Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions. Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa and consists of the following countries: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, and São Tomé and Príncipe. These eleven countries are members of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). Six of those countries (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Republic of the Congo) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) and share a common currency, the Central African CFA franc.

The African Development Bank, on the other hand, defines Central Africa as seven countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.

List of Central African countries

Background

The Central African Federation (1953–1963), also called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, was made up of what are now the nations of Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Similarly, the Anglican Church of the Province of Central Africa covers dioceses in Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, while the Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian has synods in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. These states are now typically considered part of East or Southern Africa.

Geography

The Congo River basin has historically been ecologically significant to the populations of Central Africa, serving as an important supra-regional organization in Central Africa.

History

Prehistory

Archeological finds in Central Africa have been made which date back over 100,000 years. According to Zagato and Holl, there is evidence of iron smelting in the Central African Republic that may date back to 3000 to 2500 BCE. Extensive walled settlements have recently been found in Northeast Nigeria, approximately  southwest of Lake Chad dating to the first millennium BCE.

Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies, leading to the early civilizations of West Africa: Sao, Kanem, Bornu, Shilluk, Baguirmi, and Wadai.

Around 2500 BCE, Bantu migrants had reached the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa. Halfway through the first millennium BCE, the Bantu had also settled as far south as what is now Angola.

Ancient history

Sao civilization

The West African Sao civilization flourished from ca. the 6th century BCE to as late as the 16th century CE in northern Central Africa. The Sao lived by the Chari River south of Lake Chad in territory that later became part of Cameroon and Chad. They are the earliest people to have left clear traces of their presence in the territory of modern Cameroon. Today, several ethnic groups of northern Cameroon and southern Chad but particularly the Sara people claim descent from the civilization of the Sao. Sao artifacts show that they were skilled workers in bronze, copper, and iron. Finds include bronze sculptures and terra cotta statues of human and animal figures, coins, funerary urns, household utensils, jewelry, highly decorated pottery, and spears. The largest Sao archaeological finds have been made south of Lake Chad.

Kanem Empire

The West-Central African kingdom of Kanem–Bornu Empire was centered in the Lake Chad Basin. It was known as the Kanem Empire from the 9th century CE onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much of Chad, but also parts of modern eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria, northern Cameroon and parts of South Sudan. The history of the Empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Girgam discovered in 1851 by the German traveler Heinrich Barth. Kanem rose in the 8th century in the region to the north and east of Lake Chad. The Kanem empire went into decline, shrank, and in the 14th century was defeated by Bilala invaders from the Lake Fitri region.

Bornu Empire

The Kanuri people of West Africa led by the Sayfuwa migrated to the west and south of the lake, where they established the Bornu Empire. By the late 16th century the Bornu empire had expanded and recaptured the parts of Kanem that had been conquered by the Bulala.  Satellite states of Bornu included the Damagaram in the west and Baguirmi to the southeast of Lake Chad.

Shilluk Kingdom

The Shilluk Kingdom was centered in South Sudan from the 15th century from along a strip of land along the western bank of White Nile, from Lake No to about 12° north latitude. The capital and royal residence were in the town of Fashoda. The kingdom was founded during the mid-fifteenth century CE by its first ruler, Nyikang. During the nineteenth century, the Shilluk Kingdom faced decline following military assaults from the Ottoman Empire and later British and Sudanese colonization in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

Baguirmi Kingdom

The Kingdom of Baguirmi existed as an independent state during the 16th and 17th centuries southeast of West-Central Africa Lake Chad region in what is now the country of Chad. Baguirmi emerged to the southeast of the Kanem–Bornu Empire. The kingdom's first ruler was Mbang Birni Besse. Later in his reign, the Bornu Empire conquered and made the state a tributary.

Wadai Empire

The Wadai Empire was centered in Chad from the 17th century. The Tunjur people founded the Wadai Kingdom to the east of Bornu in the 16th century. In the 17th century, there was a revolt of the Maba people who established a Muslim dynasty.
At first, Wadai paid tribute to Bornu and Durfur, but by the 18th century, Wadai was fully independent and had become an aggressor against its neighbors.

Lunda Empire

Following the Bantu Migration from Western Africa, Bantu kingdoms and empires began to develop in southern Central Africa. In the 1450s, a Luba from the royal family Ilunga Tshibinda married Lunda queen Rweej and united all Lunda peoples. Their son Mulopwe Luseeng expanded the kingdom. His son Naweej expanded the empire further and is known as the first Lunda emperor, with the title Mwata Yamvo (mwaant yaav, mwant yav), the "Lord of Vipers". The Luba political system was retained, and conquered peoples were integrated into the system. The mwata yamvo assigned a cilool or kilolo (royal adviser) and tax collector to each state conquered.

Numerous states claimed descent from the Lunda. The Imbangala of inland Angola claimed descent from a founder, Kinguri, brother of Queen Rweej, who could not tolerate the rule of mulopwe Tshibunda. Kinguri became the title of kings of states founded by Queen Rweej's brother. The Luena (Lwena) and Lozi (Luyani) in Zambia also claim descent from Kinguri. During the 17th century, a Lunda chief and warrior called Mwata Kazembe set up an Eastern Lunda kingdom in the valley of the Luapula River. The Lunda's western expansion also saw claims of descent by the Yaka and the Pende. The Lunda linked Central Africa with the western coast trade. The kingdom of Lunda came to an end in the 19th century when it was invaded by the Chokwe, who were armed with guns.

Kongo Kingdom

By the 15th century CE, the farming Bakongo people (ba being the plural prefix) were unified as the Kingdom of Kongo under a ruler called the manikongo, residing in the fertile Pool Malebo area on the lower Congo River. The capital was M'banza-Kongo. With superior organization, they were able to conquer their neighbors and extract tribute. They were experts in metalwork, pottery, and weaving raffia cloth. They stimulated interregional trade via a tribute system controlled by the manikongo. Later, maize (corn) and cassava (manioc) would be introduced to the region via trade with the Portuguese at their ports at Luanda and Benguela. The maize and cassava would result in population growth in the region and other parts of Africa, replacing millet as the main staple.

By the 16th century, the manikongo held authority from the Atlantic in the west to the Kwango River in the east. Each territory was assigned a mani-mpembe (provincial governor) by the manikongo. In 1506, Afonso I (1506–1542), a Christian, took over the throne. Slave trading increased with Afonso's wars of conquest. About 1568 to 1569, the Jaga invaded Kongo, laying waste to the kingdom and forcing the manikongo into exile. In 1574, Manikongo Álvaro I was reinstated with the help of Portuguese mercenaries. During the latter part of the 1660s, the Portuguese tried to gain control of Kongo. Manikongo António I (1661–1665), with a Kongolese army of 5,000, was destroyed by an army of Afro-Portuguese at the Battle of Mbwila. The empire dissolved into petty polities, fighting among each other for war captives to sell into slavery.

Kongo gained captives from the Kingdom of Ndongo in wars of conquest. Ndongo was ruled by the ngola. Ndongo would also engage in slave trading with the Portuguese, with São Tomé being a transit point to Brazil. The kingdom was not as welcoming as Kongo; it viewed the Portuguese with great suspicion and as an enemy. The Portuguese in the latter part of the 16th century tried to gain control of Ndongo but were defeated by the Mbundu. Ndongo experienced depopulation from slave raiding. The leaders established another state at Matamba, affiliated with Queen Nzinga, who put up a strong resistance to the Portuguese until coming to terms with them. The Portuguese settled along the coast as trade dealers, not venturing on conquest of the interior. Slavery wreaked havoc in the interior, with states initiating wars of conquest for captives. The Imbangala formed the slave-raiding state of Kasanje, a major source of slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Modern history

During the Conference of Berlin in 1884–85 Africa was divided up between the European colonial powers, defining boundaries that are largely intact with today's post-colonial states. On 5 August 1890 the British and French concluded an agreement to clarify the boundary between French West Africa and what would become Nigeria. A boundary was agreed along a line from Say on the Niger to Barruwa on Lake Chad, but leaving the Sokoto Caliphate in the British sphere. Parfait-Louis Monteil was given charge of an expedition to discover where this line actually ran.
On 9 April 1892 he reached Kukawa on the shore of the lake.
Over the next twenty years a large part of the Chad Basin was incorporated by treaty or by force into French West Africa. On 2 June 1909, the Wadai capital of Abéché was occupied by the French. The remainder of the basin was divided by the British in Nigeria, who took Kano in 1903, and the Germans in Cameroon.

The countries of the basin regained their independence between 1956 and 1962, retaining the colonial administrative boundaries. Chad, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic became autonomous states with the dissolution of French Equatorial Africa in 1958, gaining full independence in 1960. The Democratic Republic of the Congo also gained independence from Belgium in 1960, but quickly devolved into a period of political upheaval and conflict known as the Congo Crisis (19601965) which ended with the installment of Joseph Mobutu as president and renamed the country Zaire in 1971. Burundi claimed independence from Belgian Ruanda-Urundi in 1962, becoming a constitutional monarchy under Mwami Mwambutsa IV. Rwanda, also part of Ruanda-Urundi, gained independence in 1962 following the ethnic violence of the Rwandan Revolution, transitioning from a Tutsi monarchy to a Hutu-dominated republic. Equatorial Guinea gained independence from Spain in 1968, leading to the election of Francisco Macías Nguema, now widely regarded as one of the most brutal dictators in history. In 1961, Angola became involved in the Portuguese Colonial War, a 13-year-long struggle for independence in Lusophone Africa. It gained independence only in 1975, following the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon. São Tomé and Príncipe also gained independence in 1975 in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution. In 2011, South Sudan gained its independence from the Republic of Sudan after over 50 years of war.

In the 21st century, many jihadist and Islamist groups began to operate in the Central African region, including the Seleka and the Ansaru.

Over the course of the 2010s, the internationally unrecognized secessionist state called Ambazonia gained increasing momentum in its home regions, resulting in the ongoing Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon.

Economy

The main economic activities of Central Africa are farming, herding and fishing. At least 40% of the rural population of northern and eastern Central Africa lives in poverty and routinely face chronic food shortages. Crop production based on rain is possible only in the southern belt. Slash-and-burn agriculture is a common practice. Flood recession agriculture is practiced around Lake Chad and in the riverine wetlands. Nomadic herders migrate with their animals into the grasslands of the northern part of the basin for a few weeks during each short rainy season, where they intensively graze the highly nutritious grasses. When the dry season starts they move back south, either to grazing lands around the lakes and floodplains, or to the savannas further to the south.

In the 2000–01 period, fisheries in the Lake Chad basin provided food and income to more than 10 million people, with a harvest of about 70,000 tons. Fisheries have traditionally been managed by a system where each village has recognized rights over a defined part of the river, wetland or lake, and fishers from elsewhere must seek permission and pay a fee to use this area. The governments only enforced rules and regulations to a limited extent. Local governments and traditional authorities are increasingly engaged in rent-seeking, collecting license fees with the help of the police or army.

Oil is also a major export of the countries of northern and eastern Central Africa, notably making up a large proportion of the GDPs of Chad and South Sudan.

Demographics

Following the Bantu Migration, Central Africa is primarily inhabited by Native African or Bantu peoples and Bantu languages predominate. These include the Mongo, Kongo and Luba peoples. Central Africa also includes many Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo Ubangian communities: in north western Central Africa the Nilo-Saharan Kanuri predominate. Most of the Ubangian speakers in Africa (often grouped with Niger-Congo) are also found in Central Africa, such as the Gbaya, Banda and Zande, in northern Central Africa.

Notable Central African supra-regional organizations include the Lake Chad Basin Commission and the Economic Community of Central African States.

The predominant religions of Central Africa are Christianity and traditional faiths. Islam is also practiced in some areas in Chad and the Central African Republic.

Due to common historical processes and widespread demographic movements between the countries of Central Africa before the Bantu Migration into much of southern Central Africa, the cultures of the region evidence many similarities and interrelationships. Similar cultural practices stemming from common origins as largely Nilo-Saharan or Bantu peoples are also evident in Central Africa including in music, dance, art, body adornment, initiation, and marriage rituals.

Some major Native African ethnic groups in Central Africa are as follows:

Culture

Clothing

Cuisine

Music

Religion

Film industry

Architecture

Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa:
 Ancient Central African Architecture
 Medieval Central African Architecture

Science and technology

Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa:
 Mathematics
 Textiles
 Communication systems
 By country

See also

British Central Africa Protectorate (1891–1907, now Malawi)
Central African Federation (1953–1963, now Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe)
French Equatorial Africa
Mittelafrika
Royal Museum for Central Africa (Brussels, Belgium)

References

Bibliography

External links

Afrique Centrale.org
Africa Interactive Map from the United States Army Africa
African Pygmies—Among the earliest inhabitants of Central Africa

Central Africa
Geography of Central Africa
Regions of Africa
Articles containing video clips

Central Africa


Rüterberg er en landsby i det nordøstlige Tyskland og samtidig en kommunedel i Dömitz, beliggende i den sydvestlige del af Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Rüterberg har i flere århundreder levet af færgeri, fiskeri og landbrug og i nyere tid også af teglværksindustri.

