est le quatrième album studio du groupe américain The Doobie Brothers, sorti le  février 1974 sous le label Warner Bros. Records.

L'album a passé 62 semaines dans le hit-parade américain Billboard 200 atteignant la  place en mars 1975. Il a été vendu à plus de 2 millions exemplaires et a été certifié double platine par la RIAA.

Enregistrement et contenu
What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits (« Ce qui était autrefois des vices sont maintenant des habitudes ») est le quatrième album studio du groupe et a été enregistré au cours de l'année 1973, précédant des répétitions pour une tournée en automne 1973. Another Park, Another Sunday, écrite par Tom Johnston, a été choisi comme premier single de l'album. « Il s'agit de perdre [une relation avec] une fille », a déclaré Tom Johnston. « J'ai écrit les accords et les ai joués en acoustique, puis Ted [Templeman] a eu quelques idées pour ça, comme faire passer la guitare acoustique à travers une Leslie. » La chanson s'est relativement bien classée dans le Billboard Hot 100, culminant à la  place.

Le deuxième single de l'album est Eyes of Silver, une autre chanson écrite par Johnston. D'après lui, « En termes de paroles, celui-là n'est vraiment pas si spectaculaire. Je les ai écrits à la dernière minute ». Le magazine Cash Box a déclaré qu'il « était très similaire à leur grand succès » Listen to the Music et « présente chaque lick de guitare que les Doobies ont pu présenter dans leur excellent son breveté ». Cette chanson s'est classée à la  place du Billboard Hot 100.

En quête d'action dans les hit-parades, Warner Bros. Records a réédité le premier single du groupe, Nobody, accompagné de l'instrumental Flying Cloud de Tiran Porter en octobre 1974. Cette sortie a rapidement été éclipsée lorsque les stations de radio ont découvert Black Water. D'autres stations se sont jointes et la chanson a été officiellement sortie en single qui s'est vendue à plus d'un million d'exemplaires et est devenue le premier succès n° 1 des Doobie Brothers. Black Water avait auparavant été présenté comme la face B de Another Park, Another Sunday, single qui était sorti huit mois plus tôt.

Liste des titres

Crédits

Musiciens
 The Doobie Brothers
 Tom Johnston – guitares acoustique et électrique, chant et chœurs
 Patrick Simmons – guitares acoustique et électrique, chant et chœurs
  – basse, chœurs
  – batterie, percussions
  – batterie

 Musiciens additionnels
 Keith Knudsen – chœurs
 Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – guitare pedal steel (8)
 Bill Payne – orgue (1, 5), piano (3), clavinet (7)
 James Booker – piano (9)
 Arlo Guthrie – autoharpe (8)
 Eddie Guzman – congas (6, 7, 11), timbales (11), percussions
 Milt Holland – tabla (8), vibraphone (4, 8, 10), marimba (11), pandeiro, percussions
 The Memphis Horns – cuivres (1, 5, 7)
 Wayne Jackson – trompette
 Andrew Love – saxophone ténor
 James Mitchell – saxophone baryton
 Jack Hale – trombone
 Novi Novog – alto (2, 4)
 Ted Templeman – percussions supplémentaires

Production
 Producteur : Ted Templeman
 Coordination de production : Benita Brazier, The Doobie Brothers
 Ingénieur du son : Donn Landee, Lee Herschberg
 Mastering : Lee Herschberg
 Arrangements des cuivres : Andrew Love et Wayne Jackson avec The Memphis Horns
 Conception et direction artistique : Chas Barbour
 Photographie : Dan Fong

Classements et certifications

Classements hebdomadaires

Classements de fin d'année

Certifications

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Album des Doobie Brothers
Album musical sorti en 1974
Album produit par Ted Templeman
Album publié par Warner Records
Album enregistré aux Sunset Sound Recorders
Album certifié double disque de platine aux États-Unis
Album certifié disque d'or en Australie
Album certifié disque d'argent au Royaume-Uni

What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits


Samuel Timothy McGraw (f. 1. maí 1967) er bandarískur sveitasöngvari, lagahöfundur, plötuframleiðandi og leikari. Hann gaf út fyrstu breiðskífuna sína árið 1993 sem var nefnd Tim McGraw. Ári eftir varð önnur platan hans, Not a Moment Too Soon (1994), vinsælasta kántríplatan það ár. Hann hefur gefið út yfir fimmtán plötur og hafa þær selst í 80 milljón eintökum á heimsvísu. Hann hefur hlotið mörg verðlaun, þar með talið Grammy-verðlaun, Academy of Country Music-verðlaun, Country Music Association-verðlaun, American Music-verðlaun og People's Choice-verðlaun. Hann er giftur söngkonunni Faith Hill og hafa þau gefið út nokkur lög saman.

Útgefið efni

Breiðskífur
 Tim McGraw (1993)
 Not a Moment Too Soon (1994)
 All I Want (1995)
 Everywhere (1997)
 A Place in the Sun (1999)
 Set This Circus Down (2001)
 Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors (2002)
 Live Like You Were Dying (2004)
 Let It Go (2007)
 Southern Voice (2009)
 Emotional Traffic (2012)
 Two Lanes of Freedom (2013)
 Sundown Heaven Town (2014)
 Damn Country Music (2015)
 The Rest of Our Life  (2017)
 Here on Earth (2020)

Tenglar

Bandarískir söngvarar
Bandarískir kántrýtónlistarmenn
Bandarískir upptökustjórar

Tim McGraw


Graphic Arts Technical Foundation (GATF)(Grafik Sanatlar Teknik Vakfı), kâr amacı olmayan, grafik endüstrilerine teknik destek sağlayan eğitim amaçlı kurumdur.

1924 yılında Litografi Teknik Vakfı olarak kuruldu. Konusunda en eski ve sürekli kurumdur. 60 ülkede üyeleri bulunmaktadır.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli sanat kuruluşları
Ticaret birlikleri

Allegheny County
Pensilvanya merkezli kuruluşlar

Matbaacılık
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki vakıflar
Uluslararası vakıflar
Uluslararası sivil toplum örgütleri
1924'te kurulan dernekler ve vakıflar

Graphic Arts Technical Foundation


Ludwig Ferdinand Spehr (né le  à Brunswick et mort le  dans la même ville) est un historien allemand principalement actif dans le domaine de l'histoire de Brunswick.

Biographie
Spehr est le plus jeune fils du marchand Johann Peter Spehr, propriétaire d'une entreprise d'édition musicale; sa mère Luise, née Fischer, est la fille d'un fonctionnaire de l'abbaye de Gandersheim.

Il étudie au  et l'Obergymnasium de sa ville natale et de Pâques 1829 à 1831 au Collège Carolinum. À Pâques 1831, il entreprend des études de droit à l'université de Göttingen, où il reste jusqu'au 29 septembre 1834. En plus de sa science de spécialité, il sui aussi des cours d'histoire, de langue et de littérature allemandes. Il est l'élève de Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann et de Jacob Grimm. Après avoir réussi son premier examen juridique à Brunswick, il rejoint d'abord le tribunal de district de Brunswick en tant que greffier, puis le tribunal de district de Riddagshausen et enfin le tribunal de district de Brunswick à nouveau. Les faibles perspectives d'emploi des jeunes avocats à l'époque l'incitent à occuper un poste d'assesseur de chambre et de maître de pension pour le prince médiatisé de Salm-Horstmar à Coesfeld à l'été 1843.

L'augmentation de son activité littéraire l'empêche de passer le deuxième examen. Déjà après l'expulsion des Sept de Göttingen, il écrit une brochure anonyme: "Les sept professeurs de Göttingen selon leur vie et leur travail", dont la deuxième édition paraît en 1838. C'est également sans son nom que parut "Braunschweigische Fürstensaal" (Brunswick 1840), une série de biographies populaires des princes Welf, qu'il a menée à la page 201 jusqu'à Magnus le Pieux lorsqu'il quitte Brunswick et abandonne le travail. L'éditeur, en faillite, ne réussit pas à trouver un continuateur ; il fait encore imprimer un certain nombre de biographies tirées de la "Galerie de portraits des célèbres ducs de Brunswick-Lunebourg", parue peu de temps auparavant, mais interrompt ce travail inachevé à la page 312, à propos du duc Rodolphe-Auguste.
En outre, Spehr prend une part active aux trois volumes des "Histoires et mémoires patriotiques de la préhistoire des États de Braunschweig et de Hanovre" de  (Brunswick 1843-45), que l'on doit considérer pour l'essentiel comme son œuvre. Il en publie ensuite une deuxième édition, plus complète et remaniée, en 1881. Peu après son installation à Coesfeld le 21 novembre 1843, Spehr se marie avec Sophie Käufer, une fille du greffier de Riddagshäuser Heinrich Käufer, qui s'intéresse également de préférence à la recherche historique patriotique. Après le décès de sa femme le 12 novembre 1851, Spehr se marie en secondes noces le 6 janvier 1853 avec Sophie Zimmermann, fille du facteur principal Z. à Oker. Comme les conditions de service de Spehr ne se sont pas déroulées comme il le souhaite après le décès du prince  (mort le 27 mars 1865), il est licencié de son poste avec pension à l'automne 1865. Il s'installe alors à nouveau dans sa ville natale de Brunswick au printemps suivant, pour s'y consacrer entièrement à des travaux d'écriture. Il devient d'abord collaborateur du , puis, à partir du  octobre 1874, deuxième rédacteur des annonces officielles du Braunschweig. Parallèlement, il est secrétaire de l'association pour la promotion et l'accroissement des collections du , au sein duquel il assume également la fonction de conservateur après la mort de  en 1874.

Il meurt le 17 mars 1881 après de longues souffrances, laissant, outre une veuve (morte le 11 avril 1890), cinq filles et un fils, Friedrich Spehr, né le 9 septembre 1856, mort de la grippe dès le 18 janvier 1890, alors qu'il est professeur de lycée et docteur en philosophie à Brunswick.

Spehr est honoré par la dédicace de la Ferdinand-Spehr-Straße dans le quartier de Gliesmarode de Brunswick, dans lequel les rues sont également nommées d'après des historiens tels que ,  et .

Travaux
Parmi les œuvres littéraires de Spehr, la biographie du duc Frédéric-Guillaume de Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel mérite une mention spéciale. Elle est d'abord publiée dans l'Album Frédéric-Guillaume édité par Wilhelm Görges en 1847, puis dans une deuxième édition en 1861 et une troisième en 1865. Par ailleurs, Spehr rédige de nombreux articles dans les journaux de Brunswick (Magazine, Tageblatt, Anzeigen), ainsi que dans le  supplémentaire publié par  (Leipzig 1846 sq.) et dans l'Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.

Bibliographie
 Goswin Spreckelmeyer: Spehr, Ludwig (Louis) Ferdinand. In: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (Hrsg.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1996, , S.576.

Liens externes

Références

Historien allemand
Naissance en février 1811
Naissance à Brunswick (Basse-Saxe)
Naissance dans le royaume de Westphalie
Décès en mars 1881
Décès à Brunswick (Basse-Saxe)
Décès dans le duché de Brunswick
Décès à 70 ans

Ferdinand Spehr


A Copa Santa Catarina de Futebol Sub-20 de 2022 foi a terceira edição desta competição de futebol organizado pela Federação Catarinense de Futebol, disputado entre 29 de abril e 26 de julho de 2022. O torneio reúne a base de clubes profissionais e também amadores, voltou a ser disputado depois de 4 anos de paralisação, com 15 equipes participantes.

As equipes do Avaí e do Hercílio Luz disputaram a final do torneio após eliminarem o Criciúma e o Camboriú respectivamente. No jogo de ida, realizado no Robertão, o placar final foi de 1x1, no jogo de volta o Avaí foi campeão pela primeira vez e de forma invicta da competição após vencer o Hercílio Luz por 1x0 no jogo da volta, realizado na Ressacada. Após a final, ocorreu a premiação onde os finalistas receberam medalhas, além do jogador Gustavo Modesto, do Avaí, que foi artilheiro da competição com 11 gols, e João Braga, do Hercílio Luz, que foi o goleiro menos vazado dessa edição.

