This is a list of important publications in computer science, organized by field. Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic
Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly
Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of computer science.

Artificial intelligence

Computing Machinery and Intelligence

 Alan Turing
 Mind, 59:433–460, 1950.
 Online copy

Description: This paper discusses the various arguments on why a machine can not be intelligent and asserts that none of those arguments are convincing. The paper also suggested the Turing test, which it calls "The Imitation Game" as according to Turing it is pointless to ask whether or not a machine can think intelligently, and checking if it can act intelligently is sufficient.

A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence
 John McCarthy
 Marvin Minsky
 N. Rochester
 C.E. Shannon
 Online copy

Description: This summer research proposal inaugurated and defined the field. It contains the first use of the term artificial intelligence and this succinct description of the philosophical foundation of the field: "every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." (See philosophy of AI) The proposal invited researchers to the Dartmouth conference, which is widely considered the "birth of AI". (See history of AI.)

Fuzzy sets
 Lotfi Zadeh
 Information and Control, Vol. 8, pp. 338–353. (1965).

Description: The seminal paper published in 1965 provides details on the mathematics of fuzzy set theory.

Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference
 Judea Pearl
  Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann Pub, 1988

Description: This book introduced Bayesian methods to AI.

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
 Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
 Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995,
 Textbook's website

Description: The standard textbook in Artificial Intelligence. The book web site lists over 1100 colleges.

Machine learning

An Inductive Inference Machine
 Ray Solomonoff
 IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp. 56–62, 1957
 (A longer version of this, a privately circulated report, 1956, is online).

Description: The first paper written on machine learning. Emphasized the importance of training sequences, and the use of parts of previous solutions to problems in constructing trial solutions to new problems.

Language identification in the limit
 E. Mark Gold
 Information and Control, 10(5):447–474, 1967
 Online version: (HTML) (PDF)

Description: This paper created Algorithmic learning theory.

On the uniform convergence of relative frequencies of events to their probabilities
V. Vapnik, A. Chervonenkis
Theory of Probability and Its Applications, 16(2):264—280, 1971

Description: Computational learning theory, VC theory, statistical uniform convergence and the VC dimension. While the bounds in this paper are not the best possible, it would take 50 years before the best bound was obtained by Michael Naaman in 2021.

A theory of the learnable
 Leslie Valiant
 Communications of the ACM, 27(11):1134–1142 (1984)

Description: The Probably approximately correct learning (PAC learning) framework.

Learning representations by back-propagating errors
 David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton and Ronald J. Williams
 Nature, 323, 533–536, 1986

Description: Seppo Linnainmaa's reverse mode of automatic differentiation (first applied to neural networks by Paul Werbos) is used in experiments by David Rumelhart, Geoff Hinton and Ronald J. Williams to learn internal representations.

Induction of Decision Trees
 J.R. Quinlan
 Machine Learning, 1. 81—106, 1986.

Description: Decision Trees are a common learning algorithm and a decision representation tool. Development of decision trees was done by many researchers in many areas, even before this paper. Though this paper is one of the most influential in the field.

Learning Quickly When Irrelevant Attributes Abound: A New Linear-threshold Algorithm
 Nick Littlestone
 Machine Learning 2: 285–318, 1988
 Online version(PDF)

Description: One of the papers that started the field of on-line learning. In this learning setting, a learner receives a sequence of examples, making predictions after each one, and receiving feedback after each prediction. Research in this area is remarkable because (1) the algorithms and proofs tend to be very simple and beautiful, and (2) the model makes no statistical assumptions about the data. In other words, the data need not be random (as in nearly all other learning models), but can be chosen arbitrarily by "nature" or even an adversary. Specifically, this paper introduced the winnow algorithm.

Learning to predict by the method of Temporal difference
 Richard S. Sutton
 Machine Learning 3(1): 9–44
 Online copy(PDF)

Description: The Temporal difference method for reinforcement learning.

Learnability and the Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension
 A. Blumer
 A. Ehrenfeucht
 D. Haussler
 M. K. Warmuth
 Journal of the ACM, 36(4):929–965, 1989.

Description: The complete characterization of PAC learnability using the VC dimension.

Cryptographic limitations on learning boolean formulae and finite automata
 M. Kearns
 L. G. Valiant
 In Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pages 433–444, New York. ACM.

Description: Proving negative results for PAC learning.

The strength of weak learnability
 Robert E. Schapire
 Machine Learning, 5(2):197–227, 1990.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: Proving that weak and strong learnability are equivalent in the noise free PAC framework. The proof was done by introducing the boosting method.

A training algorithm for optimum margin classifiers
 Bernhard E. Boser
 Isabelle M. Guyon
 Vladimir N. Vapnik
 Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory 5 144–152, Pittsburgh (1992).
 Online version(HTML)

Description: This paper presented support vector machines, a practical and popular machine learning algorithm. Support vector machines often use the kernel trick.

A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets
 Geoffrey E. Hinton
 Simon Osindero
 Yee-Whye Teh
 Neural Computation (2006)
 Online PDF

Description: This paper presented a tractable greedy layer-wise learning algorithm for deep belief networks which led to great advancement in the field of deep learning.

Knowledge-based analysis of microarray gene expression data by using support vector machines
 MP Brown
 WN Grundy
 D Lin
 Nello Cristianini
 CW Sugnet
 TS Furey
 M Ares Jr,
 David Haussler
 PNAS, 2000 January 4;97(1):262–7

Description: The first application of supervised learning to gene expression data, in particular Support Vector Machines. The method is now standard, and the paper one of the most cited in the area.

Compilers

On the translation of languages from left to right

Description: LR parser, which does bottom up parsing for deterministic context-free languages. Later derived parsers, such as the LALR parser, have been and continue to be standard practice, such as in Yacc and descendants.

Semantics of Context-Free Languages.
 Donald Knuth
 Math. Systems Theory 2:2 (1968), 127–145.

Description: About grammar attribution, the base for yacc's s-attributed and zyacc's LR-attributed approach.

Compiler Construction for Digital Computers

Description: The first textbook on compilers. Dick Grune says that entire generations of compiler constructors grew up with it and have not regretted it. One of the first texts to be produced using punched cards input to a formatting program. The cards and formatting program are preserved at the Stanford Computer History Exhibits. See David Gries#Textbooks for links.

A Unified Approach to Global Program Optimization
 Gary Kildall
 Proceedings of ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN 1973 Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
 pdf

Description: Formalized the concept of data-flow analysis as fixpoint computation over lattices, and showed that most static analyses used for program optimization can be uniformly expressed within this framework.

A program data flow analysis procedure
 Frances E. Allen, J. Cocke
 Commun. ACM, 19, 137–147, 1976

Description: From the abstract: "The global data relationships in a program can be exposed and codified by the static analysis methods described in this paper. A procedure is given which determines all the definitions which can possibly reach each node of the control flow graph of the program and all the definitions that are live on each edge of the graph."

YACC: Yet another compiler-compiler
 Stephen C. Johnson
 Unix Programmer's Manual Vol 2b, 1979
 Online copy (HTML)

Description: Yacc is a tool that made compiler writing much easier.

gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler
 Susan L. Graham, Peter B. Kessler, Marshall Kirk McKusick
 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1982 Symposium on Compiler Construction, SIGPLAN Notices 17, 6, Boston, MA. June 1982.
 Online copy; pdf

Description: The gprof profiler

Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools
 Alfred V. Aho
 Ravi Sethi
 Jeffrey D. Ullman
 Monica S. Lam (Co-author of the second edition, 2006)
 Addison-Wesley, 1986.

Description: This book became a classic in compiler writing. It is also known as the Dragon book, after the (red) dragon that appears on its cover.

Computer architecture

Colossus computer
 T. H. Flowers
 Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 5 (No. 3), 1983, pp. 239–252.
 The Design of Colossus

Description: The Colossus machines were early computing devices used by British codebreakers to break German messages encrypted with the Lorenz Cipher during World War II. Colossus was an early binary electronic digital computer. The design of Colossus was later described in the referenced paper.

First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
 John von Neumann
 June 30, 1945, the ENIAC project.
 First Draft of a report on the EDVAC (PDF)

Description: It contains the first published description of the logical design of a computer using the stored-program concept, which has come to be known as the von Neumann architecture. See First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.

Architecture of the IBM System/360
 Gene Amdahl, Fred Brooks, G. A. Blaauw
 IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1964.
 Architecture of the IBM System/360

Description: The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. It was the first family of computers making a clear distinction between architecture and implementation.

The case for the reduced instruction set computer
 DA Patterson, DR Ditzel
 Computer ArchitectureNews, vol. 8, no. 6, October 1980, pp 25–33.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: The reduced instruction set computer(RISC) CPU design philosophy. The RISC is a CPU design philosophy that favors a reduced set of simpler instructions.

Comments on "the Case for the Reduced Instruction Set Computer"
 DW Clark, WD Strecker
 Computer Architecture News, 1980.
 Online version(PDF)

Description:

The CRAY-1 Computer System
 RM Russell
 Communications of the ACM, January 1978, volume 21, number 1, pages 63–72.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: The Cray-1 was a supercomputer designed by a team including Seymour Cray for Cray Research. The first Cray-1 system was installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976, and it went on to become one of the best known and most successful supercomputers in history.

Validity of the Single Processor Approach to Achieving Large Scale Computing Capabilities
 Gene Amdahl
 AFIPS 1967 Spring Joint Computer Conference, Atlantic City, N.J.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: The Amdahl's Law.

A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
 David A. Patterson, Garth Gibson, Randy H. Katz
 In International Conference on Management of Data, pages 109–116, 1988.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: This paper discusses the concept of RAID disks, outlines the different levels of RAID, and the benefits of each level. It is a good paper for discussing issues of reliability and fault tolerance of computer systems, and the cost of providing such fault-tolerance.

The case for a single-chip multiprocessor
 Kunle Olukotun, Basem Nayfeh, Lance Hammond, Ken Wilson, Kunyung Chang
 In SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 30, pages 2–11, 1996.

Description: This paper argues that the approach taken to improving the performance of processors by adding multiple instruction issue and out-of-order execution cannot continue to provide speedups indefinitely. It lays out the case for making single chip processors that contain multiple "cores". With the mainstream introduction of multicore processors by Intel in 2005, and their subsequent domination of the market, this paper was shown to be prescient.

Computer graphics

The Rendering Equation
 J. Kajiya
 SIGGRAPH: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques pages 143—150

Elastically deformable models
 Demetri Terzopoulos, John Platt, Alan Barr, Kurt Fleischer
 Computer Graphics, 21(4), 1987, 205–214, Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH'87 Conference, Anaheim, CA, July 1987.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences cited this paper as a "milestone in computer graphics".

Sketchpad, a Man-Machine Graphical Communication System
 Ivan Sutherland
 Online version(PDF)

Description: One of the founding works on computer graphics.

Computer vision

The Phase Correlation Image Alignment Method
 C.D. Kuglin and D.C. Hines
 IEEE 1975 Conference on Cybernetics and Society, 1975, New York, pp. 163–165, September

Description: A correlation method based upon the inverse Fourier transform

Determining Optical Flow
 Berthold K.P. Horn and B.G. Schunck
 Artificial Intelligence, Volume 17, 185–203, 1981
 OA article here:

Description: A method for estimating the image motion of world points between 2 frames of a video sequence.

An Iterative Image Registration Technique with an Application to Stereo Vision
 Lucas, B.D. and Kanade, T.
 Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 674–679, Vancouver, Canada, 1981

Description: This paper provides efficient technique for image registration

The Laplacian Pyramid as a compact image code
 Peter J. Burt and Edward H. Adelson
 IEEE Transactions on Communications, volume = "COM-31,4", pp. 532–540, 1983.

Description: A technique for image encoding using local operators of many scales.

Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distributions, and the Bayesian restoration of images
 Stuart Geman and Donald Geman
 IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1984

Description: Introduced (1) MRFs for image analysis, (2) the Gibbs sampling which revolutionized computational Bayesian statistics and thus had paramount impact in many other fields in addition to Computer Vision.

