Adult Top 40-hitlisten (også kendt som Adult Pop Songs) udgives ugentligt af Billboard magazine og rangerer, "de mest populære voksen top 40, baseret på radio airplay-målinger af Nielsen Broadcast Data Systemer."

Det er et format hvor genren er mere rettet mod et voksent publikum, der ikke er til hård rock, hip hop, eller adult contemporary. De vigtigste genrer inden for dette format er alternativ rock og mainstreampop, der er mere voksen-orienteret. Det er ikke at forveksle med adult contemporary, hvor der snarere er mindre kendte og mere ballade-drevet sange der spilles.

Registreringer og resultater

De fleste uger som nummer ét
25 uger

 "Smooth" – Santana featuring Rob Thomas (1999–2000)

23 uger

 "Wherever You Will Go" – The Calling (2001–02)

18 uger

 "Unwell" – Matchbox Twenty (2003)
 "Photograph" – Nickelback (2005–06)

17 uger

 "Iris" – Goo Goo Dolls (1998)

16 uger

 "Complicated" – Avril Lavigne (2002)

15 uger

 "Don't Speak" – No Doubt (1996–1997)
 "How to Save a Life" – The Fray (2006–07)

14 uger

 "Torn" – Natalie Imbruglia (1998)
 "Everything You Want" – Vertical Horizon(2000)
 "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)" – Train (2001)

Kilde:

Kunstnere med de fleste nummer-et singler

Kunstnere med de uger samlet, som nummer ét

Kunstnere med flest top 10-singler

 24 – Maroon 5
 18 – Taylor Swift
 16 – Kelly Clarkson
 15 – Pink
 14 – Goo Goo Dolls, Tog, Katy Perry
 13 – Matchbox Twenty

Længste pause mellem antallet dem

 Coldplay – otte år og otte måneder
 Train – seks år, fire måneder og en uge
 Maroon 5 – fem år, 10 måneder og en uge

Kilde:

De fleste ugentlige spil
Kun 8 sange har rundet de 5.000 ugentlige spins mærke i hitlistens historie.

 Lorde – "Royals" (5.380)
 OneRepublic – "Counting Stars" (5.367)
 Katy Perry – Roar (5.309)
 Avicii – "Wake Me Up" (5.230)
 Passager – "Let Her Go" (5.155)
 Adele – Rolling in the Deep (5.109)
 Pink feat. Nate Ruess – Just Give Me a Reason (5.040)
 Robin Thicke med T. I. og Pharrell – Blurred Lines (5.023)

Yderligere resultater

 Shawn Mendes er den første kunstner, der har fire singler der blev nummer 1 på den Adult Pop Songs Chart før han blev 20.

Se også

 Listen af kunstnere, som blev nummer et på den AMERIKANSKE Voksen Top 40 chart
 Adult Contemporary (chart)
 Mainstream Top 40

Referencer

Hitlister

Adult Top 40


The Canadian Prairies (usually referred to as simply the Prairies in Canada) is a region in Western Canada. It includes the Canadian portion of the Great Plains and the Prairie Provinces, namely Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. These provinces are partially covered by grasslands, plains, and lowlands, mostly in the southern regions. The northernmost reaches of the Canadian Prairies are less dense in population, marked by forests and more variable topography. If the region is defined to include areas only covered by prairie land, the corresponding region is known as the Interior Plains. Physical or ecological aspects of the Canadian Prairies extend to northeastern British Columbia, but that area is not included in political use of the term.

The prairies in Canada are a temperate grassland and shrubland biome within the prairie ecoregion of Canada that consists of northern mixed grasslands in Alberta, Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, as well as northern short grasslands in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. The Prairies Ecozone of Canada includes the northern tall grasslands in southern Manitoba and Aspen parkland, which covers central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba. The Prairie starts from north of Edmonton and it covers the three provinces in a southward-slanting line east to the Manitoba-Minnesota border. Alberta has the most land classified as prairie, while Manitoba has the least, as the boreal forest begins more southerly in Manitoba than in Alberta.

Main climates
The core climate of the Canadian prairie region is defined as a semi-arid climate and is often based upon the Köppen climate classification system. This type of classification encompasses five main climate types, with several categoric subtypes based on the precipitation pattern of the region. The majority of the prairie provinces experience snowy, fully humid continental climates with cool summers, also known as class Dfc on the Köppen climate scale. The southernmost regions of the prairies tend to experience fully humid continental climates with warm summers, Dfb. A trifling section surrounding the Alberta-Saskatchewan border has been classified as Bsk, semi-cold and arid climate.

Precipitation events in the Canadian prairies are very important to study as these locations make up 80% of the country's agricultural production. On average, 454 mm of precipitation falls on the prairies each year. Out of the three prairie provinces, Saskatchewan obtains the least amount of precipitation annually (395 mm), with Manitoba receiving the most at 486 mm. Most rainfall typically happens in the summer months such as June and July. With the high humidity of the prairies, tornadoes are likely to occur—marking central Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba as high probability areas. Approximately 72% of tornadoes in Canada are seen across the prairies due to the capability of summer thunderstorm precipitation to mechanically mix with the air adjacent to the relatively flat surface of the region.

Physical geography

Although the Prairie Provinces region is named for the prairies located within Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the physical geography of the three provinces is quite diverse, consisting of portions of the Canadian Shield, the Western Cordillera and the Canadian Interior Plains. The plains comprise both prairies and forests while, with the exception of freshwater along the Hudson Bay, the shield is predominantly forested.

Prairies
Three main grassland types occur in the Canadian prairies: tallgrass prairie, mixed grass prairie, and fescue prairie (or using the WWF terminology, northern tall grasslands, northern mixed grasslands, and northern short grasslands). Each has a unique geographic distribution and characteristic mix of plant species. All but a fraction of one per cent of the tallgrass prairie has been converted to cropland. What remains occurs on the  plain centred in the Red River Valley in Manitoba. Mixed prairie is more common and is part of the dry interior plains that extend from Canada south to the U.S. state of Texas.

More than half of the remaining native grassland in the Canadian prairies is mixed. Though widespread in southern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, because of extensive cattle grazing, it is estimated that only 24% of the original mixed prairie grassland remains. Fescue prairie occurs in the moister regions, occupying the northern extent of the prairies in central and southwestern Alberta and west-central Saskatchewan.

The southwestern Canadian prairies, supporting brown and black soil types, are semi-arid and highly prone to frequent and severe droughts.
The zones around the cities of Regina and immediately east of Calgary are also very dry. Most heavy precipitation quickly dissipates by the time it passes Cheadle on its way heading east. In an average year, southern Saskatchewan receives between  of precipitation, with the majority falling between April and June. Frost from October to April (and sometimes even early May) limits the growing season for certain crops.

The eastern section of the Canadian prairies in Manitoba is well watered with several large lakes such as Lake Winnipeg and several large rivers. The area also gets reasonable amounts of precipitation. The middle sections of Alberta and Saskatchewan are also wetter than the south and have better farmland, despite having a shorter frost-free season. The areas around Edmonton and Saskatoon are especially notable as good farmland. Both lie in the northern area of the Palliser's Triangle, and are within aspen parkland a transitional prairie ecozone.

Further north, the area becomes too cold for most agriculture besides wild rice operations and sheep raising, and it is dominated by boreal forest. The Peace Region in northwestern Alberta is an exception, however. It lies north of the 55th Parallel and is warm and dry enough to support extensive farming. Aspen parkland covers the area; The long daylight hours in this region during the summer are an asset despite having an even shorter growing season than central Alberta. In fact, agriculture plays a major economic role in the Peace Region.

Demographics

In the Canada 2011 Census, the Canadian prairie provinces had a population of 5,886,906, consisting of 3,645,257 in Alberta, 1,208,268 in Manitoba, and 1,033,381 in Saskatchewan, up 8.9% from 5,406,908 in 2006. The three provinces have a combined area of , consisting of  in Alberta,  in Manitoba, and  in Saskatchewan.

Growth
Some of the prairie region of Canada has seen rapid growth from a boom in oil production since the mid-20th century.
According to StatsCanada, the prairie provinces had a population of 5,886,906 in 2011. In 2016, the population had grown by 14.6% to 6,748,280.

Economy

In the mid 20th century, the economy of the prairies exploded, due to the oil boom, and introduced a growth of jobs. The primary industries are agriculture and services. Agriculture consisting of livestock (cattle and sheep), cultivating crops (oats, canola, wheat, barley), and production of oil. Due to the production of oil, the service industry expanded in order to provide for the employees of the oil companies extracting the oil. In the 1950s-1970s, the explosion of oil production increased the worth of Alberta, allowing it to become the "nation's richest province" and Canada one of the top petroleum exporters in the world. Edmonton and Calgary drew in a larger population with the increase in jobs in the energy industry, causing the jobs supporting this industry to grow as well. It was through the steady economic growth that followed this explosion that the prairies region began to switch from an agriculture-based job sector to one with services included.

In 2014, the global market for oil fell and led to a recession, impacting the economy dramatically. Alberta still has an oil-dominant economy even as the traditional oil wells dry up; there are oil sands further north (i.e. Fort McMurray) that continue to provide jobs to extract, drill and refine the oil. Saskatchewan, in particular, in the early 20th century grew economically due to the Canadian agricultural boom and produce large crops of wheat. It is said to have a "one-crop economy" due to such dependency on this crop alone, but after 1945 the economy took another turn with technological advancements that allowed for the discovery of uranium, oil, and potash.

Culture and politics

The Prairies are distinguished from the rest of Canada by cultural and political traits. The oldest influence on Prairie culture are the First Nations, who have inhabited this region for millennia. This region has the highest proportion of Indigenous people in Canada, outside of the "territories." The first Europeans to see the Prairies were fur traders and explorers from eastern Canada (mainly present-day Quebec) and Great Britain via Hudson Bay. They gave rise to the Métis, working class "children of the fur trade."

During their settlement by Europeans, the prairies were settled in distinct ethnic block settlements giving  areas distinctively Ukrainian, German, French, or Scandinavian Canadian cultures. Farm family operations predominate, where families supplement their cash income with home-grown farm produce. Grain crops are the main cash crop, but mixed farming had natural advantages in the wooded areas of the parkland and boreal forest to the north. Local conditions attrracted particular ethnicities. Those of Ukrainians and Polish heritage were drawn to the parkland of east north-central Alberta.

Southern Alberta is renowned for its cowboy culture, which developed when real open range ranching was practiced in the 1880s. Canada's first rodeo, the Raymond Stampede, was established in 1902. These influences are also evident in the music of Canada's Prairie Provinces. This can be attributed partially to the massive influx of American settlers who began to migrate to Alberta (and to a lesser extent, Saskatchewan) in the late 1880s because of the lack of available land in the United States.

The Prairie Provinces have given rise to the "prairie protest" movements. Radical solutions are sometimes considered sound in the more open western culture. Organized Farmer groups and politicized labour grops were a feature of the inter-war years. The One Big Union was founded on the Prairies; the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 was the biggest general strike in Canadian history. The United Farmers of Alberta was the longest-lasting post-WWI Farmer government in Canada. Monetary reform (Social Credit) elected its first government in the world in Alberta in 1932. Preston Manning's Reform Party, 1987 to 2000, had its strongest support among Prairie voters.

These political movements (both of the left and right) tend to feed off of well established feelings of Western alienation, and each one represents a distinct challenge to the perceived Central Canadian elite.

The Prairies continue to have a wide range of political representation. While the Conservative Party of Canada has widespread support throughout the region at both federal and provincial levels, the New Democratic Party holds seats at the provincial level in all three provinces, and takes turns with Conservatives or another right-wing party at provincial government. The NDP holds seats at the federal level in Alberta and Manitoba. The Liberal Party of Canada often holds seats in Alberta and Manitoba; it presently holds four federal seats in Winnipeg, while the Manitoba Liberal Party holds three seats in Manitoba.

