The 8th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army that served in the European Theater of World War II.

History

Stateside
The successes of the German armored units in Poland and France underscored America's need for an effective armored force. The tank battles of North Africa and Russia in early 1942 caused the US Army to recognize the need to drastically increase the number of its armored units. The 8th Armored Division was activated on 1 April 1942 at Fort Knox, Kentucky, with "surplus" units of the recently reorganized 4th Armored Division and newly-organized units. The division served as the first official military guardian of the gold vault at Fort Knox. From 1942 to 1944 it functioned as a training command stationed at Camp Polk, Louisiana. During this period the 8th supplied trained personnel to the 9th through 14th Armored Divisions. In September 1943 the division completed reorganization from the old style triangular division to the new 'light' armored division, as per War Department Letter AG-322, in preparation for activation as a combat unit. The light format armored division was made up of three combat commands referred to as Combat Command A (CCA), Combat Command B (CCB) and a smaller unit called Combat Command Reserve (CCR). Units could be assigned to one of the combat commands at need, creating a very flexible formation.

During December 1943, the division participated in the D Series of exercises in Texas. The D Series were small scale maneuver problems designed as a precursor to the full scale Sixth Louisiana Maneuver Period. The D Series included exercises to simulate contact with the enemy and included recon, movement to contact, engineering and minefield clearing problems. The 8th completed the D Series and participated in the Sixth Louisiana Maneuver Period from February through April 1944 as part of the Red Force.

From the period of April through October 1944, the division conducted post-maneuver training, losing a number of trained personnel to other units and absorbing and training their replacements. At the end of October the 8th received movement orders to Camp Kilmer, New York in preparation for shipment overseas. On 6 November 1944 the division left Camp Kilmer and boarded ships in New Jersey for the United Kingdom. The ships arrived in Southampton on 18 November and the division moved to Tidworth Camp, joining the newly formed Fifteenth Army.

England, France and 'The Bulge'
After some additional training and acquisition of new equipment at Tidworth, England, the 8th Armored Division landed in France, 5 January 1945, at Le Havre and Rouen. The division assembled in the Bacqueville area of upper Normandy as part of the (then) still secret Fifteenth Army and was placed in reserve. In mid-January the division was seconded to the Third Army and raced  across France through heavy snow and ice to Pont-à-Mousson to help stem the German drive for Strasbourg, part of the German Operation Nordwind It was at this point that the division was assigned the call-sign 'Tornado'. A detachment of the 88th Armored Cavalry undertook the division's first combat action – a reconnaissance of the best route to contact with the enemy. The division, finding the enemy already halted and beginning to fall back, took part in the Third Army drive against the Moselle-Saar salient. The 8th supported the 94th Infantry Division's attack on Nennig, Berg and Sinz, 19–28 January 1945 aimed at reducing the salient between the Saar and Moselle Rivers.

Belgium and The Netherlands

Nennig and Berg were defended by elements of the German 11th Panzer Division; specifically the 110th, 111th and elements of the 774th Panzer Grenadier Regiments. German losses in action against 8th Armored units were 5 Panzer IV tanks, 72 prisoners and many dead and wounded. 8th Armored losses were 3 M4A3 Sherman tanks, 4 Half-tracks and heavy personnel casualties.

From Berg, the 8th continued their advance through Sinz and more heavy fighting. German losses were 8 tanks, 1 anti-aircraft gun, 1 anti-tank gun and 1 half-track. Division losses were an additional 6 tanks destroyed and 4 disabled as well as heavy personnel casualties. The week's action resulted in the loss of 50% of the personnel the 110th and 111th Panzer-Grenadier Regiments had brought into the Saar-Moselle triangle.

The division moved to Simpelveld, the Netherlands for rest and refitting absorbing approximately 200 replacements. The 8th was now part of the Ninth Army and continued refitting and replacing losses during the first half of February 1945. On 19 February the division moved to Roermond, the Netherlands to relieve the British 7th Armoured Division in the vicinity of Echt and launched a diversionary attack as part of Operation Grenade, pushing the enemy north of the Heide woods and east of the Roer River.

The Roer to the Rhine
On 27 February, 8th Armored crossed the Roer River via the Hilfarth Bridge which had been captured by the 35th Infantry Division. CCA headed for the town of Wegberg. CCB moved through Sittard, Gangelt, Geilenkirchen, Randerath, and Brachelen to arrive at the Hilfarth Bridge and crossed after CCA. CCA tanks and infantry destroyed fifteen pillboxes, captured Tetelrath, and crossed the Schwalm river while CCB attacked and captured the towns of Arsbeck and Ober Kruchten.

On 2 March – CCA captured Lobberich, moved through the 35th Inf. Div. and secured the town of Wachtendonk at the confluence of Niers River and Nette River. Co. C of the 53rd Engineers worked through the night to bridge the Niers River which was holding up the advance on Moers.

3 March CCB moved through CCA area and captured Aldekerk while CCR captured Saint Hubert, Vinnbruck and Saelhuysen in their advance toward Moers. The Division received orders to cease forward movement as it was 'pinched out' by the 35th Inf. on the right and the 84th Inf. on the left.

CCB was detached and assigned to the 35th Inf. Div. so an attack could be mounted in the direction of Rheinberg and Wesel to prevent the Germans from crossing the Rhine River. CCB attacked Lintfort and Rheinberg with the 35th. Heavy fighting, primarily against the 130th Panzer Division, took place in and around Rheinberg resulting in 199 divisional casualties and the loss of 41 tanks while the Germans suffered 350 men killed and 512 taken prisoner. The area (nicknamed '88 Lane') was under direct anti-tank and heavy artillery fire so each house had to be cleared by dismounted infantry. By 7 March a foothold was secured at Grunthal, a road crossing (B 57/B 58) in the vicinity of Alpen.

The same day the US 9th Armored Division captured a bridge over the Rhine at Remagen. The 130th Panzer Division was pulled out of the Wesel area and moved south to counterattack. By 9 March CCB of the 8th secured the town of Ossenberg as well as the towns of Borth and Wallach. CCB was relieved at 2400 and ordered to the Venlo, the Netherlands, rest area, the relief being completed on 10 and 11 March.

The division was assigned to cleanup operations in the rear areas of the Rhineland which had been bypassed during the movement to the Rhine River. During this period the division became the first US or British unit to uncover the existence of the secret Werwolf organization when several cleverly camouflaged bunkers were discovered, each containing 12 to 15 fully equipped German soldiers.

On 22 March division artillery units moved into firing positions in preparation for the assault on the east bank of the Rhine River as part of Operation Plunder. On 23 March all artillery units commenced firing over 130,000 rounds preceding the initial crossing of the Rhine River to be made by the 30th Infantry Division.

The Rhine to the Ruhr

On 24 March 18 Tank Bn of the 8th Armored Division was ferried across in support of the 30th Infantry prior to the Division's crossing. An 18th tank was the first across the Rhine in the 9th Army area and assisted in the capture of Spellen, the first town captured east of the Rhine by 9th Army. The division was the first armored division to cross the Rhine in the 9th Army area, crossing at bridge sites 'G' and 'H'.

The 8th received orders on 27 March to secure the road running from Hamm to Soest. CCA attacked on the left flank and captured Im Loh then moved on to bypass Dorsten. Heavy house to house fighting slowed the attack. New orders were received late in the next day to capture Dorsten so that the Lippe River could be bridged allowing armor to move northward.

In the meantime, CCR, located near Bruckhausen launched an attack on Zweckel and Kirchhellen to the south on 28 March. The 116th Panzer Division was defending both and the approaches had been heavily mined. CCR captured Zweckel in the afternoon and launched an attack on Kirchellen which was secured by nightfall. An advance unit of the 80th Tank battalion that had been surrounded in Kirchellen since early that morning was relieved.

CCA captured Dorsten early the next morning and CCB moved in to secure the area so CCA could join CCR in their advance to the east towards the town of Marl. Marl was cleared by nightfall. CCA then swung southeast from Dorsten heading for Polsum. CCR attacked and captures the towns of Scholven and Feldhausen. On 29 March the German 180th Volks Grenadier Division and the 116th Panzer Division withdrew and set up new defensive lines running through the fortress town of Recklinghausen.

CCR crossed the Rappholtz-Muhlen Canal on 30 March and captured Buer-Hassel. Co. C, 53 Armored Engineers built a bridge across the canal in just 44 minutes. The next day CCR captured Kolonie Bertlich. Heading east, it passed through Westerholt and Langenbochum, engaging the German defenses in Recklinghausen only  away.

On 31 March the division was relieved by units of the 75th Inf. Div. The 8th crossed the Lippe River, and assembled at Selm. The 8th received orders on 1 April from XIX Corps to set up two spearheads for an attack to the east, the 2nd Armored and 30th Infantry in one and the 8th Armored and 83rd Infantry in the other. CCA was assigned to attack Delbrück, CCB to attack Paderborn.

The 8th launched its attack on schedule but CCB was soon stalled by fierce German resistance at Neuhaus. On 3 April fighter-bombers (known as Jabos by the troops) of the US 9th Air Corps provided close air support in the Teutoburg Forest and Neuhaus areas. CCR and moved up to attack Elsen to help CCB repel a strong German counterattack launched from Sennelager. CCA attacked Sennelager directly in an attempt to reduce a German strongpoint.

At the end of 3 April the division was relieved by the 83rd Inf. Div. and received orders to attack towards the west to help reduce the Ruhr Pocket.

Ruhr Pocket

The success of the Rhine crossing operations by Allied forces encircled approximately 430,000 German soldiers of Army Group B comprising 21 divisions of the Wehrmacht, trapping them in an area that came to be known as the Ruhr Pocket. The Twelfth Army Group was tasked with reducing the pocket.

On 3 April 8 turned 180 degrees in response to orders into the Ruhr Pocket and CCR attacked west toward Recklinghausen. CCR captured the towns of Stripe and Norddorf, and continued through Vollinghausen, Oberhagen, and Ebbinghausen before stopping for the night in front of Horne. The next day CCA attacked Erwitte. The US 9th Air Force continued to provide close air support as the division continued into the Ruhr Pocket through heavy fighting in the Lippstadt area.

Col. Wallace, the commander of CCR, was captured by German forces during the night of 4 April. On 5 April Col. Vesely assumed command of CCR and continued to attack westward capturing the towns of Horne, Klieve, Schmerlacke and Serlinghausen. At the end of the day, CCB relieved CCR and attacked westward toward Soest; capturing the towns of Schallen and Lohne while CCA continued attacking south capturing the towns of Anroechte, Mensel, Drewer, and Altenruthen. On 6 April, CCB made a  'end run' around Soest to the outskirts of Ost Onnen to cut off a German breakout path from the Ruhr pocket.

While CCB blocked the German withdrawal near Ost Onnen, CCA cleared the area north of the Moehne River so glider troops could be landed in case of a break-out attempt in that area. They captured the towns of Wamel, Brullinggsen, Ellingsen, and Westendorf. CCR, in the meantime, outposted all roads northeast of Soest to facilitate an attack on the town by the 94th Inf. Div.

On 7 April the eastward movement of the US 2nd Armored Division and the westward movement of the 8th Armored created a gap of  between the two fronts. This would allow German forces to briefly cut off the US 2nd Armored. Troop A, 88th Reconnaissance Squadron captured the Moehne Talsperre Dam on the 7th to prevent the Germans from flooding the Moehne Valley. CCB began an attack on Werl in the afternoon and captured Gerlingen. The burgomeister of Ost Onnen surrendered the town later that day. The following day CCR moved to secure the road between Werl and Wickede and captured the towns of Parsit, Bremen, Vierhausen, Schluckingen and Wiehagen capturing 238 German soldiers, 1 Tiger tank, and 3 88 mm anti-tank guns. CCB captured Werl by late afternoon after heavy resistance during the day. They then captured Ost Buederich by the end of the day.

By 9 April, The threat of a German breakout had passed due to the buildup of allied troops in the area. CCB moved on Unna capturing Holtun and Hemmerude. The following day CCB continued the attack on Unna and captured Lernen. A ten-minute air strike was laid on Unna to soften it up. The Germans moved reinforcements, including Hitler Youth into Unna from the Muelhausen garrison.

On 10 April CCR advanced  in fierce fighting and secured Stentrop, Bausenhagen, Scheda, Beutrap Wemen, and Fromern. The following day CCA joined the attack on Unna and CCB went into reserve. CCB had suffered 198 casualties this period. The next day CCR captured Hohenheide and Fröndenberg after an air strike drove 4 German tanks out of the town. The town of Billmerich was also captured. Unna finally fell that afternoon after another air strike. The Germans lost 160 personnel, 2 tanks and a battery of 88's. This surrender was the end of organized resistance from the 116th Panzer Division.