A disputa visou valorizar o trabalho realizado pelos clubes em suas categorias de base, colaborando para o surgimento de novos atletas para o futebol brasileiro, atendendo o escopo do Estatuto do Torcedor ao fomentar o futebol.

Primeira fase

Grupo A

Grupo B

Fase final
 Em itálico, as equipes que possuem o mando de campo no primeiro jogo do confronto e em negrito as equipes classificadas.

Premiação

Ver também
 Campeonato Catarinense de Futebol
 Campeonato Catarinense de Futebol - Série B
 Campeonato Catarinense de Futebol - Série C
 Campeonato Catarinense de Futebol Juvenil
 Campeonato Catarinense de Futebol Infantil

Ligações externas
FCF

2022


Splitski auto klub, hrvatski automobilistički klub iz Splita.  Na stazi na Malačkoj organizira međunarodnu utrku brdskog automobilizma Nagradu Malačke - Sv. Dujam. Uspješni vozač iz ovog kluba je Filip Magdić.

Izvori

Hrvatski automobilistički klubovi
Šport u Splitu

Splitski auto klub


Kitab-ı İkan, yani İkan Kitabı (Farsça: کتاب ایقان), Bahâî inancının kutsal kitaplarındandır.

Kitap 1862'de Bahâîliğin kurucusu olan Bahaullah tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Bir kısmı Farsça bir kısmı ise Arapça yazılmıştır. Bahaullah o sıralarda Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlı olan Bağdat'ta sürgündedir. Bahâî inancına göre Bahaullah vahyi ilk kez Siyah Çal'da, Kitab-ı İkan'ın yazılmasından yaklaşık on yıl önce almış fakat vahiy aldığını ve misyonunu açıkça ilan etmemiştir. Kitap 2 gün ve gece içinde yazılmıştır. Bahaullah'ın, böylece de Bahâîliğin, başlıca teolojik eseridir. Farsça Beyan'ın tamamlanışı olarak da tanımlanmıştır.

Bahailik metinleri

Kitab-ı İkan


Fontinalaceae, porodica pravih mahovina u redu Hypnales. Postoje tri roda. Ime porodica došlo je po rodu Fontinalis.

Rodovi
 Brachelyma Schimp. ex Cardot
 Dichelyma Myrin
 Fontinalis Hedw.

Izvori

Hypnales

Fontinalaceae


An Ponthieva in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Ponthieva in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Ponthieva andicola
 Ponthieva appendiculata
 Ponthieva bicornuta
 Ponthieva brenesii
 Ponthieva brittoniae
 Ponthieva campestris
 Ponthieva collantesii
 Ponthieva cornuta
 Ponthieva curvilabia
 Ponthieva cuyujana
 Ponthieva diptera
 Ponthieva disema
 Ponthieva dunstervillei
 Ponthieva ekmanii
 Ponthieva elegans
 Ponthieva ephippium
 Ponthieva fertilis
 Ponthieva formosa
 Ponthieva garayana
 Ponthieva gimana
 Ponthieva gracilis
 Ponthieva haitiensis
 Ponthieva hameri
 Ponthieva hassleri
 Ponthieva hildae
 Ponthieva inaudita
 Ponthieva insularis
 Ponthieva keraia
 Ponthieva lilacina
 Ponthieva maculata
 Ponthieva mandonii
 Ponthieva mexicana
 Ponthieva microglossa
 Ponthieva nigricans
 Ponthieva oligoneura
 Ponthieva ovatilabia
 Ponthieva parvilabris
 Ponthieva parvula
 Ponthieva pauciflora
 Ponthieva petiolata
 Ponthieva phaenoleuca
 Ponthieva pilosissima
 Ponthieva poitaei
 Ponthieva pseudoracemosa
 Ponthieva pubescens
 Ponthieva pulchella
 Ponthieva racemosa
 Ponthieva rinconii
 Ponthieva rostrata
 Ponthieva schaffneri
 Ponthieva similis
 Ponthieva sprucei
 Ponthieva sylvicola
 Ponthieva triloba
 Ponthieva trilobata
 Ponthieva tuerckheimii
 Ponthieva tunguraguae
 Ponthieva unguiculata
 Ponthieva vasqueziae
 Ponthieva vasquezii
 Ponthieva weberbaueri
 Ponthieva ventricosa
 Ponthieva venusta
 Ponthieva villosa
 Ponthieva viridilimbata

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Ponthieva

Ponthieva


An open relationship is an intimate relationship that is sexually non-monogamous. The term is distinct from polyamory, in that it generally indicates a relationship where there is a primary emotional and intimate relationship between two partners, who agree to at least the possibility of sexual or emotional intimacy with other people.

Open relationships include any type of romantic relationship (dating, marriage, etc.) that is open.
An "open" relationship is where one or more parties have permission to be romantically or sexually involved with people outside of the relationship. This is opposed to the traditionally "closed" relationship, where both parties agree on being with one another exclusively. The concept of an open relationship has been recognized since the 1970s.

Types
To a large degree, open relationships are a generalization of the concept of a relationship beyond monogamous relationships.  A form of open relationship is the open marriage, in which the participants in a marriage have an open relationship.

There are several different styles of open relationships. Some examples include:

 Multi-partner relationships, between three or more partners where a sexual relationship does not occur between all of the parties involved.
 Hybrid relationships, when one partner is nonmonogamous and the other is monogamous.
 Swinging, in which singles or partners in a committed relationship engage in sexual activities with others as a recreational or social activity.

The term open relationship is sometimes used interchangeably with the closely related term polyamory, but the two concepts are not identical.
The main unifying element to open relationship styles is non-exclusivity of romantic or sexual relationships. Another generic term for all these types of relationships is open love.

Swinging

Swinging is a form of open relationship in which the partners in a committed relationship engage in sexual activities with others at the same time. Swingers may regard the practice as a recreational or social activity that adds variety or excitement into their otherwise conventional sex lives or for curiosity. Swingers who engage in casual sex maintain that sex among swingers is often more frank and deliberative and therefore more honest than infidelity. Some couples see swinging as a healthy outlet and means to strengthen their relationship.

Open marriage

An open marriage, sometimes referred to as consensual non-monogamy or CNM, is a type of marriage wherein the involved parties unequivocally consent to their partners entering or engaging in romantic and/or sexual relationships with other people.

Polyamory

Polyamory is the practice, desire, or acceptance of having more than one intimate relationship at a time with the knowledge and consent of everyone involved. While "open relationship" is sometimes used as a synonym for "polyamory" or "polyamorous relationship", the terms are not synonymous. The "open" in "open relationship" refers to the sexual aspect of a relationship, whereas "polyamory" refers to allowing bonds to form (which may be sexual or otherwise) as additional long-term relationships.

The terms "polyamory" and "friends with benefits" are fairly recent, having come about within the past few decades though the concept is as old as society.

Prevalence

Some believe that open relationships occur more frequently in certain demographics, such as the young rather than the old in America, including, more specifically, the college-educated middle-class rather than the uneducated working-class, or people of certain ethnic and/or other racial minorities. According to the 2012 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, 4% of respondents reported being in an open relationship. It was also found that males and LGB individuals are more likely to report being in an open relationship, with 33% of gay men, 23% of bisexual men, 5% of lesbian females, and 22% of bisexual females reporting an open relationship.

A 1974 study showed that male students who either cohabit or live in a communal group are more likely to become involved in open relationships than females, and are still more interested in the concept than females even if not participating in open relationships. A survey taken by gay men's "health and life magazine", FS Magazine, of the 1,006 gay men they surveyed 41% are in, or have previously experienced, an open relationship.  Of the men who are in an open relationship, 75% believe that open relationships are great.

Many couples within open relationships are dual-career, meaning that both primary partners have a stable job and/or a career. Both men and women in these, especially in closed groups, are also more likely to be in managerial jobs.  Most also are either childfree, or post child-rearing.

Reward vs. risk

Reasons for entering an open relationship

An open relationship may form for various reasons. These include:
 liking another person but not wanting to end the old relationship
 pressure or coercion from the partner wishing for an open relationship
 being non-monogamous by nature (i.e. born that way)
 a difference emerging between two people in a relationship
 one partner realizing that they are unable to fulfill the other's needs
 varying sex drive between partners
 one or both partners desiring more freedom, companionship, intellectual variety, a variety of sexual partners, getting ahead career-wise or maintaining relationships
 a need for challenge: some people feel that their relationship is inadequate unless they are being challenged. Open relationships may create a sense of jealousy, attachment, or possessiveness, all of which are challenges for a relationship to work through. These emotions can also lead to greater self-awareness which may be seen as satisfying to those in open relationships. Some research has found that individuals in open relationships report less jealousy compared to those in monogamous relationships.
 the enjoyment of new relationship energy, the state of heightened emotional and sexual receptivity and excitement experienced during the formation of a new physical relationship
 being able to meet other couples and individuals with a similar outlook with whom the participants can connect with on an intellectual and emotional level
 being in a relationship of convenience, that is, one that is not primarily based on mutual feeling of love towards each other (anymore), but rather on economic or social factors (e.g.: the traditional practice of polyandry in rural Tibet)
 distance – when partners live in separate parts of the world for part or all of the time
 sex may be more pleasing, and the participants may engage in it more frequently than those in an average couple

"It has been proposed that men (both gay and straight), in contrast to women, are able to cognitively separate sex from emotions (or love) in a process commonly termed compartmentalization." This means it is not unusual for homosexual men to have open relationships, which means breaking the 'norm' of a committed and 'typical' heterosexual relationship. That is not to suggest that open relationships do not work; research has shown comparable relationship satisfaction for both monogamous and non-monogamous couples. However, it could be that there is a lack of emotional investment in the relationship that makes it harder to navigate through tough times.

Reasons for avoiding an open relationship
Many couples consider open relationships, but choose not to follow through with the idea. If a person attempts to approach their committed monogamous partner about transitioning to an open relationship, the monogamous partner may convince or coerce them to either stay monogamous or pursue a new partner. There may also be concern that when beginning an open relationship, a partner may become only concerned in their personal development and pay less attention to their partner.

Jealousy is often present in monogamous relationships, and adding one or more partners to the relationship may cause it to increase. Results of some studies have suggested that jealousy remains a problem in open relationships because the actual involvement of a third party is seen as a trigger. In Constantine & Constantine (1971), the researchers found that 80% of participants in open marriages had experienced jealousy at one point or another.

Consensual nonmonogamous relationships have negative stereotypes around them, including less sexually fulfilling, more sexually risky, and less moral. These stereotypes are reinforced by mononormativity, which is the belief that monogamous relationships are the most natural and culturally acceptable relationship.

Cultural pressure may also dissuade initiating or switching to an open relationship. There is a commonly held societal stereotype that those involved in open relationships are less committed or mature than those who are in monogamous relationships. Films, media, and self-help books present the message that to desire more than one partner means not having a "true" relationship. In the post-WWII 1950s-1970s, it was traditional to "date around" (with guidelines such not going out with one particular suitor twice in a row) until ready to start "going steady" (the onset of exclusivity and sexual exploration); since then, non-exclusive dating around has lost favour and going directly to steady (now known simply as exclusive dating) has been elevated instead. Desiring an open relationship in these days often claimed to be a phase that a person is passing through before being ready to "settle down". The logistics of an open relationship may be difficult to cope with, especially if the partners reside together, split finances, own property, or parent children.

Sexually transmitted infection

Any sexual contact outside of a strictly monogamous or polyfidelitous relationship increases the possibility that one member of the group will contract a sexually transmitted infection and pass it into the group.