Den mellem Dömitz og Hitzacker ved Elben beliggende landsby befinder sig i UNESCO-Biosfærereservatet Flodlandskabet Elben-Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, ved og omkring Rüterberg. Landsbyen grænser på to sider op til delstaten Niedersachsen. I tiden under den tyske deling var landsbyen, på grund af DDR-forskrifterne for grænsesikring, i 22 år omgivet af et spærreanlæg. Gennem et hegnsystem langs Elben var den adskilt fra Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland.

Den tidligere kommune blev kendt da dens borgere i 1989 udråbte landsbyrepublikken Dorfrepublik Rüterberg. Fra 1991 til 2001 hed den tidligere kommune officielt Rüterberg "Dorfrepublik" 1961 - 1989, efterfølgende til 2002 "Dorfrepublik" 1967 – 1989. Den 13 juni 2004 blev Rüterberg en del af kommunen Dömitz.

Historie
Broda kommer fra det vendiske sprog og betyder "færgested", hvilket tyder på at der meget tidlig har været et vadested på stedet. Borgen "Burg Dömitz" var i 1350 beboet af ridderen Heinrich von der Hude, der på lande- og vandvejene overfaldt købmænd og andre vej- og søfarende.

Rüterberg blev første gang nævnt på skrift i 1370 som den slaviske bondeby "Wendesschen Wenynghen".

Senere hed den Wendisch Wehningen - Broda - Sandwerder. Siden begyndelsen af det 19. århundrede blev der i udkanten af Rüterberg udvundet ler med håndkraft.

I nærheden af lergraven blev der i 1888 bygget en lerklinkefabrik med egen havn og 1905 et teglværk i by Broda og lidt senere savværket Weber. I klinkefabrikkens mørke, blev hårdt brændte klinker sendt via Elben til Hamborg. Efter Tysklands opdeling blev klinkeproduktionen og dens transport i grænseområdet betragtet som en sikkerhedsrisiko af DDR og på grund af grænsesikringen, ophørte udvindingen af ler i 1967.

I tiden under nazismen blev kommunens vendiske navn Wehningen i 1938 ændret til det nuværende Rüterberg.

I slutningen af 2. verdenskrig blev både det vestlige og østlige område omkring vejbroen en del af den britiske besættelseszone. Ved et amerikansk luftangreb den 20. april 1945 blev vejbroen over Elben mellem Rüterberg og Dömitz ødelagt og fra den 1. juli 1945 forløb der langs Elben en 95 kilometer lang grænse mellem den vestlige besættelseszone og den sovjetiske besættelseszone, og Rüterberg blev dermed til en grænselandsby. To sovjetiske kommandoer slog sig ned Rüterberg. Befolkningen tilpassede sig og samarbejdede i overvejende grad med de sovjetiske besættere og fra 1949 med DDR.

DDR-tiden
Efter grundlæggelsen af DDR i 1949 begyndte den første flygtningestrøm mod vest. Rüterbergs indbyggerantal sank fra 1961 til 1989 fra cirka 300 til 180.

Siden 1952 udvidedes grænsesikringen, og DDR oprettede de såkaldte spærreområder. Der blev oprettet et grænsehegn langs Elben og landsbybeboerne i spærreområderne måtte vise deres pas, når de ville ind og ud af området. 1961 tvangsfjernede DDR-myndighederne flere familier til baglandet. 36 huse og gårde forfaldt eller blev fjernet, og grænseanlæggene ved Elben udbyggedes.

Den 6. juni 1952 kørte en konvoj af lastvogne og biler ind i Rüterberg-Broda. Politibetjente og medlemmer af Stasi stormede og besatte flere bygninger. 24 indbyggere måtte i hast pakke de nødvendigste ting og forlade deres huse. De blev med magt tvunget til at bosætte sig i baglandet. "Aktion Ungeziefer" (aktion utøj) blev også konsekvent gennemført i Rüterberg. Blandt de fordrevne var ejerne af de to teglværker og savværket.
Den 3. oktober 1961 blev 26 grunde jævnet, enkelte bygninger blev af LPG genbrugt som kalvestalde. Grænseanlæggene langs den østlige side af Elben blev befæstet.

Den 5. april 1963 flygtede ti personer nord for Rüterberg over Elben til Damnatz på en landbrugsvogn, der havde fået to store lukkede rør monteret. I sidste øjeblik blev de reddet af en vesttysk toldbåd.

1967 oprettede DDR det andet inderste grænsehegn langs Elben og dermed også uden om Rüterberg. Landsbyen var dermed selv isoleret fra DDR. Beboerne kunne kun forlade og betræde landsbyen ved at vise deres passagetilladelse ved en bevogtet port. Om natten mellem klokken 23 og 5 var passage ikke mulig. Der har været flere episoder, hvor alvorlige syge ikke har fået lægehjælp.

1969 begyndte grænsebevogtningssoldaterne i Rüterberg at erstatte de små trætårne med et 11 meter højt betontårn. Tårnet var et såkaldt befalingstårn, besat hele døgnet med en officer og tre soldater og var dermed i stand til at kontrollere hele den daværende kommunes grænseområde.

1972 flygtede den 18-årige Dietmar Raffel fra Rüterberg. Ved det nuværende mindesmærke "en tre meter høj jernport", svømmede han ud i Elben og blev reddet af en vesttysk toldbåd. Efter sin "Republikflucht" blev hans forældre og søstre tvangsfjernet fra Rüterberg til den nordlige del af Mecklenburg. Faderen der var grænseofficer mistede sit job og måtte senere arbejde en kort periode som røgter på en statsgård.

1981 blev de to teglværker og et savværk fjernet. I Broda var der kun et hus tilbage, beboet af en ansat ved Stasi. 1988 blev det inderste grænsehegn forstærket for en sum af 11 millioner mark. Under byggeriet lykkedes det en mand at flygte. Følgen blev at grænsehegnet forstærkedes med trådhegn og et hundeløbeanlæg.

Fra 1984 var betonvagttårnet ikke bemandet, men blev permanent overvåget af grænsesoldater der havde deres kaserne uden for Rüterberg.

Dorfrepublik Rüterberg
Som protest mod den bestående isolation udråbte beboerne den 8. november 1989 Landsbyrepublikken Rüterberg, for at gøre opmærksom på DDR-myndighedernes årelange ydmygelser. Ideen til republikken fik den lokale skræddermester Hans Rasenberger, som i flere år havde beskæftiget sig med kantonernes historie i Schweiz og de derværende landsbyers historie. Da Rasenberger i 1988 fik tilladelse til at besøge sin familie i Vesttyskland, benyttede han lejligheden til at besøge Schweiz.

Rasenberger fik af ministeriet for statssikkerhed tilladelse til at holde et beboermøde den 8 november. Foruden 90 beboere var der mødt repræsentanter fra kredsen "Kreis Ludwigslust", en højere officer fra grænsetropperne og den lokale leder af Deutsche Volkspolizei. Rasenberger havde forberedt og medbragt et dokument om, hvordan man kunne grundlægge en landsbyrepublik med sine egne love og dermed ikke længere lade sig regere af DDR. Samtlige fremmødte stemte for oprettelsen af landsbyrepublikken. Allerede en dag senere faldt Berlinmuren, og siden den 10. november 1989 kunne alle gå frit fra og til Rüterberg. I 11 måneder indtil den 3. oktober 1990, var landsbyen endnu en del af DDR.

Den 14. juli 1991 fik kommunen "Gemeinde Rüterberg" af Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns indenrigsminister retten til at bruge betegnelsen "Dorfrepublik 1961–1989" (fra 2001 "Dorfrepublik 1967–1989") som tilføjelse på alle kommunens byskilte. Ved ceremonien for den statslige anderkendelse, var 100 unge fra 19 nationer tilstede. Bestemmelsen varede indtil den 21. oktober 2002 – siden da har landsbyen igen heddet Rüterberg.

Die Wende
Borgerne i Rüterberg ville med begrebet "Dorfrepublik" gøre omverdenen opmærksom på deres isolerede liv i DDR-tiden. Tilbage af grænsen omkring Rüterberg er der kun et tre meter høj jernport, den tidligere indgang til landsbyen og det elleve meter høje vagttårn. Kommunen havde planer om at bruge tårnet som udsigtstårn, men en vesttysk familie nåede at købe den af Treuhand, og indrettede den som feriebolig. Samme år blev der bygget et udsigtstårn ved siden af det tidligere vagttårn.

Efter Die Wende opstod der nye gader og boliger. 1999 åbnedes et lokalmuseum, som blandt andet giver de besøgende et indblik i den dengang isolerede grænsebys liv.

Den 13. Juni 2004 blev Rüterberg en del af kommunen Dömitz.

Natur
Området omkring Rüterberg har en rig natur. På grund af grænsesikringen blev den store lergrav i 1967 nedlagt. Mens efterhånden som flere beboere forlod det daværende spærreområde, erobrede naturen det tilbage. I løbet af 10 år opstod der omkring lergraven en løvskov, som blev livsgrundlaget for en mangfoldig dyre- og planteverden. Efterhånden blev lergraven til en lille sø. I nutiden fører en 1,2 km lang sti rundt om den. Stien genspejler ikke kun spor af menneskenes virksomhed, men også en naturudvikling gennem 50 år. Undervejs informerer informationstavler om landskabets natur, geologi og historie. Hvis man læser informationstavlerne alle otte steder, varer turen cirka halvanden time.

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder

 "10 Jahre Dorfrepublik Rüterberg" von Andreas Herzfeld
 Rüterberg wird Dorfrepublik
 Heimatstube der "Dorfrepublik" Rüterberg
 DDR-Museum Rüterberg
 Die Ersten
 Dietmar Raffels hjemmeside
 www.airbnb.de
 Photos von Rüterberg

Referencer

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Byer langs Elben
Tysklands historie
Politik i DDR
Mikronationer
Byer i Kreis Ludwigslust-Parchim

Rüterberg


Stefan Rudolf (* 15. Januar 1974 in Rathenow) ist ein deutscher Schauspieler.

Leben

Stefan Rudolf absolvierte zunächst eine Lehre zum Werkzeugmacher. Erst danach wandte er sich dem Beruf des Schauspielers zu und studierte Schauspiel an der Berliner Universität der Künste.

Ein erstes Engagement fand Stefan Rudolf im Jahr 2000 am Deutschen Theater Berlin. Er stand in Einar Schleefs Inszenierung Verratenes Volk auf der Bühne. Es folgten ein Engagement am Jungen Theater Göttingen (2000/2001) und Auftritte an verschiedenen Berliner Bühnen, wie Berliner Ensemble, Theater am Kurfürstendamm und Theaterdiscounter. Im Jahr 2006 nahm er an dem zweisprachigen Theaterprojekt Henrik, Iyver du? – eine deutsch-norwegische Reise teil.

Stefan Rudolf wirkt seit 2003 regelmäßig in Film- und Fernsehproduktionen mit. In den Kinofilmen Gisela (2005), Schläft ein Lied in allen Dingen (2009) und Glückliche Fügung (2010) war er jeweils in Hauptrollen auf der Leinwand zu sehen. Er spielte Nebenrollen in weiteren Filmen wie Die Bluthochzeit (2005), Fräulein Stinnes fährt um die Welt (2009) und Laconia (OT The Sinking of the Laconia, 2011) mit. Er übernahm zudem Gastrollen in zahlreichen Fernsehserien, so in Verbotene Liebe, Der Bulle von Tölz, SOKO Leipzig, GSG 9 – Ihr Einsatz ist ihr Leben, Der Landarzt und Tatort. Von 2012 bis 2017 (Serientod in Folge "Endspiel") war er an der Seite von Katharina Böhm und Jürgen Tonkel in der ZDF-Serie Die Chefin als Kriminalkommissar Jan Trompeter zu sehen.

Stefan Rudolf lebt in Berlin.

Filmografie

Weblinks

 Stefan Rudolf bei der Agentur talentrepublicagency.de

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1974
Mann

Stefan Rudolf


The Molossidae, or free-tailed bats, are a family of bats within the order Chiroptera.
The Molossidae is the fourth-largest family of bats, containing about 110 species as of 2012. They are generally quite robust, and consist of many strong-flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings with wrinkled lips shared through their genus. Their strong flying form allows them to fly 60 miles per hour using tail winds and at altitudes over 10,000 feet. This makes them unique among bats, as they are the only bat family that withstands the elevation. They are widespread, being found on every continent except Antarctica. They are typically found in caves, abandoned mines, or tunnels.