CCA continued cleaning up operations in Unna while CCR captured the towns of Hengsen, Ostendorf, Ottendorf, and Dellwig. CCA was relieved on 13 April and ordered to move east of Unna across the Weser River to the vicinity of Wolfenbüttel. CCA had lost 2 tanks, 1 half-track and 1 jeep during these operations. CCB was assigned to protect right flank of the 2nd Armored and the 83rd Inf. Div. as they moved east. They move  to Wolfenbüttel. Later CCR was relieved and ordered to move to the vicinity of Denstorf. On the drive west, CCR suffered 203 casualties and lost 11 tanks, 3 jeeps, 9 half-tracks. The German forces lost 6 Mark V Panther tanks, 4 20 mm guns, 1 large railroad gun, and 3 tons of small arms.

Central Germany

After leaving the Ruhr Pocket on 13 April the division moved east. The 8th participated in the liberation of the Halberstadt-Zwieberge concentration camps near Langenstein (see below). Most of CCB moved on to Halberstadt with some units remaining in Wolfenbüttel until the rest of the Division arrived. On 14 April the remaining units of the Division began moving to an assembly area in the vicinity of Braunschweig with CCA going to Wolfenbüttel and CCR going to Denstorf.

For the period of 15–18 April CCB cleared the area near the Hartz Mountains of remnants of the 11th Panzer Army while CCA began moving to Seehausen to support the attack on Magdeburg by the XIX Corps. CCR moved from Denstorf to Braunschweig and continued screening the rear areas.

CCB completed clearing resistance from the edge of Forest Heimburg south of Derenburg while units of the 2nd Armored relieved CCR allowing it to move into the vicinity of Stroebeck in preparation for reducing resistance in Blankenburg.
On 19 April CCA was relieved and returned to Wernigerode from Seehausen where it in turn relieved the 330th Inf. Reg. of the 83rd Inf. Div. CCB moved to Westerhausen and CCR moved to Aspenstedt to clear the remaining woods around Blankenburg. The next day the division began to attack Blankenburg. At 1000 hours a 13 plane squadron attacked Blankenburg and immediately afterward the burgomeister was contacted about surrendering after a show of force. By nightfall, most of Blankenburg had surrendered except for a few strongpoints that comprised fanatical resisters unwilling to lay down their arms or soldiers who had not yet received word to surrender.

On 21 April CCR cleared the woods south of Blankenburg and linked up with elements of the 1st Inf. Div. of the First Army. By 22 April the last organized resistance ended with the capture of Gen. Heinz Kokott, commanding officer of the 26th Volks Grenadier Div and brother-in-law of Gestapo chief Heinrich Himmler.

During the period of 23 April through 8 May the division was assigned an area of 90 kilometers long by 30 kilometers wide and went into occupation duty. Some additional cleanup was required of small pockets of resistance as stragglers were found.

Zwieberge concentration camps

The 8th liberated Halberstadt-Zwieberge, a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp, between 12 and 17 April 1945 during its drive through central Germany. The area around the city of Halberstadt housed a number of Buchenwald subcamps that had been established in 1944 to provide labor for the German war effort, including Halberstadt-Zwieberge I and Halberstadt-Zwieberge II. More than 5,000 inmates were incarcerated in these two subcamps, where they were forced to hollow out massive tunnels and build underground factories for Junkers Aircraft of Aircraft Motors Construction Company, which produced military aircraft.

Buchenwald administered at least 87 subcamps located across Germany, from Düsseldorf in the Rhineland to the border with the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the east. Prisoners in the satellite camps were put to work mostly in armaments factories, in stone quarries, and on construction projects. Periodically, prisoners throughout the Buchenwald camp system underwent selection. The SS staff sent those too weak or disabled to continue working to the Bernburg or Sonnenstein killing centers, where they were killed by gas. Other weakened prisoners were killed by phenol injections administered by the camp doctor.

Of interest is that all details regarding the camp were sealed and classified by the US Government; presumably because of the camp's involvement with an improved version of the V-1 flying bomb. In 1997, the information was declassified through the efforts of a former 8th Armored Division officer, Dr. Bernard Metrick. The records confirmed the role of the division in liberating the camp and the division's flag was added to those on display at the U.S. Holocaust Museum honoring those who liberated the death camps.

The general end of hostilities unfortunately did not mean the end of casualties for the 8th Armored. On 1 May the 58th Inf. lost two men to snipers who had to be killed since they would not surrender. The next day the 58th Inf. lost an officer and three more men when a powder plant blew up in Munchshaf. Sabotage was suspected. It is believed that these were the last official wartime casualties of the division.

Post war
From 8 May through 30 May the division remained on occupation duty and continued to clean up stragglers and small pockets of resistance. On 30 May the division was assigned to Third Army. It was relieved by units of the British Army and began its move to the city of Pilsen in western Czechoslovakia. From 1 June through 19 September, many men were sent home under the point system. Those remaining were sent to various I & E (Information and Education) training schools. Very little other training was done.

On 19 September the division began the  trip to Camp Oklahoma City near Rheims, France, for deployment home. On 26 October the division traveled  from Camp Oklahoma City to Camp Phillip Morris at Le Havre, France, and the division was officially dismounted. The division was inactivated on 13 November 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia by Gen. Charles F. Colson.

There is an official 8th Armored Division memorial at the American Cemetery in the city of Margraten, The Netherlands

Casualties
Total battle casualties: 2,011
Killed in action: 393
Wounded in action: 1,572
Missing in action: 5
Prisoner of war: 41

Nickname
The nickname of the 8th Armored Division, the "Thundering Herd", was coined before the division went to Europe in late 1944. It was also known as the "Iron Snake" late in the war, after a correspondent for Newsweek likened the 8th to a "great ironclad snake" as it crossed the Rhine River in late March 1945. The division is also sometimes referred to as Tornado – its wartime tactical call sign.

Commander

Major General William Grimes 1942–1944
Grimes left the division on 6 October 1944 just prior to the division's shipment overseas. Grimes went on to serve as Commandant of the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas.

Major General John M. Devine 1944–45
Devine was personally selected by Gen. Eisenhower to command the 8th Armored. His prior assignment was Commanding General, Combat Command B, 7th Armored Division. He had been in combat continuously from D-Day plus 2 (8 June 1944) when he landed at Normandy as artillery commander of the 90th Infantry Division.

Composition
The division was composed of the following units:

 Headquarters
 Headquarters Company
 Combat Command A
 Combat Command B
 Combat Command Reserve
 18th Tank Battalion
 36th Tank Battalion
 80th Tank Battalion
 7th Armored Infantry Battalion
 49th Armored Infantry Battalion
 58th Armored Infantry Battalion
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 8th Armored Division Artillery
 398th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
 399th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
 405th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
 88th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
 53rd Armored Engineer Battalion
 148th Armored Signal Company
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 8th Armored Division Trains
 130th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
 78th Armored Medical Battalion
 Military Police Platoon
 Band

Unit commanders 24 October 1944
Combat command organization, 1944–45

Combat Command A: Col. Charles F. Colson
7th Armored Infantry Battalion: Lt. Col. A. D. Poinier
18th Tank Battalion: Lt. Col. G. B. Goodrich
398th Arm'd Field Artillery Battalion: Lt. Col R. H. Dawson

Combat Command B: Col. Edward A. Kimball
49th Armored Infantry Battalion: Lt. Col. M. G. Roseborough
36th Tank Battalion: Lt. Col. J. H. Van Houten
399th Arm'd Field Artillery Battalion: Lt. Col. R. M. Lilly

Combat Command R: Col. Robert J. Wallace
58th Armored Infantry Battalion: Maj. George Artman
80th Tank Battalion: Maj. A. E. Walker
405th Arm'd Field Artillery Battalion: Lt. Col. William McLynn

Service battalions:
(attached by companies to Combat Commands)
53rd Armored Engineer Battalion: Lt. Col. E. T. Podufaly
78th Armored Medical Battalion: Lt. Col. P. D. Marx
88th Armored Reconnaissance Battalion: Lt. Col. T. B. Harrington
130th Armored Ordnance Battalion: Lt. Col. I. O. Drewry. Jr.
148th Armored Signal Company: Capt W. C. Jackson
508th CIC Detachment: Lt. A. J. Stanchick
Division Trains: Col. Y. D. Vesely
Division Artillery: Col. W. H. Holt
American Red Cross Field Director: Henry J. Broemsen
Military Police Platoon: Maj. W. H. Burger

Temporarily attached units
473rd AAA AW (SP) Battalion
809th Tank Destroyer Battalion

Strength and casualties
Total Authorized Strength: 10,937
Total battle casualties: 2,011
Total deaths in battle: 469

Armor
The primary striking force of the Armored Division was the tank. The 8th was composed of 3 tank battalions:
18th, 36th & 80th Tank Battalions

Each battalion comprised approximately 80 tanks and was organized as a headquarters unit and 6 companies:
a Headquarters Company,
a Service Company and
4 tank companies referred to as A, B, C and D companies

The headquarters unit was made up of the battalion command team and their vehicles; 3 M4A3 Sherman tanks (usually not used and held as a reserve) and various peeps (World War II US Armored divisions called the jeep a 'peep') and similar vehicles.

Headquarters Company (HQ Co)
The HQ Co was usually made up of:
1 platoon of 3 M4A3 Sherman tanks
1 platoon of 3 M4A3105 Sherman tanks.
These were M4A3's fitted with a 105 mm cannon and used as an assault gun.

Service Company
The Service Company contained special units like:
Tank retrievers for recovering damaged tanks
Tanks with plows and flails for clearing obstacles
Medical Units

Tank companies

Companies A, B and C generally consisted of 17 medium tanks as follows:
3 platoons of 5 M4A3 Sherman tanks
1 M4A3 105 tank
1 M4A3 tank for the company commander.

Company D consisted of 17 light tanks:
3 platoons of 5 M5A1 Stuart tanks
1 section of 2 M5A1 Stuart tanks
Shortly after arriving in Europe, the 8th swapped its M5A1 tanks for the newer, more powerful M24 Chaffee light tank.

The M4A3 76 were M4A3 Shermans tanks fitted with a more powerful 76 mm cannon. Later in the war, more M4A3 76 tanks were added to the tank companies as replacements for older or damaged units. The 8th, along with many of the other armored units arriving in Europe in late 1944, was equipped with all 76 mm armed Shermans. The M4A3E8 76 or 'Easy Eight' version of the Sherman was also used by the 8th as it became available. In April 1945 the 8th began receiving the new M26 Pershing. None of the 8th Armored Pershing tanks engaged in combat before the close of hostilities.

Armored infantry
Early experience with armored warfare in the First World War made it clear that tanks could not fight in isolation. It was essential that tanks be supported by infantry. The Armored Infantry was developed to fill that role.

The 8th was composed of 3 armored infantry battalions:
7th, 49th & 58th Armored Infantry Battalions

Each battalion was organized as follows:
A battalion headquarters Unit
1 Headquarters Co (HQ Co)
3 armored infantry companies referred to as A,B and C Companies
1 Service Company

The battalion headquarters unit was made up of the battalion command team and their vehicles; 2 – 3 M2A1 or M3A1 Half-tracks and various jeeps or similar vehicles.

Headquarters Company (HQ Co)

The HQ Co was usually made up of:
An HQ platoon comprising the battalion staff and their vehicles; 2 – 3 M3A1 Half-tracks and various jeeps or similar vehicles.
A machine gun platoon with 6 M1917A1 Heavy Machine Guns, 3 M2 Heavy Machine guns, their crews (30 men total) and 3 M3A1 Half-tracks
A mortar platoon with 3 M4 mortar carriers (made up of an 81mm mortar mounted in a M2A1 half-track and designed to fire over the rear of the vehicle) and their crews (30 men total)
An assault gun platoon of 3 M4A3 105 tanks
A Recon Platoon of 6 jeeps

Rifle companies
The battalion was made of 3 armored infantry companies: A, B and C which in turn were made up of:
A Headquarters Platoon comprising the platoon staff and their vehicles: 2 M3A1 Half-tracks.
3 Rifle platoons of 36 riflemen divided into 3 squads of 12, 2 M1919A4 medium Machine Guns and their crews, 1 60mm mortar and its crew and the platoon's vehicles: 5 M3A1 Half-tracks.

Service Company
The Service Company was made up of:
A Headquarters Platoon comprising the platoon staff and their vehicles: 2 M3A1Halftracks.
An Anti-tank platoon with 9 bazooka rocket launchers, their crews (30 men in total) and their vehicles: 3 M3A1Halftracks.
Medical units
Other support units

Early in the war, the anti-tank platoon would have included a 37 mm anti-tank cannon but by the time the 8th entered combat in late 1944 the 37 mm was deemed ineffective against German armor and was discarded from the TO & E.

The primary weapon of the armored infantryman was the M1 Garand rifle. Crew-served weapon crewmen were usually armed with the M1911A1 pistol or the M1 Carbine as a personal weapon. The armored infantrymen were not issued the Browning Automatic Rifle as each rifle platoon contained 2 M1919A4 medium machine guns as well as the 4 M1919A4's and 1 M2 mounted on the platoon's halftracks. These machine guns could be dismounted and used as needed.