Neither barrier device use (such as condoms) nor more vigilant STI testing and vaccination can fully eliminate such risk, but can reduce the statistical increase attributable to nonmonogamy. Nevertheless, using data from the 2012 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, Levine et al. (2018) found that individuals in open relationships reported more condom use in both vaginal and anal intercourse compared to monogamous couples.

The development of PrEP has led to a decrease in risk for HIV infection by as much as 92%. If both partners are on PrEP, risk of HIV infection is diminished, even if there are multiple partners.

Successful open relationships
One of the most significant factors that aids a relationship in being successful is that it is about making the relationship fit the needs of all parties involved. No two open relationships will be the same, and the relationship will change due to the current circumstances at each specific moment. The style of the open relationship will mirror the parties' involved values, goals, desires, needs and philosophies.

The most successful relationships have been those that take longer to establish. By taking the time to develop a clear idea of what both partners want out of the openness of a relationship, it allows the parties involved to self-reflect, process their emotions, deal with possible conflicts, and (for those transitioning from monogamy to nonmonogamy) find ways to cope with the change.

Negotiating the details of the open relationship is important throughout the communication process. Topics that are commonly found in negotiations between couples include honesty, the level of maintenance, trust, boundaries and time management.

Other tools that couples utilize in the negotiation process include allowing partners to veto new relationships, prior permission, and interaction between partners. This helps to reassure each partner in the relationship that their opinion is important and matters. However, although ability to veto can be a useful tool in negotiation, a successful negotiation and open relationship can still occur without it. Some reject veto power because they believe it limits their partner from experiencing a new relationship and limits their freedom.

Boundaries
Types of boundaries include physical, which is along the lines of not touching someone without permission being given; sexual boundaries; and emotional boundaries, which is avoiding the discussion of specific emotions. Boundaries help to set out rules for what is and is not acceptable to the members of the relationship. They also help people to feel safe and that they are just as important in the open relationship as their partners.

Examples of boundaries that are set could include:
 Who (geographically and interpersonally, such as in the community, friends, family, et cetera) could be an additional partner;
 What types of physical limits are placed on that relationship (kissing, dating, or other sexual activities);
 Whether sexual relations will take place in a separate bedroom, playroom or premises (e.g. hotel).

Some couples create a physical relationship contract. These can be useful in not only negotiating, but also clearly articulating the needs, wants, limits, expectations, and commitments that are expected of the parties involved.

Time management
Adequate time management can contribute to the success of an open relationship. Even though having a serious commitment with one partner is common, negotiating the time spent among all partners is still important. Although the desire to give an unlimited amount of love, energy, and emotion to others is common, the limited amount of time in a day limits the actual time spent with each partner. Some find that if they cannot evenly distribute their time, they forego a partner. Time management can also be related to equity theory, which stresses the importance of fairness in relationships.

Research on open marriages

Positive outcomes
Published 1974, a national study of sexuality conducted by Hunt found that relatively few people engage in swinging. Hunt attributed the low number of people in these open marriages to various social, psychological, and practical problems. Yet, some of these people "confirmed what the advocates and enthusiasts have claimed—namely, that marital swinging can provide physically intense experiences, that it can be immensely ego-gratifying and that it is a temporary release from confinement and responsibility and a brief chance to live out one's wildest fantasies" (pages 273–274).

Some studies show that couples in open marriages can maintain satisfying relationships. Rubin observed no differences in marital adjustment between couples in open marriages and couples in sexually monogamous marriages. Rubin and Adams reported no differences in marital satisfaction between couples in open marriages and couples in sexually monogamous relationships. Gilmartin likewise found no differences in marital satisfaction between sexually open and sexually monogamous couples. A study by Bergstrand and Willams found couples in open marriages had higher levels of satisfaction than couples in the general population.

Some couples in open marriages report high levels of satisfaction with their relationships. A study conducted by Wolf found that 76 percent of couples in open marriages described the quality of their relationships as "better than average" or "outstanding". Dixon found similarly high levels of marital satisfaction in a study of 100 bisexual and heterosexual husbands in open marriages. In another study, Dixon observed that 80 percent of wives in open marriages rated their marital compatibility as "excellent" or "good", and 76 percent of the wives rated their sexual satisfaction as "excellent" or "good". Buunk has also reported high levels of satisfaction in couples in open marriages.

Some couples feel open marriage has increased their marital satisfaction. Bergstrand and Williams collected online questionnaires from 1092 people involved in swinging style open marriages.
Among those people who said they were "somewhat unhappy" or "unhappy" with their marriages before swinging, around 80–90 percent said they were happier with their marriages after they started swinging. Nearly half of people who said they were "very happy" with their marriages before swinging claimed to be even happier with their marriages after swinging. Open marriage can in some cases increase marital satisfaction.

Neutral outcomes
Couples sometimes drop out of the open marriage lifestyle and return to sexual monogamy. In a five-year study of bisexuals, 80 percent of whom initially had open relationships, Martin Weinberg, Colin J. Williams, and Douglas Pryor observed a definite shift towards sexual monogamy over time. When first interviewed, a majority of these bisexuals preferred sexual non-monogamy as their ideal form of romantic relationships. Five years later, around 60 percent had changed their views, and most of those who changed their views said sexual monogamy was their new ideal. Some of these changes were motivated by the emergence of the AIDS epidemic. Monogamy was seen as a way to avoid getting HIV/AIDS. But, for many, the shift to monogamy was due to a genuine change in what they sought in relationships. Their desire to be sexually monogamous had nothing to do with the AIDS epidemic.

Couples who try open marriages and decide to return to sexually monogamous marriages may be left with different feelings about open marriage. Some may have negative feelings about their open marriage experiences. Others may continue to "see nonmonogamy as possibly good for others but not for themselves". Overall, open marriage has a relatively neutral impact on these couples.

Negative outcomes
Couples in open marriages expose themselves to the potential for conflicts caused by jealousy. Studies have shown that 80 percent or more of couples in open marriages experience jealousy over their extramarital relationships. Jealousy with its roots in open marriage can lead to serious conflicts. For example, attempting to interfere with a rival relationship may make a partner angry. Insulting or berating a partner may provoke retaliatory responses. Demanding greater commitment may ignite arguments. Indeed, many studies have reported that conflict occurs during episodes of jealousy. The conflicts caused by jealousy can seem overwhelming and damage relationships.

Even when jealousy is not an overwhelming problem, open relationships may cause other complications. Numerous authors have argued that open marriages disrupt relationships by interfering with intimacy and provoking insecurities.

Some couples report that open marriage contributed to their divorces. Janus and Janus asked divorced people to list the one primary reason for their divorces. Approximately 1 percent of men and 2 percent of women listed open marriage as the primary reason for their divorce. This seems like a small percentage, but keep in mind that only 1 to 6 percent of the population have open marriages. Open marriage is perceived as a primary cause of divorce in a substantial minority of the 1 to 6 percent of people who have open marriages.

The extent to which open marriage actually contributes to divorce remains uncertain. Blumstein and Schwartz note a slightly higher risk of divorce among couples who engage in extramarital sex, even if the couples agree to allow extramarital sex. However, Rubin and Adams did not observe any difference in the risk of divorce for couples in open marriages and couples in sexually monogamous marriages.

See also

 Casual relationship
 Forms of nonmonogamy
 Open marriage
 Unicorn hunting

References

External links
 Friends episode on open relationship

Further reading
 Schott, O. (2014). In Praise of Open Relationships. On Love, Sex, Reason, and Happiness. Bertz + Fischer Publishing.
 Blue, Violet. "Open relationships demystified: Violet Blue gets advice on coupling with 'eyes wide open'" in the San Francisco Chronicle, 29 May 2008.

 Matik, Wendy-O. Redefining Our Relationships: Guidelines For Responsible Open Relationships. Defiant Times Press, 2002.

Polyamory
Sexual fidelity
Sexuality and society

Open relationship


La república autónoma socialista soviética de Karakalpakia (1932-1992), fue una de las repúblicas autónomas de la Unión Soviética, ubicada dentro de la RSS de Uzbeksitán.

Ocupaba la región de la actual república autónoma de Karakalpakia y la Provincia de Corasmia, su capital era Jiva.

De corta duración, inspirada en la Revolución de Octubre y basadas en los consejos obreros como otras como la RPSS de Bujará.

Creada tras la disolución de las RASS inspiradas en los antiguos Kanatos o Emiratos centro asiáticos, a su disolución pasa a formar parte de las repúblicas socialistas de Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán.

Fuentes
Referencias

Véase también
 Karakalpakia

Estados y territorios fundados en 1932
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1992
Karakalpakia
República Socialista Soviética de Kazajistán
República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán
República Socialista Soviética de Turkmenistán
República Socialista Soviética de Uzbekistán
República autónoma de Karakalpakistán

República autónoma socialista soviética de Karakalpakia


Tablica

Bilješke
NK Kamensko Karlovac je kažnjeno oduzimanjem 3 boda

Izvori

 NK Kupa Donje Mekušje: natjecanja
 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 304-305

1998-99
karlovačka-1

1. ŽNL Karlovačka 1998./99.


Getsu Fūma es un personaje de videojuegos que apareció como el protagonista del juego Getsu Fūma Den, del año 1987 para Famicom y la secuela Getsu Fūma Den: Undying Moon. Pese a que no se han hecho secuelas de este título, la compañía Konami ha hecho reaparecer al personaje en varios juegos, las más notables son su inclusión como personaje jugable en dos juegos de la saga Konami Wai Wai y en Castlevania: Harmony of Despair

Información general
Getsu Fūma es un personaje inspirado por la leyenda del ninja Fūma Kotarō, que existió en la realidad. Es un poderoso guerrero perteneciente al clan Fūma que vive en el Japón del , conocido como el período Sengoku. En esta época resucita el poderoso demonio Ryu Kokki, y dos de los hermanos Fūma se dirigen a derrotarlo, pero son asesinados por el maligno y pierden sus poderosas espadas hadoken. Getsu Fūma se convierte en el único sobreviviente del clan y se dirige al infierno a derrotar al poderoso Ryu Kokki para salvar al mundo y vengar la muerte de sus hermanos.

Fuma reaparece en un papel menor en Getsu Fūma Den: Undying Moon, que tiene lugar un milenio después del primer juego. Se encuentra al final del campo de batalla antiguo, en la entrada de Cocytus, el área final del juego.

Según el libro de arte digital que viene con el juego, cuando Fuma no pudo regresar del Infierno, el segundo líder Getsu también descendió allí en su búsqueda; sin embargo, Fuma se negó a enviar su alma de regreso a la finca para asegurarse de que el sello de Cocytus permaneciera intacto; así que permaneció allí, vigilante, durante todo un milenio.

Se da a entender que Rando, en su búsqueda por convertirse en el líder del clan, intentó tomar la katana Hadou de los dedos petrificados de Fuma y que fue este acto lo que debilitó y finalmente rompió el sello, desatando el cataclismo actual y liberando a Ryukotsuki y otros habitantes. del inframundo.

Atributos y habilidades
Fūma es un guerrero con fuerza y velocidad sobrehumanas. Tiene 19 años, una estatura de 1,80 m y pesa 75 kg. Su principal arma de combate es la espada, también puede adquirir armas secundarias tras comprarlas en las tiendas. En los videojuegos posee las siguientes habilidades:

Movimientos básicos: Los movimientos básicos de Fūma son correr rápidamente, saltar a gran altura y atacar con el arma.

Espada: Es el arma principal de Fūma, sirve para atacar y destruir a los demonios del infierno. Más adelante puede conseguir una segunda espada con la capacidad de romper las rocas.

Espada hadoken: El arma perdida de los hermanos de Getsu Fūma, que debe recuperar de los demonios. Tiene la habilidad de disparar ondas de energía.

Armadura: Aparece como un ítem que vuelve al personaje invencible por un tiempo limitado.

Explosivos: Explosivos que se pueden arrojar lejos y causan una dañina explosión de fuego.

Moneda mágica: Crea bolas de fuego que rodean a Fūma para protegerlo de ataques enemigos por tiempo limitado.

