Mahmud Gaznevî veya Gazneli Mahmud (2 Kasım 971 - 30 Nisan 1030), (Farsça Yemin el-Devlet Mahmut) (Tam ismi: Yemin el-Devlet Abdülkasım Mahmut ibn Sebük Tigin), 998-1030 yılları arasında hüküm sürmüş olan Gazne Devleti hükümdarıdır.

Yaşamı

Sultan Mahmud 2 Kasım 971 yılında Buhara'da doğmuştur. Babası Türk asıllı bir Memlük komutanı olan Sebük Tegin, annesi ise Zabulistan bölgesinde asil bir Fars hanedanına mensup bir prensesti. Bu sebeple şairler, Mahmut'a zaman zaman "Mahmud-ı Zâbulî" olarak hitap etmişlerdir. Daha gençlik yıllarında devlet idaresinde görev almaya başlayan Mahmut'un Gazne dışındaki ilk görev yeri Zemindaver bölgesiydi. 994 yılında Samanoğulları Horasan valisinin ayaklanması üzerine I.Nuh'un Sebük Teginden askeri yardımda bulunması üzerine isyan bastırılmıştır. Samani hükümdarı tarafından Sebük Tegin'e Nasıruddin Ved-dünya (Din ve dünyanın yardımcısı), kendisine ise Seyfüddevle (Devletin kılıcı) unvanı verilmiştir.

Sebük Tegin'in 997 yılında ölmesi üzerine; ölmeden önce küçük oğlu İsmail'in tahta geçmesini vasiyet etmesinden dolayı İsmail, babasının ölüm haberini aldıktan sonra Belh'e gelerek hükümdarlığını ilan etti. O sırada Nişabur'da Horasan valiliği yapmakta olan Mahmut, kardeşinin hükümdarlığına itiraz ederek toplamış olduğu askerleriyle birlikte Gazne'ye kardeşinin üzerine saldırıda bulundu. 998 yılında yapılan Gazne Muharebesinde İsmail yenilerek, bir kaleye sığındı ve belli bir süre sonra da ağabeyine teslim oldu. Yaklaşık 7 aylık bir saltanattan sonra 998 yılında ağabeyi tarafından öldürüldü.

Gazneli Mahmud tahta geçtiği 998 yılından 1030 yılına kadar 32 yıl hüküm sürmüştür. Bu süre içerisinde göstermiş olduğu azim ve faaliyetlerle, Orta Asya'nın büyük ve güçlü bir devletine hakim olmuştur. İlk seferini 1000 yılında Sistan'da hüküm süren Seferîler üzerine düzenlemiştir. Art arda yaptığı akınlarla hazırlıksız olan Emir Halef ibn Ahmed'i yenilgiye uğratmış ve bölgeyi kolayca ele geçirmiştir. Güçlü Gazne ordusu karşısında hiçbir başarı elde edemeyen Halef, tazminat ödemek ve adına hutbe okutarak sikke bastırmak suretiyle Mahmut'un hakimiyetini tanımıştır. 999 yılında Karahanlıların, Samanî Devleti'ni yıkması üzerine bağımsızlığını ilan etmiştir.1000 yılında Sultan Mahmud Gaznevi, Bağdat'ta Abbasi halifesine biat ederek onun egemenliğini tanıdı ve ona biat etti, bunun karşılığında halife de Abbasi hükümdarlığı beratı, değerli hediyeler, bir taç ve siyah bir bayrak gönderdi. Abbasi hilafetinin, Mahmud'a siyah bir cüppe (siyahlık Abbasilerin amblemidir),Halife, Sultan Mahmud'a da ona "Yemin el-Devlet" (halifenin sağ eli anlamına gelir) adını verdi. Sultan Mahmud, Abbasi hilafetine tabi olduğunun bir işareti olarak eski sancaklarını siyah olanlarla değiştirdi.ultan Mahmud'un Bağdat'taki halife ile yakın ilişkisi baştan karakterize edilmiş ve padişah halife için tüm camilerde dua edilmesini ve sikkelere adının yazdırılmasını emretmiştir. Sultan Mahmud, halifenin İslam'ı yaydığı ve ufkunu genişlettiği için halifenin kendisini övmesi ve kutsaması için halifeyle sürekli temas halinde olmaya, tüm detayları ona bildirmeye ve ülkeden yeni fetihleri haber vermeye can atıyordu. Her savaştan sonra ganimetlerin bir kısmını halifeye göndermeye can atıyordu. 1011'de Abbasi halifesine Hindistan'ı fethettiğini ve karşılaştığı zorlukları anlattı. Abd al-Sattar Derviş, Fatımilerin Abbasi hilafetini zayıflatmak ve dini inançlarını yaymalarına yardımcı olmak için Sultan Mahmud'u saflarına almaya çalıştıklarını, ancak reddettiğini ve her zaman tarafını ilan ettiğini bize defalarca anlattı. Halifeye sadakat ve itaat ve halifeye düşman olan herkese düşmanlık ilan etmek. Bu olaydan sonra Samanoğulları topraklarının mirasçısı olduğunu ileri sürerek Karahanlılar üzerine sefere çıktı. Çok çekişmeli geçen çarpışmalar sonucunda Karahanlılar yenilgiye uğratıldı. İki devlet arasında yapılan anlaşmalardan sonra oğlu I. Mesut ile beraber, Karahanlı Kağanı'nın birer kızıyla evlenerek, baba-oğul Karahanlılara damat olmuşlardır.

Gazneli Mahmud, devletin kuzeyini güvence altına aldıktan sonra Hindistan'a, Putperestlerle mücadele ederek Müslümanlığı yaymak için 1001-1027 yılları arasında 17 sefer düzenlemiştir.

