie le parc fermé de Torsby, pour une courte halte. Salonen vient une minute plus loin. Röhrl, toujours quatrième, a pris un nette avance sur Mikkola. Septième derrière Eklund, Ericsson conserve de justesse la tête du groupe A, Pettersson ayant réduit son retard à douze secondes.

Torsby - Alster
Sur la deuxième partie de l'étape, les portions enneigées alternent avec les secteurs de terre gelée. Vatanen accentue légèrement son avance sur Blomqvist, grapillant une quinzaine de secondes supplémentaires avant le retour au parc fermé. Toujours troisième, Salonen a réalisé de belles performances dans les épreuves nocturnes, mais reste toutefois à plus d'une minute du champion du monde. Röhrl a cassé son moteur dans l'avant-dernière épreuve spéciale et c'est désormais Mikkola qui détient la quatrième place, loin devant Eklund. Pettersson a réussi à combler son retard sur Ericsson, reprenant, pour une seconde, la tête du groupe A.

Troisième étape
Relativement courte, l'étape dominicale se déroule sans incident notable. Vatanen contrôle facilement la course et remporte sa deuxième victoire de la saison, confortant sa position en tête du championnat du monde. Auteur d'un sans-faute Blomqvist termine à une belle deuxième place, devant Salonen et Mikkola. Cinquième, Eklund termine premier des pilotes privés. Il devance Pettersson, qui avec son Audi privée s'impose en groupe A devant l'Audi semi-officielle d'Ericsson.
Cinquante-sept équipages ont atteint l'arrivée.

Classements intermédiaires
Classements intermédiaires des pilotes après chaque épreuve spéciale

Classement général

Équipages de tête
 ES1:  Stig Blomqvist -  Björn Cederberg (Audi Sport Quattro) &  Ari Vatanen -  Terry Harryman (Peugeot 205 Turbo 16)
 ES2 à ES29 :  Ari Vatanen -  Terry Harryman (Peugeot 205 Turbo 16)

Vainqueurs d'épreuves spéciales
  Ari Vatanen -  Terry Harryman (Peugeot 205 Turbo 16) : 16 spéciales (ES 1, 2, 5, 7 à 10, 12, 15, 18 à 20, 23, 25 à 27)
  Stig Blomqvist -  Björn Cederberg (Audi Sport Quattro) : 10 spéciales (ES 1, 3, 6, 13, 14, 17, 24, 27 à 29)
  Timo Salonen -  Seppo Harjanne (Peugeot 205 Turbo 16) : 7 spéciales (ES 4, 11, 16, 21, 22, 28, 29)

Résultats des principaux engagés

Classements des championnats à l'issue de la course

Constructeurs
 Attribution des points : 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectivement aux dix premières marques de chaque épreuve, additionnés de 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectivement aux huit premières de chaque groupe (seule la voiture la mieux classée de chaque constructeur marque des points). Les points de groupe ne sont attribués qu'aux concurrents ayant terminé dans les dix premiers au classement général.
 Seuls les huit meilleurs résultats (sur onze épreuves) sont retenus pour le décompte final des points.

Pilotes
 Attribution des points : 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectivement aux dix premiers de chaque épreuve.
 Seuls les sept meilleurs résultats (sur douze épreuves) sont retenus pour le décompte final des points.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Suède
1985
Suède 1985
Sport en février 1985

Rallye de Suède 1985


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 I. Harald, Danimarka kralı (ö. y. 985)
 Saksonyalı Hedwig

Ölümler

910


بحسب نموذج الاتصال المعياري (OSI)، تبديل الأطر  هي تقنية معياريّة مستخدمة في الشبكات المتباعدة تحدد خصائص الطبقة الفيزيائية وطبقة ربط البيانات لقنوات الاتصال الرقمية العاملة بتقنية تبديل الرزم. في الأصل، طوّرت هذه التقنية لتعمل في بيئة الشبكة الرقمية للخدمات المُتكاملة (ISDN)، لكنّها يمكن أن تستخدم في بيئات أخرى.

بشكل عام، تطبّق مزودات الخدمة تقنية تبديل الأطر لنقل الصوت والبيانات بين الشبكات المحلية والشبكات المُتباعدة باعتبارها تنقيّة تغليف، يتصل كُل مُشترك مع شبكة تبديل الأطر باستخدام خط مُستأجر. حصلت الشبكة على شعبية كبيرة بسبب انخفاض تكلفة استخدامها وسهولة تهيئة المعدات التي تُشغلها.

مع تطوّر تقنيات الإيثرنت عبر الألياف البصرية، والشبكات الخاصّة الافتراضيّة (VPN) ووالتبديل متعدد البروتوكولات (MPLS) تراجع الاعتماد على شبكات تبديل الأطر. لكنها ما تزال تستعمل في المناطق التي لا تملك بنية تحتية لشبكات اتصال مُتقدمة.

إنظر أيضا
 طبقة وصل البيانات
 اتصال النظم المفتوحة

مراجع

بروتوكولات الشبكة
بروتوكولات طبقة وصلة البيانات
شبكات الحاسوب
مقالات تحوي تخمينات للمستقبل

تبديل الأطر


The Spirit (Denny Colt) is a fictional masked crimefighter created by cartoonist Will Eisner. He first appeared June 2, 1940, as the main feature of a 16-page, tabloid-sized, newsprint comic book insert distributed in the Sunday edition of Register and Tribune Syndicate newspapers; it was ultimately carried by 20 Sunday newspapers, with a combined circulation of five million copies during the 1940s. "The Spirit Section", as the insert was popularly known, continued until October 5, 1952. It generally included two other four-page strips (initially Mr. Mystic and Lady Luck), plus filler material. Eisner, the overall editor, wrote and drew most Spirit entries, with the uncredited assistance of his studio of assistants and collaborators, though with Eisner's singular vision a unifying factor.