Common ancestry
The family's scientific name comes from the type genus Molossus, which in turn is from the Molossus breed of dogs.

The family's common name is derived from a length of "free" tail, projecting beyond the end of the uropatagium—the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs.

Another common name for some members of this group, and indeed a few species from other families, is mastiff bat. The western mastiff bat (Eumops perotis), a large species from the southwestern United States and Mexico with wings over  across, is perhaps one of the best known with this name. They are widespread, being found on every continent except Antarctica.

Anatomy
The tail is usually best seen when resting. A special ring of cartilage slides up or down the tail vertebrae by muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane. This gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day-flying ecological equivalents, such as swifts, swallows, and martins. As a result, these animals include the fastest-flying of all bat species among their number. The dental formula of free-tailed bats varies between species:

Free-tailed bats are usually grey, brown, or black in color, with some exceptions. They range from  in length, excluding the tail, and can weigh from , depending on species. They are insectivorous, and catch their food on the wing. While some species roost in small groups in hollow trees or rocky crevices, some cave-dwelling species form vast colonies of up to 50 million individuals.

Molecular sequence data support the monophyly of the Molossidae as a whole, but not that of many of its genera, such as Chaerephon, Mops, Mormopterus, and Tadarida. The grouping of Chaerephon minus C. jobimena plus Mops was found to be monophyletic, as was Otomops.

Systematics

A 2012 study attempted to show the relationships of genera within the subfamily Molossinae (the other subfamily of Molossidae, Tomopeatinae, only contains the blunt-eared bat).
This study used genetic data to create a phylogeny, which contrasted from previous phylogenies constructed using morphological data.
Traits that were previously used to group species, such as having a flat skull, were shown to have no relation to evolutionary relationship, meaning that flat-headedness evolved multiple times within the family.
Of the 16 genera of Molossinae, 15 were used to create the phylogeny (left), with researchers unable to include Peters's flat-headed bat, the only member of Platymops.

The results of this study showed that Chaerephon is paraphyletic, forming a clade with Mops.
There was strong support for Old World and New World clades.
While the genus Tadarida has one New World species, the Mexican free-tailed bat, the genus itself has its origins in the Old World.
The most recent common ancestor of Tadarida with New World genera was 29 million years ago.
Several tribes have been proposed within the Molossinae.
Ammerman et al. proposed Molossini (containing Molossus, Eumops, Molossops, Cynomops, Neoplatymops, Nyctinomops, and Promops); Tadarini (containing Tadarida, Chaerephon, Mops, Platymops, Sauromys, Myopterus, and Otomops); Cheiromelini (containing Cheiromeles); and Mormopterini (containing Mormopterus)

Classification
The 18 genera contain about 100 species:

FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE
 Genus †Cuvierimops
 Genus †Nyctinomus
 Genus †Potamops
 Genus †Rhizomops
 Genus †Wallia
 Subfamily Molossinae
 Genus Chaerephon – lesser mastiff bats
 Duke of Abruzzi's free-tailed bat, Chaerephon aloysiisabaudiae
 Ansorge's free-tailed bat, Chaerephon ansorgei
 Gland-tailed free-tailed bat, Chaerephon bemmeleni
 Spotted free-tailed bat, Chaerephon bivittata
 Fijian mastiff bat, Chaerephon bregullae
 Chapin's free-tailed bat, Chaerephon chapini
 Gallagher's free-tailed bat, Chaerephon gallagheri
 Northern freetail bat, Chaerephon jobensis
 Black and red free-tailed bat, Chaerephon jobimena
 Northern free-tailed bat, Chaerephon johorensis
 Grandidier's free-tailed bat, Chaerephon leucogaster
 Lappet-eared free-tailed bat, Chaerephon major
 Nigerian free-tailed bat, Chaerephon nigeriae
 Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat, Chaerephon plicata
 Little free-tailed bat, Chaerephon pumilus
 Russet free-tailed bat, Chaerephon russata
 Solomons mastiff bat, Chaerephon solomonis
 São Tomé free-tailed bat, Chaerephon tomensis
 Genus Cheiromeles – naked bats, or hairless bats
 Greater naked bat, Cheiromeles torquatus
 Lesser naked bat, Cheiromeles parvidens
 Genus Cynomops
 Cinnamon dog-faced bat, Cynomops abrasus
 Freeman's dog-faced bat, Cynomops freemani
 Greenhall's dog-faced bat, Cynomops greenhalli
 Mexican dog-faced bat, Cynomops mexicanus
 Para dog-faced bat, Cynomops paranus
 Southern dog-faced bat, Cynomops planirostris
 Genus Eumops – mastiff bats, or bonneted bats
 Black bonneted bat, Eumops auripendulus
 Dwarf bonneted bat, Eumops bonariensis
 Big bonneted bat, Eumops dabbenei
 Fierce bonneted bat, Eumops ferox
 Florida bonneted bat, Eumops floridanus
 Wagner's bonneted bat, Eumops glaucinus
 Sanborn's bonneted bat, Eumops hansae
 Guianan bonneted bat, Eumops maurus
 Patagonian bonneted bat, Eumops patagonicus
 Western mastiff bat, Eumops perotis
 Colombian bonneted bat, Eumops trumbulli
 Underwood's bonneted bat, Eumops underwoodi
 Wilson's bonneted bat, Eumops wilsoni
 Genus Mormopterus
 Subgenus Mormopterus
 Natal free-tailed bat, Mormopterus acetabulosus
 Moutou's free-tailed bat, Mormopterus francoismoutoui
 Sumatran mastiff bat, Mormopterus doriae
 Peters's wrinkle-lipped bat, Mormopterus jugularis
 Kalinowski's mastiff bat, Mormopterus kalinowskii
 Little goblin bat, Mormopterus minutus
 Incan little mastiff bat, Mormopterus phrudus
 Subgenus Micronomus
 Beccari's mastiff bat, Mormopterus beccarii
 Bristle-faced free-tailed bat, Mormopterus eleryi
 Loria's mastiff bat, Mormopterus loriae
 East-coast free-tailed bat, Mormopterus norfolkensis
 Southern free-tailed bat, Mormopterus planiceps
 Genus Molossops – broad-faced bats
 Equatorial dog-faced bat, Molossops (Cabreramops) aequatorianus
 Rufous dog-faced bat, Molossops neglectus
 Dwarf dog-faced bat, Molossops temminckii
 Genus Molossus – velvety free-tailed bats
 Alvarez's mastiff bat, Molossus alvarezi
 Aztec mastiff bat, Molossus aztecus
 Barnes' mastiff bat, Molossus barnesi
 Coiban mastiff bat, Molossus coibensis
 Bonda mastiff bat, Molossus currentium
 Velvety free-tailed bat, Molossus molossus
 Miller's mastiff bat, Molossus pretiosus
 Black mastiff bat, Molossus rufus
 Sinaloan mastiff bat, Molossus sinaloae
 Genus Mops – greater mastiff bats
 Subgenus Xiphonycteris
 Spurrell's free-tailed bat, Mops spurrelli
 Dwarf free-tailed bat, Mops nanulus
 Peterson's free-tailed bat, Mops petersoni
 Sierra Leone free-tailed bat, Mops brachypterus
 Bakari's free-tailed bat, Mops bakarii
 Railer bat, Mops thersites
 Subgenus Mops
 Angolan free-tailed bat, Mops condylurus
 White-bellied free-tailed bat, Mops niveiventer
 Mongalla free-tailed bat, Mops demonstrator
 Malayan free-tailed bat, Mops mops
 Sulawesi free-tailed bat, Mops sarasinorum
 Trevor's free-tailed bat, Mops trevori
 Medje free-tailed bat, Mops congicus
 Midas free-tailed bat, Mops midas
 Niangara free-tailed bat, Mops niangarae
 Medje free-tailed bat, Mops congicus
 Malagasy white-bellied free-tailed bat, Mops leucostigma
 Genus Myopterus
 Daubenton's free-tailed bat, Myopterus daubentonii
 Bini free-tailed bat, Myopterus whitleyi
 Genus Nyctinomops – New World free-tailed bats
 Peale's free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops aurispinosus
 Pocketed free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops femorosaccus
 Broad-eared bat, Nyctinomops laticaudatus
 Big free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops macrotis
 Genus Neoplatymops
 Mato Grosso dog-faced bat, Neoplatymops mattogrossensis
 Genus Otomops – big-eared free-tailed bats
 Javan mastiff bat, Otomops formosus
 Johnstone's mastiff bat, Otomops johnstonei
 Madagascar free-tailed bat, Otomops madagascariensis
 Large-eared free-tailed bat, Otomops martiensseni
 Big-eared mastiff bat, Otomops papuensis
 Mantled mastiff bat, Otomops secundus
 Wroughton's free-tailed bat, Otomops wroughtoni
 Genus Platymops
 Peters's flat-headed bat, Platymops setiger
 Genus Promops – domed-palate mastiff bats
 Big crested mastiff bat, Promops centralis
 Brown mastiff bat, Promops nasutus
 Genus Sauromys
 Roberts's flat-headed bat, Sauromys petrophilus
 Genus Tadarida – free-tailed bats
 Egyptian free-tailed bat, Tadarida aegyptiaca
 Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis
 Madagascan large free-tailed bat, Tadarida fulminans
 East Asian free-tailed bat, Tadarida insignis
 La Touche's free-tailed bat, Tadarida latouchei
 Kenyan big-eared free-tailed bat, Tadarida lobata
 European free-tailed bat, Tadarida teniotis
 African giant free-tailed bat, Tadarida ventralis
 Genus Austronomus
 White-striped free-tailed bat, Austronomus australis
 New Guinea free-tailed bat, Austronomus kuboriensis
 Subfamily Tomopeatinae
 Genus Tomopeas
 Blunt-eared bat, Tomopeas ravus

References

Further reading

Extant Eocene first appearances
Taxa named by Paul Gervais

Free-tailed bat


في الكيمياء، يعرف القلوي الضعيف بأنه المادة القلوية التي لا تتأين بشكل كامل في محلولها المائي، وكما أن قلويات برونستد – لوري تعتبر مستقبلات للبروتونات، فيمكن تعريف القلوي الضعيف أيضاً بأنه المادة القلوية التي تكون فيها عملية إضافة البروتونات غير كاملة. وهذا بدوره يؤدي إلى تقليل قيمة pH مقارنة بالقلويات القوية. تتدرج القلويات من pH أعلى من 7 (7 يكون متعادلاً، مثل الماء المقطر) إلى 14 (مع وجود بعض القلويات ذات pH أعلى من 14). ويمكن احتساب قيمة pH من خلال المعادلة:

الشرح

بما أن القلويات مستقبلات للبروتونات، يستقبل القلوي أيونهيدروجين من الماء، H2O وما يتبقى من تركيز H+ في المحلول يحدد أس هيدروجيني للمحلول، ويكون تركيز H+ في القلويات الضعيفة عالياً لأنها تستقبل بروتونات أقل من القلويات القوية، مسبباً بقاء كمية أكبر من أيونات الهيدروجين في المحلول.

عادة ما يستخدم تركيز OH- لحساب pOH أولاً ثم عن طريق pOH يتم حساب pH للمحلول. السبب في استخدام هذه الطريقة هو أن تركيز H+ لا يدخل في التفاعل بينما يدخل تركيز OH- في التفاعل.

وبضرب تركيز الحمض القرين (مثل NH4+ ) والقلوي القرين مثل (NH3) نحصل على ما يلي:

وبما أن  فإن

وبأخذ اللوغاريتم لجانبي المعادلة نحصل على ما يلي:

وأخيراً، نضرب طرفي المعادلة بـ -1 لنحصل على:

وبعد الحصول على pOH من المعادلة السابقة، يمكن احتساب قيمة pH عن طريق المعادلة pH = pKw - pOH حيث pKw = 14.00

تعاني القلويات الضعيفة توازناً كيميائياً كما هو الحال في الحوامض الضعيفة، ويستخدم ثابت التأين القلوي (Kb) أو (ثابت التحلل القلوي) لتقدير قوة القلوي، فعل سبيل المثال عند إضافة الأمونيا إلى في الماء، نحصل على ما يلي:

القلويات التي لها ثابت تأين عال تكون أكثر تأيناً في محاليلها المائية وتكون قلويات قوية.

NaOH (صلب) (هيدروكسيد الصوديوم مادة قلوية أقوى من (CH3CH2)2NH) (سائل) (ثنائي اثيلامين) والذي هو بدوره أقوى من (NH3) (غاز) الأمونيا، وكلما ضعفت القلويات كلما قل ثابت تأينها.

أمثلة

 الألانين C3H7NO2

 الأمونيا NH3

 مثيل أمين

 البريدين

انظر أيضاً

 قلوي قوي

 حمض ضعيف

مراجع

قواعد كيميائية

قاعدة ضعيفة


Eula ist ein Weiler der Stadt Berga/Elster im Landkreis Greiz in Thüringen.