Armored field artillery
The third side of the armored division's offensive triangle was the armored field artillery. The 8th Armored Division included the:
398th, 399th & 405th Armored Field Artillery Battalions

Each battalion comprised 18 self-propelled cannon and supporting vehicles. The battalion was broken down into 5 batteries and usually organized as:
1 Headquarters Battery
3 firing batteries referred to as A, B and C Batteries
1 Service Battery

Headquarters Battery (HQ Bat)
The HQ Bat was usually made up of:
1 Command Section of 3 M3A1Halftracks and 1 ¼ Ton Truck
2 observation sections of 1 M3A1Halftrack, 1 ¼ Ton truck and 1 Stinson L-5
Observation Airplane each.
3 M4A3 76 F.O. Forward Observer tanks, referenced as FO1, FO2 and FO3. These reported to the three armored artillery battalions, respectively. When not needed as direct observers, they were employed in their secondary roles as fighting tanks. Their crews reflected their FO role by the addition of an officer/observer who took command when not in an active tank combat situation.

Firing battery
Batteries A, B and C consisted of 6 self-propelled guns and supporting vehicles broken out as follows:
2 sections of 3 M7 105 mm self-propelled guns and 3 M3A1Halftracks and 1 ¼ Ton Truck
1 Headquarters Section with 1 M3A1Halftrack and 1 ¼ Ton Truck

Support Battery
The Support Battery comprised:
1 Service Section with 1 2½ Ton Truck and 1 ¼ Ton Truck
1 Medical Section

Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance in the armored divisions was performed by the Armored Reconnaissance Battalion in the old style heavy division or by the Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized in the light divisions such as the 8th.

These units were identical, except that the battalion was organized as companies, while the squadron as troops (although the light tank unit was a company in either organization).

The 88th Armored Cavalry Recon Squadron served with the 8th Armored Division.

The squadron was organized in troops and equipped as follows:

HQ Troop
10 Jeeps
4 M8 Armored Cars

Troops A, B, C & D
12 M8 Armored Cars
23 Jeeps

Troop E
8 M8 HMC Assault Guns

Company F
17 M5A1 tanks (Later M24 Chaffee)

Recon units were often supported by tank destroyer units, in the case of the 8th the 809th Tank Destroyer Battalion. The 809th used the M18 Hellcat 76 mm GMC.

References

External links
Tornado! The Story of the 8th Armored Division (WWII unit history booklet, 1945)
8th Armored Division Association
US Holocaust Museum
8th Armored Division History
US Army History of the 8th
Order of Battle: 8th Armored Division

08
Armored Division, U.S. 08
Military units and formations established in 1942
1942 establishments in the United States
1942 establishments in Kentucky
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

8th Armored Division (United States)


الهلال الأحمر الأردني جمعية إنسانية أردنية تأسست في 27 ديسمبر 1947 وانضمت إلى الحركة الدولية للصليب الأحمر والهلال الأحمر عام 1950.

 الرئيس الفخري: الملك عبد الله الثاني
 الرئيس العام: الدكتور محمد مطلق الحديد
 نائبه: المهندس عمر أحمد أبوقورة
 الأعضاء: الدكتور نايف الفايز، المهندس عيسى أيوب، السيد سليم خير، المهندس عبد الرحيم البقاعي، أ.د. سامي خصاونة، السيد محمد الجمل، السيدة ليلى طوقان، الدكتور محمد الخطيب.

فروعه
 مادبا تأسس 1952
 البلقاء تأسس 1956
 العقبة تأسس، 1962
 إربد تأسس، 1962
 الكرك تأسس، 1962
 الطلبة تأسس، 1965
 معان تأسس، 1987
 المفرق تأسس، 1991
 مأدبا تأسس 1952
 عجلون تأسس 1994
 جرش، تأسس 2007

وصلة خارجية
موقع الهلال الأحمرلا الأردني

أ
أ
منظمات أسست في 1950
منظمات مقرها في عمان
نواد وجمعيات في الأردن

الهلال الأحمر الأردني


Cem, Alevilerin, Bektaşilerin cemaatle birlikte yaptığı, son derece ayrıntılı kurallara bağlanmış ibadet. Cem, yalnızca dinsel nitelikli bir toplantı değil, aynı zamanda hem ruhen yenilenme, yıkanma ve hem de toplumsal ve bireysel sorgulanma yeridir.

Cem, Arapça toplanma anlamına gelir. Cem, cami ve cemaat aynı kökten gelen kelimelerdir.

Şeyh Üftade'ye göre cem
"Cem" ve "cem'ul cem" ıstılahları, klasik tasavvuf anlayışındaki ıstılahlardan farklıdır; O'nun "ma'iyyet" dediği "cem", "cem" dediği "cem'ul cem", "cem'ul cem" dediği de Celvet'tir. Kur'an bu makama şu ayetle işaret eder:

"O, ilktir, sondur, zâhirdir, bâtındır. (Hadid, 57/3)

"Cem'ul cem" makamının ehli, "İnsan-ı kâmil" vasfını da kazanmış olur, ne halk ne de Hak ile "mahcub" (perdelenmiş, örtülü) olmaz, eşyanın (madde ve enerjinin, varlıkların) vücudunu bâtınî yönden "Ayn el-Hakk" olarak görür, bir taraftan eşya ile kayıtlı (bağlı, bağıntılı) olduğu halde "marifetullah" tarafından bakıldığında eşyanın üstündedir, eşya ile kayıtsızdır. "

Alevilik'te Cem

Cem'in kaynağı Kırklar Cemi'dir.

Cem ibadetini diğer inançlardaki ibadetlerden farklı kılan en önemli unsur; Cem'de bulunanların aynı zamanda toplumda hesap vermekle yükümlü olmalarıdır. Cem'de bulunanlar birbirlerinden "razı olmak" zorundadırlar.

Cem'de bulunan bir kişi başka birine dargınsa, bu iki kişinin dargınlıkları giderilmeden, barışmaları sağlanmadan Cem'e başlanmaz.

Alevilerin toplu anlamda temel ibadeti olan Cem, bir Dede´nin gözetiminde, önderliğinde yerine getirilir.

Cem ibadetine katil, hırsız, yolsuz, düşkün kimseler giremez.

Hukuki, dini, örfi ve tasavvufi işleyişlerin tamamının cem ibadeti ile aynı gün ve saatte toplanmış olması, Çaldıran meydan savaşıyla başlayan baskı, şiddet ve nefret söyleminin alevileri, dergahlarını bırakarak  şehir merkezlerinden uzakta köy ve kasaba hayatına geçmesi ile ortaya çıkmış bir uygulama olmuştur.

Cem'de 12 Hizmetli
 Mürşid (Dede): Görev itibarıyla Muhammed, Ali ve Hacı Bektaşi Veli'yi temsil eder. Cem Erkanı Başkanlığını yapar, ikrar alir nasip verir. Cenaze, Müsahiplik, Nikâh, Sünnet, Ad takar (isim takar)
 Rehber: Görev itibarıyla İmam Hüseyin´i temsil eder. Yola girmek isteyenleri hazırlar, yol gösterir. Mürşidin en yakın yardımcısıdır.
 Gözcü: Görev itibarıyla Ebû Zerr el-Gaffârî'yi temsil eder. Rehberin yardımcısıdır. Cem'in sessiz ve sakinlik içinde geçmesini sağlar. Cem'in bekçisidir.
 Çerağcı (Delilci): Görev itibarıyla Cabir El Ensari'yi temsil eder. Cem evinde bulunan aydınlatma araçlarını yakar. Buhardanlıkları ve Mumları (Çerağları) hazırlar.
 Zâkir (Âşık): Görev itibarıyla Bilâl-i Hâbeşî'yi temsil eder. Cem'de Tevhid, duazde imam, Mersiye, Semah, Nevruzi ye söyler.
 Süpürgeci (Ferras): Görev itibarıyla Selmân-ı Farisî Pir-î Pak'ı temsil eder. Cem evinin sürekli temizligi ile meskul olur.
 Meydancı: Görev itibarıyla Hüzeyme tül Yemeni'yi temsil eder. Cem evinde Semahserleri kaldırır. Postları yerine dizer.
 Niyazcı: Görev itibarıyla Mahmud el Ensari'yi temsil eder. Kurbanları tekbirler ve keser. Gelen Lokmaları alır ve dağılımını sağlar.
 İbrikçi: Görev itibarıyla Kamber'i temsil eder. Cem'de Mürşidin ve Cem erenlerinin temiz olmalarını sağlar.
 Kapıcı: Görev itibarıyla Gülam Keysani'yi temsil eder. Cem'e gelen erenlerin evlerini gözetler.
 Peyikçi: Görev itibarıyla Amri Ayyari'yi temsil eder. Cem olacağını tüm canlara duyurur.
 Sakacı: Görev itibarıyla Ammar bin Yasir'i temsil eder. Cem evinde su, şerbet, saka, süt vb. dağılımını sağlar.
Cem ayinleri Yapılış amaçlarına göre beş grupta incelenirler:

İkrar ayini
Dervişlik ayini
Baba ayini
Halife ayini
Mücerred ayini

Ayrıca bakınız

 Bilâl-i Hâbeşî
 Ebû Zerr el-Gaffârî
 Selmân-ı Farisî
 Ammar bin Yasir

Kaynakça

 Muhammed Seyfeddin Ibn Zulfikari Derviş Ali; Bektaşi İkrar Ayini, Kalan Yayınları, Osmanlıca El Yazmasından Çeviren, Mahir Ünsal Eriş, Ankara, 2007
 Alevî Haber Sitesi, http://www.erenlermeydani.com

Alevilikte ibadet

Cem


Der Kleinmann-Low-Nebel wurde von Douglas Kleinmann und Frank Low 1967 entdeckt. Er ist der aktivste Teil des Orion-Nebels. Er liegt etwa 1' nordwestlich des Trapezes und etwa 12 " südlich des Becklin-Neugebauer-Objektes. Der Kleinmann-Low-Nebel scheint aus mehreren jungen und sich gerade bildenden Sternen zu bestehen, eingebettet in eine staubige Molekülwolke.

Einzelnachweise

Orion (Sternbild)

Kleinmann-Low-Nebel


Die Bolmia ist eine schwedische motorbetriebene Seilfähre, die die Insel Bolmsö in Kronobergs län (Straße 518) mit Sunnaryd in Jönköpings län (Straße 555) verbindet.

Bolmsöleden

Die Bolmsöleden genannte Verbindung zur Insel besteht seit 1872. Nachdem die Fährverbindung bis 1927 mit Ruderkähnen bedient wurde, wurde ab diesem Jahr die erste motorgetriebene Fähre eingesetzt. Die ab 1950 verkehrende größere Motorfähre wurde 1969 durch die Bolmia abgelöst.

Die Fährverbindung ist 1060 m lang. Die Überfahrt über den See Bolmen dauert zehn Minuten und erfolgt zu den meisten Zeiten nur nach Bedarf oder Anforderung. Das Schiff liegt normalerweise in Sunnaryd. Bei der Verbindung handelt es sich um die längste Seilfähre Schwedens.

Die Bolmia wurde 1969 mit der internen Nummer 62/285 von der Straßenverkehrsbehörde Vägverket in Stockholm in Betrieb genommen. Die Montage des Schiffes erfolgte nach Vorfertigung der Teile direkt am Einsatzort.

1992 wurde die Fähre von der Färjerederiet Vägverket übernommen und erhielt dabei den Namen Bolmia. 2010 wurde die Reederei durch die Integration von Vägverket in Trafikverket in Trafikverket Färjerederiet umbenannt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Schiff (Schweden)
Verkehr (Kronobergs län)
Verkehr (Jönköpings län)
Fähre

Bolmia


Yuta Mikado (født 26. december 1986) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Omiya Ardija.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuta Mikado


Mikroekonomi, ekonomiyi tüketiciler, firmalar ve endüstriler düzeyinde inceleyen disiplindir. Yunanca mikros (μικρος) kelimesinden türetilen mikro iktisatta, iktisadi mesele ile etkinlik üzerinde durulur; ne üretilecek, nasıl üretilecek, kimler için üretilecek, dağılımda-üretimde-bölüşümde etkinlik var mı soruları incelenmeye çalışılır. Aslında gerek mikro iktisatta gerek makro iktisatta bir ekonomideki karar birimlerinin, tüketicilerin ve firmaların, nasıl karar aldıkları ve piyasada birbirlerini nasıl etkiledikleri analiz edilir.

Fırsat maliyeti, arz ve talep, elastikiyet gibi konuları inceler.