Snakes: Active contour models
 Michael Kass, Andrew Witkin, and Demetri Terzopoulos
 International Journal of Computer Vision, 1(4):321–331, 1987 (Marr Prize Special Issue).
Description: An interactive variational technique for image segmentation and visual tracking.

Condensation – conditional density propagation for visual tracking
 M. Isard and A. Blake
 International Journal of Computer Vision, 29(1):5–28, 1998.

Description: A technique for visual tracking

Object recognition from local scale-invariant features
 David Lowe
 International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1150–1157, 1999

Description: A technique (scale-invariant feature transform) for robust feature description

Concurrent, parallel, and distributed computing

Topics covered: concurrent computing, parallel computing, and distributed computing.

Databases

A relational model for large shared data banks
 E. F. Codd
 Communications of the ACM, 13(6):377–387, June 1970

Description: This paper introduced the relational model for databases. This model became the number one model.

Binary B-Trees for Virtual Memory
 Rudolf Bayer
 ACM-SIGFIDET Workshop 1971, San Diego, California, Session 5B, p. 219–235.

Description: This paper introduced the B-Trees data structure. This model became the number one model.

Relational Completeness of Data Base Sublanguages
 E. F. Codd
 In: R. Rustin (ed.): Database Systems: 65–98, Prentice Hall and IBM Research Report RJ 987, San Jose, California : (1972)
 Online version (PDF)

Description: Completeness of Data Base Sublanguages

The Entity Relationship Model – Towards a Unified View of Data
 Peter Chen
 ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1, March 1976, pp. 9–36

Description: This paper introduced the entity-relationship diagram(ERD) method of database design.

SEQUEL: A structured English query language
 Donald D. Chamberlin, Raymond F. Boyce
 International Conference on Management of Data, Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) workshop on Data description, access and control, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 249–264

Description: This paper introduced the SQL language.

The notions of consistency and predicate locks in a database system
 Kapali P. Eswaran, Jim Gray, Raymond A. Lorie, Irving L. Traiger
 Communications of the ACM 19, 1976, 624—633

Description: This paper defined the concepts of transaction, consistency and schedule. It also argued that a transaction needs to lock a logical rather than a physical subset of the database.

Federated database systems for managing distributed, heterogeneous, and autonomous databases
 Amit Sheth, J.A. Larson,"
 ACM Computing Surveys - Special issue on heterogeneous databases Surveys, Volume 22 Issue 3, Pages 183 - 236, Sept. 1990
 ACM source

Description: Introduced federated database systems concept leading huge impact on data interoperability and integration of hetereogeneous data sources.

Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases
 Rakesh Agrawal, Tomasz Imielinski, Arun Swami
 Proc. of the ACM SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, pages 207–216, Washington, D.C., May 1993

Description: Association rules, a very common method for data mining.

History of computation

The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann

Description: Perhaps the first book on the history of computation.

A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century
edited by:
 Nicholas Metropolis
 J. Howlett
 Gian-Carlo Rota
 Academic Press, 1980,

Description: Several chapters by pioneers of computing.

Information retrieval

A Vector Space Model for Automatic Indexing
 Gerard Salton, A. Wong, C. S. Yang
 Commun. ACM 18(11): 613–620 (1975)

Description: Presented the vector space model.

Extended Boolean Information Retrieval
 Gerard Salton, Edward A. Fox, Harry Wu
 Commun. ACM 26(11): 1022–1036 (1983)

Description: Presented the inverted index

A Statistical Interpretation of Term Specificity and Its Application in Retrieval
 Karen Spärck Jones
 Journal of Documentation 28: 11–21 (1972). .

Description: Conceived a statistical interpretation of term specificity called Inverse document frequency (IDF), which became a cornerstone of term weighting.

Networking

A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication
 Vint Cerf, Robert Kahn
 IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1974.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: This paper contains a lot of the ideas that later became TCP and IP, two foundational protocols that make up the Internet. Cerf and Kahn received the ACM Turning Award, in part for the work contained in this paper.

The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols
 David Clark
 ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 106–114, August 1988.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: This paper describes some of the design principles behind the Internet, and how those design principles are realized in the Internet.

End-To-End Arguments in System Design

Description: This paper presents the "end-to-end argument", a classic design principle widely used to guide the design of many of the Internet's protocols and systems.

Congestion Avoidance and Control
 Van Jacobson, Michael J. Karels
 ACM SIGCOMM, 1988.
 Online copy (HTML)

Description: This paper identifies the problem of network congestion, and presents an algorithm for how protocols can reduce their sending rate to reduce congestion. This approach was incorporated into the TCP protocol, and influenced design of many other data transport protocols.

Analysis and Simulation of a Fair Queuing Algorithm
 Alan Demers, Srinivasan Keshav, Scott Shenker
 ACM SIGCOMM CCR, Vol. 19, No. 4, September 1989.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: This paper presents "fair queuing", a buffer allocation algorithm nearly universally deployed on Internet routers.

Scalable High Speed IP Routing Lookups
 M. Waldvogel, G. Varghese, J. Turner, B. Plattner
 ACM SIGCOMM, August 1997.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: This paper describes an algorithmic approach to finding the prefix (supernet) containing a particular IP address, a process which is now nearly universally-used on Internet routers.

Chord: A Scalable Peer-to-peer Lookup Service for Internet Applications
 Ion Stoica, Robert Morris, David Karger, M. Frans Kaashoek, Hari Balakrishnan
 ACM SIGCOMM, August 2001
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: This paper presents the concept of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), a distributed data structure that had influenced the design of a number of peer-to-peer systems, distributed filesystems, and other large-scale distributed systems.

Also see the "Top Ten Networking Papers" lists published in ACM SIGCOMM CCR:
 "10 Networking Papers: Recommended Reading," Jon Crowcroft. Online copy (PDF)
 "10 Papers for the Ph.D. Student in Networking," Craig Partridge. Online copy (PDF)
 "10 Networking Papers: Recommended Reading," Jim Kurose. Online copy (PDF)
 "10 Networking Papers: Reading for Protocol Design," David Wetherall. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1140086.1140096
 "10 Networking Papers: A Blast from the Past," Mostafa H. Ammar.

Operating systems

An experimental timesharing system.
 Fernando J. Corbató, M. Merwin-Daggett, and R.C. Daley
 Proceedings of the AFIPS FJCC, pages 335–344, 1962.
 Online copy (HTML)

Description: This paper discuss time-sharing as a method of sharing computer resource. This idea changed the interaction with computer systems.

The Working Set Model for Program Behavior
 Peter J. Denning
 Communications of the ACM, Vol. 11, No. 5, May 1968, pp 323–333
 Online version(PDF)

Description: The beginning of cache. For more information see SIGOPS Hall of Fame.

Virtual Memory, Processes, and Sharing in MULTICS
 Robert C. Daley, Jack B. Dennis
 Communications of the ACM, Vol. 11, No. 5, May 1968, pp. 306–312.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: The classic paper on Multics, the most ambitious operating system in the early history of computing. Difficult reading, but it describes the implications of trying to build a system that takes information sharing to its logical extreme. Most operating systems since Multics have incorporated a subset of its facilities.

The nucleus of a multiprogramming system
 Per Brinch Hansen
 Communications of the ACM, Vol. 13, No. 4, April 1970, pp. 238–242
 Online version(PDF)
Description: Classic paper on the extensible nucleus architecture of the RC 4000 multiprogramming system, and what became known as the operating system kernel and microkernel architecture.

Operating System Principles
 Per Brinch Hansen
 Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, July 1973
 Online version (ACM Digital Library)
Description: The first comprehensive textbook on operating systems. Includes the first monitor notation (Chapter 7).

A note on the confinement problem
 Butler W. Lampson
 Communications of the ACM, 16(10):613–615, October 1973.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: This paper addresses issues in constraining the flow of information from untrusted programs. It discusses covert channels, but more importantly it addresses the difficulty in obtaining full confinement without making the program itself effectively unusable. The ideas are important when trying to understand containment of malicious code, as well as aspects of trusted computing.

The UNIX Time-Sharing System
 Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson
 Communications of the ACM 17(7), July 1974.
 Online copy

Description: The Unix operating system and its principles were described in this paper. The main importance is not of the paper but of the operating system, which had tremendous effect on operating system and computer technology.

Weighted voting for replicated data
 David K. Gifford
 Proceedings of the 7th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 150–159, December 1979. Pacific Grove, California
 Online copy (few formats)

Description: This paper describes the consistency mechanism known as quorum consensus. It is a good example of algorithms that provide a continuous set of options between two alternatives (in this case, between the read-one write-all, and the write-one read-all consistency methods). There have been many variations and improvements by researchers in the years that followed, and it is one of the consistency algorithms that should be understood by all. The options available by choosing different size quorums provide a useful structure for discussing of the core requirements for consistency in distributed systems.

Experiences with Processes and Monitors in Mesa
 Butler W. Lampson, David D. Redell
 Communications of the ACM, Vol. 23, No. 2, February 1980, pp. 105–117.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: This is the classic paper on synchronization techniques, including both alternate approaches and pitfalls.

Scheduling Techniques for Concurrent Systems
 J. K. Ousterhout
 Proceedings of Third International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1982, 22—30.

Description: Algorithms for coscheduling of related processes were given

A Fast File System for UNIX
 Marshall Kirk Mckusick, William N. Joy, Samuel J. Leffler, Robert S. Fabry
 IACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3, August 1984, pp. 181–197.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: The file system of UNIX. One of the first papers discussing how to manage disk storage for high-performance file systems. Most file-system research since this paper has been influenced by it, and most high-performance file systems of the last 20 years incorporate techniques from this paper.

The Design of the UNIX Operating System
 Maurice J. Bach, AT&T Bell Labs
 Prentice Hall • 486 pp • Published 05/27/1986

This definitive description principally covered the System V Release 2 kernel, with some new features from Release 3 and BSD.

The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System
 Mendel Rosenblum, J. K. Ousterhout
 ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 10, No. 1 (February 1992), pp. 26–52.
 Online version

Description: Log-structured file system.

Microkernel operating system architecture and Mach
 David L. Black, David B. Golub, Daniel P. Julin, Richard F. Rashid, Richard P. Draves, Randall W. Dean, Alessandro Forin, Joseph Barrera, Hideyuki Tokuda, Gerald Malan, David Bohman
 Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Microkernels and Other Kernel Architectures, pages 11–30, April 1992.

Description: This is a good paper discussing one particular microkernel architecture and contrasting it with monolithic kernel design. Mach underlies Mac OS X, and its layered architecture had a significant impact on the design of the Windows NT kernel and modern microkernels like L4. In addition, its memory-mapped files feature was added to many monolithic kernels.

An Implementation of a Log-Structured File System for UNIX
 Margo Seltzer, Keith Bostic, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Carl Staelin
 Proceedings of the Winter 1993 USENIX Conference, San Diego, CA, January 1993, 307-326

Description: The paper was the first production-quality implementation of that idea which spawned much additional discussion of the viability and short-comings of log-structured filesystems. While "The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System" was certainly the first, this one was important in bringing the research idea to a usable system.

Soft Updates: A Solution to the Metadata Update problem in File Systems
 G. Ganger, M. McKusick, C. Soules, Y. Patt
 ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 18, 2. pp 127–153, May 2000
 Online version

Description: A new way of maintaining filesystem consistency.

Programming languages

The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System
 John Backus et al.
 Proceedings of the WJCC (Western Joint Computer Conference), Los Angeles, California, February 1957.
 Online version(PDF)

Description: This paper describes the design and implementation of the first FORTRAN compiler by the IBM team. Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine, part I
John McCarthy.
 Communications of the ACM, 3(4):184–195, April 1960.
 Several online versions

Description: This paper introduced LISP, the first functional programming language, which was used heavily in many areas of computer science, especially in AI. LISP also has powerful features for manipulating LISP programs within the language.