The Spirit chronicles the adventures of a masked vigilante who fights crime with the blessing of the city's police commissioner Dolan, an old friend. Despite the Spirit's origin as detective/criminologist Denny Colt, his real identity was rarely referred to after his first appearance, and for all intents and purposes he was simply "The Spirit". The stories are presented in a wide variety of styles, from straightforward crime drama and noir to lighthearted adventure, from mystery and horror to comedy and love stories, often with hybrid elements that twisted genre and reader expectations.

From the 1960s to 1980s, a handful of new Eisner Spirit stories appeared in Harvey Comics and elsewhere, and Warren Publishing and Kitchen Sink Press variously reprinted the newspaper feature in black-and-white comics magazines and in color comic books. In the 1990s and 2000s, Kitchen Sink Press and DC Comics also published new Spirit stories by other writers and artists.

In 2011, IGN ranked the Spirit as 21st in the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of all time.

Publication history
In late 1939, Everett M. "Busy" Arnold, publisher of the Quality Comics comic-book line, began exploring an expansion into newspaper Sunday supplements, aware that many newspapers felt they had to compete with the suddenly burgeoning new medium of American comic books, as exemplified by the Chicago Tribune Comic Book, premiering two months before "The Spirit Section". Arnold compiled a presentation piece with existing Quality Comics material. An editor of The Washington Star liked George Brenner's comic-book feature "The Clock", but not Brenner's art, and was favorably disposed toward a Lou Fine strip. Arnold, concerned over the meticulous Fine's slowness and his ability to meet deadlines, claimed it was the work of Eisner, Fine's boss at the Eisner & Iger studio, from which Arnold bought his outsourced comics work.

In "late '39, just before Christmas time", Eisner recalled in 1979, "Arnold came to me and said that the Sunday newspapers were looking for a way of getting into this comic book boom". In a 2004 interview, Eisner elaborated on that meeting:

Eisner negotiated an agreement with the syndicate in which Arnold would copyright the feature but, "Written down in the contract I had with 'Busy' Arnold— and this contract exists today as the basis for my copyright ownership— Arnold agreed that it was my property. They agreed that if we had a split-up in any way, the property would revert to me on that day that happened. My attorney went to 'Busy' Arnold and his family, and they all signed a release agreeing that they would not pursue the question of ownership." This would include the eventual backup features, "Mr. Mystic" and "Lady Luck."

Selling his share of their firm to Iger, who would continue to package comics as the S. M. Iger Studio and as Phoenix Features through 1955, for $20,000, Eisner left to create "The Spirit Section". "They gave me an adult audience", Eisner said in 1997, "and I wanted to write better things than superheroes. Comic books were a ghetto. I sold my part of the enterprise to my associate and then began The Spirit. They wanted an heroic character, a costumed character. They asked me if he'd have a costume. And I put a mask on him and said, 'Yes, he has a costume!'"

The character and the types of stories Eisner would tell, Eisner said in 1978, derived from his desire

The character's name, he said in that interview, came from Arnold: "When 'Busy' Arnold called, he suggested a kind of ghost or some kind of metaphysical character. He said, 'How about a thing called the Ghost?' and I said, 'Naw, that's not any good,' and he said, 'Well, then, call it the Spirit; there's nothing like that around.' I said, 'Well, I don't know what you mean.,' and he said, 'Well, you can figure that out—I just like the words "the Spirit."' He was calling from a bar somewhere, I think... [A]nd actually, the more I thought about it the more I realized I didn't care about the name."

The Spirit, an initially eight (and later seven) page urban-crimefighter series, ran with the initial backup features "Mr. Mystic" and "Lady Luck" in a 16-page Sunday supplement (colloquially called "The Spirit Section") that was eventually distributed in 20 newspapers with a combined circulation of as many as five million copies. It premiered June 2, 1940, and continued through 1952. From 1940–1950, Busy Arnold reprinted Spirit stories under his Quality Comics banner, first individually from 1940–1947 as one of the features in ninety-two issues of Police Comics (#11–102), and from 1944–1950 as twenty-two issues of an associated Spirit comic book with several stories per issue. From 1952–1954, Fiction House published five issues of their own Spirit reprint comic book, continuing this process.

Eisner was drafted into the U.S. Army in late 1941, "and then had about another half-year which the government gave me to clean up my affairs before going off" to fight in World War II. In his absence, the newspaper syndicate used ghost writers and artists to continue the strip, including Manly Wade Wellman, William Woolfolk, Jack Cole and Lou Fine.

Eisner's rumpled, masked hero (with his headquarters under the tombstone of his supposedly deceased true identity, Denny Colt) and his gritty, detailed view of big-city life (based on Eisner's Jewish upbringing in New York City) both reflected and anticipated the noir outlook of film and fiction in the 1940s. Eisner said in 2001 that he created the strip as a vehicle to explore various genres: "When I created The Spirit, I never had any intention of creating a superhero. I never felt The Spirit would dominate the feature. He served as a sort of an identity for the strip. The stories were what I was interested in." In some episodes, the nominal hero makes a brief, almost incidental appearance while the story focuses on a real-life drama played out in streets, dilapidated tenements, and smoke-filled back rooms. Yet along with violence and pathos, the feature lived on humor, both subtle and overt. He was shot, knocked silly, bruised, often amazed into near immobility and constantly confused by beautiful women.

