Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapy that began with efforts to treat personality disorders and interpersonal conflicts. Evidence suggests that DBT can be useful in treating mood disorders and suicidal ideation as well as for changing behavioral patterns such as self-harm and substance use. DBT evolved into a process in which the therapist and client work with acceptance and change-oriented strategies and ultimately balance and synthesize them—comparable to the philosophical dialectical process of thesis and antithesis, followed by synthesis.

This approach was developed by Marsha M. Linehan, a psychology researcher at the University of Washington. She defines it as "a synthesis or integration of opposites". DBT was designed to help people increase their emotional and cognitive regulation by learning about the triggers that lead to reactive states and by helping to assess which coping skills to apply in the sequence of events, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to help avoid undesired reactions. Linehan later disclosed to the public her own struggles and belief that she suffers from borderline personality disorder.

DBT grew out of a series of failed attempts to apply the standard cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) protocols of the late 1970s to chronically suicidal clients. Research on its effectiveness in treating other conditions has been fruitful. DBT has been used by practitioners to treat people with depression, drug and alcohol problems, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injuries (TBI), binge-eating disorder, and mood disorders. Research indicates that DBT might help patients with symptoms and behaviors associated with spectrum mood disorders, including self-injury. Work also suggests its effectiveness with sexual-abuse survivors and chemical dependency.

DBT combines standard cognitive-behavioral techniques for emotion regulation and reality-testing with concepts of distress tolerance, acceptance, and mindful awareness largely derived from contemplative meditative practice. DBT is based upon the biosocial theory of mental illness and is the first therapy that has been experimentally demonstrated to be generally effective in treating borderline personality disorder (BPD). The first randomized clinical trial of DBT showed reduced rates of suicidal gestures, psychiatric hospitalizations, and treatment dropouts when compared to usual treatment. A meta-analysis found that DBT reached moderate effects in individuals with BPD.  DBT may not be appropriate as a universal intervention,  as it was shown to be harmful or have null effects in a study of an adapted DBT skills-training intervention in adolescents in schools.

Overview
DBT is sometimes considered a part of the "third wave" of cognitive-behavioral therapy, as DBT adapts CBT to assist patients in dealing with stress.

DBT strives to have the patient view the therapist as an accepting ally rather than an adversary in the treatment of psychological issues: many treatments at this time left patients feeling "criticized, misunderstood, and invalidated" due to the way these methods "focused on changing cognitions and behaviors." Accordingly, the therapist aims to accept and validate the client's feelings at any given time, while, nonetheless, informing the client that some feelings and behaviors are maladaptive, and showing them better alternatives.  In particular, DBT targets self-harm and suicide attempts by identifying the function of that behavior and obtaining that function safely through DBT coping skills. DBT focuses on the client acquiring new skills and changing their behaviors, with the ultimate goal of achieving a "life worth living".

In DBT's biosocial theory of BPD, clients have a biological predisposition for emotional dysregulation, and their social environment validates maladaptive behavior.

DBT skills training alone is being used to address treatment goals in some clinical settings, and the broader goal of emotion regulation that is seen in DBT has allowed it to be used in new settings, for example, supporting parenting.  There has been little study into adapting DBT into an online environment, but a review indicates that attendance is improved online, with comparable improvements for clients to the traditional mode.

Four modules

Mindfulness

Mindfulness is one of the core ideas behind all elements of DBT. It is considered a foundation for the other skills taught in DBT, because it helps individuals accept and tolerate the powerful emotions they may feel when challenging their habits or exposing themselves to upsetting situations.

The concept of mindfulness and the meditative exercises used to teach it are derived from traditional contemplative religious practice, though the version taught in DBT does not involve any religious or metaphysical concepts. Within DBT it is the capacity to pay attention, nonjudgmentally, to the present moment; about living in the moment, experiencing one's emotions and senses fully, yet with perspective. The practice of mindfulness can also be intended to make people more aware of their environments through their five senses: touch, smell, sight, taste, and sound. Mindfulness relies heavily on the principle of acceptance, sometimes referred to as "radical acceptance". Acceptance skills rely on the patient's ability to view situations with no judgment, and to accept situations and their accompanying emotions. This causes less distress overall, which can result in reduced discomfort and symptomology.

Acceptance and change
The first few sessions of DBT introduce the dialectic of acceptance and change. The patient must first become comfortable with the idea of therapy; once the patient and therapist have established a trusting relationship, DBT techniques can flourish. An essential part of learning acceptance is to first grasp the idea of radical acceptance: radical acceptance embraces the idea of facing situations, both positive and negative, without judgment. Acceptance also incorporates mindfulness and emotional regulation skills, which depend on the idea of radical acceptance. These skills, specifically, are what set DBT apart from other therapies.

Often, after a patient becomes familiar with the idea of acceptance, they will accompany it with change. DBT has five specific states of change which the therapist will review with the patient: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Precontemplation is the first stage, in which the patient is completely unaware of their problem. In the second stage, contemplation, the patient realizes the reality of their illness: this is not an action, but a realization. It is not until the third stage, preparation, that the patient is likely to take action, and prepares to move forward. This could be as simple as researching or contacting therapists. Finally, in stage 4, the patient takes action and receives treatment. In the final stage, maintenance, the patient must strengthen their change in order to prevent relapse. After grasping acceptance and change, a patient can fully advance to mindfulness techniques.

There are six mindfulness skills used in DBT to bring the client closer to achieving a "wise mind", the synthesis of the rational mind and emotion mind: three "what" skills (observe, describe, participate) and three "how" skills (nonjudgementally, one-mindfully, effectively).

Distress tolerance

The concept of distress tolerance arose from methods used in person-centered, psychodynamic, psychoanalytic, gestalt, and/or narrative therapies, along with religious and spiritual practices.  Distress tolerance means learning to bear emotional discomfort skillfully, without resorting to maladaptive reactions. Healthier coping behaviors are learned, including intentional self-distraction, self-soothing, and 'radical acceptance.'

Distress tolerance skills are meant to arise naturally as a consequence of mindfulness. They have to do with the ability to accept, in a non-evaluative and nonjudgmental fashion, both oneself and the current situation. It is meant to be a non-judgmental stance, one of neither approval or resignation. The goal is to become capable of calmly recognizing negative situations and their impact, rather than becoming overwhelmed or hiding from them. This allows individuals to make wise decisions about whether and how to take action, rather than falling into intense, desperate, and often destructive emotional reactions.

Emotion regulation

Individuals with borderline personality disorder and suicidal individuals are frequently emotionally intense and labile. They can be angry, intensely frustrated, depressed, or anxious.  This suggests that these clients might benefit from help in learning to regulate their emotions. Dialectical behavior therapy skills for emotion regulation include:

Identify and label emotions
Identify obstacles to changing emotions
Reduce vulnerability to emotion mind
Increase positive emotional events
Increase mindfulness to current emotions
Take opposite action
Apply distress tolerance techniques

Emotional regulation skills are based on the theory that intense emotions are a conditioned response to troublesome experiences, the conditioned stimulus, and therefore, are required to alter the patient's conditioned response. These skills can be categorized into four modules: understanding and naming emotions, changing unwanted emotions, reducing vulnerability, and managing extreme conditions:

 Learning how to understand and name emotions: the patient focuses on recognizing their feelings. This segment relates directly to mindfulness, which also exposes a patient to their emotions.
 Changing unwanted emotions: the therapist emphasizes the use of opposite-reactions, fact-checking, and problem solving to regulate emotions. While using opposite-reactions, the patient targets distressing feelings by responding with the opposite emotion.
 Reducing vulnerability: the patient learns to accumulate positive emotions and to plan coping mechanisms in advance, in order to better handle difficult experiences in the future.
 Managing extreme conditions: the patient focuses on incorporating their use of mindfulness skills to their current emotions, to remain stable and alert in a crisis.

Interpersonal effectiveness
The three interpersonal skills focused on in DBT include self-respect, treating others "with care, interest, validation, and respect", and assertiveness.  The dialectic involved in healthy relationships involves balancing the needs of others with the needs of the self, while maintaining one's self-respect.

Tools
Specially formatted diary cards can be used to track relevant emotions and behaviors. Diary cards are most useful when they are filled out daily.  The diary card is used to find the treatment priorities that guide the agenda of each therapy session.  Both the client and therapist can use the diary card to see what has improved, gotten worse, or stayed the same.

Chain analysis

Chain analysis is a form of functional analysis of behavior but with increased focus on sequential events that form the behavior chain. It has strong roots in behavioral psychology in particular applied behavior analysis concept of chaining. A growing body of research supports the use of behavior chain analysis with multiple populations.

Efficacy

Borderline personality disorder
DBT is the therapy that has been studied the most for treatment of borderline personality disorder, and there have been enough studies done to conclude that DBT is helpful in treating borderline personality disorder.  Several studies have found there are neurobiological changes in individuals with BPD after DBT treatment.

Depression
A Duke University pilot study compared treatment of depression by antidepressant medication to treatment by antidepressants and dialectical behavior therapy. A total of 34 chronically depressed individuals over age 60 were treated for 28 weeks. Six months after treatment, statistically significant differences were noted in remission rates between groups, with a greater percentage of patients treated with antidepressants and dialectical behavior therapy in remission.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD)
Exposure to complex trauma, or the experience of prolonged trauma with little chance of escape, can lead to the development of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in an individual. CPTSD  is a concept which divides the psychological community. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) does not recognize it in the DSM-5 (Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the manual used by providers to diagnose, treat and discuss mental illness), though some practitioners argue that CPTSD is separate from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

CPTSD is similar to PTSD in that its symptomatology is pervasive and includes cognitive, emotional, and biological domains, among others. CPTSD differs from PTSD in that it is believed to originate in childhood interpersonal trauma, or chronic childhood stress, and that the most common precedents are sexual traumas. Currently, the prevalence rate for CPTSD is an estimated 0.5%, while PTSD's is 1.5%. Numerous definitions for CPTSD exist. Different versions are contributed by the World Health Organization (WHO), The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS), and individual clinicians and researchers.

Most definitions revolve around criteria for PTSD with the addition of several other domains. While The APA may not recognize CPTSD, the WHO has recognized this syndrome in its 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The WHO defines CPTSD as a disorder following a single or multiple events which cause the individual to feel stressed or trapped, characterized by low self-esteem, interpersonal deficits, and deficits in affect regulation. These deficits in affect regulation, among other symptoms are a reason why CPTSD is sometimes compared with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Similarities Between CPTSD and borderline personality disorder
In addition to affect dysregulation, case studies reveal that patients with CPTSD can also exhibit splitting, mood swings, and fears of abandonment. Like patients with borderline personality disorder, patients with CPTSD were traumatized frequently and/or early in their development and never learned proper coping mechanisms. These individuals may use avoidance, substances, dissociation, and other maladaptive behaviors to cope. Thus, treatment for CPTSD involves stabilizing and teaching successful coping behaviors, affect regulation, and creating and maintaining interpersonal connections.
In addition to sharing symptom presentations, CPTSD and BPD can share neurophysiological similarities, for example, abnormal volume of the amygdala (emotional memory), hippocampus (memory), anterior cingulate cortex (emotion), and orbital prefrontal cortex (personality). Another shared characteristic between CPTSD and BPD is the possibility for dissociation. Further research is needed to determine the reliability of dissociation as a hallmark of CPTSD, however it is a possible symptom. Because of the two disorders' shared symptomatology and physiological correlates, psychologists began hypothesizing that a treatment which was effective for one disorder may be effective for the other as well.

DBT as a treatment for CPTSD
DBT's use of acceptance and goal orientation as an approach to behavior change can help to instill empowerment and engage individuals in the therapeutic process. The focus on the future and change can help to prevent the individual from becoming overwhelmed by their history of trauma. This is a risk especially with CPTSD, as multiple traumas are common within this diagnosis. Generally, care providers address a client's suicidality before moving on to other aspects of treatment. Because PTSD can make an individual more likely to experience suicidal ideation, DBT can be an option to stabilize suicidality and aid in other treatment modalities.

