Claude Lévi-Strauss (Bruxelles, 28. studenoga 1908. — Pariz, 30. rujna 2009.) bio je francuski antropolog belgijskog podrijetla

Životopis

Lévi-Strauss rodio se u Bruxellesu 1908., a odrastao u Parizu gdje je na Sorboni studirao pravo i filozofiju koju je jedino završio, odustavši od prava. 1931. odlazi na studij u São Paulo gdje se zanima za antropologiju za koju će se kasnije predavati u Sao Paolu i New Yorku. 1958. vraća se u Francusku gdje predaje na Collège de France u Parizu., dok je od 1973. bio član Francuske akademije.

Znanstveni rad

U knjizi Strukturalna antrolopogija, objavljena 1958., Lèvi-Strauss iznio je svoje ideje o pristupu u antropologiji. Analiza njegova rada može biti kompleksa zbog tri razloga:
 On pokušava negirati strukturu u društvu; za njega su one samo kako bi prikrile bit tog istog društva
 Stvara se poseban model kako bi istraživač prodrio u tu strukturu
 Ljudska svijesti je bitna odlika u proučavanja društva

Njegova je antropologija usmjerena na analizu odnosa između prirode i kulture s pomoću jezika te se njegov rad gleda iz tri područja: teorije srodnosti, analizu mitologije te prirodu primitivnih klasifikacija. Kombinacijom tih triju područja dolazi se do strukturalističke analize kako bi se izdvoji temeljni obrasci, pravilnosti i tipovi koji ukazuju na zajedničke značajke u neurofizičkom sastavu ljudskoga mozga.

Popis djela

 Obiteljski i društveni život Indijanaca Nambikvara, 1948
 Osnovne strukture srodstva, 1949.
 Totemizam danas, 1962.
 Divlja misao, 1962.
 Mitologike, 1964. – 1971.
 Udaljeni pogled, 1983.
 Ljubomorna lončarka, 1985.
 Gledati, slušati, čitati, 1993.

Izvori

Antropolozi
Belgijski znanstvenici
Francuski antropolozi

Claude Lévi-Strauss


Pinanga cleistantha es una especie de palmera endémica de la Península Malaya.

Descripción

Pinanga cleistantha es una planta de pequeño tamaño de porte magnífico y arracimado que se encuentra en la selva de las tierras bajas en la Península Malaya, con preciosas hojas moteadas que pueden estar completas o contar únicamente con unas pocas escisiones. Esta especie resulta especial por producir una inflorescencia oculta por completo tras una duradera bráctea.

Taxonomía

Pinanga cleistantha fue descrita por J.Dransf.  y publicado en Principes 26(3): 127, en el año 1982
Etimología
Pinanga: nombre genérico que es la latinización del nombre vernáculo malayo, pinang aplicado a la palma de betel, Areca catechu y especies de Areca, Pinanga y Nenga en la naturaleza.

cleistantha: epíteto

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Pinanga cleistantha en PalmWeb

cleistantha
Flora de Malesia
Plantas descritas en 1982

Pinanga cleistantha


الساحة الحمراء أو الميدان الأحمر (بالروسيّة :Красная площадь كراسنيا بلوشاد) هي الساحة الأكثر شهرة في موسكو وهي على شكل مربع يفصل الكرملين، القلعة الملكيّة السّابقة والمقر الرسمي لرئيس روسيا حاليًا، من ربع تجاري تاريخي معروف بكيتاي-جورود. بينما تشعّ شوارع موسكو الرئيسية من هنا في جميع الاتجاهات وإلى الطرق السريعة الرّئيسيّة خارج المدينة، الميدان الأحمر يُعْتَبَر في كثير من الأحيان الميدان المركزي لموسكو وكلّ روسيا.