The feature ended with the October 5, 1952, edition. As The Comics Journal editor-publisher Gary Groth wrote, "By the late '40s, Eisner's participation in the strip had dwindled to a largely supervisory role. ... Eisner hired Jerry Grandenetti and Jim Dixon to occasionally ink his pencils. By 1950, Jules Feiffer was writing most of the strips, and Grandenetti, Dixon, and Al Wenzel were drawing them." Grandenetti, who penciled as a ghost-artist under Eisner's byline, said in 2005 that before the feature's demise, Eisner had "tried everything. Had me penciling 'The Spirit'. Later on it was Wally Wood", who drew the final installments.

Fictional character biography
The Spirit, referred to in one newspaper article cited below as "the only real middle-class crimefighter", was the hero persona of young detective/criminologist Denny Colt. Presumed killed in the first three pages of the premiere story, Colt later revealed to his friend, Central City Police Commissioner Dolan, that he had in fact gone into suspended animation caused by the villainous Dr. Cobra's experiments. When Colt awakened in Wildwood Cemetery, he established a base there (underneath his own tombstone). Using his new-found anonymity, Colt began a life of fighting crime wearing a simple costume consisting of a blue domino mask, business suit, fedora hat, and gloves (plus a white shirt and red necktie). While elements of this basic costume occasionally vary (depending on the Spirit's circumstances and where he is in the world), he is always depicted wearing his blue domino mask and blue leather gloves. The Spirit dispensed justice with the aid of his assistant Ebony White, funding his adventures with an inheritance from his late father Denny Colt Sr. and the rewards from capturing various villains.

The Spirit originally was based in New York City, but this was quickly changed to the fictional "Central City". Not tied to one locale, his adventures took him around the globe and even to the Moon. He met eccentrics, kooks, and femme fatales, bringing his own form of justice to all of them. The story changed continually, but certain themes remained constant: the love between the Spirit and Dolan's feisty protofeminist daughter Ellen; the annual "Christmas Spirit" stories; and his archenemy the Octopus (a psychopathic criminal mastermind who was never seen, except for his distinctive purple gloves).

Ebony White

Eisner was criticized for his depiction of Ebony White, the Spirit's African-American sidekick. The character's name is a racial pun, and his facial features, including large white eyes and thick pinkish lips, are typical of racial blackface caricatures popular throughout the "Jim Crow" era. Eisner later admitted to consciously stereotyping the character, but said he tried to do so with "responsibility", and argued that "at the time humor consisted in our society of bad English and physical difference in identity". The character, who was consistently treated with respect by the strip's fellow cast-members, developed beyond the stereotype as the series progressed, and Eisner also introduced such African-American characters as the no-nonsense Detective Grey who defied popular stereotypes.

Ebony debuted as a resourceful taxi driver in the first "Spirit Section". He became a mainstay of the strip and a principal member of the Spirit's supporting cast, appearing semi-regularly as the focus of an episode rather than the Spirit himself. Eisner phased him out of the series in 1949, introducing a Caucasian boy named Sammy as the Spirit's new assistant. Sammy returns to Central City with the Spirit from an adventure in the South Seas, and is welcomed by Ebony and the Dolans. Ebony appears only briefly over the subsequent months, then is not seen again during the regular run of the series. His last "starring" role was in "Young Dr. Ebony", published on May 29, 1949.

The character appears as an adult office worker in a one-off Spirit story that appeared January 9, 1966, in the New York Herald Tribune. In an accompanying feature article in that edition, Eisner's former office manager Marilyn Mercer wrote, "Ebony never drew criticism from Negro groups (in fact, Eisner was commended by some for using him), perhaps because, although his speech pattern was early Minstrel Show, he himself derived from another literary tradition: he was a combination of Tom Sawyer and Penrod, with a touch of Horatio Alger hero, and color didn't really come into it".

Other characters
 Dr. Cobra is a mad scientist whose chemicals and machinations inadvertently help Denny Colt become the Spirit.
 Darling O' Shea is the richest and most spoiled child in the world.
 Hazel P. Macbeth is a witch with a Shakespearean motif and apparent magical powers. (Vide Macbeth.)
 Lorelei Rox, an apparent siren, appeared in a September 1948 strip and subsequently in 2000s DC Comics Spirit stories. (Vide Lorelei rock.)
 Mister Carrion is a morbid con man with a pet vulture named Julia. (Vide carrion.)
 The Octopus is the archenemy of the Spirit. He is a criminal mastermind and master of disguise who never shows his real face, though he is identified by his distinctive purple gloves. In the second issue of the 1960s Harvey Comics Spirit comic book, his name is given as Zitzbath Zark. The first name is a pun on sitz bath.
 P'Gell is a femme fatale who perennially tries to seduce the Spirit to a life of crime at her side. She seduces and marries wealthy men who invariably die in mysterious ways, and uses their money to fund her crime empire in Istanbul and expand her influence and control over the underworld. After moving to Central City to find the Spirit, she continues her modus operandi of selected marriages with the cream of society, even gaining an ally in the form of Saree, the young daughter of one of her deceased husbands. In the 2000s DC Comics version, P'Gell was once a young socialite in love with a doctor, working in Third World countries, and turned to a life of crime when he was killed. (Vide Pigalle.)
 P.S. Smith ("Peppermint Stick" Smith AKA Algernon Tidewater) is a silent, baseball helmet-wearing associate of Ebony. Always sucking on a peppermint stick and appearing to be 6–8 years of age, the wordless P.S. is capable of almost-superhuman feats (always played for comedic effect) and serves as Eisner's comic embodiment of anarchy and disruption. P.S. first appeared in The Philadelphia Inquirer as the star of a silent pantomime strip appearing underneath the main Spirit story, before Eisner introduced the character within the main strip (as Algernon Tidewater) in 1941. The character was renamed P.S. in his first postwar appearance in May 1946.
 Officer Sam Klink is a brave, big-hearted but not particularly bright member of the Central City Police Department. A regular member of the postwar Spirit Section cast list, Klink is a loyal aide to Commissioner Dolan and a frequent ally of the Spirit.
 Sand Saref is a childhood friend of Denny Colt, and knows he is the Spirit. Working in espionage, she usually ends up on the opposite side of the law from him. She appears several times, always involved in some criminal scheme. (Vide sans serif.)
 Silk Satin is a tall, statuesque brunette with a white streak in her hair, originally an adventuress who later reformed and worked as an international troubleshooter for the insurance company Croyd's of Glasgow. In later stories, it is revealed she has a daughter, Hildie, who motivates her to stay on the straight path. In the 2000s DC Comics revival, she is a smaller, more slender, blond CIA agent.
 Silken Floss is a nuclear physicist and a surgeon, who acts as the accomplice to the Octopus.