Lage
Östlich der Weißen Elster liegt am Rande eines Hochplateaus des Thüringer Schiefergebirges zur Elsterniederung der Weiler Eula an der westlichen Seite der Anhöhe. Das Dorf ist über die Kreisstraße und eine Verbindungsstraße erreichbar. Das Gelände der Flur ist kupiert. Die Hänge zum Fluss sind bewaldet.

Geschichte
100 Personen besiedeln den erstmals 1378 urkundlich genannten Weiler.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort im Landkreis Greiz
Berga/Elster
Ersterwähnung 1378
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Greiz)
Gemeindeauflösung 1959

Eula (Berga)


Această pagină cuprinde o listă de personalități din  orașul Negrești-Oaș, ordonate cronologic.
 Ion Țânțaș (n. 5 iulie 1909, Tur, actualul cartier al orașului Negrești-Oaș- 15 iulie 1973, Vama) - pictor;
Ioniță G. Andron (1917– 1989), artist fotograf, teolog greco-catolic și avocat din Țara Oașului.
 Ioan Chioreanu-Oaș (16 ianuarie 1922, Prilog - 29 noiembrie 2011, Baia Mare), profesor universitar;
 István Szerdahelyi (1924-1987), filolog;
 Mihai Féher, protopop al Țării Oașului, preot paroh al Parohiei Ortodoxe Negrești-Oaș II, Catedrala "Duminica Tuturor Sfinților" (cunoscută și ca "Catedrala Țării Oașului") și membru în adunarea eparhială a Episcopiei Ortodoxe Române a Maramureșului și Sătmarului.
 Floare Finta (născută în Negrești-Oaș), considerată un adevărat "tezaur uman viu";
 Mihai Pop (n. 12 noiembrie 1936 în Chiuzbaia – d. 2004), medic, directorul Spitalului Orășenesc Negrești;
 Floarea Hotcă (n. 2 iulie 1940 în Negrești-Oaș) - rapsod și meșter popular;
 Natalia Lazăr, profesor universitar, director al Casei de Cultură din Negrești-Oaș și al Ansamblului Folcloric Oașul din Negrești-Oaș;
 Ioan Nistor (n. 5 decembrie 1948, Prilog), profesor, poet;
 Maria Petca-Poptean (n. 2 ianuarie 1954 la Târșolț) - rapsod popular;
 Vasile Pop-Negreșteanu (n. 28 decembrie 1955 în Negrești-Oaș), pictor;
 Maria Tripon (n. 14 iulie 1962 la Negrești-Oaș) - interpretă  a muzicii populare din Țara Oașului, profesoară, culegătoare de folclor și Președinte al Asociației Culturale Maria Tripon - Țara Oașului;
 Petre Zele, interpret vocal și instrumentist.

Legături externe
 Centrul Național de Informare și promovare Turistică Negrești-Oaș

Personalități de origine română
Negrești-Oaș

Listă de personalități din Negrești-Oaș


Aporé es un municipio brasileño del estado de Goiás. Su población en 2007 era de 3.554 habitantes. En 1938 aparecieron las primeras casas del poblado que fue nombrado como Aporé en homenaje al Río que atraviesa su territorio. Aporé, significa "río de los peces". En 1958, la Villa de Aporé se transforma en el municipio del Aporé.

Referencias

Localidades de Goiás

Aporé


Te rog este un single al trupei Carla's Dreams lansat la 19 octombrie 2015. Piesa a fost scrisă și produsă de Carla's Dreams și include o strofă cântată de interpreta româncă Inna.

Piesa a fost printre primele cântece ale trupei care au ocupat prima poziție în topurile muzicale din România și Republica Moldova. Atât piesa oficială, cât și videoclipul lansat la 9 zile după aceasta au reușit să adune peste 1.000.000 de vizualizări într-un timp atât de scurt. Dar surpriza piesei este strofa finală cântată de Inna, care a mai colaborat în trecut cu trupa în remake-ul piesei P.O.H.U.I .

Bazele proiectului
Piesa a fost scrisă de membrii trupei Carla's Dreams, iar de producție s-au ocupat Alex Cotoi, Marcel Botezan, Sebastian Barac și Carla's Dreams.

Live
Piesa a fost prima dată interpretată live la postul de radio Radio Zu în octombrie 2015. Clipul cu interpretarea piesei a fost încărcată pe canalul de YouTube al postului și are în prezent peste 1.000.000 de vizualizări. Piesa a fost interpretată la toate concertele trupei încă de atunci până în prezent. Melodia a fost interpretată live și la X Factor în finală alături de concurenta sa, Olga Verbițichi.

Videoclip

Videoclipul a fost filmat la Chișinău într-o clădire părăsită și în apropierea unui râu, iar scenele cu Inna în România. Clipul a fost regizat de Roman Burlaca. Clipul îl prezintă pe solist în clădirea părăsită în diferite ipostaze. Acesta se află în mijlocul unui grup de dansatori ce interpretează un dans ritualic. Solistul ajunge la un moment dat să plutească și să cadă. Acesta fuge, pe parcursul clipului, din încăpere și ajunge într-o cameră în care se află un jurnal deschis în paginile căruia era un desen cu marea. Solistul aruncă cartea și iese din clădire unde ajunge într-un doc în timp ce plouă, la capătul căruia se aflau dansatorii cu umbrele la ei deschise. Solistul ajuns la capătul docului se aruncă în apă, dar este salvat de Inna. Clipul se termină cu solistul care își acoperă fața cu gluga și fuge din cadru. În celelalte scene ale clipului ne-o prezintă pe Inna privind dintr-o fereastră aruncarea solistului în apă, dar și pe ea în docul respectiv. Clipul a fost încărcat pe canalul de YouTube al trupei și are în prezent peste 41.000.000 de vizualizări.

Perfomanța în topuri
În categoria pieselor românești, "Te rog" debutează pe poziția a-9-a cu un număr de 110 difuzări. Piesa a ajuns pe prima poziție la aproape 3 luni de la debutul în top cu un număr de 279 de difuzări. Piesa a staționat timp de 5 săptămâni consecutive.

Topuri

Lansări

Note

Cântece de Carla's Dreams
Cântece românești
Cântece din 2015
Discuri single din 2015

Te rog


Die Ständigen Vertreter stellen das Bindeglied zwischen der nationalen Außenpolitik und der Europäischen Union (von 1958 bis 1967 Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft) dar. Sie organisieren sich im Ausschuss der Ständigen Vertreter der Mitgliedstaaten (kurz AStV) mit ihren Kollegen aus den anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten.

Siehe auch
 Ständige Vertretung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bei der Europäischen Union

Europaische Union
Deutschland
!

Liste der deutschen Botschafter bei der Europäischen Union


Tetsuya Yamaoka (født 4. marts 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kagoshima United FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tetsuya Yamaoka


Filme sovietice din: 1970 — 1971 — 1972

Aceasta este o listă de filme produse în Uniunea Sovietică în 1971.

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Filme sovietice din 1971 la Internet Movie Database

1971
Sovietică, Uniunea
Filme

Listă de filme sovietice din 1971


L'église Saint-Maxime est une église située à Antezant-la-Chapelle, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

L'église était un vicariat perpétuel à la nomination de l'abbé de Saint-Jean-d'Angély.

L'église est inscrite au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Architecture

Intérieur

Extérieur

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime
 Églises de la Charente-Maritime

Liens externes

Antezant-la-Chapelle
Monument historique inscrit en 1949
Antezant-la-Chapelle
Antezant-la-Chapelle

Église Saint-Maxime d'Antezant-la-Chapelle


An Crepidium comans in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark Alwin Clements och David Lloyd Jones. An Crepidium comans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium comans


The stone pine, botanical name Pinus pinea, also known as the Italian stone pine, Mediterranean stone pine, umbrella pine and parasol pine, is a tree from the pine family (Pinaceae). The tree is native to the Mediterranean region, occurring in Southern Europe and the Levant. The species was introduced into North Africa millennia ago, and is also naturalized in the Canary Islands, South Africa and New South Wales.

Stone pines have been used and cultivated for their edible pine nuts since prehistoric times. They are widespread in horticultural cultivation as ornamental trees, planted in gardens and parks around the world. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Pinus pinea is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.

Distribution

The prehistoric range of Pinus pinea included North Africa in the Sahara Desert and Maghreb regions during a more humid climate period, in present-day Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Its contemporary natural range is in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome ecoregions and countries, including the following:

Southern Europe

The Iberian conifer forests ecoregion of the Iberian Peninsula in Spain and Portugal; the Italian sclerophyllous and semideciduous forests ecoregion in France and Italy; the Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion of southern Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia; the Illyrian deciduous forests of the eastern coast of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas in Croatia and Albania; the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion on the Crimea Peninsula in Ukraine and Krasnodar Krai in Russia; and the Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion of the southern Balkan Peninsula in Greece. In many parts of northern Italy, large parks with pine trees were laid out by the sea. Examples are the Pineta of Jesolo and Barcola, the Urban Beach of Trieste.

In Greece, although the species is not widely distributed, an extensive stone pine forest exists in western Peloponnese at Strofylia on the peninsula separating the Kalogria Lagoon from the Mediterranean Sea. This coastal forest is at least  long, with dense and tall stands of Pinus pinea mixed with Pinus halepensis. Currently, Pinus halepensis is outcompeting stone pines in many locations of the forest. Another location in Greece is at Koukounaries on the northern Aegean island of Skiathos at the southwest corner of the island. This is a half-mile-long dense stand of stone and Aleppo pines that lies between a lagoon and the Aegean Sea.

Western Asia
In Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests ecoregion in Turkey; and the Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests ecoregion in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and in the Palestinian Territories.
Northern Africa
The Mediterranean woodlands and forests ecoregion of North Africa, in Morocco and Algeria.
South Africa
In the Western Cape Province, the pines were according to legend planted by the French Huguenot refugees who settled at the Cape of Good Hope during the late 17th century and who brought the seeds with them from France. The tree is known in the Afrikaans language as kroonden.

Description

The stone pine is a coniferous evergreen tree that can exceed  in height, but  is more typical. In youth, it is a bushy globe, in mid-age an umbrella canopy on a thick trunk, and, in maturity, a broad and flat crown over  in width. The bark is thick, red-brown and deeply fissured into broad vertical plates.

Foliage
The flexible mid-green leaves are needle-like, in bundles of two, and are  long (exceptionally up to ). Young trees up to 5–10 years old bear juvenile leaves, which are very different, single (not paired),  long, glaucous blue-green; the adult leaves appear mixed with juvenile leaves from the fourth or fifth year on, replacing it fully by around the tenth year. Juvenile leaves are also produced in regrowth following injury, such as a broken shoot, on older trees.

The cones are broad, ovoid,  long, and take 36 months to mature, longer than any other pine. The seeds (pine nuts, piñones, pinhões, pinoli, or pignons) are large,  long, and pale brown with a powdery black coating that rubs off easily, and have a rudimentary  wing that falls off very easily. The wing is ineffective for wind dispersal, and the seeds are animal-dispersed, originally mainly by the Iberian magpie, but in recent history largely by humans.

Use

Food
Pinus pinea has been cultivated extensively for at least 6,000 years for its edible pine nuts, which have been trade items since early historic times. The tree has been cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region for so long that it has naturalized, and is often considered native beyond its natural range.

Ornamental

The tree is among the current symbols of Rome. It was first planted in Rome during the Roman Republic, where many historic Roman roads, such as the Via Appia, were (and still are) embellished with lines of stone pines. Stone pines were planted on the hills of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul for ornamental purposes during the Ottoman period. In Italy, the stone pine has been an aesthetic landscape element since the Italian Renaissance garden period. In the 1700s, P. pinea began being introduced as an ornamental tree to other Mediterranean climate regions of the world, and is now often found in gardens and parks in South Africa, California, and Australia. It has naturalized beyond cities in South Africa to the extent that it is listed as an invasive species there. It is also planted in western Europe up to southern Scotland, and on the East Coast of the United States up to New Jersey.

In the United Kingdom it has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Small specimens are used for bonsai, and also grown in large pots and planters. The year-old seedlings are seasonally available as table-top Christmas trees  tall.

Other
Other products of economic value include resin, bark for tannin extraction, and empty pine cone shells for fuel. Pinus pinea is also currently widely cultivated around the Mediterranean for environmental protection such as consolidation of coastal dunes, soil conservation and protection of coastal agricultural crops.

Pests
The introduced western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) was accidentally imported with timber to northern Italy in the late 1990s from western USA, and has spread across Europe as an invasive pest species since then. It feeds on the sap of developing conifer cones throughout its life, and its sap-sucking causes the developing seeds to wither and misdevelop. It has destroyed most of the pine nut seeds in Italy, threatening P. pinea in its native habitats there.