Shuriken: Arroja tres estrellas ninja hacia delante en distintas direcciones.

Trompo: Otorga a Fūma la habilidad de dar saltos con giro para destruir a los enemigos.

Tambor de guerra: Al tocar el tambor estallan unos caracteres japoneses que acaban al instante con los enemigos.

Apariciones en videojuegos
Getsu Fūma Den (1987 - Famicom): Fūma protagoniza este original juego de aventura de acción en donde debe recorrer el vasto infierno en busca del demonio Ryo Kokki. El juego sigue una estructura no lineal en donde Fūma recorre un laberíntico mapa en donde aparecen niveles cortos que se juegan estilo plataformas de vista lateral y también hay negocios para comprar ítems. Además hay niveles tipo calabozo 3D, vistos en tercera persona, con Fūma de espaldas a la pantalla, basados en explorar un laberinto y pelear con los monstruos que salen.

Konami Wai Wai World (1988 - Famicom): Un videojuego de plataformas lateral en donde se puede escoger como protagonista entre ocho personajes de Konami. Fūma es uno de los personajes controlables, su ataque principal es la espada y su ataque secundario es el triple shuriken. Se destaca por tener la habilidad de usar su espada para romper las rocas que bloquean partes de algunos niveles.

Konami Wai Wai World 2: SOS!! Paseri Jou (1990 - Famicom): La secuela del anterior, esta vez el protagonista es un androide llamado Rickle que puede transformarse en tres personajes distintos de Konami por tiempo limitado a elección del jugador. Getsu Fūma es uno de los personajes seleccionables, su único ataque es la espada, que tiene la capacidad de romper las rocas en ciertos niveles. Se destaca por tener el ataque más corto pero también el más poderoso, resultando muy útil para acabar rápidamente con los jefes grandes. Al igual que los demás personajes, aparece representado con un estilo Super-Deformed.

 Yu-Gi-Oh! 7 Trials to Glory: World Championship Tournament 2005 (2004 - GBA): La primera vez, Getsu Fuhma fue el nombre del personaje de mismo nombre de Konami, se aparece como la carta desbloqueada en el password.

 Yu-Gi-Oh! GX: Duel Academy (2005 - GBA): La segunda vez, Getsu Fuhma fue el nombre del personaje de mismo nombre de Konami, se aparece como la carta desbloqueada en el password.

 Yu-Gi-Oh! Ultimate Masters: World Championship 2006 (2006 - GBA): La tercera vez se cambia el nombre del personaje de mismo nombre de Konami, y se aparece como la carta desbloqueada en el password.

 Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Tag Force (2006 - PSP): La cuarta vez se cambia el nombre del personaje de mismo nombre de Konami, Mindy usa la carta.

Castlevania: Harmony of Despair (2010 - Xbox 360, PlayStation 3): Este es un videojuego de plataformas lateral cooperativo que reúne a numerosos personajes y escenarios de distintos juegos de la saga Castlevania. Getsu Fūma aparece como un personaje jugable oculto descargable. Curiosamente y a modo de homenaje, se lo ha mantenido en su clásico sprite de 8-bits por lo que tiene el mismo aspecto que en el juego original. También se puede descargar un nivel con los mismos gráficos del juego Getsu Fūma Den.

Otomedius Excellent (2011 - Xbox 360): Fūma hace una aparición especial como enemigo. En el nivel "EX Stage 1", en una parte comienza a sonar el tema clásico de Getsu Fūma Den y un ejército de Getsu Fūmas aparecen como enemigos atacando con la espada y con el tambor de guerra al jugador. Fūma aparece en su clásico sprite de 8-bits.

Monster Retsuden ORECA BATTLE (2012 - Arcade): Un Arcade japonés de batalla de monstruos estilo RPG, en donde el jugador introduce trading-cards de monstruos para hacerlos pelear. Uno de los monstruos incluidos es el Getsu Fuuma, este es un guerrero legendario que tiene su espada y armadura clásicas.

Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Links (2018 - iOS, Android):

Pixel Puzzle Collection (2018 - iOS, Android):

Yu-Gi-Oh! Master Duel (2022):

Getsu Fūma Den: Undying Moon (2022 - Nintendo Switch, Steam):

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Artículo en Castlevania Wiki
 Carta de Fūma en Wiki Yu-Gi-Oh!
 Información de Getsu Fūma en Giantbomb.com (en inglés)

Personajes de Konami

Getsu Fūma


Underclassman  é um filme americano de comédia e ação, lançado em 2005 e dirigido por Marcos Siega.

Sinopse
Tracy "Tre" Stokes (Nick Cannon) é um policial que trabalha para o Departamento de Polícia de Los Angeles e sonha em tornar-se detetive, mesma profissão que seu pai exercia, mas seu mentor, o capitão Victor Delgado (Cheech Marin), acredita que o rapaz não estava pronto devido ao comportamento dele.

Após a morte de um estudante na Westbury School, Tre se oferece para atuar na investigação e Delgado reluta em dar uma chance. Se infiltrando como um aluno, decida investigar o envolvimento da escola com uma quadrilha envolvida em roubos e tráfico de drogas. Sem saber que o novo "colega" era um policial, os estudantes não o aturavam, enquanto Tre se envolveria com outros problemas, como se aproximar de Rob Donovan (Shawn Ashmore), o principal suspeito dos crimes; atender às expectativas de Karen (Roselyn Sánchez), a professora de espanhol, até lutar para jogar no time de basquete da escola.

Elenco

 Nick Cannon - Tracy "Tre" Stokes
 Shawn Ashmore - Rob Donovan
 Roselyn Sánchez - Karen Lopez (professora de espanhol)
 Kelly Hu - Lisa Brooks
 Ian Gomez - Detetive Gallecki
 Hugh Bonneville - Felix Powers (diretor da Westbury School)
 Cheech Marin - Capitão Victor Delgado
 Johnny Lewis - Alexander Jefferies
 Angelo Spizzirri - David Boscoe
 Seth "Vishiss" Holland - Edward Murdock
 Adrian Young - Jose
 Don McManus - Julian Reynolds
 Mary Pat Gleason - Sra. Hegarty
 Sarah Jane Morris - Jamie (não creditada)
 Art Bonilla - Cuervo
 Bart McCarthy - Conde
 Peter Bryant - Michael Barry
 Sam Easton - Oliver Horn
 Kaylee DeFer - Des
 MyCale Guyton - April
 Nicole Garza - Candice
 Pete Kasper - Professor de botânica
 NiCole Robinson - Professora
 J.R. Dyer - Professor de matemática
 Duke Shibley - Aluno de matemática
 Wayne King - Árbitro
 Terry Chen - Sleepy Jones
 Keith Dallas - Melvin
 Jamie Kaler - Policial da praia
 Dan Mellor - Oficial da célula de detenção
 Ben Cotton - Frequentador de rave
 Adrian Glynn McMorran - Comprador
 Brandy Kopp - Garota do ensino médio
 Madeline Brown - Garota do ensino médio
 Zak Santiago - Anderson
 Christopher Rosamond - Smith
 Dan Shea - Weston
 Biski Gugushe - Despachador
 Angelo Fierro - Paramédico
 Rob Bruner - Todd
 Amber Havens - Garota do ensino médio (não creditada)
 Courtney Heath - Aluna (não creditada)
 Kristin McCoy - Aluna (não creditada)
 Chris Leone - Aluno (não creditado)
 David Michie - Policial de bicicleta (voz, não creditado)
 Mark Pinkosh - Professor (não creditado)
 Lincoln Thompson - Motorista de BMW (não creditado)

Produção
Em junho de 2003, o produtor de videoclipes Marcos Siega foi anunciado como diretor do filme. Shawn Ashmore, intérprete do personagem Rob Donovan, se juntou ao elenco 2 meses depois.

Recepção

Resposta da crítica
Underclassman recebeu críticas negativas: o Rotten Tomatoes dá ao filme uma pontuação de apenas 6%, classificando-o como "uma cópia desgastada de Beverly Hills Cop e 21 Jump Street", enquanto o Metacritic deu 20 críticas negativas e 5 médias, rendendo uma pontuação geral de 19.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2005
Filmes de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia da década de 2000
Filmes de ação dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de ação da década de 2000
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes gravados na Califórnia
Filmes gravados em Los Angeles
Filmes gravados em Vancouver
Filmes da Miramax Films

Underclassman


En kam er en roterende eller glidende del (som et excentrisk hjul eller en cylinder med en uregelmæssig form) i en mekanisk kobling. Kamme anvendes frem for alt for at forvandle roterende bevægelse til lineær bevægelse eller omvendt.

Referencer

Maskinteknik
Pages with unreviewed translations

Kam (mekanik)


Lego Disney (tidligere kendt som Lego Disney Princess fra 2014-2016) er en produktlinje produceret af den danske legetøjskoncern LEGO, der indeholder forskellige Disneyprinsesser go andre Disney-karakterer fra et udvalg af Disneyfilm. Serien sælges med licens fra Walt Disney Pictures. Temaet blev Figurerne er lavet i samme skala som Lego Friends-serien.

Temaet overlapper med en række andre Lego-temaer, og der er bl.a. udgivet to serier af Lego Minifigures med Disney-figurer.

Se også
 Lego Toy Story
 Lego Cars 2
 Lego Prince of Persia
 Lego Pirates of the Caribbean
 Lego The Lone Ranger
 Lego Minifigures
 Lego Friends
 Lego Elves
 Lego DC Super Hero Girls

Referencer

Disney
Disney franchise

Lego Disney


Le réseau de bibliothèques Keski () est un groupement de bibliothèques municipales de la région de la Finlande centrale et de Kuhmoinen en Finlande.

Présentation
Le groupement comprend les municipalités de la province de Finlande centrale et la municipalité de Kuhmoinen de la région de Pirkanmaa.

Les bibliothèques ont une carte de bibliothèque commune, qui peut être utilisée pour emprunter et réserver des ouvrages auprès de toutes les bibliothèques du réseau.
Au total, plus de deux millions de volumes peuvent être empruntés.

Bibliothèques du réseau Keski
En mai 2021, le réseau de bibliothèques Keski comptait 59 bibliothèques fixes ou mobiles:

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Keski
Finlande centrale
Kuhmoinen

Réseau de bibliothèques Keski


John Edward Sowerby (1825 - 1870) fue un botánico ilustrador, era el hijo mayor de Charles Edward Sowerby (1795-1842), fue miembro de la Sociedad Linneana de Londres, que llevó a cabo la segunda edición de English Botany de James Sowerby (1815-1834). John heredó de él, el gusto por el dibujo botánico, y en 1841 realizó su obra-la primera de las placas de su padre Charles Edward Sowerby "Catálogo Ilustrado de las plantas británicas." Su vida fue desde entonces empleada principalmente en la ilustración de obras de botánica, en colaboración con Charles Johnson (1791-1880), y con Charles Johnson Pierpoint, quienes contribuían con los textos. Su trabajo independiente "'An Illustrated Key to the Natural Orders of British Wild Flowers (Una clave ilustrada para el orden natural de las flores silvestres británicas" 8.º, Londres, 1865. Murió el 28 de enero de 1870, en Lavender Hill, Clapham. Se había casado el 10 de febrero de 1853 con Elizabeth, la hija menor de Roger Preston y Ann Dewhurst, Lancashire. Ella le sobrevivió, y, en reconocimiento del valor científico de su obra, se le concedió una pensión civil.