"Ev'ry Little Bug"
The song "Ev'ry Little Bug" (with lyrics written by Eisner) appears regularly between 1946 and 1950. The initial lines of were first uttered in the story "Poole's Toadstool Facial Cream" (June 9, 1946). By the end of 1946, all of the lyrics had appeared, sung by various characters. In 1947, Eisner collaborated with his World War II service friend Bill Harr, who composed a melody for Eisner's lyrics. The complete song appears in the April 27, 1947 "Spirit Section", here titled "Ev'ry Li'l Bug", with Ebony credited within the storyline as its composer. In the story "Wiffenpoof" (June 29, 1947), real-life operatic singer Robert Merrill was depicted singing the tune. Shortly afterward, the Robbins Music Corporation of New York published "Ev'ry Little Bug" as sheet music, with an image of Ebony on its cover page. After three more appearances in the strip, "Ev'ry Little Bug" remained dormant until 1987, when music producer John Christensen assembled a recording featuring five versions of the tune, released by Kitchen Sink as a picture disc with an exclusive Spirit/Ebony image illustrated by Eisner on one side and the original art for the sheet music on the other. The record featured actor Billy Mumy playing guitar on some tracks.

Song appearances
June 9, 1946 – "Poole's Toadstool Facial Cream"
July 7, 1946 – "Dulcet Tone"
October 13, 1946 – "The Heart of Rosie Lee"
December 15, 1946 – "The Van Gaul Diamonds"
December 29, 1946 – "Hubert The Duck"
February 2, 1947 – "The Cosmic Answer"
March 16, 1947 – "Hoagy the Yogi"
April 27, 1947 – "Ev'ry Li'l Bug"
June 29, 1947 – "Wiffenpoof"
August 17, 1947 – "The Picnic"
March 27, 1949 – "The Dummy"
April 30, 1950 – "Wanted, Dangerous Job"

The Spirit and John Law
Several Spirit stories, such as the first appearance of Sand Saref, were retooled from a failed publishing venture featuring an eyepatched, pipe-smoking detective named John Law. Law and his shoeshine-boy sidekick, Nubbin, starred in several adventures planned for a new comics series. These completed adventures were eventually adapted into Spirit stories, with John Law's eyepatch being changed to the Spirit's mask, and Nubbin redrawn as Willum Waif or other Spirit supporting characters.

The original John Law stories were restored and published in Will Eisner's John Law: Dead Man Walking (IDW Publishing, 2004), a collection of stories that also features new adventures by writer-artist Gary Chaloner, starring John Law, Nubbin, and other Eisner creations, including Lady Luck and Mr. Mystic.

Assistants and collaborators
Like most artists working in newspaper comic strips, Eisner after a time employed a studio of assistants who, on any given week's story, might draw or simply ink backgrounds, ink parts of Eisner's main characters (such as clothing or shoes), or as eventually occurred, ghost-draw the strip entirely. Eisner also eventually used ghostwriters, generally in collaboration with him.

Jules Feiffer, who began as an art assistant  and later became the primary writer through the strip's end in 1952, recalled, "When I first worked for Will there was John Spranger, who was his penciler and a wonderful draftsman; better than Will. There was Sam Rosen, the lettering man. Jerry Grandenetti came a little after me and did backgrounds, and Jerry had some architectural background. His drawing was stiff but loosened up after a while, but he drew backgrounds and inked them beautifully. And Abe Kanegson, who was my best friend in the office, was a jack-of-all-trades but mostly did lettering and backgrounds after Jerry left. Abe was a mentor to me."

Eisner's studio also included:

Art assistants: Bob Powell (1940), Dave Berg (backgrounds, 1940–41), Tex Blaisdell (1940–41), Fred Kida (1941), Alexander Kostuk a.k.a. Alex Koster (1941–43), Jack Cole (1942–43), Jack Keller (backgrounds, 1943), Jules Feiffer (1946–47), Manny Stallman (1947–49), Andre LeBlanc (1950), Al Wenzel (1952)
Inkers: Alex Kotzky (1941–43), John Belfi (1942–43), Don Komisarow (1943), Robin King (year?), Joe Kubert (1943–44), Jerry Grandenetti (1948–51), Jim Dixon (1950–51), Don Perlin (1951)
Letterers: Sam Rosen (1940-1942), Martin De Muth (1942-1947), Abe Kanegson (1947-1951), Samm Schwartz (1951), Ben Oda (1951-1952)
Colorists: Jules Feiffer (1950–52), Chris Christiansen (1951)
Ghost artists (pencilers): Lou Fine and Jack Cole (variously, during Eisner's World War II service, 1942–45), Jerry Grandenetti (1951), Wally Wood (1952)
Ghostwriters/writing assistants: Toni Blum (1942), Jack Cole, Manly Wade Wellman and William Woolfolk (variously, during Eisner's World War II service, 1943–45), Klaus Nordling (1946, 1951), Marilyn Mercer (1946), Abe Kanegson (1950), Jules Feiffer (1951–52)

Latter-day Spirit comics

1960s

A five-page Spirit story, set in New York City, appeared as part of a January 9, 1966, article about the Spirit in the New York Herald Tribune.