ALGOL 60
 Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 60 by Peter Naur, et al. – The very influential ALGOL definition; with the first formally defined syntax.
 Brian Randell and L. J. Russell, ALGOL 60 Implementation: The Translation and Use of ALGOL 60 Programs on a Computer. Academic Press, 1964. The design of the Whetstone Compiler. One of the early published descriptions of implementing a compiler. See the related papers: Whetstone Algol Revisited, and The Whetstone KDF9 Algol Translator by Brian Randell
 Edsger W. Dijkstra, Algol 60 translation: an Algol 60 translator for the x1 and making a translator for Algol 60, report MR 35/61. Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, 1961.

Description: Algol 60 introduced block structure.

The next 700 programming languages
 Peter Landin
 Communications of the ACM 9(3):157–65, March 1966

Description: This seminal paper proposed an ideal language ISWIM, which without being ever implemented influenced the whole later development.

Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages
 Christopher Strachey
 pdf
Description:
Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages introduced much programming language terminology still in use today, including R-values, L-values, parametric polymorphism, and ad hoc polymorphism.

Lambda Papers
 Gerald Jay Sussman and Guy L. Steele, Jr.
 AI Memos, 1975–1980
 Links to pdf's

Description: This series of papers and reports first defined the influential Scheme programming language and questioned the prevailing practices in programming language design, employing lambda calculus extensively to model programming language concepts and guide efficient implementation without sacrificing expressive power.

Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs

 Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman
 MIT Press, 1984, 1996

Description: This textbook explains core computer programming concepts, and is widely considered a classic text in computer science.

Online course

Comprehending Monads
 Philip Wadler
 Mathematical structures in computer science 2.04 (1992): 461–493.
 Online copy

Description: This paper introduced monads to functional programming.

Towards a Theory of Type Structure
 John Reynolds
 Programming Symposium. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1974.
 online copy

Description: This paper introduced System F and created the modern notion of Parametric polymorphism

An axiomatic basis for computer programming
 Tony Hoare
 Communications of the ACM, Volume 12 Issue 10, Oct. 1969, Pages 576-580

Description: This paper introduce Hoare logic, which forms the foundation of program verification

Scientific computing

Computational linguistics

Contains the first presentation of stochastic context-free grammars.

The first published description of computational morphology using finite state transducers. (Kaplan and Kay had previously done work in this field and presented this at a conference; the linguist Johnson had remarked the possibility in 1972, but not produced any implementation.)

An overview of hidden Markov models geared toward speech recognition and other NLP fields, describing the Viterbi and forward-backward algorithms.

Describes a now commonly used POS tagger based on transformation-based learning.

Textbook on statistical and probabilistic methods in NLP.

This survey documents relatively less researched importance of lazy functional programming languages (i.e. Haskell) to construct Natural Language Processors and to accommodated many linguistic theories.

Software engineering

Software engineering: Report of a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee
 Peter Naur, Brian Randell (eds.)
 Garmisch, Germany, 7–11 October 1968, Brussels, Scientific Affairs Division, NATO (1969) 231pp.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: Conference of leading people in software field c. 1968
The paper defined the field of Software engineering

A Description of the Model-View-Controller User Interface Paradigm in the Smalltalk-80 System
 Krasner, Glenn E.; Pope, Stephen T.
 The Journal of Object Technology, Aug-Sep 1988
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: A description of the system that originated the (now dominant) GUI programming paradigm of Model–view–controller

Go To Statement Considered Harmful
 Dijkstra, E. W.
 Communications of the ACM, 11(3):147–148, March 1968
 Online copy

Description: Don't use goto – the beginning of structured programming.

On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules
 David Parnas
 Communications of the ACM, Volume 15, Issue 12:1053–1058, December 1972.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: The importance of modularization and information hiding. Note that information hiding was first presented in a different paper of the same author – "Information Distributions Aspects of Design Methodology", Proceedings of IFIP Congress '71, 1971, Booklet TA-3, pp. 26–30

Hierarchical Program Structures
 Ole-Johan Dahl, C. A. R. Hoare
 in Dahl, Dijkstra and Hoare, Structured Programming, Academic Press, London and New York, pp. 175–220, 1972.

Description: The beginning of Object-oriented programming. This paper argued that programs should be decomposed to independent components with small and simple interfaces. They also argued that objects should have both data and related methods.

A Behavioral Notion of Subtyping
 Barbara H. Liskov, Jeannette M. Wing
 ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS),1994

Description: Introduces Liskov substitution principle and establishes behavioral subtyping rules.

A technique for software module specification with examples
 David Parnas
 Comm. ACM 15, 5 (May 1972), 330–336.
 Online copy (PDF)

Description: software specification.

Structured Design
 Wayne Stevens, Glenford Myers, and Larry Constantine
 IBM Systems Journal, 13 (2), 115–139, 1974.
 On-line copy (PDF)

Description: Seminal paper on Structured Design, data flow diagram, coupling, and cohesion.

The Emperor's Old Clothes
 C.A.R. Hoare
 Communications of the ACM, Vol. 24, No. 2, February 1981, pp. 75–83.
 Archived copy (PDF)

Description: Illustrates the "second-system effect" and the importance of simplicity.

The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering
 Brooks, Jr., F. P.
 Addison Wesley Professional. 2nd edition, 1995.

Description: Throwing more people at the task will not speed its completion...

No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering
 Fred Brooks

Description: Brooks argues that "there is no single development, in either technology or management technique, which by itself promises even one order of magnitude [tenfold] improvement within a decade in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity." He also states that "we cannot expect ever to see two-fold gains every two years" in software development, as there is in hardware development (Moore's law).

The Cathedral and the Bazaar
 Raymond, E.S.
 First Monday, 3, 3 (March 1998)
 Online copy (HTML)

Description: Open source methodology.

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software
 E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson, J. Vlissides
 Addison–Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1995.

Description: This book was the first to define and list design patterns in computer science.

Statecharts: A Visual Formalism For Complex Systems
 David Harel
 D. Harel. Statecharts: A visual formalism for complex systems. Science of Computer Programming, 8:231—274, 1987
 Online version

Description: Statecharts are a visual modeling method. They are an extension of state machine that might be exponentially more efficient. Therefore, statcharts enable formal modeling of applications that were too complex before. Statecharts are part of the UML diagrams.

Security and privacy

Anonymity and Privacy
 David Chaum. Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms. Communications of the ACM, 4(2):84–88, February 1981.
 Cynthia Dwork, Frank McSherry, Kobbi Nissim, Adam Smith. Calibrating Noise to Sensitivity in Private Data Analysis, In Theory of Cryptography Conference (TCC), Springer, 2006. . The full version appears in Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality, 7 (3), 17–51.

Cryptography

 Whitfield Diffie and Martin E. Hellman, New Directions in Cryptography, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, November 1976
 R. L. Rivest and A. Shamir and L. M. Adelman, A Method For Obtaining Digital Signatures And Public-Key Cryptosystems, MIT/LCS/TM-82, 1977
 Merkle, R. Security, Authentication, and Public Key Systems , PhD Thesis, 1979 Stanford University.

Passwords
 Morris, Robert and Thompson, Ken. Password security: a case history, Communications of the ACM CACM Homepage archive Volume 22 Issue 11, Nov. 1979 Pages 594–597. PDF

System security
 Dennis and Van Horn, Programming Semantics for Multiprogrammed Computations, ACM Conference on Programming Languages and Pragmatics (August 1965)
 Saltzer and Schroeder, The Protection of Information in Computer Systems , ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles (October 1973) HTML HTML2
 Karger and Schell, Thirty Years later: Lessons from the Multics Security Evaluation, ACSAC 2002
 Lampson, Butler. A Note on the Confinement Problem, Communications of the ACM, 16:10 (Oct. 1973), pp. 613–615. PDF
 Thompson, Ken. Reflections on Trusting Trust, Communications of the ACM, 27:8, Aug 1984
 J.E. Forrester and B.P. Miller, An Empirical Study of the Robustness of Windows NT Applications Using Random Testing, 4th USENIX Windows Systems Symposium, Seattle, August 2000.

Usable security
 Whitten, Alma and Tygar, J.D., Why Johnny Can't Encrypt: A Usability Evaluation of PGP 5.0, Proceedings of the 8th conference on USENIX Security Symposium, Volume 8, August 1999, Pages 14–28
 Garfinkel, Simson and Shelat, Abhi, Remembrance of Data Passed, IEEE Security and Privacy, Volume 1 Issue 1, January 2003, Page 17-27

Theoretical computer science

Topics covered: theoretical computer science, including computability theory, computational complexity theory, algorithms, algorithmic information theory, information theory and formal verification.

See also
 DBLP (Digital Bibliography & Library Project in computer science)
 List of open problems in computer science
 List of computer science journals
 List of computer science conferences
 The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies
 Paris Kanellakis Award, a prize given to honor specific theoretical accomplishments that have had a significant and demonstrable effect on the practice of computing.

References

Works cited

 Randell, Brian (ed). (1982). The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. .
 Turning Points in Computing: 1962–1999, Special Issue, IBM Systems Journal, 38 (2/3),1999.
 Yourdon, Edward (ed.) (1979) Classics in Software Engineering. New York: Yourdon Press.

External links
 ACM Classic Books Series
 50 most influential papers ACM SIGPLAN papers published in PLDI from 1979 through 1999; organized into a special SIGPLAN proceedings.

Academic search engines
 Google Scholar
 CiteSeer
 Live Academic
 Odysci
 ISI Web of Science

History of computer science
Computer science
Artificial intelligence publications
Computer science

List of important publications in computer science


Alondes Williams (Milwaukee, 19 de junho de 1999) é um jogador norte-americano de basquete profissional que atualmente joga no Brooklyn Nets da National Basketball Association (NBA) e no Long Island Nets da G-League.

Ele jogou basquete universitário no Triton College, na Universidade de Oklahoma e na Universidade Wake Forest.

Carreira no ensino médio
Williams jogou basquete na Riverside University High School em Milwaukee, Wisconsin, onde foi treinado por Tyrone Lewis. Em seu último ano, Williams teve uma média de 12,3 pontos.

Carreira universitária
Como calouro no Triton College, Williams teve médias de 13,8 pontos e 6,3 rebotes e foi selecionado para a Primeira-Equipe da North Central Community College Conference (N4C). Sua equipe ganhou o título da Divisão II da National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) antes de se mudar para a Divisão I da NJCAA no ano seguinte.

Em sua segunda temporada, Williams teve médias de 17 pontos, 7,7 rebotes e 5,3 assistências e foi nomeado Jogador do Ano da N4C. Ele se transferiu para a Universidade de Oklahoma em sua terceira temporada e teve médias de 6,0 pontos e 1,9 rebotes.

Em seu último ano, Williams teve média de 6,7 pontos e 2,8 rebotes. Ele optou por usar um ano adicional de elegibilidade e se transferiu para a Universidade Wake Forest. Em 11 de dezembro de 2021, Williams registrou o segundo triplo-duplo na história do programa com 16 pontos, 14 rebotes e 10 assistências na vitória por 79-53 contra USC Upstate. Ele foi nomeado o Jogador do Ano da ACC.

Carreira profissional

Brooklyn Nets (2022–Presente)
Depois de não ter sido selecionado no draft da NBA de 2022, Williams assinou um contrato de mão dupla com o Brooklyn Nets da National Basketball Association (NBA) e com o Long Island Nets da G-League.

Estatísticas da carreira

Universitário

Divisão I

NJCAA

Links externos

 Triton Trojans biografia
 Biografia de Oklahoma Sooners
 Wake Forest Demon Deacons biografia

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1999
Basquetebolistas do Brooklyn Nets
Basquetebolistas do Wisconsin

Alondes Williams


10285 Renémichelsen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10285 Renémichelsen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,35 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 7,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1982
Centura de asteroizi

10285 Renémichelsen


Das Grabmal des Heinrich Bernhard Röhrs auf dem Gartenfriedhof in Hannover ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Grabmal des 1835 verstorbenen Heinrich Bernhard Röhrs.