Some critics argue that while DBT can be used to treat CPTSD, it is not significantly more effective than standard PTSD treatments. Further, this argument posits that DBT decreases self-injurious behaviors (such as cutting or burning) and increases interpersonal functioning but neglects core CPTSD symptoms such as impulsivity, cognitive schemas (repetitive, negative thoughts), and emotions such as guilt and shame. The ISTSS reports that CPTSD requires treatment which differs from typical PTSD treatment, using a multiphase model of recovery, rather than focusing on traumatic memories. The recommended multiphase model consists of establishing safety, distress tolerance, and social relations.

Because DBT has four modules which generally align with these guidelines (Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Affect Regulation, Interpersonal Skills) it is a treatment option. Other critiques of DBT discuss the time required for the therapy to be effective. Individuals seeking DBT may not be able to commit to the individual and group sessions required, or their insurance may not cover every session.

A study co-authored by Linehan found that among women receiving outpatient care for BPD and who had attempted suicide in the previous year, 56% additionally met criteria for PTSD. Because of the correlation between borderline personality disorder traits and trauma, some settings began using DBT as a treatment for traumatic symptoms. Some providers opt to combine DBT with other PTSD interventions, such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE) (repeated, detailed description of the trauma in a psychotherapy session) or cognitive processing therapy (CPT) (psychotherapy which addresses cognitive schemas related to traumatic memories).

For example, a regimen which combined PE and DBT would include teaching mindfulness skills and distress tolerance skills, then implementing PE. The individual with the disorder would then be taught acceptance of a trauma's occurrence and how it may continue to affect them throughout their lives. Participants in clinical trials such as these exhibited a decrease in symptoms, and throughout the 12-week trial, no self-injurious or suicidal behaviors were reported.

Another argument which supports the use of DBT as a treatment for trauma hinges upon PTSD symptoms such as emotion regulation and distress. Some PTSD treatments such as exposure therapy may not be suitable for individuals whose distress tolerance and/or emotion regulation is low. Biosocial theory posits that emotion dysregulation is caused by an individual's heightened emotional sensitivity combined with environmental factors (such as invalidation of emotions, continued abuse/trauma), and tendency to ruminate (repeatedly think about a negative event and how the outcome could have been changed).

An individual who has these features is likely to use maladaptive coping behaviors. DBT can be appropriate in these cases because it teaches appropriate coping skills and allows the individuals to develop some degree of self-sufficiency. The first three modules of DBT increase distress tolerance and emotion regulation skills in the individual, paving the way for work on symptoms such as intrusions, self-esteem deficiency, and interpersonal relations.

Noteworthy is that DBT has often been modified based on the population being treated. For example, in veteran populations DBT is modified to include exposure exercises and accommodate the presence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and insurance coverage (i.e. shortening treatment).  Populations with comorbid BPD may need to spend longer in the "Establishing Safety" phase. In adolescent populations, the skills training aspect of DBT has elicited significant improvement in emotion regulation and ability to express emotion appropriately. In populations with comorbid substance use, adaptations may be made on a case-by-case basis.

For example, a provider may wish to incorporate elements of motivational interviewing (psychotherapy which uses empowerment to inspire behavior change). The degree of substance use should also be considered. For some individuals, substance use is the only coping behavior they know, and as such the provider may seek to implement skills training before targeting substance reduction. Inversely, a client's substance use may be interfering with attendance or other treatment compliance and the provider may choose to address the substance use before implementing DBT for the trauma.

See also

References

Citations

General and cited sources

 Linehan et al. (2006) NIMH 3 Two-Year Randomized Control Trial and Follow up of DBT

Further reading

 Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder by Marsha M. Linehan. 1993. .
 DBT For Dummies by Gillian Galen PsyD, Blaise Aguirre MD. .
 Depressed and Anxious: The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Workbook for Overcoming Depression & Anxiety by Thomas Marra. .
 Dialectical Behavior Therapy with Suicidal Adolescents by Alec L. Miller, Jill H. Rathus, and Marsha M. Linehan. Foreword by Charles R. Swenson. .
 Dialectical Behavior Therapy Workbook: Practical DBT Exercises for Learning Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, & Distress Tolerance (New Harbinger Self-Help Workbook) by Matthew McKay, Jeffrey C. Wood, and Jeffrey Brantley. .
 Don't Let Your Emotions Run Your Life: How Dialectical Behavior Therapy Can Put You in Control (New Harbinger Self-Help Workbook) by Scott E. Spradlin. .
 Fatal Flaws: Navigating Destructive Relationships with People with Disorders of Personality and Character by Stuart C. Yudovsky. .
 Skills Training Manual for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder by Marsha M. Linehan. 1993. .
 The High Conflict Couple: A Dialectical Behavior Therapy Guide to Finding Peace, Intimacy, & Validation  by Alan E. Fruzzetti. .
 The Miracle of Mindfulness by Thích Nhất Hạnh. .

External links

 DBT and Borderline Personality Disorder
 DBT and Relationships
 Marsha Linehan's description of DBT
 Overview of Borderline Personality Disorder and DBT treatment
 Priory's An Overview of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy

Borderline personality disorder
Cognitive therapy
Mindfulness (psychology)
Psychotherapies

Dialectical behavior therapy


Akçakaya, Muğla ilinin Milas ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Muğla iline 109 km, Milas ilçesine 40 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Milas'ın mahalleleri

Akçakaya, Milas


Le Barbados National Stadium est un stade omnisports barbadien (servant principalement pour le football) situé à Waterford, quartier de Bridgetown, la capitale du pays.

Le stade, doté d'une capacité de  places et inauguré en , sert de domicile pour l'équipe de la Barbade de football, ainsi que pour l'équipe de football du Notre Dame Sporting Club.

Histoire

Les travaux du stade débutent en , pour s'achever deux ans plus tard. Il est inauguré le  en présence du Prince Charles.

Appartenant au gouvernement, il est d'abord administré par la National Stadium Corporation jusqu'au , avant de passer sous l'administration du National Sports Council à partir du .

Événements

Notes et références

Équipement sportif achevé en 1970
Stade multifonction à la Barbade
Stade de football à la Barbade
Stade d'athlétisme à la Barbade
Stade portant le nom d'un lieu
Bridgetown

Barbados National Stadium


Panola County er navnet på 2 counties i USA:

 Panola County, Mississippi
 Panola County, Texas

Panola County


Palatul Marinei (în ) este un palat din Paris care a adăpostit Ministerul Marinei francez, apoi Statul Major al Marinei, din 1789 până în 2015. Este situat în arondismentul 8, pe Place de la Concorde.

Istoric
A fost desenat în anul 1766 de arhitectul Ange-Jacques Gabriel în cadrul creării a Place de la Concorde, în același timp cu o clădire geamăna situată pe cealaltă parte a Rue Royale. Este inspirată de colonada din Louvre construită de Claude Perrault. În proprietatea a Coroanei franceze, clădirea a fost afectată la administrația regală a depozitelor de mobilă (în ), care s-a mutat în noul său sediu în 1774.

În timpul Revoluției franceze, ministerele s-au mutat de la Versailles în Paris. Ministerul Marinei a ocupat o parte din clădirea în 1789, apoi a întrat în posesia ansamblului în 1806. Astfel clădirea a devenit Palatul Marinei. A fost martora a mai multor evenimente notabile din istoria Franței: furtul al bijuteriilor Coroanei Franceze în septembrie 1792, semnătura a procesului-verbal al regelui Ludovic al XVI-lea în ianuarie 1793, semnătura a abolițiunii sclaviei pe 27 aprilie 1848, etc.

În anul 2007, Guvernul francez a decis să se grupeze Statul Major al tuturor forțelor armate în cadrul aceleiași clădire în arondismentul 15, "Hexagonul Balard".  Noul sediu fiind inaugurat în noiembrie 2015, Statul Major al Marinei s-a mutat în decembrie 2015 și Palatul Marinei a fost încredințat Centrului Monumentelor Naționale.

Galerie foto

Referințe

Palate din Paris
Monumente istorice din Franța
Arondismentul 8 din Paris

Palatul Marinei


Barão de Venda da Cruz é um título nobiliárquico criado por D. Maria II de Portugal, por Decreto de 6 de Agosto de 1846, em favor de João Pedro Miguéis de Carvalho e Brito.

Titulares
 João Pedro Miguéis de Carvalho e Brito, 1.° Barão de Venda da Cruz;
 Filipe Miguéis de Carvalho e Brito, 2.° Barão de Venda da Cruz.

+Venda Da Cruz
+Venda Da Cruz

Barão de Venda da Cruz


Vis (græsk Issa, italiensk Lissa) er en kroatisk ø i Adriaterhavet ved det vestlige Kroatiens kyst. Ud af de beboede kroatiske øer er det den, der ligger længst fra fastlandet. Vis har et areal på 90,26 km², og en befolkning på 3 617 (2001). Det højeste punkt på øen er Hum og er 587 meter over havet.

Øens største by er byen Vis.

Reflist

Adriaterhavet
Øer i Kroatien

Vis (ø)


An Parabambusa kainii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elizabeth A. Widjaja. An Parabambusa kainii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Parabambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Parabambusa

Parabambusa kainii


Ljubica Nenezić (født 17. januar 1997 i Podgorica) er en montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for Kispest NKK og det montenegrinske landshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro
Personer fra Podgorica
Håndboldspillere fra CS Gloria 2018 Bistrița-Năsăud
Håndboldspillere fra Kastamonu Belediyesi GSK
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Ljubica Nenezić


Marin St. Rădulescu () a fost un silvicultor român din prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea.

Între 1930 si 1946, Marin Rădulescu a fost șeful Secției de Împăduriri a Casei Autonome a Pădurilor Statului. De numele său sunt legate lucrări de împădurire și refacere a arboretelor din Cadrilater, Delta Dunării, Brezoi Lotru, Calafat, precum și a celor din raza ocoalelor Țigănești (astăzi Snagov), Fântânele, Bacău și altele.

A fost cel mai apropiat colaborator al profesorului Marin Drăcea, împreună cu care a introdus și apoi dezvoltat o metodă originală de regenerare-refacere a arboretelor de șleau, considerată de academicianul Victor Giurgiu drept momentul de naștere al silviculturii moderne în România. Metoda era adaptată condițiilor climatice și de sol ale României, fiind aplicată și astăzi în ocoalele silvice din Câmpia Română.

Biografie
S-a născut la 23 martie 1892 în comuna Peretu, Teleorman. Tatăl său, preotul Ștefan Rădulescu, a murit pe când Marin avea 11 ani.

A urmat gimnaziul Sfântul Haralambie din Turnu Măgurele și apoi liceului Gheorghe Lazăr din București, câștigându-și existența prin meditații.

În 1912 se înscrie la Școala Superioară de Silvicultură de la Brănești, pe care o întrerupe în 1914 pentru a satisface stagiul militar și a participa la Primul Război Mondial. Este luat prizonier în toamna lui 1916 și petrece doi ani în lagărele din Germania. Apoi termină cursurile de la Școala Superioară de Silvicultură în 1919 ca șef de promoție.

Ca stagiar a lucrat la ocoalele silvice Câmpulung și Cislău. În 1920 a ajuns la ocolul silvic Mănăstirea Țigănești, Ilfov, condus la vremea aceea de Marin Drăcea. Între 1921-1923 a funcționat ca șef de ocol la Țigănești.

Între 1924-1926 și-a perfecționat cunoștințele la Școala Superioară pentru Știința Solului din Viena.

Prima metodǎ romaneascǎ de regenerare asistatǎ a pǎdurilor de șleau de câmpie
În anii 1920-1922, din inițiativa și cu sprijinul profesorului Marin Drăcea, Marin Rǎdulescu a conceput și experimentat pentru prima datǎ o metodǎ româneascǎ de refacere-regenerare a arboretelor de șleau de câmpie, eveniment care marcheazǎ detașarea de împrumuturi conceptuale strǎine și reprezintǎ nașterea silvotehnicii naționale, situând România printre țările cu o cultură forestieră avansată. Metoda prevede introducerea stejarului pedunculat prin semǎnǎtură în ochiuri sub masiv, în sol mobilizat cu sapa sau cu plug forestier. Avantajul acestei metode este acela cǎ asigurǎ preponderența stejarului în masivul de șleau, și obținerea unor arborete amestecate, care sunt ieftine și ușor de condus. În manuale este cunoscutǎ ca metoda Drăcea.