Genelde bireyin ve firmanın davranışlarıni incelemekle beraber aynı zamanda da (bazı iktisat düşünürlerine göre) sağlam bir Makro İktisadi analizin yapılmasının da temelini oluşturur.
Birey ekonomik bir karar verirken nasıl davranır? Sorusuna cevapla başlar ama bu cevap sanıldığı kadar kolay değildir. Karar vericilerin rasyonel davrandıkları ve Rasyonel bireylerin en doğru kararı vereceğini söylese de bu karar verme sürecinin incelemesi olan mikroekonomi biliminin sanıldığı kadar kolay olmadığı bilinen bir gerçektir. Girişimci karar verirken kendi çıkarlarını göz önünde bulundurur. Bu yüzden genel olarak iktisat bilimi hep varsayımlar üzerine kuruludur.

Mikro ekonomi aynı zamanda kaynakların rasyonel kullanımı ile de ilgilidir. Fiyat teorisiyle ilgilenir.

Kaynakça

Mikroekonomi


Dúbravy (până în 1927 Očovská Dúbrava, Ošowské Dubrawy; în ) este un sat și o comună în districtul Detva din regiunea Banská Bystrica aflată în centrul Slovaciei.

Istoric
Satul a apărut la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea, când s-a separat de Očová.

Resurse genealogice
Registrele genealogice sunt păstrate în arhiva de stat "Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia".

 Înregistrările Bisericii romano-catolice (nașteri/căsătorii/decese): 1768-1895 (secțiunea parohia B)

Legături externe
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
 http://www.e-obce.sk/obec/dubravy/dubravy.html
 Surnames of living people in Dubravy

Localități din Slovacia

Dúbravy


Ljetnikovac Jakša, ljetnikovac u Visu, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Ljetnikovac Jakša je na adresi Lučica 1. Utvrđeni ljetnikovac hvarske obitelji Jakša izgrađen je na području Kuta u Visu neposredno uz more u renesansnom slogu 16. stoljeća. Izniman je primjer reprezentativne ladanjske arhitekture s gospodarskom i obrambenom funkcijom te ima sve karakteristike naših starih ljetnikovaca: terasu, spremište, dvorište definirano zidom, perivoj, vrt i kulu.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7180 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Visu

Ljetnikovac Jakša u Visu


වසර 1502 (MDII) යනු,  ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර,  සෙනසුරාදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත) විය.

ක්‍රි.ව. 1502

1502


Raquel Auxiliadora Chini (São Paulo, 3 de setembro de 1958), é uma política brasileira, filiada ao Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB), é atualmente prefeita do município de Praia Grande, no estado de São Paulo.

É formada em Engenharia Civil e Direito, pós-graduada em Informática pela Universidade Santa Cecília dos Bandeirantes e possui MBA em Gestão Pública pelo Centro Universitário Faveni.

Com uma gestão voltada à humanização dos serviços públicos e progresso da cidade, assumiu a prefeitura de Praia Grande em 2020 com 53,52% dos votos, tornando-se a primeira mulher a ocupar o cargo. Em 2022, cumpriu mais de 62% do seu Plano de Governo em 2 anos de mandato.

Biografia
Mulher, Mãe, filha, irmã, avó, engenheira, formada em direito, pós-graduada em informática e gestão pública, Prefeita de Praia Grande e atual presidente do Comitê de Bacias Hidrográficas. estes são alguns dos papéis desenvolvidos por Raquel Chini. Todas essas importantes "funções" desempenhadas, provam que, mais do que as mulheres estarem em posição de destaque na sociedade, elas são profissionais dedicadas, qualificadas e acima de tudo trabalham com comprometimento e humanização, sempre ao lado da sociedade, ouvindo seus anseios e buscando soluções para as diversas áreas com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de vida da população. Raquel é uma mulher que preza ainda pelos bons momentos em família e adora desfrutar do tempo com seus netinhos, Luis, Gabriela, Gael, Lorena e Thalia.

Filha de cabelereira e de marceneiro, sempre teve uma vida simples, mas de muito trabalho e independência.

Aos 11 anos, em 1969, saiu da capital paulista com seus pais com destino à Praia Grande, cidade do Litoral Sul de São Paulo. O objetivo de seus pais era ter mais qualidade de vida e proporcionar uma educação melhor para seus filhos, Raquel e Celso, já que em São Paulo havia dificuldade de acesso ao ensino público.

Com 12 anos, a pequena Raquel conquistou seu primeiro emprego em uma loja de roupas. Em seguida, foi em busca de um novo desafio e passou a trabalhar em um consultório odontológico. Sempre disciplinada, estudiosa e trabalhadora, em 1972, aos 13 anos, foi contratada para trabalhar como auxiliar no Departamento pessoal da Delta-Pi, onde se encantou pela área da construção civil, ficando até 1976, quando iniciou o curso de engenharia civil.

Em uma época e uma área, onde prevalecia a atuação de homens, Raquel decidiu desbravar esse universo e superar barreiras para estudar a profissão que tanto respeitava. Matriculou-se no curso superior de engenharia, da Universidade Santa Cecília. Mesmo com longas viagens diárias pela falta de mobilidade urbana na época, e pela sua condição social menos favorecida, a jovem Raquel perseverou nos estudos.

Subindo um degrau de cada vez, foi estagiária na Anacon-Cosipa e na Vicente Alvarez Luiz-Construtora Praia Grande, vindo a trabalhar na mesma função na Prefeitura de Cubatão, onde acompanhou obras de terraplanagem, estaqueamento, drenagem, pavimentação, escolas e creches.

Em 1982, Raquel ingressou também como estagiária na PRODEPG (Progresso e Desenvolvimento de Praia Grande). De 1985 a 1992 foi a responsável técnica pelas empresas Incorporadora de Imóveis Roma Ltda e Incoral Incorporadora de Imóveis Ltda, além de atuar nas áreas de projeto e direção técnica de obras e empreendimentos residenciais e comerciais privados. No período de 1991 a 1996 foi inspetora do Conselho Regional de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia (CREA) de São Paulo.

Trajetória Profissional e Política
Sua história na Prefeitura de Praia Grande iniciou em 1993,quando foi convidada pelo então prefeito da Cidade, Alberto Mourão, para ser a primeira secretária de obras do Município. A gestão ficou marcada pela transformação da Cidade e resgate da autoestima da população. Neste mesmo período também foi Secretária Executiva do Conselho Consultivo do Código de Obras(CODIF).

Em 1996 realizou seu maior sonho, tornou-se mãe de Gabriel Chini, que, ainda com 1 mês de vida, a acompanhava no trabalho na Prefeitura de Praia Grande. Raquel abriu mão de sua licença maternidade para seguir desenvolvendo suas funções na Administração Municipal e colaborando para o desenvolvimento da Cidade, conciliando assim a maternidade e o lado profissional.

Raquel é fundadora e foi vice-presidente da Associação dos Engenheiros e Arquitetos de Praia Grande. De 1997 a 1998, atuou como Diretora Técnica do Progresso e Desenvolvimento de Praia Grande (PRODEPG), assumindo a superintendência da autarquia de 1998 a 1999. Em 1999, foi secretária do governo de Praia Grande, e superintendente da SETRAN (Serviços de Transporte de Praia Grande). De 2000 a 2004 atuou somente no escritório de projetos e consultoria, para poder cuidar de seu filho e família, fora da correria de prefeitura.

Já em 2005 retornou à Prefeitura de Praia Grande e assumiu a Secretaria de Gestão Patrimonial da Prefeitura de Praia Grande, onde permaneceu até o fim de 2008. No ano seguinte, foi a vez de assumir a Secretaria de Serviços Urbanos, cargo que ocupou até chegar a Secretaria de Urbanismo e Meio Ambiente, em 2011.

Em 2013 foi representante de Praia Grande na Câmara Temática Eixo Mobilidade Urbana na AGEM (Agência Metropolitana da Baixada Santista). Com a criação da Secretaria de Transportes, foi a primeira mulher a comandar a pasta, de 2013 a 2015, sendo convidada novamente em 2016 pelo prefeito Alberto Mourão, permanecendo até 2019 na função.

Participou ativamente do Fórum Paulista de Secretários e Dirigentes de Mobilidade Urbana, assumindo a vice-presidência deste Fórum de 2014 a 2016 e a presidência do mesmo órgão no biênio 2017/2018, e ocupou também a vice-presidência do Fórum Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana.

Com profundos conhecimentos das peculiaridades de cada cidade e visão macro da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, aceitou um novo desafio e, em maio de 2019, tornou-se a diretoria executiva da AGEM Agência Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, pautando importantes projetos e discussões em áreas como Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos, Mobilidade Urbana e Habitação, sendo convidada para ministrar palestras em importantes eventos, como "A Região em Pauta". Sempre defendeu mais transparência e integração entre os municípios e maior proximidade entre as esferas governamentais.

Ainda em 2019, em reconhecimento à sua contribuição pelo desenvolvimento de Praia Grande, foi homenageada na Câmara Municipal da Cidade com o título de Cidadã Praia-Grandense. Foi neste mesmo ano, em 2019, que uma fatalidade tirou a vida de seu filho, Gabriel, que faleceu aos 23 anos em um acidente de carro na Rodovia dos Imigrantes. Com grande fé e muita força, Raquel se sustentou. Um grande milagre chegou em forma de notícia: 5 dias após o falecimento de seu filho ela tomou conhecimento da gravidez de sua nora. Foi então que em 06 dejulho de 2020, nasceu Gabriela Chini, uma menina linda e abençoada.

Ainda em 2019, Raquel recebeu um convite que a surpreendeu. O então prefeito de Praia Grande, Alberto Mourão, a escolheu para disputar como candidata a prefeita, por sua qualificação profissional e técnica, visão de sociedade e conhecimento profundo da Cidade, adquiridos ao longo de 30 anos sua participação na gestão pública.

Assim em 2020, Raquel foi eleita Prefeita de Praia Grande com mais de 53% dos votos, assumindo a chefia do executivo municipal em 1.º de janeiro de 2021. Neste mesmo ano, formou-se em direito pela Faculdade de Praia Grande.

Em 2022, após sua eleição como prefeita de Praia Grande, Raquel foi eleita como presidente do Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (Condesb) para o período de 18/02/2022 a 28/02/2023 e presidente do Comitê das Bacias Hidrográficas da Baixada Santista (CBH-BS) para o biênio abril de 2021 a abril de 2023, sendo reeleita para o período de 2023a 2025.

Com mais de 75% do Plano de Governo executado e em andamento, Raquel é exemplo de gestão humanizada, comprometida com o desenvolvimento da Cidade e qualidade devida do cidadão, sempre estreitando os laços com a população. Com seu jeito autêntico, justo e simples, preza pelo diálogo constante como os cidadãos, sempre com olhar atento às necessidades coletivas.

Prefeitos de Praia Grande (São Paulo)
Membros do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira

Raquel Chini


රෙදිපිළි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව (TE) හෝ තාක්ෂණය කටයුතු කරනු ලබන්නේ තන්තු රෙදිපිළි හා ඇගලුම් ක්‍රියාවලි, නිෂ්පාදන හා යන්ත්‍ර සුත්‍රවල සියලුම අංග සැලසුම් කිරීමට හා පාලනයට යොදා ගන්නා විද්‍යාත්මක හා ඉංජිනේරුමය න්‍යායන්ගේ යෙදීම් සමගය. මෙයට ස්වාභාවික හා කෘත්‍රීම අමුද්‍රව්‍ය, අමුද්‍රව්‍ය හා යන්ත්‍ර සුත්‍ර අතර අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය, ආරක්ෂාව හා සෞඛ්‍ය, ශක්ති සංරක්ෂණය හා අපද්‍රව්‍ය හා දුෂණ පාලන ඇතුළත් වෙයි. මීට අමතරව රෙදිපිළි ඉංජිනේරු වරුන්ට කර්මාන්ත ශාලා සැලසුම් කිරීම, යන්ත්‍ර සුත්‍ර හා තෙත් ක්‍රියාවලි සැලසුම් කිරීමේ හා වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමේ හා රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදන සැලසුම් කිරීමේ හා නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ පුහුණුව හා අත්දැකීම් ලබාදෙනු ලැබේ.