Hindistan Seferi

 1. Hint Seferine 1001 yılında çıkan Gazneli Mahmud, Hindistan'ın kuzeyinde bulunan zengin ve bereketli topraklara sahip Kâbil Şahnalığı'na ilerledi. Peşaver yakınlarında yapılan savaşta; 30.000 piyade, 12.000 süvari ve 300 savaş filine sahip Hint ordusunu yenerek Pencap bölgesinde hüküm süren Raca Caypal ve komutanlarını esir aldı. Burada eline çok ganimet geçen Mahmut, fidye olarak yüklü miktarda altın ve 50 fil verilmesi karşılığında Caypal'ı serbest bıraktı. Esirlikten kurtulan Raca, kendine esirliği yediremediği ve halkının gözünden düştüğü için ateşte yakılmak suretiyle kendini öldürdü.
 2. Hint Seferinde Gazneli Mahmud, Caypal'in oğlu Anandapal'ı 15.000 süvariyle yenilgiye uğratarak İndus Nehri kenarında bulunan Vayhand şehrini zaptetti. Gazne'ye Gazi unvanı ve bol ganimetlerle geri döndü.
 3. Hint Seferini 2. seferde kendisine destekte bulunmayan Bhâtiya Racası Becî Rây'a karşı yapmıştır. 1004 yılında yapılan savaş 4 gün sürmüş ve alınan bu galibiyetle birlikte Bhâtiya bölgesi Gaznelilerin eline geçmiştir. Kuşatma sırasında ele geçirilmekten korkan Raca kaleden kaçmış fakat Gazneli birlikler tarafından takip edilmiştir. Caypal gibi o da intihar ederek ölmüştür. Gazneli Mahmud ele geçirdiği bolca ganimet ve 280 fil ile birlikte 1005 yılında Gazne'ye geri dönmüştür.
 4. Hint Seferinde Multan Emiri Ebu'l-Feth Dâvud'un Sünnilikden ayrılıp Bâtınî görüşleri yaymaya başladığı için 1006 yılında ordusuyla harekete geçen Mahmut, Multan üzerine hareket etti. Fakat Sind Nehrinin suları yüksek olduğu için Pencap Racası Anandapal'dan, Multan'a geçmek için yardımda bulunmasını istedi. Bu isteği reddedilen Gazneli Mahmud, Anandapal üzerine saldırarak onu yendi ve Keşmir'e çekilmesini sağladı. Gaznelilerin üzerine geldiğini öğrenen Dâvud, yenilgiye uğramaktan korktuğu için kaçarak Sind nehri üzerinde bir adaya sığındı. Bu seferle birlikte Multan'a kadar olan bölge Gaznelilerin eline geçmiş ve Hindistan'da bulunan Bâtınîler öldürülerek huzursuzluk ortadan kaldırılmıştır. Multan Emiri olarak Caypal'in Müslüman olmuş torunu Suphal seçilmiş ve göreve getirilmiştir.
 5. Hint Seferinde Multan Emiri Suphal'in, 1006-1007 yılları arasında Gazneliler ile Karahanlılar arasındaki mücadeleden faydalanarak ayaklanması üzerine yapılmıştır. Suphal'in Müslümanlığı bırakarak tekrar Hindu dinine döndüğünü ve isyan çıkardığını öğrenen Gazneli Mahmud, Karahanlılara karşı galibiyet elde etmesinin ardından 1008 yılında mevsimin kış olmasına rağmen ordusuyla birlikte Multan üzerine sefere çıktı. Suphal'ın isyanını kanlı biçimde bastıran Mahmut, Anandapal'ın yanına kaçmaya çalışan Suphal'ı esir almıştır. Suphal 400.000 dirhem gümüş fidye ödedikten sonra serbest bırakıldı.
 6. Hint Seferinde Pencap Racası Anandapal ile birleşmiş olan Ucceyn, Gvalior, Kalincar, Kavenc, Delhi ve Keşmir Racalarının İslam dinine karşı tavır sergilemeleri üzerine, oluşturulmuş olan birleşik Hint ordusunu yenerek itaat altına almak için 1008 yılında yapılmıştır. Sayıca Hint ordusundan az olmasına karşılık Gazneliler, Vayhand şehri yakınlarındaki ovaya çekilip mevzide bekleyerek yaptığı vur-kaç taktikleriyle Hint ordusunu yıpratmışlardır. Yapılan meydan savaşında Gazneli Mahmud, bir ara güç duruma düşmüşse de savaş esnasında yaptığı çevirme harekâtıyla Hint ordusunu bozguna uğratmış ve birleşmiş olan Racaları birbirinden ayırmıştır. Bu zaferden sonra Bhim Nagar kalesini (şimdiki Nagaur) 7 günlük bir kuşatmadan sonra ele geçirmiş ve buradaki putları kırmıştır. Yüklü miktarda ganimetle Gazne'ye dönen Mahmud'un bu başarısına dayanamayan Anandapal, üzüntüsünden fazla yaşayamayarak ölmüştür. Bu başarı Gazneli Mahmud'un İslam ve Hint dünyasındaki prestij ve şanını çok yükseltmiştir.
 7. Hint Seferinde Gazneli Mahmut, büyük bir ticaret şehri olan Narayanpur'u itaat altına alabilmek için ordusuyla birlikte 1009 yılında Gazne'den ayrılmıştır. Buranın Racası Gazneli Mahmut'un ünü karşısında savaşmadan antlaşma yapmak zorunda kalmıştır. Haraç ödemek, ihtiyaç olduğunda 2.000 asker ve 50 savaş fili göndermek kaydıyla barış yapılmıştır.
 8. Hint Seferinde 1010 yılında Multan'daki Karmatîlerin isyan etmesi üzerine harekete geçen Gazneli Mahmud, ayaklanmayı bastırmış ve isyana önderlik eden Ebu'l-Feth Dâvud'u yakalatıp hapsettirmiştir. Buradan sonra 1011 yılında Herat'ın doğusundan geçen kervanlara saldırarak zenginleşen Gurlular üzerine yürümüştür. Yapılan zorlu çarpışmaların ardından Gurluları yenilgiye uğratarak bütün kalelerini ele geçirmiş ve Emir Muhammed bin Şanşabani esir alınmıştır. Esirliği sırasında Muhammed'in intihar ederek ölmesi üzerine, yerine oğlu Ebu Ali bin Muhammed bırakılmıştır. Bu bölgede İslamiyetin yayılabilmesi için din adamlarını bırakmıştır.
 9. Hint Seferinde Gazneli Mahmud, 1014 yılında Keşmir'e doğru ilerledi. İlk önce Pencap Racası Triloçanpal üzerine yürüdüyse de kışın erken gelmesiyle Gazne'ye geri dönmüştür. Triloçanpal ise Keşmir Racasından yardım ister. Fakat yapılan savaşta Hindular büyük bir bozguna uğratıldılar. Nandana da ele geçirildi. Yol boyunca birçok kaleyi ele geçiren Mahmut, Hinduları da Müslüman yapmıştır. Fethettiği birçok yerde mescitler yaptırdıktan sonra elde ettiği ganimetlerle birlikte Gazne'ye geri dönmüştür.
 10. Hint Seferinde Delhi'nin 150 km. kadar kuzeyinde bulunan Thanesar şehrine ilerleyen Gazneli Mahmud, buradaki putların en büyüğü olan Hindularca kutsal sayılan Çakrasvamî putunu ele geçirmek ve oradaki iyi cins filleri almak istemiştir. Triloçannpal'in karşı koymaması halinde 50 fil vermeyi teklif etmişse de anlaşmaya varılamamıştır. Gazneliler Thanesar'a yaklaşmasına karşı Racalar kaçmış ve şehir yağma edilmiştir. Bahsi geçen put ise ele geçirilerek Gazne'ye götürülmüş ve Hinduların maneviyatı çökertilmiştir.
 11. Hint Seferinde Gazneli Mahmud, 1016 yılında Lokhot Kalesi'ni zapt etmek için ilerlediyse de başarı elde edememiştir. Çünkü kuşatma sırasında çok şiddeti kış şartları olması ve Keşmir Racasının Triloçanpal'e yardım etmesinden dolayı 1016 Mart'ında Gazne'ye geri dönmek zorunda kalmıştır.
 12. Hint Seferinde Gazneli Mahmud, 1017 yılında Harezm'de çıkan bir karışıklığı hallettikten sonra Türkistan'dan ordusuna katılan yaklaşık 20.000 kişilik Türkmen grubu sayesinde ordusunu daha da büyüterek 1018 yılında tekrar harekete geçti. Yaklaşık 100.000 kişilik bir orduyla Ganj Nehri'nin vadisine kadar uzanan birçok kenti ele geçirdi. Sirvasa Racası kaçtı ve şehir fethedildi. Yaklaşık 1.000.000 dirhem gümüş ve 30 fil ele geçirildi. Barar Racası Hardat ise Gazneli Mahmut'a katılıp 10.000 kişilik askeri ile Müslüman oldu. Mathura'nın 10 km. güneydoğusundaki Mahaban Racası Külçend ile yapılan savaşta Hint ordusu bozguna uğratılmış ve Külçend yakalanmamak için ailesini öldürmüştür. Bu savaştan sonra 185 fil ele geçirilmiştir. Kudüs kadar kutsal sayılan Mathura'yı karşı konulmadan fethetti. Agra'nın 170 km. doğusundaki Kanavcda bulunan birçok put mabedi yıkıldı. Buradaki Hint Tanrısı Vişnu'nun vatanı sayılan tapınaklarda bulunan hazineleri alıp dönerken 1018 yılında Gurlular'ın saldırısına uğradı. Fakat fazla kayıp vermeden Gazne'ye geri döndü.
 13. Hint Seferinde Hindu Racaların Kanavcı geri almak için yaptıkları saldırılara karşılık vermek için 1019 yılı kışında harekete geçen Gazneli Mahmud, Pencap Racası Triloçanpal'in toplamış olduğu 150.000 piyade ve 600 filden oluşan ordusunu, Ramganga Nehri kıyısında yapılan savaşta bozguna uğrattı. Triloçanpal savaştan yaralı olarak kaçtı ve 200 fil ganimet olarak ele geçirildi. Yola devam eden Mahmut, Kalincar Racası Gandanın fillerle destekli büyük bir orduyla üzerine geldiğini öğrendi. Karşılaşma öncesi Raca İslam dinine davet edildiyse de teklifi kabul etmedi. Gaznelilerden sayıca fazla olan bu Hint ordusunun öncü birlikleri Gazneliler tarafından yenilgiye uğrayınca, korkuya kapılan Ganda savaş malzemelerini bırakmış ve ordusuyla birlikte gece karanlığından faydalanarak geri çekilmiştir. Hint ordusunun kaçtığını anlayan Mahmut, eşyalara el koymuş ve Hint ordusunu takip etmeye başlamıştır. Kaçan birçok Hint asker öldürülmüş ve 580 fil ele geçirilerek Gazne'ye geri dönülmüştür.
 14. Hint Seferinde 1021 yılında harekete geçerek Keşmir yolunu kapatan ve 5 yıl önce alamadığı Lokhot Kalesi'ni zaptetmek için ilerleyen Gazneli Mahmud, aynı şekilde kış şartlarından dolayı kaleyi ele geçiremeden geri dönmek zorunda kalmıştır.
 15. Hint Seferinde 1022 yılında Kalinca'ya bağlı Gvalior Racası Ercanın kalesine saldıran Gazneli Mahmud, kayalık bir tepe üzerinde bulunan kaleyi, kuşatmanın 4. gününde Raca'nın barış istemesi üzerine ele geçirmiştir. Raca Gazneli Mahmud'a 35 fil vererek bağlılığını bildirdi. Buradan sonra yine büyük ve yalçın kayalar üzerine kurulmuş olan Kalincar Kalesini kuşatan Mahmut, kaleye yaptığı şiddetli taarruzlar sonucunda Raca Ganda'nın barış istemesini sağlamıştır. Yapılan anlaşmaya göre; ganimet olarak 300 fil alınmıştır. Kalincar Kalesi ile egemenliği altında bulunan 15 kadar kalenin yönetimini Raca'ya bırakarak 1023 yılı baharında Gazne'ye geri dönmüştür.
 16. Hint Seferinde 30.000 süvari ile 1025 yılında en ünlü seferine çıkan Gazneli Mahmut, Multan'a varınca çölü geçme hazırlığına başladı. 1 ayda büyük Tar Çölü'nü geçerek Hindistan'ın batısında bulunan Somnat'a vardı. İslam ülkelerindeki putların başına gelen olayların buradaki en üstün put olan Şiva tarafından verilen bir ceza olduğunu ileri süren Hindu inancını yıkmak istedi. Bu maksatla 1026 yılının Şubat ayında 4 gün süren kuşatmanın ardından şehri ele geçirdi. Buradaki Şiva'ya ait putu da 4 parçaya bölerek Gazne'ye gönderdi. 1026 yılı Nisan ayında büyük ganimetlerle dönerken Ganj Nehri'nde bulunan Catlar'ın saldırısına uğramış ve büyük kayıplar vererek Gazne'ye ulaşmıştır.
 17. Hint Seferinde 16. sefer dönüşü Catlar'ın yaptığı saldırının ve vermiş olduğu kayıpların öcünü almak için 1027 yılında harekete geçen Gazneli Mahmut, elde etmiş olduğu zaferlerle Hint Müslümanları arasında efsanevi bir kahraman durumuna geldi. Kurmuş olduğu 1400 nehir gemisinden oluşan donanmasıyla Cat gemilerini delmek suretiyle onları bozguna uğrattı. Nehrin iki kıyısını tutan süvari ve fillerden oluşmuş ordusu ile kıyıya çıkmak isteyen Catları yakalayıp öldürttü. Catların hazinelerini saklamış oldukları ada da yağma edilerek çok fazla ganimet elde edilmiş oldu. Bu bölgenin komutasını Ahmet Tegin'e bırakarak Gazne'ye geri döndü.

Ölümü
Sultan Mahmud, hayatının büyük bir kısmını savaş meydanlarında geçirmiş, özellikle Hindistan'a yaptığı seferler onu çok yormuş ve hastalanmasına sebep olmuştu. Doktorların önerilerine rağmen hiç dinlenmiyor ve bir hükümdarın yapması gereken vazifeleri yerine getiriyordu. Genellikle tarihçiler, Sultan Mahmut'un verem hastalığından öldüğünü kabul ederler.

Mahmud, 1029-1030 kışını Belh'te geçirdi. Fakat bu şehrin havasından dolayı Gazne'ye döndü. Burada da sağlığına kavuşamayan Sultan Mahmud, 30 Nisan 1030 tarihinde 58 yaşındayken öldü.

Sultan Mahmud zamanında en başarılı devrini yaşayan Gazneliler, Dandanakan Muharebesi'nden sonra zayıflamışlar ve yıkılış sürecine girmişlerdir. Gaznelilere, Afgan yerlilerinden olan Gurlular 1187 yılında son vermiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Gazne Devleti

Kaynakça
Genel
 Erdoğan Merçil (1989). Gazneliler Devleti Tarihi, TTK Yayınevi, Ankara, ISBN 975-16-0189-4
 Gerdîzî (1347/1928). Zeynü'l-ahbâr, nşr. Abdülhayy Habîbî, Tahran.
 Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power
 McLeod, John (2002). The History of India. London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31459-4.
 M. Orhan Bayrak (2002). Türk İmparatorlukları Tarihi,Bilge Karınca Yayınevi, İstanbul, ISBN 975-6553-04-9
Bernard Lewis (1995).Ortadoğu,Arkadaş Yayınevi,Ankara, ISBN 978-975-509-442-7
Özel

Dış bağlantılar

 answers.com - Mahmud of Ghazna
 islamdevletleri.blogcu.com - Gazneli Mahmut'un dini görüşleri ve dönemindeki dini hareketler
 Alexander Berzin, Berzin Archives: The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire, 2001
 History of Iran: Ghaznavid Dynasty
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Sandra Dee (born Alexandra Zuck; April 23, 1942 – February 20, 2005) was an American actress. Dee began her career as a child model, working first in commercials and then film in her teenage years. Best known for her portrayal of ingénues, Dee earned a Golden Globe Award as one of the year's most promising newcomers for her performance in Robert Wise's Until They Sail (1958). She became a teenage star for her performances in Imitation of Life and Gidget (both 1959), which made her a household name.

By the late 1960s, her career had started to decline and a highly publicized marriage to Bobby Darin ended in divorce. The year of her divorce, Dee's contract with Universal Pictures was dropped. She attempted a comeback with the 1970 independent horror film The Dunwich Horror, but rarely acted after this time, appearing only occasionally in television productions throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. The rest of the decade was marked by alcoholism, mental illness, and reclusiveness, particularly after her mother died in 1988. Dee sought medical and psychological help in the early 1990s and died in 2005 of complications from kidney disease, brought on by lifelong anorexia nervosa.

Life and career

1942–1951: Early life
Dee was born Alexandra Zuck on April 23, 1942, in Bayonne, New Jersey, the only child of John Zuck and Mary ( Cimboliak) Zuck, who met as teenagers at a Russian Orthodox Church dance. They married shortly afterward, but divorced before Dee was five years old. She was of Carpatho-Rusyn ancestry  and raised in the Orthodox faith; her son, Dodd Darin, wrote in his biographical book about his parents titled Dream Lovers that Dee's mother Mary and her aunt Olga [later Olga Duda] "were first generation daughters of a working-class Russian Orthodox couple", and Dee recalled, "we belonged to a Russian Orthodox church, and there was dancing at the social events."
She soon adopted the name Sandra Dee, becoming a professional model by the age of four and progressing to television commercials.

There has been debate as to Dee's actual birth year. Legal records, including her California divorce record from Bobby Darin, as well as the Social Security Death Index and her own cryptstone all give her year of birth as 1942. In a 1967 interview with the Oxnard Press-Courier, she acknowledged being 18 in 1960 when she first met Darin, whom she wed three months later.

According to her son's book, Dee was born in 1944, but she and her mother falsely inflated her age by two years to find more work modeling and acting, which she began at a very young age,  However, the cryptstone her own family ordered gives 1942 as her year of birth.