Besonderheiten

Naturdenkmal

Das Grab, das als Bau- und historisch wertvolles Kulturdenkmal Teil des in seiner Gänze denkmalgeschützten Gartenfriedhofs ist, wartet darüber hinaus mit einem besonderen Spektakel auf: Im Laufe der Zeit hat sich ein Ahornbaum, anfangs horizontal gewachsen, mit der das Grab umgebenden Einfriedung verbunden. Heute hat der mit Moos und Flechten bewachsene Ahornstamm einen Teil der metallenen Grab-Umzäunung teils vollständig in seinen Stamm integriert, bevor er sich an einem der Sandstein-Pfeiler dann senkrecht in die Höhe streckt. Anders als etwa die – ehemalige – Birke beim Geöffneten Grab wurde der Ahorn bisher nicht gefällt: Er ist gesondert als Naturdenkmal geschützt. Wegen der von dem Ahorn umwachsenen Gitterstäben wurde die Grabstätte auch "Eisenfressergrab" genannt.

Reliefplatte

Das Relief-Porträt des Heinrich Bernhard Röhrs zeigt an seinem Brustanschnitt die Künstlersignatur des Bildhauers Bandel.

Literatur
 Gerd Weiß, Marianne Zehnpfennig: Gartenkirche und Gartenfriedhof, in: Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Baudenkmale in Niedersachsen, Stadt Hannover, Teil 1, [Bd.] 10.1, ISBN 3-528-06203-7, S. 65f., sowie Anlage Mitte, in: Verzeichnis der Baudenkmale gem. § 4 (NDSchG) (ausgenommen Baudenkmale der archäologischen Denkmalpflege), Stand: 1. Juli 1985, Stadt Hannover, Niedersächsisches Landesverwaltungsamt – Institut für Denkmalpflege, S. 3f.
 Landeshauptstadt Hannover: Der Gartenfriedhof, kostenlose Broschüre vom Grünflächenamt Hannover in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Presseamt Hannover, Dezember 1997, S. 22 (Online, pdf)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Rohrs
Baudenkmal in Hannover
Erbaut in den 1830er Jahren
Mitte (Hannover)

Grabmal des Heinrich Bernhard Röhrs


එම්එන්සී නිව්ස් චැනල් යනු ඉන්දුනීසියාවට අයත් පැය 24 පුරාම විකාශන කටයුතු සිදු කරන රූපවාහිනී නාලිකාවකි. 2006 ජුනි මසදී ආරම්භ කල මෙම නාලිකාව තුල ප්‍රවෘත්ති වලට අමතරව වෙනත් විවිධ වැඩසටහන්ද විකාශය කෙරේ.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකා

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැදි
MNC Website

එම්එන්සී නිව්ස්


Dauersberg ist ein Stadtteil von Betzdorf in Rheinland-Pfalz. Mundartlich wird der Ort "Doaschbich" genannt.

Geographische Lage
Das Dorf liegt in den nördlichen Ausläufern des Westerwalds hin zum Siegerland, südlich von Betzdorf; Nachbargemeinden sind Steineroth, Weiselstein, Elben und Betzdorf. Dauersberg liegt an der Kreisstraße 107. Nächstes Gewässer ist der Elbbach, der von Elben kommend vorbei an der Dauersberger Mühle, schließlich an Dauersberg vorbei und dann weiter in Richtung Mittelhof fließt.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 1291 wurde Dauersberg erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.

Am 7. Juni 1969 wurde die bis dahin eigenständige Gemeinde Dauersberg mit seinerzeit 193 Einwohnern nach Betzdorf eingemeindet.

1970 wurde das Umspannwerk Dauersberg gebaut.

Politik
Dauersberg ist als einziger Ortsbezirk von Betzdorf ausgewiesen und hat einen Ortsbeirat und einen Ortsvorsteher.

Der Ortsbeirat besteht aus fünf Ortsbeiratsmitgliedern. Bei der Kommunalwahl am 26. Mai 2019 wurden die Beiratsmitglieder in einer Mehrheitswahl gewählt.

Ortsvorsteher ist Georg Groß. Bei der Direktwahl am 26. Mai 2019 wurde er mit einem Stimmenanteil von 70,44 % wiedergewählt.

Persönlichkeit
 Josef Schuster (* 1946), katholischer Theologe

Literatur
 Otto Zimmermann: 700-Jahrfeier in Dauersberg. In: Heimat-Jahrbuch des Kreises Altenkirchen 35. 1992, S. 81–87.
 Otto Zimmermann: Dauersberg. Geschichte und Geschichten. Dauersberg 1986.
 Otto Zimmermann: Dauersberg. Porträt einer Gemeinde. In: Heimat-Jahrbuch des Kreises Altenkirchen 29. 1986.

Einzelnachweise

Betzdorf
Ort im Landkreis Altenkirchen (Westerwald)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Altenkirchen (Westerwald))
Ersterwähnung 1291
Gemeindeauflösung 1969

Dauersberg


أبجد العلوم موسوعة للتعريف بالعلوم والفنون وخاصة الإسلامية منها والتاريخ والتراجم، وضعها محمد صديق خان أمير بهوبال واعتمد في تصنيفها على كتاب إحصاء العلوم للفارابي ومفاتيح العلوم للخوارزمي ومفتاح السعادة لطا شكبري زاده وكشف الظنون لحاجي خليفة.

وصف الكتاب
الكتاب مقسم إلى ثلاثة أقسام:
 القسم الأول وسماه الوشي المرقوم في بيان أحوال العلوم وفيه أبواب:
 الباب الأول: في تعريف العلم وتقسيمه وتعليمه.
 الباب الثاني: في منشأ العلوم والكتب.
 الباب الثالث: في المؤلفين والمؤلفات والتحصيل.
 الباب الرابع: في فوائد منثورة من أبواب العلم.
 الباب الخامس: في لواحق الفوائد.
 الباب السادس: في انقسام الكلام إلى فني: النظم والنثر.
 القسم الثاني وسماه السحاب المركوم الممطر بأنواع الفنون وأصناف العلوم وفيه يبين أقسام العلوم ويعرف كل علم.
 القسم الثالث وأسماه الرحيق المختوم من تراجم أئمة العلوم وفيه ترجم لعلماء العلوم المختلفة.

مراجع

بيانات المراجع بالكامل

وصلات خارجية

 مكتبة المشكاة - نسخة رقمية من أبجد العلوم.
 الرحيق المختوم من تراجم أئمة العلوم

موسوعات عربية
كتب محمد صديق خان

أبجد العلوم


A prova dos 1500 metros masculino do Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 foi disputada entre os dias 15 a 18 de agosto de 2022, no Estádio Olímpico de Munique, em Munique na Alemanha.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Os seguintes recordes foram estabelecidos durante esta competição:

Medalhistas

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+2).

Resultados

Bateria
Qualificação: 4 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 4 melhores qualificados (q).

Final
A final ocorreu no dia 18 de agosto às 21:05.

Ligações externas

Site da Associação Europeia de Atletismo

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 - 1500 m masculino


Willy Geertje van Ammelrooij (Ámsterdam, 5 de abril de 1944), conocida como Willeke van Ammelrooy, es una actriz y directora neerlandesa.

Fue a la escuela Toneelschool en Ámsterdam. Su primera película fue Mira en 1971.

Está casada con el cantante de ópera holandés Marco Bakker.

Filmografía

Televisión
Het Glazen Huis (2004–2005)

Cine
Mira (1971)
L'assassino... è al teléfono (1972)
De inbreker (1972)
Frank en Eva (1973)
Dakota (1974)
Help! de dokter verzuipt (1974)
Alicia (1974)
La Donneuse (1975)
L'arrière train sifflera trois fois (1975)
L'amour au trousses (1975)
O.Q Corral (1975)
Wan Pipel (1976)
Grijpstra en de Gier (1979)
Een vlucht regenwulpen (1981)
Het dak van de walvis (1982)
De Lift (1983)
Herenstraat 10 (1983)
Ciske de Rat (1984)
Op hoop van zegen (1986)
Koko Flanel (1990)
Alleen maar vrienden (1992)
Antonia's Line (1995)
Lijmen het been (2001)
De Schippers van de Kameleon (2003)
De duistere diamant (2004)
The Lake House (2006)
Bride Flight (2011)
Life is Wonderful (2018)

Referencias

Actrices de cine de los Países Bajos
Nacidos en Ámsterdam

Willeke van Ammelrooy


174. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 174. vestlige længdekreds
 174. østlige længdekreds

174. længdegrad


Boorowa () is a farming village in the Hilltops Region in the south west slopes of New South Wales, Australia.
It is located in a  valley  southwest of Sydney around  above sea-level. The town is in Hilltops Council local government area.

History
Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was part of the lands occupied by the Wiradjuri Nation with the Gandangara Aboriginal Australians. It is believed that the name 'Burrowa', the original spelling, derives from the local Aboriginal language and refers to a native bird, the plains turkey Australian bustard.

The first European to travel through what is now Boorowa Shire was surveyor George Evans in 1815. Unofficial occupation of the district began in 1821 with Irishmen Rodger Corcoran and Ned Ryan, both former convicts who had received their 'ticket of leave' from the Governor. The first land grant in the general area was issued to Thomas Icely in 1829. A mill was operating on the future town site of Boorowa by 1837, along with an inn and several houses.

Governor Gipps proposed the creation of a village named 'Burrowa' in 1842, to be located 9 km north-east of the present site at Kings Plains which had been surveyed in 1828. However, that spot proved unsuitable and the village was established on its present site in 1843. The early years in the district saw lawlessness and mayhem as a result of long running boundary disputes, theft of livestock and arson, even murders; the cause being remoteness and lack of law and order. Bushrangers roamed the surrounding unsettled wild mountainous land, making raids into the town and stations of the district.

Squatters took up large tracts of land in the Boorowa area but the introduction of the Robertson Land Acts in 1861 resulted in a new land grab where large numbers of settlers, particularly 'ticket of leave' men, applied for a 'selection' of land with low cost land parcels available.

The district was given over to farming, although it received a push along when gold was found at Carcoar, Browns Creek and Kings Plains. Gold mines were established although copper and iron were also extracted. Samuel Marsden's copper mine operated until 1900.

The town's rugby league team competed for the Maher Cup during the 20th century.

At the , Boorowa had a population of 1,211 people which had grown to 1,641 in the  and 1,888 in the 2021 census.

Railway

Boorowa residents and the local member of parliament lobbied the Government to direct the new southern main line progressing towards Goulburn to pass through the town.  However the towns of Yass and Murrumburrah won the debate. The next best option was a branch line to the town and this lobbying lasted 40 years before the line was eventually constructed, opening for traffic on 10 October 1914.

The arrival of the railway in 1874 spurred development. Burrowa's name was then changed to "Boorowa". Boorowa replaced Carcoar as the major service centre to local farmlands. It became a municipality in 1888. By the turn of the century a butter factory and freezing works were major employers in the town. Passenger trains ceased in 1980 and the Boorowa railway line from Galong to Boorowa closed in 1987.

The post office was ordered to discontinue use of the name "Burrowa" in 1914, but the two spellings were used interchangeably throughout the area for many years and the town's newspaper stubbornly retained the old spelling on its masthead until January 1951.

Infrastructure

The main infrastructure achievements over the 180 years that connected Boorowa to the rest of the Colony included the first Post Office and mail service in 1835, the electric telegraph in 1866, voice telephone in 1906, electric street lighting in the 1920s by the towns own generator, later the town and consumers were connected to the Burrinjuck Hydro electricity system in 1938.

Environment

The town is located on the Boorowa River, a tributary of the Lachlan River. The Murrumbidgee River drains the southern portion of the Boorowa district. The soil in the area is rich volcanic soil washed down over millennia from an extinct volcano known as Mount Canemumbola.