See also

Dominion Land Survey
High Plains (United States)
List of regions of Canada
Llano Estacado
Natural Resources Acts
Shortgrass prairie
Ecozones of Canada

References

Further reading

 Alberta Encyclopedia Online (2005)
 Archer, John H. Saskatchewan: A History (1980)
 Barnhart, Gordon L., ed. Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century. (2004). 418 pp.
 Bennett, John W. and Seena B. Kohl. Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890–1915: Pioneer Adaptation and Community Building. An Anthropological History. (1995). 311 pp. online edition
 Danysk, Cecilia. Hired Hands: Labour and the Development of Prairie Agriculture, 1880–1930. (1995). 231 pp.
 Emery, George. The Methodist Church on the Prairies, 1896–1914. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2001. 259 pp.
 The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan: A Living Legacy. U. of Regina Canadian Plains Research Center, 2005. online  1071 pp in print edition
 Fairbanks, C. and S.B. Sundberg. Farm Women on the Prairie Frontier. (1983)

 Hodgson, Heather, ed. Saskatchewan Writers: Lives Past and Present. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 2004. 247 pp.
 Jones, David C. Empire of Dust: Settling and Abandoning the Prairie Dry Belt. (1987) 316 pp.
 Keahey, Deborah. Making It Home: Place in Canadian Prairie Literature. (1998). 178 pp.
 Kononenko, Natalie "Vernacular religion on the prairies: negotiating a place for the unquiet dead," Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no. 1-2 (2018)
 Langford, N. "Childbirth on the Canadian Prairies 1880-1930." Journal of Historical Sociology, 1995. Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 278–302.
 Langford, Nanci Louise. "First Generation and Lasting Impressions: The Gendered Identities of Prairie Homestead Women." PhD dissertation U. of Alberta 1994. 229 pp. DAI 1995 56(4): 1544-A. DANN95214 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
 Laycock, David. Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945. (1990). 369 pp.
 Lorenz, Stacy L. "'A Lively Interest on the Prairies': Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport' 1870-1939." Journal of Sport History 27.2 (2000): 195–227. online
 Melnyk, George. The Literary History of Alberta, Vol. 1: From Writing-on-Stone to World War Two. U. of Alberta Press, 1998. 240 pp.
 Morton, Arthur S. and Chester Martin, History of prairie settlement (1938) 511pp
 Morton, W. L. Manitoba, a History University of Toronto Press, 1957 online edition
 Norrie, K. H. "The Rate of Settlement of the Canadian Prairies, 1870–1911", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jun., 1975), pp. 410–427 in JSTOR; statistical models
 Palmer, Howard. The Settlement of the West (1977) online edition
 Pitsula, James M. "Disparate Duo" Beaver 2005 85(4): 14–24, a comparison of Saskatchewan and Alberta, Fulltext in EBSCO
 Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra. "Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies". Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 2000 37(2): 223–238.  Fulltext: Ebsco
 Swyripa, Frances. Storied Landscapes: Ethno-Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies (University of Manitoba Press, 2010) 296 pp. .
 Thompson, John Herd. Forging the Prairie West (1998).
 Wardhaugh, Robert A. Mackenzie King and the Prairie West (2000). 328 pp.
 Waiser, Bill, and John Perret. Saskatchewan: A New History (2005).

Historiography
 Francis, R. Douglas. "In search of a prairie myth: A survey of the intellectual and cultural historiography of prairie Canada." Journal of Canadian Studies 24#3 (1989): 44+ online

 Wardhaugh, Robert A., ed. Toward Defining the Prairies: Region, Culture, and History. (2001). 234 pp.
  310 pp.

Great Plains
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Grasslands of Canada
Regions of Canada
Prairies
Geography of Alberta
Geography of Saskatchewan
Geography of Manitoba

Canadian Prairies


ජෛව රසායනික විද්‍යාව පිළිබදව පර්යේෂකවරුන් ඒ සදහා ආවේණික වූ විශේෂ ක්‍රමෝපායන් භාවිතා කරති. නමුත් මෙම ක්‍රමෝපායන් ජාන විද්‍යාව, අණුක ජීව විද්‍යාව සහ  ජෛව භෞතික විද්‍යාව යන අංග සමග සංකලනය කරනු ලබයි. නුතනයේදී මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයන්හි කැපීපෙනෙන ලෙස සීමා මායිම් නොතිබුණ ද අතීතයේදී එය එසේ වුණි. නූතනයේදී අනුක ජීව විද්‍යාව සහ ජෛව රසායනික විද්‍යාව යන හැදින්වීම් ආසන්න වශයෙන් එකිනෙක අතර වෙනස්කම් දක්වති. පහතින් දැක්වෙනුයේ මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයන් අතර ඇති අන්තර් සම්බන්ධතාවයන් පිළිබදව විය හැකි යැයි අනුමාන කරන සංකල්පයන්ය.

	ජෛව රසායනික විද්‍යාව යනු ජීවින්ගේ රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍යයන් සහ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයන් පිළිබදව කෙරෙන අධ්‍යයනයකි. මෙහිදී ජෛව අණුවල කෘත්‍ය සහ ව්‍යුහය පිළිබදව අවධානය යොමු කරනු ලබයි. ජෛව රසායනික විද්‍යාවට උදාහරණ වනුයේ ජීවී ක්‍රියාවලි පිටුපස ඇති රසායනය සහ ජීව විද්‍යාත්මකව සක්‍රීය අණුවල නිෂ්පාදනය පිළිබදව අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමයි.

      ප්‍රවේනි විද්‍යාව යනු ජීවින් තුළ ජානවල ඇති වෙනස් කම් මගින් ඇති වන බලපෑම පිළිබදව සිදු වන අධ්‍යයනයයි. බොහෝ අවස්ථාවලදී මෙය සාමාන්‍ය අණු (ඒක ජානයක්) නොමැතිව වුවද අනුමාන කළ හැකිය. සාමාන්‍ය රූපානුදර්ශයට වඩා එකක් හෝ වැඩි ගණනකින් කෘත්‍යමය කොටස් වෙනස්වන විකෘති ඇතිවීම පිළිබදව ද මෙහිදී අධ්‍යයනය කරනු ලබයි. ඇතැම් අධ්‍යයනයන් හිදී ජානවල අන්තර් ක්‍රියා පිළිබදවද  අධ්‍යයනය කරනු ලබයි.

	අණුක ජීව විද්‍යාවේදී ප්‍රවේනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල ගුණනය, පිටපත් කිරීම සහ පරිවර්ථනය පිළිබදව අධ්‍යයනය කරනු ලබයි. අණුක ජීව විද්‍යාවෙහි මූලික සංකල්පය වනුයේ ජාන ගත ද්‍රව්‍ය ආර්.එන්.ඒ. බවට පරිවරථනය වී ඉන්පසු එමගින් ප්‍රෝටීන සංස්ලේශනය කරන බවයි. මෙම සංකල්පය මගින් ආර්.එන්.ඒ මගින් ඉටුකරන වැදගත් කෘත්‍ය පිළිබදව විග්‍රහ කරයි.

	රසායනික ජෛව විද්‍යාව මගින් කුඩා අණු මගින් නව අණු නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම පිළිබදව අධ්‍යයනය කරයි. මෙමගින් ජෛව විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධතියන්හි අවම කැළඹීම සිදුවන අතර ඒවායෙහි කෘත්‍ය පිළිබදව සවිස්තරාත්මක හැදින්වීමක් සපයයි. තවද රසායනික ජෛව විද්‍යාව මගින් ජෛව පද්ධතිවලින් ජෛව අණු සහ කෘතිම උපකරණ භාවිතා කරමින් ස්වාභාවික නොවන දෙමුහුන් නිෂ්පාදනය කරනු ලබයි. (උදාහරණයක් ලෙස හිස් කරන ලද වෛරස කැප්සිඩයක් භාවිතා කරමින් ජාන චිකිත්සාව හෝ ඖෂධ අණු පරිවහණය සිදු කළ හැකිය.)

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry#Relationship_to_other_.22molecular-scale.22_biological_sciences
ජීව විද්‍යාව

ජෛව රසායනික විද්‍යාව-වෙනත් අණුක මට්ටමේ ජෛව විද්‍යාවන් සදහා ඇති සම්බන්ධතාවය


Celas Portekiz'de Vinhais belediyesine bağlı olan, 36,75 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 269 nüfuslu (2011) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vinhais'in bucakları

Celas


Francisco Martínez Tous (), cunoscut ca Paco Tous,  un actor spaniol. El este cel mai bine cunoscut pentru rolurile sale principale ca Paco în serialul de televiziune Los hombres de Paco și ca Agustín "Moscú" Ramos în La casa de papel, care a avut premiera în 2017.

Note

Legături externe

Actori spanioli

Paco Tous


නෙදර්ලන්තයෙහි විශේෂ පුරවර තුන (නිල වශයෙන් මහජන මණ්ඩල)  කැරිබියානු නෙදර්ලන්තය (, ) ලෙසින් සාමූහිකව  හැඳින්වෙන අතර පාරසමුද්‍ර ලෙසින් බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්හී පිහිටා ඇති බොනේර්, සින්ට් උස්ටාටියුස් සහ සාබා යන්නෙන් සමන්විත වෙයි.

නෙදර්ලන්තය

කැරිබියානු නෙදර්ලන්තය


Oscar Montague Guest ( - )  est un homme politique du Royaume-Uni, d'abord avec le Parti libéral et plus tard conservateur. Il est élu deux fois en tant que député.

Famille
Il est le plus jeune des neuf enfants d'Ivor Guest (1er baron Wimborne) (1835-1914) et de son épouse Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (1847-1927), fille de John Spencer-Churchill (7e duc de Marlborough), tante de Sir Winston Churchill . La famille Guest est composée de riches industriels propriétaires de la société de fabrication de fixations Guest, Keen et Nettlefolds (maintenant connue sous le nom de GKN). Trois des frères d'Oscar (Henry Guest, Ivor et Freddie) sont également députés, tout comme leur grand-père John. Il épouse Kathleen Paterson (née en 1903), et ils ont quatre enfants : deux fils et deux filles, Bertie (1925), Patrick (1927), Cornelia (1928) et Revel (1931).

Carrière politique
Oscar est élu aux élections générales de 1918 en tant que député du Parti libéral de Loughborough dans le Leicestershire, mais ne se représente pas aux élections générales de 1922 .

Il ne se représente au Parlement qu'aux élections générales de 1935, lorsqu'il est élu député conservateur de la circonscription de Camberwell North West dans le sud de Londres. Aux élections générales de 1945, il ne se présente pas pour le siège de Camberwell (qui est remporté par le candidat du Parti travailliste), mais se présente dans la circonscription de Breconshire et Radnorshire, où son neveu Ivor a été député dans les années 1930. Oscar y est battu, ironiquement par une marge beaucoup plus large que la majorité travailliste de Camberwell North West .

Références

Liens externes

Député du 37e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 31e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du Parti libéral (Royaume-Uni)
Député du Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni)
Décès en mai 1958
Naissance en août 1888
Décès à 69 ans

Oscar Guest


Les Portes de Saint-Cyr est une gare ferroviaire française de la ligne de la grande ceinture de Paris, située à Versailles et à proximité de Saint-Cyr-l'École, dans le département des Yvelines, en région Île-de-France.

Elle est mise en service le 6 juillet 2022 par la Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF).

C'est une halte voyageurs (dite station), qui est desservie par des tram-trains de la ligne 13 Express du tramway d'Île-de-France.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à environ  d'altitude, la gare de « Les Portes de Saint-Cyr » est située sur la ligne de la grande ceinture de Paris (devenue, après adaptation, la ligne 13 Express du tramway d'Île-de-France sur ce tronçon), entre la gare de Saint-Cyr et la station Allée Royale.

Histoire
Ouverte le , cette station est située au nord de l'ancienne gare de Saint-Cyr-Grande-Ceinture, elle même à  de la gare de Saint-Cyr.

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
Halte ou station SNCF, c'est un point d'arrêt non géré (PANG) à accès libre. Elle dispose de deux quais. Elle est équipée d'abris sur chacun des quais et d'automates pour l'achat et le compostage de titres de transport. C'est une station qui est accessible « en toute autonomie » par les personnes en fauteuil roulant, grâce à des rampes. La traversée des voies peut autant se faire à niveau qu'en dessous des voies. Un abri vélos est également disponible.

Desserte
La station des Portes de Saint-Cyr est desservie par des tram-trains de la relation Saint-Cyr - Saint-Germain-en-Laye (ligne T13).

Intermodalité
La gare est desservie par des tram-trains de la relation Saint-Cyr - Saint-Germain-en-Laye (ligne T13).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ligne de la grande ceinture de Paris
 Ligne 13 Express du tramway d'Île-de-France

Liens externes

Station de tramway dans les Yvelines
Ligne de la grande ceinture de Paris
Gare à Versailles

Les Portes de Saint-Cyr (tramway d'Île-de-France)


Propaganda é a informação que não é imparcial e usada principalmente para influenciar uma audiência e promover uma agenda, muitas vezes apresentando fatos seletivamente (talvez mentindo por omissão) para encorajar uma síntese particular, ou usando mensagens carregadas para produzir uma resposta emocional em vez de racional à informação apresentada. O termo propaganda adquiriu uma conotação fortemente negativa por associação com seus exemplos mais manipuladores e jingoístas.