Harvey Comics reprinted several Spirit stories in two giant-size, 25-cent comic books published October 1966 and March 1967, each with new Eisner covers. The first of these two 60-page issues opened with a new seven-page retelling of the Spirit's origin by writer-penciler-inker Eisner (with inking assist by Chuck Kramer). Also new was the text feature "An Interview with the Spirit", credited to Marilyn Mercer; and writer-artist Eisner's two-page featurette "Spirit Lab: Invincible Devices". Seven 1948–1949 Spirit stories were reprinted. The second issue opened with a new seven-page story by writer-artist Eisner, "Octopus: The Life Story of the King of Crime," giving the heretofore unrevealed origin of the Spirit's nemesis The Octopus, as well as his given name (Zitzbath Zark). Also new was the two-page text feature "The Spirit Answers Your Mail", and writer-artist Eisner's two-page featurette "The Spirit Lab: The Man from MSD". Reprinted were seven 1948–50 Spirit stories.

1970s
In 1973, Denis Kitchen's Kitchen Sink Press published two issues of The Spirit (also known as Underground Spirit), consisting primarily of reprints with original front and back covers, and featuring introductions by Maurice Horn and John Benson. The first issue includes four original single-page stories, while the second issue (cover titled "All About P'Gell") includes the four-page story, "The Capistrano Jewels." During this period, Eisner also released "The Invader", a five-page story in a one-shot Spirit publication Eisner created for his lecture at Sheridan College in Oakville, Ontario, Canada in 1973. It was reprinted in Kitchen Sink's hardcover Will Eisner Color Treasury(1981).

From 1974 to 1976, James Warren's Warren Publishing published 16 issues of The Spirit (also known as The Spirit Magazine), a large black-and-white magazine consisting of reprints with original covers (primarily by Eisner), concluding with a separate 1975 color issue, The Spirit Special, which includes an afterword by Bill DuBay. Kitchen Sink picked up the series beginning in 1977 with issue 17, eventually concluding with issue 41 (June 1983). Issue 30 of the Kitchen Sink series (July 1981) features "The Spirit Jam", with a script from Eisner and a few penciled pages, plus contributions from 50 artists, including Fred Hembeck, Trina Robbins, Steve Leialoha, Frank Miller, Harvey Kurtzman, Howard Cruse, Brian Bolland, Bill Sienkiewicz, John Byrne, and Richard Corben.

In 1976, Tempo Books published The Spirit Casebook of True Haunted Houses and Ghosts, in which the Spirit plays the EC host, introducing "true" stories of haunted houses. The Spirit also makes a cameo in Vampirella #50 (April 1976), in the eight-page story "The Thing in Denny Colt's Grave".

1980s
After The Spirit Magazine ceased publication with issue #41 (June 1983), Kitchen Sink Press published a complete reprinting of the post-World War II Eisner work in a standard-formatted comic-book series, which ran 87 issues (October 1983–January 1992). The series featured color stories in its first 11 issues, but switched to black-and-white from issue 12 on. Also in 1983, Kitchen Sink published Outer Space Spirit: 1952, collecting the final newspaper sections (July 27, 1952 – October 5, 1952), along with the scripts for what would have been the final three sections of the "Outer Space Spirit" saga. The publisher additionally published the one-shot Will Eisner's 3-D Classics featuring The Spirit (Dec. 1985).

1990s and beyond

In the 1990s, Kitchen Sink published two hardcover volumes of The Spirit Casebook, the first cover-titled simply Spirit Casebook (1990), and the second cover-titled All About P'Gell: The Spirit Casebook, Volume II (1998). Kitchen Sink also published a series of original Spirit stories in The Spirit: The New Adventures (March–November 1998), including contributions from Will Eisner, Alan Moore, Dave Gibbons, Brian Bolland, Tim Bradstreet, Kurt Busiek, Eddie Campbell, Marcus Moore, Paul Chadwick, Neil Gaiman, Jean "Moebius" Giraud, Joe R. Lansdale, David Lloyd, and Paul Pope.

In the mid-2000s, DC Comics began reprinting The Spirit chronologically in the company's hardcover Archive series, in an approximately 8x10-inch format, smaller than the Kitchen Sink and Warren publications.

Eisner's final Spirit story appeared in the sixth issue of The Amazing Adventures of the Escapist, from Dark Horse Comics, published on April 20, 2005. This 6-page story featured a crossover between the Spirit and the book's lead character, the Escapist.

DC Comics

The DC Comics one-shot Batman/The Spirit (January 2007), by writer Jeph Loeb and artists Darwyn Cooke and J. Bone introduced the Spirit into the DC Universe. The first issue of the ongoing series The Spirit, written and pencilled by Cooke and inked by J. Bone, debuted the following month. The series updated some concepts, with Ellen's Internet skills helping to solve a case, and Ebony White stripped of his racial stereotype characteristics. The team of Mark Evanier and Sergio Aragones became the series' regular writers beginning with issue #14 (March 2008), with Mike Ploog and later Paul Smith providing the artwork. DC'S The Spirit series ran through issue #32 (Aug. 2009), with most running a single 22-page story.