Ulterior metoda a fost dezvoltată de Ioan Vlad. Regenerările (tăierile) progresive, prin metoda românească și în variantă clasică, au fost aplicate pe larg în România, dar cu mare întârziere și doar temporar (1966-1986).

Șef al Serviciului de împǎduriri în centrala C.A.P.S.
Între 1930-1947 Marin Rǎdulescu a fost șeful secției de împăduriri, în cadrul Direcției Tehnice a Casei Autonome a Pǎdurilor Statului (CAPS), al cǎrei întemeietor și director era profesorul Marin Drăcea. Luptând cu inerția birocraticǎ, s-a preocupat sǎ valorifice perioada optimǎ pentru împǎduriri, din luna aprilie. Comunica pe cale particularǎ șefilor de ocoale sǎ înceapǎ imediat lucrǎrile, asigurându-i cǎ fondurile sunt aprobate și urmeazǎ sǎ soseascǎ.

Dupǎ 1946, o datǎ cu înființarea Ministerului Silviculturii, a fost membru în Consiliul Tehnic al Pǎdurilor (1945-1946) și a lucrat în corpul de control al Ministerului Siviculturii (1947-1949).

În zona de câmpie, a promovat regenerarea naturalǎ a pǎdurilor, pentru obținerea unor arborete amestecate, sǎnǎtoase și trainice, din sǎmânța celor care dǎinuiesc de mii de ani în pǎdurile noastre.

A stǎruit pentru stingerea restanțelor la împǎduriri în pǎdurile de munte, tǎiate ras de societǎțile strǎine. Numai în ocolul silvic Brezoi Lotru s-au împǎdurit anual 850 hectare. A militat, în premierǎ,  pentru introducerea plopilor euroamericani, fǎrǎ înlocuirea arboretelor autohtone. Cultura acestor plopi a ajuns astfel la 30000 hectare. A realizat culturi de anin negru, nuc negru, larice și rachitǎ.

Timp de decenii s-a ocupat în mod deosebit de împǎdurirea Dobrogei. S-au plantat mari suprafețe pe grindurile din Pădurea Letea și Pădurea Caraorman cu plop negru hibrid, iar în Cadrilater cu stejar. Întrucât unele ocoale din Cadrilater nu aveau capacitatea să asigure împădurirea suprafețelor planificate, le-a ajutat dotându-le cu tractoare și a cerut Direcțiilor Silvice Pitești, București și Chișinău să le furnizeze puieți. În Consiliul Tehnic al Pǎdurilor a militat pentru refacerea terenurilor degradate, inclusiv pentru împǎdurirea terenurilor cu nisipuri mișcǎtoare. În calitate de membru al Consiliului de Îmbunǎtǎțiri Funciare a contribuit la conservarea pǎdurilor din Delta Dunării și din lunca inundabilǎ a acestui fluviu.

Activitatea didacticǎ și știintificǎ
Între 1927-1949 a activat în învǎțǎmântul superior, suplinind periodic profesorii Marin Drăcea și N. G. Popovici la Facultatea de Silvicultură, la cursurile de silvicultură, exploatarea lemnului și la cel de tehnologia lemnului.

În cercetǎrile sale pe teren, Marin Rǎdulescu a facut experiențe direct în pǎduri, devenite laboratoare didactice în situ, vizitate de studenți și de participanți la cursurile de perfecționare, dar și de specialiști strǎini.

În calitate de cercetǎtor știintific a scris peste 70 de lucrǎri cu tematicǎ diversǎ:

 stabilirea soluțiilor de împǎdurire pentru silvostepǎ,
 mǎrirea procentului de rǎșinoase în pǎdurile de fag din care acestea fuseserǎ eliminate,
 refacerea pǎdurilor din Delta Dunǎrii,
 prevenirea efectelor gerurilor târzii și ale secetei asupra producției de ghindǎ.

A fost membru al societǎților Progresul Silvic, Touring Club, Societatea Românǎ de Geografie.

Între 1949 și 1958 a lucrat la Institutul de Cercetări și Experimentație Forestieră (ICEF).

Dupǎ pensionare a contribuit la încǎ 10 proiecte de cercetare silvicǎ.

Lucrări publicate
1936 Amenajament pentru moșia Balotești, Mehedinți, parte a donației fundației Jacques M. Elias către Academia Română
1952 Marin Rădulescu - "Specii forestiere repede crescătoare", Editura de Stat pentru Literatură Forestieră
1953 Marin Rădulescu - "Salcâmul, arbore foarte indicat pentru micile păduri țărănești", Editura Agro-Silvică de Stat
1954 M. Rădulescu și Ioan Z. Lupe - "Procedee de păstrare a ghindei în timpul iernii", Editura Agro-Silvică de Stat
1955 Marin Rădulescu - "Ameliorarea pădurilor din luncile râurilor și din regiunea inundabilă a Dunării și Deltei", Editura Agro-Silvică de Stat
1959 Ioan Z. Lupe, M. Rădulescu și Fl. Voinea - "Tipuri de culture forestiere pentru stepă și silvostepă", Editura Agro-Silvică de Stat

Note

Articole Revista Pădurilor
Stejar (1929 nr. 7; 1935 nr. 2; 1936 nr. 7-8; 1952 nr. 11)
Regenerare naturală (1931 nr. 5; 1936 nr. 9)
Împădurire silvostepă (1939 nr. 1; 1952 nr. 8; 1955 nr. 2)
Deltă și Dobrogea (1928 nr. 10; 1940, nr. 11-12; 1949, nr. 3; 1950, nr. 2-3; 1956, nr. 7)
Exotice (1928 nr.11; 1937 nr. 2; 1952 nr. 9; 1955 nr. 12; 1956 nr. 3; 1956 nr. 10)
Ocoale silvice model (1953 nr. 2; 1954 nr. 12; 1955 nr. 6)
Îmbunătățiri funciare (1939 nr. 5; 1948 nr. 1; 1950 nr. 1; 1954 nr. 2)
Pepiniere (1936 nr. 2, 6; 1937 nr. 5, 1938 nr. 3)

Nașteri în 1892
Decese în 1972
Silvicultori români
Absolvenți ai liceului Gheorghe Lazăr din București
Nașteri pe 23 martie
Decese pe 21 ianuarie
Oameni din județul Teleorman

Marin Rădulescu


පරිගණක මෘදුකාංගයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට පෙර එය පරිගණකයේ දෘඪ තැටියක/මතකයට හෝ සසම්භාවී ප්‍රවේශ මතකයට ප්‍රවේශනය කල යුතු වේ. එහිදී අදාළ උපදෙස් පද්ධති මෘදුකාංගය හරහා යෙදවුම් මෘදුකාංගයෙන් දෘඪ තැටියට ලබා දෙයි. දෘඪ තැටියට ඒවා ලැබෙන්නේ යාන්ත්‍රික කේත ලෙසිනි. මෙම එක් එක් උපදෙස් පරිගණකයට මෙහෙයුම් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට ඉවහල් වේ. උදාහරණය ලෙස දත්ත හුවමාරුව කිරීම්, ගණනයන් සිදුකිරීම, උපදෙස් පාලන ගැලීම් (Control flow) වෙනස් කිරීම ආදිය දැක්විය හැකිය.

සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දත්ත එහා මෙහා වීම මතකයෙ ස්ථාන 2 ක් අතර සිදුවේ. සමහර අවස්ථාවල දී මතකය හා රෙජිස්ටර (registers) අතරද එය සිදුවේ. මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකක(CPUයෙහි වේගවත් දත්ත ප්‍රවේශයට මඟ පාදයි. විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ දත්ත එහා මෙහා කිරීම අසීරු කාර්යයකි, එබැවින් දත්ත වෙනුවට ඒවා නියෝජනය කරන දර්ශක ඒ සඳහා  යොදා ගනී.ගණනය කිරීම් වලදී, විචල්‍ය දත්තවල (element) මුලාංගයක අගය වැඩි කිරීම වැනි සරල මෙහෙයුම් අන්තර්ගත වන අතර සංකීර්ණ ගණනය කිරීම් වල බොහෝ මෙහෙයුම් මෙන්ම බොහෝ මුලාංගයන්ද වේ.

මෙම උපදෙස් ක්‍රියාකිරීම අනුක්‍රමිකවහෝ කොන්දේසි සහිතව හෝ පුනර්කාරීව සිදුවේ. අනුක්‍රමික ව සිදුවන උපදෙස්  ක්‍රියාකරන්නේ එකකට පසු එකක් ය. කොන්දේසියකට යටත්ව ක්‍රියාකරන  උපදෙස් සමහර දත්ත වල  අගයන් මත රඳා පවතිමින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. උදාහරණ ලෙස ''If" ප්‍රකාශය දැක්විය හැකිය. පුනර්කාරී උපදෙස් පුනරාවර්තීව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අතර දත්ත වල අගයන් මත ද රඳා පවතී. ලූපයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වන්නේ ද  මෙයම ය. බොහෝ විට එක් උපදෙසක් වෙනත් ක්‍රම ලේඛයක  (Program) හෝ මොඩියුලයක ඇති තවත් උපදෙස් වලට ඇමතීම සිදුවේ. පරිගණක සකසන  (processor) එකකට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන විටද මෙම උපදෙස්  එකවිට සමගාමී වීමට ද හැකිය.

මෘදුකාංගයක් ක්‍රියාකරන ආකාරය දැන ගැනීමට සරල උදාහරණයක් ලෙස,මෙනුවකින් (copy) 'පිටපත් කරන්න' යන තෝරා ගන්නා ලද සංසිද්ධිය සලකා බලමු. මෙවැනි අවස්ථාවක දී කොන්දේසි සහිත  උපදෙසක් අදාළ පාඨය මතකයේ තැන්පත් කර ඇති ලේඛනයෙන් පිටපත් කරගනී. සමහර විට පිටපත් කිරීම (clipboard) ක්ලිප් බෝර්ඩය වැනි අතර මැදි ආයාචනයකට (storage) විය හැකිය. නැතහොත්  (paste) 'අලවන්න යන්න' මෙනුවෙන් තෝරා ගන්නා ලදි නම්, උපදෙස් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ ක්ලිප් බෝර්ඩයට අදාළ පාඨය පිටපත් කර එය නැවත පාඨය උපුටා ගත් ලේඛනයේම හෝ වෙනත් ලේඛනයක නිශ්චිත ස්ථානයකට පිටපත් කිරීමයි. යොදාගන්නා යෙදුම අනුව ඉහත සඳහන් කළ උදාහරණය ද ආකූල විය හැකිය. පරිගණක ඉංජිනේරු ක්ෂේත්‍රය උත්සාහ කරන්නේ මෙම මෘදුකාංග ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයේ සංකීර්ණභාවය පාලනය කිරීමටයි. විශේෂයෙන්ම විශාල හා ප්‍රබල පරිගණක පද්ධතිවල ක්‍රියාත්මක මෘදුකාංග සඳහා මෙය වඩාත් සත්‍ය වේ.

වර්තමානයේ පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග යොදා ගැනීම එහි මෝස්තර  රචකයා/සම්පාදක හෝ ඒ පිළිබඳව ඇති කෞෂ්‍යලයට සීමා වේ. එහි  ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස අතීතයේ මෘදුකාංගයකින් නිරූපනය කළ නොහැකි යයි උපකල්පනය කළ චෙස් ඇඳීම වැනි  ක්‍රීඩාද දැන් ක්‍රමලේඛිත (Programmed) කර ඇත. දැනට එසේ නිරූපනය කිරීමට නොහැකි වී ඇත්තේ සංගීතය හා සාහිත්‍යය වැනි කලාවට අදාළ විෂය පථයන් ය.

මෙහෙයුම්  අනුව මෘදුකාංග වර්ග, ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ හැකි පරිගණක වැඩ සටහන්, ප්‍රභව කේත
හෝ පිටපත්, වින්‍යාසය ආදි වශයෙන් හැදින්වේ.