Climate
Boorowa experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Cfbk), with warm summers and cool winters.

Notable people
 Frederick Ashton (1866−1941)circus proprietor
 Eric Bryce  (1932−2007)music teacher and composer
 Dorothy Cumming (1894-1983), silent film actress
 Marguerite Ludovia Dale (1883−1963)feminist and playwright
 Thomas Jenkins (born 2001)rugby league player
 Francis McGrath (1866-1947) jockey and racehorse-trainer
 James Morrison  (born 1962) — jazz musician
 John Quinn (1862−1937)sheepdog expert and veterinary surgeon
 Karen Webb  Commissioner of the New South Wales Police Force
 John Willcock (1879−1956)engine driver and 15th Premier of Western Australia

Events
 Boorowa's agricultural show is held in March.
 October long weekend -  The "Running of the Sheep" down the main street of Boorowa during the Irish Woolfest.

Gallery

Footnotes

External links

 Hilltops Council web site
 Visit Hilltops Region Tourist Information
 Boorowa Irish Woolfest

Southern Tablelands
Towns in New South Wales
Hilltops Council

Boorowa


Montenach bezeichnet:

 Montenach, Gemeinde im Département Moselle, Frankreich
 die Schweizer Gemeinde Montagny FR (nicht mehr gebräuchlicher deutscher Name)

Montenach ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Jean de Montenach (1766–1842), Schweizer Politiker
 Joseph-Nicolas de Montenach († 1782), Schweizer römisch-katholischer Geistlicher und Bischof von Lausanne
 Pierre de Montenach (1633–1707), Schweizer römisch-katholischer Geistlicher und Bischof von Lausanne
 Suzanne de Montenach (1867–1957), Schweizer Vereinsfunktionärin

Montenach (Begriffsklärung)


لويس يوسيرا بوجالال  كان رئيسا لريال مدريد من 1930 إلى 1935.

مراجع

أشخاص لم تذكر تاريخ الوفاة
أشخاص من طلبيرة
أصحاب أعمال إسبان
أصحاب أعمال إسبان في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال في القرن 20
يوسيرا بوجالال, لويس
محامون إسبان
محامون إسبان في القرن 20
محامون في القرن 20
مواليد 1890
مواليد في طلبيرة
نواب برلمان عودة البوربون إلى إسبانيا
وفيات 1958

لويس يوسيرا بوجالال


6. etape af Vuelta a España 2018 gik fra Huércal Overa til San Javier 30. august 2018.

Nacer Bouhanni vandt etapen, mens Rudy Molard forsvarede den røde førertrøje.

Etaperesultater

Samlet efter etapen

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Kombinationskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

06

6. etape af Vuelta a España 2018


Wendell Ramone Ellis Jr. dit Jay Ellis (né le  à Sumter) est un acteur américain.

Ancien mannequin, il a reçu en 2013 son premier rôle majeur dans la série The Game. En 2015, il a rejoint la distribution de la série Insecure.

Il a également joué un rôle principal dans le film d'horreur Escape Game (2019) et est au casting de Top Gun : Maverick (2022).

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1981
Naissance à Sumter (Caroline du Sud)
Acteur américain

Jay Ellis


Nongstoin es una localidad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de West Khasi Hills, en el estado de Meghalaya.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 1329  a 94 km de la capital estatal, Shillong, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 34 104 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Meghalaya

Nongstoin


Gabriel Miró Ferrer (; Alicante, 28 July 1879 – Madrid, 24 May 1930), known as Gabriel Miró, was a Spanish modernist writer. In 1900 he finished his studies in law at the University of Granada and the University of Valencia. He focused mainly on writing novels, but also collaborated to a large number of newspapers such as: El Heraldo, Los Lunes de El Imparcial, ABC and El Sol. He was among the contributors of the Madrid-based avant-garde magazine Prometeo between 1908 and 1912. The rich and poetic language, the philosophical and theological ideas, and the subtle irony are some of the main characteristics of his works. Gabriel Miró preferred to focus on the intimate world of his characters and its development, in the inner relations between everything in their surrounding and the way they evolve in time.

He is the author of more than 20 novels. Most critics believe that Gabriel Miró's literary maturity begins with Las cerezas del cementerio (Cemetery cherries) (1910), whose plot revolves around the tragic love of the super-sensitive young man Félix Valdivia for an older woman (Beatriz) and presents—with an atmosphere of voluptuousness and lyrical intimism—the themes of eroticism, illness, and death.

Work
In 1915 he published El abuelo del rey (The King's grandfather), a novel that tells the story of three generations of a tiny Levantine town, for the sake of presenting, and not without a little irony, the struggle between tradition and progress, the pressures of one's environment, and above all, a meditation about time.

One year later, Figuras de la Pasión del Señor (Characters from Our Lord Passion) (1916–17) was published, formed by a series of scenes about the last days of Jesus. Also in 1917, Miró began his autobiographical-style works with Libro de Sigüenza (Sigüenza's book), in which Sigüenza is not only the heteronym or alter-ego of the author, but the author's own lyrical self, which gives unity to the scenes which comprise the book.

El humo dormido (The sleeping smoke) (1919) is one of his most personal books and contains various autobiographical moments. There the author mingles reflections on topics like childhood, life, death, friendship, innocence, imagination, faith and beauty. These are also the main topics of his literary works as a whole. In Años y leguas (Years and leagues) (1928) he again turns back to his character of Sigüenza as a protagonist, are of a similar nature.

In 1921, he finished two more books: El ángel, el molino, el caracol del faro (The angel, the mill, the lighthouse snail), a book of scenes, and the novel Nuestro padre San Daniel (Our father Saint Daniel), which is part of a series with El obispo leproso (The leprous bishop)(1926). Both play out in the Levantine city of Oleza, a reflection of Orihuela, in the last third of the 19th century. The city, submerged in lethargy, is seen as a microcosm of mysticism and sensuality, in which the characters debate between their natural inclinations and social repression, and intolerance and the religious resistance to progress to which they are submitted.

Ricardo Gullón has described the Miró's stories as lyrical novels. They pay more attention to the expression of feelings and sensations than the simple act of listing events. The hallmarks of Miró's work are:

The use of the ellipsis and
The structuring of the story in disparate scenes, joined by reflection and memory

Impermanence is the essential theme of the author, who incorporates the past into a continuing present, through sensations, evocation, and memory.

Like Azorín before him, the senses are a form of creation and knowledge in Miró's work, hence
the vivid style of his work,
the use of synthesis and sensory images
surprising adjectives and
a lavish vocabulary

For background on his reading Macdonald's monograph, Gabriel Miró: his private library and his literary background. provides illumination.

Further reading

References

External links

1879 births
1930 deaths
People from Alicante
Writers from the Valencian Community
Spanish male writers

Gabriel Miró


Cytochrome C1 (also known as Complex III subunit 4) is a protein encoded by the CYC1 gene. Cytochrome is a heme-containing subunit of the cytochrome b-c1 complex, which accepts electrons from Rieske protein and transfers electrons to cytochrome c in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It is formed in the cytosol and targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Cytochrome c1 belongs to the cytochrome c family of proteins.

Function
Cytochrome C1 plays a role in the electron transfer during oxidative phosphorylation. As an iron-sulfur protein approaches the b-c1 complex, it accepts an electron from the cytochrome b subunit, then undergoes a conformational change to attach to cytochrome c1. There, the electron carried by the iron-sulfur protein is transferred to the heme carried by cytochrome c1. This electron is then transferred to a heme carried by cytochrome c. This creates a reduced species of cytochrome c, which separates from the b-c1 complex and moves to the last enzyme in the electron transport chain, cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV).

Species
CYC1 is a human gene that is conserved in chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, zebrafish, fruit fly, mosquito, C. elegans, S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, E. gossypii, S. pombe, N. crassa, A. thaliana, rice, and frog. There are orthologs of CYC1 in 137 known organisms.

In its structure and function, the cytochrome b-c1 complex bears extensive analogy to the cytochrome b6f complex of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria; cytochrome c1 plays an analogous role to cytochrome f, despite their different structures.

Clinical relevance
Mutations in the CYC1 gene are associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency nuclear type 6. The disease symptoms include early childhood onset of severe lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis, usually in response to infection. Insulin-responsive hyperglycemia is also present, but psychomotor development appears normal. Mutation of CYC1 was observed to cause instability in the cytochrome b-c1 complex, which decreased its ability to create energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial complex III deficiency nuclear type 6 is autosomal recessive.

References

External links

Transmembrane proteins
Cellular respiration

Cytochrome C1


PCC (Presidents' Conference Committee) este un tip de tramvai care a fost inițial construit în Statele Unite, în anii 1930. Designul s-a dovedit a fi unul de succes în țara de origine, iar după Al Doilea Război Mondial licența de fabricare a fost exportată în foarte multe alte locuri din lume. PCC a devenit unul din simbolurile mărcilor de tramvai, iar vehiculele PCC sunt încă în serviciu în numeroase țări.

Origine
Inițialele "PCC" provin de la un comitet de proiectare înființat în 1929 sub numele de "Presidents' Conference Committee" și redenumit "Electric Railway Presidents' Conference Committee" (ERPCC) în 1931. Acest comitet era alcătuit din reprezentanții a 25 de companii de transport feroviar electrificat. Trei rețele interurbane și un operator de transport rapid, Chicago Rapid Transit Company, erau și ei reprezentați în comitet. În plus, pe lista membrilor se mai aflau fabricanți de tramvaie și furnizori de piese de schimb. Scopul ERPCC era să proiecteze un tramvai elegant, confortabil, silențios, care să poată accelera și frâna rapid și care să fie manevrat de un operator așezat pe un scaun, prin intermediul unor pedale fixate de podea. Comitetul a pregătit un plan de cercetare detaliat, a analizat numeroase variante de tramvai propuse, a construit și testat componente, a făcut - pe baza rezultatelor obținute - modificările și reviziile necesare și, în final, a produs un set de specificații pentru un proiect standardizat de tramvai care să poată fi construit din componente produse în serie mare, în antiteză cu proiectele personalizate de vehicule necesitând componente variate, în funcție de dorințele și solicitările diverșilor clienți. Proiectul, elaborat într-o perioadă de cinci ani și cu costuri însumate de 750.000 de dolari, a fost unul de calitate, tramvaiele PCC dovedind acest lucru în lunga lor perioadă de exploatare în Statele Unite și la nivel internațional.

Note

Tramvaie

Tramvai PCC


Sea slug is a common name for some marine invertebrates with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial slugs. Most creatures known as sea slugs are gastropods, i.e. they are sea snails (marine gastropod mollusks) that over evolutionary time have either completely lost their shells, or have seemingly lost their shells due to having a greatly reduced or internal shell. The name "sea slug" is most often applied to nudibranchs, as well as to a paraphyletic set of other marine gastropods without obvious shells.

Sea slugs have an enormous variation in body shape, color, and size. Most are partially translucent. The often bright colors of reef-dwelling species implies that these animals are under constant threat of predators, but the color can serve as a warning to other animals of the sea slug's toxic stinging cells (nematocysts) or offensive taste. Like all gastropods, they have small, razor-sharp teeth, called radulas. Most sea slugs have a pair of rhinophores—sensory tentacles used primarily for the sense of smell—on their head, with a small eye at the base of each rhinophore. Many have feathery structures (cerata) on the back, often in a contrasting color, which act as gills. All species of genuine sea slugs have a selected prey animal on which they depend for food, including certain jellyfish, bryozoans, sea anemones, and plankton as well as other species of sea slugs.

Sea slugs have brains. For example, Aplysia californica has a brain of about 20,000 nerve cells.