Pestalotiopsis pini (a genus of ascomycete fungi), was found as an emerging pathogen on Pinus pine in Portugal. Evidence of shoot blight and stem necrosis were found in stone pine orchards and urban areas in 2020. The edible pine nut production has been decreasing (in the effected area), due to several factors, including pests and diseases. The fungus was found on needles, shoots and trunks of Pinus pinea and also on Pinus pinaster. Pestalotiopsis fungal species could represent a threat to the health of pine forests within the Mediterranean basin.

Gallery

References

External links

 Pinus pinea − distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
  The Gymnosperm Database
 efri.gov.tr: A case study on stone pine farms in Turkey

Pinus
Pinus taxa by common names
Edible nuts and seeds
Flora of Southeastern Europe
Flora of Southwestern Europe
Flora of Western Asia
Trees of Mediterranean climate
Least concern plants
Plants described in 1753
Garden plants of Asia
Garden plants of Europe
Ornamental trees
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin

Stone pine


Las Cataratas de Pagsanján (nombre local: Magdapio) son unas de las cascadas más famosas en las Filipinas. Está situada en la provincia de La Laguna, y constituyen una de las principales atracciones turísticas de la región. Las cataratas son accesibles a través de un viaje por río en canoa. Se origina desde el municipio de Pagsanján, un pueblo que se establece a comienzos de la época española y se sitúa en la confluencia de dos ríos, el Balanac y el Bumbungan.
Las cataratas fueron declaradas como parque nacional con legislaciones  del 29 de marzo de 1939 y del 31 de marzo de 1976. El parque nacional abarca una superficie de 152,64 hectáreas.
Se hallan a 97 km (2h, 15 min) al sureste de Manila, en la isla de Luzón. Debían aparecer en un sello de Filipinas de 1932 pero por error se insertó en su lugar la catarata Vernal del Parque Yosemite (California).

Véase también
 Geografía de Filipinas

Referencias

Cascadas de Filipinas
Parques nacionales de Filipinas
Cataratas Pagsanjan

Cataratas de Pagsanján


رابطة الجغرافيين الأمريكيين جمعية تعليمية وعلمية هدفها تطوير فهم الجغرافيا والعلوم المتعلقة بها ودراستها وأهميتها

تأسيسات سنة 1904 في بنسيلفانيا
جمعيات علمية في الولايات المتحدة
جمعيات مهنية مقرها في الولايات المتحدة
منظمات أسست في 1904
منظمات غير ربحية مقرها في واشنطن العاصمة

رابطة الجغرافيين الأمريكيين


Palma Aquarium es un acuario inaugurado en 2007 en Mallorca, España, y propiedad de la empresa Coral World International, especializada en la creación de parques marinos. Ubicado a 500 metros de la Playa de Palma de Mallorca, sus instalaciones cuentan con 55 acuarios en los que habitan unos 8000 ejemplares de 700 especies del mar Mediterráneo y de los océanos Índico, Atlántico y Pacífico.

El acuario organiza jornadas medioambientales y participa en campañas de protección y concienciación.

Palma Aquarium recibe cada año a 400 000 visitantes. El 50 % de los visitantes son locales y nacionales, mientras que el resto proviene, principalmente, de países europeos.

El acuario

El recorrido del acuario se plantea como un viaje a través de los fondos marinos de todo el mundo.

Mar Mediterráneo

Cuenta con 24 tanques con especies propias del mar balear: Asteroidea (estrella de mar), Palinurus elephas (langosta), Scyllarides latus (cigarrón), Trachinus draco (pez escorpión), Symphodus tinca (tordo), Epinephelus marginatus (mero), Caridea (camarón), Muraenidae (morena), Rajiformes (raya), Hippocampus (caballito de mar), Octopoda (pulpo), Conger conger (congrio), Actiniaria (anémona), Pennatulacea (pluma de mar), Corallium rubrum (coral rojo), Gorgonacea (gorgonia), Caulerpa (caulerpa), Ascidiacea (ascidia roja). Uno de los acuarios, llamado «Toca-Toca», permite al visitante tocar algunos de los ejemplares.

Mares tropicales
Otros 25 acuarios cuenta con especies de los océanos Índico, Atlántico y Pacífico, entre ellas Pseudanthias squamipinnis (anthias tropical), Labridae (lábrido limpiador), Amphiprioninae (pez payaso), Pterois antennata (pez león), Acanthurus leucosternon (pez cirujano), Ensis (navaja), Syngnathinae (pez pipa), Synchiropus splendidus (pez mandarín), Rhinobatidae (pez ángel), Ostraciidae (pez cofre), Gobio (gobio), viuda negra, tiburones puntas negras, corales vivos (Gorgonacea, Fungia scutaria, Agaricia undata, Porites colonensis), anémonas (alfombra, caribeña, tentáculo de bulbo) y de esponjas tropicales. Cuentan también con un programa de reproducción de corales.

Jardines Mediterráneos

Este sector combina jardines de vegetación mediterránea con tanques de Eretmochelys imbricata (tortuga marina), Cyprinus carpio (carpa japonesa), doradas y rayas, y es destinado a actividades de esparcimiento infantil.

Jungla
Recreación de un jardín tropical, es el jardín de azotea más grande de España y el segundo mayor de Europa. La humedad que genera una gran cascada, con la ayuda de vaporizadores, simula un microclima amazónico.

Gran Azul

El Gran Azul es el acuario de tiburones más profundo de Europa, con 8,5 metros, 33 metros de largo y 25 metros de ancho. Alberga 3,5 millones de litros de agua salada.

En él habitan 8 tiburones tigre de arena y brasilero, y más de 1000 peces. El visitante desciende a la zona de visión del acuario central a través de un túnel transparente por el que ve nadar a tiburones y rayas sobre su cabeza.

Algunas de las especies son: Rhinobatidae (raya guitarra), Carcharias taurus (tiburón tigre de arena), Carcharhinus plumbeus (tiburón trozo), Dicentrarchus labrax (lubina), Sparus aurata (dorada), Seriola dumerilii (serviola), Mugil (lisa), Myliobatidae (raya águila), Dasyatis pastinaca (pastinaca), Pagellus bogaraveo (besugo), Dentex dentex (dentón), Diplodus vulgaris (mojarra), Coris julis (doncella), Centracanthidae (chucla), Chromis chromis (castañuela).

Medusario

El medusario es un acuario cilíndrico en el que se exhiben unas 50 medusas, casi todas ellas pertenecientes a la especie Aurelia aurita.

Actividades
Palma Aquarium permite también efectuar buceo con tiburones, inmersión en el tanque de rayas de los Jardines Mediterráneos y campamentos para niños frente al acuario de tiburones.

Investigación y conservación

Además de mantener un programa de reproducción y rehabilitación de arrecifes de coral en medios artificiales controlados (MAC) lleva a cabo una campaña de conservación del atún rojo del Mediterráneo, especie en peligro de extinción debido a la sobrepesca, sobre la cual también alberga una exposición y colabora en un proyecto de conservación del Limonium barceloi, especie endémica del sur de Baleares.

Premios
Ha recibido el "Premio a la Mejor Iniciativa Empresarial de Baleares 2007", otorgado por la revista Actualidad Económica, y el "Premio Accesibilidad 2007", entregado por el Consejo Insular de Mallorca.

Instalaciones
 Recorrido interior:        		900 m
 Área exterior: 		        41 825 m²
 Duración visita:	        	3 a 4 horas
 N° de tanques:		       	55
 Volumen:		        	5 millones de litros de agua de mar
 Ejemplares:		        	8000 ejemplares marinos
 Especies:		        	700
 Periodo apertura:	        	Abierto 365 días al año
 Galería comercial: 	       		aprox. 400 m²
 Estacionamiento público:  		4972 m²
 Sala de actos:			329 m² – Aforo de pie: 350 personas

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial

Acuarios de España
Atracciones turísticas de Mallorca
Naturaleza de Mallorca
Arquitectura recreativa de España del siglo XXI
Edificios de Palma de Mallorca
Arquitectura de España de 2007
Arquitectura en Islas Baleares en el siglo XXI

Palma Aquarium


The Polish Beer-Lovers' Party (PPPP; ) was a satirical Polish political party that was founded in 1990 by satirist Janusz Rewiński. Originally, the party's goal was to promote cultural beer-drinking in English-style pubs instead of vodka and thus fight alcoholism.

The humorous name and disillusionment with Poland's political transformation led some Poles to vote for the party. The nature of the party's appeal to its supporters was reflected in frequently-heard remarks that maybe with the PPPP at the helm "it wouldn't be better but for sure it would be funnier".

Although it may have started as a prank, with time, its members developed a serious platform. Moreover, the idea of a political discussion in establishments that served quality beer became a symbol of freedom of association and expression, intellectual tolerance, and a higher standard of living.

In the 1991 parliamentary elections the PPPP won 16 seats in the Sejm capturing 2.97% of the vote. The party soon split into Large Beer and Small Beer factions, despite Rewiński's claims that "beer is neither light nor dark, it is tasty". Eventually the PPPP was dissolved, in 1993.

The Large Beer faction assumed the name Polish Economic Program. Losing its image of quirkiness, the Polish Economic Program became associated with the Democratic Union (UD). The Little Beer faction became associated with  the Liberal Democratic Congress in a Coalition of liberal promarket parties, which supported the candidacy of Hanna Suchocka as prime minister.

See also

Beer Lovers Party (Russia)
List of political parties in Poland
List of frivolous parties

References

Political parties established in 1990
Defunct political parties in Poland
Poland
Beer political parties
1990 establishments in Poland
Joke political parties in Poland

Polish Beer-Lovers' Party


Salix boothii es una especie de sauce perteneciente a la familia de las salicáceas. Es nativa de Norteamérica desde Columbia Británica y Alberta a California y Nuevo México, donde crece en hábitat de montaña húmeda, como riberas de los ríos.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que puede alcanzar los seis metros de altura. Es más grande y cuenta con más ramas en suelos bien drenados, y es pequeño, de forma más simple en zonas saturadas, como los pantanos. Las hojas son lanceoladas u ovales con una punta afilada y de bordes lisos o ligeramente dentados. Tienen hasta 10 centímetros de largo cuando son maduras, con una superficie superior brillante, las nuevas hojas están cubiertas de pelos blancos peludos. La inflorescencia se desarrolla antes que crezcan las hojas, o al mismo tiempo. Los amentos femeninos tienen unos 4 centímetros de largo y los femeninos hasta 7 cm.

Hábitat
Este sauce forma densas colonias espesas y puede ser utilizado para el control de la erosión en los hábitats ribereños en su área de distribución. Se reproduce por semilla y vegetativamente por brotes de la base del tronco y sistema radicular, lo que le permite producir colonias. También es tolerante con los incendios forestales, ya que rebrota con relativa facilidad después de que las partes aéreas se hayan quemado.

Taxonomía
Salix boothii fue descrita por Robert D. Dorn y publicado en Canadian Journal of Botany 53(15): 1505–1507, en el año 1975.
Etimología
Salix: nombre genérico latino para el sauce, sus ramas y madera.

boothii: epíteto  otorgado en honor del botánico estadounidense William Edwin Booth.
Sinonimia
Salix myrtillifolia Andersson
Salix myrtillifolia var. cordata (Andersson) Dorn
Salix novae-angliae Andersson
Salix pseudocordata (Andersson) Andersson ex Rydb.
Salix pseudocordata var. aequalis (Andersson ex C.R. Ball) C.R. Ball ex C.K. Schneid.
Salix pseudocordata var. cordata (Andersson) C.R. Ball & C.K. Schneid.
Salix pseudomyrsinites Andersson
Salix pseudomyrsinites var. aequalis Andersson ex C.R. Ball
Salix pseudomyrsinites var. cordata Andersson

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Jepson Manual Treatment
 USDA Plants Profile
 Flora of North America
 Photo gallery

boothii

Salix boothii


مارتن براندل (Martin Brundle؛ ولد في 1 يونيو 1959، في نورفولك) متسابق سيارات إنجليزي شارك سابقاً في سباقات الفورمولا 1، يعمل حالياً كمعلق للسباقات.

في عام 1983 شارك في سباقات الفورمولا 3 البريطانية مع أرتون سينا، وقد حصل على المركز الثاني مع فارق بسيط بينه وبين الأول، فشارك هو وأرتون سينا في السنة التالية في مسابقات الفورمولا 1. لم يحالفه الحظ كثيراً في مسابقات الفورمولا 1 إذ لم يحصل على أي انتصار، ولكنه كان ناجحاً جداً في بعض السباقات الأخرى. في عام 1988 كان بطل سباق السيارات الرياضية العالمي (World Sportscar Championship)، كما كان بطل سباق 24 ساعة لو مان في عام 1990 حيث قاد سيارة جاغوار XJR-12.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
سائقو تيريل للفورمولا 1
سائقو جوردان للفورمولا 1
سائقو سيارات سباق إنجليز
سائقو فريق وليامس للفورمولا 1
سائقو فورمولا 1 إنجليز
سائقو لو مان 24 ساعة
سائقو ماكلارين للفورمولا 1
مذيعو رياضة المحركات
مذيعون رياضيون بريطانيون
مواليد 1959
سائقو ديتونا 24 ساعة

مارتن براندل


Antsohihy ist eine Gemeinde in Madagaskar im gleichnamigen Distrikt.
Sie liegt im Westen der Region Sofia, deren Verwaltungsort sie ist.