සාමාන්‍ය TE වැඩසටහනක ඇති පාඨමාලාවලට රෙදි පිළි ඉංජිනේරු පද්ධති, රෙදිපිළි ඉංජිනේරු සැලසුම්, තන්තුමය ව්‍යුහවල යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව රෙදිපිළි ඉංජිනේරුමය තත්ත්ව වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම, රෙදි පිළි තොරතුරු පද්ධති සැලසුම් කිරීම, බහුඅවයවික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව, බහු අවයවික ජෛව අමුද්‍රව්‍ය ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව, පටක හා රෝපණ අවශ්‍යතා යාන්ත්‍රණ විද්‍යාව, තන්තු ගොඩනැංවීමේ යාන්ත්‍රණ, රෙදිපිළි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ විශේෂ මාතෘකා, තන්ත්‍ර නිෂ්පාදන පද්ධති වල ගතිකය , රෙදිපිළි සංයෝග, කර්මාන්තමය රෙදිපිළි, වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ රෙදි පිළිවල යෙදීම්, ඉංජිනේරුමය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව, රෙදිපිළි නිපදවීමේ හා තත්ත්ව පරීක්ෂා කිරීමේ යන්ත්‍රෝපකරණවල මූලික ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික් විද්‍යාව, සායම් තැබීම මුද්‍රණය හා අනෙකුත් රෙදිපිළි වර්ණ ගැන්වීමේ ක්‍රම හා කර්මාන්තමය සැලසුම් කිරීම් හා සංවිධානය කිරීම් ඇතුළත් වෙයි. (මොයි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, 1991)

රෙදිපිලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව විෂය මාලාව පුරාවටම ශිෂ්‍යයන් විසින් අනෙකුත් ඉංජිනේරුමය හා විෂය පන්තිවලින් පාඩම් ලබා ගැනීම් සිදු කරයි. ඒවාට යාන්ත්‍රික, රසායනික, ද්‍රව්‍යමය හා කර්මාන්තමය ඉංජිනේරු විෂය පථ ඇතුළත් වෙයි. TE විෂය මාලාව මගින් ශිෂ්‍යයන්ට රෙදිපිලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ අඩිතාලමක් ලෙස මූලික ඉංජිනේරුමය පාඨමාලාවල පුළුල් පාදමක් සපයා දෙයි. ශිෂ්‍යයන් විසින් තාපගති විද්‍යාව, ද්‍රව්‍යමය විද්‍යාව, කර්මාන්තමය කළමනාකරණය, ව්‍යවහාරමය යන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව හා ඉංජිනේරුමය ඇදීම් හා සැලසුම්කරණය වැනි මූලික පාඨමාලාද ඉගෙන ගනියි.

රැකියා තත්ත්වය

රෙදිපිලි ඉංජිනේරු වරයෙක්, රෙදිපිළි අමුද්‍රව්‍ය (තන්තු , නූල්, රෙදි හා නිමැවුම්) සමග කටයුතු කරයි. බොහොමයක් රෙදිපිළි ඉංජිනේරුවරුන් නිෂ්පාදන පර්යේෂණ හා දියුණු කිරීම පිළිබඳව කටයුතු කිරීම සිදු කරනු ලබයි. එය ඔවුන් සිදු කරන්නේ දැනට පවතින රෙදිපිළි නිෂ්පාදන වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමෙන් හෝ නව නිෂ්පාදන නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් විය හැකිය. තවද ඔවුන් නව තන්තු, නූල්, රෙදි හෝ රෙදිපිළි නිමවුම් සදහා භාවිත සොයා ගැනීම සමග ද සම්බන්ධ විය හැකිය .

ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව

රෙදිපිළි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව


نامي  هي إحدى الشخصيات الرئيسية في مسلسل الأنمي والمانغا ون بيس من تأليف إييتشيرو أودا.
هي ملاحة الطاقم وهي أيضاً تحارب بعصا الطقس. وحلمها أن ترسم خريطة للعالم. رغم أنها لاتبدو قوية إلا أنها ذكية جداً وهي محبة للمال والكنوز وتستطيع خداع الرجال بأنوثتها وجمالها الفاتن لتصل إلى غايتها. وقد عاشت أياماً وسنوات قاسيه وصعبة بعد استيلاء أرلونغ على قريتها وقتل مربيتها بلمير التي كانت تعتبرها كأمٍ لها.

شخصيتها
نامي هي ملاحة الطاقم ، وجدت نامي وهي رضيعة في حرب كانت تخوضها الآنسة بليمير كانت تؤدي عملها في البحرية (نافي) وقد ضحت بعملها لتربي نامي وأختها نوجيكو التي وجدتها تحمل نامي بالحرب ولقد تعلمت الملاحة وهي في عمرها الثامن وكان حلمها منذ أن كانت صغيرة هي أن ترسم خريطة للعالم بحكم مهارتها في رسم الخرائط.وهي فتاة مرحة ولطيفة ومشاكسة نوعاً ما. تعتبر نامي من الشخصيات النادرة ولا يمكن الحصول على شخصية تشبهها إلا نادراً. فهي تمتلك صفات تميزها عن البقية من حولها، فهي إنسانة طيبة جداً ولها قلب رقيق وطيب على خلاف ما يبدو عليها من تصرفات طفولية ومشاكسة. فنامي دائماً لا تظهر مشاعرها الحقيقة وغالب الأوقات تظهر وكأنها فتاة مشاكسة أو مرحة وتهتم فقط في المال والكنوز وغيرها من الأشياء الثمينة.

وطبعا تهتم بهذه الأشياء لأغراض شخصية وكان حلمها دائما الحصول على المال الكافي وذلك لأغراض مهمة ولكن فيما بعد بدأت تظهر مشاعرها الحقيقية وهي أنها تريد جمع المال كي تساعد سكان أهل قريتها من الشر والأشرار، فكم عانت نامي وكم تعبت للحصول على المال، فالذي يقابلها يعتقد أنها شريرة وسارقة أو شيء من هذا القبيل ولكنها في الواقع تحاول إنقاذ أهل قريتها. نامي فتاة طيبة القلب لا تحب أن ترى أي شخص محبط أو حزين لظرف من الظروف وتحاول تشجيعه وذلك لأنها عاشت أصعب المواقف في الطفولة وعرفت ماذا يعني الشر وعانت الكثير منهم ولهذا لا تحب أن ترى أي شخص في نفس موقفها عندما كانت صغيرة. تكره القراصنة وذلك لأن همهم القتل وسرقة حقوق الضعفاء والأبرياء، كما أن قراصنة اورلنغ الأشرار اللذين استولوا على حقوق أهل قريتها قتلوا الامراة التي ربتها، لهذا كانت ترفض الإنضمام إلى طاقم قبعة القش في البداية، ولكنها في النهاية أقتنعت أن ليس كل القراصنة أشرار وهذا ما جعلها ترافق طاقم قبعة القش. تمتلك نامي سرعة فائقة ومهارة عالية في استخدام العصي ولها خبرة واسعة في السرقة والاحتيال لأنها مارست مثل هذه الأشياء منذ الطفولة.

نامي لا تحب أن تظهر ما في داخلها لأي شخص ودائماً تحاول أن تخفي على آلامها أو مأساتها كي لا يقلق من حولها ولهذا فأحيانا تعتبر فتاة غامضة نوعاً ما. فتاة قوية فبالرغم من أنها مرت بظروف صعبة إلا أنها استطاعت إثبات قوتها وجدارتها في تفوقها على أصعب الظروف، هي فتاة لا تعرف اليأس ولا يعرف اليأس طريقا إلى قلبها وهذا ما ميزها عن غيرها من الشخصيات ولهذا تعتبر نامي من الشخصيات النادرة التي لا يوجد مثلها.

مظهرها
شعر قصير برتقالي لامع قبل السنتين مع بشرة بيضاء مشربة بالحمرة بالإضافة إلى أثر لدغة فوق السرة من قبل حشرة. وقد طال شعرها بعد السنتين.

لا يمكن تحديد لباس معين لها وذلك بسبب عشقها لارتداء الملابس بكثرة والراجح أنها تحب جميع أنواع الملابس من فساتين وبناطيل وقمصان وبجائم، ويتضح أنها تحب الملابس القطنية المريحة وتكشف عن بطنها في كثير من الأحيان

لكن بعد السنتين ظهرت بلباس مختلف عن العادة فقد كانت تلبس صدرية خضراء وبنطال جنيز أزرق أسفل مستوى السرة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أيتام خياليون
خبراء أرصاد جوية خياليون
شخصيات أنمي ومانغا إناث
شخصيات خيالية ذات قدرات كهربائية أو مغناطيسية
شخصيات قصص مصورة ظهرت في سنة 1997
شخصيات ون بيس
شخصيات يتيمة في الأنمي والمانغا
علماء خياليون في التلفاز
علماء رسم خرائط خياليون
قراصنة خياليون
قرصانات خياليات
لصوص محترفون خياليون
متبنون خياليون
علماء خياليون في قصص مصورة

نامي


Alofi er hovedstaden i ø-nationen Niue, beliggende i Stillehavet. Med et befolkningstal på 597 i 2017, er Alofi den næstmindste nationale hovedstad målt på indbyggere (efter Ngerulmud, hovedstaden i Palau). Hovedstaden består af to landsbyer: Alofi-nord og Alofi-syd, hvor regeringshovedkvarterene er beliggende.

Cyklonen Heta
I januar 2004 blev Niue ramt af den tropiske storm, cyklonen Heta, som dræbte to mennesker og lavede omfattede skader på hele øen. Mange af Alofis bygninger blev ødelagt, herunder hospitalet. Regeringsbygninger blev genopført på et mindre udsat område omtrent 3 kilometer længere inde i landet, kaldet Fonuakula, efter stormen. Området ligger stadig inde for Alofi-syds grænser.

Geografi
Byen er beliggende i midten af Alofi-bugten på øens vestkyst, tæt på det eneste hul i det koralræv, der omkranser Niue. Bugten strækker sig langs 30% af øens længde (omkring syv kilometer) fra Halagigie Point i syd til Makapu Point i nord.

Transport
Byen serviceres af Niue International Airport og der er flere veje, både asfalterede og jordveje, der krydser byen.

Øens primære havn er Sir Robert's Wharf, som er beliggende tæt på Alofis bymidte, inden for 200 meter af byens postkontor. Det er en mindre havn, der kun har mulighed for at servicere mindre fladbundede både. Større fragtskibe og fiskebåde forankres nær ved koralrevet og pramme bruges til at fragte last ind til Alofi. I 2020 blev der afsat midler til en udvidelse og styrkelse af havnen samt renoveringer, efter en cyklon ramte øen tidligere det år.

Referencer

Hovedstæder i Oceanien

Alofi


The Zone: Survival Mission (, ) é um programa de televisão via streaming sul-coreano estrelado por Yoo Jae-suk, Lee Kwang-soo e Kwon Yuri. Apelidados de "agentes da humanidade", os membros são colocados em oito simulações de desastres nas quais devem sobreviver por quatro horas. Ele estreou no Disney+ em 8 de setembro de 2022, com os três primeiros episódios sendo lançados ao mesmo tempo.

A série é produzida por Cho Hyo-jin, que colaborou frequentemente com Yoo Jae-suk e é conhecido por seus programas anteriores, como Running Man, X-Man e Family Outing.

Premissa
Em cada episódio, o elenco é colocado em simulações com temas de sobrevivência através da "A Zona" com a ajuda de AI U (dublado por You Hee-yeol), uma máquina de inteligência artificial. Sua tarefa é completar missões e suportar os cenários em 4 horas.

Episódios

Lançamento
The Zone: Survival Mission foi lançada em 8 de setembro de 2022 no Disney+ como uma série original do Star onde disponível, no Hulu nos Estados Unidos e através do Star+ na América Latina.

Referências

Ligações externas

Programas de variedades da Coreia do Sul
Programas de televisão da Coreia do Sul que estrearam em 2022
Programação original do Star (Disney+)

The Zone: Survival Mission


Cortinarius cinnamomeus (Carl von Linné, 1753 ex Samuel Frederick Gray, 1821), sin. Dermocybe cinnamomea (Carl von Linné ex Friedrich Otto Wünsche, 1877), din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Cortinariaceae și de genul Cortinarius, cunoscut în popor sub numele burete (bureți) de mesteacăn, ciocolați, ciuperca fierii sau penișoară, este o specie de ciuperci otrăvitoare care coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord se dezvoltă pe terenuri acre și umede, mai ales în grupuri mici, în păduri de foioase și turbării sub mesteceni precum în cele de conifere, acolo mai ales sub molizi, unde pământul este acoperit cu mușchi. Apare, de la câmpie la munte, din iulie până în octombrie (noiembrie).

Taxonomie

Numele binomial a fost determinat de marele savant suedez Carl Linné, de verificat în volumul 2 al marii sale opere Species Plantarum systematis mycologici, seu synopsis hymenomycetum din 1753.

În 1821, micologul englez Samuel Frederick Gray a transferat specia sub păstrarea epitetului la genul Cortinarius , de verificat în volumul 1 al lucrării sale A natural arrangement of British plants.

Sinonime obligatorii sunt Dermocybe cinnamomea a botanistul german Friedrich Otto Wünsche, de verificat în cartea sa Die Pilze. Eine Anleitung zu ihrer Kenntnis din 1877, Flammula cinnamomea a lui Paul Kummer din 1871 și Gomphos cinnamomeus a lui Otto Kuntze din 1898, toate trei create pe baza descrierii lui Linné.