Shell-less marine gastropods
The name "sea slug" is often applied to numerous different evolutionary lineages of marine gastropod molluscs or sea snails, specifically those gastropods that are either not conchiferous (shell-bearing) or appear not to be. In evolutionary terms, losing the shell altogether, having a small internal shell, or having a shell so small that the soft parts of the animal cannot retract into it, are all features that have evolved many times independently within the class Gastropoda, on land and in the sea; these features often cause a gastropod to be labeled with the common name "slug".

Nudibranchs (clade Nudibranchia) are a large group of marine gastropods that have no shell at all. These may be the most familiar sort of sea slug. Although most nudibranchs are not large, they are often very eye-catching because so many species have brilliant coloration. In addition to nudibranchs, a number of other taxa of marine gastropods (some easily mistaken for nudibranchs) are also often called "sea slugs".

Gastropod groups
Within the various groups of gastropods that are called "sea slugs", numerous families are within the informal taxonomic group Opisthobranchia:

The term "sea slug" is perhaps most often applied to nudibranchs, many of which are brightly patterned and conspicuously ornate. For two examples, see the images of Nembrotha aurea and Glossodoris atromarginata within this article.

The name "sea slug" is also often applied to the sacoglossans (clade Sacoglossa), the so-called sap-sucking or solar-powered sea slugs which are frequently a shade of green.

Another group of main gastropods that are often labeled as "sea slugs" are the various families of headshield slugs and bubble snails within the clade Cephalaspidea.

The sea hares, clade Aplysiomorpha, have a small, flat, proteinaceous internal shell.

The clades Thecosomata and Gymnosomata are small pelagic gastropods known as "sea butterflies" and "sea angels". Many species of sea butterflies retain their shells. These are commonly known as "pteropods" but are also sometimes called sea slugs; especially the Gymnosomata, which have no shell as adults.

There is also one group of "sea slugs" within the informal group Pulmonata:

One very unusual group of marine gastropods that are shell-less are the pulmonate (air-breathing) species in the family Onchidiidae, within the clade Systellommatophora.

Diversity in sea slugs
Like many nudibranchs, Glaucus atlanticus can store and use stinging cells, or nematocysts, from its prey (Portuguese man o' war) in its finger-like cerata.
Other species like the Pyjama slug Chromodoris quadricolor may use their striking colors to advertise their foul chemical taste.

The lettuce sea slug (Elysia crispata) has lettuce-like ruffles that line its body. This slug, like other Sacoglossa uses kleptoplasty, a process in which the slug absorbs chloroplasts from the algae it eats, and uses "stolen" cells to photosynthesize sugars. The ruffles of the lettuce sea slug increase the slug's surface area, allowing the cells to absorb more light.

Headshield slugs like the Chelidonura varians use their shovel-shaped heads to dig into the sand, where they spend most of their time. The shield also protects sand from entering the mantle during burrowing.

Peronia indica is a species of air-breathing sea slug, a shell-less marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Onchidiidae.

The largest species of sea hare, the California black sea hare, Aplysia vaccaria can reach a length of 75 centimetres (30 in) and a weight of 14 kilograms (31 lb). Most sea hares have several defenses; in addition to being naturally toxic, they can eject a foul ink or secrete a viscous slime to deter predators.

Some species of acochlidian sea slugs have made evolutionary transitions to living in freshwater streams and there is at least one evolutionary transition to land.

References

Slugs
Mollusc common names

Sea slug


ليكسابرو ، سيبرالكس
 الاسم العلمي: اسيتالوبرام
 تصنيف الدواء: مثبطات إعادة امتصاص السيروتونين الانتقائية SSRIs

الوصف

هذا الدواء يستخدم لعلاج الاضطراب الاكتئابي الرئيسي واضطراب القلق المعمم وفق ما وافقت عليه إدارة الغذاء والدواء الأمريكية FDA. يمكن لطبيبك أن يصف هذا الدواء لحالات أخرى كاضطراب الوسواس القهري واضطراب ما بعد الصدمة وغيرها.

قد يستغرق من ٤ إلى ٨ أسابيع ليعمل بشكل كامل

الاستخدام الأمثل لهذا الدواء

هذا الدواء يجب أن يؤخذ في نفس الوقت كل يوم، صباحا أو مساء، ويمكن أن تأخذه مع أو بدون الطعام. هذا الدواء يمكن أن يأخذ أربع أسابيع حتى يصل إلى تأثيره الكامل، ولكن من الممكن أن تلاحظ تحسناً في أعراض الاكتئاب في فترة قصيرة مثل أسبوع أو أسبوعين.

الجرعة الفائتة
تناول الجرعة الفائتة بمجرد أن تتذكرها. إلا إذا كان قد تبقى خمس أو ست ساعات عن الجرعة التالية، في هذه الحالة تخطَّ الجرعة الفائتة ثم أكمل الدواء حسب جدولك الطبيعي. ولا تتناول جرعة مزدوجة لتعوض الجرعة الفائتة.

الأعراض الجانبية المحتملة
 جفاف الفم.
 رعشة أو تقلصات في العضلة.
 عصبية.
 متاعب في النوم.
 صداع، خمول.
 إغماء.
 غثيان.
 خمول.
 أرق.
 صداع.
 زيادة في العرق.
 دوخة،صداع بسيط.
 تغيرات في الوظيفة الجنسية.

بعض الأعراض الجانبية غير المذكورة محتملة الحدوث، تحدث إلى طبيبك لو ظهرت عليك أي أعراض أخرى.

تحذيرات / احتياطات
هذا الدواء من الممكن أن يسبب دوخة أو دوار أو خمول.
شرب الكحول من الممكن أن يزيد من تأثير هذا الدواء ويجب تجنبه.
تدخين السجائر يمكن أن تقلل من فاعلية هذا الدواء.
إذا كنت تخطط لجراحة، فيجب أن تخبر طبيبك.
لا تأخذ هذا الدواء إذا كنت تناولت مثبطات المونو أمينو أوكسيداز (فينيلزين(نارديل) أو ترانيلكيبرومين (بارنات) في الاسبوعين الماضيين.
هذا الدواء يمكن أن يزيد من مخاطر التفكير في الانتحار أو السلوك الانتحاري في بعض الاطفال والمراهقين.وآباء الاطفال الذين يتناولون مضادات الاكتئاب يجب أن يلاحظوا علامات سوء الاكتئاب أو أي تغيرات غير معتادة في التصرف.

فرط الجرعة
اطلب الرعاية الطبية فوراً. قم بالاتصال بوحدة السموم.

التداخلات الدوائية
إذا كنت تتناول مضادات الاكتئاب من الترايسيكلين، تحدث إلى طبيبك قبل أن تأخذ هذا الدواء.

يجب تجنب تناول عشبة القديس جون (St. John's wort) أثناء تناولك لهذا الدواء بسبب زيادة خطر حالة نادرة ولكنها مهددة للحياة تدعى متلازمة السيروتونين.

أخبر طبيبك إذا كنت تتناول أياً من الأدوية التالية:
 وارفارين
 مضادات الاكتئاب الأخرى.
 ميثوبرولول.
 مضادات الهيستامين.
 كاربامازيبين.
 سيميتيدين.
 استروجين.
 فلوكسيتين.
 إتراكونازول.
 كيتوكونازول.
 ليفودوبا.
 ليثيوم.
 أدوية استرخاء العضلات.
 أقراص التحكم في الحمل.
 أقراص النوم.
 أدوية الغدة الدرقية.

لا تأخذ هذا الدواء مع ثيوريدازين أو خلال 5 أسابيع من تناولك هذا الدواء.

يجب توخي الحذر عند تناول هذا الدواء مع بعض المضادات الحيوية مثل إيريثروميسين، كلاريثروميسين أو أزيثروميسين.

إذا كنت تتناول أدوية للصداع النصفي مثل لميتريكس، تحدث إلى طبيبك قبل أن تتناول هذا الدواء.

هذا الدواء لا ينبغي أن يؤخذ مع مثبطات المونو أمينو أوكسيداز.
إذا كنت تتناول مثبطات المونو أمينو أوكسيداز تحدث إلى طبيبك أو الصيدلي.

الحمل / الرضاعة
إذا كنت تخططين للحمل، ناقشي مع طبيبك مزايا ومخاطر استخدام هذا الدواء أثناء الحمل. لان هذا الدواء يفرز في حليب الرضاعة، فالأمهات المرضعات يجب عليهن استشارة الطبيب في حال كُنّ يتناولن هذا الدواء.

معلومات إضافية
مضادات الاكتئاب تستخدم لعلاج العديد من الحالات منها الاكتئاب وبعض الاضطرابات العقلية الأخرى. هذه الأدوية تساعد على منع أفكار الانتحار ومحاولاته ولها بعض الفوائد الأخرى. ومع ذلك فقد أظهرت الدراسات أن عدداً قليلاً ممن يستخدمون هذه الأدوية لأي سبب وخصوصا الأطفال والمراهقين ربما يصابون باكتئاب أسوأ، أعراض اضطرابات عقلية/مزاجية أخرى أو محاولات انتحار. لذلك من المهم جداً أن تتحدث مع طبيبك عن فوائد ومخاطر أدوية مضادات الاكتئاب حتى لو تم استخدامه لغير الاضطرابات العقلية.
أخبر طبيبك فوراً إذا لاحظت سوء الاكتئاب، تغييرات غير معتادة في السلوك (تتضمن محاولات الانتحار) أو أي تغير في الحالة المزاجية أو العقلية. تنبه جيدا لهذه الأعراض عند استعمال مضاد اكتئاب جديد أو عند تغيير الجرعة.

انظر أيضا
باروكسيتين

سيتالوبرام

مصادر خارجية
1) موقع فريق النجاح: http://www.najahteam.com/node/743

مراجع

أدوية متصاوغة مرآتية
إيزوبنزوفورانات
فلوروأرينات
مثبطات استرداد السيروتونين الاختيارية
مضادات الاكتئاب
مضادات مزيلة للقلق
ناهضات سيغما
نتريلات

إسيتالوبرام


Lovro Škaljer  (Pula, 1878. - ?), hrvatski odvjetnik, novinar, borac za hrvatska prava i nakladnik. Bio je vojni branitelj u Puli. Jedan od vođa pulskih Hrvata u prijelomnim danima 1918. godine.

Životopis
Rodio se, odrastao i školovao u Zagrebu i Puli. Bio je široko obrazovan, dobro je govorio i pisao hrvatski, talijanski i njemački. Stanovao je u zgradi Narodnog doma u Puli, poznatom okupljalištu puljskih Hrvata i Slovenaca, ali i pripadnika ostalih slavenskih naroda. U toj su zgradi na drugom i trećem katu i potkrovlju bili stanovi za iznajmljivanje, i u jednom je bio Škaljer. Završivši pravni fakultet, položivši pravosudni ispit i položivši doktorat, radio je kao odvjetnički pripravnik kod dr. Matka Laginje u Puli. Od Laginje je prihvatio ideju istarskog vijeća narodnog preporoda. Odvjetnički je staž uspješno odradio te je otvorio vlastiti odvjetnički ured. Dobro je poslovao a bio je aktivan i u politici. Desetljeće je bio u javnom životu Pule boreći se za prava istarskih Hrvata.