Precedentes pré-modernos

Formas primitivas de propaganda têm sido uma atividade humana desde que existem evidências registradas confiáveis. A inscrição de Beistum (c. 515 a.C.) detalhando a ascensão de Dario I ao trono persa é vista pela maioria dos historiadores como um dos primeiros exemplos de propaganda. O Artaxastra escrito por Cautília (c. 350 – 283 a.C.), professor de ciência política na Universidade da antiga Taxila e primeiro-ministro do Império Máuria na Índia antiga, discute a propaganda em detalhes, como como espalhar propaganda e como para aplicá-lo na guerra. Seu aluno Chandragupta Máuria (c. 340 – 293 a.C.), fundador do Império Máuria, empregou esses métodos durante sua ascensão ao poder. O criador mais conhecido da historiografia romana foi Quinto Fábio Pictor (século III a.C.). Seu estilo de escrever a história defendendo as ações do Estado romano e usando fortemente a propaganda acabou se tornando uma característica definidora da historiografia romana. Outro exemplo de propaganda inicial é a obra A Guerra dos Irlandeses com os Estrangeiros, do século XII, escrita pelos dalcassianos para se retratar como governantes legítimos da Irlanda.

A propaganda durante a Reforma, ajudada pela disseminação da imprensa por toda a Europa e, em particular, na Alemanha, fez com que novas ideias, pensamentos e doutrinas fossem disponibilizados ao público de maneiras nunca vistas antes do século XVI. A imprensa foi inventada por volta de 1450 e rapidamente se espalhou para outras grandes cidades da Europa; na época em que a Reforma estava em andamento, em 1517, havia centros de impressão em mais de duzentas das principais cidades europeias. Esses centros tornaram-se os principais produtores tanto das obras da Reforma dos reformadores protestantes quanto das obras antirreforma apresentadas pelos católicos romanos.

Durante o período colonial dos Estados Unidos, escritores religiosos e empresas comerciais circularam folhetos brilhantes pedindo colonização nas Américas, mas muitas vezes deixaram de fora os riscos e perigos. Durante a era da Revolução Americana, as colônias americanas tinham uma florescente rede de jornais e gráficas especializadas no assunto em nome dos patriotas (e em menor grau em nome dos legalistas). A publicação única mais famosa foi Common Sense, um panfleto de 1776 de Tom Paine que desempenhou um papel importante na articulação da demanda por independência. Ocasionalmente, a desinformação direta foi usada, como quando Benjamin Franklin circulou histórias falsas de atrocidades cometidas pelos índios seneca em aliança com os britânicos. Mais tarde, O Federalista foi escrito sob pseudônimo por três autores da Constituição para influenciar o apoio público à ratificação.

Na Revolução Francesa e nas Guerras Napoleônicas, ambos os lados fizeram uso pesado dela durante campanhas militares com alfabetização midiática. Por exemplo, os girondinos distribuíram panfletos entre as tropas inimigas oferecendo-lhes recompensas pela deserção.

Século XIX
A propaganda, como geralmente entendida, é um fenômeno moderno que surgiu da criação de sociedades letradas e politicamente ativas informadas por uma mídia de massa, onde os governos viam cada vez mais a necessidade de influenciar a opinião pública em favor de suas políticas. As eras revolucionárias francesas e napoleônicas produziram algumas das primeiras propagandas do Período Moderno. Um exemplo notável foi talvez durante a Rebelião Indiana de 1857, onde os sipaios indianos se rebelaram contra o domínio da Companhia Britânica das Índias Orientais na Índia. Incidentes de estupro cometidos por rebeldes indianos contra mulheres ou meninas inglesas foram exagerados com grande efeito pela mídia britânica para justificar a continuação do colonialismo britânico no subcontinente indiano. Na época, os jornais britânicos publicaram vários relatos sobre mulheres e meninas inglesas sendo estupradas pelos rebeldes indianos. Mais tarde, descobriu-se que alguns desses relatos eram histórias falsas criadas para perpetuar os estereótipos comuns do povo nativo da Índia como selvagens que precisam ser civilizados pelos colonialistas britânicos, uma missão às vezes conhecida como "O Fardo do Homem Branco". Um desses relatos publicado pelo The Times, sobre um incidente em que 48 meninas inglesas de dez a quatorze anos foram supostamente estupradas pelos rebeldes indianos em Deli, foi criticado como uma história de propaganda falsa por Karl Marx, que apontou que a história foi relatada por um clérigo em Bangalor, longe dos eventos da rebelião.

Nos Estados Unidos antes da Guerra Civil, tanto os defensores da escravidão quanto os abolicionistas divulgaram suas ideias por meio da literatura e do lobby. Os primeiros periódicos antiescravidão incluíam o Anti-Slavery Reporter and Freedom's Journal (1827–29), o último atacando os programas de colonização de "retorno à África" favorecidos por muitos políticos proeminentes. Ativistas como William Lloyd Garrison e Theodore Dwight Weld foram muito eficazes nos escritos das sociedades antiescravistas para conquistar a opinião pública. Do lado pró-escravidão, o Manifesto de Ostende (18 de outubro de 1854) defendeu a aquisição de Cuba como um estado escravocrata, como forma de contornar o Compromisso do Missouri. Na esteira de Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), vários livros foram escritos para reforçar a decisão. Por exemplo, Cannibals All!, or Slaves Without Masters, de George Fitzhugh, argumentou que a relação senhor-escravo era melhor do que a escravidão assalariada sob a exploração capitalista. Outro Slavery Ordained of God, de Frederick A. Ross, usou a vontade divina para justificar a escravidão e controversamente equiparou a escravidão ao tratamento das mulheres (ou seja, escravos e mulheres são crianças). Por último veio Macaria, de Augusta Jane Evans Wilson; ou Altars of Sacrifice (1864), popular no Norte e no Sul, defendeu persuasivamente a política confederada e previu consequências horríveis se os escravos fossem libertados.

No final do século XIX e início do século XX, as técnicas de propaganda tornaram-se mais refinadas e eficazes devido, por um lado, ao crescimento de novas tecnologias de comunicação (por exemplo, cabos submarinos, rádio sem fio, filmes silenciosos) e, por outro, o desenvolvimento de publicidade e relações públicas modernas. As Laws of Imitation (1890), de Gabriel de Tarde, e The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1897), de Gustave Le Bon, foram duas das primeiras codificações de técnicas de propaganda, que influenciaram muitos escritores posteriormente, incluindo Sigmund Freud. O Mein Kampf de Hitler é fortemente influenciado pelas teorias de Le Bon.

Revolução Russa

Propaganda branca
Os Protocolos dos Sábios de Sião, um texto fraudulento de conspiração antissemita, foi impresso pela primeira vez em um jornal das Centenas Negras pouco antes da Revolução Russa de 1905. Tornou-se amplamente divulgado como uma explicação para as revoltas. À medida que a Revolução de Outubro de 1917 se desenrolava, fazendo com que os russos afiliados ao movimento Branco fugissem para o Ocidente, os Protocolos foram levados com eles e assumiram um novo propósito. Até então, Os Protocolos permaneceram obscuros; tornou-se agora um instrumento para culpar os judeus pela Revolução Russa. Foi uma arma diretamente política, usada contra os bolcheviques que foram descritos como esmagadoramente judeus, supostamente executando o "plano" judaico-bolchevique incorporado nos Protocolos. O objetivo era desacreditar o comunismo, impedir o Ocidente de reconhecer a União Soviética e provocar a queda do regime de Vladimir Lenin.

Propaganda vermelha
Os revolucionários russos dos séculos XIX e XX distinguiram dois aspectos diferentes abrangidos pelo termo propaganda. Sua terminologia incluía dois termos: agitação () e propaganda (), cuja aglutinação é agitprop (que não é, no entanto, limitado à União Soviética, como era considerado, antes da Revolução de Outubro, para ser uma das atividades fundamentais de qualquer ativista marxista; essa importância do agitprop na teoria marxista também pode ser observada hoje em círculos, que insistem na importância da distribuição de folhetos).

A propaganda soviética significava a disseminação de ideias revolucionárias, ensinamentos do marxismo e conhecimento teórico e prático da economia marxista, enquanto a agitação significava formar uma opinião pública favorável e agitar a agitação política. Essas atividades não carregavam conotações negativas e eram incentivadas. Expandindo as dimensões da propaganda estatal, os bolcheviques usaram ativamente meios de transporte como trens, aviões e outros meios.

O regime de Josef Stalin construiu o maior avião de asa fixa da década de 1930, o Tupolev ANT-20, exclusivamente para esse fim. Batizado com o nome do famoso escritor soviético Máximo Gorki que havia retornado recentemente da Itália Fascista, foi equipado com um poderoso aparelho de rádio chamado "Voz do céu", máquinas de impressão e lançamento de folhetos, estações de rádio, laboratório fotográfico, projetor de filmes com som para exibição de filmes em voo, biblioteca, etc. A aeronave pode ser desmontada e transportada por ferrovia, se necessário. A aeronave gigante estabeleceu vários recordes mundiais.

Pós-guerra

Bernays, um sobrinho de Freud, que escreveu o livro Propaganda no início do século XX, mais tarde cunhou os termos "mente grupal" e "consentimento de engenharia", conceitos importantes no trabalho prático de propaganda. Ele escreveu:
A manipulação consciente e inteligente dos hábitos organizados e das opiniões das massas é um elemento importante na sociedade democrática. Aqueles que manipulam esse mecanismo invisível da sociedade constituem um governo invisível que é o verdadeiro poder governante de nosso país.
Somos governados, nossas mentes são moldadas, nossos gostos formados, nossas ideias sugeridas, em grande parte por homens de quem nunca ouvimos falar. Este é um resultado lógico da forma como a nossa sociedade democrática está organizada. Um grande número de seres humanos deve cooperar dessa maneira se quiserem viver juntos como uma sociedade que funcione sem problemas.O documentário Century of the Self de Adam Curtis explora a influência dessas ideias nas relações públicas e na política ao longo do século passado.

Lippmann, em Public Opinion (1922), também trabalhou sobre o assunto, assim como o pioneiro publicitário americano e fundador da área de relações públicas Edward Bernays, sobrinho de Freud, que escreveu o livro Propaganda no início do século XX.

De acordo com Alex Carey, uma característica distintiva do século XX foi "a profissionalização e institucionalização da propaganda", uma vez que se tornou uma tática cada vez mais proeminente, sofisticada e autoconsciente tanto do governo quanto das empresas.

Bibliografia

 Bernays, Edward. "Propaganda". (1928)

 Cole, Robert. Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics (1996)
 Cole, Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of Propaganda (3 vol 1998)
 Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion (6th ed. Sage Publications, 2014). A detailed overview of the history, function,  and analyses of propaganda.  excerpt and text search
 Kennedy, Greg, and Christopher Tuck, eds. British Propaganda and Wars of Empire: Influencing Friend and Foe 1900–2010 (2014)  excerpt and text search
 Le Bon, Gustave, The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind (1895)
 MacArthur, John R. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. New York: Hill and Wang. (1992)

 Taylor, Philip M. British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
 Thomson, Oliver. Mass Persuasion in History. An Historical Analysis of the Development of Propaganda Techniques. Edinburgh: Paul Harris Publishing, 1977.
 Thomson, Oliver. Easily Led: A History of Propaganda. Stroud: Sutton, 1999.

Guerras mundiais
 Bergmeier, Horst JP, and Rainer E. Lotz. Hitler's airwaves: the inside story of Nazi radio broadcasting and propaganda (1997).
 Carruth, Joseph. "World War I Propaganda and Its Effects in Arkansas." Arkansas Historical Quarterly (1997): 385–398. in JSTOR
 Cornwall, Mark. "News, Rumour and the Control of Information in Austria‐Hungary, 1914–1918." History 77#249 (1992): 50–64.
 Creel, George. "Propaganda and Morale" American Journal of Sociology (1941) 47#3 pp. 340–351 in JSTOR, Analysis by the head of American propaganda in the First World War
 Doob, Leonard W. "Goebbels' principles of propaganda", Public Opinion Quarterly 14, no. 3 (1950): 419–442. in JSTOR
 Green, Leanne. "Advertising war: Picturing Belgium in First World War publicity", Media, War & Conflict 7.3 (2014): 309–325.
 Gullace, Nicoletta F. "Allied Propaganda and World War I: Interwar Legacies, Media Studies, and the Politics of War Guilt", History Compass 9, no. 9 (2011): 686–700.
 Haste, Cate. Keep the home fires burning: Propaganda in the First World War. Lane, Allen, 1977.
 Herf, Jeffrey. The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. Harvard University Press, 2009.
 Honey, Maureen. Creating Rosie the Riveter: class, gender, and propaganda during World War II. 1984.
 Horne, John, and Alan Kramer. "German 'Atrocities' and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries," Journal of Modern History 66, no. 1 (1994): 1–33. in JSTOR
 Johnson, Niel M. George Sylvester Viereck, German-American Propagandist. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1972. (about World War I)
 Kingsbury, Celia Malone. For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front. University of Nebraska Press, 2010. 308 pp. Describes propaganda directed toward the homes of the American homefront in everything from cookbooks and popular magazines to children's toys.
 Lasswell, Harold D. Propaganda Technique in World War I. 1927.

 Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "Studies of World War Propaganda, 1914-33", Journal of Modern History 5, no. 4 (1933): 496–516. in JSTOR
 Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. "Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War", Journal of Contemporary History 13, no. 3 (1978): 467–498. online; also in JSTOR
 Monger, David. Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain: The National War Aims Committee and Civilian Morale (2013) online edition
 Morris, Kate. British Techniques of Public Relations and Propaganda for Mobilizing East and Central Africa During World War II. Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.
 Paddock, Troy. A Call to Arms: Propaganda, Public Opinion, and Newspapers in the Great War (2004)
 Paddock, Troy. World War I and propaganda (Brill, 2014).
 Peterson, Horace Cornelius. Propaganda for war: The campaign against American neutrality, 1914–1917. University of Oklahoma Press, 1939. On the operations of private organizations
 Rhodes, Anthony. Propaganda: the art of persuasion, World War II. 1987.
 Sanders, Michael, and Philip M. Taylor, eds. British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914–1918 (1983)
 , A primary source
 Squires, James Duane. British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914 to 1917 (Harvard University Press, 1935)
 Thompson, J. Lee. Politicians, the Press, & Propaganda: Lord Northcliffe & the Great War, 1914–1919 (Kent State University Press, 1999), On Britain
 Welch, David. Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914–1918 (2000).

Propaganda visual
 Aulich, James. War Posters: Weapons of Mass Communication (2011)
 Bird, William L. and Harry R. Rubenstein. Design for Victory: World War II Poster on the American Home Front (1998)
 Darman, Peter. Posters of World War II: Allied and Axis Propaganda 1939 – 1945 (2011)
 Moore, Colin. Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change (2011)  excerpt and text search
 Slocombe, Richard.  British Posters of the Second World War (2014)

Ligações externas

 Documentação sobre as atividades de propaganda dos EUA no início da Guerra Fria no Oriente Médio pelo Arquivo de Segurança Nacional. Coleção de 148 documentos e ensaio geral.
 Folhetos de propaganda da Segunda Guerra Mundial: Um sítio sobre folhetos de propaganda lançados no ar, bombardeados ou lançados por foguetes. Alguns cartazes também.
 Canadian Wartime Propaganda – Canadian War Museum
 Propaganda do norte do Vietnã da Guerra do Vietnã dos EUA. A maior coleção de propaganda norte-vietnamita disponível online.
 "A arte da propaganda da Coreia do Norte", BBC, 29 de julho de 2007: imagens de cartazes de propaganda norte-coreana
 CBC Radio's "Nazi Eyes On Canada" (1942), série com estrelas de Hollywood promovendo o Canadian War Bonds
 Mais de 400 pôsteres da Primeira e Segunda Guerras Mundiais (fax pesquisável nas Bibliotecas da Universidade da Geórgia; formato DjVu & PDF em camadas)
 A grande coleção de folhetos de propaganda de vários conflitos do Psywar.org
 "Mobilizing Movies! The U.S. Signal Corps Goes to War, 1917-1919" (documentário sobre propaganda cinematográfica dos EUA pelo Signal Corps and Committee on Public Information, 2017)
 Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages
 Bytwerk, Randall, "Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page". Calvin University.
 US Navy recruiting posters archive
 Tim Frank Collection of WWII Propaganda Leaflets, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
 Finding Aid to American war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – circa 1919, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to American war posters from the Second World War, circa 1940 – 1945, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to Soviet poster collection, circa 1939 – 1945, The Bancroft Library
 Aid to Canadian war posters from the First and Second World Wars, circa 1914 – 1945, The Bancroft Library
 Aid to French war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – 1918, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to French war posters from the Second World War, circa 1939 – circa 1945, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to British war posters from the First World War, circa 1914 – 1918, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to British war posters from the Second World War, circa 1939 – circa 1945, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to British and British Commonwealth war posters from the Second World War, circa 1939 – circa 1945, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to Chinese News Service posters from the Second World War era, circa 1939 – circa 1945, The Bancroft Library
 Finding Aid to the German poster and broadside collection, chiefly from the Nazi party during the Second World War, circa 1930 – circa 1945, The Bancroft Library

Informação geral
 Propaganda Filmmaker: Make Your Own Propaganda Film
 PropagandaCritic Video Gallery

História da mídia

História da propaganda


An Thelymitra cyanapicata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jeffrey A. Jeanes. An Thelymitra cyanapicata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelymitra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha South Australia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thelymitra

Thelymitra cyanapicata


TDP er et akronym med flere betydninger:
 Thymidindifosfat (forkortelsen fra engelsk Thymidine diphosphate), et nukleotid
 Torsades de pointes, en livstruende medicinsk tilstand ofte forkortet "TdP"

TDP


Salihli aşağıdaki anlamlara da gelebilir:

Yerleşim yerleri
 Salihli,  Manisa ili ilçesi
 Salihli, Ergani,  Diyarbakır ili Ergani ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Salihli, Yerköy,  Yozgat ili Yerköy ilçesine bağlı köy
 Salihli, Fatsa, Ordu ili Fatsa ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Salihli (anlam ayrımı)


Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim (née en 1989) est une productrice de cinéma, scénariste et réalisatrice nigériane, qui crée des œuvres sur les communautés LGBTQ marginalisées au Nigéria. En 2020, elle fait partie de la liste 100 Women de la BBC.

Biographie
Ikpe-Etim naît en 1989. Elle co-fonde la société de production Hashtag Media House, et en 2011, elle commence à donner la parole aux communautés minoritaires du Nigeria et en particulier à sa communauté LGBTQ. À Nollywood, les personnages homosexuels sont ridiculisés et présentés comme des prédateurs, poussés par des intérêts économiques ou sous l'influence de sectes et de sorts et finissent souvent par être punis pour leurs actes ou sauvés par l'église. De plus, la représentation LGBT de Nollywood s'arrête généralement aux hommes homosexuels.

En 2020, Ikpe-Etim et la productrice  produisent le film Ìfé. Ce film, le premier film d'Ikpe-Etim, raconte une histoire d'amour lesbien. Ìfé n'est pas le premier film lesbien produit au Nigeria, mais c'est le premier à ne pas s'appuyer sur des préjugés et stéréotypes négatifs. En effet, la productrice, la réalisatrice et les actrices principales sont toutes des personnes LGBT nigérianes. Ikpe-Etim se définit comme queer.

Le Conseil national de la censure du film et de la vidéo menace l'équipe de prison pour  dans un pays où le mariage homosexuel est illégal depuis 2014. Pour éviter la censure, le film sort à l'étranger en , au festival du cinéma LGBT de Toronto. Il est diffusé ensuite sur une plateforme de streaming. Il est de nouveau projeté au  en novembre 2020.

Prix et récompenses
En 2020, Ikpe-Etim fait partie de la liste annuelle 100 Women de la BBC pour sa contribution aux droits des femmes au Nigeria.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Droits LGBT au Nigeria

Liens externes

100 femmes de la BBC
Réalisatrice nigériane
Naissance en 1989
Militant pour les droits LGBT au Nigeria
Militant pour les droits des femmes

Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim


USS Rudyerd Bay (CVE-81) was the twenty-seventh of fifty s built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after Rudyerd Bay, within Ketcchikan Gateway Bourough, of the Territory of Alaska. Today, the bay lies within Misty Fjords National Monument. The ship was launched in January 1944, commissioned in February, and served as a replenishment and transport carrier throughout the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the Philippines campaign. Later, she served as a frontline carrier, providing air cover and support for the invasion of Iwo Jima, and the Battle of Okinawa. Postwar, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet, repatriating U.S. servicemen from throughout the Pacific. She was decommissioned in June 1946, when she was mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was sold for scrapping in January 1960.

Design and description

Rudyerd Bay was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, at the waterline, she was  long, she had a beam of , at her widest point, this was , and a draft of . She displaced  standard,  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Power was provided by four Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers. Her compact size necessitated the installation of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors  anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon  cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20 mm cannons, and the amount of 40 mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Although Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to function with a crew of 860 and an embarked squadron of 50 to 56, the exigencies of wartime often necessitated the inflation of the crew count. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. During the Invasion of Iwo Jima, she carried 15 FM-2 fighters, 11 TBM-1C torpedo bombers,  and a TBM-1CP reconnaissance plane for a total of 27 aircraft. During the Battle of Okinawa, she carried 17 FM-2 fighters and 12 TBM-3 torpedo bombers, for a total of 29 aircraft.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942. The escort carrier was laid down on 24 October 1943 under the name Kaita Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was laid down as MC hull 1118, the twenty-seventh of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. She was launched on 12 January 1944; sponsored by the wife of Captain Scott Ernest Peck; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 25 February 1944, with Captain Curtis Stanton Smiley in command.

Service history

Upon being commissioned, Rudyerd Bay underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to Southern California, where she took on a load of aircraft, which she ferried to Espiritu Santo of the New Hebrides throughout April and May. Upon returning to the West Coast, the carrier conducted qualification exercises off the California coast until July, before making another transport run to Majuro, in the Marshall Islands from 20 July to 26 July, escorted by the destroyer escort . After finishing her mission, she embarked Composite Squadron 77 (VC-77), departing on 8 August for the West Pacific. At Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands, she joined Task Group 30.8, the Fleet Oiler and Transport Carrier Group, which at the time, consisted of seven escort carriers (including Rudyerd Bay), seven destroyers, fifteen destroyer escorts, and twenty-four replenishment oilers, organized into eight task units. She then proceeded with the task group to Manus Island, in the Admiralty Islands, arriving on 31 August.

Throughout early September, Rudyerd Bay served as a replenishment carrier, providing replacement aircraft (from VC-77), parts, and supplies for the frontline Fast Carrier Task Force of the Third Fleet, which at the time was supporting the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Later, during October, she continued supporting the fast carriers as they operated in support of the Philippines campaign. Rudyerd Bay was still a part of Task Group 30.8, now renamed the At Sea Logistics Group. The fleet oilers had been detached, and the number of escort carriers involved had increased to eleven. On 18 October, the carrier took on the wounded of the light cruiser , which had been subjected to two separate aerial torpedo hits. She transported them to Ulithi in the Caroline Islands, and by November, the carrier was back to replenishment duties, which would eventually take her into Typhoon Cobra.

On 17 December 1944, Rudyerd Bay was a part of Task Unit 30.8.12, alongside her sister , which was acting as the flagship. The two escort carriers were screened by the destroyer escorts  and . By then, the Third Fleet had been operating against positions on Luzon since 14 December, but its escorting destroyers ran low on fuel. As a result, the fleet retired to the east to refuel, and to receive replacement aircraft from Task Group 30.8. Rudyerd Bay rendezvoused with the Third Fleet about  east of Luzon early on 17 December. The location had been chosen because it lay out of range of Japanese fighters, but it also happened to lie within Typhoon Alley, where many Pacific tropical cyclones transited. As the escort carriers and the Third Fleet met, Typhoon Cobra began to bear down. At 01:00, fueling operations were attempted with the destroyers, although heavy winds and listing seas complicated the matter. At the same time, barometers on-board the ships began to drop, and tropical storm force winds were recorded.

As the weather continued to deteriorate, Admiral William Halsey Jr. ordered fueling operations suspended at 13:10. He ordered his fleet to move to the next morning's planned rendezvous spot, approximately  northwest, and comfortably safe from the typhoon's impacts. Two hours later, he instead ordered his fleet to proceed due southwards,  from where the fleet was located. This brought the fleet directly into the typhoon's core. To make matters worse for the Third Fleet, Halsey ordered the fleet to proceed northwards at 22:20, putting the fleet in the quadrant of the typhoon with the highest winds. Blurry data and observations meant that command had little idea of where the typhoon actually was, with some weather maps pinning the typhoon's center some  away, even whilst the fleet sailed directly into the eye. Attached to the Third Fleet, Rudyerd Bay followed.

At 07:00, on the morning of 18 December, the fleet was inescapably trapped in the typhoon's path. Conflicting orders meant that some of the destroyers attempted to do some fueling during the morning, even as waves with an estimated height of  pounded the task force. At 07:22, Rudyerd Bay came to course at 60°, along with her sisters  and Nehenta Bay. Rudyerd Bay struggled to maintain its course as it battled with high winds and waves cresting over the flight deck. At 10:17, Rudyerd Bay radioed that she was dead in the water, albeit control was quickly regained.