The imprint First Wave, launched in January 2010, featured the Spirit, pulp heroes Doc Savage and The Avenger, and DC's Rima the Jungle Girl, the Blackhawks, and a Golden Age incarnation of Batman into a DC "pulpverse" overseen by writer Brian Azzarello. This imprint incorporated the 17-issue The Spirit volume two (June 2010 - Oct. 2011), written variously by Mark Schultz, David Hine, Lilah Sturges, and Howard Chaykin.

IDW
In 2013, IDW published a four issue miniseries, The Rocketeer and The Spirit: Pulp Friction, using the Spirit, Dolan, Ellen, and the Octopus as well as characters from Dave Stevens's The Rocketeer series. The four issues were collected in a hardcover graphic novel.

Dynamite Entertainment
In 2015, Dynamite Entertainment obtained the license to publish new Spirit comics, beginning with a story by writer-artist Matt Wagner, "Who Killed The Spirit?" In 2017, the Spirit and fellow venerable crimefighter the Green Hornet shared a five-issue series, Green Hornet '66 Meets the Spirit.

In other media

Comic strip
From October 13, 1941 to March 11, 1944, there was also a black-and-white daily newspaper comic strip starring the Spirit. These were later reprinted in several collections, including the complete run in DC's The Spirit Archives Volume 25.

In early 2017, the Spirit returned to newspaper strips as a guest-star in Dick Tracy by Mike Curtis (script) and Joe Staton (art), continuing the trend of Tracy stories reviving characters from defunct strips.

Television film
The character was the subject of a 1987 ABC television film starring Sam J. Jones as the Spirit, Nana Visitor as Ellen Dolan, and Garry Walberg as Commissioner Dolan. The film served as a pilot for a planned TV series.

Planned animated film
An animated feature to be directed by Brad Bird was in development in the 1980s. Steven Paul Leiva, animator Jerry Rees, and producer Gary Kurtz also were involved, and a presentation trailer was produced. The Spirit's voice was supplied by animator Randall William Cook.

Film

The film adaptation The Spirit, written and directed by Frank Miller, was released in theaters by Lionsgate on December 25, 2008. The film stars Gabriel Macht as the Spirit and Samuel L. Jackson as the Octopus.

Radio
Denis Kitchen, the Eisner estate's agent, said in a July 8, 2006 online interview that a radio series had been in development: "It was pitched to the estate by a couple of producers, one of whom is very experienced with NPR, so we have been back and forth on how that would work. Again, it would be premature to tell you it is going to happen, but it is in serious discussion".

Collected editions
The comic strips and comics have been collected into a number of volumes:

 The Spirit Coloring Book (1974, Will Eisner Studios/Poor House Press)
 The Daily Spirit #1–4 (1974–1975, Real Free Press)
 The Spirit - The First 93 Dailies (1977, Funny Paper Bookstore/Ken Pierce)
 The Spirit, Volume 2 - 200 Dailies (1977, Funny Paper Bookstore/Ken Pierce)
 The Spirit, Volume 3 - 200 More Dailies (1980, Funny Paper Bookstore/Ken Pierce)
 The Spirit, Volume 4 - The Last 245 Dailies (1980, Funny Paper Bookstore/Ken Pierce)
 Will Eisner Color Treasury (1981, Kitchen Sink) ()
 Spirit Color Album (1981, Kitchen Sink) ()
 Spirit Color Album, v2 (1983, Kitchen Sink) ()
 Spirit Color Album, v3 (1983, Kitchen Sink) ()
 The Art of Will Eisner (1989, 2nd ed, Kitchen Sink) ()
 The Outer Space Spirit (1989, Kitchen Sink) ()
 Spirit Casebook (1990, Kitchen Sink) ()
 The Christmas Spirit (1995 Kitchen Sink) ()
 Will Eisner's The Spirit (CD-ROM), collects the 1947 Spirit sections (1995,  Byron Preiss Multimedia) ()
 All About P'Gell: Spirit Casebook II (1998 Kitchen Sink) ()
 Spirit Jam, collects The Spirit Magazine #30 and the Spirit section of Cerebus Jam (1998, Kitchen Sink) ()
 The Spirit Archives: (DC Comics)
 Volume 1 (2000) () through Volume 26 (2009) ()
 The Best of The Spirit (2005 DC Comics) ()
 The Spirit Book 1, collects Batman/The Spirit and The Spirit (Volume 1)#1–6 (2007 DC Comics)  ()
 The Spirit Book 2, collects The Spirit Volume 1 #7–13 (2008 DC Comics) ()
 The Spirit: Femmes Fatales (2008 DC Comics) ()
 Will Eisner's The Spirit: The New Adventures, collects Kitchen Sink's The Spirit: The New Adventures #1-8 (2009, Dark Horse) ()
 The Spirit Book 3, collects The Spirit Volume 1 #14–20 (2009 DC Comics) ()
 The Spirit Book 4, collects The Spirit Volume 1 #21–25 (2009 DC Comics) ()
 The Spirit Book 5, collects The Spirit Volume 1 #26–32 (2010 DC Comics)  ()
 The Spirit: Angel Smerti, collects The Spirit Volume 2 #1–7 (2011 DC Comics) ()
 The Spirit: The Clockwork Killer, collects The Spirit Volume 2 #8–14 (2011 DC Comics) ()
 Rocketeer/The Spirit: Pulp Friction, collects Rocketeer/The Spirit: Pulp Friction #1-4 (2014 IDW Publishing) ()
 Will Eisner's The Spirit: A Celebration of 75 Years (2015 DC Comics) ()
 Will Eisner's The Spirit Returns, collects Dynamite's Will Eisner's The Spirit #1-12 (2016 Dynamite Entertainment) ()
 The Green Hornet '66 Meets The Spirit, collects Dynamite's The Green Hornet '66 Meets The Spirit #1-5 (2018 Dynamite Entertainment) ()
 Will Eisner's The Spirit: The Corpse-Makers, collects Dynamite's Will Eisner's The Spirit: The Corpse-Makers #1-5 (2019 Dynamite Entertainment) ()
 The Spirit: An An 80th Anniversary Celebration, collects ten Eisner Spirit stories (five recolored by Laura Martin and Jeromy Cox) (2020 Clover Press) ()

References

Further reading

 WebCitation archive.