Bio je izdavačem hrvatskog dnevnika iz Pule Hrvatskog lista pokrenutog 1. srpnja 1915. godine. Uređivao ga je od 1. listopada do 15. prosinca 1918. godine. Politarčki je dar došao do izražaja presudnih dana 1918. godine. Glede Škaljerova ugleda među Puljanima i sposobnosti, Mario Krmpotić predložio ga je za predsjednika pulskog Mjesnog odbora Narodnog vijeća iz Zagreba, što je jednoglasno prihvaćeno. Puljski mjesni odbor Narodnog vijeća SHS osnovan je 28. listopada 1918. godine. Škaljer je bio predsjednik, u njemu su još bili Mirko Vratović, predsjednik uprave Stojan Brajša, Antun Šabalja, Slovenac kontraadmiral Metod Koch, Luka Križ, Mirko Krmpotić, Fran Barbalić, Ivan Cukon i Josip Baselli. 30. listopada prihvatili su suradnju s talijanskim Odborom javnog spasa (Comitato di salute Pubblica) radi organiziranja zajedničke vlast na području Pule i okolice, po nekima i za veći dio Poluotoka. U Pazinu je odbor (osnovan 29. listopada) vodio Šime Kurelić a u Opatiji (osnovan 31. listopada) Ivan Poščić. Istrani Matko Laginja, Vjekoslav Spinčić, Josip Grašić i Šime Kurelić članovi su Narodnog vijeća SHS u Zagrebu. Laginja postaje povjerenikom za Istru. Škaljer je predsjedavao Odborom u vrijeme kad je istarski poluotok bio u vrlo složenom i napetom političkom stanju koje se najtočnije može opisati kao kaotično stanje interregnuma i vrlo labave i ograničene vlasti mjesnih odbora Narodnog vijeća tamo gdje su postojali.
22. studenoga 1918. u Zagrebu izvijestio je Škaljer Narodno vijeće o prilikama u Istri i predložio da se dr. Ivu Zuccona imenuje povjerenikom za Istru i da se u Puli postavi konzularni zastupnik Kraljevine Srbije ili Republike Čehoslovačke.

Sve do ulaska talijanskih snaga u Pulu 5. studenoga 1918., zalagao se da Pula, s cijelom austro-ugarskom flotom pripadne Državi SHS iz Zagreba. Vidjevši da stvari ne idu po planu, otputovao je na Krf u sastavu delegacije koju je vodio Ante Tresić Pavičić. Ondje su vođeni bezuspješni pregovori. Bio na mirovnoj konferenciju u Parizu gdje je upoznao Blaška Rajića. Dolaskom Talijana u Pulu i Istru zgrada gdje je stanovao Škaljer, Narodni dom, talijanaši su među prvima spalili među prvima do 1920., sa svim inventarom, pogotovo knjigama. Uskoro su talijanske vlasti oštro krenule na istarske Slavene, Hrvate i Slovence. Proganjali su narodne ljude i inteligenciju.

Zbog lošeg odnosa talijanskih vlasti. mnogi su Hrvati optirali za Hrvatsku i Kraljevinu SHS. Dio je završio u Subotici, od kojih su neki postali poznati sudionici javnog života grada, među njima Lovro i Viktor Škaljer. Škaljer je prvo iz Pule otputovao u Pariz, pa se potom nastanio u Subotici, u kojoj je nastavio s odvjetničkim radom, objavljivao publicističke radove, svjedočeći o dramatičnim događajima u kojima je sudjelovao. Sin Orjen Škaljer (r. 1912.) također je bio uglednim građaninom Subotice.

Izvori

Životopisi, Pula
Životopisi, Subotica
Hrvatski pravnici
Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatski političari do 1918.
Hrvatski publicisti

Lovro Škaljer


Jorge Pupo ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Jorge Pupo (Schauspieler) (* 1960), kubanischer Schauspieler. Produzent und Synchronsprecher
 Jorge Pupo (Wasserspringer) (* 1982), kubanischer Wasserspringer

Jorge Pupo


استُخدم المتناهي في الصغر في الرياضيات  للتعبير عن قيم بالغة الضآلة، بحيثُ تعبر عن تغيير دقيق جدا لحالة، مثل تغير صغير جدا في درجة الحرارة أو تغير صغير جدا في الحجم. في الاستخدام الدارج؛ تعني هذه الصفة بأن التغير صغير للغاية، ولكنه لا يساوي صِفراً.

قبل القرن التاسع عشر، لم يكن أيٌّ من المفاهيم الرياضية التي نعرفها اليوم معرفًا بطريقة دقيقة، رغمَ أن هذه المفاهيم كانت موجودة فعلاً. مؤسِّسوا علم التفاضل والتكامل؛ لَيبنيز ونيوتن وأويلر ولاغرانج وبرنولي وكثيرون غيرهم، استخدموا الأرقام الموحِلة بنفس الطريقة المعروضة هنا، ووصلوا إلى نتائجَ صحيحةٍ جوهرياً؛ رغم أنه لم يكن يوجد تعريف رياضي دقيق للرقم الموحل آنذاك (من المثير للاهتمام أنه لم يكن يوجد تعريفٌ رياضي دقيقٌ لمجموعة الأعداد الحقيقيَّة في ذلك الحين أيضًا).

الاستخدام الأصلي للقيم الموحلة في الرياضيات
مثالٌ نموذجيٌّ من استخدام نيوتن ولَيْبنيز لقيم موحلة عند تأسيسهما لعلم التفاضل والتكامل يمكن أن يكون المثال التالي:

نريد الحصول على المُشتقة ص'(س) للدالة :

ص(س) = س 2

نفترض تغيرا صغيرا دس لقيمة س ونحسب التغير الناشئ عنه في قيمة ص .

سنقوم بذلك باستخدام الرموز الإنجليزية، وعندئذ نجد المشتقة  كالآتي :

إذ إن دس (أي dx) قيمة موحلة في الصغر.

هذه المحاججة، رغم جمالها، وخروجها بنتيجة صحيحة، ليست رصينة رياضيًا. وقد هاجم بِشُب باركلي استخدام الأرقام الموحلة وخطَّأهُ في كتابهِ «المُحلِّل» (المحلل). المشكلةُ الأساسية هنا هي أن دس تُعامل في البداية على أنها رقم غير صِفري (تمكن القسمة عليه)، ثم تطرحُ جانبًا كما لو أنَّها كانت صفرًا.
التَّعريف البسيط للرقم الموحل هو أنهُ رقمٌ قيمته المُطلقة أقل من أيِّ عدد موجبٍ غير صفريِّ. هنا، ومن هذا التعريف، يُمكن الوصول إلى أنه لا يوجد رقم حقيقيٌّ موحلٌ غيرُ صفري.
إن أخذنا بعين الاعتبار الأرقام الموجبة فقط، فالطريقة الوحيدة لأي رقم حتى يكون أقلَّ من جميع الأرقام هيَ أن يكون أدنى رقمٍ موجب. إن كان ع هذا الرقم، فماذا ستكون قيمة ع/2؟ أو، إن كان ع لا يتجزأ؛ فهل يظل رقمًا؟ أيضًا، وببساطة، فإن مقلوبَ رقمٍ موحلٍ يجب أن يكون ذا مقدارٍ غير محدود، لكنَّ هذا سيجعله أكبر رقمٍ في حينِ لا يوجد رقمٌ مثلُ ذلك؛ رقمٌ يمكن اعتباره آخرَ رقمٍ في مجموعة الأرقام.
على الرغم من هذا، يُمكن توسيع مجموعة الأرقام الحقيقية وتعديلُها لتشمل الأرقام الموحِلة، كما هو الحالُ في الأرقام الحقيقية المزدوجة والأرقام الحقيقية الفائقة، لكن هذا لا يُمكن إنجازه مالم تُستبعد خصائص معيَّنة من مجموعة الأرقام الحقيقية.

لم يُمنح علم التفاضل والتكامل تأسيسًا رياضيًا رصينًا حتى النصف الثاني من القرن التاسعِ عشر، على يد كارل فايرستراس وآخرين، باستخدام اصطلاح النهاية الرياضية. أما في القرن العشرين، فقد وُجِدَ أن الأرقام الموحلة يمكن بعد كلِّ هذا الوقت، أن تُعالج معالجةً رياضية رصينة. كلتا الصياغتين صحيحتان، وكِلتاهما تُعطيان النتائج نفسَها إن استُخدمتا بشكل صحيح.

مراجع

تاريخ التفاضل والتكامل
تاريخ الرياضيات
حساب التفاضل والتكامل
لانهاية
منطق رياضي

متناهي الصغر (رياضيات)


An Cyrtopodium macrobulbon in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Juan José Martinez de Lexarza, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gustavo Adolfo Romero och Germán Carnevali. An Cyrtopodium macrobulbon in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtopodium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtopodium

Cyrtopodium macrobulbon


Reisebekanntschaften ist ein sowjetischer Spielfilm von Wassili Schukschin aus dem Jahr 1973.

Handlung
Der Traktorist Iwan lebt in einem sibirischen Dorf hoch im Norden des Landes. Er darf von seiner Kolchose organisiert zur Kur ans Meer fahren. Eigentlich will er seine beiden Kinder mitnehmen, doch hat seine Mutter Bedenken. So fährt er am Ende mit seiner Frau Njura los. Im Zugabteil machen beide zunächst Bekanntschaft mit einem unfreundlichen Herrn, der beiden ironisch wegen ihrer Herkunft begegnet und mit dem der aufbrausende Iwan fast eine Schlägerei beginnt. Der Mann wird schließlich vom Schaffner in ein anderes Abteil gebracht. Iwan und Njura teilen sich ihr Abteil nun mit Wiktor, der einen großen Koffer bei sich trägt, den er mit einem Messer öffnet. Er gibt vor, die Schlüssel für den Koffer zu Hause liegen gelassen zu haben. In Wirklichkeit jedoch hat er den Koffer gestohlen. In ihm befindet sich Bargeld, eine Flasche Wodka, die Wiktor sofort öffnet, und auch eine teure Bluse, die er Njura schenkt. Alle drei trinken nun Wodka, bis der unfreundliche Passagier am nächsten Bahnhof Iwan bei einem Polizisten anzeigt. Der warnt den naiven Iwan jedoch nur vor Wiktor, der beiden am helllichten Tag Alkohol auf nüchternen Magen verabreicht – Iwan solle vorsichtig sein. Wiktor verschwindet schon bald mit seinem Koffer und springt vom fahrenden Zug ab. Die Polizei sucht nach ihm und Iwan und Njura erfahren, dass sie es mit einem Dieb zu tun hatten. Sie werden von der Polizei zu Wiktor befragt und Njura lässt heimlich die geschenkte Bluse verschwinden.

Beide sind nun misstrauisch geworden. Als Professor Sergei Stepanow neu in ihr Abteil kommt, reagieren beide abwehrend und Iwan bezichtigt ihn schließlich, sie bestehlen zu wollen. Erst der Schaffner kann Iwan zurechtweisen und erklärt beiden, dass Stepanow Sprachwissenschaftler sei. Stepanow ist sogar im Fernsehen aufgetreten und wird von anderen Reisenden erkannt. Man lädt ihn in ein anderes Abteil ein und auch Iwan darf mitkommen. Sie singen und Iwan trinkt etwas zu viel Alkohol, woraufhin er zum Leidwesen von Njura geschwätzig wird. Am nächsten Tag jedoch hat er seine Eskapaden vom Vortag vergessen. Stepanow lädt beide für zwei Wochen nach Moskau ein, von wo aus sie ihre Reise in den Süden fortsetzen sollen. Stepanow interessieren vor allem die Sprachaspekte der beiden "einfachen Leute vom Land". Sie gehen mit Stepanows Tochter in der Großstadt einkaufen und Iwan erzählt am Ende in der Fernsehsendung Stepanows eine Episode aus dem Bauernleben.

Iwan und Njura fahren endlich in den Süden und kommen im Sanatorium an. Der leitende Chefarzt zeigt sich überrascht, dass Iwan seine Frau mitgebracht hat, sei ein Kuraufenthalt doch keine Urlaubsreise. Iwan versucht, ihm linkisch Geld zuzustecken, doch weist der Arzt den Bestechungsversuch zurück. Am Ende kann Njura bleiben – sie hat bei einer Ärztin des Sanatoriums Quartier bezogen und berichtet den in Sibirien zurückgebliebenen Verwandten von der Schönheit des Meeres und der Gegend.

Produktion
Reisebekanntschaften war der vorletzte Film (vor Kalina Krassnaja – Roter Holunder), bei dem Wassili Schukschin Regie führte. Seine Ehefrau Lidija Fedossejewa-Schukschina spielte auch im Film seine Frau. Drehorte des Filmes waren unter anderem Moskau und das Altaigebirge.