Nonetheless, all appearances suggest that Rudyerd Bay passed through Typhoon Cobra relatively intact and without much damage, given the fact that on 19 December, Halsey found it judicious to assign upon her and her sister , the task of combing through the area looking for survivors. On 20 December, at 05:00, the carrier was the first to report to Halsey that the destroyer  had capsized, with the loss of most of its crew. At 08:40, Rudyerd Bay, along with her screens, relieved the destroyer escort , which had been conducting search and rescue operations for fifty straight hours.

Upon concluding rescue operations, Rudyerd Bay steamed back to Ulithi, where the destroyer escorts unloaded the survivors of the Spence. On 28 December, the escort carrier, accompanied by Nehenta Bay, several oilers, and various other ships, departed Ulithi, voyaging westwards to continue their replenishment role in support of the Philippines campaign. The carrier was situated in the Philippine Sea, until 10 January 1945, when she moved north to the South China Sea, in order to better support the fast carriers as they participated in the invasion of Lingayen Gulf and conducted strikes against Japanese shipping stretching from Indochina to Formosa. On 22 January, Rudyerd Bay left replenishment duty, transiting via the Sulu Sea, Mindanao Sea, and Leyte Gulf, before docking at Ulithi.

Rudyerd Bay remained at Ulithi until 10 February, when she left for Saipan, in the Mariana Islands, in preparation for the invasion of Iwo Jima. During this time period, Captain John Golden Foster Jr. took over command of the carrier. On 16 February, she left the Mariana Islands, as a part of Task Group 51.17, along with . The two carriers were responsible for providing air cover and escorting the troop transports as they ferried marines to the shores of Iwo Jima. Finishing this duty without incident on 18 February, the two carriers joined Task Group 52.2, the Support Carrier Group, as a part of Task Unit 52.2.3, which was under the command of Rear Admiral George R. Henderson.

Rudyerd Bays aircraft contingent, VC-77, began flying missions in support of the marines on 19 February, as U.S. forces began touching down on the island's beaches. These missions were expected to include reconnaissance missions, flown by VC-77's sole TBM-1CP reconnaissance plane. However, after the plane had just taken off on its first mission, at 09:14, a scanty twelve minutes after the first U.S. forces had touched down on the island, the Avenger had a large Japanese shell tear into it, turning the plane into a fireball and killing VC-77's commanding officer. Nonetheless, VC-77 continued providing close air support and conducting antisubmarine patrols around Iwo Jima until 8 March, when Rudyerd Bay retired for Ulithi.

Whilst Rudyerd Bay was stationed at Ulithi from 11 March to 20 March, her aircraft contingent was exchanged, with Composite Squadron 96 (VC-96) being embarked in preparation for the Battle of Okinawa. On 21 March, the carrier got underway, as a part of Task Unit 52.1.2, which was under the command of Rear Admiral Felix Stump. She arrived at her position on 25 March, about  to the south of Okinawa, where she began launching strikes against enemy positions on Kerama Retto and on Okinawa itself. Rudyerd Bays aircraft contingent, with the exceptions of 1 April and 8 April, operated daily until 17 April. From 13 to 15 April, VC-96 concentrated on the Sakishima Islands, where a squadron of Japanese kamikaze aircraft were being launched.

Throughout these operations, Rudyerd Bay witnessed a steady stream of both kamikazes and conventional Japanese aircraft make attacks on the escort carriers. For example, on the late afternoon of 2 April, Rudyerd Bays fighters were scrambled when two kamikazes attacked her sister , with an extreme near-miss tearing a large hole in the starboard side of the carrier. As the sun set, one of VC-96's fighters shot down a Mitsubishi A6M Zero, and as the Japanese planes disengaged, eight of her fighters were forced to make night landings, even though none of the pilots had been night-qualified. In the ensuing mayhem, two Wildcat fighters and an Avenger on the flight deck were rendered as complete losses, with four more planes being severely damaged, albeit remarkably, none of the pilots were killed or seriously injured.

On 17 April, Rudyerd Bay was rotated to Task Group 50.8, the Logistics Support Group, for a 10-day period of relative rest, although her aircraft were still responsible for providing an air screen for the replenishment carriers. She was rotated back to Task Group 52.1 on 27 April, whereupon she continued providing close air support. She was rotated again to Task Group 50.8 on 8 May, providing air cover until 20 May, when she retired from the Ryukyu Islands. By then, VC-96 had flown 1,257 sorties in support of the battle on Okinawa.

Proceeding eastwards, Rudyerd Bay arrived on Guam on 23 May, where she detached her aircraft contingent, VC-96, and embarked Composite Squadron 85 (VC-85) for transport back to the West Coast. Upon arriving back in the United States, she underwent overhaul, which took until the end of July. Upon the completion of overhaul, she was reassigned to plane ferry duty, which began on 1 August, when she ferried a load of aircraft from Naval Air Station Alameda to the Marshall Islands. Whilst she was still midway in her ferry mission, the Japanese surrender was announced. Nonetheless, Rudyerd Bay continued onwards, unloading cargo and passengers at Enewetak, before heading to Ulithi and the Philippines, and moving Composite Squadron (VC-33) to Okinawa. She then took on another aircraft squadron, which she transported back to the West Coast, arriving at San Francisco on 8 October.

There, Rudyerd Bay underwent repairs and modifications in order to better accommodate troops, before being assigned to the "Magic Carpet" fleet, which repatriated servicemen from throughout the Pacific. She made Magic Carpet runs for the rest of 1945, into the new year, finishing her final trans-Pacific run on 23 January 1946. On 18 February, she left dock at California, bound for the Eastern seaboard. She transited through the Panama Canal on 28 February, unloaded some aircraft at Jacksonville, Florida in early March, and steamed north to Boston, where inactivation work was commenced.

Rudyerd Bay was decommissioned on 11 June, and mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, as part of its Boston group. Docked at the South Boston Naval Annex, she was reclassified as a utility carrier (CVU-81) on 12 June 1955. She was then further reclassified as an aviation transport (AKV-29) on 7 May 1959. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 August 1959, and sometime in January 1960, she was sold to Cantieri Navali Santa Maria, which broke her up in Genoa, Italy throughout 1960. Rudyerd Bay' received five battle stars for her World War II service.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1943 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Rudyerd Bay


Kōjō no Tsuki (jap. , wörtlich: "Der Mond über der Burgruine"; poetisch auch: "Ruine im Mondlicht") ist ein Gedicht des Lyrikers Doi Bansui. Es wurde von Rentarō Taki vertont und ist als Volkslied in Japan weithin bekannt.

Gedicht

Doi Bansui (1871–1952) war Anglist. Er wurde in Sendai geboren. Er studierte an der Kaiserlichen Universität Tokio. Von 1901 bis 1904 studierte er in London, Paris und Leipzig. Nach seiner Rückkehr unterrichtete Bansui an der Kaiserlichen Tohoku-Universität. Er starb in Sendai.

Das Gedicht Bansuis entstand im Rahmen einer Auftragsarbeit des Konservatoriums Tokyo (heute: Tōkyō Geijutsu Daigaku) als Text zu einem Lied für die Mittelschule. Das Gedicht bzw. der Liedtext Bansuis trug zunächst den Titel Kōjō Tsuki (). Der ursprüngliche Text, der einen vierteiligen Aufbau (auch Kishōtenketsu) besitzt, lautet:

春高楼の花の宴
巡る盃影さして
千代の松が枝分け出
でし 昔の光今いづこ

秋陣営の霜の色
鳴きゆく雁の数見せて
植うる剣に照り沿ひし
昔の光今いづこ

今荒城の夜半の月
変わらぬ光誰がためぞ
垣に残るはただ葛
松に歌ふはただ嵐

天上影は変はらねど
栄枯は移る世の姿
映さんとてか今も尚
ああ荒城の夜半の月

Der Begriff Chiyo (, Zeile 3) bedeutet üblicherweise "tausend Jahre" oder eine lange Zeit, ist aber auch im Begriff Chiyoki () der Beiname der Kiefer.
Die Kunyomi-Lesung der Schriftzeichen  lautet zwar Chiyo, doch wenn man stattdessen die Onyomi-Lesung verwendet, so ergibt sich für  die Lesung Sendai. Bereits Date Masamune hat für Sendai die Kanji  (Kyūjitai: ) verwendet. Date Masamune beherrschte als Daimyō mit dem Date Klan die Tōhoku-Region, deren größte Stadt Sendai ist. Er errichtete auch die Burg Sendai, die auch den Namen Aoba Burg trägt. Da Doi Bansui aus Sendai stammte, handelt es sich hier um ein Wortspiel (Kakekotoba), indem im Wort Chiyo auf die Stadt Sendai angespielt wird. Zudem wird auf diese Weise das Bild der Kiefer, die die Zeiten überdauert (), durch die Substitution der Lesung von Chiyo durch Sendai mit dem Bild einer Kiefer (an der Burg) von Sendai () verknüpft. Die Bedeutung der Schriftzeichen für Sendai (Stadt) können bildlich auch zu (, Sennin no sumu takadai – Anhöhe, wo die Sennin wohnen) expandiert werden. Die Burg Sendai, die Data Masamune errichtete und in der er residierte, ist eine Höhenburg (jap. , sanjō, yamajirō), die auf einer Anhöhe steht, an deren Fuße sich Sendai als Burgstadt (Jōkamachi) entwickelte.

Lied

Als Doi Bansui in London studierte, traf er auf Rentarō Taki, der ebenfalls im Auftrag des Konservatoriums Tokyo, die Melodie komponierte. Die ursprüngliche Melodie, die 1901 mit dem Text Bansuis erstmals veröffentlicht wurde, war ursprünglich als Vokalwerk ("Mubanso") ohne musikalische Begleitung in h-Moll konzipiert. 1917 schuf Yamada Kōsaku unter dem Titel Hana no en () zusätzlich eine Instrumentalfassung für Klavier. Er änderte den Grundton der Tonart unter Beibehaltung des Tongeschlechts, indem er das Stück um eine Terz nach oben und damit von h-Moll in d-Moll transponierte. Auch das Tempo und den Rhythmus des Liedes änderte er von 8 zu 16 Takten.

1918 wurde das Lied vom Musikverlag Sonoo als Solo-Gesangsstück unter dem Titel Kōjō no Tsuki publiziert. Der Komponist Mori Kazuya (1915–1998) berichtet von einer Vorlesung des Assistenzprofessors Kunihiko Hashimoto, gehalten 1927 am Konservatorium Tokyo. Hashimotos Ausführungen nach sollte Europäern die d-Moll-Version Kōsakus zu Gehör gebracht werden. In Rentarōs Originalfassung fällt das E in hana no En (Zeile 1) mit einem durch ein Kreuz (#) erhöhten Ton zusammen. Dieses als Zigeunermoll bekannte Charakteristikum, den vierten Ton der harmonischen Molltonleiter zu erhöhen, sei kennzeichnend für Zigeunerlieder und es führe dazu, dass Europäer die Melodie mit ungarischen Volksliedern assoziieren und nicht für eine japanische Melodie hielten. Um diesen Effekt zu vermeiden, habe Tamaki Miura, die erste japanische Opernsängerin von Weltruhm, Yamada gebeten, in seiner Bearbeitung das Kreuz wegzunehmen, da sie Kōjō no Tsuki bei vielen Gelegenheiten in Europa sang. Eine Aufnahme mit Klavierbegleitung Yamadas, aber der ursprünglichen Melodie (also 8 Takte) gibt es mit dem Countertenor Yoshikazu Mera.

Liedtext

Früher gab es am Gebäude des Sakurano Department Stores am Hauptbahnhof von Sendai Lautsprecher aus denen die Melodie von Kōjō no Tsuki täglich um 10:00, 12:00, 15:00 und 17:00 Uhr ertönte.

Rezeption

Weitere Vertonungen sind:

 In der belgischen Abtei Chevetogne wird Kōjō no Tsuki in der Bearbeitung von Yamada Kosuke als Kirchenhymne (Hymne der Cherubim) gesungen. Diese Version wurde 2004 von der französischen Black-Metal-Band Deathspell Omega aufgegriffen und in den Song Carnal Malefactor integriert.

 Ein Jazz Arrangement von Thelonious Monk befindet sich unter dem Titel "Japanese Folk Song" auf seinem Album Straight No Chaser von 1967.

 Eine der bekanntesten Fassungen stammt von der deutschen Heavy-Metal-Band Scorpions, Ende der 1970er-Jahre während eines Konzertes im Nakano Sun Plaza, Tokio, als Ballade gespielt und später auf dem Live-Album Tokyo Tapes veröffentlicht.