Am südlichen Rand der Stadt liegt der Flughafen Ambalabe.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Region Sofia
Ort in Afrika

Antsohihy


Pedro de Borbón puede referirse a:
Cualquiera de los personajes que lleven Pedro y Borbón en su nombre.

Pedro I de Borbón
Pedro II de Borbón
Pedro II de La Marche o Pedro de Borbón-La Marche.
Pedro Carlos de Borbón
Pedro de Alcántara de Borbón
Pedro de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orleans

Pedro de Borbón


Vejen til det hemmelige møde er navnet på Mr. Wilms' første album, som udkom i 2009.

Spor

Hvis intet andet er angivet er tekst og musik af Mr. Wilms.

Eksterne henvisninger
Albummet Vejen til det hemmelige møde på Spotify.

Album fra 2009
Mr. Wilms

Vejen til det hemmelige møde


La Ruta de Rhode Island 179, y abreviada R.I. 179 (en inglés: Rhode Island Route 179) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Rhode Island. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 5,6 km (3.5 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta de Rhode Island 179 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Rhode Island por sus siglas en inglés RIDOT.

Cruces
La Ruta de Rhode Island 179 es atravesada principalmente por la Southlake Road.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de RIDOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Rhode Island
Little Compton
Tiverton (Rhode Island)

Ruta de Rhode Island 179


1978 වර්ෂයේ මාර්තු මස 19 දින කුරුණෑගල දී උපත ලද හේරත් මුදියන්සේලාගේ රංගනාත කීර්ති බණ්ඩාර හේරත් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් ටෙස්ට් වරම් ලබාගත්තේ 1999 වර්ෂයේ සැප්තැම්බර් මස 22 දින ගාල්ල ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේදී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිවය. ඔහු එක්දින වරම් දිනාගත්තේ 2004 වසරේ අප්‍රේල් මස 25 දින හරාරේ හීදී සිම්බාබ්වේ කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිවය.

රංගන හේරත්


مُضادُّ التَّأَكْسُد  هو جزيء قادر على إبطاء أو منع تأكسد الجزيئات الشاردة ( الجدور الحرة) في الجسم الحي، والتأكسد هو تفاعل كيميائي يقوم بتحويل الإلكترونات من مادة معينة إلى عامل مؤكسد والذي قد يتلف بعض الخلايا. فإن مُضادُّات التَّأَكْسُد تنهي هذه السلسلة من التفاعلات بإزالة الوسيط الشارد الأساسي تماماً، ومنع تفاعلات الأكسدة الأخرى من أكسدة أنفسها. ونتيجة لذلك، عادة ما تنزع مُضادُّات التَّأَكْسُد عامل الأكسجين كالثيول أو البوليفينُول.

وعلى الرغم من كون تفاعلات الأكسدة تمثل عصب الحياة يمكن أيضاً أن تكون متلفة للجسم؛ إذاً، تحافظ النباتات والحيوانات على نظام معقد من شتى أنواع مضادات التأكسد، كالجلُوتاثَيون، و فيتامين ج و فيتامين إي بالإضافة للإنزيمات كالكتالاز ، دِيسمُوتاز فَوقَ الأكسيدي وبيروكسيدازِات عديدة. يذكر أن درجة منخفضة من مضادات التأكسد أو كبح الإنزيمات مضادة التأكسد، تحدث ضغط أكسيدي والتي من الممكن أن تدمر أو تقتل الخلايا.

وحتى أن الضغط أكسيدي يمكن أن يكون عاملاً هاماً لكثير من الأمراض البشرية، يُدرس استخدام مضادات التأكسد بكثافة في علم الأدوية خاصة في علاج السكتة والخرف. ومع ذلك، فليس معروفاً ما إذا كان الضغط الأكسيدي هو سبب أو نتيجة المرض، تستخدم مُضادُّات التَّأَكْسُد بكثرة كمكونات في ملحقات النُّظُمِ الغِذائِيَّة أملاً في الحفاظ عل الصحة والوقاية من الأمراض كالسرطان ومَرَضُ القَلْبِ التَّاجِيُّ. ومع أن بعض الدراسات أكدت على فاعلية ملحقات مضاد التأكسد وفوائدها الصحية، إلا أن قاعدة عريضة من التَجْارُبَ السَريرِيَّة لم تستبين أية فوائد للمستحضرات (تراكيب) المستخدمة، والإفراط في الملحقات المأكسدة يمكن أن يكون مؤلماً في بعض الأحيان، بالإضافة لهذه الاستخدامات الطبية، لمضادات الأكسدة عديد من الفوائد الصناعية كحفظ الطعام والتجميل ومنع تآكل المطاط والجاسولين.

مضادات الأكسدة
توجد تعاريف مختلفة لمضادات الأكسدة منها: المركبات الكيميائية التي ان وجدت في النظام الغذائي بتراكيز منخفضة فإنها يمكن أن تؤخر ظهور الأكسدة بآليات متعددة، أحد الآليات التي تقوم بها هي إيقاف الأكسدة عن طريق إزالة الجذور الحرة (Shahidi, 2008). وتعرف أيضاً بأنها تلك المركبات المستخدمة في حفظ الغذاء عن طريق تأخير فسادة أو تزنخة أو تغير لونه نتيجة الأكسدة    (Duthie, 2000). ومن الناحية التغذوية تعرف مضادات الأكسدة بأنها تلك المركبات التي تضاف إلى الغذاء بتراكيز منخفضة، بحيث تمنع أو تعيق أكســـدة بعض المركبـــات الحيـــــوية مثل الدهــــــــون والكربوهيدرات والأحماض النووية(Ratnam et al., 2006) . توجد هذه المركبات بصورة طبيعية في الأغذية ومنتجاتها، أو تضاف أثناء تصنيع المواد الغذائية. ولا يقتصر دور مضادات الأكسدة على المحافظة على جودة الأغذية فقط بل يمتد دورها إلى إطالة الفترة التخزينية للأغذية، وكذلك تقلل من الفاقد من المواد الغذائية والفاقد من القيمة التغذوية (القليوبي وآخرون، 2005 {{Shahidi, F. (2008) Antioxidants: Extrication , Application and Efficacy Measurement  Ejeaf Che, 7 (8). [3325-3330].}}م)

تاريخ مضاد التأكسد

استخدم مصطلح مُضادُّ التَّأَكْسُد للإشارة بشكل خاص إلى مادة كيميائية تمنع نقصان الأكسجين. أجريت العديد من الدراسات في القرن التاسع عشر وبدايات القرن العشرين لدراسة استخدامات مضادات التأكسد في عمليات صناعية عديدة هامة كمنع تآكل المعادن وتصلب المطاط بالكبريت وبَلْمَرَةٌ أنواع الوقود بمحركات الأحتراق الداخلي.

ركزت الأبحاث المبكرة التي أجريت حول دور مضاد التأكسد في الأحياء على استخداماتها في منع تأكسد الدهون غير المشبعة والذي يحدث بسبب التحلل. يمكن قياس نشاط مضاد التأكسد ببساطة بوضع الدهون في وعاء مغلق مع الأكسجين وقياس نسبة استهلاك الأكسجين. أحدثت مضادات الأكسدة ثورة في هذا المجال وأدت إلى استيعاب أهمية مضادات الأكسدة في الكيمياء الحيوية الخاصة بالأعضاء الحيوية.
آلية العمل الممكنة لمضادات الأكسدة اكتشفت أول مرة عندما عرف أن مادة ما ذات نشاط مضاد للتأكسد تكون أقرب لكونها هي نفسها مأكسدة. أظهرت الأبحاث كيف أن فيتامين إي يقوم بمنع عملية تأكسد الدهون أدى إلى تعريف مضادات الأكسدة كعوامل نزع للأكسجين، والتي تمنع تفاعلات مأكسدة عادة بتنقية أنواع من الأكسجين النشط قبل تدميرهم للخلية.

أشهر مضادات التأكسد
 فيتامين ج
 فيتامين إي

الاختبارات الأكسيدية في علم الأحياء

إحدى مفارقات عملية الأيض هي أنه في حين تحتاج كافة أشكال الحياة للأكسجين للبقاء، إلا أن الأكسجين dc6031b7d607fb579f18e16128be15f8 هو جزيء تفاعلي بشدة يدمر الكائنات الحية بإنتاجه أنواعاً من الأكسجين النشط. بناءً على ذلك تحتوي الكائنات الحية على شبكة معقدة من الأيضة والأنزيمات مضادة الأكسدة والتي تعمل مع بعضها لمنع أي تلف أكسيدي في المكونات الخلوية كالحمض النووي، البروتين والشحميات. بشكل عام، مضادات الأكسدة هذه إما تقوم بمنع هذه التفاعلات من التشكل، أو إزالتهم قبل إتلاف مكونات حيوية في الخلية.
أنواع الأكسجين النشطة التي تنتج في الخلية تتضمن : بَيروكسيدُ الهِيدْروجين (H2O2)، حمض تحت الكلوري (HClO)، بالإضافة إلى الجَذْورٌ الحُرّة كالهيدوكسيل (OH) والأكسيد الفائق (O2−).

المواد الحافظة للأغذية
تستخدم المواد المضادة للأكسدة كمضافات غذائية للمساعدة في منع تدهور الغذاء. إن التعرض للأكسجين وأشعة الشمس هما العاملان الرئيسيان المسببان لأكسدة المواد الغذائية، فيتمّ الحفاظ على الطعام بختمه أو تغطيته بطلاء الشمع وتركه في الظلام.

الوقاية من الأمراض
على الرغم من أن هناك دور واضح للأكسدة في أمراض القلب ولكن الدراسات التي تستخدم الفيتامينات المضادة للأكسدة لم تلاحظ أي تخفيض في خطر الإصابة بأمراض القلب أو في معدل تطوّر المرض الموجود.

المصادر

طالع أيضا
 تفاعلات أكسدة-اختزال
 مادة مؤكسدة

علم وظائف الأعضاء
كيماويات العملية
مضادات أكسدة
مواد مكافحة الشيخوخة

مضاد تأكسد


La temporada 1989–90 de la Segunda División B de España de fútbol corresponde a la 13.ª edición del campeonato y se disputó entre el 2 de septiembre de 1989 y el 27 de mayo de 1990.

Sistema de competición

Participaron ochenta clubes de toda la geografía española. Encuadrados en cuatro grupos, se enfrentaron todos contra todos en dos ocasiones -una en campo propio y otra en campo contrario- durante un total de 38 jornadas. El orden de los encuentros se decidía por sorteo antes de empezar la competición. La Real Federación Española de Fútbol era la responsable de designar a los árbitros de cada encuentro.

El ganador de un partido obtenía dos puntos, el perdedor no sumaba puntos, y en caso de un empate había un punto para cada equipo. Al término del campeonato, el equipo que acumulaba más puntos se proclamaba campeón y ascendía a Segunda División.

Los cuatro últimos equipos clasificados de cada grupo, y el peor decimosexto, descendían a Tercera División.

Nota
Hoy en día hay clubes que su nombre han derivado a idiomas como catalán-valenciano-balear, euskera o gallego; pero para reflejar la realidad de la época, los nombres de los equipos aparecen tal y como se inscribieron para competir en esta temporada.

Equipos de la temporada 1989/90

Grupo I
En este grupo se encuentran los equipos de: Galicia (8), Asturias (3), Comunidad de Madrid (5), parte de Castilla y León (3) y parte de Castilla-La Mancha (1).

Grupo II
En este grupo se encuentran los equipos de: Cantabria (1), País Vasco (6), parte de Cataluña (2), parte de Castilla y León (2),  Navarra (1), La Rioja (1), Aragón (6) y del Principado de Andorra (1).

Grupo III
En este grupo se encuentran los equipos de: Andalucía (10), Canarias (4), Extremadura (2), parte de Castilla-La Mancha (2), y las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta (1) y Melilla (1).

Grupo IV
En este grupo se encuentran los equipos de: Parte de Cataluña (5), Comunidad Valenciana (10), Islas Baleares (4) y Región de Murcia (1).