සටහන්

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පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග - මෙහෙයුම්


An Agroelymus cayouetteorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Robert Bernard Boivin. An Agroelymus cayouetteorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agroelymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agroelymus

Agroelymus cayouetteorum


جبال فاترا الكبرى هي سلسلة جبال تقع ضمن جبال كارابات الغربية في سلوفاكيا. وتعتبر جيغرافيا جزءا من منطقة فاترا تاترا. وتقع الجبال بين مدن روجومبيروك وهارمانيك وتورشيانسكي تبليتسي ومارتن. يقع حوض توريك وجبال فاترا الصغرى في الشمال الغربي منها، وجبال تاترا السفلى في الشرق. أعلى جبل بها هو جبل أوستريدوك ويبلغ ارتفاعه 1.592 م.

مراجع

جبال سلوفاكيا
جغرافيا سلوفاكيا
سلاسل جبلية في سلوفاكيا

فاترا الكبرى


Flat Rock é um lugar designado pelo censo localizado no condado de Seneca no estado estadounidense de Ohio. No Censo de 2010 tinha uma população de 233 habitantes e uma densidade populacional de 430,44 pessoas por km².

Geografia
Flat Rock encontra-se localizado nas coordenadas . Segundo o Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos, Flat Rock tem uma superfície total de 0.54 km², da qual 0.54 km² correspondem a terra firme e (0%) 0 km² é água.

Demografia
Segundo o censo de 2010, tinha 233 pessoas residindo em Flat Rock. A densidade populacional era de 430,44 hab./km². Dos 233 habitantes, Flat Rock estava composto pelo 97.85% brancos, o 1.29% eram afroamericanos, o 0.43% eram amerindios, o 0% eram asiáticos, o 0% eram insulares do Pacífico, o 0% eram de outras raças e o 0.43% pertenciam a duas ou mais raças. Do total da população o 2.15% eram hispanos ou latinos de qualquer raça.

Referências

Ligações externas

Regiões censitárias do Ohio
Localidades do condado de Seneca (Ohio)

Flat Rock (Ohio)


تيكن Tekken  وتعني حرفياً : القبضة الحديدية هي سلسلة ألعاب القتال التي طُورت ونُشرت من قبل شركة نامكو Namco. هي في الأصل لعبة آركيد، وأصبحت الآن موجودة في نسخ مختلفة، على البلاي ستيشن، والبلاي ستيشن 2، والبلاي ستيشن بورتابل، والبلاي ستيشن 3، والبلاي ستيشن 4 والووندرسوان WonderSwan، والجيم بوي أدفانس.

الألعاب

Tekken
Tekken 2
Tekken 3
Tekken Tag Tournament
Tekken 4
Tekken 5
Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection
Tekken 6
Tekken 7

الشخصيات
 JINPACHI MISHIMA
 ANNA WILLIAMS
 ARMOR KING
 جين كازاما
 ASUKA KAZAMA
 BAEK DOO SAN
 بوب
 BRUCE IRVIN
 BRYAN FURY
 CRAIG MARDUK
 CHRISTIE MONTEIRO
 DEVIL JIN
 EDDY GORDO
 FENG WEI
 GANRYU
 HEIHACHI MISHIMA
 HWOARANG
 جاك (توضيح)
 JULIA CHANG
 KAZUYA MISHIMA
 ملك (توضيح)
 KUMA
 LEE CHAOLAN
 LEI WULONG
 مدار أرضي منخفض
 LILI
 LING XIAOYU
 MARSHALL LAW
 MIGUEL
 MOKUJIN
 NINA WILLIAMS
 PANDA
 PAUL PHOENIX
 RAVEN
 .ROJER JR
 STEVE FOX
 SERJEI DRAGUNOV
 WANG JINREI
 YOSHIMITSU
 ZAFINA

ظهورها في وسائط إعلامية أخرى
 تيكن : ذا موشين بيكتشر Tekken: The Motion Picture، هي حلقتين من سلسلة حلقات OVA، التي أصدرت في عام 1998.
 تعرض سلسلة يونج آند دينجيرس Young and Dangerous مشاهد حيث يكون فيه فريق الممثلين يلعبون تيكن 3.
 تستند فيلم كيون سن Kuen sun (القبضة الانتقامية The Avenging Fist) على قصة تيكن بشكل كبير.

انظر أيضًا
 تيكن (فلم 1998) (تيكن: الصورة المتحركة)
 تيكن (فلم 2010)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي في اليابان
 الموقع الرسمي في الشرق الأوسط  +
 تيكنبيديا

أعمال عن العائلات المفككة
أعمال عن إرهاب
ألعاب فيديو حولت إلى أفلام
ألعاب فيديو حولت إلى برامج تلفزيونية
ألعاب فيديو حولت إلى قصص مصورة
ألعاب فيديو قتالية
ألعاب فيديو موياي تاي
ألعاب فيديو نينجا
ألعاب قتال
ألعاب قتال حسب السلسلة
سلاسل ألعاب الفيديو
سلاسل ألعاب فيديو ظهرت في سنة 1994
سلاسل بانداي نامكو إنترتينمنت
عفاريت في ألعاب الفيديو

تيكن


Reutberg ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Gunzenhausen im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Lage
Die ehemalige Einöde liegt südöstlich von Alt-Gunzenhausen zwischen dem Burgstall und einem Flugplatz im Norden, dem Gunzenhäuser Gemeindeteil Oberasbach im Osten und dem Gunzenhäuser Gemeindeteil Weinberg im Süden.

Ortsname
Der Ortsname bedeutet eine Ansiedelung auf einem Berg, der durch "Reuten", das heißt durch Ausgraben von Wurzelstöcken, urbar gemacht wurde, also zuvor bewaldet war.

Geschichte
Nach dem Ende der Römerzeit nördlich der Donau, hervorgerufen durch die Alemannenstürme im Jahr 233, bewaldete sich das Gebiet der späteren Reutbergflur im 3. und 4. Jahrhundert wohl wieder und diente im 8. Jahrhundert dem Kloster Gunzenhausen zur Holznutzung, blieb aber Königswald. Im 12. Jahrhundert gingen die königlichen Bewaldungen durch Rodung an die Grafen von Truhendingen über.

Die Einöde ist erstmals 1368 urkundlich erwähnt, als Wilhelm von Seckendorff dem Burggrafen Friedrich von Nürnberg mit der Stadt Gunzenhausen unter anderem auch den "hofe genant der Reutperg" verkaufte. 1411 erfährt man, dass Burggraf Friedrich einem Ulrich Hwrener "Rewtberg" zu Lehen gab. Elf Jahre später, als Burggraf Friedrich VI. von Nürnberg als erster Markgraf von Brandenburg-Ansbach regierte, bewilligte das Kloster Himmelthron einen Gütertausch zwischen Friedrich und der Stadt Gunzenhausen, bei dem der Markgraf den kleinen Zehnt des Reutberger Hofes erhielt. 1454 ist der Gunzenhäuser Bürger Ulrich Metzler Besitzer des Hofes, der als Schafhof bezeichnet ist; Abgaben leistet er an Gunzenhausen. In der Folgezeit erscheinen weitere brandenburgische Lehenbesitzer namentlich in Urkunden und Salbüchern. Die Schäferei Reutberg kam später in den Besitz der Stadt Gunzenhausen; so gehörte 1732 das Anwesen der Stadt, gültbar dem brandenburgischen Kastenamt Gunzenhausen und gepfarrt nach Gunzenhausen. Die Vogtei und die hohe Gerichtsbarkeit lagen beim markgräflichen Oberamt Gunzenhausen.

1792 wurde der Reutberg-Hof mit Gunzenhausen preußisch. Für 1801 ist für den "Reitberg" eine Untertanenfamilie verzeichnet, die zum preußischen Ansbachischen Oberamt Gunzenhausen gehört. Erwähnt ist nunmehr auch ein Steinbruch, der zum Reutberg-Anwesen gehört. Am 1. Januar 1806 wurde der Reutberg-Hof mit Gunzenhausen bayerisch. Er gehörte ab 1808 zum Steuerdistrikt Gunzenhausen im Landgericht und Rentamtsbezirk Gunzenhausen.

Bei der nächsten Gemeindereform 1818 wurde Gunzenhausen und mit der Stadt auch Reutberg Stadtgemeinde im neuen Bezirksamt Gunzenhausen (gebildet aus den Landgerichten Gunzenhausen und Heidenheim) des ebenfalls neuen Rezatkreises, der am 1. Januar 1838 in Mittelfranken umbenannt wurde.

1818 wohnten im Reutberger Anwesen zwölf, 1824 acht Einwohner. 1829 wird der von Gunzenhausen eine viertel Stunde entfernte Schafhof Reutberg von einer Familie mit zwölf Personen bewohnt. 1867 ist von drei Gebäuden die Rede, in denen sieben nach Cronheim gepfarrte Personen wohnen.

1950 zählte man in zwei Häusern 14 Einwohner. Im Zuge der Kreisgebietsreform in Bayern, die am 1. Juli 1972 in Kraft trat, verlor Gunzenhausen den Landkreissitz und ist seitdem eine Stadt im neuen Landkreis Weißenburg in Bayern, dessen Name am 1. Mai 1973 amtlich in Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen geändert wurde.

1965 wurde auf dem Reutberg ein Segelflugplatz in Betrieb genommen. Am Reutberg sind Neubaugebiete der Stadt Gunzenhausen entstanden. Außerdem befindet sich hier ein 1974 bis 1976 erbautes Kreiskrankenhaus. Der "Hochbehälter Reutberg" versorgt Gunzenhausen mit Trinkwasser. Der heutige Ortsteil wird von der Stadtbuslinie 641 angefahren.

Literatur

 Martin Winter: Gunzenhausens Geschichte im Spiegel alter Namen. In: Alt-Gunzenhausen 50 (1995), insbes. S. 181.

Weblinks

 Klinik am Reutberg
 Website des Flugplatzes Reutberg

Einzelnachweise

Ortsteil von Gunzenhausen
Ort im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Einzelsiedlung

Reutberg (Gunzenhausen)


An Holothrix pleistodactyla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Holothrix pleistodactyla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Holothrix, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Holothrix

Holothrix pleistodactyla


Korçë ili Korça (bugarski: Корча, grčki: Κορυτσά, makedonski:  Горица ili Корча, makedorumunjski: Corceao ili Curceaua, srpski:  Горица ili Корча, talijanski: Coriza, turski: Görice) grad je koji se nalazi u jugoistočnoj Albaniji. Središte je Korčanskoga okruga. Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2011. godine grad je imao 51.152 stanovnika.
Albansko ime naselja dolazi od slavenskog korijena gorica.

Šport
 KF Skënderbeu Korçë

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena web stranica

Gradovi u Albaniji

Korçë


Aslak Harniktsson Bolt (født ca. 1377, død 1450) var ærkebiskop i Nidaros fra 1428 til 1450. Bolt var af adelig slægt. I 1407 valgte domkapitlet i Oslo ham til biskop, men han blev samme år efter ppres fra dronning Margrete flyttet til Bergen, hvor han var biskop i 20 år.

Administrator og ordensmand
I 1428 blev han af et enstemmig domkapitel valgt til ærkebiskop i Nidaros, og to år senere blev han formelt indviet i denne stilling. Aslak var i sine første år som ærkebiskop optaget af at få kontrol med og oversigt over ærkesædets økonomi. I 1432 blev det, vi i dag kaller Aslak Bolts Jordebog ført i pennen. Den er en nøje registrering af indtægterne fra ærkesædets jordegods og ejendomme, og over 3.000 gårde og steder er nævnt. Han genindførte også en række mindre afgifter, som var gået i glemmebogen. I perioden efter 1435 markerede han sig også som leder af kirkeprovinsen. Han indkaldte til provensialkoncil i 1435 i Bergen og året efter i Oslo. Disse konciler fattede en række beslutninger gældende for hele kirkeprovinsen, i første række knyttet til økonomiske forhold.