External links
 Jack Kirby Collector #16 (June 1997): Will Eisner interview
 Archive of Heintjes, Tom. "Will Eisner's The Spirit", AdventureStrips.com. Reprinted from The Spirit: The Origin Years #1–4 (Kitchen Sink Press, May–November 1992). Original page Original page.

 The Spirit at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017.

Comics characters introduced in 1940
1940 comics debuts
1952 comics endings
American comics characters
American comic strips
Characters created by Will Eisner
Comics by Will Eisner
American comics adapted into films
DC Comics titles
Fictional police detectives
Fictional police officers in comics
Comics about police officers
Crime comics
Superhero comics
Harvey Comics titles
Kitchen Sink Press titles
Quality Comics titles
Television shows based on DC Comics
Male characters in comics
Vigilante characters in comics

Spirit (comics character)


Vasile Damian se poate referi la:
 Vasile Damian, protopop al Zarandului, director al Gimnaziului greco-ortodox Brad, deputat în Dieta de la Budapesta (1855-1919)
 Vasile Damian (pictor), preot ortodox român, pictor de biserici (?-1915)

Vasile Damian (dezambiguizare)


Les généalogies royales anglo-saxonnes sont une série de textes qui retracent l'ascendance des souverains de plusieurs royaumes anglo-saxons jusqu'au dieu Woden, en passant par leurs ancêtres semi-légendaires qui auraient vécu pendant la période de colonisation de la Grande-Bretagne par les Anglo-Saxons.

Sources

LHistoire ecclésiastique du peuple anglais de Bède le Vénérable, achevée en 731, est le plus ancien texte à préserver l'ascendance de lignées royales anglo-saxonnes, en l'occurrence celles du Kent et d'Est-Anglie.

La Collection anglienne est un recueil de listes généalogiques et de listes de rois. Elle retrace l'ascendance des lignées royales du Deira, de Bernicie, de Mercie, du Lindsey, du Kent et d'Est-Anglie. Certaines versions de la Historia Brittonum, une chronique celtique du , présentent des listes généalogiques similaires à la Collection anglienne, avec qui elles partagent vraisemblablement la même source.

L'ascendance des rois du Wessex constitue un ajout présent dans trois des quatre versions de la Collection anglienne. La Chronique anglo-saxonne, compilée au Wessex à partir de la fin du , développe l'ascendance des rois ouest-saxons au-delà de Woden et jusqu'à Adam.

 Les lignées royales

 Le Kent et le Deira

L'ascendance de Hengist et Horsa, les fondateurs semi-légendaires du royaume du Kent, est rapportée comme suit par Bède : fils de Wihtgils (Victgilsi), fils de Witta (Vitti), fils de Wecta (Vecta), fils de Woden. Witta est omis dans certains manuscrits de l'''Histoire ecclésiastique. La Collection anglienne donne une ascendance similaire, mais elle intervertit les positions de Witta et Wihtgils et donne au fils de Woden le nom de Wægdæg plutôt que Wecta. Snorri Sturluson s'inspire visiblement de la même tradition dans le prologue de son Edda en prose, qui mentionne Heingest, fils de Witta, fils de Vitrgils, fils de Vegdagr, fils d'Óðinn.

Le fils de Hengist, Œric ou Oisc, donne son nom à la dynastie des Oiscingas. Les généalogies s'achèvent avec son fils Octa, son petit-fils Eormenric et son arrière-petit-fils Æthelberht. Dans la Collection anglienne, les positions d'Octa (Ocga) et Oisc (Oese) sont inversées.

Wægdæg / Vegdagr apparaît également dans la généalogie des rois du Deira. La Chronique anglo-saxonne et la Collection anglienne font d'eux les descendants de Swæbdæg, fils de Siggar (ou Sigegar), fils de Wægdæg. Ces individus apparaissent également chez Snorri qui les appelle Svebdeg et Sigarr, mais chez lui, Sigarr est le fils de Vitrgils et donc le petit-fils de Vegdagr / Wægdæg. La Collection anglienne, la Chronique anglo-saxonne et la Historia Brittonum retracent de manière similaire le lignage de Siggar à Ælle, premier roi historiquement attesté du Deira. Neuf noms les séparent dans la Collection anglienne : Swæbdæg, Siggeat, Sæbald, Sæfugol, Somele, Westorfalcna, Wilgils, Uscfea et Yffe. Ils sont seulement huit dans la Chronique, qui omet Soemel, et sept dans la Historia, qui omet Swæbdæg et Siggeat. La Historia rebaptise également Westorfalcna en Sguerthing, peut-être censé correspondre au Swerting mentionné dans le poème Beowulf. Pour Jacob Grimm, les noms Westerfalcna « faucon de l'ouest » et Sæfugel « oiseau de mer » sont des noms d'oiseaux totémiques équivalents des noms de chevaux dans la lignée du Kent.