Dee's parents divorced in 1950 and her mother married real estate executive Eugene "Gene" Douvan, who reportedly sexually abused Dee after he married her mother.

1952–1956: Modeling career
Producer Ross Hunter claimed to have discovered Dee on Park Avenue in New York City with her mother when she was 12 years old. In a 1959 interview, Dee recalled that she "grew up fast," surrounded mostly by older people, and was "never held back in anything [she] wanted to do."

During her modeling career, Dee attempted to lose weight to "be as skinny as the high-fashion models," although an improper diet "ruined [her] skin, hair, nails—everything." Having lost weight, her body was unable to digest any food that she ate, and it took the help of a doctor to regain her health. According to Dee, she "could have killed [herself]" and "had to learn to eat all over again."

Despite the damaging effects on her health, Dee earned $75,000 in 1956 () working as a child model in New York, which she used to support herself and her mother after the death of her stepfather in 1956. According to sources, Dee's large modeling salary was more than what she would later earn as an actress. While modeling in New York, she attended the Professional Children's School.

1957–1958: Early films and Universal contract
Ending her modeling career, Dee moved from New York to Hollywood in 1957. She graduated from University High School in Los Angeles in June 1958 at age 16. Her onscreen debut was in the 1957 MGM film Until They Sail, directed by Robert Wise. To promote the film, Dee appeared in a December issue of Modern Screen in a column by Louella Parsons, who praised Dee and compared her appearance and talent to those of Shirley Temple. Dee's performance made her one of that year's winners of the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress.

MGM cast Dee as the female lead in The Reluctant Debutante (1958), with John Saxon as her romantic costar. It was the first of several films in which Dee appeared with Saxon. She provided the voice of Gerda for the English dub of The Snow Queen (1957). With her newfound success and the effects of sexual abuse, Dee continued to struggle with anorexia nervosa, and her kidneys temporarily failed.

In 1958, Dee signed with Universal Pictures and was one of the company's last contract players prior to the dissolution of the studio system. She had a lead role in The Restless Years (1958) for producer Ross Hunter, opposite Saxon and Teresa Wright. She followed this with another film for Hunter, A Stranger in My Arms (1959).

1959–1965: Stardom

Dee's third film for Hunter was of greater impact than the first two: Imitation of Life (1959), starring  Lana Turner. The film became a box-office success, grossing more than $50 million. It was the highest-grossing film in Universal's history and made Dee a household name. She was loaned to Columbia Pictures to play the title role in the teenage beach comedy Gidget (1959), which was a solid hit, helping spawn the beach party genre and leading to two sequels, two television series and two television movies (although Dee did not appear in any of these).

Universal next cast Dee as a tomboy opposite Audie Murphy in the Western romantic comedy The Wild and the Innocent (1959). Warner Bros. borrowed her for another melodrama in the vein of Imitation of Life, A Summer Place (1959), opposite Troy Donahue as her romantic costar. The film was a massive hit, and that year American box office exhibitors voted Dee the 16th-most popular star in the country.

Hunter reunited Dee with Turner and Saxon in Universal's Portrait in Black (1960), a thriller that was a financial success despite receiving harsh reviews. Dee was listed as the nation's seventh-greatest star at the end of 1960. Peter Ustinov cast her as the lead in the Cold War comedy Romanoff and Juliet (1961) with Universal's new heartthrob John Gavin, reuniting them from Imitation of Life.

Dee and Gavin played together again in Hunter's popular Tammy Tell Me True (1961), in which Dee took the Tammy role originated by Debbie Reynolds. In Come September (1961), she worked with Bobby Darin in his film debut (following a cameo in an earlier film). Dee and Darin married after filming on December 1, 1960. On December 16, 1961, she gave birth to their son, her only child, Dodd Mitchell Darin (also known as Morgan Mitchell Darin).

In 1961, Dee, with three years remaining on her Universal contract, signed a new one for seven years. Dee and Darin appeared together in the Hunter romantic comedy If a Man Answers (1962). In 1963, she appeared in the final Tammy film, Tammy and the Doctor, and the hit comedy Take Her, She's Mine, playing a character loosely based on Nora Ephron. That year, she was voted the eighth-greatest star in the country, but it was her last appearance in the top 10. Dee appeared in I'd Rather Be Rich (1964), a musical remake of It Started with Eve, once again for Hunter. She was reunited with Darin in That Funny Feeling (1965) before appearing in her last film at Universal under her contract with the spy comedy A Man Could Get Killed (1966).

Dee was also a singer and recorded some singles in the early 1960s, including a cover version of "When I Fall in Love".

1966–1983: Career decline and later roles

By the end of the 1960s, Dee's career had slowed significantly, and she was dropped by Universal Pictures. She rarely acted following her 1967 divorce from Darin. In a 1967 interview with Roger Ebert, she reflected on her experience in the studio system and on the ingénue image that had been foisted on her, which she found constricting:Look at this––[a] cigarette. I like to smoke. I'm 25 years old, and it so happens that I like to smoke. So out in Hollywood the studio press agents are still pulling cigarettes out of my hand and covering my drink with a napkin whenever my picture is taken. Little Sandra Dee isn't supposed to smoke, you know. Or drink. Or breathe.

Dee appeared in the somewhat successful Doctor, You've Got to Be Kidding! in 1967. Hunter asked her to return to Universal in a co-starring role in Rosie! (1967), but the film was not a success. Dee was inactive in the film industry for several years before appearing in the 1970 American International Pictures occult horror film The Dunwich Horror—a loose adaptation of an H.P. Lovecraft story—as a college student who finds herself in the center of an occult ritual plot. Dee later said, "The reason I decided to do Dunwich was because I couldn't put the script down once I started reading it. I had read so many that I had to plow through, just because I promised someone. Even if this movie turns out be a complete disaster, I guarantee it will change my image." However, she refused to appear nude in the film's final sequence that had been written in the screenplay.

Throughout the 1970s, Dee took sporadic guest-starring roles on episodes of several television series, such as Night Gallery, Fantasy Island and Police Woman. Her final film performance occurred in the low-budget drama Lost (1983). In her later years, Dee told a newspaper that she "felt like a has-been that never was."

1984–2005: Later life and retirement
Dee's years in the 1980s were marked by poor health, and she became a self-described recluse after retiring from acting. At one point, she finally confronted her mother about the sexual abuse by her stepfather when she was a child, as well as her mother's obliviousness to it. She said:
One night I couldn't control the pressure any longer. My mother and I were at home with a few of her close friends, and she started eulogizing my stepfather. I was slowly getting more and more irate. Finally I said, "Mom, shut up. A saint he wasn't." My mother started defending him, and I said, "Well, guess what your saint did to me? He had sex with me." My mother was shocked, then angry. I knew I hurt her. I wanted to. I had so much anger toward her for not doing something to help me. But she ignored me, and the subject never came up again. I realize now that my mother erased the abuse from her own mind. It didn't exist, so she didn't have to feel guilty.

Dee battled anorexia nervosa, depression and alcoholism for many years, hitting a low point after her mother died of lung cancer on December 27, 1987, at age 63. Dee stated that for months she became a recluse living on soup, crackers and Scotch, with her body weight falling to only 80 pounds. After she began to vomit blood, her son compelled her to seek medical and psychiatric treatment. Her mental and physical condition improved, and she expressed a desire to appear in a television situation comedy, partly in order to belong to a family. She stopped drinking altogether after she was diagnosed with kidney failure in 2000, which was attributed to years of heavy drinking and smoking.

In 1994's Dream Lovers: The Magnificent Shattered Lives of Bobby Darin and Sandra Dee, Dodd Darin chronicled his mother's anorexia and drug and alcohol problems, stating that she had been sexually abused as a child by her stepfather Eugene Douvan. The same year, Dee's final acting credit occurred with a voice-only appearance on an episode of Frasier.

Death

After requiring kidney dialysis for the last four years of her life, complications from kidney disease led to Dee's death on February 20, 2005, at the Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, California, at the age of 62. She was interred in a crypt at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills.

Filmography

Film

Television

Accolades

Box-office ranking
For a number of years, exhibitors voted Dee one of the most popular box-office stars in the United States:
 1959—16th
 1960—7th
 1961—6th
 1962—9th
 1963—8th

In popular culture

Dee is referenced in the song "Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee" from the 1971 musical Grease and its 1978 film adaptation.

References

Sources

External links

 Sandra Dee – The Carpathian Connection

 Profile of Sandra Dee; accessed March 24, 2014.

1942 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from New Jersey
American child models
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Deaths from kidney failure
Actors from Bayonne, New Jersey
American people of Rusyn descent
Russian Orthodox Christians from the United States
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
University High School (Los Angeles) alumni
21st-century American women

Sandra Dee


Glenea sjoestedti é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius em 1903 e está conhecido nos Camarões.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

sjoestedti
Coleópteros descritos em 1903

Glenea sjoestedti


Idols was a television show on the Dutch television network RTL 4, which is part of the Idols series based on the popular British show Pop Idol.  The show is a contest to determine the best young singer in the Netherlands.

The show is divided in two sections, the first being the audition round, an open audition where everyone who wants to try is allowed to sing. The first couple of shows usually show the worst and the best contenders in these auditions. Once the best are selected, the theater round starts. Here the singers who survived the auditions have to prove they really have what it takes to become an idol. In a couple of shows these performers are narrowed down to just 10 finalists, with each contestant performing live.

In the first 2 seasons there were four judges, but starting with season 3 there are just three. The judges provide critiques of each competitor's performance and determine nine of the ten people who enter the final shows. In the final shows they just comment, but don't have any power anymore. After the first part of the show viewers have around one hour to vote by telephone and text messages to vote for their favorite contestant, later in the night the results of 'Idols' starts in which the results are presented and the contestant with the fewest votes is sent home.

On 5 November the Dutch broadcaster RTL announced a fifth season which will be broadcast on RTL 5 in 2016.

Season 1
Auditions began in 2002 and were held Zeist, Eindhoven, Hoofddorp, Rotterdam and Assen. 7,626 people auditioned in the debut season.

94 successful auditionees progressed to the next stage at the TheaterHotel De Oranjerie in Roermond, Limburg. In a chorus line of ten, contestants re-audition with a self-chosen song. 50 contestants made the second day of the theatre round where groups based on gender were formed to sing one pre-determined song: "Isn't She Lovely?"  and "I'm So Excited" , for the males and females respectively.

Semi Final Qualifyings
From this stage, all shows are broadcast live from Studio 22 in Hilversum.

Top 30
Format: 3 out of 10 making the finals each week + one Wildcard

Finals Elimination Chart

Season 2
Boris Titulaer won the contest, with Maud being the runner-up.

Semi Final Qualifyings
Top 27
Format: 3 (2 Viewers & 1 Judges Choice) out of 9 making the finals each week + 1 additional Wildcard

Finals Elimination Chart

Season 3
Season 3 started on October 22, 2005 with these notable changes: the two new presenters and the jury now consists of three members instead of the previous four. Raffaëla Paton won the contest, with Floortje being runner-up.

Semi Final Qualifyings
Top 27
Format: 4 (3 Viewers & 1 Judges Choice) out of 9 making the finals each week + 1 additional Wildcard

Finals Elimination Chart

Season 4

Season 5
Auditions began in January 2016 and were held Novotel Schiphol Airport in Hoofddorp. The first audition show attracted a record-breaking 1.5 million viewers.

93 contestants progressed to the next stage at Theater de Kom in Nieuwegein, Utrecht. In a chorus line of ten, contestants re-audition with a pre-selected song. The songs were "Stay with Me" by Sam Smith, "Chandelier" by Sia, "Stitches" by Shawn Mendes, and "Hello" by Adele. 35 contestants advanced to the second theatre round where groups of three or four had to perform a pre-determined song, either "Marvin Gaye" by Charlie Puth ft. Meghan Trainor, "Never Forget You" by MNEK & Zara Larsson or "Sexy als ik dans" by Nielson. Twenty contestants progressed to the next stage.