I årene efter 1436 er det som politiker vi møder Aslak Bolt. Som leder af riksrådet havde han stor indflydelse på rigspolitikken. Aslak Bolt var specielt optaget af at forhindre udlændinge, og da særlig danskere, i at indehave norske embeder. Han ønskede også at styrke kirkens stilling ved at få kongen til at stadfæste sættargjerden af 1277, en aftale som blandt andet gav ærkebiskopen ret til at udnævne en egen hird. Denne stadfæstelse opnåede han, da han den 20. november 1449 kronede svenskeren Karl Knutsson Bonde. Han var for øvrig den første konge som blev kronet i Nidaros. Glæden varede dog ikke længe. Året efter blev Karl fordrevet af den danske kong Christian I, men da var Aslak Bolt død. I 1458 blev sættargjerden imidlertid stadfæstet på ny.

Et aktivt liv
 I 1429 blev Bergen erobret og plyndret af den berygtede pirat Bartolomeus Voet fra Fetaljebrødrene. Aslak slap væk på et engelsk skib.
 Aslak Bolt byttede til sig en bibel fra 1200-tallet som nu er på Deichmanske bibliotek i Oslo. Bibelen bliver kaldt Aslak Bolts bibel
 I 1432 brændte Nidarosdomen. Aslak administrerede genopbygningen på en effektiv måde.
 I 1432 mødte han den italienske adelsmand Pietro Querini, som forliste på Røst i Lofoten. Querini beskriver ærkebiskopen som en sympatisk person.
 Aslak Bolt skrev 19 teologiske værker.
 Han var også den, som stod for genrejsningen efter Den Sorte Død, hvilket Jordebogen er et klart tegn på.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Aslak Bolt i Nidaros

Personer i Norges historie
Biskopper fra Norge

Aslak Bolt


Karina Lombard, (d. 21 Ocak 1969, Tahiti) Amerikalı film oyuncusudur.

21 Ocak 1969'da Tahiti'de doğdu. Annesi Lakota Kızılderililerindendir. Babası Rus, İtalyan ve İsviçre kökenliydi. Henüz bir yaşındayken babası onu Barselona, İspanya'ya götürdü. Daha sonra, İsviçre'de çeşitli yatılı okullarda okudu. Bu okullarda aldığı eğitim Lombard'ın İspanyolca, İngilizce, Fransızca, İtalyanca ve Almanca'yı akıcı biçimde konuşmasını sağladı.

18 yaşında New York'a geldi. mankenlik yapmaya ve oyunculuk dersleri almaya başladı.

Karina Lombard, Calvin Klein'ın Kızılderili temalı bir reklamı için yapılan deneme fotoğraf çekimleri sırasında keşfedildi. Lombard'ın fotoğraflarından biri ilan panolarında sergilenmek üzere seçildi.

Tiyatro eğitimini ve deneyimini New York City'deki "Gallery Theatre", "The Neighborhood Playhouse", "The Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute" ve "The Actors Studio"da kazanmıştır.

Film oyuncusu olarak The L Word isimli dizinin birinci ve dördüncü sezonlarında oynadı ve The 4400 dizisindeki rolüyle dikkat çekti.

Filmografi

 The 4400 - Alana Mareva (TV dizisi) (2005-2006)
 Dr. Vegas - Jessica Rhodes/Kara Dul (TV dizisi)
 The L Word - Marina Ferrer (TV dizisi)(2004 ve 2007)
 Big Kiss - Liz (2004)
 Deception - Margareth (2001)
 Murder at the Cannes Film Festival - Dedektif Renee Reno (2000) (TV filmi)
 Guardian - Ketherine Kross (2000)
 The Seventh Scroll - Royan (1999) (Mini TV dizisi)
 The Violent Earth - Anna Temaru (1998) (Mini TV dizisi)
 Early Edition - Sammia Watts (1998) (TV dizisi)
 Exposé - Amber Collins (1998)
 Kull the Conqueror - Zareta (1997)
 Last Man Standingb - Felina(1996)
 Legends of the Fall - Isabel Two Decker Ludlow (1994)
 The Firm - Kumsaldaki genç kadın (1993)
 Wide Sargasso Sea - Antoinette Cosway (1993)
 The Doors - Warhol Actress (1991)

Dış bağlantılar
 Website
 Facebook
 Twitter

1969 doğumlular
Tahiti doğumlular
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Kızılderili asıllı Amerikalılar
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular

Karina Lombard


The German-speaking Community (), also known as East Belgium (), is one of the three federal communities of Belgium, with an area of  in the Liège Province of Wallonia, including nine of the eleven municipalities of Eupen-Malmedy. Traditionally speakers of Limburgish, Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian varieties; the population numbers 77,949 (1st January 2020)about 7.0% of Liège Province and about 0.7% of the national total.

Bordering the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg, the area has its own parliament and government at Eupen. The German-speaking Community of Belgium was annexed in 1920 from Germany. There are also some other areas where German is spoken that belonged to Belgium before 1920, but are not part of the German-speaking Community: Bleiberg-Welkenraedt-Baelen in northeastern province of Liège and Arelerland (the city of Arlon and some of its nearby villages in southeastern province of Belgian Luxembourg), although German is declining in them due to the expansion of French.

History
The area known today as the East Cantons consists of the German-speaking Community and the municipalities of Malmedy and Waimes (), which belong to the French Community of Belgium. The East Cantons were part of the Rhine Province of Prussia in the German Empire until 1920 (as the counties () of Eupen and Malmedy), but were annexed by Belgium following Germany's defeat in World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles. Thus they also became known as the , "redeemed cantons". The peace treaty of Versailles demanded the "questioning" of the local population. People who were unwilling to become Belgians and wanted the region to remain a part of Germany were required to register themselves along with their full name and address with the Belgian military administration, headed by Herman Baltia, and many feared reprisals or even expulsion for doing so.

In the mid-1920s, there were secret negotiations between Germany and the kingdom of Belgium that seemed to be inclined to sell the region back to Germany as a way to improve Belgium's finances. A price of 200 million gold marks has been mentioned. At this point, the French government, fearing for the stability of the broader postwar order, intervened with Brussels and the Belgian-German talks were called off.

The new cantons had been part of Belgium for just 20 years when, in 1940, they were retaken by Germany in World War II. The majority of people of the east cantons welcomed this as they considered themselves German. Following the defeat of Germany in 1945, the cantons were once again annexed by Belgium, and as a result of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany an attempt was made to de-Germanize the local population by the Belgian and Walloon authorities.

In the early 1960s, Belgium was divided into four linguistic areas, the Dutch-speaking Flemish area, the French-speaking area, the bilingual capital of Brussels, and the German-speaking area of the east cantons. In 1973, three communities and three regions were established and granted internal autonomy. The legislative Parliament of the German-speaking Community, , was set up. Today the German-speaking Community has a fair degree of autonomy, especially in language and cultural matters, but it still remains part of the region of predominantly French-speaking Wallonia. There has been much argument in the past few years that the German-speaking Community should also become its own region, which is an ongoing process with the permanent transfer with the previous accord of some competences concerning social policy, conservation of sites and monuments, environment protection policy, transport, the financing of municipalities, among other things from the Walloon Region. One of the proponents of full regional autonomy for the German-speaking Community is Karl-Heinz Lambertz, the minister-president from 1999 to 2014. Especially regional autonomy for spatial planning, city building and housing should be considered, according to the government of the German-speaking Community.

Geography

Location

The territory of the German-speaking Community is bounded on the north by the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands border tripoint, on the east by Germany and on the south by Luxembourg, and on the west by the territory of the French-speaking Community of Belgium.

Within Belgium, the German-speaking Community exercises its political powers on the German-speaking territory, which comprises nine municipalities. Eupen is the seat of the government, the parliament and the administrative centre.

The municipalities of Malmedy and Weismes belong to the territorial community of the French Community of Belgium. The German minority has its own rights there. Occasionally, the nine German-speaking communities, together with the communities of Malmedy and Weismes, are historically called East Belgium or East Cantons because of their common political past, formerly also as Eupen-Malmedy-St. Vith.

In March 2017, the government of the German-speaking community decided to market the area in the future as East Belgium. Analogous to South Tyrol (officially: Autonomous Region of Bolzano – South Tyrol), the name of the German-speaking Community of Belgium will continue to be used on official documents, on the external presentation, on the Internet and on the official posters of the ministry, the government and the parliament.

Government

The German-speaking Community has its own government, which is appointed for five years by its own parliament. The Government is headed by a Minister-President, who acts as the "prime minister" of the Community, and is assisted by the Ministry of the German-speaking Community. The 2014–2019 government is formed by four Ministers:
 Oliver Paasch (ProDG), Minister-President and Minister for Local Government
 Isabelle Weykmans (PFF), Minister for Culture, Media and Tourism
 Lydia Klinkenberg (ProDG), Minister for Education
 Antonios Antoniadis (SP), Vice-Minister-President and Minister of Health and Social Affairs, Regional Planning and Housing

Municipalities

The German-speaking Community consists of nine municipalities, listed in the table below. Numbers on the map to the right correspond to the "Map #" column in the table below.

( = comparable to previous year).

The population figures are those on 1 January 2020 (compare to a total of 73,675 on 1 January 2007). The municipalities are grouped into two cantons, namely the Canton of Eupen in the north and the Canton of Sankt Vith in the south. The wider region is included in the Arrondissement of Verviers.

Demographics

In 2007, 73,675 inhabitants (86.3 inhabitants / km2) lived in the area of the German-speaking community. However, the population density in the canton of Eupen (north) and the canton of St. Vith (south) is very different:

District of Eupen: 44 159 inhabitants – 196,4 inhabitants / km2.
District of St. Vith: 29 516 inhabitants – 46,9 inhabitants / km2
The North-South demographic gap is particularly evident when comparing the North and South of the community:

The most densely populated municipality is Kelmis (577.9 inhabitants / km2);
The least densely populated municipality is Büllingen (36.2 inhabitants / km2).
By comparison, the population density is 346,7 in Belgium, 204,0 in Wallonia and 452,4 in Flanders. Men represent 49.72% with a slightly lower proportion of the total population of the German-speaking community, women are in the majority with 50.28%.

As of 2020 over 21% of the community is foreign-born, with Germans representing the overwhelming majority of that group.

See also

 Parliament of the German-speaking Community and Government of the German-speaking Community
 Minister-President of the German-speaking Community
 German-speaking electoral college (European Parliament constituency)
 German-speaking Europe
 German diaspora

 Lists of protected heritage sites in the German-speaking Community of Belgium
 Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War

References

External links

 , the official site of the German-speaking Community in Belgium.
 Government website
 Parliament website

 Prospecting an In-Between, East Belgium 1920–2020

Communities of Belgium
Society of Belgium
Belgium
Ethnic groups in Belgium
Geography of Liège Province
Regions of Wallonia
Politics of Wallonia
Liège Province
Wallonia
Countries and territories where German is an official language
States and territories established in 1984

German-speaking Community of Belgium


Harold Brown (født 19. september 1927 i New York City, død 4. januar 2019 San Diego, Californien) var en amerikansk kernefysiker og demokratisk politiker. Han var forsvarsminister under Jimmy Carter.

Referencer

Personer fra New York City
Fysikere fra USA
Politikere fra USA

Harold Brown


ماركو بادالينو  (مواليد 8 ديسمبر 1983 في فيغانيلو - سويسرا) لاعب كرة قدم سويسري يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى سامبدوريا الإيطالي منذ 2008 في مركز الجناح الأيمن.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويسريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويسريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من لوغانو
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أصل إيطالي
أشخاص من لوغانو
رياضيون سويسريون مغتربون في إيطاليا
سويسريون من أصل إيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو بياتشينزا
لاعبو دوري التحدي السويسري
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو سامبدوريا
لاعبو فيتشينزا
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كرة قدم سويسريون
لاعبو كرة قدم سويسريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو منتخب سويسرا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب سويسرا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
لاعبو نادي لوغانو
مواليد 1983
مواليد في لوغانو
رياضيون من تيسينو
لاعبو كرة قدم من تيسينو

ماركو بادالينو


Agustín Cattaneo (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 15 de agosto de 1988), es un futbolista argentino que juega de Defensa y actualmente se encuentra en Tristán Suárez que milita en la Primera B Metropolitana de Argentina.