Resultados y clasificaciones

Grupo I

Clasificación

Resultados

Grupo II

Clasificación

Resultados

Grupo III

Clasificación

Resultados

Grupo IV

Clasificación

Resultados

Resumen

Campeones de Segunda División B y ascienden a Segunda división:

Descienden a Tercera división:

Copa del Rey

Todos los equipos, excepto los filiales, se clasifican de forma automática para la siguiente edición de la Copa del Rey.

Referencias

1989/90
Temporada 1989-90 de fútbol en España

Segunda División B de España 1989-90


මෙය වනාහී, ඉන්දියාව පදනම් කර ගෙන පැවැත්වෙන විස්සයි20 ක්‍රිකට් තරගාවලියක් වන  ඉන්දීය ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් තරගාවලියෙහි සමස්ත සංඛ්‍යාන තොරතුරු සහ වාර්තා ලැයිස්තුවකි.

කණ්ඩායම් වාර්තා

ප්‍රතිඵල සාරාංශය

සටහන:
  අත්හිටවුනු කණ්ඩායම්
  අභාවගත කණ්ඩායම්
  සහබැඳුම+ජය සහ සහබැඳුම+පැර යන්නෙන් දැක්වෙන්නේ,  "සුපිරි ඕවරයෙහි" ජයග්‍රහණය කළ හෝ පරාජය වුනු හෝ සහ බැඳුනු තරග වෙති
 ප්‍රතිඵල ප්‍රතිශතය තුල ප්‍රතිඵල නොමැති අවස්ථා අඩංගු නොමැති අතර සහ සහබැඳුම් (සහබැඳුම බිඳීමෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලය නොතකමින්) ගණන් ගනුයේ අර්ධ ජයක් ලෙසිනි
 සම්පූර්ණ තරග සංඛ්‍යාව තුල චැම්පියන්ස් ලීග් වි20 සඳහා යෙදුනු තරග අඩංගු වී නොමැත''

ෆුල් ටේබ්ල් ඔන්  ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ

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හොඳම පිරිමැසුම් පන්දු යැවීම්

ෆුල් ටේබ්ල් ඔන් ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ
 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 16 මැයි 2016

ඉනිමක් තුල වැඩිම ලකුණු ගණනක් ලබා දීම

ෆුල් ටේබ්ල් ඔන් ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ
 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 14 මැයි 2015

වැඩිම නිලකුණු පන්දු යැවීම

ෆුල් ටේබල් ඔන් අයිපීඑල්ටී20

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 16 මැයි 2016

වැඩිම නිලකුණු පන්දු වාර යැවීම

ෆුල් ටේබල් ඔන් අයිපීඑල්ටී20

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 16 මැයි 2016

කඩුළු-ත්‍රිත්ව ලැයිස්තුව

අයිපීඑල් හී කඩුළු ත්‍රිත්ව

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 13 මැයි 2016

කඩුළු රැකීමේ සහ පන්දු රැකීමේ වාර්තා

වැඩිම දවාගැනීම්

ෆුල් ටේබ්ල් ඔන් ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ
 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 16 මැයි 2016

වැඩිම පන්දු ඇල්ලීම් (පන්දු රකින්නා)

ෆුල් ටේබ්ල් ඔන් ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ
 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 16 මාර්තු 2016

විවිධ වාර්තා

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 16 මැයි 2016

ප්‍රදාන

ඔරෙන්ජ් කැප්

සටහන: ඔරෙන්ජ් කැප් ජයග්‍රාහකයන් වන්නේ තරග කාල වාරයක වැඩිම ලකුණු රැස් කල ක්‍රීඩකයෝ වෙති

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 25 මැයි 2015

පර්පල් කැප්

සටහන: පර්පල් කැප් ජයග්‍රාහකයන් වන්නේ තරග කාල වාරයක වඩාත්ම කඩුළු දවා ගත් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ වෙති

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 25 මැයි 2015

වැඩිම හයේ පහරවල් ප්‍රදානය

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 26 මැයි 2015

තරගයේ (අවසන්) සහ තරග කාල වාරයේ ක්‍රීඩකයා

 අවසන් යාවත්කාලය: 19 අප්‍රේල් 2015

මෙයද බලන්න
 චෙන්නායි සුපර් කිංස් වාර්තා ලැයිස්තුව
 රාජස්තාන් රෝයල්ස් වාර්තා ලැයිස්තුව

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත

සංඛ්‍යාන තොරතුරු
ඉන්දියානු ක්‍රිකට් වාර්තා සහ සංඛ්‍යාන තොරතුරු ලැයිස්තු
ඉන්දීය ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් ලැයිස්තු

ඉන්දීය ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් (අයිපීඑල්) තරගාවලියේ වාර්තා සහ සංඛ්‍යාන තොරතුරු ලැයිස්තුව


Juan Ignacio Rodes Biosca (Alicante, 24 de agosto de 1961) es un guitarrista clásico, concertista y maestro español.

Biografía
Comenzó los estudios musicales con su madre a los ocho años, realizando la carrera en el Conservatorio Superior de Música "Oscar Esplá" de Alicante, bajo la dirección de José Tomás. Entre 1983 y 1986, becado por el British Council y el Ministerio de Cultura español, reside en Londres y en esa ciudad desarrolla estudios de música antigua y de la música instrumental de J. S. Bach. A partir de su brillante debut en el Wigmore Hall de Londres en 1986, su carrera se desarrolló rápidamente, participando en festivales internacionales en la mayoría de países europeos así como en Estados Unidos y Sudamérica.

Auditorios
Ha actuado en importantes auditorios de todo el mundo entre los que cabe destacar:
 Alice Tully Hall (Nueva York)
 Performing Art's Center (San Francisco)
 Wigmore Hall (Londres)
 Alte Oper (Frankfurt)
 Gran Sala Filarmónica (San Petersburgo)
 Sala Nezahualcóyotl (México D.F.)
 Cairo Opera House
 Teatro de la Ópera de Ho Chi Minh City
 Palacio de la Música de Barcelona
 Auditorio Nacional de Madrid
 Palacio de la Música de Valencia

Orquestas
Ha colaborado como solista con numerosas orquestas entre las que cabe destacar:

 English Chamber Orchestra
 Orquesta Filarmónica de Belgrado
 Hartford Symphony Orchestra
 Orchestre de Picardie
 Camerata del Hermitage de San Petersburgo
 Ho Chi Minh Simphony Orchestra
 Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona
 Real Filharmonía de Galicia
 Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid
 Orquesta Sinfónica de Tenerife

Actividad pedagógica
Ha desarrollado una destacada actividad pedagógica en EE.UU, impartiendo numerosos cursos de interpretación en conservatorios como Manhattan School of Music (Nueva York), Bloomington School of Music, University of Washington, Yale School of Music, The Boston Conservatory, North Carolina School of Music, California State University, Houston Fine Arts Center y St. Louis University.
En Europa ha sido invitado por el Guildhall School of Music (Londres), Academy of the Arts (Rejkavik) y conservatorios de Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Hungría, Portugal, Grecia, Rusia, Bélgica y Macedonia. Igualmente ha impartido seminarios en los conservatorios nacionales de El Cairo y México, Escola "Luthier" de Barcelona, Universidad de Deusto y otros centros musicales españoles.

Enlaces externos
 Diario ABC 27/11/1983. Ganador del Concurso Internacional de Guitarra Andrés Segovia.
 Diario ABC 25/9/1990. Estreno concierto para guitarra y orquesta de Joan Guinjoan.
 Diario ABC 22/7/2010. 50º Festival de la guitarra de Córdoba.
 Gira americana, noviembre de 2009
 Diario Información 19/2/2010. Ignacio Rodes gira internacional.
 Ignacio Rodes:  emisión del 15 de dic. del 2013 del programa La guitarra, de Radio Clásica.

Nacidos en Alicante
Guitarristas clásicos de España
Músicos de Alicante
Músicos clásicos del siglo XX de España
Músicos clásicos del siglo XXI de España

Ignacio Rodes


Nogometni kup Bosne i Hercegovine za sezonu 2006./07. je osvojila momčad Širokog Brijega.

Rezultati

Šesnaestina završnice
Igrano na jednu utakmicu. Susreti su igrani 20. i 21. rujna 2006.

Osmina završnice
Prvi susreti su igrani 17. i 18. listopada, a uzvrati 25. listopada 2006.

Četvrtzavršnica
Prvi susreti igrani 8. i 15. studenog, a uzvrati 22. studenog 2006.

Poluzavršnica
Prvi susreti igrani 11. travnja, a uzvrati 25. travnja 2007.

Završnica
Igrano 9. i 26. svibnja 2007.

Poveznice

Izvori
 rsssf.com, Nogometni kup Bosne i Hercegovine 2006./07.
 soccerway.com,  Nogometni kup Bosne i Hercegovine 2006./07., rezultati od osmine završnice

2006-07
 kup


Takahiro Ohara (født 6. december 1986) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokushima Vortis og Fukushima United FC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takahiro Ohara


Baron Bradbury, of Winsford in the County of Chester, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 28 January 1925 for the economist and public servant Sir John Bradbury. He was Joint Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1913 to 1919 and considered to be the British government's chief economic adviser during the First World War.  the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in that year.

Barons Bradbury (1925)
John Swanwick Bradbury, 1st Baron Bradbury (1872–1950)
John Bradbury, 2nd Baron Bradbury (1914–1994)
John Bradbury, 3rd Baron Bradbury (1940–2023)
John Timothy Bradbury, 4th Baron Bradbury (b. 1973)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother Benjamin Edward Bradbury (b. 1975)

Arms

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1925
1925 establishments in the United Kingdom

Baron Bradbury


الفرستق إحدى قرى مركز بسيون التابع لمحافظة الغربية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

التاريخ
قرية الفرستق من القرى القديمة، حيث وردت باسم «الفرزدق» في أعمال الغربية ضمن قرى الروك الصلاحي التي أحصاها ابن مماتي في كتاب قوانين الدواوين، وقال ابن مماتي أنها من كفور سديمه. كما وردت باسم «الفرزدق» في أعمال الغربية ضمن قرى الروك الناصري التي أحصاها ابن الجيعان في كتاب «التحفة السنية بأسماء البلاد المصرية». وفي العصر العثماني وردت باسم «الفرزدق» في التربيع العثماني الذي أجراه الوالي العثماني سليمان باشا الخادم في عصر السلطان العثماني سليمان القانوني ضمن قرى ولاية الغربية، وفي تاريخ 1228هـ/1813م الذي عدّ قرى مصر بعد المسح الذي قام به محمد علي باشا باسم «الفرستق» ضمن قرى مديرية الغربية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان الفرستق 10,289 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة الغربية

مصادر

الوحدة المحلية لقرية قرنشو (بسيون)

الفرستق


Der Georgische Eishockeyverband ist der nationale Eishockeyverband Georgiens.

Geschichte
Der Verband wurde am 8. Mai 2009 in die Internationale Eishockey-Föderation aufgenommen. Der Verband gehört zu den assoziierten Mitgliedern der IIHF und hat daher in deren Vollversammlung kein Stimmrecht. Aktueller Präsident ist Nugzar Paikidze.

Der Verband kümmert sich überwiegend um die Durchführung der Spiele der georgischen Eishockeynationalmannschaft. Zudem organisiert der Verband den Spielbetrieb auf Vereinsebene, unter anderem in der georgischen Eishockeyliga.

Weblinks
 Georgien auf der Webseite der IIHF (englisch)

Eishockeyverband
Eishockey (Georgien)
Nationaler Sportverband (Georgien)
Sportverband (Georgien)

Georgischer Eishockeyverband


Svijet

Događaji

 Napisane prve odredbe Rus'ke pravde (Kijevske pravde).

Osnivanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Događaji

Osnivanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pravo u 1016.


عظم الشظية  هو أحد العظام الطويلة في البشر، وهو أحد عظمتي الساق الموجود على الجانب الوحشي أي الخارجي للساق، بينما يكون العظم الآخر وهو قصبة الساق في الجانب الإنسي أي الداخلي للساق.

البنية
يتكون عظم الشظية من المكونات التالية:

 الكعب الوحشي
 الغشاء بين العظمين الذي يربط بين عظمي الشظية والظنبوب
 المفصل الشظوي الظنبوبي العلوي هو مفصل مسطح بين اللقمة الوحشية للظنبوب ورأس الشظية
 المفصل الشظوي الظنبوبي السفلي الذي يتكون من السطح الخشن المحدب للجانب الأنسي لأسفل الشظية والسطح المقعر الخشن للجانب الوحشي للظنبوب.

التروية الدموية
تعد المعرفة المفصلة بأوعية الشظية وترويتها أمراً مهماً، خصوصاً وأن الشظية تستخدم اليوم بشكلٍ شائع كطعم عظمي لإعادة ترميم الفك السفلي. يوفر الشريان الشظوي التروية الدموية للقسم المتوسط من عظم الشظية، ويعطي هذا الشريان عدة فروع صغيرة لتروية سمحاق عظم الشظية. أما الطرف القريب من عظم الشظية فيعتمد في ترويته الدموية على الشريان الظنبوبي الأمامي. عند أخذ طعم عظمي من الشظية يأخذ الثلث المتوسط من العظم ويترك طرفا العظم القريب والبعيد.