The next round took place on Bali. First, the contestants had to perform a duet. Half of the contestants were eliminated. The remaining ten entered an acoustic piano round in which they performed a song of their choice. Two more contestants were sent home, narrowing the number of contestants down to eight that will enter the live shows.

During each live show, two contestants were sent home until two finalists remained. These two finalists faced off in a final during which viewers at home could cast their vote.

Judges
Edwin Jansen (2003-2004)
Henkjan Smits (2003-2006)
Eric van Tijn (2003-2008)
Jerney Kaagman (2003-2008)
John Ewbank (2008)
Gordon Heuckeroth (2008)
Martijn Krabbé (2016-2017)
Ronald Molendijk (2016-2017)
Jamai Loman (2016-2017)
Eva Simons (2016-2017)

Hosts
Tooske Ragas (2003-2004)
Reinout Oerlemans (2003-2004)
Chantal Janzen (2006)
Martijn Krabbé (2006-2008)
Wendy van Dijk (2008)
Ruben Nicolai (2016-2017)
Lieke van Lexmond (2016-2017)

References

External links
Season 3 official website
Season 4 official website

Television series by Fremantle (company)
2002 Dutch television series debuts
2008 Dutch television series endings
Dutch-language television shows
Dutch television series based on British television series
RTL 4 original programming

Idols (Dutch TV series)


Häuserkampf ist die 729. Folge aus der Fernseh-Krimireihe Tatort. Sie wurde vom NDR produziert und am 13. April 2009 im Ersten erstausgestrahlt. Regie führte Florian Baxmeyer, das Drehbuch stammt von Johannes W. Betz und Peter Braun. Kriminalhauptkommissar Cenk Batu (Mehmet Kurtuluş) muss in seinem zweiten Fall gegen SEK-Beamte ermitteln und gerät außerdem in einen Entführungsfall.

Handlung
Im Hamburger SEK verkaufen einige Kollegen Insiderwissen und militärisches Material ins Ausland. Kohnau beauftragt Batu als verdeckten Ermittler, die Hintermänner aufzudecken. Batu weigert sich zunächst gegen Kollegen zu ermitteln, lässt sich dann aber doch dazu überreden. Schnell gelingt es ihm mit Lars Jansen, einem der verdächtigen SEK-Beamten, Kontakt zu schließen. Er wird letztendlich sogar von Jansen für die illegalen Geschäfte angeworben. Damit er sich sein Gehalt aufbessern kann, soll auch er im Nahen Osten als Ausbilder fungieren.

Während Batu davon überzeugt ist seinen Auftrag schon fast erfüllt zu haben, werden die Männer zu einem Einsatz mit einer Geiselnahme gerufen. Der vermeintliche Entführer, Zoltan Didic, hat aber keine Geiseln genommen und stellt auch keine Forderungen. Stattdessen teilt er Jansen, der als Scharfschütze vor Ort ist, mit, er halte seine Frau und seine Tochter gefangen und ihr Leben sei durch eine Zeitbombe bedroht. Dann nimmt Didic sich vor den Augen aller das Leben. Jansen wird kurz darauf bei einem Autounfall schwer verletzt. Mit letzter Kraft klärt er Batu darüber auf, dass zwischen ihm und Didic noch alte Rechnungen aus der Zeit des Kosovokrieges offen seien. Didic macht Jansen für den Tod seiner Frau und seines Sohnes verantwortlich und dafür habe er sich jetzt rächen wollen.

Batu macht sich auf den Weg, Jansens Familie zu retten. Er informiert seinen Vorgesetzten Kohnau, der jedoch zunächst dagegen ist. Er befürchtet, dass Batus Tarnung auffliegen könnte und er seine eigentliche Mission gefährdet – schließlich sind weder die Verdächtigen noch die Hintermänner überführt – dennoch hilft er ihm. Beide versuchen nun die Entführten zu finden. Im Wohnhaus der Jansens finden sich Blutspuren und ein großer Geschenkkarton, darin ein Polaroid-Foto und ein Handy mit einer Videobotschaft von Didic. Er will Jansen die Chance geben seine Familie zu retten, was ihm selbst nicht vergönnt war. So führt die Spur von einem Hinweis zum nächsten. Am Ende fordert er dazu auf, einen Stephan Istjevic zu töten, bevor dieser Jansen töten würde. Batu erkennt jedoch Istjevic als den Mann wieder, von dem Jansen letztens einen Umschlag mit Geld für seine "Sonderdienste" erhalten hatte. So ist klar, dass Didic sich auch an Istjevic rächen wollte, indem er ihn und Jansen aufeinander hetzte. Schließlich ist Istjevic aufgrund seiner Geschäfte mit den SEK-Männern indirekt mitschuldig am Tod seiner Familie. Batu gelingt es Istjevic davon zu überzeugen, ihm bei der Suche nach den beiden Entführten zu helfen. Auf dem Weg zum Versteck verliert Batu allerdings die Spur, die Didic gelegt hat. Mit scharfsinniger Überlegung findet er sie aber wieder und kann Jansens Frau und Tochter retten.

Bei all dem hat Batu seinen eigentlichen Auftrag nicht vergessen und ist sich sicher, dass Istjevic nicht der einzige Hintermann ist. So kann über eine Rückrufverfolgung auch Horst Strelsky, der SEK-Einsatzleiter, überführt werden.

Hintergrund
Die Produktionsfirma Studio Hamburg drehte die Tatortepisode Häuserkampf  vom 18. November bis zum 17. Dezember 2008 in Hamburg und Umgebung.
Die Geiselnahme durch Didic wird ausschnittweise in der  Polizeiruf-110-Folge Zwischen den Welten eingeblendet.

Rezeption

Einschaltquoten
Die Erstausstrahlung von Häuserkampf am 13. April 2009 wurde in Deutschland von insgesamt 5,86 Millionen Zuschauern gesehen und erreichte einen Marktanteil von 18,4 % für Das Erste.

Kritik
Die Kritik der WAZ zielte darauf ab, dass, da die Anweisungen bei diesem "Duell mit einem Toten" per Mobiltelefon gegeben werden, die Geräte so stark wie in keinem anderen Tatort die Krimi-Handlung bestimmten. "Die Episode gerät zu einer nervenzerfetzenden Schnitzeljagd."

Bei der Mitteldeutschen Zeitung war zu lesen: "Hier sieht man Kommissar Batu in der schlimmsten Gewissensklemme, in die ein Undercover-Polizist überhaupt geraten kann. Er lässt sich von seinem Chef Kohnau - wieder dröge und leicht skurril gespielt von Peter Jordan - nur höchst widerwillig auf einen Kollegen ansetzen, der in allerlei dunkle Geschäfte verwickelt sein soll. Und so kommt es, dass der ganze Film 'eher (einen) dunklen, elegischen Ton (an)schlägt' und Kurtulus als Batu oft in ausführlichen Aufnahmen wie ein grübelnder Hamlet da[steht]".

Die Redakteurin Carin Pawlak aus der Online-Redaktion des Focus urteilte:

Rainer Tittelbach von tittelbach.tv fasste seine Kritik folgendermaßen zusammen:

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Hauserkampf
Deutscher Film
Filmtitel 2009

Tatort: Häuserkampf


ඉන්දියාවෙන් පිටුවහල් කළ විජය ප්‍රමුඛ ඔහුගේ පිරිවර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ගොඩබසිනුයේ මල්වතු ගගට උතුරින් විල්පත්තු ඝණ වනාන්තරය මැද අදද දැකිය හැකි තම්බපණ්නිය නම් වූ ස්ථානයටයි.

විජය ඇතුළු පිරිස මෙහිදි අත් බිම තබා පසුව බැලුවිට එය තඹ පැහැ වීම නිසා තම්බපණ්නිය වුවා යයි සැලකේ....

තම්බපණ්ණිය


Cape Reinga (; sometimes spelled Rēinga, ), and officially Cape Reinga / Te Rerenga Wairua, is the northwesternmost tip of the Aupōuri Peninsula, at the northern end of the North Island of New Zealand. Cape Reinga is more than 100 km north of the nearest small town of Kaitaia. State Highway 1 extends all the way to the cape, but until 2010 was unsealed gravel road for the last 19 km. Suitable vehicles can also travel much of the way via Ninety Mile Beach and Kauaeparaoa Stream (Te Paki Stream) stream bed. It is also the northern terminus of Te Araroa.

In Māori,  means the leaping-off place of spirits.  is the Māori word for underworld. Both refer to the Māori belief that the cape is the point where the spirits of the dead enter the underworld.

Cape Reinga is on the tentative list of UNESCO waiting to receive World Heritage Site status. , the cape is already a favourite tourist attraction, with over 120,000 visitors a year and around 1,300 cars arriving per day during peak season. Visitor numbers are growing by about five percent a year, and the increase is likely to become even more now that the road to the cape is fully sealed.

Meeting of the seas

Cape Reinga is generally considered the separation marker between the Tasman Sea to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. From the lighthouse it is possible to watch the tidal race, as the two seas clash to create unsettled waters just off the coast. The Māori refer to this as the meeting of Te Moana-a-Rehua, 'the sea of Rehua' with Te Tai-o-Whitirea, 'the sea of Whitirea', Rehua and Whitirea being a male and a female respectively.

The cape is often mistakenly thought of as being the northernmost point of the North Island, and thus, of mainland New Zealand. However, North Cape's Surville Cliffs, 30 km east of Cape Reinga are 3 km further north. Another headland just to the west of Cape Reinga is Cape Maria van Diemen, which was named by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman during his journey in 1642 and thought of by him to be the northernmost point of the newly discovered country he named 'Staten Landt'.

Māori mythology
According to mythology, the spirits of the dead travel to Cape Reinga on their journey to the afterlife to leap off the headland and climb the roots of the 800-year-old pōhutukawa tree and descend to the underworld to return to their traditional homeland of Hawaiki, using the Te Ara Wairua, the 'Spirits' pathway'. At Cape Reinga they depart the mainland. They turn briefly at the Three Kings Islands for one last look back towards the land, then continue on their journey.

A spring in the hillside, Te Waiora-a-Tāne (the 'Living waters of Tāne'), also played an important role in Māori ceremonial burials, representing a spiritual cleansing of the spirits, with water of the same name used in burial rites all over New Zealand. This significance lasted until the local population mostly converted to Christianity, and the spring was capped with a reservoir, with little protest from the mostly converted population of the area. However, the spring soon disappeared and only reappeared at the bottom of the cliff, making the reservoir useless.

Restoration

In 2007 protests by Māori and increased tourist numbers led the Department of Conservation to announce that the public carpark and toilet facilities, which intrude on traditionally sacred ground, would be moved further away from the cape and extended, at a cost of NZ$6.5 million (for details, see external links below). The road to the cape, one of the last stretches of State Highway 1, was only recently sealed following three years of work and include extensive roadside revegetation with over 150,000 plants to prevent erosion. In March 2009, the works on the visitor facilities were completed.

Climate
Cape Reinga has a very mild oceanic climate (Cfb) with high precipitation and little temperature difference between the seasons.

Lighthouse

The lighthouse at Cape Reinga was built in 1941 and first lit during May of that year, replacing a lighthouse located on nearby Motuopao Island, which had been built 1879. In 1987, the lighthouse was fully automated and the lighthouse keepers were withdrawn. The previous 1000 watt light and its revolving Fresnel lens have since been replaced with a tiny 50 watt flashing beacon, lodged in their place in the huge lantern.

References

External links

Cape Reinga (from the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) website)
Cape Reinga (from Eske Family Trust website, see the Maori Mythology explanation)

Far North District
Reinga
State Highway 1 (New Zealand)

Cape Reinga


Sitkwin (, BGN/PCGN: sitkwin) is a  small town in Minhla Township, Bago Region, of Myanmar.

Important events

February 7, 1998: Bertrand Piccard and Crew arrived with their Breitling Orbiter balloon. First, they got greeted by the Burmese army with gunfire to their balloon.