Trayectoria
Jugó en Tigre en las temporadas 2008 y 2009, formando parte del plantel profesional dirigido por Diego Cagna que logró un subcampeonato en el apertura 2008.

En el 2010 pasó al Figueirense de Brasil, consiguiendo el ascenso a la serie "A".

Luego volvió a la Argentina para formar parte del plantel de Huracán de Tres Arroyos que militaba en el Argentino A.

En julio del 2012, Cattaneo, fue incorporado en el Club Deportivo Armenio, actualmente en la  "B metropolitana".

Para la temporada 2014/2015 es incorporado al plantel profesional del Club Atlético Platense, para intentar lograr el tan ansiado ascenso a la B Nacional.

En enero del 2015, cattaneo fue incorporado al plantel profesional del Club Comunicaciones  , jugando en total 114 partidos y convirtiendo 7 goles.

En julio de 2018 , el defensor Agustín Cattaneo es incorporado al club OLIMPO de bahía blanca , actualmente en la b nacional.

Clubes

Referencias

Futbolistas del Club Atlético Tigre
Futbolistas del Club Almagro
Futbolistas del Figueirense Futebol Clube
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Armenio
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Platense
Futbolistas del Club Olimpo
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Atlético Tigre

Agustín Cattaneo


Hrvatski rukometni kup za muškarce za sezonu 2021./22. je devetnaesti put zaredom osvojio klub Prvo plinarsko društvo (PPD) iz Zagreba.

Sudionici

Rezultati

Kvalifikacije

Osmina završnice

Povezani članci
 Hrvatski rukometni kup
 Hrvatski kup - kvalifikacije 2021./22.
 1. HRL 2021./22.
 2. HRL 2021./22.
 3. HRL 2021./22.

Vanjske poveznice
 hrs.hr, Hrvatski rukometni savez
 hrs.hr, Kup Hrvatske

Izvori

 hrs.hr, ''Hrvatski kup - Muški (2021./22.), pristupljeno 30. lipnja 2022.
 hrs.hr, ''Hrvatski kup - Muški (2021./22.), wayback arhiva od 4. lipnja 2022.

2021-22
m-kup

Hrvatski rukometni kup za muškarce 2021./22.


TransPennine Express, abgekürzt TPE, ist eine britische Eisenbahngesellschaft und ein Tochterunternehmen der FirstGroup. Sie betreibt InterCity-Dienste innerhalb Nordenglands und von dort aus nach Schottland. Namensgebend ist das Mittelgebirge Pennines, das von vielen Verbindungen tangiert wird. Das Netzwerk von TransPennine Express bedient die Städte Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle, Glasgow und Edinburgh.

Am 11. Mai 2023 wurde seitens des Verkehrsministeriums bekanntgegeben, dass der Konzessionsvertrag, welcher dem Betrieb von TransPennine Express zugrunde liegt, aufgrund zahlreicher Zugausfälle und Betriebsstörungen zum 28. Mai 2023 nicht erneuert wird. Bis zur Neuvergabe des Netzes wird das Netz von Verkehrsministerium direkt betrieben.

Rollmaterial

Streckennetz
First TransPennine Express bietet derzeit 17 (Teil-)Routen an, die auf drei Hauptstrecken gebündelt sind bzw. von diesen abzweigen:

 North TransPennine von Newcastle über York, Leeds und Manchester Piccadilly nach Liverpool Lime Street mit Abzweigungen u. a. von Middlesbrough und Hull
 South TransPennine von Cleethorpes über Doncaster, Sheffield und Manchester Picadilly zum Flughafen Manchester
 TransPennine North West von Edinburgh über Carlisle, Lancaster und Manchester Picadilly zum Flughafen Manchester mit Abzweigungen u. a. von Glasgow und Blackpool

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz von TransPennine Express (englisch)
 Helen Pidd: Nobody believes me when I tell them how bad TransPennine Express is The Guardian, 11. Mai 2023.

Bahngesellschaft (Vereinigtes Königreich)

TransPennine Express


Manevra Toynbee este o manevră de echilibrare, inventată de medicul  (1815-1866), folosită uneori în scufundări. Aceasta își propune reechilibrarea presiunii între urechea externă și urechea medie.

Spre deosebire de alte metode (Frenzel, Valsalva, sau BTV), aceasta este efectuată în timpul revenirii la suprafață.

În cazul în care, în mod excepțional, aerul nu poate trece de la urechea medie la gât în timpul (revenirii la suprafață) ascensiunii, ar putea fi necesară utilizarea acestei metode.

În acest caz, este  necesar ca scufundătorul să se prindă de nas și să facă mișcarea de înghițire, în același timp încercând să respire pe nas pentru a crea un vid care va trage aerul prin trompele lui Eustachio.

Scufundare
Medicina scufundării
Manevre medicale

Manevra Toynbee


Yi Bok-nam (* 28. Juni 1555; † 16. August 1597) war ein koreanischer Militärführer, Politiker und Admiral, Dichter zur Zeit der Joseon-Dynastie.

Leben
1588 bestand Yi Bok-nam das Gwageo, die Staatsprüfung für koreanische Beamte und Militärs.

Er ist bekannt für seine Siege in den Schlachten von Woongchi and Ahndeokwon im Jahr 1592. Zwischen 1594/1595 und 1597 befehligte er die Armee  von Jeolla-do während des Imjin-Kriegs. Er wurde 1597 in der Schlacht von Namwon getötet. Der königliche Hof verlieh ihm einige Ehrentitel, darunter den posthum verliehenen Titel des Chungjanggong (Herzog der Tapferen), eine Aufnahme als Seonmu Wonjong Gongsin und posthum das Amt Jwachanseong (Vizepremierminister).

Literatur
 Jung-Ja und Diamant Sutra Rezitationsgruppe Holm [Hrsg.]: Admiral Yi Soon-Shin. Ein kurzer Überblick über sein Leben und Wirken, S. 63–64. Pohang, Yonghwa Publishing 2007. ISBN 978-0-97796-130-6

Weblinks
 Yi Bok-nam:Naver (koreanischer)
 Yi Bok-nam:Korean historical informationm parson (koreanischer)
  (koreanischer)

Koreanische Militärperson
Konfuzianischer Philosoph
Philosoph der Frühen Neuzeit
Politiker (Korea)
Person (Seoul)
Geboren 1555
Gestorben 1597
Mann
Koreaner

Yi Bok-nam


Svjetlomjer je dio fotografske ili filmske opreme, a to je ustvari fotometar koji mjereći svjetlosnu jakost omogućuje određivanje elemenata ekspozicije, to jest otvor objektiva i trajanje eksponiranja (izlaganja). Obično je sastavni dio fotografskog aparata, ili je samostalan uređaj. Kao dio fotografskog aparata najčešće služi za određivanje dijelova ekspozicije mjerenjem svjetlosti kroz objektiv aparata, te za odabir načina mjerenja svjetlosti (na primjer po cijeloj površini motiva, ili u pojedinoj točki). Kao samostalan uređaj često se koristi u profesionalnoj fotografiji i na filmu, na primjer pri snimanju u protusvjetlosti, očitavanju dijelova ekspozicije uz približavanje predmetu snimanja ili na standardnoj površini (takozvani sivi karton). Kod nekih svjetlomjera jačina svjetlosti mjeri se iz smjera snimanja, a kod drugih na predmetu snimanja (uz korištenje odgovarajućega filtra koji je sastavni dio svjetlomjera). U fotografiji se koriste i svjetlomjeri koji mjere svjetlost pod vrlo uskim vidnim kutom (takozvani spotmetar), a služe za određivanje dijelova ekspozicije pri snimanju bljeskalicom (takozvani flešmetar), ili pak služe za rad u fotografskom laboratoriju.

Luksometar
Luksometar je mjerni instrument koji služi za mjerenje jakosti rasvjete (osvjetljenja). Glavni dio instrumenta je fotoćelija koja se sastoji od tanke bakrene pločice, prevučene s jedne strane tankim slojem bakrenog oksidula. Jedan kraj okrenute električne zavojnice osjetljivog ampermetra spojen je sa spomenutim slojem, a drugi s bakrenom stranom pločice. Kad zrake svjetlosti padnu na fotoćeliju, i to na bakreni oksidul, poteći će električna struja od bakrenog oksidula na bakar, i kazaljka će pokazati otklon. Kako je jakost električne struje razmjerna s jakošću rasvjete, instrument se može umjeriti (baždariti) mjesto u amperima direktno u luksima.

Izvori

Fotometrija
Mjerni instrumenti

Svjetlomjer


Holger Johansen er navnet på flere personer:

 Holger Johansen (direktør) (1880-1935) – dansk direktør
 Holger Johansen (fabrikant) (1892-1970) – dansk fabrikant, civilingeniør
 Holger Johansen (filolog) (1898-1970) – dansk professor, dr. phil. i tysk filologi
 Holger Friis Johansen (1927-1996) – dansk professor, dr. phil. i klassisk filologi

Holger Johansen


Taekwondo na OI 2016. u Rio de Janeiru održao se od 17. do 20. kolovoza u Areni Carioca 3. Ukupno je nastupilo 128 boraca u osam težinskih kategorija, po četiri u muškoj i ženskoj konkurenciji.

Hrvatska je imala troje predstavnika Filipa Grgića u kategoriji do 68 kg, Luciju Zaninović u kategoriji do 49 kg i Anu Zaninović u kategoriji do 57 kg. Filip Grgić i Ana Zaninović su poraženi u prvom kolu, dok je Lucija Zaninović poražena u drugom kolu.

Osvajači odličja

Muškarci

Žene

Izvor

Vidi još

Taekwondo na OI 2012.

Vanjske poveznice
Taekwondo na OI 2016.

Taekwondo
2016
Borilačke vještine i športovi u Brazilu

Taekwondo na OI 2016.


Herbert Ray Roberts (* 28. März 1913 im Collin County, Texas; † 13. April 1992 in Denton, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1962 und 1981 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Ray Roberts besuchte die McKinney High School und studierte danach an der Texas A&M University. Später studierte er noch an der North Texas State University und an der University of Texas. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges diente er in den Jahren 1942 bis 1945 in der United States Navy, deren Reserve er in den folgenden Jahren angehörte. Im Koreakrieg wurde er nochmals reaktiviert. Nach dem Krieg betätigte sich Roberts als privater Geschäftsmann und als Farmer. Gleichzeitig begann er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn. Zwischen 1955 und 1962 saß er im Senat von Texas, dessen Präsident er im Jahr 1961 war.

Nach dem Tod des Abgeordneten Sam Rayburn wurde Roberts bei der fälligen Nachwahl für den vierten Sitz von Texas als dessen Nachfolger in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 30. Januar 1962 sein neues Mandat antrat. Nach neun Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. Januar 1981 im Kongress verbleiben. Von 1975 bis 1981 war er Vorsitzender des Veteranenausschusses. In seine Zeit als Kongressabgeordneter fielen unter anderem der Vietnamkrieg und die Watergate-Affäre sowie der Höhepunkt der Bürgerrechtsbewegung.

Im Jahr 1980 verzichtete Ray Roberts auf eine weitere Kandidatur. Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus zog er sich in den Ruhestand zurück. Er starb am 13. April 1992 in Denton.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Senats von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1913
Gestorben 1992
Mann

Ray Roberts


CBS Radio este o companie de emisie radiofonică și rețea de posturi radio deținută de către CBS Corporation. Este unul dintre cele mai mari grupuri de posturi radio din Statele Unite ale americii, operând 116 posturi de radio.

Deși implicarea CBS în emisiunea radiofonică datează din perioada înființării CBS Radio Network în 1927, divizia actuală de radio a fost formată prin achiziționarea în 1997 a Infinity Broadcasting de către Westinghouse, proprietarul companiei CBS. În 1999, Infinity a devenit o divizie a Viacom; în 2005, Viacom a unit CBS și Infinity Broadcasting într-o companie separată, iar noua divizie a fost redenumită CBS Radio. Este singurul grup radio care a rămas asociat cu o rețea majoră de televiziune, deoarece NBC a renunțat la postul radio în anii 1980, iar ABC și-a vândut divizia radio către Citadel Broadcasting (acum parte a Cumulus Media) 20 de ani mai târziu.