Algunas obras que ilustró Sowerby
 . 'An illustrated catalogue of British plants, arranged according to the natural orders'. 1841 en línea
 . 'Supplement to the English botany of the late Sir J.E. Smith and Mr. Sowerby The descriptions, synonyms, and places of growth by Willian Jackson Hooker: Supplement'. Vol. 3. pp. 2797-2867. Con William Jackson Hooker, James Edward Smith, James de Carle Sowerby. 71 pp. 1843
 . 'The Ferns of Great Britain … Descriptions … by C. Johnson,' 8.º, Londres, 1855
 . 'The Fern Allies [a supplement to the preceding] … Descriptions … by C. Johnson,' 8.º, Londres, 1856
 . 'British Poisonous Plants,' by C. Johnson (con veintiocho planchas copiadas de 'English Botany'), 8.º, Londres, 1856
 . 'The Grasses of Great Britain … Described … by C. Johnson,' 8.º, Londres, 1857–61
 . 'Wild Flowers worth Notice,' by Mrs. Lankester, 8.º, Londres, 1861; otra edic. en 1871
 . 'British Wild Flowers … Described … by C. P. Johnson,' 8.º, Londres, 1858–60; otra edic. en 1863
 . 'The Useful Plants of Great Britain … Described … by C. P. Johnson,' 8.º, Londres, 1861 [–62]
 . 'English Botany,' 3.ª edic. y suplemento, 8.º, Londres, 1863–1886
 . 'Rust, Smut, Miidew, and Mould … by M. C. Cooke,' 8.º, Londres, 1865; otra edic. 1878

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos del Reino Unido del siglo XIX
Ilustradores del Reino Unido
Miembros de la Sociedad Linneana de Londres

John Edward Sowerby


الحشيش  يطلق علميا على أي نبات حولي، أو ثنائي الحول، أو معمر، لا تكون بسوقه أنسجة خشبية كافية. يموت في نهاية موسم نموه، وتختلف الأعشاب عن الشجيرات والأشجار والمتسلقات، وبها جميعًا أنسجة خشبية، وقد تستعمل الكلمة للدلالة على النباتات التي تستعمل في الطب أو لإكساب الأطعمة والأشربة نكهة طيبة، أو لاستخراج العطور.
يقوم بمجموعة من الوظائف الحيوية مثل التنفس والتركيب الضوئي.
 العشب يُؤكل من قبل الكثير من الحيوانات المجترة كعلف أو في المراعي.
 يستعمل العشب الأخضر في الحدائق والملاعب الرياضية.

انظر أيضاً
 عشب

مراجع

أشكال الحياة النباتية
نجيلية

حشيش (عشب)


«On the Radio» es una canción de Donna Summer lanzado en 1979 en el sello discográfico Casablanca Records. Fue escrita para la banda sonora de la película Foxes, e incluida en el primer disco recopilatorio internacional de Summer On the Radio: Greatest Hits 1 & 2.

La canción fue lanzada como primer sencillo del mencionado álbum doble y se convirtió, en enero de 1980, en el décimo top ten hit de Donna en los EE. UU. Cuando alcanzó el número cinco, también se convirtió en su octava final consecutiva y única top 5. Summer siguió interpretando esta canción en muchos programas de televisión como American Bandstand.

Como dato curioso, la letra de la canción menciona otro reciente éxito de la música disco, "Love Is In The Air" de John Paul Young.

Versiones oficiales
  «On the Radio» - (Versión sencillo) - 4:00
  «On the Radio» - ("On the Radio: Greatest Hits Vol. 1 y 2." Version) - 5:50
  «On the Radio» - ("Foxes", banda sonora versión sencillo) - 7:34
  «On the Radio» - (versión piano instrumental de "Foxes", banda sonora) - 4:27

Personal
 Todas las voces y letra de Donna Summer
 Música escrita por Giorgio Moroder
 Producido por Giorgio Moroder

Posicionamiento

Versiones
  En 1983, una versión balada de la cantante de country Emmylou Harris fue incluida en su álbum White Shoes.
  La canción fue versionada en 1995 por la leyenda latina Selena quien la interpretó junto con Last Dance, I Will Survive y Funkytown en su último concierto llevado a cabo solo 1 mes antes de morir asesinada a manos de la presidenta de su club de fanes.
  En 1999, el cantante y compositor sueco Bosson incluyó un cover de la canción en su álbum el momento adecuado.
  Inglés actriz y cantante Martine McCutcheon lanzado una versión en 2001, llegando tan alto como el número siete en la lista de sencillos del Reino Unido.
  En 2006, la canción fue grabada por el cantante filipino Regine Velasquez en su Covers Vol.. 2 álbum.
  En 2008, fue grabada por el cantante filipino Jaya en su álbum Cool Change.
  En 2010, banda de rock alternativo Hypnogaja lanzado una versión acústica. La grabación ganó la Música 2010 en el Hollywood Media Award a la Mejor Vocal Masculina (por ShyBoy Hypnogaja es).
  En 2010, Jennifer López grabó una versión de la canción producida por Boy George para su álbum Love? pero a fin de cuentas no la utilizaron en la edición final del disco, a pesar de los excelentes reviews que recibió. López había realizado previamente la canción en la película "Selena" (1997) donde interpretó a la leyenda latina Selena quien había cantado esta canción en su último concierto celebrado el 26 de febrero de 1995.
  Cantante alemana Michelle cover de la canción bajo el nombre de "Tanja Tomás" en 2006 en su álbum "Mi Pasión"

Referencias

Canciones de 1979
Sencillos de 1979
Canciones de Donna Summer

On the Radio (canción de Donna Summer)


Stenholt (dansk) eller Steinholz (tysk) er et skovområde beliggende på gesten mellem Bollingsted, Engbro og Gammellund i Sydslesvig. I administrativ henseende hører skoven under Bollingsted kommune i Slesvig-Flensborg kreds i den nordtyske delstat Slesvig-Holsten. I den danske tid hørte skoven under Eggebæk Sogn (Ugle Herred (Flensborg Amt) tæt på grænsen til Arns Herred.

Skoven grænser i nord mod Bollingsted Sø og Bollingsted Å, som har udløb i Trenen. Skoven er omgivet af Hjalm Mose i nord, Elmskov (også Elmholt) i nordøst, Bøgholt og Bøgmose i øst og Byskov i vest. Skoven er en typisk blandingsskov. Skoven fungerer som rekreativt område med flere afmærkede vandre-og cykelstier.

Stenholt er første gang nævnt 1575. Skoven omtales også som Bollingsted Skov, første gang dokumenteret 1753.

Noter

Skove i Sydslesvig
Sydslesvig

Stenholt (Sydslesvig)


Nanosensors are nanoscale devices that measure physical quantities and convert these to signals that can be detected and analyzed. There are several ways proposed today to make nanosensors; these include top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly, and molecular self-assembly. There are different types of nanosensors in the market and in development for various applications, most notably in defense, environmental, and healthcare industries. These sensors share the same basic workflow: a selective binding of an analyte, signal generation from the interaction of the nanosensor with the bio-element, and processing of the signal into useful metrics.

Characteristics
Nanomaterials-based sensors have several benefits in sensitivity and specificity over sensors made from traditional materials, due to nanomaterial features not present in bulk material that arise at the nanoscale. Nanosensors can have increased specificity because they operate at a similar scale as natural biological processes, allowing functionalization with chemical and biological molecules, with recognition events that cause detectable physical changes. Enhancements in sensitivity stem from the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanomaterials, as well as novel physical properties of nanomaterials that can be used as the basis for detection, including nanophotonics. Nanosensors can also potentially be integrated with nanoelectronics to add native processing capability to the nanosensor.

In addition to their sensitivity and specificity, nanosensors offer significant advantages in cost and response times, making them suitable for high-throughput applications. Nanosensors provide real-time monitoring compared to traditional detection methods such as chromatography and spectroscopy.  These traditional methods may take days to weeks to obtain results and often require investment in capital costs as well as time for sample preparation.

One-dimensional nanomaterials such as nanowires and nanotubes are well suited for use in nanosensors, as compared to bulk or thin-film planar devices.  They can function both as transducers and wires to transmit the signal.  Their high surface area can cause large signal changes upon binding of an analyte.  Their small size can enable extensive multiplexing of individually addressable sensor units in a small device.  Their operation is also "label free" in the sense of not requiring fluorescent or radioactive labels on the analytes. Zinc oxide nanowire is used for gas sensing applications, given that it exhibits high sensitivity toward low concentration of gas under ambient conditions and can be fabricated easily with low cost.

There are several challenges for nanosensors, including avoiding drift and fouling, developing reproducible calibration methods, applying preconcentration and separation methods to attain a proper analyte concentration that avoids saturation, and integrating the nanosensor with other elements of a sensor package in a reliable manufacturable manner.  Because nanosensors are a relatively new technology, there are many unanswered questions regarding nanotoxicology, which currently limits their application in biological systems.

Potential applications for nanosensors include medicine, detection of contaminants and pathogens, and monitoring manufacturing processes and transportation systems. By measuring changes in physical properties (volume, concentration, displacement and velocity, gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces, pressure, or temperature) nanosensors may be able to distinguish between and recognize certain cells at the molecular level in order to deliver medicine or monitor development to specific places in the body. The type of signal transduction defines the major classification system for nanosensors. Some of the main types of nanosensor readouts include optical, mechanical, vibrational, or electromagnetic.

As an example of classification, nanosensors that use molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) can be divided into three categories, which are electrochemical, piezoelectric, or spectroscopic sensors.  Electrochemical sensors  induce a change in the electrochemical properties of the sensing material, which includes charge, conductivity, and electric potential. Piezoelectric sensors either convert mechanical force into electric force or vice versa. This force is then transduced into a signal. MIP spectroscopic sensors can be divided into three subcategories, which are chemiluminescent sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors, and fluorescence sensors. As the name suggests, these sensors produce light based signals in forms of chemiluminescence, resonance, and fluorescence. As described by the examples, the type of change that the sensor detects and type of signal it induces depend on the type of sensor

Mechanisms of operation
There are multiple mechanisms by which a recognition event can be transduced into a measurable signal; generally, these take advantage of the nanomaterial sensitivity and other unique properties to detect a selectively bound analyte.

Electrochemical nanosensors are based on detecting a resistance change in the nanomaterial upon binding of an analyte, due to changes in scattering or to the depletion or accumulation of charge carriers.  One possibility is to use nanowires such as carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, or metal oxide nanowires as gates in field-effect transistors, although as of 2009 they had not yet been demonstrated in real-world conditions. Chemical nanosensors contain a chemical recognition system (receptor) and a physiochemical transducer, in which the receptor interacts with analyte to produce electrical signals. In one case, upon interaction of the analyte with the receptor, the nanoporous transducer had a change in impedance which was determined as the sensor signal. Other examples include electromagnetic or plasmonic nanosensors, spectroscopic nanosensors such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, magnetoelectronic or spintronic nanosensors, and mechanical nanosensors.

Biological nanosensors consist of a bio-receptor and a transducer. The transduction method of choice is currently fluorescence because of the high sensitivity and relative ease of measurement. The measurement can be achieved by using the following methods: binding active nanoparticles to active proteins within the cell, using site-directed mutagenesis to produce indicator proteins, allowing for real-time measurements, or by creating a nanomaterial (e.g. nanofibers) with attachment sites for the bio-receptors. Even though electrochemical nanosensors can be used to measure intracellular properties, they are typically less selective for biological measurements, as they lack the high specificity of bio-receptors (e.g. antibody, DNA).

Photonic devices can also be used as nanosensors to quantify concentrations of clinically relevant samples. A principle of operation of these sensors is based on the chemical modulation of a hydrogel film volume that incorporates a Bragg grating. As the hydrogel swells or shrinks upon chemical stimulation, the Bragg grating changes color and diffracts light at different wavelengths. The diffracted light can be correlated with the concentration of a target analyte.

Another type of nanosensor is one that works through a colorimetric basis. Here, the presence of the analyte causes a chemical reaction or morphological alteration for a visible color change to occur. One such application, is that gold nanoparticles can be used for the detection of heavy metals. Many harmful gases can also be detected by a colorimetric change, such as through the commercially available Dräger Tube. These provide an alternative to bulky, lab-scale systems, as these can be miniaturized to be used for point-of-sample devices. For example, many chemicals are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and require extensive testing to ensure contaminant levels are within the appropriate limits. Colorimetric nanosensors provide a method for on-site determination of many contaminants.