Epitetul specific este derivat din cuvântul latin (=scorțișoară, coaja scorțișoarei), datorită aspectului cuticulei.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 3-9 cm, fiind la început conică, apoi netedă și ușor boltită, dar în cele mai multe cazuri cocoșată ascuțit. Cuticula mătăsos-fibroasă până fin solzoasă și uscată devine cu vârsta goală. Coloritul diferă între galben-maroniu, ocru-roșcat și brun de scorțișoară, centrul fiind de culoare mai închisă.
 Lamelele: sunt atașate la picior și acolo rotunjite, fiind destul de late, ușor bombate, asociate dens precum bifurcate și intercalate spre margine. Culoarea inițial viu portocalie schimbă cu maturitatea spre brun de scorțișoară, muchiile fiind colorate mai gălbui. În stadiul tânăr al ciupercii sunt acoperite cu fragmente galbene ale vălului parțial foarte subțiri.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 4-8 (10) cm și o lățime de 0,6-0,8 (1) cm, este lung, subțire aproape cilindric, ușor bulbos spre bază și fibros, la început plin, devenind apoi în cele mai multe cazuri gol pe interior. Mai departe poartă o schițare abia vizibilă unui inel, rest al vălului parțial. El este gălbui pe suprafață, nu rar zonat longitudinal maroniu și cu nuanțe măslinii spre bază.
 Carnea: este destul de subțire în pălărie și fibroasă în picior, clar galbenă până șofrănie, la bătrânețe cu tonuri măslinii. Mirosul este de iarbă sau sfeclă furajeră și gustul neplăcut, după unii și amar.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori galbeni ca lămâia, alungit ovoidali cu un apicol, punctați pe exterior și granulați pe dinăuntru, măsurând 7-9 x 4,5-6,5 microni. Pulberea lor este ruginie. Basidiile clavate cu 4 sterigme fiecare măsoară 25-30 x 7-8 microni. Cistidele (elemente sterile situate în stratul himenal sau printre celulele din pielița pălăriei și a piciorului, probabil cu rol de excreție) de aceiași dimensiune au forma de măciucă cu vârfuri rotunjite. Cleme nu sunt prezente.
 Reacții chimice: Lamelele și coaja piciorului se colorează cu Hidroxid de potasiu imediat roșu ca sângele, apoi maroniu și cu sulfat de fier verde-măsliniu.

Confuzii
Dacă dați seama, că carnea buretelui este gălbuie până șofrănie, el poate fi confundat numai cu suratele lui ale aceluiași gen, cu toate necomestibile, otrăvitoare, chiar letal toxice, cum sunt de exemplu Cortinarius armeniacus (necomestibil), Cortinarius balaustinus (suspect), Cortinarius bolarius (necomestibil), Cortinarius brunneus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius cagei sin. Cortinarius bicolor (necomestibil), Cortinarius callisteus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius casimirii (necomestibil), Cortinarius cinnabarinus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius corrugatus (suspect), Cortinarius croceus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius fasciatus (necomestibil), Cortinarius fulvescens (necomestibil), Cortinarius limonius (letal) Cortinarius malicorius (otrăvitor), Cortinarius orellanus (mortal), Cortinarius rubellus (mortal), Cortinarius sanguineus (otrăvitor, Cortinarius semisanguineus (otrăvitor) sau Cortinarius uliginosus'' (otrăvitor).

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare/Toxicitate
Pentru mai mulți micologi ciuperca este doar necomestibilă din cauza mirosului neplăcut și a cârnii subțiri, parțial fibroase (picior). Dar s-a dovedit, că conține o doză mai mică a toxinei orelanină care provoacă sindromul orelanian (parafaloidian), care este unul grav, pricinuit debutului foarte tardiv (se manifestă după 5-14 zile, chiar trei săptămâni de la consum). Cazuri mortale însă nu sunt cunoscute.

Note

Bibliografie
 Bruno Cetto: "I funghi dal vero", vol. 1-7, Editura Arte Grafiche Saturnia, Trento 1976-1993 (pentru cercetarea în total)
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 René Flammer, Egon Horak: "Giftpilze – Pilzgifte. Pilzvergiftungen - . Ein Nachschlagewerk für Ärzte, Apotheker, Biologen, Mykologen, Pilzexperten und Pilzsammler", Editura  Schwabe, Basel 2003, ISBN 3-7965-2008-1
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser în Helmut Gams: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Cortinarius cinnamomeus, fotografii

Cortinarius
Micoriză
Ciuperci otrăvitoare
1753 în știință

Cortinarius cinnamomeus


Barrow-wights are wraith-like creatures in J. R. R. Tolkien's world of Middle-earth. In The Lord of the Rings, the four hobbits are trapped by a barrow-wight, and are lucky to escape with their lives; but they gain ancient swords of Westernesse for their quest.

Tolkien derived the idea of barrow-wights from Norse mythology, where heroes of several Sagas battle undead beings known as draugrs. Scholars have noted a resemblance, too, between the breaking of the barrow-wight's spell and the final battle in Beowulf, where the dragon's barrow is entered and the treasure released from its spell. Barrow-wights do not appear in Peter Jackson's film trilogy, but they do feature in computer games based on Tolkien's Middle-earth.

Origins

A barrow is a burial mound, such as was used in Neolithic times.
A wight, from Old English: wiht, is a person or other sentient being.

There are tales of wights, called vǣttr or draugr, undead grave-spirits with bodies, in Norse mythology. In Norway, country people in places such as Eidanger considered that the dead went on living in their tombs as vetter or protective spirits, and up to modern times continued to offer sacrifices on the grave-mounds.

Tolkien stated in his "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" that "barrow-wight" was an "invented name", rather than one like "orc" that existed in Old English. He explained further in a lecture on Beowulf that orcneas ("hell-corpses"), the evil monsters born of Cain and leading to the monster Grendel, meant:

However, the term was used by Andrew Lang in his 1891 Essays in Little, where he wrote "In the graves where treasures were hoarded the Barrowwights dwelt, ghosts that were sentinels over the gold." Eiríkr Magnússon and William Morris used it, too, in their 1869 translation of Grettis saga, which features a fight with the "barrow-wight" or "barrow-dweller", Kárr:

The Grettis Saga further links the defeat of the barrow-wight to the recovery of an ancient treasure, which comes to the sight of the heir of the house to which it had once belonged:

The Grettis Saga calls the undead monsters Glámr and Kárr haugbúar ("mound-dwellers", singular haugbúi; a similar term is draugr). It influenced Tolkien's barrow-wights, whether directly from the Old Norse or by way of Magnússon and Morris's translation.

Barrow-wights have appeared in Scandinavian literature in the modern era, for instance in the Swedish poet Carl Michael Bellman's 1791 song no. 32 Träd fram du Nattens Gud ("Step forth, thou god of night"), whose second stanza runs (translated):

Both the barrow-wight and the character Tom Bombadil first appeared in Tolkien's writings in his poem The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, published in the Oxford Magazine of 15 February 1934.

Lord of the Rings narrative

Evil spirits were sent to the Barrow-downs by the Witch-king of Angmar to prevent the restoration of the destroyed Dúnedain kingdom of Cardolan, one of three remnants of the Dunedain Kingdom of Arnor. They animated the dead bones of the Dúnedain, as well as older bones of Edain from the First Age, which still were buried there.

After leaving Tom Bombadil, Frodo Baggins and company are trapped in the Barrow-downs, and nearly killed by a barrow-wight:

Frodo manages to resist the wight's spell; looking about, he sees the other hobbits dressed in grave-goods, in thin white clothes with gold circlets and chains, swords and shields around them, and a sword lying across their necks. He seizes a small sword and cuts off the wight's hand. When the wight extinguishes the dim light in the cavern, Frodo calls for Tom Bombadil, who expels the wight from the barrow, rescues the hobbits, and recovers the wight's treasure-hoard, which included ancient Númenórean swords. Frodo sees the separated hand continuing to wriggle by itself.

The cairn was that of the last prince of Cardolan; Merry's exclamation on waking from his trance confirms this, as he names Carn Dûm, capital of the Witch-Kingdom of Angmar, continually at war with the Númenórean realms (and as Bombadil later explains):

Bombadil arms the hobbits from the barrow-wight's hoard with what become known as barrow-blades:

When, much later, Pippin offers his service to the Steward of Gondor, Denethor, the old man examines his sword and asks "Whence came this? ... Many, many years lie on it. Surely this is a blade wrought by our own kindred in the North in the deep past?"

Significance

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that it is a "great moment" when Merry awakens in the barrow from the wight's spell and "remembers only a death not his own". He observes that Merry has taken on the warrior's personality, not that of the wight, since Tom recalls the dead with affection. That leaves, Shippey writes, the question of who or what the wight was as a mystery. The deathly-white robes, the writhing hand, the hobbits arrayed for death, give the thrill of fantasy, but this is given solidity by being tied into a wider history which is at least hinted at.

The literature scholar Patrick Callahan notes that the whole Bombadil episode seems disconnected from the rest of the story, but that the barrow-wight story resembles the final fight in Beowulf, when the king, now old, goes out to do battle with the barrow-dragon. He dies, but the funeral-barrow's treasure is recovered and the curse on it is broken, just as with the barrow-wight's. Callahan observes, too, that the barrow-wight belongs to "the class of revenants, or 'walking dead'", as in the Grettis saga which Tolkien knew.

In contemporary media

Peter Jackson omitted barrow-wights from his The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. The humanities scholar Brian Rosebury argues that the removal is acceptable to reduce running time, because the episode does not fundamentally change the story. On the other hand, the Tolkien scholar John D. Rateliff notes that, since the Hobbits failed to acquire ancient blades from the barrow-wight's hoard, they awkwardly receive their swords from their travel-companion Aragorn on Weathertop as the party is threatened with imminent attack; he coincidentally happens to be carrying four Hobbit-sized swords with him, despite only expecting to meet Frodo and Sam.

Despite their omission from the film trilogy, Barrow-wights appear in games such as The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game. A barrow-wight features in the low-budget 1991 Russian adaptation of The Fellowship of the Ring, Khraniteli.

References

Primary

Secondary

Sources

Middle-earth races
Fictional undead
Middle-earth monsters

Barrow-wight


"Eu Gosto Assim" é uma canção do cantor e compositor brasileiro sertanejo Gustavo Mioto com participação de Mari Fernandez. Foi lançada no dia 16 de setembro de 2022 pela Universal Music. A canção faz parte do "Ano X" em que Mioto comemora seus 10 anos de carreira com 10 lançamentos, sendo ela o sexto lançamento.

"A música 'Eu Gosto Assim' é maravilhosa e esse feat com o Gustavo Mioto é muito especial! Ele é um artista que admiro imensamente e fiquei honrada com o convite de participar do show e do clipe, em São Paulo. Tenho certeza de que a galera vai curtir muito"— Mari Fernandez sobre a colaboração

No dia 8 de outubro de 2022, 23 dias após seu lançamentos, a canção alcançou o 1.º lugar da tabela Top 1 Brasil da plataforma de streaming Spotify depois de ter estreado na posição #115. Na data, a música contava com 9.7 milhões de reproduções na plataforma. Seu videoclipe oficial, que teve estreia na mesma data, somava mais de 10 milhões de visualizações no YouTube também no dia 8 de outubro.

"Eu Gosto Assim" ficou mais de um mês na liderança da tabela, além de ter alcançado também  primeiro lugar no Deezer e Top 10 nas rádios. O Videoclipe também figurou no primeiro lugar dos vídeos de música mais assistidos do YouTube Brasil e contava com 39 milhões de visualizações em 10 de novembro de 2022. A música também liderou por dois meses a tabela Top 50 Streaming e liderou por seis semanas a parada musical Brazil Songs.

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais

Ligações externas

Videoclipe de

Canções gravadas por Gustavo Mioto
Canções de música sertaneja
Canções em português
Singles de 2022
Canções de 2022
Canções gravadas por Mari Fernandez

Eu Gosto Assim


Le Strike Fighter Squadron 01 ou VFA-101, connu sous le nom de "Grim Reapers", était un escadron de remplacement de l'United States Navy  (FRS) qui a été actif de 1952 à 2005 et 2012 à 2019. Au moment de son inactivation, l'escadron était basé à Eglin Air Force Base, en Floride.

Historique
Le VF-101 a été établi le  au  en Floride. Ce nouvel escadron a pris le surnom et les traditions des précédents "Grim Reapers" et a piloté le FG-1D Corsair pendant la guerre de Corée. Plus tard en 1952, le VF-101 reçut le F2H-2 Banshee à réaction. L'escadron a été affecté au Carrier Air Group One à bord de l' et a fait le tour du monde entre le 27 décembre 1954 et le 14 juillet 1955.

Après la suppression du West Coast FRS  du  pour le F-14 Tomcat au milieu des années 1990, le VF-101 est devenu le seul escadron de F-14 Tomcat du FRS. À l'époque, il était basé au Naval Air Station Oceana en Virginie. Avec le retrait du F-14 Tomcat, le VF-101 a été désactivé le .