Notes

External links
 "Sitkwin Map — Satellite Images of Sitkwin" Maplandia World Gazetteer
 Sitkwin

Populated places in Bago Region

Sitkwin, Minhla Township


ෆන්ඩ් ෆෝ පීස් යනු අමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය මූලස්ථානය කරගත් රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධානයකි.

අ.එ.ජ. පාදක කරගත් රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන

ෆන්ඩ් ෆෝ පීස්


غلاسيه إكسبرس ترجمته الحرفية الجليدي السريع  قطار مباشر في سويسرا يصل بين سانت مورتيز في كانتون غروباندن وزيرمات في كانتون فاليز. في 25 يونيو 1930 انطلقت أول رحلة غلاسيه إكسبرس وهو يحمل 70 مسافرا. يعتبر هذا القطار من أشهر القطارات في العالم بعبوره قمم جبال الالب وتقديمه للمسافر مشهداً بانورامياً لجبال الألب السويسرية والأودية المحيطة وغابات الجبال والمراعي الجبلية والقرى الصغيرة. تبلغ مدة الرحلة في هذا القطار سبعة ساعات ونصف، يمر خلال تلك الرحلة في 291 جسراً و91 نفق، وقد تم اختيار هذا الخط كأحد مواقع التراث العالمي في عام 2008.

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 جسر لاندفاسر

مراجع

سكك حديدية جبلية
قطارات
مواقع التراث العالمي في سويسرا
مواقع جذب سياحي في سويسرا

غلاسيه إكسبرس


ڤارنا ثالث أكبر مدينة في بلغاريا.
معركة ڤارنا عام 1444م.
حملة ڤارنا الصليبية من أكتوبر 1443م - نوفمبر 1444م.
مقاطعة ڤارنا.

نادي سبارتاك ڤارنا.
فارنا (إلينوي).
فارنا مدينة روسية في مقاطعة أوبلاست تشيليابنسك.
فارنا، تصنيف المجتمع الهندوسي إلى طبقات.
صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

فارنا (توضيح)


Georgia (), Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin güneyinde bulunan bir eyalettir. 153,952 km²'lik yüzölçümüyle Doğu ABD'nin en büyük eyaletidir. 2020 verilerine göre nüfusu 10.711.908 kişidir. Eyalet kuzey dağları, Piedmont Platosu ve kıyı düzlüğü olarak üç bölgeye ayrılır. Savannah Nehri, St. Marys Nehri ve Chattahoochee Nehri başlıca nehirlerdir. Başkenti ve en büyük şehri Atlanta'dır. 6 milyon nüfusuyla Atlanta metropolitan alanı eyalet nüfusunun %57'sini kapsamaktadır.

Georgia Amerika'da fındık, ceviz ve şeftali üretiminde en önemli eyalettir. Coca-Cola ve Dr. Pepper içeceklerinin ilk üretildiği ve satıldığı yer Georgia eyaletidir. Ilıman bir iklimi vardır. Yazları sıcak ve nemli, kışları ise ılık geçer. Kışın ortalama sıcaklık 6 °C iken yazın ortalama 27 °C olur.

Ray Charles (şarkıcı), Amy Grant (şarkıcı), Hulk Hogan (profesyonel güreşçi), Martin Luther King, (insan hakları savunucusu), Burt Reynolds (oyuncu), Julia Roberts (aktris), Kim Basinger (aktris), Keri Hilson (şarkıcı) Georgia eyaletinin ünlü simalarından bazılarıdır.

Georgia Aquarium Dünyanın en büyük akvaryumu bu eyalette bulunur.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Kaynakça

Georgia


قرية المفالسة أو نجع المفالسة هي إحدى القرى التابعة لمركز إدفو في محافظة أسوان في جمهورية مصر العربية.

طالع أيضا

 محافظة أسوان
 قائمة قرى محافظة أسوان

المصادر

قرى إدفو

المفالسة


El distrito de Pachacútec es uno de los catorce distritos peruanos que forman la provincia de Ica en el departamento de Ica, bajo la administración del Gobierno regional de Ica.

Historia
El distrito de Pachacútec fue creado mediante Ley 15114 del 24 de julio de 1964, en el primer gobierno del Presidente Fernando Belaúnde.

Geografía y Localización
 Ríos: Ica.

Autoridades

Municipales
 2019 - 2022
 Alcalde: Walter Donayre Cahua, de Vamos Perú.

Religiosas
 2007-  : Héctor Vera Colona, Obispo católico.

Policiales

Festividades
 Santa Rosa de Lima
 Santísimo Madero.
 Virgen del Rosario.
 Señor de Luren.

Referencias

Véase también
 Organización territorial del Perú
 Región Ica
 Ica

Enlaces externos
 INEI Perú

Pachacútec

Distrito de Pachacútec


Dime, ABD ve Kanada'da on sentlik madeni paralara verilen isimdir.

Para
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ekonomisi

Dime


Umurbey, Sakarya ilinin Geyve ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 40 km, Geyve ilçesine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Geyve'nin mahalleleri

Umurbey, Geyve


James William Ercolani (born June 8, 1936) known by his stage name James Darren, is an American television and film actor, television director, and singer. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, he had notable starring and supporting roles in films including Gidget (1959) and its sequels, The Gene Krupa Story (1959), All the Young Men (1960), The Guns of Navarone (1961), and Diamond Head (1962). As a teen pop singer, he achieved hit singles including "Goodbye Cruel World" in 1961. He later became more active in television, starring as Dr. Anthony Newman in the science fiction series The Time Tunnel (1966–1967). He appeared in the regular role of Officer III James Corrigan in the police drama T. J. Hooker (1983–1986) and in the recurring role of Vic Fontaine in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1998–1999).

Early life
Darren was born in the Lower Moyamensing neighborhood of Philadelphia, on June 8, 1936. He is of Italian descent.

He wanted to be an actor and studied in New York City with Stella Adler for a number of years. He would also occasionally sing although he later said "I wasn't really a singer. I was a kid in Philly whose dad would take him to bars and nightclubs and I would get up and sing two songs."

Career
Darren was discovered by talent agent and casting director Joyce Selznick after he got some photographs taken by Maurice Seymour to show potential agents:
His secretary, a woman by the name of Yvonne Bouvier, asked me if I was interested in getting into film. I said yeah, I was. She said I know someone you should meet. She set up a meeting between me and Joyce Selznick, who worked for Screen Gems. I went down to 1650 Broadway, the Brill Building. On my way to a meeting with Joyce, we just happened to get on the elevator at the same time. She kept staring at me. I never met her. She never met me. We got off at the same floor and walked to the same office. That was our meeting. Joyce brought me over to Columbia Pictures about a week later and got me a contract there.

Columbia
Columbia signed Darren to a long-term contract in July 1956. A few weeks later he was filming his first film, Rumble on the Docks (1956), a low-budget "B" movie produced by Sam Katzman, where Darren played the lead. Darren's appearance was well received and he got a lot of fan mail – second at the studio only to Kim Novak.

Darren guest starred on an episode of TV's The Web ("Kill and Run") then Columbia gave him a support role in an "A" picture, the comedy Operation Mad Ball (1957), starring Jack Lemmon and Ernie Kovacs.

He had support roles in two films directed by Phil Karlson: The Brothers Rico (1957), a film noir, playing the brother of Richard Conte; and Gunman's Walk (1958), a Western with Van Heflin and Tab Hunter. In between he was second billed in another movie for Katzman, The Tijuana Story (1957), although his role was relatively small.

Gidget and singing

Darren was third billed in the surf film, Gidget (1959), starring Sandra Dee and Cliff Robertson, playing Moondoggie, essentially the film's leading man. He also sang the title track. "They were thinking about having someone do the vocal and I would lip sync", he recalled. "I told them I could do it. So we went into one of the sound stages and I sang 'Gidget'. They said, 'He sings fine,' then I did all the other songs."

The film was a hit with teen audiences and so was the song. Darren wound up recording a string of pop hits for Colpix Records, the biggest of which was "Goodbye Cruel World" (#3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961). It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. He also recorded this song in excellent Italian, as "Addio Mondo Crudele", which was very successful in Europe. His follow-ups also became hits: "Her Royal Majesty" (#6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962) and "Conscience" (#11, 1962). He is also featured in one of the Scopitone series of pop-music video jukebox films ("Because You're Mine").

Twice, in 1959 and 1961, Darren played teen idols on episodes of The Donna Reed Show. He did an episode of The Lineup (1959).

Darren was third billed in a series of films for Columbia: The Gene Krupa Story (1959), a biopic with Sal Mineo; All the Young Men (1960), a Korean War movie with Alan Ladd and Sidney Poitier; and Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960) with Burl Ives and Shelley Winters, which was a sequel to Knock On Any Door (1949). He had a cameo as himself in a teen film, Because They're Young (1960), singing the title track.

Darren had a supporting role in the World War II film The Guns of Navarone (1961), a huge hit at the box office. However, Darren later said "The people handling my career at that point didn't really take advantage of it." Also popular was Gidget Goes Hawaiian (1961) where Darren reprised his role as Moondoggie; he had a new Gidget (Deborah Walley) and was given top billing.

Darren had a good support role in a melodrama, Diamond Head (1962) with Charlton Heston. He played Moondoggie a third time in Gidget Goes to Rome (1962) which he later said he "hated... I didn't want to do it. I thought that I'd be doing those for the rest of my life." He sang the title track for Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963).

He also did voice-over work for Screen Gems' Hanna-Barbera animation unit. He was caricatured as teen idol "Jimmy Darrock" on an episode of The Flintstones, and was the singing voice of Yogi Bear in the theatrical feature, Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! (released 1964), on the song "Ven-e, Ven-o, Ven-a".

Darren's seven-year contract with Columbia expired in 1963, and he did not renew it. His recording agreement with Colpix remained in force, and Colpix issued new records into 1965. That same year he changed labels, signing with Warner Bros. Records where he had a Top-40 hit ("All," #35, 1967).

Universal
In 1963 Darren signed a seven-picture deal with Universal, starting with The Lively Set (1963). That teamed him with Pamela Tiffin, who was also in For Those Who Think Young (1964), a teen film Darren made for United Artists.

Irwin Allen
Darren guest starred on an episode of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea as an Android Omar, that was produced by Irwin Allen. Allen then cast Darren in the lead of a series, as impulsive scientist and adventurer Tony Newman on the science fiction series, The Time Tunnel (1966–1967) with Robert Colbert and Lee Meriwether. When the series ended, Allen shot a pilot for a new series starring Darren, The Man from the 25th Century, but it was not picked up.

Darren then went to Europe to make Venus in Furs (1969) for Jess Franco then was reunited with Allen in City Beneath the Sea (1971).

TV guest star
In the 1970s, Darren performed regularly in night clubs. He focused on guest starring on TV series, such as Love, American Style; S.W.A.T.; Police Woman; Black Sheep Squadron; The Feather and Father Gang; Charlie's Angels; Police Story; Hawaii Five-O; Vegas; The Love Boat; and Fantasy Island.

He had a role in the TV movie The Lives of Jenny Dolan (1975) and the film The Boss' Son (1978).

In the early 1980s Darren appeared on Scruples (1981), and One Day at a Time.

Portrait of a Legend
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Darren was the host of Portrait of a Legend, a weekly show in which he would conduct an interview with a popular musician about their career interspersed with classic performance footage of that artist. Artists who appeared included Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Sly Stone, and Herb Alpert. The show appeared mostly on PBS.

TJ Hooker and directing
Later Darren had a regular role as Officer III James Corrigan on the television police drama T. J. Hooker from 1983 to 1986.

"Every career has its hills and valleys", Darren said in 1983. "The most important thing is that you are happy with you. Not anybody's career, no one that I know of, has always been climbing. It always levels out and you want to make sure you have good investments and financial security and bread on the table. If projects aren't coming to you, then you seek them out and you try to develop and put projects together."