الأصل والاسم

البدايات
التاريخ الغني للميدان الأحمر يتجلى في صور كثيرة، متضمنا صورا من قبل فاسيلي سريكوف وقنسطنطين يوون وآخرين. الأرض الّتي حُدِّدَ عليها الميدان الأحمر غُطيت أصلا بالمباني الخشبية لكنّ أزيلت من قبل إيفان الثالث لدى مرسوم في 1493،إذ كانت تلك المباني عرضةً بخطورة للحرائق. المنطقة المفتتحة حديثًا (مكان ً معروف بـكبوزهار، أو بالي) تدريجيًا جاءت للخدمة كسوق موسكو الرّئيسيّ. فيما بعد، كان تستخدم للمراسم والإعلانات العامّة المختلفة أيضًا، وأحيانًا كموقع حفل التّتويج لقياصرة روسيا.

أصل التسمية
اسم الميدان الأحمر لم يشتق لا من لون الطوب حوله ولا من الرابطة بين اللون الأحمر والشيوعية. يعتقد أن التسمية تعود إلى كون الكلمة الروسية كراسنيا يمكن أن يعني إما أحمر أو جميل (المعنى الثاني قديم). كانت الكلمة تطبّق أصلاً (بـمعنى "جميل") على كاتدرائيّة القدّيس باسل ونُقِلَت لاحقًا إلى الميدان المجاور. يُعتقد أن الميدان حصل على اسمه الحاليّ في القرن السّابع عشر. عدة بلدات روسية قديمة، مثل سزدال ويليتس وبيريسلافل-زاليسكاي، لديها ميادين رئيسية تسمى كراسنيا بلوشتشاد في حين سمي الميدان الأحمر لموسكو، أو لأنّ اييفان الرابع اقام فيها مذبحة عظيمة بسبب وفاة زوجتة ولذلك سُمِّيت الميدان الأحمر.

التّاريخ الحديث

أثناء العهد السوفياتي، حافظ الميدان الأحمر على مغزاه، وأصبح الميدان الرئيسي في حياة الدولة الجديدة. بالإضافة إلى كونه المقر الرسمي للحكومة السوفييتية كان مشهورًا كـمسرح للعروض العسكريّة. كاتدرائيّة كازان والكنيسة الصّغيرة لإيفيرسكيا ببوّابات القيام دُمِّرَتَا لإتاحة المكان للمركبات العسكريّة الثّقيلة لتقاد على الميدان (كلتاهما أُعِيدَ بناؤهما فيما بعد سقوط الاتحاد السوفياتي).
يعتقد أنّ لازار كاجانوفيتش، مساعد ستالين ومدير خطة إعادة بناء موسكو، أعدّ نموذجًا خاصًا للميدان الأحمر يمكن فيه أن تزَال الكاتدرائيّة، وأحضره لستالين للإظهار كيف كانت الكاتدرائيّة عقبةً للمواكب والمرور، لكن ستالين اعترض على المشروع.

اثنان من أكبر العروض العسكرية على الميدان الأحمر اللذان في عام 1941، عندما حُوصرَت المدينة من قبل الألمان، حينها كنت القوات الروسية تمر عبر الميدان الأحمر متجهة إلى الجبهات، وموكب النصر في عام 1945، عندما أُلْقيت رايات الجيوش النازية المهزومة على قدم ضريح لنين.
في 28 مايو، 1987، قام الطيار الألمانيّ ماثياس روست بانزال طائرة صغيرة قرب كاتدرائية ست باسل بجوار الميدان الأحمر مما سبب أزة حولة مدى نجاعة المخابرات والدفاعات السوفياتية في التصدي للأخطار الخارجية .
في عام 1990، الكرملين والميدان الأحمر كانا بين المواقع الأولى في الاتحاد السوفياتي المدرجة ضمن قائمة التراث العالميّة لليونسكو.
في السّنوات الأخيرة خدم الميدان الأحمر قد كمكان لتنظيم الحفلات الموسيقيّة البارزة. شكيرا وبول مكارتني وبينك فلويد وديانا لاريونوف ومشاهير آخرون كثيرون عملوا هناك.
احتفالا بالعام الجديد 2006 و 2007،أُنشئَ مكان تزحلق على الميدان الأحمر. أداء بول مكارتني هناك كان لحظة تاريخية للكثير، فقد حُظر فريق البيتليز في الاتّحاد السوفيتي، ومنعت أيّ عروض حيّة هناك لأي من البيتليز، الاتّحاد السوفيتي أيضًا حظر مبيعات سجلّات البيتليز، وهذه كانت أوّل مرّة ينظم فيها أحد أعضاء الفرقة عرضا في روسيا.