Production methods
The production method plays a central role in determining the characteristics of the manufactured nanosensor in that the function of nanosensor can be made through controlling the surface of nanoparticles. There are two main approaches in the manufacturing of nanosensors: top-down methods, which begin with a pattern generated at a larger scale, and then reduced to microscale. Bottom-up methods start with atoms or molecules that build up to nanostructures.

Top-down methods

Lithography
It involves starting out with a larger block of some material and carving out the desired form. These carved out devices, notably put to use in specific microelectromechanical systems used as microsensors, generally only reach the micro size, but the most recent of these have begun to incorporate nanosized components. One of the most common method is called electron beam lithography. Although very costly, this technique effectively forms a distribution of circular or ellipsoidal plots on the two dimensional surface. Another method is electrodeposition, which requires conductive elements to produce miniaturized devices.

Fiber pulling
This method consists in using a tension device to stretch the major axis of a fiber while it is heated, to achieve nano-sized scales. This method is specially used in optical fiber to develop optical-fiber-based nanosensors.

Chemical etching
Two different types of chemical etching have been reported. In the Turner method, a fiber is etched to a point while placed in the meniscus between hydrofluoric acid and an organic overlayer. This technique has been shown to produce fibers with large taper angles (thus increasing the light reaching the tip of the fiber) and tip diameters comparable to the pulling method. The second method is tube etching, which involves etching an optical fiber with a single-component solution of hydrogen fluoride. A silica fiber, surrounded with an organic cladding, is polished and one end is placed in a container of hydrofluoric acid. The acid then begins to etch away the tip of the fiber without destroying the cladding. As the silica fiber is etched away, the polymer cladding acts as a wall, creating microcurrents in the hydrofluoric acid that, coupled with capillary action, cause the fiber to be etched into the shape of a cone with large, smooth tapers. This method shows much less susceptibility to environmental parameters than the Turner method.

Bottom-up methods
This type of methods involve assembling the sensors out of smaller components, usually individual atoms or molecules. This is done by arranging atoms in specific patterns, which has been achieved in laboratory tests through use of atomic force microscopy, but is still difficult to achieve en masse and is not economically viable.

Self-assembly
Also known as "growing", this method most often entails an already complete set of components that would automatically assemble themselves into a finished product. Accurately being able to reproduce this effect for a desired sensor in a laboratory would imply that scientists could manufacture nanosensors much more quickly and potentially far more cheaply by letting numerous molecules assemble themselves with little or no outside influence, rather than having to manually assemble each sensor.

Although the conventional fabrication techniques have proven to be efficient, further improvements in the production method can lead to minimization of cost and enhancement in performance. Challenges with current production methods include uneven distribution, size, and shape of nanoparticles, which all lead to limitation in performance. In 2006, researchers in Berlin patented their invention of a novel diagnostic nanosensor fabricated with nanosphere lithography (NSL), which allows precise control oversize and shape of nanoparticles and creates nanoislands. The metallic nanoislands produced an increase in signal transduction and thus increased sensitivity of the sensor. The results also showed that the sensitivity and specification of the diagnostic nanosensor depend on the size of the nanoparticles, that decreasing the nanoparticle size increases the sensitivity.

Current density is influenced by distribution, size, or shape of nanoparticles. These properties can be improved by exploitation of capillary forces. In recent research, capillary forces were induced by applying five microliters of ethanol and, as result, individual nanoparticles have been merged in a larger islands (i.e. 20 micrometer-sized) particles separated by 10 micrometers on average, while the smaller ones were dissolved and absorbed. On the other hand, applying twice as much (i.e. 10 microliters) of ethanol has damaged the nanolayers, while applying too small (i.e. two microliters) of ethanol has failed to spread across them.

Applications
One of the first working examples of a synthetic nanosensor was built by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1999. It involved attaching a single particle onto the end of a carbon nanotube and measuring the vibrational frequency of the nanotube both with and without the particle. The discrepancy between the two frequencies allowed the researchers to measure the mass of the attached particle.

Since then, increasing amounts of research have gone into nanosensors, whereby modern nanosensors have been developed for many applications.  Currently, the applications of nanosensors in the market include: healthcare, defense and military, and others such as food, environment, and agriculture.

Defense and military
Nanoscience as a whole has many potential applications in the defense and military sector- including chemical detection, decontamination, and forensics. Some nanosensors in development for defense applications include nanosensors for the detection of explosives or toxic gases. Such nanosensors work on the principle that gas molecules can be distinguished based on their mass using, for example, piezoelectric sensors. If a gas molecule is adsorbed at the surface of the detector, the resonance frequency of the crystal changes and this can be measured as a change in electrical properties. In addition, field effect transistors, used as potentiometers, can detect toxic gases if their gate is made sensitive to them.

In a similar application, nanosensors can be utilized in military and law enforcement clothing and gear. The Navy Research Laboratory's Institute for Nanoscience has studied quantum dots for application in nanophotonics and identifying biological materials. Nanoparticles layered with polymers and other receptor molecules will change color when contacted by analytes such as toxic gases. This alerts the user that they are in danger. Other projects involve embedding clothing with biometric sensors to relay information regarding the user's health and vitals, which would be useful for monitoring soldiers in combat.

Surprisingly, some of the most challenging aspects in creating nanosensors for defense and military use are political in nature, rather than technical. Many different government agencies must work together to allocate budgets and share information and progress in testing; this can be difficult with such large and complex institutions. In addition, visas and immigration status can become an issue for foreign researchers - as the subject matter is very sensitive, government clearance can sometimes be required. Finally, there are currently not well defined or clear regulations on nanosensor testing or applications in the sensor industry, which contributes to the difficulty of implementation.

Food and the environment
Nanosensors can improve various sub-areas within food and environment sectors including food processing, agriculture, air and water quality monitoring, and packaging and transport.  Due to their sensitivity, as well as their tunability and resulting binding selectivity, nanosensors are very effective and can be designed for a wide variety of environmental applications. Such applications of nanosensors help in a convenient, rapid, and ultrasensitive assessment of many types of environmental pollutants.

Chemical sensors are useful for analyzing odors from food samples and detecting atmospheric gases. The "electronic nose" was developed in 1988 to determine the quality and freshness of food samples using traditional sensors, but more recently the sensing film has been improved with nanomaterials. A sample is placed in a chamber where volatile compounds become concentrated in the gas phase, whereby the gas is then pumped through the chamber to carry the aroma to the sensor that measures its unique fingerprint. The high surface area to volume ratio of the nanomaterials allows for greater interaction with analytes and the nanosensor's fast response time enables the separation of interfering responses.  Chemical sensors, too, have been built using nanotubes to detect various properties of gaseous molecules. Many carbon nanotube based sensors are designed as field effect transistors, taking advantage of their sensitivity. The electrical conductivity of these nanotubes will change due to charge transfer and chemical doping by other molecules, enabling their detection. To enhance their selectivity, many of these involve a system by which nanosensors are built to have a specific pocket for another molecule. Carbon nanotubes have been used to sense ionization of gaseous molecules while nanotubes made out of titanium have been employed to detect atmospheric concentrations of hydrogen at the molecular level. Some of these have been designed as field effect transistors, while others take advantage of optical sensing capabilities. Selective analyte binding is detected through spectral shift or fluorescence modulation. In a similar fashion, Flood et al. have shown that supramolecular host–guest chemistry offers quantitative sensing using Raman scattered light as well as SERS.

Other types of nanosensors, including quantum dots and gold nanoparticles, are currently being developed to detect pollutants and toxins in the environment. These take advantage of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that arises at the nanoscale, which results in wavelength specific absorption. This LSPR spectrum is particularly sensitive, and its dependence on nanoparticle size and environment can be used in various ways to design optical sensors. To take advantage of the LSPR spectrum shift that occurs when molecules bind to the nanoparticle, their surfaces can be functionalized to dictate which molecules will bind and trigger a response. For environmental applications, quantum dot surfaces can be modified with antibodies that bind specifically to microorganisms or other pollutants. Spectroscopy can then be used to observe and quantify this spectrum shift, enabling precise detection, potentially on the order of molecules. Similarly, fluorescent semiconducting nanosensors may take advantage of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to achieve optical detection. Quantum dots can be used as donors, and will transfer electronic excitation energy when positioned near acceptor molecules, thus losing their fluorescence. These quantum dots can be functionalized to determine which molecules will bind, upon which fluorescence will be restored. Gold nanoparticle-based optical sensors can be used to detect heavy metals very precisely; for example, mercury levels as low as 0.49 nanometers. This sensing modality takes advantage of FRET, in which the presence of metals inhibits the interaction between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles, and quenches the FRET response. Another potential implementation takes advantage of the size dependence of the LSPR spectrum to achieve ion sensing. In one study, Liu et al. functionalized gold nanoparticles with a Pb2+ sensitive enzyme to produce a lead sensor. Generally, the gold nanoparticles would aggregate as they approached each other, and the change in size would result in a color change. Interactions between the enzyme and Pb2+ ions would inhibit this aggregation, and thus the presence of ions could be detected.

The main challenge associated with using nanosensors in food and the environment is determining their associated toxicity and overall effect on the environment. Currently, there is insufficient knowledge on how the implementation of nanosensors will affect the soil, plants, and humans in the long-term. This is difficult to fully address because nanoparticle toxicity depends heavily on the type, size, and dosage of the particle as well as environmental variables including pH, temperature, and humidity. To mitigate potential risk, research is being done to manufacture safe, nontoxic nanomaterials, as part of an overall effort towards green nanotechnology.

Healthcare
Nanosensors possess great potential for diagnostic medicine, enabling early identification of disease without reliance on observable symptoms. Ideal nanosensor implementations look to emulate the response of immune cells in the body, incorporating both diagnostic and immune response functionalities, while transmitting data to allow for monitoring of the sensor input and response. However, this model remains a long-term goal, and research is currently focused on the immediate diagnostic capabilities of nanosensors. The intracellular implementation of nanosensor synthesized with biodegradable polymers induces signals that enable real-time monitoring and thus paves way for advancement in drug delivery and treatment.

One example of these nanosensors involves using the fluorescence properties of cadmium selenide quantum dots as sensors to uncover tumors within the body. A downside to the cadmium selenide dots, however, is that they are highly toxic to the body. As a result, researchers are working on developing alternate dots made out of a different, less toxic material while still retaining some of the fluorescence properties. In particular, they have been investigating the particular benefits of zinc sulfide quantum dots which, though they are not quite as fluorescent as cadmium selenide, can be augmented with other metals including manganese and various lanthanide elements. In addition, these newer quantum dots become more fluorescent when they bond to their target cells.

Another application of nanosensors involves using silicon nanowires in IV lines to monitor organ health. The nanowires are sensitive to detect trace biomarkers that diffuse into the IV line through blood which can monitor kidney or organ failure. These nanowires would allow for continuous biomarker measurement, which provides some benefits in terms of temporal sensitivity over traditional biomarker quantification assays such as ELISA.

Nanosensors can also be used to detect contamination in organ implants. The nanosensor is embedded into the implant and detects contamination in the cells surrounding the implant through an electric signal sent to a clinician or healthcare provider. The nanosensor can detect whether the cells are healthy, inflammatory, or contaminated with bacteria. However, a main drawback is found within the long term use of the implant, where tissue grows on top of the sensors, limiting their ability to compress. This impedes the production of electrical charges, thus shortening the lifetime of these nanosensors, as they use the piezoelectric effect to self-power.

Similarly to those used to measure atmospheric pollutants, gold-particle based nanosensors are used to give an early diagnosis to several types of cancer by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath, as tumor growth is associated with peroxidation of the cell membrane. Another cancer related application, though still in mice probing stage, is the use of peptide-coated nanoparticles as activity-based sensors to detect lung cancer. The two main advantages of the use of nanoparticles to detect diseases is that it allows early stage detection, as it can detect tumors the size in the order of millimeters. It also provides a cost-effective, easy-to-use, portable, and non-invasive diagnostic tool.