He directed some episodes and launched a career as a director, notably of action-based series, including Hunter, The A-Team, Silk Stalkings, Renegade, and Nowhere Man, as well as dramas such as Beverly Hills, 90210 and Melrose Place.

He continued to act on such shows as Raven.

Deep Space Nine
In 1998, he achieved renewed popularity as a singer through his appearances on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine in the role of holographic crooner and adviser Vic Fontaine. His role in Deep Space Nine inspired his return to singing. Many of his vocal performances on the show were re-recorded for the album This One's from the Heart (1999). The album shows Darren, a close friend of Frank Sinatra, comfortably singing in the Sinatra style. The 2001 follow-up Because of You showed similar inspiration from Tony Bennett.

Later appearances include Random Acts (2001) and Lucky (2017).

Personal life

In 1955, Darren married Gloria Terlitsky, his sweetheart since 1953. Her father opposed their marriage because Terlitsky was Jewish while Darren was Catholic. Darren and Terlitsky had son James Jr. ("Jimmy"), and divorced in 1958. Jimmy was adopted by Gloria's third husband, and is now known as journalist and TV commentator Jim Moret.

Two years after the divorce, Darren married Evy Norlund, Miss Denmark 1958. They had two sons, Christian (born c. 1960) and Anthony (born c. 1964).

Selected discography

Singles

Albums
 1960 James Darren No. 1 (reissued 2004)
 1961 Sings the Movies (Gidget Goes Hawaiian)
 1962 Love Among the Young (reissued 2004)
 1962 Sings for All Sizes
 1963 Bye Bye Birdie (with The Marcels, Paul Petersen and Shelley Fabares)
 1963 Teenage Triangle (with Shelley Fabares and Paul Petersen)
 1964 More Teenage Triangle (with Paul Petersen and Shelley Fabares)
 1967 All (reissued 2005)
 1971 Mammy Blue
 1972 Love Songs from the Movies
 1994 The Best of James Darren
 1999 This One's from the Heart
 2001 Because of You
 2019 Live! For The First Time

Many compilation albums also exist.

Filmography

TV appearances

References

External links

1936 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male singers
American male television actors
American people of Italian descent
American television directors
Colpix Records artists
Musicians from Philadelphia
Male actors from Philadelphia
Singers from Pennsylvania

James Darren


Nashville Star is an American reality television singing competition program that aired for six seasons, from 2003 to 2008. Its first five seasons aired on USA Network, while the last season aired on NBC. Its five seasons on USA made it the longest-running competition series on cable television at the time. In Canada, the show aired on CMT through season 5, but moved to E! beginning with season 6. CMT in the United States reaired each episode in season 6.

It was similar to American Idol, in that performers had to sing to impress both celebrity judges and the public via call-in and/or internet votes. Unlike American Idol, however, the performers were limited to country music. This restriction was relaxed for Season 6, allowing for the finalists to choose from many genres of music, but the songs were arranged to maintain a country sound.

The show is credited with jump-starting the careers of singers Buddy Jewell, Miranda Lambert, Chris Young, and Kacey Musgraves among others. A Nashville Star-themed gifts and souvenirs shop featuring local items and city souvenirs opened in July 2008 at Nashville International Airport, one month before the show's final episode, and closed after over a decade.

Show format

Comparisons to American Idol
In a format nearly identical to the final round of American Idol, finalists performed one song per week individually and face criticism and/or praise from a panel of three judges. At the end of the show, voting opened to the viewing public, who cast votes by calling a toll-free telephone number or logging on to the show's official website (texting was added as a voting option in 2008). The performer with the fewest votes was eliminated.

However, because Nashville Star aired only once per week, eliminations were not announced until the following week. The finalists who have not been eliminated are called in random order to the stage one by one to perform until there are only two remaining. At that point, one was called to perform and the other was eliminated for receiving the fewest votes from the previous week. The finalists did not know the order in which they would perform and had less than one minute to prepare once their names were called. No votes are tallied on the season finale.

Much like American Idol, the judges were present to offer criticism to the finalists in an attempt to sway the voting public. Unlike Idol, however, Nashville Star'''s judges did not participate in the preliminary auditions (leaving that task to the show's producers), but they did act as mentors to the finalists (beginning with the 2008 season). The audition process was not seen on-air on USA Network versions, except for the first season (2003 season), but portions of it was seen in a montage during the premiere of the NBC version. Beginning with the 2008 move to NBC, the judges did assist producers in narrowing the field from 50 to 12. Each season (except for 2005), the judges eliminated finalists based on consensus on the premiere episode without sending the vote to the public (the process continued for a few more episodes during the first two seasons).

Whereas American Idol generally elevated people off the street to stardom, Nashville Star finalists were usually already somehow involved in the country music industry, but may not have attained a record deal on a major label. Past finalists have included studio musicians, background singers, and independent artists. Finalists were usually songwriters, in addition to being singers. In each season, one episode was dedicated to songs written by the finalists. Nashville Star did not have the same age limits as American Idol, and performers in their 30s and 40s were finalists, although most were in their 20s.Nashville Star always featured a live band, led by John Bohlinger.

Appearing on both shows in the same season
In 2006, several musicians appeared on both American Idol and Nashville Star. Kenny Rogers made appearances as a guest performer live on both shows within two weeks of each other. Also, Patti LaBelle appeared as a guest judge on Star one week after mentoring on Idol. David Foster did the same, although two weeks apart.

In 2007, five days after Jewel's debut as the new host of Nashville Star, she appeared as a guest judge on the season premiere of American Idol. The Idol segments, however, were taped several weeks before she was named host of Nashville Star.

Broadcast
Regular episodes of Nashville Star ran for 60 minutes each. The show occasionally had a longer runtime (90 or 120 minutes), usually on season premieres and finales. The first three seasons featured nine episodes each. The series' run was cut to eight episodes beginning in 2006.

Finalists lived together for the entire run of the show. During the first two seasons, the finalists lived in a large house near Nashville's Music Row. Beginning with the 2005 season, finalists shared a large suite at the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center. Excerpts of the finalists' interaction with each other in their living environment were often edited into the show.

In addition, most episodes included an established country music act making a guest appearance to perform a song.Nashville Star was produced by Reveille Productions and originated live (except for each season's premiere episode, which was taped) from the now-demolished Acuff Theatre at the Opry Entertainment Complex in Nashville, Tennessee. The competition took place over the months of March and April in its first four seasons, though it moved to January and February for the 2007 season and to the summer months in 2008.

Prizes
The winner of Nashville Star received a recording contract (through Sony Music in Seasons 1 and 2, Universal South Records in Season 3, RCA Label Group in Season 4, and Warner Bros. Music in Seasons 5 and 6), a performance on the Grand Ole Opry, and a pickup truck (Chevrolet from 2005–2007, Toyota in 2008). The 2008 season was to also award the winner a performance at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, though that was later canceled. The top four finalists each season were involved in "The Nashville Star Tour", in which they performed together on a tour of small venues for a few months following the season.

CriticismsNashville Star was criticized from its inception as being an American Idol ripoff, but the show outlived many critics' initial predictions of failure.

Fifth-season judge Blake Shelton told the New York Times, "I think it's disastrous that there hasn't been a winner to go on to be a consistent star in Nashville. In order for the show to have credibility and for it to take another step, we need a Carrie Underwood to come out of it." Despite this, the show was a ratings hit for USA Network, and was moved to broadcast network television after five seasons.

Controversies
In 2004, Mal Rodgers was eliminated by the judges during one of the early rounds, despite being an obvious fan-favorite (at this time, two finalists were eliminated each episode: one by the judges, one by fan-vote). At the taping, the audience loudly booed the decision to eliminate Rodgers, continuing after the show had gone off-air. For 2005, the elimination process was altered, completely removing the judges from the equation. The process was again altered in 2006, allowing judges to remove one finalist (two in 2007, back to one in 2008) on the premiere episode only before fans get the chance to vote.

In 2005, finalist Tamika Tyler blamed producers for attempting to influence fans to vote against her, after she was voted off on an early-season episode. Tyler claims that video clips of a confrontation between her and eventual winner Erika Jo concerning the difference in their ages were doctored and taken out of context as they were presented on the show. The show's producers would refute the claims; however, in 2006, the focus of the videos shifted from interactions between finalists to a behind-the-scenes look at each finalist preparing for his or her performance.

During the fifth episode of the 2007 season, no finalist was eliminated. However, host Jewel teased an elimination several times from the beginning of the episode, only to reveal at the very end that the previous week's show experienced "technical difficulties" and the voting results were discarded. Neither USA Network nor Reveille Productions, would comment publicly on the "technical difficulties". Had the show eliminated a finalist that week, the finale episode would have only featured two performers, instead of the usual three.

As stated below and on this page, the winner of season 6 was supposed to perform at the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, which was also shown on NBC in the U.S.  However, that performance did not occur; no reason was ever given for the cancellation.

Hosts
The host for the first two seasons of Nashville Star was entertainment reporter Nancy O'Dell, who also served as a consulting producer. Before the third season (2005), USA Network announced the show would move from Saturday nights to a more desirable prime time slot on Tuesday nights. As a result of the move, O'Dell chose to leave the show due to her hosting commitments at Access Hollywood, which is taped in Los Angeles. Since then, the show has had a different host each year, consisting of hit-making country singers.

Judges
The show has seen a revolving door of judges as well, with recording industry executive Anastasia Brown serving the longest (a three-season stint from 2005–2007). 2008 marked the first time a recording industry executive was not a member of the panel, and also the first time judges co-acted as mentors.

A Weekly guest judges during 2006 mostly included bona fide musicians, but also included comedian Larry the Cable Guy and wrestler John Cena who both appeared in character for promotional consideration.

Winners

Season 1 (2003)
Season 1 was broadcast on USA Network and presented by Nancy O'Dell. Judges were country music historian Robert K. Oermann, record label executive Tracy Gershon, and singer/songwriter Charlie Robison.

The standings for 2003 were:

The first winner of Nashville Star, in the spring of 2003, was 41-year-old Buddy Jewell. On the strength of his win, Jewell's self-titled album released via Columbia Records earned him a gold record and two top-five country hits in "Help Pour Out the Rain (Lacey's Song)" and "Sweet Southern Comfort", both at No. 3. With the release of a second album, Times Like These, Jewell saw declining sales and was dropped from the label. That season's runner-up, John Arthur Martinez, has released several independently produced albums, and one under a major banner.

Miranda Lambert finished third. Her debut album, Kerosene, debuted on the Billboard country albums chart at No. 1 upon its 2005 release, and with a platinum certification from the RIAA, it is the best-selling album from a Nashville Star contestant. Her second album, Crazy Ex-Girlfriend, is certified platinum too and has produced three more Top 20 hits, one of which ("Gunpowder & Lead") reached No. 7 in 2008. Her third album, Revolution, which is also certified platinum, gave her her first No. 1 "The House That Built Me". At the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards, Lambert won three awards, including Top Female Vocalist, Video of the Year for 'White Liar' and Album of the Year for 'Revolution'. She has also been named Female Vocalist of the Year at the Academy of Country Music Awards and Country Music Association Awards for seven consecutive years (2010 to 2016). She is widely considered to be the most successful contestant in the history of the show; although Season 4 winner Chris Young has more No. 1 country singles (nine) than Lambert (four), Lambert has more No. 1 country albums (six) than Young (two).

Season 2 (2004)
Nancy O'Dell returned as host. Record label executive Tracy Gershon returned as a judge, joined by radio personality Billy Greenwood and country artists The Warren Brothers. The show was broadcast on USA Network.

The standings for 2004 were:

*No finalist was eliminated on the Week 4 show due to a "technical glitch" during Week 3's show.
 Nashville Star began its second season on March 6, 2004. In 2004, the winner was 33-year-old Brad Cotter, who enjoyed very limited success after his win. Cotter was one of ten finalists eliminated by the judges on the first episode, but was allowed back into the competition after he was selected by viewers to be the one of those ten saved. The format was changed after the 2004 season and that element of the competition was scrapped.