În 2016, directorul CBS, Leslie Moonves, a declarat că grupul condus de el analiza posibilitatea vânzării CBS Radio. Deși CBS Corporation a decis inițial să efectueze o ofertă publică inițială, ea a anunțat, în schimb, pe 2 februarie 2017, că a fost de acord să-și vândă divizia radio către Entercom.

Origini
CBS Radio este una dintre cele mai vechi unități din cadrul CBS Corporation și a fost fondat în jurul anului 1928. Cu toate acestea, postul CBS Radio Network (actualul CBS Radio News) a fost lansat în 1927, când CBS era cunoscut sub numele de United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records s-a alăturat mai târziu și compania a fost redenumită Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System. În septembrie 1927, Columbia Records a vândut postul de radio către William S. Paley și în 1928 Paley a simplificat numele companiei în Columbia Broadcasting System.

Istoric
Compania care va deveni CBS Radio a fost înființată în 1972 ca Infinity Broadcasting Corporation de Michael A. Wiener și Gerald Carrus, prin achiziționarea KOME, un post de radio FM, care emitea în zona San Francisco Bay Area. Ea a devenit o companie cotată la bursă de două ori: în 1986 și din nou în 1992.

În august 2006, CBS Radio a anunțat vânzarea a 15 posturi de radio din Cincinnati, Ohio; Memphis, Tennessee; Austin, Texas; și Rochester, New York către Entercom Communications. Această afacere a primit acordul FCC la mijlocul lunii noiembrie 2007, după ce s-a produs o revizuire a cadrului de reglementare și s-a încheiat oficial în data de 30 noiembrie. Alte câteva posturi, majoritatea aflate în zone mai puțin populate, au fost, de asemenea, vândute unor companii precum Border Media Partners și Peak Media Corporation.

Posturile de radio de știri
CBS Radio operează aproape toate posturile de radio de știri din Statele Unite ale Americii.

Acestea includ:
 KCBS (AM) din San Francisco
 KMOX din St. Louis
 KNX (AM) din Los Angeles
 KRLD (AM) din Dallas
 KYW (AM) din Philadelphia
 WBBM (AM) din Chicago
 WBZ (AM) din Boston
 WCBS (AM) din New York
 WINS (AM) din New York
 WWJ (AM) din Detroit

Referințe

Legături externe

Posturi de radio americane

CBS Radio


Joasaph est un moine du monastère des Hodèges, copiste au XIVe siècle, longtemps identifié à l'empereur Jean VI Cantacuzène, auteur de ses mémoires à caractère historique.

Contexte de la confusion
Joasaph s'est occupé de préparer une édition de luxe du recueil des œuvres théologiques de Jean Cantacuzène, le Parisinus Graecus 1242. Ce manuscrit a fait croire longtemps que cet exemplaire de luxe était dû à la main de l'auteur lui-même, confusion due au fait que l'empereur a pris le nom de Joasaph, nom de moine très répandu à l'époque, après son abdication en 1355. Les études historiques menées sur ces manuscrits prouvent que le copiste n'est pas le même que l'auteur.

Œuvres du copiste
D'après Linos Politis de l'Université Thessalonique, Joasaph aurait copié à peu près cinquante manuscrits dont trente quatre sont signés et les autres attribués. Son activité peut être datée sur plus de quarante ans de 1360 à 1406.

Notes et références

Copiste
Moine orthodoxe du XIVe siècle
Date de naissance non renseignée (XIVe siècle)
Date de décès non renseignée (XVe siècle)

Joasaph des Hodèges


රාග යනු විවිධ ස්වර මාලිකාවන්ට අනුකූලව ගොඩනැගුණු ආරෝහණ, අවරෝහණ ස්වර පිළිවෙලකි. මෙය හින්දුස්ථානී සංගීතය තුල මෙන් ම කර්ණාඨක සංගීතය තුල ද දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙම රාග නිසා භාරතයේ රාගධාරී සංගීතය ගොඩනැගී ඇත.

හින්දුස්ථානී රාග
භාරතයෙහි හින්දුස්ථානී සංගීත පද්ධතිය ය‍ටතේ එකල රාග 32ක් වූ අතර පසුව භරතමුණි පඬිතුමා විසින් එය රාග 18 ක් දක්වා සීමා කෙරිණි.

 බිලාවල් රාගය
 භූපාලි රාගය
 කාෆි රාගය
 යමන් රාගය
 භීම්පලාශ්‍රී රාගය
 භෛරවී රාගය
 ඛමාජ් රාගය
 පූර්වි රාගය
 මාර්වා රාගය
 තෝඩි රාගය

සංගීතය
හින්දුස්ථානි සංගීතය
රාග

රාග (සංගීතය)


Andrés Rivera, eigentlich Marcos Ribak (* 12. Dezember 1928 in Buenos Aires; † 23. Dezember 2016 in Córdoba) war ein argentinischer Journalist und Schriftsteller.

Leben
Andrés Rivera ist das Pseudonym von Marcos Ribak. Er stammte aus einer Immigrantenfamilie, seine Eltern waren aus dem damaligen Russischen Zarenreich emigriert, auf der Flucht vor dem Krieg und Pogromen, seine Mutter hieß Zulema Schatz, in Chmelnyzkyj, Ukraine geboren, in Proskurow, Westukraine gelebt, sein Vater hieß Moisés (Moses) Rybak, was polnisch, "Fischer" bedeutet, daher auch sein Pseudonym "Rivera", ein häufiger spanische Name für jemanden, der in Gewässernähe lebt (spanisch: rivera, Diminutiv von rio, ein Flüsschen oder Bach).

Nach seiner Schulzeit verdingte er sich für einige Zeit als Fabrikarbeiter. Aus dieser Zeit stammen auch seine ersten literarischen Versuche.

Später wurde Rivera freier Mitarbeiter verschiedener Magazine und Zeitschriften. Zwischen 1953 und 1957 arbeitete er als Redakteur der Zeitschrift Plática. Daneben entstand mit den Jahren auch ein eigenständiges literarisches Werk. Da Rivera seinen Erfolg als Schriftsteller mit der Zeit festigen konnte, gab er seinen Beruf auf und widmete sich nur noch dem Schreiben.

Zuletzt lebte Rivera in Córdoba (Región Centro).

Ehrungen
 1992 Premio Nacional de Literatura für seinen Roman La revolución es un sueño eterno.
 2004 Konex Merit Diploma for Literatura für sein Gesamtwerk

Werke (Auswahl)

Romane
 El precio. Grandes novelas nacionales. Editorial Platina, Buenos Aires 1957.
 Los que no mueren. Nueva Expresión, Buenos Aires 1959.
 Nada que perder. Novela. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 1982, ISBN 950-511-304-8 (Nachdr. d. Ausg. Buenos Aires 1982).
 Una lectura de la historia. Libros de Tierra Firma, Buenos Aires 1982.
 En esta dulce tierra. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 1995, ISBN 950-511-182-7 (Nachdr. d. Ausg. Buenos Aires 1984).
 La revolución es un sueño eterno. Aguilar, Buenos Aires 1993, ISBN 950-511-138-X (Nachdr. d. Ausg. Buenos Aires 1987).
 Los vencedores no dudan. Grupo EL, Buenos Aires 1989, ISBN 950-694-052-5.
 El amigo de Baudelaire. Aguilar, Buenos Aires 1991, ISBN 950-511-123-1.
 La sierva. Aguilar, Buenos Aires 1992, ISBN 950-511-132-0.
 El verdugo en el umbral. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 1994, ISBN 950-511-158-4.

 La lenta velocidad del coraje. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 1998, ISBN 950-511-365-X.

Erzählungen
 Sol de sábado y otros relatos. Editorial Platina, Buenos Aires 1962.
 Cita. La Rosada Blindada, Buenos Aires 1966.
 Ajuste de cuentas (Narradores de hoy; Bd. 19). Centro Editor de América Latina, Buenos Aires 1972.
 Mitteleuropa. Cuentos. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 1993, ISBN 950-511-151-7.
 Cría de asesinos. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 2004, ISBN 950-511-944-5.

Essays
 El profundo sur. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 1999, ISBN 950-511-491-5.
 Tierra de exilio. Alfaguara, Buenos Aires 2000, ISBN 950-511-693-4.
 Esto por ahora. Seix Barral, Buenos Aires 2005, ISBN 950-731-462-8.

Literatur
 Marcos R. Barnatán: ¿Quién teme a Andrés Rivera? In: Letra Internacional, Band 76 (2002), S. 67–68, .
 Edgardo Berg: Poética en suspenso. Migraciones narrativas en Ricardo Piglia, Andrés Rivera y Juan José Saer. Editorial Biblios, Buenos Aires 2002, ISBN 950-786-342-7.
 Timo Berger: Wandernde Identitäten. Immigrantenbilder in der argentinischen Gegenwartsliteratur am Beispiel von "Luz de las crueles provincias" von Héctor Tizón und "El verdugo en el umbral" von Andrés Rivera. Grin, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-640-15044-1.
 Alberto Catena: Andrés Rivera. traversías por su vida. Obra y pen. Desde la Gente, Buenos Aires 2005, ISBN 950-860-169-8.
 Teresita Frugoni de Fritsche u. a.: Andrés Rivera. Utopismo y revolución (= Hipótesis y discusiones 9: Serie monográfica). Universidad, Buenos Aires, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, 1996, .
 Guillermo Saavedra: La curiosidad impertinente. Entrevistas con narradores argentinos. Adolfo Bioy Casares, Tununa Mercado, Juan Martini, Carlos Feiling, Andrés Rivera, Héctor Libertella, Elvio Gandolfo, Marcelo Cohen, Nicolás Peyceré, Ricardo Piglia, Luis Chitarroni, Alberto Laiseca, Luis Gsmán, César Aira, Sergio Chejfec, Ana Basualdo, Héctor Tizón, Juan José Saer. Viterbo, Rosario 1993, ISBN 950-845-010-X.

Film
 Eduardo Montes-Bradley: Marcos Ribak aliías Andrés Rivera. Documenta Biográfico. Buenos Aires 2004.

Anmerkungen

Journalist (Argentinien)
Autor
Roman, Epik
Argentinische Literatur
Literatur (Spanisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Pseudonym
Argentinier
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2016
Mann

Andrés Rivera


The Mullans war ein irisches Pop-Duo, bestehend aus den Schwestern Bronagh und Karen Mullan.

Die Schwestern aus Belfast sangen schon seit ihrer Jugend und nahmen erfolgreich an einem Gesangswettbewerb teil. Als Siegerinnen des irischen Vorentscheids durften sie zum Eurovision Song Contest 1999 in Jerusalem mit ihrer Popballade When You Need Me antreten. Sie erreichten den 17. Platz.

Einzelnachweise

Interpret eines irischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Irische Band
Popband
Duo (Musik)

The Mullans


La station du Lac Blanc est une station de sports d'hiver des Vosges située sur les communes d'Orbey et du Bonhomme, dans le département du Haut-Rhin, canton de Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines et de la communauté de communes de la Vallée de Kaysersberg dans le parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges.

Elle est la station la plus importante d'Alsace et la troisième du massif vosgien.

Accès
Le site est accessible par la route départementale 415 en prenant la direction « Le Bonhomme » au rond-point d'Hachimette pour enfin prendre à gauche et arriver au Lac Blanc 900.

Pour se rendre au Lac Blanc 1200, prendre « Orbey » au rond-point d'Hachimette et continuer durant 12 kilomètres jusqu'au col du Calvaire.

Géographie
Au cœur des Hautes-Vosges du nord, la station du Lac Blanc est à proximité du lac Blanc et du lac Noir qui sont d'origine glaciaire. La station est immédiatement entourée par les sommets de la tête des Faux et de la réserve naturelle nationale du Tanet - Gazon du Faing, dont le gazon du Faing.

Origine du nom
Le nom de la station vient du lac éponyme situé à , ce dernier tient son nom de son fond tapi ayant la couleur du sable cristallin.

Équipements

Le parc de remontées mécaniques comprend 1 télésiège débrayable à 6 places et 7 téléskis.