A recent effort towards advancement in nanosensor technology has employed molecular imprinting, which is a technique used to synthesize polymer matrices that act as a receptor in molecular recognition. Analogous to the enzyme-substrate lock and key model, molecular imprinting uses template molecules with functional monomers to form polymer matrices with specific shape corresponding to its target template molecules, thus increasing the selectivity and affinity of the matrices. This technique has enabled nanosensors to detect chemical species. In the field of biotechnology, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) are synthesized receptors that have shown promising, cost-effective alternatives to natural antibodies in that they are engineered to have high selectivity and affinity. For example, an experiment with MI sensor containing nanotips with non-conductive polyphenol nano-coating (PPn coating) showed selective detection of E7 protein and thus demonstrated potential use of these nanosensors in detection and diagnosis of human papillomavirus, other human pathogens, and toxins. As shown above, nanosensors with molecular imprinting technique are capable of selectively detecting ultrasensitive chemical species in that by artificially modifying the polymer matrices, molecular imprinting increases the affinity and selectivity. Although molecularly imprinted polymers provide advantages in selective molecular recognition of nanosensors, the technique itself is relatively recent and there still remains challenges such as attenuation signals, detection systems lacking effective transducers, and surfaces lacking efficient detection. Further investigation and research on the field of molecularly imprinted polymers is crucial for development of highly effective nanosensors.

In order to develop smart health care with nanosensors, a network of nanosensors, often called nanonetwork, need to be established to overcome the size and power limitations of individual nanosensors. Nanonetworks not only mitigates the existing challenges but also provides numerous improvements. Cell-level resolution of nanosensors will enable treatments to eliminate side effects, enable continuous monitoring and reporting of patients' conditions.

Nanonetworks require further study in that nanosensors are different from traditional sensors. The most common mechanism of sensor networks are through electromagnetic communications. However, the current paradigm is not applicable to nanodevices due to their low range and power. Optical signal transduction has been suggested as an alternative to the classical electromagnetic telemetry and has monitoring applications in human bodies. Other suggested mechanisms include bioinspired molecular communications, wired and wireless active transport in molecular communications, Forster energy transfer, and more. It is crucial to build an efficient nanonetwork so that it can be applied in fields such as medical implants, body area networks (BAN), internet of nano things (IoNT), drug delivery and more. With an adept nanonetwork, bio implantable nanodevices can provide higher accuracy, resolution, and safety compared to macroscale implants. Body area networks (BAN) enable sensors and actuators to collect physical and physiological data from the human body to better anticipate any diseases, which will thus facilitate the treatment. Potential applications of BAN include cardiovascular disease monitoring, insulin management, artificial vision and hearing, and hormonal therapy management. The Internet of Bio-Nano Things refers to networks of nanodevices that can be accessed by the internet. Development of IoBNT has paved the way to new treatments and diagnostic techniques. Nanonetworks may also help drug delivery by increasing localization and circulation time of drugs.

Existing challenges with the aforementioned applications include biocompatibility of the nano implants, physical limitations leading to lack of power and memory storage, and bio compatibility of the transmitter and receiver design of IoBNT. The nanonetwork concept has numerous areas for improvements: these include developing nanomachines, protocol stack issues, power provisioning techniques, and more.

There are still stringent regulations in place for the development of standards for nanosensors to be used in the medical industry, due to insufficient knowledge of the adverse effects of nanosensors as well as potential cytotoxic effects of nanosensors. Additionally, there can be a high cost of raw materials such as silicon, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes, which prevent commercialization and manufacturing of nanosensors requiring scale-up for implementation. To mitigate the drawback of cost, researchers are looking into manufacturing nanosensors made of more cost-effective materials. There is also a high degree of precision needed to reproducibly manufacture nanosensors, due to their small size and sensitivity to different synthesis techniques, which creates additional technical challenges to be overcome.

See also

Nanotechnology
List of nanotechnology topics
Surface plasmon resonance

References

External links
Weighing the Very Small: 'Nanobalance' Based on Carbon Nanotubes Shows New Application for Nanomechanics, Georgia Tech Research News.
 Emerging Technologies and the Environment
 Nanotechnology and Societal Transformation
 Nanotechnology, Privacy and Shifting Social Conventions
 Nanotechnology and Surveillance

Nanotechnology
Nanomedicine
Emerging technologies

Nanosensor


St. Margaret (sometimes called St. Margaret's) is a rural village in the Cayo District of Belize,  Central America.  The settlement is located at mile 31 on the Hummingbird Highway, in the Maya Mountains. Hondurans, Guatemalans, Salvadorans, and native Belizeans populate the village.  It is home to Five Blues Lake National Park.  The village has power, a police station, and cell service.  The principal jobs are quarrying and refining limestone and agriculture.

Populated places in Cayo District

St. Margaret, Belize


Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Heß (également Hess, né le  à Verden et mort le  à Hanovre) est un botaniste et zoologiste prussien.

Biographie
Wilhelm Heß est le fils de l'inspecteur principal des impôts Friedrich Heß (né en 1791) et de son épouse Julie, née Weßberge (1802-1888). L'ingénieur hydraulique August Heß (1827-1894) est son frère.

William Hess étudié à l'université Georges-Auguste de Goettingen et obtient son doctorat en 1864 sous la direction de Wilhelm Moritz Keferstein à Göttingen en 1864 avec sa thèse Contributions à la connaissance des crabes décapodes de l'est de l'Australie. Hess travaille d'abord comme enseignant à Hanovre et à Northeim, avant d'accepter un poste de professeur de zoologie et de botanique à l'école polytechnique royale de Hanovre en 1874. En 1878, il reçoit le titre de professeur. De 1882 à 1890, il donne des cours de botanique et de zoologie à l'école vétérinaire et est également de 1874 à 1908 professeur assistant scientifique à temps partiel à l'école secondaire.

Wilhelm Heß travaille pour la Biographie générale allemande (ADB), pour laquelle il écrit de nombreuses biographies.

Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Hess est élu le 26 septembre 1892 membre (matricule 2963) de la Leopoldina.

Travaux (sélection)
 Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dekapoden-Krebse Ost-Australiens. Dissertation. Göttingen 1864
 Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dekapoden-Krebse Ost-Australiens. In: Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 31, 1865, p. 127–173 (Digitalisat)
 Die Entwickelung der Pflanzenkunde in ihren Hauptzügen. Vandenhoeck, Göttingen 1872 (Digitalisat)
 Bilder aus dem Leben schädlicher und nützlicher Insekten. Die Hymenopteren. Carl Wilfferodt, Leipzig 1874
 Bilder aus dem Aquarium. 1. Band: Die wirbellosen Thiere des Meeres. Carl Rümpler, Hanovre, 1878 Digitalisat
 Bilder aus dem Aquarium. 2. Band: Die wirbellosen Thiere des Süßwassers. Carl Rümpler, Hanovre, 1878
 Das Süsswasseraquarium und seine Bewohner. Ein Leitfaden für die Anlage und Pflege von Süsswasseraquarien. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1886

Bibliographie
 Gerhard Wagenitz: Göttinger Biologen 1737–1945. Eine biographisch-bibliographische Liste. (= Göttinger Universitätsschriften Serie C, Kataloge; Band 2), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1988, p. 80 (Digitalisat)

Liens externes

Zoologiste prussien
Botaniste prussien
Étudiant de l'université de Göttingen
Naissance en novembre 1841
Naissance à Verden
Naissance dans le royaume de Hanovre
Décès en juin 1918
Décès à Hanovre
Décès à 76 ans

Wilhelm Heß (zoologiste)


الإعلام في السعودية

بدأ الإعلام الرسمي في المملكة العربية السعودية في عهد الملك عبدالعزيز آل سعود عام 1924، وذلك بعد توحيد الدولة السعودية الثالثة، إذ أطلقت صحيفة أم القرى في مكة المكرمة، كأول جهة إعلامية في السعودية، ثم أولت المملكة بعد ذلك الإعلام اهتمامها فأنشئت المديرية العامة للإذاعة والصحافة والنشر بأمر ملكي في عام 1955، وهي أول جهاز حكومي يشرف على وسائل الإعلام، وقد تم تغيير مسماها إلى "وزارة الإعلام" في عام 1962.

معظم الصحف مملوكة ملكية خاصة ولكنها مدعومة ومنظمة من قبل الحكومة في المملكة العربية السعودية. ينص النظام الأساسي للحكم في المملكة على أن دور وسائل الإعلام هو تثقيف الوحدة الوطنية وإلهامها، ونتيجة لا يبلغ عن أغلب المظالم الشعبية في المملكة العربية السعودية. اعتبارًا من عام 2013، تفيد بي بي سي نيوز أن انتقادات الحكومة والعائلة المالكة وتشكيكهم في المعتقدات الإسلامية لا يقبل به وغير متسامح معها عمومًا. ينتشر مبدأ الرقابة الذاتية في الإعلام السعودي. اعتبارًا من عام 2014، صنفت فريدوم هاوس صحافة المملكة والانترنت بأنها غير مجانية.

نظرة عامة
اعتبارا من عام 2006، سمحت الحكومة لبعض الصحفيين المختارين بتوجيه بعض الانتقادات لها في كتاباتهم. على الرغم من أن الرقابة الذاتية لا تزال وسيلة للحفاظ على المنافذ الإعلامية في البلاد، يبدو أن الرقابة الحكومية آخذة في الانخفاض، خاصة فيما يتعلق بالتحقيقات الصحفية في الجريمة والإرهاب. تُنشأ الصحف بموجب مرسوم ملكي. هناك أكثر من عشرة صحف يومية. تتوفر الصحف العربية من بلدان أخرى ولكنها تخضع للرقابة. تدير الحكومة (هيئة الإذاعة والتلفزيون السعودية) تقريباً جميع وسائل البث المحلية في المملكة العربية السعودية. يقوم المراقبون بإزالة المواد المخالفة التي تعتبر مسيئة لمعايير الإسلام، بما في ذلك الإشارات إلى لحم الخنزير والمسيحية والأديان الأخرى والكحول والجنس. لا يمكن تشغيل محطات التلفزيون الخاصة من الأراضي السعودية. على الرغم من أن المسؤولين الحكوميين يراقبون مواقع الإنترنت بحثًا عن مواد إباحية أو مسيئة أو معادية للإسلام، فإن مستخدمي الإنترنت السعوديين يمكنهم الوصول إلى معظم المواقع عن طريق الاتصال ببساطة عبر خادم بديل. أنشأت الحكومة عملية استئناف في حوالي عام 2006 يستطيع المواطنون من خلالها طلب إلغاء حظر مواقع ويب معينة. اعتبارا من عام 2014 كان هناك 17.4 مليون مستخدم للإنترنت.

تنص المادة 39 من النظام الأساسي للحكم في المملكة على ما يلي:
تلتزم وسائل الإعلام والنشر وجميع وسائل التعبير بالكلمة الطيبة، وبأنظمة الدولة، وتسهم في تثقيف الأمة ودعم وحدتها، ويحظر ما يؤدي إلى الفتنة، أو الانقسام، أو يمس بأمن الدولة وعلاقاتها العامة، أو يسيء إلى كرامة الإنسان وحقوقه، وتبين الأنظمة كيفية ذلك.

وسائل الإعلام قديما في الجزيرة العربية
لم تكن وسائل الاتصال الحديثة متاحة في المملكة وقت استعادة الملك عبد العزيز الرياض - ما عدا الصحافة - وكانت البداية الحقيقية للصحافة السعودية مع إصدار جريدة أم القرى.