David Dumville propose d'expliquer les similitudes entre les généalogies royales du Kent et du Deira comme le reflet de l'alliance entre les deux royaumes au moment du mariage d'Edwin du Deira avec la princesse kentique Æthelburg, célébré au plus tard en juillet 625. L'ascendance des rois jutes du Kent aurait été artificiellement greffée sur le lignage angle des rois du Deira. L'ascendance alternative d'Ælle qui figure dans lHistoria Brittonum constitue un argument en faveur de cette hypothèse, car elle est très similaire à celle donnée dans la Chronique anglo-saxonne pour les souverains de Bernicie, royaume angle voisin du Deira. Siggar y apparaît comme fils de Brond, fils de Beldeg, fils de Woden.

 Le Wessex et la Bernicie

Les différentes versions de la lignée royale du Wessex présentent des différences significatives. Dans la Collection anglienne, Cerdic, fondateur légendaire du Wessex, est séparé de Woden par quatre générations (Aluca, Giwis, Brond et Bældæg). En revanche, dans la Chronique anglo-saxonne, huit générations les séparent. La forme des quatre noms supplémentaires (Frithgar, Freawine, Wig et Esla) correspond parfaitement au système de versification allitérative de la poésie vieil-anglaise, ce qui suggère qu'ils constituent un ajout ultérieur.

En outre, Brond fils de Bældæg est aussi l'ancêtre de la lignée royale de Bernicie. Il est surprenant que les lignées de deux royaumes aussi distants revendiquent le même ancêtre. Ces lignées situent par ailleurs Cerdic à la même génération qu'Ida, premier roi de Bernicie, dont le règne est pourtant daté par la Chronique comme antérieur à celui de Cerdic. Kenneth Sisam a proposé une explication à ces incongruités dans un article de 1953. Il estime que la première version de la lignée du Wessex est la plus courte. Une première modification aurait consisté en l'ajout des héros légendaires Freawine et Wig, après quoi Frithgar et Esla auraient été rajoutés pour renforcer le caractère allitératif du texte. Sisam souligne que la forme courte de la lignée est presque identique aux premières générations de la lignée bernicienne, la seule différence notable étant le remplacement de Benoc ou Beornuc par Giwis, le premier étant vraisemblablement un héros éponyme des Berniciens qui laisse ainsi la place à un héros éponyme des Gewisse, l'un des anciens noms des Ouest-Saxons.

Dans la lignée de Bernicie, Ida apparaît comme le descendant de Woden à la neuvième ou dixième génération.

 La Mercie

Les différentes versions de la lignée royale de Mercie ont pour ancêtre commun Wihtlæg, qui est selon les textes le fils (dans la Chronique), petit-fils (dans la Collection) ou arrière-petit-fils (dans la Historia) de Woden. Wihtlæg et ses descendants sont généralement décrits comme des rois des Angles, mais dans sa Gesta Danorum, Saxo Grammaticus fait de lui un roi du Danemark sous le nom de Wiglek, comme son fils Wærmund (Wermund) et son petit-fils Offa (Uffa). Le poème Beowulf préserve également une partie de cette généalogie, avec Garmund, son fils Offa et son petit-fils Eomer (qui est le petit-fils d'Offa dans les autres sources).

Le fils d'Eomer, Icel, est l'ancêtre éponyme de la dynastie des Iclingas, parce qu'il aurait été le premier de sa lignée à poser le pied en Angleterre. Dans presque toutes les généalogies, Icel est le père de Cnebba, père de Cynewald, père de Creoda, père de Pybba, père de Penda, le premier roi mercien historiquement attesté de cette lignée. La Historia Brittonum est la seule source à dévier de ce modèle en omettant toutes les générations entre Eomer et Pybba.

 L'Est-Anglie

La dynastie royale des Angles de l'Est porte le nom de Wuffingas en référence à Wuffa, fils de Wehha et descendant de Woden. Dans cette lignée, le fils de Woden porte le nom de Caser, qui correspond au latin Cæsar. Trois générations plus bas apparaît un Hrothmund qui a pour homonyme un personnage de Beowulf. D'après la Historia Brittonum, le premier roi de cette lignée est « Guillem Guercha », le père de Wehha.

 Le Lindsey

La Collection anglienne présente une généalogie des rois du Lindsey, mais elle est plus difficile à exploiter que les autres, faute de contexte. En effet, le royaume de Lindsey n'a quasiment pas laissé de traces écrites en dehors de cette liste et ses rois ne sont cités dans aucune autre source.

Dans un article de 1927, l'historien Frank Stenton distingue trois noms de la liste. Cædbæd, qui comprend l'élément breton cad-, illustre les contacts entre les Anglo-Saxons et les Bretons insulaires. Biscop, trois générations plus bas, porte un nom qui trahit une conversion au christianisme puisqu'il signifie littéralement « évêque » ( en anglais moderne). Enfin, Stenton considère que Aldfrith, le dernier roi de la liste, n'est autre que le Ealdfrid rex qui témoigne sur une charte d'Offa de Mercie. Cette hypothèse a été rejetée par les historiens ultérieurs, qui estiment que la charte fait en réalité référence à Ecgfrith, le fils d'Offa.

 L'Essex

L'Essex est le seul royaume dont les souverains ne sont pas présentés comme des descendants de Woden. Le manuscrit BL Add 23211 fait remonter leur ascendance à une autre divinité saxonne, Seaxneat. Il est possible que ce dernier ait aussi été considéré comme l'ancêtre des lignées royales du Sussex (un royaume pour lequel ne subsiste aucune liste généalogique) et du Wessex (apparemment rattachée a posteriori'' à Woden).

Références

Bibliographie

 .

Anglo-Saxons
Source généalogique dans les pays non francophones

Généalogies royales anglo-saxonnes


Muscotah est une ville américaine située dans le comté d'Atchison, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté d'Atchison (Kansas)

Muscotah (Kansas)