 Außerdem wurde Kōjō no Tsuki von Yngwie Malmsteen 1984 während der Alcatrazz Japan Tour gespielt.

 1992 entsteht eine Aufnahme mit dem Schweizer Tenor Ernst Haefliger in deutscher Sprache (vergriffen).

 2003 erfolgte eine erneute Einspielung von Bariton Tōru Tanabe und Pianist Matthias Gräff-Schestag auf Deutsch unter dem Titel "Ruinen im Mondschein" in "Alte und neue Lieder aus Japan: 31 japanische Lieder mit Klavierbegleitung; in deutscher Übersetzung, hrsg. von Toru Tanabe und Matthias Gräff-Schestag", (ISMN M-50087-920-6).

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Text und Noten des Originals von Rentarō in h-moll (PDF; 122 kB) – japanisch mit lateinischer Umschrift
 Diskografie zu Haefliger – Haefliger sings Japanese songs by German Vol. 1-3
 Zum Gedenken an Rentarō Taki (deutsch)
 Hörbeispiel und japanischer Text

Literatur (Japanisch)
Musik (Japan)
Volkslied
Lied 1901
Traditionelle japanische Musik

Kōjō no Tsuki


جاك كيلبي  ولد في 8 نوفمبر 1923 في الولايات المتحدة في مدينة جفرسون سيتي وتوفي في 20 يونيو 2005 في دالاس، تكساس. مهندس كهربائي أمريكي، و اشتهر باختراعه للدارة المتكاملة في سنة 1958 عمل في تكساس إنسترومنتس.

حاز على جائزة نوبل سنة 2000 وحصل أيضا على جائزة كيوتو سنة 1993.

حياته

عاش في جريت بند Great Bend بولاية كنساس.

حصل على دبلوم بكالوريوس علمي في الإلكترونيات بجامعة إلينوي بعد ذلك حصل على الماجستير سنة 1950.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من جفرسون سيتي (ميزوري)
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية للهندسة في الولايات المتحدة
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير المخترعين الوطنيين
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حائزون على قلادة العلوم الوطنية الأمريكية
خريجو جامعة إلينوي في أوربانا شامباين
خريجو جامعة ويسكونسن ماديسون
خريجو جامعة ويسكونسن–ملواكي
خريجو كلية الهندسة بجامعة ويسكونسن-ماديسون
زملاء معهد مهندسي الكهرباء والإلكترونيات
علماء من كانساس
علماء من ميزوري
فائزون بجائزة تشارلز ستارك درابر
فيزيائيون من ميزوري
مخترعون أمريكيون
مهندسو إلكترونيات أمريكيون
مهندسون كهربائيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1923
مواليد في جفرسون سيتي (ميزوري)
وفيات 2005
وفيات السرطان في تكساس
وفيات في دالاس (تكساس)

جاك كيلبي


Romain Bardet (* 9. November 1990 in Brioude) ist ein französischer Radrennfahrer.

Werdegang
Nachdem Bardet als U23-Fahrer u. a. bei der Tour de l'Avenir 2010 den sechsten Gesamtrang belegt und 2011 eine Etappe gewonnen hatte, erhielt er 2012 einen Vertrag beim UCI ProTeam Ag2r La Mondiale. In seinem ersten Jahr für dieses Radsportteam wurde er bei der Türkei-Rundfahrt Fünfter der Gesamtwertung. Bei seiner ersten Grand Tour, der Tour de France 2013, belegte er auf Anhieb den 15. Platz. Im August desselben Jahres gewann Bardet die Gesamtwertung der Tour de l'Ain. Im März 2014 war Bardet beim Eintagesrennen Valence Drome Classic siegreich. Im weiteren Verlauf der Saison gelangen ihm vordere Platzierungen bei UCI WorldTour-Etappenrennen: Er wurde Vierter der Volta Ciclista a Catalunya und Fünfter des Critérium du Dauphiné. Zudem erreichte er bei der Tour de France 2014 den sechsten Gesamtrang.

Bei der Tour de France 2015 gewann er die bergige 18. Etappe nach Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne als Solist. Er wurde Gesamtneunter und erhielt die Rote Rückennummer des kämpferischsten Fahrers der Rundfahrt. Ein weiterer Tour-de-France-Etappensieg gelang ihm 2016 bei der Bergankunft der 19. Etappe nach einem Angriff auf der vorausgegangenen Abfahrt. In der Gesamtwertung belegte er am Ende den zweiten Platz hinter Chris Froome. Bei der Tour de France 2017 gewann er die zwölfte Etappe von Pau nach Peyragudes, die in einer extrem steilen Bergankunft endete und wurde Dritter der Gesamtwertung.

2018 wurde er bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Innsbruck im Straßenrennen von Alejandro Valverde im Sprint einer vierköpfigen Spitzengruppe, die sich am letzten Anstieg gebildet hatte, geschlagen und gewann Silber. 2019 gewann er die Bergwertung der Tour de France.

Nach neun Jahren bei Ag2R wechselte Bardet 2021 zum Team DSM und wurde bei seiner ersten Giro-d'Italia-Teilnahme Gesamtsiebter. Im selben Jahr gewann er eine Etappe der Vuelta a España. 2022 wurde er Gesamtsieger der Tour of the Alps.

Diverses
2022 wurde Bardet vom Internationalen Komitee für Fair Play ausgezeichnet. Er hatte sich beim Rennen Lüttich–Bastogne–Lüttich um den Fahrer Julian Alaphilippe gekümmert, der außer Sichtweite der Teammitglieder und Sanitäter eine Böschung hinuntergestürzt war, und dafür auf eigene Siegchancen verzichtet.

Erfolge

2010
 eine Etappe Ronde de l'Isard

2011
 zwei Etappen Tour des Pays de Savoie
 eine Etappe Tour de l'Avenir

2013
 Gesamtwertung Tour de l'Ain

2014
 Valence Drome Classic

2015
 eine Etappe Critérium du Dauphiné
 eine Etappe und  Rote Rückennummer Tour de France

2016
 eine Etappe Tour de France

2017
 eine Etappe Tour de France

2018
 Classic Sud Ardèche
  Weltmeisterschaft – Straßenrennen

2019
  Bergwertung Tour de France

2021
 eine Etappe und Bergwertung Burgos-Rundfahrt
 eine Etappe Vuelta a España
2022

 Gesamtwertung Tour of the Alps

Grand-Tour-Platzierungen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (Frankreich)
Olympiateilnehmer (Frankreich)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Franzose
Geboren 1990
Mann

Romain Bardet


Der Mercedes-Benz L 3000 ist ein zweiachsiger Lastkraftwagen des deutschen Herstellers Daimler-Benz AG, der von 1938 bis 1944 produziert wurde. Ab 1939 hießen die Modelle mit Hinterradantrieb L 3000 S; Modelle mit Allradantrieb heißen L 3000 A und wurden nur von 1939 bis 1942 gebaut.

Geschichte und Hintergrund

Vormodelle

Ab 1896 baute die Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft neben Personenkraftwagen auch leichte und schwere Lkw mit einer Nutzlast bis zu 10 t für den zivilen und den militärischen Bereich. Auch die Reichswehr nutzte 3-t-Lkw als Mannschaftswagen. Ab 1934 fertigte Daimler-Benz unter der Bezeichnung Mercedes-Benz LG 63 einige geländegängige Versuchsfahrzeuge, die nach erfolgreicher Erprobung als Mercedes-Benz LG 3000 in die Serienfertigung gingen und ab 1936 an Wehrmacht, Reichspost, Reichsbahn und Wirtschaftsbetriebe geliefert wurden.

Mercedes-Benz L 3000

Ab 1938 folgte der 3-t-Lkw Mercedes-Benz L 3000 – werksintern als LGF 3000 bezeichnet – als Straßenfahrzeug mit moderner Stahlkabine. Im Gegensatz zu den meist benzinbetriebenen Lkw seiner Zeit verfügte der L 3000 über einen 4849-cm³-Dieselmotor mit einer Motorleistung von 55 kW (75 PS) bei 2250 min−1.

Bei Kriegsbeginn 1939 wurden zahlreiche L 3000 im Rahmen der materiellen Mobilmachungsergänzung eingezogen und von der Wehrmacht eingesetzt. Die Wehrmacht klassifizierte den L 3000 in den Kriegsstärkenachweisungen als "mittlerer, geländegängiger Lastkraftwagen offen (o)", der je nach Verwendungszweck verschiedene Aufbauten und Rüstsätze erhielt.

Aus Rationalisierungsgründen wurden die deutschen Lkw-Hersteller am 1. Januar 1940 angewiesen, sich anstelle der bisherigen großen Typenvielfalt auf die Fertigstellung von Einheits-Lkw zu konzentrieren. Als "Einheits-LKW" wurden die Typen L 3000 nun unter den Bezeichnungen Mercedes-Benz L 3000 S (3000 = 3,0 t; S=Standard), bzw. Mercedes-Benz L 3000 A (A=Allrad) geliefert.

Die Produktion des L 3000 wurde 1944 eingestellt, nachdem das Opelwerk Brandenburg durch einen Luftangriff Anfang August 1944 als Produzent ausfiel und Daimler-Benz nun alleiniger Hersteller des kriegswichtigen Opel "Blitz" 3,6 war. Dessen Lizenzbau im Lkw-Werk Mannheim von Daimler-Benz hatte erst kurz zuvor begonnen.
Neben dem L 3000 und dem 3-to-Opel-"Blitz" stellte Daimler-Benz noch zahlreiche weitere Größenklassen her, die zum großen Teil die Wehrmacht einsetzte.

Weitere Lkw-Typen bis 1945

Analog entstanden die als 4,5-t-Lkw konzipierten Mercedes-Benz L 4500 S/A, die zum Teil auch in der Variante als Maultier-Halbkettenfahrzeug unter Verwendung von Fahrgestellen des Panzer II gebaut wurden. Auch leichtere Lkw der Typen Mercedes-Benz L 1100, Mercedes-Benz L 1500 S/A und Mercedes-Benz L 2000 L (=leicht) wurden geliefert. Die Einheits-Lkw unterschieden sich zunächst von den Vorgängermodellen nur durch die abgerundeten Kotflügel. Ab 1943 wurden zivile Lkw meist mit einer Holzvergaseranlage ausgerüstet, da die knappen Ottokraftstoffe vorzugsweise an die Wehrmacht geliefert wurden. Später wurde die für die Einheits-Lkw übliche Fahrerkabine aus Holz verwendet.

Technik
Der L 3000 ist ein zweiachsiger Lastkraftwagen mit U-Profil-Leiterrahmen, dessen Starrachsen vorne und hinten an Halbfedern aufgehängt sind. Die Vorderachse ist einfachbereift, während die Hinterachse doppelt bereift ist. Die Reifen sind rundum Reifen in der Größe 7,50-20; der L 3000 A hat Reifen mit Geländeprofil. Das Bremssystem ist hydraulisch betätigt und wirkt auf alle Räder, die Handbremse wirkt auf die Hinterräder. Gelenkt wird mit einer Rosslenkung des Typs 700 von ZF. Die Kraft wird vom Motor über eine Einscheibentrockenkupplung auf ein manuelles Fünfganggetriebe mit Vorgelege übertragen. Vom Getriebe gelangt die Kraft beim Geländetyp L 3000 A über drei Sperrdifferenziale auf Vorder- und Hinterräder. Der Vorderradantrieb ist abschaltbar, der Geländegang ist auch ohne eingeschalteten Vorderradantrieb einschaltbar.

Der Motor ist der Mercedes-Benz OM 65/4. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Vierzylinder-Reihen-Vorkammer-Dieselmotor mit OHV-Ventilsteuerung und Wasserkühlung. Die Kurbelwelle ist fünffach gelagert und treibt über Stirnräder die untenliegende Nockenwelle an. Der Kraftstoff wird von einer Einspritzpumpe von Deckel oder Bosch in die Vorkammern eingespritzt.

Technische Daten L 3000 A

() Werte in Klammern gelten für Fahrten im Gelände

Stückzahlen

Siehe auch
 Geschichte der deutschen Nutzfahrzeugindustrie von 1895 bis 1945

Literatur
 Werner Oswald: Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer der Reichswehr, Wehrmacht und Bundeswehr. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1982.
 Frank, Reinhard: Mercedes im Kriege – Personenwagen, Lastkraftwagen, Sonderaufbauten. PODZUN-PALLAS-VERLAG, Dornheim. 1985. ISBN 3-7909-0244-6.