Cotter won a recording contract with Sony Music on its Epic Records label. His first album, Patient Man, performed poorly, selling less than 140,000 copies. He was subsequently dropped from the roster. Cotter remains on tour opening for other country artists, such as Mark Chesnutt and Restless Heart.

However, runner-up George Canyon (also 33 years old) experienced a result similar to Miranda Lambert. He did not win a record deal from the show and has not achieved success in the U.S., but he has become a country music star in his native Canada, where he was signed by Universal Music and has released three successful albums.

Following the season, third-place finisher Matt Lindahl began appearing in television, radio, billboard, and print advertisements for Purity Dairies, a regional dairy company based in Nashville. In the television and radio ads, Lindahl (along with his band) sings, acts, and plays the washboard - an instrument that he also played on Nashville Star.

In 2007, Lance Miller signed with Warner Bros. Records and appeared on Star to perform his first single.

Sixth-place finisher Brent Keith was a top 36 semi-finalist on the eighth season of American Idol, but was not voted through to the finals.

Season 3 (2005)Nashville Star began its third season on March 1, 2005. The host was LeAnn Rimes and Cledus T. Judd was co-host, but credited as "Special Correspondent". Sara Evans substituted for Rimes during episodes 7 and 8 due to vocal cord injury. Judges were singer/songwriter Phil Vassar, record label executive Anastasia Brown, and singer/songwriter (and Poison frontman) Bret Michaels.

The standings for 2005 were:

The 2005 winner was 18-year-old Erika Jo from Mount Juliet, Tennessee — the first female and youngest overall winner. Her victory was watched by the show's largest-ever USA Network audience, when over three million people tuned in to see the finale on April 26. It marked the first time the show ranked among the top ten cable shows of the week.

Erika Jo's self-titled album debuted at No. 5 on the country album charts, but quickly fell out of the top ten, selling just over 118,000 copies in the year following its release. The video for the first single, "I Break Things", initially received heavy rotation on CMT and GAC, but the song was largely ignored by country radio and only reached No. 53 on the Billboard Magazine country charts. One subsequent single (a cover of Jessi Colter's 1975 hit "I'm Not Lisa") was released, but it also failed to attract substantial attention. She was later dropped from the Universal South roster. Erika Jo occasionally appeared on the Grand Ole Opry shortly following her victory.

Second-place finisher Jason Meadows released an album 100% Cowboy via the independent Baccerstick label in 2008, and although the album charted, none of its three singles did. Fourth place Jayron Weaver went on to form with Delnora Reed a duo named Blue-Eyed Grass.

Season 4 (2006)
Wynonna was the host of the series and Cowboy Troy was co-host. Two Foot Fred hosts "Small Talk" segment.

Phil Vassar and Anastasia Brown returned as regular judges, with a third seat occupied by guest judges, which included:
Premiere (3/14/06) - Big & Rich
Week 2 (3/21/06) - comedian Larry the Cable Guy
Week 3 (3/28/06) - World Wrestling Entertainment star John Cena
Week 4 (4/4/06) - Naomi Judd
Week 5 (4/11/06) - David Foster
Week 6 (4/18/06) - Patti LaBelle
Week 7 (4/25/06) - Scott Weiland & Duff McKagan (of Velvet Revolver)
Finale (5/2/06) - Big & Rich

The standings for 2006 were:

The 2006 winner was 20-year-old Chris Young. Nashville Star began its fourth season on March 14, 2006, with a slightly altered set, two new hosts in Wynonna & Cowboy Troy, and only two regular judges. A guest judge occupied the third seat each week. The format remained unaltered, though the length of the season was reduced by one week, and one finalist was eliminated on the season premiere (by judges' decision) to compensate. Two Foot Fred's "Small Talk" segment also made its debut in 2006. The season ended on May 2, 2006, with Young—from nearby Murfreesboro, Tennessee—crowned champion. His self-titled debut album was released on October 3, 2006 and debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard country chart, although its singles both missed Top 40. Young charted in the Top 40 for the first time in 2008 with "Voices", and reached number one in 2009 with "Gettin' You Home (The Black Dress Song)" and "The Man I Want to Be". "Voices" was then re-released in 2010 and also went on to reach number one. Young also received a Grammy nomination in 2016 for "Think of You" with The Voice contestant Cassadee Pope. Sixth-place finisher Kristen McNamara was a top 36 finalist on the eighth season of American Idol, but was not voted into the Top 13. Fourth-place finisher Matt Mason would go on to win the first season of CMT's Next Superstar.

Season 5 (2007)
Jewel hosted the show and Cowboy Troy returned as co-host. Two Foot Fred returned as host of the "Small Talk" segment. Judges included Anastasia Brown, who returned for her third season at the desk. Joining her were country singers Randy Owen (lead singer of Alabama) and Blake Shelton.

The standings for 2007 were:

*No finalist was eliminated on the Week 5 show due to "technical difficulties" during Week 4's show.

The above ten were chosen from over fifty Regional Finalists, selected from local area callbacks and auditions.  The Regional Finals were held in Nashville, TN on November 1, 2, and 3, 2006 at The Stage.

The 2007 winner of Nashville Star was 29-year-old Angela Hacker from Muscle Shoals, Alabama, who finished just ahead of her younger brother, Zac. It was the first time that siblings had competed, let alone finished in the top two.

The fifth season debuted on USA Network and CMT Canada at 10 pm EST on January 11, 2007. There were several changes to the show, including an earlier start date and a new night. The series moved to January and February, and aired live on Thursdays at 10 pm EST rather than Tuesdays. Jewel replaced Wynonna as host, with Cowboy Troy returning as co-host.  The format remained mostly unaltered, except the judges eliminated two finalists (one male, one female) on the premiere episode. Sonic Drive-In was the presenting sponsor for 2007. The season finale aired on March 1, 2007.

Following the season, Angela Hacker's album The Winner Is Angela Hacker was released on Warner Bros. Records. The album, composed of cover song demos she recorded while on the show, was only available at Walmart. She also appeared on Cowboy Troy's Black in the Saddle album, singing guest vocals on "Hick Chick". She left Warner in August 2008 without releasing any singles.

Fifth-placer Whitney Duncan, who had previously charted the duet "My World Is Over" with Kenny Rogers in 2004, signed to Warner as well, charting with "When I Said I Would". Her debut album, Right Road Now, was first slated for release in mid-2008, but was delayed repeatedly due to poor performance of its singles. It was eventually released in early 2010, and Duncan soon after parted ways with the record label. Duncan would later compete in the CBS reality series Survivor: South Pacific and finished in 9th place. She would later participate in another CBS reality series The Amazing Race 25, with her fellow Survivor contestant and fiancé Keith Tollefson; they finished in 8th place.

Kacey Musgraves, who finished in seventh place, signed with Mercury Records in 2012 and released her debut single, "Merry Go 'Round", which was a top 20 country hit. Her major-label debut, Same Trailer Different Park, was released on March 19, 2013.  It reached number 1 on the country albums chart and number 2 on the Billboard 200, and won the Academy of Country Music award for Album of the Year, and also the Grammy Award for Best Country Album. Her second major-label release, Pageant Material (2015), was nominated for Best Country Album at the 58th Grammy Awards. Her first Christmas-themed album, A Very Kacey Christmas, was released on October 28, 2016. Her fourth studio album, Golden Hour (2018), won four Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and Best Country Album.

Season 6 (2008)
In Season 6, the show moved from USA Network to NBC. The move to NBC (and E! in Canada) came with a few format changes to the show, including the first time that auditions were shown on-air. Also, the on-screen judges presided over the initial auditions for the first time. The minimum age was lowered to 16 (from 18), and duos and trios were allowed to compete. The field was expanded to twelve finalists (groups counted as one finalist), the largest field since Season 1. The show also received a new set, opening, and theme song. Beginning with the second episode, the show was broadcast in HDTV for the first time; the premiere retained the NTSC format.

Season 6 of Nashville Star premiered on NBC on June 9, 2008, at 9PM Eastern/Pacific. Its heavily-promoted first broadcast, a two-hour premiere, earned a 2.2 rating, its first hour finishing fourth and its second hour finishing second among the four major networks. Despite the relatively low ratings for a network show, the premiere attracted the most viewers for a single episode in the show's history, outdrawing all episodes broadcast on USA Network. The second episode lost 18 percent of its debut audience. The show during season 6 placed fourth in the first hour and placed second overall in the second hour of the broadcast. Billy Ray Cyrus hosted the sixth season. The winner of the first-ever NBC season was 32-year-old Melissa Lawson.

The finalists for 2008 were:

The sixth season featured judges Jeffrey Steele, John Rich, and Jewel (who hosted Season Five). For the first time, the judges also acted as mentors to the finalists, and Rich produced songs later included in the EP, United We Stand. The winner was promised a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records, a Toyota Tundra pickup truck, and the opportunity to perform at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

The sixth season also brought Nashville Star to the American CMT network for the first time. The cable network rebroadcast each episode the following Friday. Beginning with the show's second episode, CMT's Katie Cook joined the show as a correspondent.

For the first time in the show's history, a companion radio show was developed to complement the television program. Nashville Star Radio debuted each Thursday evening on XM's "Highway 16". NSR featured the week's performances from the television show, as well as exclusive in-studio performances and interviews with the finalists and judges.

AT&T became a major sponsor of the show, placing their logo on screen with each finalist's call-in vote line. AT&T sponsored the same service on American Idol. Also, Toyota replaced Chevrolet as a sponsor, and offered its signature Tundra pickup as a prize to the winner.

Guest Performers for the 2008 season included Taylor Swift, Trace Adkins, Danity Kane, and Blake Shelton.

Thirty-two-year-old Melissa Lawson won. Lawson had made it to the Top 75 on season 4 of American Idol. She released a single "What If It All Goes Right" that charted at No. 43 on the US Country charts and No. 79 on the general US chart. Second-placed Gabe Garcia, went on to form the Gabe Garcia Band.

Coffey Anderson (also written Cofféy Anderson), a Los Angeles, California, resident but originally from Bangs, Texas, finished 4th. He had briefly been a contestant on season 2 of American Idol in 2003, making it to the Hollywood round. Coffey Anderson has released four albums: Southern Man, Me and You and the spiritual Christian albums Inspiration Vol. 1 and Worship Unplugged 1''. He enjoys huge popularity online, particularly with his compositions "Memphis", "Southern Man", "Rock 'n Roll Sally", "All Ye", "Let me Love You" and "Can I". He also has his own indie label Coffey Entertainment, LLC.

Third-placer Shawn Mayer is currently releasing songs digitally, and fifth-placer Ashlee Hewitt is currently songwriting and working with close friend and fellow country singer Katie Armiger.

With the release of "Teddy Gentry's Best New Nashville" through the Cracker Barrel music program in all 601 Cracker Barrel locations in 42 states, sixth-placer Laura Fedor becomes the first-ever non-major-label-signed artist to be allowed in their music program, and the only artist besides the winner to have a prominent national release on a respected label.

References

External links
  (Warner Bros)
  (NBC)
 Official site (Seasons 1 to 5) (USA Network)

Grand Ole Opry
Mass media in Nashville, Tennessee
2000s American reality television series
USA Network original programming
NBC original programming
Television series by Universal Television
Television series by Reveille Productions
2003 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
Culture of Nashville, Tennessee
Television shows set in Tennessee
Singing talent shows

Nashville Star


Nigga é um termo com conotação vulgar e muitas vezes usados como forma de injúria racial, tendo origem no inglês vernáculo afro-americano, se originalizou como uma forma de dialeto da palavra nigger, também considerada uma gíria com usos depreciativos.

A palavra é comumente usada e associada à assuntos interligados de algum modo a cultura afro-americana moderna, como o hip hop e rap, além de haver interligações com gangues e regiões periféricas dos Estados Unidos. Nos dialetos do inglês (incluindo o inglês britânico padrão) que têm a pronúncia não-rótica, "nigger" e "nigga" são frequentemente falados da mesma forma.