Il a été réactivé le  et renommé Strike Fighter Squadron 101 (VFA-101). C'était l'un des deux escadrons de F-5 Tiger II du FRS avant d'être désactivé en 2019.
Il était basé à Eglin AFB, en Floride, avec la  (33 FW), en tant qu'unité subordonnée du Strike Fighter Wing (US Navy), (US Pacific Fleet).

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Fleet Replacement Squadron
 Histoire de l'United States Navy

Liens externes
  VFA-101 - Site GlobaleSecurity.org
  VFA-101 - Site Seaforces.org
  FRS-(VFA-101) -  Site Wings-Aviation.ch

Strike Fighter Squadron de l'United States Navy
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 2019

VFA-101


İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi (Fransızca: La Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen) Fransız Devrimi'nin temelini oluşturan, 26 Ağustos 1789'da demokrasi ve özgürlük sebep gösterilerek yayımlanan temel metinlerden birisi olmuştur.

1789 Fransız Devrimi'nin ardından, insan haklarını korumak amacıyla Fransız İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi yayımlandı. 26 Ağustos 1789'da Fransa Ulusal Meclisi'nde kabul edilen 1789 Fransız İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi, 1791′de kabul edilen Fransız Anayasası'na önsöz olarak eklenmiştir.

Bildiri; insanların özgür doğduğunu ve eşit yaşamaları gerektiğini, insanların zulme karşı direnme hakkı olduğunu, her türlü egemenliğin esasının millete dayalı olduğunu ve mutlak egemenliğin bir kişi ya da grubun elinde bulunamayacağını, devleti idare edenlerin esas olarak millete karşı sorumlu olduğunu, hiç kimsenin dini ve sosyal inançları yüzünden kınanamayacağını ortaya koyuyordu.

Tarihi

24 Mayıs 1773'te Fransa'da "Grande Loge Nationale", yani günümüzün "Grand Orient de France"ı (GOdF) oluşturulmuştur ve bunun için Fransız Devrimi'nin başarıları olan ilkelerini içinde barındıran bir anayasa hazırlanmıştır. Grand Orient de France'ın bir genelgesinde sonradan İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirgesi olarak değişen "yasa çoğunluğun ifadesidir" sözcükleri bulunmaktadır. İnsanlar daha sonra bundan gururla Demokrasisi'nin vatandaşları olarak anılmıştır.

İngiliz kolonilerinin Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'nden sonra Marquis de Lafayette, 1777 yılında Amerikan bağımsızlığı, eşitlik, özgürlük ve kardeşlik fikirlerini savunmak için Amerika'ya gitmiştir. Böylece Protestanların yurttaşlık hakları için savaş vererek köleliğin kaldırılması için çaba göstermiştir. Özgürlük düşüncesinin inançlı demokratı ve savunucusu olarak "Demokrasi ve İnsan Hakları" için oldukça uğraşmıştır. Bu iki kavram Amerika'da ilk defa asıl olarak George Mason'un kaleminden çıkarak 1776'da "Virjinya İnsan Hakları Bildirgesi"nde kesin olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu dönemde Lafayette George Washington'un yanında Mason Locası'nda yer almıştır.

1778'de Fransa ve Amerika İngiltere'ye karşı birlik olmuş ve İngiltere Fransa'ya savaş ilan etmiştir.

İçerik
İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirgesi bir önsöz ve 17 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar; insanların hakları ve ulus üzerinde varılan temel hükümleri içermektedir. Bu hükümler özgürlük, mülkiyet, güvenlik ve baskıya karşı koyma gibi doğal ve devredilemez hakların vatandaşlara verilmesi gerektiğini ifade etmektedir. Her bir insan özellikle hukuk ve kanun önünde eşit olmalıdır. Aynı zamanda mason ve devlet teorisyeni Montesquieu tarafından kendi yazdığı "Kanunların Ruhu" adlı kitabında da talep edilen demokratik güçler ayrılığını da içermektedir.

Önsöz
Ulusal Meclisin tasarladığı gibi Fransız halkının temsilcileri, tek sebebinin resmî  kötü durum ve yönetim bozukluğunun olduğu insan hakları konusundaki habersizlik, dikkatsizlik veya küçümsemeyi de göz önünde tutarak; insanların doğal, devredilemez ve kutsal olan haklarını önemli bir bildirge ile açıklamaya karar vermiştir. Bunun amaçları da;

 Toplumun tüm üyelerinin bu bildirgeyi bilmesi ve hak ile görevlerini hatırlaması
 Yasama ve yürütme eylemlerinin diğer politik kurumlarla karşılaştırılabilmesi ve bu sayede kurallara uyulmasının sağlanması
 Basit ve tartışılmaz ilkelerden oluşan vatandaş haklarının, daima anayasanın ve kamu refahının korunması ile bir yol alınmasıdır.

Buna uygun olarak da ulusal meclis en büyük varlık olan insan ve yurttaş haklarının korunmasını kabul edip açıklamıştır.

Madde 1 İnsanlar, haklar bakımından özgür ve eşit doğar ve yaşarlar. Sosyal farklılıklar ancak ortak faydaya dayanabilir.

Madde 2
Her bir politik birleşmenin amacı; doğal ve dokunulamaz insan haklarını korumaktır. Bunlar; özgürlük hakkı, mülkiyet hakkı, güvenlik hakkı ve baskıya karşı direnme hakkıdır.

Madde 3
Egemenliğin temeli, esas olarak ulustadır. Hiçbir kuruluş, hiçbir kimse açıkça ulustan kaynaklanmayan bir iktidarı kullanamaz.

Madde 4
Özgürlük başkalarına zarar vermeden istediğini yapabilmektir: Her bir insanın doğal haklarını kullanması da toplumun diğer üyelerinin de aynı hakları kullanmasını garanti altına alacak sınırlar içindedir. Bu sınırlar da sadece yasalarla belirlenebilir.

Madde 5
Yasa sadece topluma zarar verebilecek eylemleri yasaklar. Yasaların yasaklamadığı hiçbir şey engellenemez ve kimse yasanın emretmediği bir şeyi yapmaya da zorlanamaz.

Madde 6
Yasa genel iradenin ifadesidir. Bütün yurttaşlar bizzat veya temsilcileri aracılığıyla yasaların oluşturulmasına katılma hakkına sahiptir. Koruyan veya cezalandıran olarak yasa herkes için aynı olmalıdır. Bütün yurttaşlar yasalar önünde eşit olduğu için yeteneklerine uygun olarak ve özellikler ile yetenekleri konusunda ayrım görmeden, her türlü rütbe, mevkii ve göreve de eşit olarak getirilirler.

Madde 7
Yasanın belirlediği haller veya yasanın öngördüğü biçimin dışında başka bir yoldan hiç kimse suçlanamaz, yakalanamaz ve tutuklanamaz. Keyfi düzenlemeler yapılmasını isteyen, keyfi emirler veren, bunları uygulayan veya uygulanmasına izin verenler cezalandırılmalıdır. Ancak yasaya uymaya davet edilen veya yasalarca yakalanan her yurttaş yasalara itaat etmelidir. Yasalara karşı gelmek onu suçlu kılar.

Madde 8
Yasalar sadece kesin ve açık bir şekilde gerekliliği olan cezalar belirlemelidir ve hiç kimse suçun işlenmesinden önce ilan edilen ve gereği şekilde uygulanan yasalar dışındaki başka bir yasa nedeniyle cezalandırılamaz.

Madde 9
Her insan suçlu olduğuna karar verilinceye kadar masum sayıldığı için; tutuklanması kaçınılmaz olduğunda, yani suçlu olduğu karar verildiğinde göreceği sertlik yasa tarafından ağır bir şekilde cezalandırılmalıdır.

Madde 10
Hiç kimse, dışavurumu yasalarla oluşturulan düzene zarar vermediği sürece inançları nedeniyle sorumlu tutulamaz.

Madde 11
Düşüncelerin ve inançların serbestçe dışavurumu en değerli insan haklarından bir tanesidir. Her bir yurttaş yasaların belirlediği durumlarda bu özgürlüklerin kötüye kullanımından sorumlu olmak şartı ile bu ifadelerini özgürce konuşabilir, yazabilir ve yayınlayabilir.

Madde 12
İnsan ve yurttaş haklarının garanti altına alınması resmî  bir gücü gerektirmektedir. Bu güç herkesin yararı için oluşturulmuştur. Bu gücü kendilerine emanet edilenlerin özel çıkarları için oluşturulmamıştır.

Madde 13
Bu kamusal gücün ve yönetim görevlerinin devamlılığını sağlamak için genel bir vergi zorunludur. Bu vergilendirme bütün yurttaşların olanaklarına göre eşit ölçüde bölünmelidir.

Madde 14
Bütün yurttaşlar bizzat veya temsilcileri aracılığıyla verginin gerekliliğini belirleme, bunu serbestçe kabul etme, bu vergilerin kullanımını gözlemleme ve verginin miktarını, matrahını, tahsil şekli ve süresini belirleme hakkına sahiptir.

Madde 15
Toplum tüm kamu görevlilerinden, görevleriyle ilgili olarak hesap sorma hakkına sahiptir.

Madde 16
Hakların güven altına alınmadığı ve güçler ayrılığının belirlenmediği bir toplumun anayasası yoktur.

Madde 17
Mülkiyet dokunulmaz ve kutsal bir hak olduğu için, yasaların belirlediği kamusal gereklilik açıkça doğmadıkça ve meşru bir tazminat ödenmedikçe kimse bu haktan yoksun bırakılamaz.

Kaynakça

Fransız hukuk sistemi
İnsan hakları tarihi
Siyasi fermanlar
Aydınlanma Çağı
Tarihsel belgeler
Egemenlik
1789'da Fransa
1789'da hukuk
Dünya Belleği Kütüğü

İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi


La chronopathologie est une branche de la chronobiologie qui consiste en l'étude des perturbations de l'organisation temporelle liée à un processus pathologique. Ainsi, elle étudie les troubles fonctionnels des organes et maladies en relation avec le rythme de jour-nuit.

Notre organisme est rythmé, c'est-à-dire que nous sommes synchronisés et qu'il y a résonance entre nos rythmes biologiques et l'environnement. Une désynchronisation du fonctionnement de l'horloge peut être dû à l'environnement (désynchronisation externe) ou à une pathologie (désynchronisation interne). Ces désynchronisations sont susceptibles de générer des pathologies, mais des maladies peuvent également provoquer des désordres au niveau des rythmes circadiens. Ainsi, l'altération de l'organisation temporelle de l'organisme peut être soit la cause, soit le résultat d'un processus pathologique. L'altération de la structure temporelle est quantifiable par des différences de période, d'acrophase ou d'amplitude qui précède, suit ou coïncide avec un changement d'état de santé. «Par exemple, des douleurs traumatiques répétées et nocturnes sont susceptibles de perturber le sommeil et d'avoir de réelles conséquences: une fatigue importante, une forte irritabilité, des troubles du comportement, voire un état dépressif et d'éventuels troubles métaboliques». La chronopathologie permet d'identifier les différentes phases de déviation de la norme. Reconnaître les caractéristiques dépendantes du temps peut être d'une grande importance dans le diagnostic et le traitement d'une maladie. L'anatomie intelligente est la base des médicaments qui possèdent un délai thérapeutique.

Les perturbations des rythmes circadiens peuvent être d'origine génétique ou acquises durant la vie de l'individu en raison d'un événement (par exemple, le décalage horaire). Une perturbation chronique du rythme circadien est reliée à diverses pathologies : troubles métaboliques, obésité, diabète, maladies cardiovasculaires et cancers. Des perturbations génétiques du rythme circadien sont le résultat de mutations de gènes de l'horloge responsables de générer la rythmicité circadienne cellulaire . Le polymorphisme des gènes responsables de la bonne synchronisation du cycle ont souvent été associées dans les études sur des cancers.

Histoire et développement de la chronopathologie
Le domaine de la chronobiologie a considérablement progressé ces dernières années, réalisant des percées importantes dans la recherche scientifique. La chronobiologie est maintenant un domaine multidisciplinaire, notamment dans le domaine médical. Le début de la chronobiologie remonte en 1729 lorsque Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan observa les mouvements journaliers de l'ouverture des feuilles du Mimosa, ceci était la première notion du temps biologique. Depuis, les nombreuses recherches scientifiques sur les rythmes biologiques de la santé et de la maladie ont eu un impact sur la médecine, à la fois en termes de diagnostic et de thérapie des patients.