Carrefour I est le premier téléski du col du Calvaire, construit en 1971 à 1 200 m d'altitude par Montaz-Mautino, il permet de joindre le télésiège de Montjoie ainsi que les pistes du Vallon. Il est doublé en 1977 par Carrefour II. En 1974, le téléski du Lac Blanc est le second appareil du secteur et permet d'offrir une piste noire aux skieurs. Il dessert des pistes pentues et une montée escarpée, le réservant à un public expérimenté.

Le téléski Baby apparaît en 1982 et le téléski des Bichettes ou téléski école en 1985, ils sont davantage destinés aux débutants.

Historique
En 1925, Charles Diebold (1897-1987), crée une école de ski dans les Vosges au lac Blanc, sur la commune d'Orbey, fonctionnant selon la méthode autrichienne. Lorsqu'il part créer la station expérimentale de Val-d'Isère au cours de la saison 1932-33, l'industriel alsacien s'installe au village afin d'initier les habitants au ski en proposant des cours de la méthode Arlberg. Par un clin d'œil à ses origines, il appellera ses leçons les « cours vosgiens ».

Ce n'est que dans les années 1970 que le domaine skiable est fondé par Jean-Paul et Germaine, formant la première station de ski privée des Vosges alsaciennes.

Description
Un snowpark et un espace freestyle avec un boardercross sont présents pour ceux souhaitant les pratiquer. Une piste est également dédiée aux chiens de traîneaux.

Quant au ski nocturne, il a lieu les mardis et vendredis, jusqu'à 22h00 sur les pistes éclairées bleues et rouges ainsi que sur le boardercross et le snowpark.

La station possède le label So Nordic pour ses 67 km de piste damées pour le skating et le classique.

Galerie

Notes et références

Lien externe

Lac Blanc
Lac Blanc

Station du Lac Blanc


Die Elstermühle Arnsnesta wurde urkundlich erstmals im Jahre 1421 erwähnt. Die drei Brüder Rudolf, Jurge und Heinrich Hopfgarten sind mit der Mühle und dem Hammer in Arnsnesta vom Sächsischen Kurfürsten belehnt worden. Eine Getreidemühle wird jedoch schon 1381 in Arnsnesta benannt.

Geschichte
Verwaltet wurde die Mühle vom Amt Lochau, dieses kaufte im Jahr 1561 ein Bohrwerk zum Bau von Holzrohren für Wasserleitungen. Die durch August dem Starken vorangetriebene Holzflößerei auf der Schwarzen Elster brachten dem damaligen Eigentümer, dem Bürgermeister von Herzberg, Christian Huth Entschädigungen für das Anhalten der Mühle während des Flößens von Holz. ("… so soll der Mühlenbesitzer Herr Christian Huth vermöge seines Lehnbriefs nicht allein frei Brenn-, Brücken-, Damm- und Reißholz, sondern daneben jährlich 2 Schaufel- und einen Eichenbaum bekommen und an den Tagen, wo geflößt wird, einen Taler für jeden Tag ausgezahlt"). Durch ein neues, im Jahre 1772 eingeführten Mühlenregulativ wurde für die Mühle festgelegt: zwei Mahlgänge mit Vorgelege an einem unterschlächtigen Wasserrad, welches als Ziehpanster ausgelegt war, ein Mahlgang und Hirsestampfen mit Vorgelege an einem Ziehpansterwasserrad und eine Schneidemühle an einem Wasserrad, welches als Stockpanster ausgelegt war.

Eigentümer der Mühle
Als Besitzer der Mühle werden erwähnt: 1695 der Herzberger Bürgermeister Christian Huth, 1739 Müllermeister Gerhard Meißner, danach Johann Christian Simon und im Jahr 1804 Müllermeister Karl Friedrich Röhrborn genannt. Als letzter Müller wird der Sohn von Karl Friedrich Röhrborn (Müller ab 1804), Karl Ludwig Röhrborn erwähnt.

Sonstiges
Im Mühlenregulativ von 1561 wurde festgelegt, dass der Müller die Gerinne der Mühle zu einer festgelegten Zeit abzureißen hatte, und diese nach genauen Vorgaben neu errichten musste. Auch war bestimmt, wann Wasser durch den bei der Mühle befindlichen Teichgraben fließen durfte. Sämtliche Instandhaltungsarbeiten an Deichen und auch die Sauberhaltung der zur Mühle gehörenden Gewässer mussten durch den Müller sichergestellt werden. Im Jahr 1852 erfolgte durch die bevorstehende Regulierung der Schwarzen Elster die Ablösung des Wasserrechts für die Mühle. Dies bedeutete das Ende der Wassermühle in Arnsnesta.

Fußnoten und Einzelnachweise

Wassermühle in Brandenburg
Bauwerk in Herzberg (Elster)
Bauwerk im Elbe-Elster-Land
Wassermühle an der Schwarzen Elster
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Brandenburg
Mühle im Landkreis Elbe-Elster
Mühle in Europa

Elstermühle Arnsnesta


Vale de Frades Portekiz'de Vimioso belediyesine bağlı olan, 39,52 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 203 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vimioso

Vale de Frades


Hrvatsko-ugarska opsada Jajca 1463., oružani sukob kojim je hrvatsko-ugarska vojska uspješno vratila nadzor nad Jajačkom tvrđavom i njezinim podgrađem, nakon što su je Turci nešto ranije u lipnju iste, 1463. godine osvojili, srušivši istodobno srednjovjekovno Bosansko Kraljevstvo. Mladi hrvatsko-ugarski kralj Matija Korvin odlučio je nakon pada Bosne poduzeti ambiciozni vojni pothvat kojim bi Turke izbacio s njezinog teritorija i podvrgnuo ga sebi. Jedna od operacija toga pothvata bila je opsada Jajca, jednog od najvažnijih uporišta bivše države, koja je na Božić 1463. završila pobjedonosno i nakon koje se Jajce sljedećih 65 godina odupiralo moćnoj osmanskoj sili.

Povijesna pozadina

Jajce, mjesto u srednjovjekovnim Dolnjim krajima, prvi se put u ispravama spominje 1396. kao posjed vojvode  Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića. U 15. stoljeću postaje prijestolnicom Bosanskoga Kraljevstva, kada je kralj Stjepan Tomaš u njemu izgradio i smjestio svoj kraljevski dvor. U njemu je 1461. godine okrunjen Tomašev sin Stjepan Tomašević. Premda je osmanski pritisak na istočne granice bosanske države bio velik, mladi je kralj 1462. godine odlučio prestati plaćati Turcima danak u novcu, što je uskoro dovelo do dolaska njihove velike vojske na to područje.

Turska je vojna sila predvođena sultanom Mehmedom Osvajačem u lipnju 1463. godine okupirala Bosnu. Tom prigodom u osmanske ruke pale su mnoge tvrđave i naselja, među kojima i Jajce. Nakon što su Turci u Ključu uhvatili kralja Stjepana Tomaševića, doveli su ga u Jajce i u njemu pogubili. U vrlo kratkom vremenu prestalo je postojati Bosansko Kraljevstvo kao država.

Vidjevši kakvoj je pogibelji izravno izloženo njegovo kraljevstvo, ambiciozni hrvatsko-ugarski kralj Matija Korvin je ubrzo poslije stupanja na prijestolje poduzeo odlučne korake za jačanje obrambene snage svoje države te je osposobio svoju vojsku reformiravši je. Uspostavio je, između ostalog, profesionalnu, stajaću plaćenićku vojsku, koja je po boji oklopa i vojne odjeće dobila naziv Crna vojska. Uz to, proveo je poreznu refomu koja je najviše pogodila visoko plemstvo, pa se kralj sve više oslanjao na niže i srednje plemstvo.

Budući da se ubrzo poslije pada Bosne glavnina turske vojske na čelu sa sultanom povukla prema jugoistoku, ostavivši samo manje snage u zauzetim tvrđavama, Matija Korvin je odlučio iskoristiti prigodu i podvrgnuti to područje pod svoju vlast. U ranu jesen 1463. kralj je skupio veliku vojsku u kojoj su bili mnogi hrvatsko-ugarski velikaši, među kojima vrhovni kapetan gornje Ugarske Mirko Zapolja, hrvatski su-ban Stjepan Frankopan Modruški, erdeljski vojvoda Ivan Pongrácz od Dengelega, pečuški biskup Ivan Česmički, prepošt Gaspar Bak od Berenda, zatim Nikola Iločki, Matija Gereb, Jan Vitovec i drugi.

S vojskom je Matija Korvin prešao rijeku Savu kod Gradiške i krenuo prema Bosni. Jedan manji dio vojske, kojoj je na čelu bio Mirko Zapolja, išao je na jug dolinom rijeke Vrbas, a drugi dio, sa samim Korvinom, zapadnije prema Ključu. Njemu su se priključile postrojbe koje je sa zapada Hrvatske, iz pravca kraljevskog grada Bihaća, doveo knez Martin Frankopan. Nije sa sigurnošću utvrđeno s koliko je ljudi Matija Korvin ukupno raspolagao, ali procjenjuje se da je to bilo oko 20.000. Oslobodivši putem nekoliko utvrda, velika kraljevska vojska napredovala je prema Jajcu. Početkom listopada sve hrvatsko-ugarske postrojbe skupile su se na području Jajca te pripremile za njegovo oslobađanje od osmanske vlasti.

Opsada

Opsada Jajca je započela u vremenu 5./6. listopada 1463. godine. Postrojbe Matije Korvina posjedovale su opsadne sprave i topove, koji su tukli turske položaje. Ubrzo su Turci, čije su snage iznosile oko tisuću vojnika, već poslije četiri dana opsade, bili primorani napustiti podgrađe Jajca, te su se povukli u tvrđavu, gdje su, zabarikadirani iza debelih zidina, bili puno sigurniji. Opsada se odužila, a kralj je na neko vrijeme napustio područje Jajca, ostavivši svojim vojskovođama da nastave s operacijom oslobađanja jajačke tvrđave.

Krajem 1463. godine, točnije 6. prosinca, Matija Korvin se vratio na bojište podno Jajca, došavši osobno podržati i predvoditi svoju vojsku koja je opsjedala tvrđavu. Pritom je Turcima poslao poziv da se predaju i da stupe u njegovu vojsku, a zauzvrat im je ponudio određene povlastice, odnosno posjede u njegovom kraljevstvu. Kralju i njegovim hrvatsko-ugarskim postrojbama je, posebice u logističkom smislu, potporu pružao bosanski vojvoda Vladislav Vukčić.

Opsada je potrajala sve do Božićnih blagdana, kada je na dan 25. prosinca 1463. turska posada popustila i predala se. Predaju jajačke tvrđave u Korvinove ruke izvršio je njen zapovjednik Jusuf-beg. Članovi jajačke turske posade mogli su napustiti bojište, ali bez svojih stvari i robova. Neki od njih su se odazvali kraljevu pozivu i pridružili se njegovoj vojsci. Time je Jajce nakon samo nekoliko mjeseci osmanske okupacije oslobođeno od muslimanskih osvajača s istoka.

Posljedice

Uz Jajce je vojska Matije Korvina oslobodila veća područja bivšeg Bosanskog Kraljevstva, među kojima tvrđave i naselja Ključ, Vrbaški grad, Vinac, Zvečaj, Teočak, Zvornik, Srebrenik i druge. Na području Dolnjih krajeva ustrojena je Jajačka banovina, a na području Usore i Soli Srebrenička banovina. Turcima je pod nadzorom ostala samo "gornja ili prava Bosna" s Podrinjem.

Sljedeće, 1464. godine u mjesecu srpnju turska je vojska opsjela Jajce, ali ga nije uspjela osvojiti. Isto je bezuspješno pokušala još nekoliko puta u sljedećim desetljećima, a tek 1528., oko 65 godina kasnije, Jajce se nije uspjelo obraniti i potpalo je pod osmansku vlast.

Vidi još

 Dodatak:Popis bitaka 1401.-1800.
 Bosna pod Turcima
 Hrvatske zemlje pod osmanskom vlašću

Izvori

opsada
Jajce
Jajce
Jajce
Jajce
Hrvatske zemlje pod osmanskom vlašću
Jajce

Hrvatsko-ugarska opsada Jajca 1463.