Reisebekanntschaften erlebte am 2. April 1973 seine Premiere. Am 23. April 1976 kam der Film in die Kinos der DDR und lief am 9. Juli 1977 erstmals auf DFF 2 im Fernsehen der DDR. Im Rahmen der Russian Cinema Council Collection erschien der Film 2006 mit deutschen Untertiteln auf DVD.

Kritik
Für den film-dienst war Reisebekanntschaften "ein aufschlußreicher und liebevoller Film, […] der ironisch die Schwächen des sowjetischen Alltags aufspießt."

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1973
Sowjetischer Film
Schwarzweißfilm

Reisebekanntschaften (1973)


Alegerile parlamentare au avut loc în Ungaria între 9 și 13 martie 1869. Au fost primele alegeri organizate în Ungaria după formarea Austria-Ungariei. Principalele probleme au fost legitimarea Compromisului Austro-ungar din 1867 și organizarea administrativă a Austro-Ungariei.

Trei partide au candidat pentru cele 420 de mandate; susținătorii compromisului au fondat Partidul Deák, oponenții parțiali au fondat Partidul de Centru-Stânga și adversarii totali au fondat de Partidul de extrema stângă. Cele două partide principale au fost Partidul Deák și Partidul de Centru-Stânga. În cele din urmă Partidul Deák a câștigat 55,95% din mandate.

Sistemul electoral
Începând cu 1867, în Regatul Ungariei avea validitate dreptul electoral pe clase. În Transleithania, privilegiile în funcție de starea socială și de avere erau în mod semnificativ mai pronunțate decât în Cisleithania.

Rezultate
Câștigarea alegerilor a revenit Partidul Deák, care a obținut majoritatea absolută cu 235 din cele 420 de mandate.

Note

Bibliografie
  Szabó Pál Csaba (coord): A Magyar állam története 1711–2006 (Bölcsész konzorcium, Budapesta, 2006)  (MEK online, pp. 373–376.)
  Benda Kálmán (coord.): Magyarország történeti kronológiája III. Budapesta, 1993.

Alegeri în Ungaria
Alegeri în 1869

Alegerile parlamentare din Ungaria, 1869


عبد الله التجاني أو أبو محمد عبد الله بن محمد بن أحمد بن محمد بن أبو القاسم التجاني ولد في قبيلة تجانة إحدى قبائل مصمودة الأمازيغية بالقرب من مدينة مراكش المغرب ما بين عامي 670-675 هـ (1272-1277 م)
وبعدها رحل إلى تونس مع عائلته نزوحا من الحرب التي كانت بين قبائل مصمودة وقبائل زناتة وصنهاجة
 تربى في حجر ابيه العالم الاديب، وهو أول من لقنه القراءة والكتابة كما صرح به الابن غير مرة. فيقول مثلاً «وقد اخبرني بهذا الحديث الوالد قراءة عليه، قال اخبرنا الشيخ الحافظ محمد بن عبد الله بن ابي بكر القضاعي (أي ابن الابار)».
و اقبل من صغره على حضور دروس الشيوخ في التفسير والحديث وأنواع العلوم ما بين دينية ولسانية وادبية حتى ترعرع وحصل على ملكة التمييز.

شيوخه
 في مقدمتهم أبوبكر بن عبد الكريم العوفي العلاّمة المغربي الوافد على تونس والمتوفى بها سنة 698 هـ قال عنه التجاني في أحد تصانيفه:
«أخبرني الشيخ الفقيه العدل الصالح أبويحى أبوبكر بن ابي محمد عبد الكريم العوفي فيما اجازنيه وقرأته بلفظي عليه سنة ثلاث أو اربع وتسعين وستمائة، وهو أول من استفدت منه بالقراءة عليه ومثلت بالتعليم بين يديه. وكان قد نال من المعارف ما اشتهى، وحاز فيما حاز من الإحاطة باقوال الفقهاء غاية المنتهى...».
 الشيخ أبو القاسم بن أبي محمد عبد الوهاب بن قائد بن علي الكلاعي، قريب صاحب السيرة النبوية المشهورة بالسيرة الكلاعية، أحد علماء الأندلس اللاجئين إلى تونس، روى عنه التجاني كثيرا.
 أبو الحسن علي ابن الشيخ إبراهيم التجاني، ابن عم والده.
 أبو علي عمر بن الشيخ ابي اسحاق إبراهيم التجاني، ابن عم والده هو الآخر.
 أبو علي عمر بن محمد بن علوان التونسي.
فهذه نخبة من الشيوخ الذين لقّن عنهم، اما لو أردنا استقصاء من عرفهم من رجال العلم المبرزين ومن الأدباء المجيدين للزمنا قمطر ضخم لحصر مكاتباتهم له، ومساجلاته لهم، وقد دون جانبا مهما منها في غضون كتابه الرحلة.

مكتبته
تميز التجاني بظاهرة أخرى يتضح منها شغفه القوي بالثقافة ووسائلها، وهو اهتمامه الزائد بالكتب في كل صنف وفي كل فن، يتبين ذلك جليا من مطالعة ما وصل الينا من تاليفه، وإشاراته المتكررة فيها لعدد كبير من المراجع والمؤلفات التي كانت قد تضمنتها مكتبته على الارجح، كما يبدو أنه كان يستعين بالمكتبة الحفصية التي بالقصبة استعانة مستمرة، ويثابر على مواصلة المطالعة والمراجعة بها علاوة على ما كان يملكه شخصيا من الكتب الثمينة كما هو الشأن في كل بيت من بيوت العلماء والكتاب والأدباء، ناهيك ما كان عند التجانيين من المخطوطات على مختلف ميولهم واذواقهم، ومن يطالع مصنفا واحدا مما وضع التجاني ويحصي ما يذكره من أسماء الكتب التي ينقل عنها أو يحيل عليها يجد المئات من المؤلفات ذات القيمة الثمينة، وكثير منها لم يصل الينا

حياته الإدارية والأدبية
انخرط في سلك الكتّاب في ديوان الإنشاء حيث كان يعمل أبوه واخرون من اقاربه، وقد امتزج في ذلك الوسط الأدبي بثلة من من اصحاب الأقلام المعروفين مثل ابي إبراهيم ابن حسينة وابي زيد عبد الرحمان بن نزار، وابي عبد الله محمد الهواري، ومحمد بن أبي زالي البلوي، ومحمد بن يعيش، وأحمد الرصافي وغيرهم، وفي غضون كتابه الشهير (تقييد الرحلة) يرى القارئ اتصالهم الوثيق بالتجاني وما جرى بينهم مدة انتقاله من المراسلات الأدبية المناسبة لذوق العصر، وكان ذلك في مدة السلطان محمد المعروف بأبي عصيدة في بداية القرن الثامن.
و لم يكد يستقر في الديوان حتى ظهرت عليه علامات النبوغ ومخايل النجابة فاصطفاه لنفسه كبير الدولة وشيخ الموحدين الأمير أبويحى زكرياء بن اللحياني، وقرب منزلته منه، ورسمه في خواص كتّابه، فلما عزم الأمير على محاربة الإسبان المغتصبين لجزيرة جربة ورحلته في اتجاه الحج عين أبا محمد عبد الله التجاني لمصاحبته وفوّض اليه الاشراف على رسائله، وذلك منتصف سنة 706 هـ (ديسمبر 1306 م) فكانت تلك الانتقالات والجولات التي يراها المطالع مبسوطة في كتابه تقييد الرحلة التجانية، وتنتهي بعودة صاحبنا إلى حضرة تونس في شهر صفر من سنة 708 هـ 1308 م، وقد فارق التجاني مخدومه الأمير أبو يحى من تراب طرابلس لأسباب صحية وسياسية معا: «فكان امد الغيبة عامين وثمانية أشهر واياما. وهي بحساب كمال الأشهر ونقصها تسعمائة يوم وخمسة وسبعون يوما.»
و قد كان في كامل هذه المدة محل الثقة والعناية الفائقة من مخدومه شيخ الموحدين. انظر الكتاب الذي ارسله الأمير حين مقامه بطرابلس إلى والد التجاني في تونس، نقل الينا رحالنا فحواه فقال: «وكان الأمير -اعزه الله- وجه لوالدي كتابا بخطه يعرفه فيه بحالتي معه، ويصفني فيه بما يليق بذاته الشريفة ومرتبته الرفيعة المنيفة...»

اعقابه

مؤلفاته
 أداء اللازم في شرح مقصورة حازم.
وهو شرح لقصيدة الفية وضعها أبو الحسن حازم القرطاجني من قرطاجنة الأندلس، المهاجر والمتوفي بها في رمضان 684 هـ، 1285 م، وقد مدح بها الخليفة محمد المستنصر بالله بن أبي وكرياء الحفصي.

 الوفاء ببيان فوائد الشفاء.
وضعه كشرح لكتاب «الشفا بتعريف المصطفى» للقاضي ابي الفضل عيّاض بن موسى اليحصبي.

 الدر النظيم.
وضعه في الأدب والتراجم.

 تقييد على صحيح مسلم.
حرره مدة اقامته بطرابلس سنة 808 حين قراءته بها على الشيخ عبد العزيز بن عبيد السبائي من علمائها.

 تقييد على المسند الصحيح للبخاري.
وضعه أيضا بطرابلس في التاريخ المتقدم بعد أن انتهى من قراءة صحيح مسلم.

 نفحات النسرين في مخاطبة ابن شبرين.
مجموع ادبي ضخم تضمن المخاطبات التي دارت بينه وبين الاديب الأندلسي ابن شبرين الجذامي السبتي.

 علامة الكرامة في كرامة العلامة.
ولم يعرف من هذا التصنيف سوى اسمه، حيث أنه مفقود.

 تحفة العروس ونزهة النفوس.
عمل ادبي وضعه في معاشرة النساء، واخلاقهن وخصالهن، وحقوقهن، وفي العفاف والصون، والزينة والطيب.

 تقييد الرحلة.
وهي من غرر المصنفات التونسية، من أهم ما كتب في وصف البلاد الأفريقية، والتعريف بعمرانها وسكانها وقبائلها وأحوالها كافة، فيها بسط لأخبار المدائن والقرى التي يمر بها الرحال كل واحدة بانفرادها، وتجعله يحيط علما بما مضى من احداثها، مع التعريف بالنابغين من أبنائها، من فقهاء وقوّاد، وادباء، وصلحاء قدامى ومعاصرين، وتبين أسماء الاوطان والنواحي، وما يسكنها من القبائل، وما يتفرع عن كل قبيلة من بطون والإخاذ من البدو الرحل، فيميز بين اصولها وفروعها، وينسب كل منه إلى أن ينتهي إلى مشهور الاصل الجامع، وقد وجه إلى تحقيقها وطبعها الرئيس التونسي السابق الحبيب بورقيبة.

المراجع
حسن حسني عبد الوهاب، ورقات عن الحضارة العربية بأفريقية التونسية، القسم الثالث، جمع واشراف: محمد العروسي المطوي.

أشخاص من مدينة تونس
كتاب عرب في القرن 14
مواليد القرن 13
مؤرخون تونسيون
وفيات عقد 1310

عبد الله التجاني


este un film american de comedie din 1914. Este produs de Mack Sennett și scris și regizat de Charlie Chaplin. În alte roluri interpretează actorii Mabel Normand, Mack Swain și Phyllis Allen.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Charlie Chaplin - Clarence
 Mabel Normand - Mabel
 Mack Swain - Ambrose
 Phyllis Allen - soția lui Ambrose

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1914 în film
 Listă de filme de comedie din anii 1910
 Listă de filme americane de comedie
 Listă de filme americane din 1914
 Keystone Studios

Filme din 1914
Filme regizate de Charlie Chaplin
Filme de comedie din anii 1910
Filme Keystone Studios
Filme americane
Filme alb-negru
Filme mute
Filme de scurt metraj

His Trysting Place