الوظيفة
لا يحمل عظم الشظية أي وزن كبير من الجسم. تمتد الشظية في الطرف السفلي بعد مفصل الركبة وتشكل الجزء الخارجي من الكاحل ما يوفر الاستقرار لهذا المفصل. تمتلك الشظية عدداً من الأنفاق والأخاديد العظمية التي تُشكل أربطة ترتكز من خلالها عضلات معينة ما يزيد ثباتها ويضاعف قوة العضلات.

الكسور
تحدث أشيع كسور عظم الشظية في الطرف البعيد للعظم، ويصنف هذا الكسر من كسور مفصل الكاحل. وله ثلاثة أنواع حسب تصنيف دانيس ويبر. أنه كسر في الكاحل. ومن الكسور الأخرى التي تصيب عظم الشظية كسر ميزونوف، وهو كسر حلزوني للثلث القريب من الشظية المرتبط مع تمزق الغشاء بين العظمين، ويرافقه عادة كسر في الكعب الأنسي أو تمزق في الأربطة العميقة. أما الكسر الانقلاعي فيشير لكسر رأس الشظية ويترافق مع خلع بسبب التقلص المفاجئ للعضلة ذات الرأسين الفخذية التي تسحب موقع ارتباطها على العظم. يرتبط وتر العضلة ذات الرأسين الفخذية على الرأس الشظوي ارتباطاً وثيقاً بالرباط الجانبي للركبة، ولذلك يكون هذا الرباط عرضة للإصابة في هذا النوع من الكسور.

مراجع

عظام الطرف السفلي
عظام طويلة
مقالات تتضمن نصوصا من الطبعة العشرين لكتاب تشريح جرايز (1918)

شظية (عظم)


Aiaaira, (Abhaski Аиааира) je nacionalna himna Republike Abhazije međunarodno priznate od strane samo nekoliko zemalja. Uvedena je 1992. godine. Tekst je napisao abhaški političar i pjesnik Gennady Alamija, a glazbu Walera Schkaduwa.

Izvori

Abhazija

Aiaaira


Dransdorf, Almanya'nın batısında Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaleti Bonn kentine bağlı bölge. 2,9 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu 31.12.2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 5014 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bonn'un kuzeybatısında yer alır. Kent merkezine 4 kilometre uzaklıktaki Dransdorf, Endenich, Meßdorf ve Tannenbusch'a komşudur. Kuzeyinde Alfter uzanır.

Dransdorf


Count Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (Михаи́л Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин; 1688 in Moscow – 1760 in Paris) was a Russian diplomat. He was the son of Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin and elder brother of the more famous Aleksey Bestuzhev.

Mikhail Bestuzhev was brought up with his brother in Berlin. In 1705, Peter the Great commanded him to join the Russian embassy in Copenhagen. Fifteen years later, he became the Russian resident in England, which — despite an earlier obligation to the contrary — presently entered an alliance with Sweden. As the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden was still going on, Bestuzhev attempted to interfere but was ordered by the English government to leave the country.

He then settled in the Hague, until the Treaty of Nystad concluded the war in 1721. Thereupon he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary in Stockholm, a position which he filled with notable success. During his tenure, Sweden recognized Russia as an empire and concluded a defensive alliance with her for 12 years. Catherine I of Russia, however, ordered him to move to Warsaw in 1726, while Empress Anna removed him to Berlin before having him returned to Stockholm in 1732. Although the alliance with Sweden was prolonged, Bestuzhev was exposed to street violence more than once and was briefly taken into custody when the new Russo-Swedish War erupted in 1741.

Upon his release, Bestuzhev proceeded to Hanover to confer with George II of Great Britain. At this time, Empress Elizabeth usurped the throne and  appointed Bestuzhev her agent in Warsaw. In 1743, he married Golovkin's daughter, Anna Bestuzheva, who was soon involved into the Lopukhina Affair, which resulted in her tongue being torn out.
During the investigation of his wife's behaviour, Bestuzhev was held under house arrest.
When he was finally allowed to go abroad, his powerful brother procured for him a series of lucrative appointments. He successively served as the Russian ambassador in Berlin, Warsaw, Vienna, and Paris, where he died.

References

Attribution

External links
  List of Russian diplomats to Austria

1688 births
1760 deaths
Diplomats from Moscow
Nobility from Moscow
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Austria
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to France
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Prussia
Ambassadors of Russia to Sweden
18th-century diplomats of the Russian Empire
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Poland

Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin


Uluru (UFA: /uluɻu/) Ayers Rock olarak da bilinir, Avustralya çöl bölgesinde kumtaşından oluşan bir kaya formasyonu. Uluru-Kata Tjuta Milli Parkı'nın içinde bulunur. Alice Springs'in yaklaşık 340 km güneybatısında Northern Territory'dedir.

Uluru adı, Ananguların (lokal yerleşmiş Aborjinler) Pitjantjatjara dilinden gelir. Bu, derinlemesine bir anlamı olmayan yer tanımlamasıdır.

Coğrafya
Uluru yaklaşık 2 km uzunlukta, 1,7 km'yi bulan genişliktedir ve çevresi 10 kilometredir. Zirve deniz seviyesinden 869 metre yüksekte olup, Orta Avustralya'nın zemini üzerinde 350 metre yükselir. Bir kenarı oval üçgen şeklindedir.

Uluru, Uluru-Kata Tjuta Milli Parkı içinde, Alice Springs'in  yaklaşık 390 km güneybatısındaki Yulara yerleşim merkezinin yakınındadır. 1336 km² büyüklüğündeki milli park, Uluru'nun yanında, buraya komşu Kata Tjuta'yı da kapsar ve UNESCO tarafından, Dünya Kültür ve Dünya Doğa Mirası olarak ilan edilmiştir.

Jeoloji ve oluşum
Uluru  komşusu Kata Tjuta ile beraber yaklaşık 600 Milyon yıl önce oluşmuştur. Çakıl birikinti ve çamur, bir arazi çöküntüsünde toplanmış ve yüksek basınçta yoğurulmuştur. Bu yoğrultunun bir kısmı depremlerlerin akabinde tekrar yüzeye çıkmıştır. Uluru'nun arka tarafında, Aborjinler tarafından kutsal olarak kabul edilen su havzaları bulunur. Uluru, o zamandan beri sürekli bir şekilde havanın bozucu etkisine maruz kalan, paslı kırmızı renkte arkoz-kumtaşından (arkoz: kırmızı bir kayaç) oluşmuştur. Rengi, yüksek oranda demir içermesinden ileri gelir.

Uluru, yaygın görüşün aksine, aslında monolit olmayıp, ayrıca Kata Tjuta'yı da kapsayan ve büyük kısmı yer altındaki bir kaya formasyonunun sadece bir parçasıdır. Formasyonun 5 km kalınlığa ve 100 km genişliğe sahip olduğu tahmin edilir. Buna karşın, bu bünye içinde hesap edilen Mount Conner ise artık bu oluşuma dahil değildir. Uluru'nun dünyanın en büyük monoliti olması iddiası böylece her iki bağlamda yanlıştır. Birincisi Uluru monolit değilidir, diğer yandan aynı şekilde Avustralya'da bulunan Mt. Augustus, Uluru'dan büyük olup, bu iddiayi kendi adına taşır.

Tarihçe
Uluru, 1873'te Avrupalı kâşif  William Gosse tarafından "Ayers Rock"  olarak (Güney Avustralya'nın o zamanki başbakanı Sir Henry Ayers adıyla) adlandırır. Uluru bölgesinde Anangular yaşar.

İngiliz sömürgecilerin keşfinden evvel, Avustralya yerlileri Aborjinler tarafından, kutsal kabul edilen ve törensel ritüeller yapılarak, tarihsel birikimlerinin korunduğu bir kutsal alan olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca Avustrulya yerlilerine ait, bölgede bulunan, kutsi ve tarihi eşyalar; bir kısmı Sömürgeciler tarafından yağmalanarak Müzelere götürülmüş, bir kısmı ise yerli Aborjin kabileleri tarafından boşaltılmıştır.

Halihazırda Dünya Mirası (World Heritage) Listesinde ulusal park kabul edilerek korunmakta olan bölge, günümüzde "Uluru-Kata Tjuta Ulusal Park"ı olarak isimlendirilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

 Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Website
 Uluru / Ayers Rock Fotos

Kaynakça
  (Kısmi)

Avustralya Aborjinleri kültürü

Avustralya'daki dağlar
Avustralya'daki kaya formasyonları
Kutsal taşlar
Kutsal dağlar
Kuzey Bölge, Avustralya coğrafyası

Uluru


Krizyopras, Chryzopraz 2, bir kalsedon çeşidi, değerli taş. Küçük miktarlarda nikel ihtiva eder ve ihtiva ettiği bu nikel nedeniyle rengi yeşildir. Genelde rengi elma yeşiliyken, koyu yeşile kadar değişiklik gösterebilir.Heliotrop ile karıştırılabilir, zira birbirlerine benzemektedirler. Krizopras kriptokristalindir. Kriptokristalin kuvars ailesinin diğer üyeleri akik, karneliyen ve onikstir. Kuvars ailesinin şeffaf olmayan üyelerinden farklı olarak, krizoprası değerli kılan desen ve tabakalar değil de rengidir.

Krizopras sözcüğü Yunanca chrysos yani "altın" ve prason yani "pırasa" sözcüklerinden türemiştir. Antik Roma öncesi dönemlerden beri kameler veya mühürtaşları halinde yüzük ve takılarda kullanılmış olan krizopras, hoş yeşil rengi ve diğer kuvarslara oranla daha nadir oluşu ile tarih boyunca en değerli kuvars çeşitlerinden biri olmuştur.

Güzel yeşil rengini ihtiva ettiği kromdan alan zümrüdün aksine, krizoprasın rengi yapısında bulunan küçük miktarlardaki nikelden gelir. Yapısında klorit ve hornblende içeren açık yeşil renkli, şeffaf krizoprasa praz denir. Praza açık yeşil rengini ihtiva ettiği bu iki mineral vermektedir.

Diğer kuvars çeşitleri gibi krizoprasın sertliği 6-7 civarındadır. En ünlü krizopras yatakları, Queensland, Batı Avustralya, Almanya, Polonya, Rusya, Arizona, Kaliforniya ve Brezilya'dadır.

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Vikipedi Krizopras maddesi
 Mehmet Yaşar Ethem, "A'dan Z'ye Kıymetli ve Yarı Kıymetli Taşlar (Süs Taşları)", Mars Matbaası, Ankara, 1990.

Dış bağlantılar
 Degerli-taslar.com
 Mindat.org

Kuvars çeşitleri

Krizopras


Medgyesbodzás é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Békés. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 1.060 habitantes.

Localidades de Békés

Medgyesbodzás


Oliveira de Azeméis  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Entre Douro e Vouga altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 19 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Carregosa
 Cesar
 Fajões
 Loureiro
 Macieira de Sarnes
 Macinhata da Seixa, eski adıyla Macinhata de Seixa
 Madaíl
 Nogueira do Cravo
 Oliveira de Azeméis
 Ossela
 Palmaz
 Pindelo
 Pinheiro da Bemposta, (Vila)
 Santiago de Riba-Ul
 São Martinho da Gândara
 Travanca
 Ul
 Vila Chã de São Roque
 Vila de Cucujães

Entre Douro e Vouga'nın belediyeleri

Oliveira de Azeméis


بلدية كاسار دي قصرش ، هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة قصرش والتي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 4.879 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007). وتبلغ مساحتها 130.47 كم2،و بذلك تكون الكثافة السكانية 37.4 نسمة/كم2. يبلغ ارتفاعها 365 م عن سطح البحر.

وصلات خارجية
 موقع رسمي

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قصرش
بلديات قصرش

كاسار دي قصرش


Biesiadecki ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Alfred Biesiadecki (1839–1889), polnischer Pathologe
 Franciszek Biesiadecki, polnischer Politiker im Österreichischen Abgeordnetenhaus (XI. Legislaturperiode)
 Maciej Biesiadecki (1864–1935), polnischer Generalkommissar in der Freien Stadt Danzig (1920–1921)
 Piet Biesiadecki (1920–2000), US-amerikanischer Bobsportler

Biesiadecki


Hamwarde Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı bölge. 6,68 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 765 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Lothar Dreves tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-hohe-elbgeest.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Hamwarde


Sfârșit de veac în sunet și imagini este un film românesc din 1983 regizat de Mirel Ilieșiu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Violeta Popescu, Dionisie Vitcu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1983 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1983

Sfârșit de veac în sunet și imagini