Weblinks

 Restaurierung eines Mercedes-Benz L 3000 S, 18. März 2012

Einzelnachweise

Radfahrzeug der Wehrmacht
L 3000
Lkw-Modell

Mercedes-Benz L 3000


Ariamazes (; auch Arimazes oder Ariomazes () genannt) war ein sogdianischer Territorialherr, dessen schwer zugängliche Burg wohl Anfang 327 v. Chr. von Alexander dem Großen erobert werden konnte.

Die im Osten der persischen Satrapie Sogdien gelegene Burg des Ariamazes war auf dem hohen und allseitig steil abfallenden Sogdischen Felsen gebaut worden und galt als nahezu uneinnehmbar. Vor dem Anmarsch Alexanders waren viele Sogder in Ariamazes' Bergfestung geflüchtet. Dorthin hatte auch der baktrische oder sogdische Adlige Oxyartes seine Gattin und Töchter, darunter Alexanders spätere Gattin Roxane, geschickt, um sie vor den Makedonen in Sicherheit zu bringen. Eine von Alexander vorgeschlagene friedliche Einigung, die eine freiwillige Übergabe der Burg gegen freien Abzug der auf den Felsen Geflüchteten vorsah, lehnten die Verteidiger mit der höhnischen Bemerkung ab, dass nur Männer mit Flügeln die Festung erstürmen könnten. Daraufhin ließ der Makedonenkönig 300 im Bergsteigen erfahrene Männer gegen das Versprechen hoher Geldbeträge nachts den Gipfel über der Burg erklimmen. Deren überraschte Besatzung glaubte, dass das gesamte feindliche Heer die Bergspitze besetzt habe und ergab sich.

Laut Quintus Curtius Rufus soll Alexander Ariamazes, dessen Verwandte und andere gefangen genommene Adlige nach persischer Art kreuzigen haben lassen, während der zuverlässige Alexanderhistoriker Arrian nichts von solchen Grausamkeiten berichtet und Ariamazes überhaupt nicht erwähnt. Auch bei Polyainos findet sich keine Bestätigung der angeblichen Kreuzigung des Ariamazes.

Literatur
 Alexander Demandt: Alexander der Große. Leben und Legende. C. H. Beck, München 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59085-6, S. 237.

 Robin Lane Fox: Alexander der Große. 3. Auflage. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-608-94078-2, S. 414f.
 Siegfried Lauffer: Alexander der Große. 3. Auflage. Dtv, München 1993, ISBN 3-423-04298-2, S. 134f.

Anmerkungen

Mann
Perser der Antike
Achämenide
Person um Alexander den Großen
Geboren im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
Gestorben im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.

Ariamazes


බිබිල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, ඌව පළාතේ,   මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි. අතීතයේ සිටම කෘෂි කර්මාන්තයෙන් ස්යංපෝෂිත වූ සාරවත් භුමියකින් හෙබි පෞඪ ඉතිහාසයකට උරුමකම් කියනු ලබන පුන්‍ය භූමියකි.

ජනගහනය

බිබිල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයට අයත් ග්‍රාම නිිලධාරී වසම්.
රදලියද්ද.

රතුපස්කැටිය.

ඌරාවුල

අඹගොල්ල

දොඩම්ගොල්ල.

ඉළුකාපතන.

කරගහවෙල නැගෙනහිර.

උඩමල්ලහැව.

ආර්ථිකය

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 Divisional Secretariats Portal

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

බිබිල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය


René-François Régnier (Saint-Quentin-lès-Beaurepaire, 17 de julho de 1794 - Cambrai, 3 de janeiro de 1881) foi um cardeal francês do século XIX.

Biografia
René-François Régnier é cônego e vigário geral em Angers. Foi nomeado bispo de Angoulême em 1842 e transferido para a arquidiocese de Cambrai em 1850. Lançou a primeira pedra da igreja de Saint-Martin d'Aniche em 1857. Participou do Concílio Vaticano I em 1869-1870. O Papa Pio IX o criou cardeal no consistório de 22 de dezembro de 1873. O cardeal Régnier participou do conclave de 1878, ao final do qual Leão XIII foi eleito.

Link Externo
 sylwetka w słowniku biograficznym kardynałów Salvadora Mirandy
 Catholic Hierarchy

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio IX

René-François Régnier


Kosmos 2239, ruski navigacijski i komunikacijski satelit, iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Parus.
Lansiran je 1. travnja 1993. godine u 18:57 s kozmodroma Pljesecka. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Kosmos-3M 11K65M. Orbita mu je 964 km u perigeju i 1000 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 82,93°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 22590. COSPARova oznaka je 1993-020-A. Zemlju obilazi u 104,73 minute. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 825 kg.

Dio je sustava od šest satelita. ruskog vojnog navigacijskog sustava razdijeljenog na orbitnim ravninama odvojenih u razmaku od 30 stupnjeva. Lansirani su s kozmodroma Pljesecka na raketi Kosmos. Navigacijska informacija izvodila se od Dopplerski pomaknutim prijenosom ultrakratkih valova (otprilike 150 i 400 MHz) satelitskog položaja i orbitnih podataka. Pribavivši ispravke s nekoliko satelita, korisnikova se lokacija mogla izračunati uz pogrešku od 100 metara od stvarnog položaja. Vrijeme potrebno za utvrditi ovisilo je o korisnikovom zemljopisnoj širini i broju operativnih svemirskih letjelica u orbiti. U redovnim okolnostima točan položaj mogao se postići unutar 1 do 2 sata.

U orbiti su do danas ostali glavni satelit i još jedan dio satelita koji se odvojio.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1993 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2239


Comisia von der Leyen este actuala Comisie Europeană, aflată în funcție de la 1 decembrie 2019. Președintele acesteia este Ursula von der Leyen, care prezidează o comisie compusă dintr-un comisar din fiecare dintre statele care compun Uniunea Europeană, cu excepția Germaniei, care este statul președintelui comisiei.

Comisia era programată să intre în funcție la 1 noiembrie 2019; cu toate acestea, comisarii-candidați francezi, maghiari și români nu au fost confirmați de către Parlamentul European la începutul lunii octombrie 2019, astfel încât noi comisari au trebuit să fie selectați de acele trei state membre și ulterior confirmați de către Parlament. Acest proces a avut loc în noiembrie 2019 și, în cele din urmă, Comisia a preluat mandatul în totalitate la 1 decembrie 2019.

Componență

Modificări
 26 august 2020:  În urma Golfgate și a unei controverse cu privire la călătoriile sale în Irlanda în săptămânile precedente, care erau în conflict cu liniile directoare irlandeze Covid-19, comisarul pentru comerț Phil Hogan a demisionat.
 8 septembrie 2020:  Irlanda îl numește pe Mairead McGuinness în locul lui Phil Hogan

Note

Regerințe

Leyen
Fondări în 2019

Comisia von der Leyen


مايك سمربي  ، من مواليد 15 ديسمبر 1942 ، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب مايك سمربي خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 5 أندية في اثنين وعشرين موسمًا وسجل خلالها 92 هدفًا ضمن 709 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسم واحد بالكأس وفي موسم واحد بالدوري.

خاض مايك سمربي مسيرته مع نادي سويندون تاون في موسم 1959–60 ليلعب معه ستة مواسم، مشاركًا في 211 مباراة سجل خلالها 39 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي مانشستر سيتي في موسم 1965–66 ليلعب معه عشرة مواسم، حيث شارك في 357 مباراة سجل خلالها 47 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي بيرنلي في موسم 1975–76 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 51 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي بلاكبول في موسم 1976–77 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 3 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي ستوكبورت كونتي في موسم 1977–78 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 87 مباراة سجل خلالها 6 أهداف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أصحاب أعمال إنجليز
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير كرة القدم الإنجليزية
رياضيون من برستون
سير ذاتية إنجليزية
ضباط رتبة الإمبراطورية البريطانية
لاعبو التشكيلة المثالية في دوري كرة القدم الإنجليزية
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو ستوكبورت كونتي
لاعبو سويندون تاون
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم من برستون
لاعبو مانشستر سيتي
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم تحت 23 سنة
لاعبو نادي بلاكبول
لاعبو نادي بيرنلي
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
مدربو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
مدربو ستوكبورت كونتي
مدربو كرة قدم إنجليز
مواليد 1942
مواليد في برستون

مايك سمربي


Die Osaka International 2011 im Badminton fanden vom 6. bis zum 10. April 2011 in der Stadt Moriguchi, Präfektur Osaka statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=9D55DD11-02F9-4861-A7EB-F6C8F33D61F8

Badminton 2011
2011

Osaka International 2011


L'Invention de Morel () est un film de science-fiction italien réalisé par Emidio Greco et sorti en 1974.

Il s'agit d'une adaptation du roman homonyme L'Invention de Morel (La invención de Morel) de l'argentin Adolfo Bioy Casares paru en 1940.

Synopsis
Un détenu évadé d'un pénitencier situé sur une île atterrit sans le savoir sur une autre île, abandonnée depuis longtemps. Un jour, il aperçoit des personnages debout sur les hautes falaises, des hommes et des femmes, habillés dans un style très élégant mais démodé des années 1920, qui semblent passer d'agréables vacances. Il les espionne, espérant ne pas être vu, et un jour, il voit une jeune femme qui lit seule, dont il découvre qu'elle s'appelle Faustine.

Faustine le voit, ou du moins c'est ce que pense le naufragé, mais elle ne donne pas l'alerte. Convaincu qu'elle voulait l'aider, il essaie de se retrouver seul avec elle pour lui parler. Mais Faustine ne semble pas se soucier de sa présence. Alors une nuit, le naufragé pénètre dans la villa et découvre que Faustine n'est pas la seule à l'ignorer.

Déterminé à comprendre, il se faufile à nouveau dans la villa et assiste à une réunion d'invités. Morel, le maître des lieux, explique l'expérience dans laquelle il a impliqué tous les invités à leur insu : ils ont été filmés, pendant toute la durée de leur séjour sur l'île, par une machine de son invention, capable de reproduire à l'infini ces sept jours de « gaieté insouciante ».

Certains des invités sont incrédules, d'autres furieux : certains parce qu'ils se considèrent comme victimes d'une supercherie, d'autres parce qu'ils s'inquiètent pour leur santé (les employés sur lesquels Morel avait réalisé une expérience semblable sont tous morts). Morel, offensé, quitte la salle : un invité (Roberto Herlitzka) le rejoint en s'excusant de la réaction de certains d'entre eux et lui demande de rentrer pour finir de lire l'explication, écrite sur une lettre. Mais Morel est inflexible et, indigné, ne retourne pas à la villa : un invité lit la lettre aux personnes présentes et il devient clair que le séjour sur l'île remonte à 1929. Le naufragé se rend compte que la Faustine qu'il voit est celle qui a vécu au moins cinquante ans plus tôt, immortalisée et montrée à plusieurs reprises par la caméra.

À ce stade, il est confronté à un choix difficile : quitter l'île et partir à la recherche de sa Faustine ou trouver un moyen d'entrer lui-même dans la projection, afin de pouvoir peut-être pénétrer dans le plan de la mémoire de Faustine et vivre avec elle pour toujours. Il choisit cette voie et, après avoir activé la machine, tente de calquer ses gestes et ses mouvements sur ceux de Faustine, recréant l'illusion qu'ils se sont produits au même moment.

La machine a cependant un effet négatif sur lui, comme si son essence, une fois immortalisée, ne pouvait plus exister dans la réalité : lentement, en effet, son corps se désintègre. Dans un dernier moment de lucidité et de force, il détruit la machine.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : L'Invention de Morel
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : Emidio Greco
 Scénario : Andrea Barbato, Emidio Greco
 Photographie :
 Montage :
 Musique : Nicola Piovani
 Décors :
 Costumes : Gitt Magrini
 Production : Mario Orfini, Ettore Rosboch
 Sociétés de production : Alga Cinematografica, Mount Street Film
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 1,85:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 110 minutes
 Genre : Film de science-fiction
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 France :  (Festival de Cannes 1974)

Distribution
John Steiner : Morel
Anna Karina : Faustine
Giulio Brogi : le naufragé
Roberto Herlitzka : l'invité qui s'excuse
Anna Maria Gherardi : invitée
Fiorella Infascelli
Valeria Sabel : invitée
 : invité

 : hôte
 : invitée
Dolly Dee : invitée

Margareth Le Van : invitée

Production
La première partie du film, presque un tiers du total, est sans dialogue. La première ligne de dialogue se situe exactement à la 32 minutes, dans la scène où le protagoniste en fuite se présente à Faustine.

Le bâtiment que Morel appelle « le musée » a été construit spécialement pour le film, sans fondations, par des ouvriers de l'île de Malte, avec la célèbre pierre calcaire jaune locale (improprement appelée tuf volcanique). En revanche, les riches intérieurs en marbre ont été entièrement reproduits à Cinecittà, en utilisant uniquement du papier mâché.