أما التلفزيون فقد كان له وجود قبل بداية البث الرسمي السعودي عام 1385هـ الموافق 1965م بسنوات عديدة، إذ كان هناك محطتان تلفزيونيتين هما:

 خدمة تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية في قاعدة مطار الظهران يقدمها الجيش الأمريكي في القاعدة عام 1375هـ/1955م من محطة AJL. T.V ، وتعد هذه المحطة أول محطة تلفزيونية في الشرق الأوسط، وقد توقف تشغيل الخدمة التلفزيوينية في 31/ 12 / 1961م وذلك لانتهاء النشاط العسكري الأمريكي في الظهران.
 أول محطة تلفزيونية خاصة بشركة أرامكو وكانت في الظهران، وبدأت ببث برامجها مساء يوم 16 سبتمبر 1957م (1377هـ) باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية، للعاملين في مشروعات الشركة بالمنطقة الشرقية. "وتوقفت المحطة عن الإرسال باللغة العربية وبقي الإرسال باللغة الإنجليزية فقط عند انطلاق محطة لتلفزيون الدمام في شعبان 1389هـ (نوفمبر 1969م). ومحطة تلفزيون أرامكو محطة خاصة غير تجارية، الغرض منها ترفيه وتعليم موظفي وعمال الشركة بالدرجة الأولى. وكان سكان المنطقة الشرقية يشاهدون برامجها (عدد قليل لعدم انتشار أجهزة التلفزيون في ذلك الوقت)، كما كان يشاهدها سكان البحرين وقطر، وجزء من دولة الإمارات العربية، وفي بعض فصول السنة يشاهدها سكان الكويت، وجنوب العراق، وإيران، وبعض السفن في الخليج"

مراحل الصحافة السعودية

المرحلة الأولى
مرحلة صحافة الأفراد (1347 - 1378هـ).

المرحلة الثانية
مرحلة دمج الصحف (1378- 1383هـ).

المرحلة الثالثة
مرحلة نظام المؤسسات الصحفية الأهلية ومستمرة حتى الآن.

سمات الصحف في المملكة العربية السعودية
نلاحظ أن الصحف التي صدرت قبل توحيد البلاد، صحف إقليمية لم تكن تمثل من شبه الجزيرة العربية سوى مدن الحجاز، لكن الصحف التي ظهرت بعد ذلك كانت أرحب مجالا وأكثر شمولا فقد أصبح الكتاب والأدباء من مختلف أرجاء البلاد يشاركون في الكتابة فيها، كما أنها استطاعت أن تشجع ألوانا من النشاط الاجتماعي والأدبي والفكري، وأن تكون صورة صادقة لهذا النشاط الذي حفلت به البلاد في ذلك الوقت.

لقد اتسمت الصحف قبل توحيد البلاد بندرة الأقلام المحلية، لكن بعد ذلك حظيت بإسهام عدد من المواطنين المثقفين، وكانت الإمكانات في غالبية الصحف الصادرة ضعيفة إلا أنها أسدت خدمة كبيرة للمجتمع والبلاد بوجه عام:

 أسهمت إسهاماً جليلاً في دفع الحركة الثقافية في المملكة إلى الأمام.
 عكست من خلال أقلام القائمين عليها والمشاركين الشعور الوطني العام المتوثب للمشاركة في تطوير البلاد، والمساهمة في بناء المجتمع وتثقيفه ورفع مستوى وعي الأفراد.
 إيصال مطالب المواطنين إلى المسؤولين.
 تميزت بالصراحة المباشرة.

الصحف اليومية (الجرائد)
على الرغم من أنها تحت الملكية الخاصة، إلا أنها مدعومة ومنظمة من قبل الحكومة، ولا بد من الحصول على موافقة ملكيّة (مرسوم ملكي) من أجل تأسيسها، ويأكد القانون الأساسي في السعودية أن الدور الإعلامي يجب أن يثقف ويدعم الوحدة الوطنية.

في الصحف السعودية معظم المظالم الشهيرة ممنوعة من الطباعة والنشر. في المقابل في الآونة الأخيرة خففت الحكومة السعودية من منع التطرّق لبعض المواضيع الحساسة، وسمحت لفئة مختارة من الكتّاب الصحفيين للكتابة عن تلك المواضيع.

الإذاعة السعودية

بعد توحيد شبه الجزيرة العربية على يد الملك عبدالعزيز أطلق عليها (المملكة العربية السعودية) وذلك عام 1351هـ/1932م وفي العام ذاته تأسس أول نظام راديو خاص من أجل تزويد الملك عبدالعزيز بالمعلومات الداخلية الخاصة بمدن ومراكز المملكة العربية السعودية، إضافة إلى أخبار العالم الخارجية وأحداثه.

أما البث الإذاعي الجماهيري الشامل، فقد بدأ عام 1368هـ/1949م في مدينة جدة عبر إذاعة تسمى إذاعة مكة المكرمة وتبث في الحجاز فقط، وكان أول من فكر في إقامة محطة إذاعية في المملكة عام 1368هـ/1949م هو الملك سعود (عندما كان ولي عهد لوالده) حيث عرض الفكرة على والده فوافق عليها. وفي 23 / 9 / 1368هـ الموافق 18 / 7 / 1949م أصدر الملك عبد العزيز مرسومًا ملكيًا بتأسيس الإذاعة في المملكة العربية السعودية.

من المحطات الإذاعية الموجودة الآن

 البرنامج العام.
 البرنامج الثاني.
 إذاعة نداء الإسلام.
 إذاعة القرآن الكريم.

التلفزيون السعودي

وكانت أول إشارة لمشروع التلفزيون السعودي في المملكة العربية السعودية، وردت في البيان الذي أذاعه الملك فيصل بن عبد العزيز عام 1382هـ (1962م) عندما كان وليًا للعهد ورئيسًا لمجلس الوزراء في الثاني من جمادى الآخرة، حيث اعتزم الأخذ بهذه الوسيلة الهادفة إلى الترفيه البريء غير المتعارض مع الشريعة الإسلامية وأخلاق المجتمع السعودي.
وقد بدأ بث أول إرسال تلفزيوني تجريبي – غير ملون - في محطتي الرياض وجدة في التاسع من شهر ربيع الأول عام 1385هـ/1965م، وكان الإرسال محدود حيث يغطي مساحة ما بين ثمانين ومائة كيلو متر مربع في المدينتين وما حولهما. وبسبب نقص الفنيين والبرامج اقتصر البث على الحد الأدنى من الإرسال الذي لم يكن يتجاوز الساعة الواحدة، واعتمد في الوقت ذاته على الصور الثابتة والموسيقى وأفلام الكرتون.
شهدت المملكة العربية السعودية بعد ذلك توسعًا في تقديم الخدمات التلفزيونية، فتم إيصال البث إلى مكة المكرمة والطائف عن طريق محطة تلفزيون جدة، كما تم إنشاء محطات تلفزيونية في:المدينة المنورة والقصيم والدمام وأبها.

التلفزيون الملون:
«وفي اليوم الأول من شهر شوال عام 1396هـ (24 سبتمبر 1976م) والذي وافق اليوم الأول من عيد الفطر المبارك، واليوم الأول من شهر الميزان وهو اليوم الوطني للمملكة العربية السعودية، بدأ التلفزيون السعودي بالبث الملون بصورة دائمة بعد فترة تجارب استمرت عدة أشهر.. وقد تم اختيار نظام» سيكام 3 بي«الفرنسي الذي روعي فيه صلاحيته للالتقاط بالأجهزة غير الملونة أيضًا، والاستثناء من ذلك كان بالنسبة لمحطة الدمام إذ روعي أن يكون البث فيها على نظامي» بال وسيكام«الملونين في وقت واحد، وذلك لإتاحة الفرصة لمشاهدي دول الخليج لالتقاط البرامج الملونة من تليفزيون المملكة العربية السعودية..»
أما قنوات التلفزيون السعودي الموجودة الآن فهي:

 القناة السعودية.
 قناة SBC.
 قناة ذكريات.
 قناة الإخبارية.
 قناةالرياضية.
 قناة القرآن الكريم.
 قناة السنة النبوية.

 وتم إغلاق القنوات التالية:
القناة الثانية، القناة الثقافية، القناة الإقتصادية (دمجت مع الإخبارية)، قناة أجيال (دمجت مع SBC)

وكالة الأنباء السعودية (واس)

أنشئت وكالة الأنباء السعودية (واس) عام 1390هـ/1971م، وكانت أول وكالة أنباء في دول شبه الجزيرة العربية، وقد قامت وكالة الأنباء السعودية وسط ظروف تستدعي قيامها تلبي احتياجات السعودية ومجتمعها، وتسد فراغًا إعلاميًا خارجيًا (إقليميًا، عربيًا، إسلاميًا، عالميًا) لتصبح نافذة أساسية تنتقي عبرها وسائل الإعلام الداخلية المسائل الحيوية الهامة التي تتعلق بالوطن وحياة المواطن، وتطلع منها المملكة على مختلف التطورات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية خارج حدودها الجغرافية، انطلاقًا مما عليها من واجبات وما لها من حقوق كمثيلاتها من الوكالات.

وتتسم شخصية وكالة الأنباء السعودية باعتبارها جهازًا إخباريًا وطنيًا يعمل وفق الإمكانات المتاحة ويسعى إلى التطوير مع التركيز على الإطار القيمي والمفاهيم والعادات والتقاليد الإيجابية، مع السعي إلى التجدد والتجديد مع الالتزام بثوابت الدين والأخلاق الرفيعة والمصلحة الوطنية.

وزارة الإعلام السعودية

افتتحت مديرية الإذاعة السعودية في مكة المكرمة عام 1368هـ/ 1949م للإشراف على أول إذاعة أنشئت في المملكة العربية السعودية. وفي عام 1372هـ/1954م رُبطت بالإدارة العامة للحج والأوقاف. وفي عام 1374هـ/1954م تحولت الإذاعة إلى هيئة مستقلة مرتبطة برئيس مجلس الوزارء وسميت بــ (المديرية العامة للإذاعة).

صدر مرسوم ملكي كريم يقضي بإنشاء (المديرية العامة للصحافة والنشر) وذلك في 26/ 10م 1374هـ؛ لتصبح هذه المديرية مرجعًا للمديرية العامة للإذاعة وإدارة المطبوعات والصحافة ووسائل النشر على اختلاف أنواعها.

صدر أمر ملكي يقضي بتحويل المديرية العامة إلى وزارة الإعلام وكان ذلك في عام 1382هـ/1963م، وكان أول وزير سعودي لوزارة الإعلام جميل الحجيلان

انظر أيضًا
 وزارة الإعلام (السعودية)
 صحافة
 وكالة الأنباء السعودية
 جائزة الإعلام السعودي

مصادر
 الصحافة في المملكة العربية السعودية، وزارة الإعلام، الرياض، الطبعة الأولى، 1413هـ/1993م.
 نشأة الصحافة في المملكة العربية السعودية، محمد عبد الرحمن الشامخ، دار العلوم، الرياض، الطبعة الأولى، 1402هـ/1982م.
 وكالة الأنباء السعودية (واس): النشأة، التطور، رؤية مستقبلية، البنية والهوية، فؤاد أسعد كماخي، مكتبة التوبة، الرياض، 1423هـ/2002م.
 الوزارات والوزراء في المملكة العربية السعودية: دراسة توثيقية موجزة، عمر الخولي، الناشر المؤلف، جدة، الطبعة الأولى، 1419هـ/1989م.

مراجع

إعلام السعودية
إعلام حسب البلد
صحافة سعودية
وسائل الإعلام في آسيا حسب البلد

الإعلام في السعودية


Dans med mig er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1990, der er instrueret af Bettina Tvede og Lars Beyer.

Handling
Musikvideoen handler om en følelsesmæssig konflikt, hovedpersonen står i umiddelbart efter separationen fra den kvinde han elsker. Billedsiden understreger de forskellige følelser ved brugen af stoflige billeder, der fremhæver musikkens dialektik.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1990

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Dans med mig