Uso
O uso de "nigger" de forma não-pejorativa dentro da comunidade negra foi documentado no livro de 1912 The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (Autobiografia de um Ex-Negro), de James Weldon Johnson, no qual ele relatou uma cena na cidade de Nova York na virada do século:Percebi que entre essa classe de homens de cor a palavra "nigger" era usada livremente no mesmo sentido que a palavra "companheiro", e às vezes como um termo quase carinhoso; mas logo aprendi que seu uso era absolutamente proibido aos homens brancos.Há opiniões populares conflitantes sobre se existe alguma diferença significativa entre "nigga" e "nigger" como um termo falado. Muitas pessoas consideram ambos igualmente pejorativos, e o uso de "nigga" dentro e fora das comunidades negras permanece controverso. H. Lewis Smith, autor de Bury That Sucka: A Scandalous Love Affair with the N-word, acredita que "substituir o 'er' por um 'a' não muda nada além da pronúncia" e o Cartório de Registro Afro-americano observa: "Irmão (Brother - Brotha) e Irmã (Sister - Sistah ou Sista) são termos carinhosos. Nigger era e ainda é uma palavra de desrespeito". A Associação Nacional para o Progresso de Pessoas de Cor, um grupo de direitos civis, condena o uso de "nigga" e "nigger".

Alguns afro-americanos só consideram "nigga" ofensivo quando usado por pessoas de outras raças, vendo seu uso fora de um grupo social definido como uma apropriação cultural indesejada. Usado por negros, o termo pode indicar "solidariedade ou afeto", semelhante ao uso das palavras "dude", "homeboy" e "bro" (irmão, 'irmãozinho'). Outros consideram "nigga" não-ofensivo, exceto quando dirigido de um não-afro-americano para um afro-americano. Ainda, outras pessoas classificam o uso do termo como prejudicial, permitindo que racistas brancos usem a palavra e misturem a questão com "nigger". Por outro lado, "nigga" tem sido usado como um exemplo de assimilação cultural, em que membros de outras etnias (principalmente pessoas mais jovens) usam a palavra de forma positiva, semelhante ao "bro" ou "dude" mencionado anteriormente.

Na prática, seu uso e significado são fortemente dependentes do contexto. Atualmente, a palavra "nigga" é usada mais liberalmente entre os membros mais jovens de todas as raças e etnias nos Estados Unidos. Além dos afro-americanos, outros grupos étnicos adotaram o termo como parte de seu vernáculo, embora esse uso seja muito controverso.

Influência cultural
O termo "nigga, please", usado na década de 1970 por quadrinhos de Paul Mooney como "uma pontuação engraçada em piadas sobre negros", agora é ouvido rotineiramente em shows de comédia protagonizados por afro-americanos. O uso crescente do termo é frequentemente atribuído à sua onipresença na atualidade da música hip hop americana.

Um dos primeiros usos do termo em uma música popular foi a música de 1983 "New York New York" de Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, embora tenha aparecido em algumas gravações de hip hop muito antigas, como "Scoopy Rap" e "Family Rap", ambos de 1979. Ol' Dirty Bastard usa o termo 76 vezes em seu álbum Nigga Please (sem incluir repetições nos refrões).

O show do comediante Chris Rock "Niggas vs. Black People" distingue um "nigga", que ele definiu como um "filho da puta de baixa expectativa ", de uma "pessoa negra". Em contraste, Tupac Shakur distinguiu entre "nigger" e "nigga": "Os niggers eram os que estavam na corda, pendurados nela; os niggas são aqueles com cordões de ouro, saindo de clubes". Tupac, que foi creditado por legitimar o termo, disse que sua música "N.I.G.G.A" significava "nunca impedir a realização dos objetivos" (Never Ignorant Getting Goals Accomplished).

Alguns programas de TV usam a palavra, seja para criar uma atmosfera realista ou como forma de apresentar discussões sociais, especificamente aquelas relacionadas à diferença de riqueza entre ricos e pobres. A palavra continua a ser usada para efeito cômico, por exemplo, é usada comumente em The Boondocks, uma série animada para adultos com interpretações satíricas de sitcoms americanos tradicionais e cultura afro-americana.

Uso em marcas comerciais
Até uma decisão de 2017 da Suprema Corte dos EUA no caso Matal v. Tam, a Lei Lanham não permitia o registro de marcas que contenham termos que possam ofender as pessoas. Contudo, o registro pelo Escritório Americano de Patentes e Marcas Registradas (sigla PTO em inglês) de termos que são historicamente considerados depreciativos para grupos de pessoas foi permitido em algumas circunstâncias. Marcas autodepreciativas foram permitidas em alguns casos em que o requerente demonstrou que a marca usada não é considerada depreciativa pelo grupo relevante.

Em 1995, dois homens de Houston, Texas, registraram um pedido de marca no PTO para as palavras "Africanos naturalmente inteligentes providos por Deus" (Naturally Intelligent God Gifted Africans) e sua sigla. O pedido foi rejeitado, assim como vários pedidos subsequentes de variações da palavra "nigga". Em 2005, o comediante Damon Wayans tentou duas vezes registrar uma marca chamada Nigga, "de roupas, livros, música e mercadorias em geral". O PTO recusou o pedido de Wayans, afirmando que "o próprio fato de que o debate está em andamento sobre o uso em grupos [étnicos] mostra que um grupo substancial de afro-americanos considera o termo 'nigga' ofensivo".

Ver também
 Reapropriação

 Algumas frases e expressões em inglês não têm tradução exata para o português, por isso o artigo coloca a frase original ao lado da tradução livre nesses casos.

Ligações externas
 Blacks and Whites Should Make a Deal on the N-Word - Em inglês

Cultura afro-americana
Racismo nos Estados Unidos
Palavras, frases e expressões em inglês

Nigga


هي القومية التي استوطنت الجزء الأوسط من شبه جزيرة البلقان بتعداد أبناء قرابة 5 مليون نسمة  وأكبر المجموعات الدينية هي الأرثوزكسية المقدونية وتليها الإسلام.

تاريخ
استوطنت قبائل السلافيين مقدونية منذ بداية القرن الخامس الميلادى بحثا عن اراض تصلح للزراعة ويمكن ان يطلق على المقدونيين لقب الصقالبة وهو لقب أطلق قديما على السلافيين عامة (الصقالبة وصل بعضهم لمناصب هامة في الأندلس فعملو حراسا وجنود لامراء المسلمين في إسبانيا المسلمة سابقا كما ورد ذكر هم في مؤلفات المؤرخ اليوغسلافى ماجوراينتش
وفى النصف الثاني من القرن العاشر اسس القيصر صوميلو الدولة المقدونية الأولى التي استمرت إلى عام1018 ميلادية واختيرت هدريد عاصمة له وتناوب بعدها حكام الاتراك والصرب حكم مقدونيا إلى ان استولى الاتراك على تلك المنطقة واداموا الحكم فيها 500 عاما أي إلى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر, وبذلك حلت الدولة العثمانية محل البيزنطية.
وفى النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر تطورت حركة ثورية كانت بذرتها من سالونيك بقيادة جوستاف دلتشفصاحب شعار مقدونيا للمقدونيين ثم انهارت الامبراطورية العثمانية مخلفة اطماعا بلغارية في حكم المنطفة، وفي عام 1903 هبت انتفاضة ايليندين ضد البلغار واعلنوا قيام الجمهورية الا انها دامت لعشرة أيام فقط وعادت الامور لبلغاريا من جديد إلى عام 1913 حيث تقاسم البلغار واليونانيين والصرب مقدونيا.

الثقافة
تتصف ثقافة الشعب المقدوني بخصائلها الحديثة والتقليدية المتداخلة فيما بينها. وترتبط ارتباطا وثيقا بأرضهم والبيئة المحيطة التي يعيشون فيها. يبرز التراث الثقافي الغني للمقدنيين بالفلكلور والعادات والتزينات والزخرفات التقليدية  في منازل المدن والقرى المقدونية وفي النمط المعماري الخاص وبناء الكنائس والأديرة والأيقونات الدينية والمنحوتات الخشبية وما إلى ذلك. ويمكن وصف الثقافة المقدونية بكونها إحدى الثقافات البلقانية حيث تتشابه كثيرا مع الثقافتان البلغارية والصربية.

مشاهير
 كوتشو راتسين: شاعر ثورى ولد عام 1909 وشارك في حربالتحرير ولقى مصرعه عام 1943
 ترايان بتروفسكي: المستشار الاعلامى والثقافى ليوغسلافيا بالقاهرة سابقا واحد البارزين في مجال الكتابة والصحافة.

معرض صور

مصادر

 الصقالبة في إسبانيا للدكتورأحمد مختار عبد الفتاح
 الكسندر سباسوف دراسات ونظرات ونقد

سلافيون جنوبيون
عرقيات سلافية
عرقيات مقدونيا
مجموعات عرقية في ألبانيا
مجموعات عرقية في اليونان
مجموعات عرقية في جمهورية مقدونيا
مجموعات عرقية في صربيا

مقدونيون


Leinesfjorden er en fjordarm af Vestfjorden i Steigen kommune i Nordland  fylke i Norge. Den går knap 12 kilometer i østlig retning fra Andholmfjorden til Stormyra.

Fjorden har indløb mellem øen Fluksa i nord og Helnes i syd. Sundet Andholmfjorden fortsætter videre mod vest  som en forfjord som giver forbindelse til Vestfjorden. Fra Leinesfjorden går de to fjordarme Saursfjorden i nordøstlig retning og Botnfjorden i østlig retning. Landskabet på nordsiden karaktereisers af  åse, men det på sydsiden stiger op mod den 1.045 meter høje Kråktindan. I selve fjorden ligger en række små holme, skær og grunde.

Leinesfjord ligger i bunden af fjorden langs Fylkesvej 835. Fylkesvej 633  går langs sydsiden fra Helnes, via Leines, Skålvoll og Åsjorda, til Botn i bunden af Botnfjorden. Bygderne her lå frem til 1964 i Leiranger kommune.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland
Steigen

Leinesfjorden


Aleksandar I. Žestoki (škot.  Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim (Dunfermline, oko 1080. – vjerojatno Stirling, Škotska, 23. travnja 1124.), škotski kralj od 1107. do 1124. godine; sin škotskog kralja Malcolma III. Canmorea (1058. – 1093.) i nasljednik brata, kralja Edgara (1097. – 1107.) iz dinastije Dunkelda.

Životopis

Rodio se kao sin kralja Malcolma III. i kraljice Margarete Škotske, a na prijestolju je naslijedio svog brata, kralja Edgara. U dogovoru s bratom, postavio je svog mlađeg brata i nasljednika, Davida, za vladara južne Škotske. Aleksandar I. je vjerojatno priznavao vrhovništvo engleskog kralja Henrika I. (1100. – 1135.). Oženio je njegovu nezakonitu kćer Sibilu, s kojom nije imao djece, dok je Henrik oženio Aleksandrovu sestru Matildu. Godine 1114. sudjelovao je u Henrikovoj vojnoj kampanji protiv Velšana.

Zbog načina na koji je ugušio ustanak u Morayju, dobio je nadimak Žestoki. Nastojao je sačuvati neovisnost Škotske i njene crkve, ali rezultat napora uoči njegove smrti nije bio definitivno određen. Također, prvo je administrativne reforme u zemlji, a značajno je i da se prve škotske kovanice pojavljuju upravo u vrijeme njegove vladavine. Aleksandar I. nije ostavio zakonitih nasljednika pa ga je na prijestolju naslijedio mlađi brat, David I.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Aleksandar I., kralj Škotske - Britannica Online
 Aleksandar I. Škotski (1107. – 1124.) - britroyals.com
 Aleksandar I. postao škotski kralj - historytoday.com
 Kralj Aleksandar I. - undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
 Aleksandar I. Žestoki (1107. – 1124.) - englishmonarchs.co.uk

Škotski vladari
Dunkeldi

Aleksandar I. Škotski