Exploitation
Le film est sorti le  en Italie et un jour plus tard lors de la Quinzaine des réalisateurs au festival de Cannes 1974.

Accueil critique
En tournant sur les plages de Malte, Emidio Greco transpose à l'écran le roman de Bioy Casares en s'inspirant des leçons stylistiques de L'Année dernière à Marienbad de Resnais. Œuvre inhabituelle dans le panorama de la production italienne, le film utilise habilement des atmosphères surréalistes pour inviter à une réflexion sur le sens de la réalité, la consistance de l'image et la finitude existentielle de l'individu.

D'après Paolo Mereghetti, « [le film] finit par se perdre dans la recherche d'un minimalisme stylistique vain ».

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1974
Premier long métrage sorti en 1974
Film réalisé par Emidio Greco
Film de science-fiction italien
1974 en science-fiction
Film avec une musique composée par Nicola Piovani
Film en italien
Adaptation d'un roman argentin au cinéma
Film tourné à Malte
Film tourné aux studios de Cinecittà
Film se déroulant sur une île
Film se déroulant sur une plage
Film de science-fiction sur le voyage dans le temps

L'Invention de Morel (film)


ඔරිෆ්ලේම් රුපලවන්‍ය නිශ්පාදන එස්. ඒ. (ලක්සම්බ්ර්ග්) යනු ජොනාස් ඒ එෆ් ජොක්නික් සහ රොබට් ඒ එස් ජොක්නික් සහොදරයන් විසින් ස්වීඩනයේ 1967 දී පිහිටුවන ලද විලවුන් නිපැයුම් පෙලක්ය. මෙම සමාගම පෞද්ගලික සේවා , උපාංග සහ පෝෂණ නිෂ්පාදන අලෙවි කරනු ලබයි. 2007 වන විට , එම සමාගම 2.242.500ක් ජනතාවගේ ස්වාධීන අලෙවි බලකාය සටහන් කරගෙන තිබේ. මෙම සමාගම බෙදාහරින්නන්ට වන්දි ගෙවීමේ බහු- මට්ටමේ අලෙවිකරණ පද්ධතියක් භාවිතා කරයි.

අතීතය
ඔරිෆ්ලේම් රුපලවන්‍ය නිශ්පාදන පාරිභෝගිකයන් වෙත සෘජුව විකිණීමට බහු- මට්ටමේ අලෙවි ක්‍රම යොදා ගන්නා ජාතයන්තර රූපලාවන්ය සමාගමකි. මෙම සමාගම ස්වීඩනයේ 1967 දී මෙහෙයුම් ආරම්භ කළ අතර අද ලොව පුරා රටවල් 60 ක ව්‍යාප්තව  ඇත. මෙම සමාගමට ලොව පුරා මිලියන 3.5 කට අධික අලෙවි හිතවතුන් ඇති අතර € බිලියන 1.5 ක වාර්ෂික ආදායමක් ඇත. . ඔරිෆ්ලේම් 2004 වසරේ සිට නැස්ඩැක් ඕ එම් එස් ස්ටොක්හෝම් ලැයිස්තුගත කරීම් වලට ඇතුලත්ව  ඇත.

මධ්‍යතන යුගයේ ප්‍රංශයේ රාජකීය ධජය ඔරිෆ්ලේම් වෙලද නාමය සඳහා ගෙන ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි
නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

ඔරිෆ්ලේම්


Make har flere specialiseringer:
 Make er et engelsk ord som betyder at lave, at fremstille, at frembringe.
 make - er et unix-program.
 Make (tidsskrift) - amerikansk tidsskrift udgivet af Maker Media.
 Make (eksperimentalfilm) – dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1968 instrueret af Plagiatdrengene

Make (flertydig)


Zomicarpella, biljni rod iz porodice kozlačevki smješten u tribus Caladieae, dio potporodice Aroideae.

To su mali rizomatozni geofiti sa šumskog tla u tropskoj kišnoj šumi Perua, Brazila i Kolumbije. Priznate su dvije vrste.

Vrste
 Zomicarpella amazonica Bogner
 Zomicarpella maculata N.E.Br.

Izvori

Caladieae

Zomicarpella


Die Belgische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012 fand vom 4. bis zum 5. Februar 2012 im Bloso-Centrum Netepark in Herentals statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=5EA51EAF-F7B3-4657-B33A-308EE3A3BC7C

2012
Badminton 2012
Sportveranstaltung in Herentals

Belgische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012


A Resolução 311 do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, adotada em 4 de fevereiro de 1972, após reafirmar resoluções anteriores sobre o tema e observar o contínuo aumento militar da África do Sul, o Conselho condenou a política de apartheid e reconheceu a legitimidade da luta dos oprimidos pessoas da África do Sul.

O Conselho então exortou com urgência o governo da África do Sul a libertar todas as pessoas presas em consequência do apartheid e a todos os Estados que observem estritamente o embargo de armas. O Conselho terminou instando governos e indivíduos a contribuírem generosa e regularmente com fundos da ONU para fins humanitários e de treinamento para o povo da África do Sul e decidiu examinar métodos para resolver a situação atual.

A resolução foi adotada por 14 votos a zero; A França se absteve de votar.

Ver também

 África do sul sob o apartheid

Ligações externas

Resoluções do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas sobre a África do Sul
Resoluções do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas de 1972


Vizsla, kaslı, zarif, orta büyüklükte, Macaristan kökenli av köpeği ırkıdır.

Macar dilinde adı, kısa tüylü iz sürücü bir av köpeği olan "pointer" anlamına gelir. Zaten pointer ırkından üretilmiştir. Kökeni eski cinslere dayanır. Transilvanya tazısı ve Türk san köpeği, vizslanın atasıdır. Sevgisini göstermekten hoşlanır. Çocuklarla arası çok iyidir. Diğer köpeklerle de iyi geçinir. Çok enerjik ve çevik bir köpektir. Her gün hareket etmek ister, eğer bu sağlanmazsa huysuzlanır ve sinirlenir. Kemirmesi ünlüdür. İz sürme, yer gösterme, avı geri getirme ve bekçilik işlerini iyi yapar fakat koruma görevinde iyi değildir.

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

 Vizsla Kanada
 Vizsla Amerika kulübü
 Macar Vizsla Derneği (UK)
 Vizsla Vizsla Irk Bilgisi

Köpek ırkları
Macarcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Vizsla


Frida Zachariassen (født í Klaksvík 24. september 1912, død 27. april 1992) var en færøsk kunstmaler. Hun opholdt sig i Danmark i seks år og Newcastle i syv måneder.
Hendes forældre var smedemester Jógvan Rasmussen og Magdalena Jacobsen. Den 7.maj 1944 blev hun gift med fisker Guttormur Julius Ludvig Zachariassen, 1911-1945.

Petra Alfrida Henrikka Thekla (Frida) Zachariassen var på mange måder en ener i efterkrigstidens færøske kunst. På den ene side var hun kvinde, der havde civilt arbejde i en lokal sparekasse, og på den anden side var hun en produktiv maler, der også skrev og udgav bøger om kunst og kunstteori. Hun rejste en del til kunstmuseer rundt omkring i Europa, hvor hun studerede andres kunst. Hun malede om det daglige liv i Klaksvík og omegn, og mange af motiverne skildrer navngivne steder og personer. Hun malede i en en abstrakt geometrisk stil med en tiltagende skematisk stramhed i både form, linje og farve, hvor landskaber og mennesker opløses og sættes sammen på ny som firkanter og trekanter, med den blå farve iscenesat af skarpe kontraster. Hun malede mennesket i naturen, hviklet også gør hende speciel i forhold til andre samtidige færøske kunstnere. Nogle temaer i hendes malerier er f.eks. kvinderne ordner fisk, og mændene klargør både, losser, slagter grind, høster, røgter får eller vandrer i fjeldet.

Bibliografi
I 1978 fik hun udgivet børnebogen "Tá ið Jón vaks upp 20-30 árini", i 1979 bogen "Barnaár 1979" og "Brún og brá" og i 1980 "Strev í málrøkt".
I 1986 udgav hun en bog om sin far med titlen Jógvan í Grótinum, 1871-1957: hansara tíð lýst burtur úr dagbóksbløðum og skjølum.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Færøske frimærker - Kunst: Frida Zachariassen

Malere fra Færøerne

Frida Zachariassen


Marele singuratic este un roman  al scriitorului Marin Preda. A apărut la Editura Cartea Românească în 1972.

Prezentare

Ecranizări

Romanul a fost ecranizat în 1977 sub regia lui Iulian Mihu, cu George Motoi ca inginerul horticultor Nicolae Moromete, Florența Manea ca pictorița Simina Golea, Gheorghe Dinică ca prim-secretarul Comitetului Regional de Partid și Toma Caragiu ca inginer agronom.

Referințe

Legături externe
Clara Margineanu - Marele singuratic Marin Preda, jurnalul.ro, 8 Mar 2010

Cărți din 1972
Romane de Marin Preda
Romane autobiografice
Romane românești după care s-au făcut filme

Marele singuratic (roman)


Daði Ólafsson (fæddur 5. janúar 1994) er íslenskur knattspyrnumaður sem spilar fyrir Fylki í úrvalsdeild karla. Daði er fæddur og uppalinn í Árbænum. Daði var með flestar stoðsendingar í efstu deild karla á Íslandi tímabilið 2019-2020. Daði var valinn í úrvalslið Reykjavíkur á sínum yngri árum þar sem hann stóð sig með sóma.

Daði er að upplagi miðjumaður en spilar nú sem vinstri bakvörður.

Daði á einn leik sem þjálfari Elliða í meistaraflokki fjórðu deilar á Íslandi.

Gælunafn Daða á vellinum er "læðan".
Fólk fætt árið 1994
Íslenskir knattspyrnumenn

Daði Ólafsson


Ven conmigo, ven / Los marineros besan y se van es un sencillo de la cantante, escritora y docente griega Danai Stratigopoulou, lanzado en 1971 bajo el sello chileno DICAP, y perteneciente a su álbum Istros (Danai canta a Neruda), lanzado dos años antes por la misma casa discográfica, y que contó con los arreglos y dirección musical del compositor Luis Advis.

Ambas canciones están basadas en poemas del ganador del Premio Nobel de Literatura, el chileno Pablo Neruda. El lado A en el poema «Farewell», de su libro Crepusculario, y el lado B en «El río y el monte», de Los versos del Capitán.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1971
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular


La distribución tipo Caprotti es un sistema de accionamiento de válvulas de las locomotoras de vapor inventado a principios de la década de 1920 por el arquitecto e ingeniero italiano Arturo Caprotti. Utiliza árboles de levas y válvulas de asiento en lugar de una válvula tipo pistón usada en los otros sistemas. Caprotti se basó en el sistema de válvulas empleado en automóviles, pero hizo varias modificaciones importantes para adaptarlo al vapor.

En la década de 1950, el sistema Caprotti fue mejorado, y la distribución Caprotti británica fue utilizada en las últimas dos 'Black Fives', números 44686/7 construidas por British Railways, las últimas  30 BR Estándar Clase 5, números 73125-54, y la única BR Estándar Clase 8 71000 Duke of Gloucester. Los resultados fueron variados, siendo las prestaciones de la "Duke of Gloucester" particularmente decepcionantes, pero más tarde se descubrió que fue debido a errores de diseño y de construcción.

A pesar de ser más caro de construir que sus sistemas rivales, el sistema Caprotti mejorado es considerado más eficiente que cualquier otro. Entre sus ventajas encontramos que el sistema está completamente cerrado, lo que reduce su desgaste y deterioro en el entorno hostil de una locomotora de vapor, y que permite un control independiente de la admisión y el escape. La restaurada "Duke of Gloucester", con sus defectos corregidos, probó el concepto.

Véase también

Distribución de válvula de Walschaerts, inventado por el ingeniero mecánico de ferrocarriles Egide Walschaerts en 1844, que se transformaría en el sistema de válvulas más empleado en Europa y América del Norte.
Distribución de válvula de Stephenson, inventado en 1841 por dos empleados de Robert Stephenson.
Distribución de válvula de Baker, inventado por ingenieros estadounidenses en 1903 y ampliamente utilizado en América del Norte.

Enlaces externos

 Sistema de válvulas Caprotti Británico en el Duke of Gloucester (en inglés).
 Historia del sistema de válvulas Caprotti Británico.

Fuentes

Componentes de una locomotora de vapor
Inventos de Italia
Ciencia de 1920
Italia en 1920

Distribución de válvula de Caprotti