Évolution de la chronobiologie médicale
Bien qu'il existe des observations très anciennes sur la variation quotidienne des fonctions physiologiques et physiopathologiques, des rapports plus détaillés n'ont été publiés qu'au début du XVIIe siècle. Jürgen Aschoff (1913-1998), considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de la chronobiologie, a mené des recherches sur le rythme biologique en étudiant notamment le cycle journalier de la température corporelle. Arthur Jores (1901-1982), médecin et professeur à l'Université de Hambourg, apporta d'importantes contributions au domaine des rythmes de la fonction rénale, de la perception de la douleur et de nombreux autres domaines de la chronobiologie médicale. Gunther Hildebrandt (1924-1999), professeur à l'Université de Giessen, introduit la chronobiologie dans la médecine par de nombreuses recherches scientifiques telles que la balnéologie, la perception de la douleur et la fonction pulmonaire et cardiaque .

Quelques années plus tard, Mauricio Garcia-Sainz et Franz Halberg ont identifié une rythmicité mitotique de 24 heures dans des échantillons de biopsie de cancer du sein humain par des analyses informatiques, mais pas dans les cancers squameux et basocellulaire obtenus avant ou après radiothérapie. Cette découverte a permis d'introduire la chronopathologie comme nouvelle discipline scientifique et a ouvert la possibilité conceptuelle pour le développement de chronothérapie. La pratique chronobiologique améliore la capacité de nos organes à assumer les substances biologiques vitales. Cette nouvelle discipline a permis de développer plusieurs branches sous-jacentes à la chronobiologie médicale telle que la chronopharmacologie, la chronotoxicité et la chronothérapie.

Lien avec les autres branches de la chronobiologie
L'horloge circadienne permet de contrôler l'expression de plusieurs de nos gènes. Cette rythmicité résulte en une temporalité de l'organisme, défini comme étant la chronophysiologie. L'étude de la chronophysiologie permet d'identifier des fonctions métaboliques, neurologiques ou endocriniennes qui varient selon l'heure de la journée, entraînant une rythmicité fonctionnelle selon les besoins de l'organisme. La chronopharmacologie est une application de la chronobiologie qui étudie les effets des médicaments sur les cellules cibles qui dépendent d'un rythme circadien en étudiant les modifications des rythmes biologiques. Cette discipline permet d'introduire la chronotoxicité, défini comme étant la variation de la toxicité d'une substance selon son heure d'administration ainsi que la chronotolérence, c'est-à-dire l'horaire d'administration d'un médicament étant le plus favorable à l'organisme. La chronothérapie englobe toutes ces disciplines et prend en compte les données chronobiologiques, chronopathologiques ainsi que des résultats chronotoxicologiques et chronoparmacocinétiques afin d'améliorer et d'optimiser l'efficacité thérapeutique ainsi que de diminuer les effets indésirables sur l'organisme. Établir la chronotoxicité des médicaments et les relier à la chronotolérance permet un traitement beaucoup plus efficace et sécuritaire . Ainsi, la chronothérapie permet de restaurer les rythmes biologiques perturbés d'un individu dont l'organisation temporelle a été causée par une chronopathologie. La chronothérapie tient compte de deux systèmes qui cohabitent: l'homéostasie et le système circadien.».

Marqueurs de chronopathologie
Des études ont cherché à identifier des marqueurs SNP (single nucleotid polymorphism) candidats de chronopathologies humaines. 53 candidats ont été identifiés. Ces marqueurs candidats pourraient modifier l'affinité de la protéine de liaison TATA aux promoteurs des gènes, soit en l'amplifiant soit, en la réduisant. Par exemple, les études ont identifié un marqueur candidat rs568650510 qui semblerait augmenter les risques de développer de l'asthme. Or l'asthme est une pathologie dont les symptômes semblent s'aggraver particulièrement la nuit .  Ainsi, l'identification de ce marqueur chez les patients par les médecins pourrait permettre d'adapter les prises de médicaments afin d'éviter l'amplification des symptômes la nuit. Ainsi, l'étude de ces marqueurs candidats pourrait améliorer la capacité de traitement par les médecins, et pourrait aussi permettre aux patients d'adopter un certain mode de vie afin d'éviter toute complication circadienne .

Exemples de pathologies

Dépression
Plusieurs troubles dépressifs peuvent être associés aux différents cycles de l'horloge biologique des individus. En effet, dans le trouble dépressif majeur (TDM), les rythmes quotidiens de l'activité locomotrice, la température corporelle, la noradrénaline, la thyréostimuline et la mélatonine présentent une amplitude plus faible. L'amplitude du cortisol est, à l'inverse, augmentée. Dans le trouble affectif saisonnier (TAS), des épisodes dépressifs surviennent à l'automne et/ou à l'hiver durant lesquels on peut observer une perturbation des cycles circadiens repos-activité .

Plusieurs facteurs internes et externes contribuent à la dépression. La perturbation des rythmes circadiens constitue un facteur de risque ; lorsque des signaux environnementaux modifient significativement l'horloge circadienne, des épisodes dépressifs ou des modifications de l'humeur peuvent survenir. Ces signaux peuvent être très variés : exposition à la lumière la nuit, les voyages transméridiens (décalage horaire), le travail de nuit, etc. Au niveau du TAS, un des facteurs environnementaux principaux qui peut être en cause est la diminution de l'exposition au soleil en automne et en hiver. En effet, ce trouble est considéré comme un dysfonctionnement pinéal se traduisant par une réaction inadaptée à la baisse de luminosité survenant lors de la période hivernale, conduisant à des taux diurnes en mélatonine trop élevés. Un déphasage, une hypersomnie et un état dépressif chronique en résultent. La photothérapie rétablit l'équilibre endocrinien en inhibant cette sécrétion inappropriée en mélatonine, ce qui contribue à améliorer l'humeur .

Dépendance à l'alcool
Certains rythmes biologiques sont perturbés par la prise d'alcool ; le plus important est le sommeil. En effet, l'alcool peut causer des problèmes de sommeil, tels que l'insomnie, l'apnée, l'augmentation de réveils nocturnes et une diminution des phases de sommeil profond . Ces phénomènes sont encore plus accentués dans les périodes de sevrage d'alcool .

Pour ce qui est du problème de l'alcoolisme, une perturbation plus importante et difficile à renverser de certains rythmes circadiens est observée. En effet, la chronocinétique de l'absorption et de l'oxydation de l'alcool démontre que la métabolisation de l'alcool est plus rapide le matin et l'après-midi que pendant la soirée chez les individus non alcooliques, alors que chez les alcooliques c'est l'inverse. Des études chez des patients dépendants à l'alcool montrent que les rechutes ne suivent pas des apparitions linéaires, au contraire elles apparaissent souvent à la même étape du sevrage, indépendamment des conditions extérieures. Une survenue cyclique (circadienne ou ultradienne) de l'envie d'alcool semble pouvoir nous permettre de diagnostiquer de l'alcoolodépendance (à ne pas lier à des pathologies liées à l'alcool qui ne sont pas liées à une appétence particulière pour l'alcool) .

Références

Chronobiologie

Chronopathologie


İbrahim Tennuri (d. Amasya - ö. 1482, Kayseri), 15. yüzyıl tasavvufçularından, Aşık takma adıyla şiirler yazmıştır, Amasya'da doğmuş, 1482'de Kayseri'de ölmüştür.

XV'inci yüzyılda Kayseri'de yaşamış mutasavvıf şair, ilim ve hikmet sahibi bir zattır. Ailesine "Sarrafzadeler" denilen İbrahim Tennuri'nin sarraflıkla uğraşan babası Hüseyin Efendidir.

Hayatı
Şeyh Tennuri, Sivas'taki ilköğrenimi ardından Konya'ya gitti; Mevlana Sarı Yakup'un öğrencisi oldu. Sarı Yakup'un 1438'deki ölümü ardından Hunad Hatun Medresesi'ne müderris olması sebebiyle Kayseri'ye geçti. Ancak birkaç yıl sonra medresenin vakfiyesinde, sadece Hanefi müderrislerin görev alabileceği şartı üzerine Şeyh Tennuri görevi bıraktı. Çünkü kendisi Şafii mezhebindendi. Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in hocası Akşemseddin'in ününü duyunca, Beypazarı'na gidip ona intisap ederek Bayramiye tarikatına girdi. Üç ay dünya nimetlerinden uzak durup inzivaya çekildi. Ardından tasavvuf eğitimi tamamladı. Akşemseddin'den icazet ve hilafet alarak tekrar Kayseri'ye döndü. Bu kez kendi tekkesini kurup, öğrenci kabul etmeye başladı. Bu arada, kendi geliştirdiği kabızlık hastalığını tedavi şekli, "İbnü's Sarraf" olan lakabının değişmesine neden oldu. Kabız olan müritlerini, sıcak fırın (tennur) üzerine oturtup, su içirip terleterek tedavi etmesi üzerine, "Tennuri" lakabını aldi. Bir gün, Kayseri'de irşad faaliyetlerini sürdürürken, aldığı haber üzerine alel acele hocası Akşemseddin'in yanına gitti. Telaşının sebebi sonra ortaya çıktı: Hocasıyla birlikte İstanbul'un fethinde bulunmuştu.
Fetihten üç ay sonra tamamladığı, 5140 beyitlik mesnevi tarzındaki manzum eseri "Gülzar-ı Manevi"yi, Fatih Sultan Mehmed'e ithaf etti. (Bu eser halen Sülaymaniye Kütüphanesi'ndedir.)
Bu jest karşısında Fatih Sultan Mehmed, Şeyh Tennuri ve oğullarının vergiden muaf olduklarına dair ferman çıkardı.
Şiirlerinde "Aşık" mahlasını kullanan Şeyh İbrahim Tennuri'nin mezarı ve oğulları Şeyh Lütfullah ve Şeyh Ali'nin sandukaları da, Kiçikapı'dan Talas Caddesi'ne çıkılan ve kendi adını taşıyan sokakta, kendi yaptırdığı Şeyh Camii haziresindedir.

Meşhur şiir kitabının adı: Gülzar-ı Manevidir.

Yazmış olduğu bir şiir ;

"Câna cefa ya kıl vefa
Kahrın da hoş, lûtfun da hoş
Ya dert gönder, yahut deva
Kahrın da hoş, lûtfun da hoş"

Yapıtları
 Gülzar-ı Manevi (Gülzârnâme)
 Gülşen-i Niyaz

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel
 Mustafa Keskin - Türkçeci Bir Bilge Önder Şeyh İbrahim Tennuri - Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Sayı : 11 Yıl : 2001 (39-60 s.)
 Fidan, Mustafa. "İbrahim Tennûri: Hayatı ve Eserleri".

Osmanlı mutasavvıfları
Osmanlı şairleri
Amasya doğumlular
Kayseri'de ölenler
1482 yılında ölenler
15. yüzyılda Osmanlılar

İbrahim Tennuri


Petrol platformu büyük bir yapıdır, işçilere, sondaj, petrol ve doğalgazın okyanustan çıkarılması için makinelere ihtihaç vardır. Bazı durumlarda platformun okyanus tabanına bağlanmasına ihtiyaç duyulur, bu durumda platform yapay bir ada gibi görünür. Bazı durumlarda ise platform hareketli de olabilir.

Genellikle, petrol platformları kıta sahanlığı içinde inşa edilirler, teknolojinin ilerlemesiyle birlikte sondaj ve üretim derin sularda da yapılabilir ve kârlıdır. Tipik platformlarda otuz ana kaynak bulunur ve farklı derinliklerdeki rezervuarlara ulaşmak için dikey sondaja izin verilir ve platformdan 8 km uzaklıktan kontrol edilir.

Birçok platformda kuyular kablolar yardımıyla uzaktan kontrol edilebilir, bu tek bir kuyu için veya farklı merkez birçok kuyu için geçerlidir.

Platform çeşitleri
Büyük göl ve deniz tabanlı petrol platformları ve petrol kuleleri (donanımları) dünyadaki en büyük insan yapılarılarıdır. Birkaç farklı tip platform ve kule:
 Sabit platformlar (Fixed Platforms)
 Sabit kuleler (Compliant Towers)
 Yarı batırılmış platformlar (Semi-submersible Platforms)
 Kaldıraçlı platformlar (Jack-up Platforms)
 Sondaj gemisi (Drillships)
 Hareketli üretim sistemi (Floating production systems)
 Telle sabitlenen platformlar (Tension-leg Platforms)
 Direkli platformlar (Spar Platforms)

En yüksek petrol platformları
 Petronius Platformu, 610 metre
 Baldpate Platformu, 579,1 metre
 Bullwinkle Platformu, 529,1 metre
 Troll A platformu, 472 metre
 Gullfaks C, 380 metre

Dış bağlantılar

 Oil Rig Disposal (pdf) — Post note issued by the UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology.
 Fish farmers see future in oil platforms
 Overview of Conventional Platforms Pictoral treatment on the installation of platforms which extend from the seabed to the ocean surface
 Exploring the Future of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in BC: Lessons from the Atlantic
 Offshore Oil Drilling News Offshore Oil Drilling News
 Oil Rig Disasters Listing of Oil Rig Accidents
 Oil Rig Photos Collection of pictures of Drilling Rigs and Production Platforms

Petrol üretimi
Sondaj teknolojisi

Petrol platformu