في يناير 2008، أعلنت روسيا أنها ستستأنف استعراض المركبات العسكرية على الميدان الأحمر، بالرغم من أن العودة الأخيرة لبوابة إيفيرسكي عقدت هذا، بإغلاق أحد اتّحاد العمّال العرب الممرّات الحاليّة بطول المتحف التّاريخي للمركبات الثقيلة.
في مايو 2008، أجرت روسيا عرض يوم النصر السنوي الخاص بها، الذي يوافق الذكرى السّنوية لهزيمة ألمانيا النازية ال63 في الحرب العالميّة الثّانية.و للمرة الأولى منذ انهيار الإتحاد السوفياتي في عام 1991 استعرضت المركبات العسكرية الروسية على الميدان.

المناظر
كلّ مبنى في الميدان الأحمر أسطورة في حد ذاتها. إحداها ضريح لينين، حيث تُعْرض الجثة المحنطة لفلاديمير إيليتش لينين مؤسّس الاتحاد السوفيتيّ، بالجوار كاتدرائية باسل القدّيس ذات القبّة التساعية المعقّدة وأيضا قصور وكاتدرائيّات الكرملين.
على الجانب الشرقي للميدان المركز التجاري، وبجواره كاتدرائية كازان المنتعشة. الجانب الشّمالي يحْتَلّه متحف الدّولة التاريخي الذي تردد خلاصته تلك لأبراج الكرملين. البوّابة والكنيسة الصّغيرة الأسبانيّتان قد أُعِيدَ بناؤهما إلى الشمال الغربي.
الأثر المجسّم الوحيد على الميدان تمثال برونزي لكزما مينين ودميتري بوزهارسكاي الذي ساعد في تطهير موسكو من الغزاة البولنديين في 1612. بالجوار ما يسمى بلوبنوي ميستو، منصة دائرية حيث اعتادت المراسم العامة الحدوث. الميدان نفسه حوالي 330 مترًا (1100 قدمًا) للطول و 70مترًا (230 قدمًا) للعرض.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
موقع رئاسة فيدرالية روسيا

استعراضات في موسكو
تبعات الحرب العالمية الثانية
ساحات في موسكو
ساحات وطنية
معالم روسيا
مناطق خالية من السيارات
مواقع التراث العالمي في روسيا

الميدان الأحمر


Rüstem ist ein türkischer männlicher Vorname persischer Herkunft. Der Name geht zurück auf Rostam, eine Sagengestalt aus der persischen Mythologie.

Namensträger

Osmanische Zeit
 Rüstem Pascha (~1500–1561), osmanischer Großwesir

In anderen Sprachen

 Armenisch: Ռոստոմ (Rostom)
 Aserbaidschanisch: Rüstəm
 Georgisch: როსტომ (Rostom)
 Kasachisch: Рустам (Rustam)
 Persisch: رستم (Rostam)
 Tadschikisch: Рустам (Rustam)
 Russisch: Рустам (Rustam, Rustem)
 Ukrainisch: Рустам (Rustam)
 Usbekisch: Rustam

Sonstiges
 Rüstem-Pascha-Moschee, osmanische Moschee in Istanbul
 Rüstem-Pascha-Karawanserei, osmanisches Bauwerk im türkischen Edirne

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Türkischer Personenname

Rüstem


Dieser Artikel listet Erfolge und Mannschaft des Radsportteams Nutrixxion Sparkasse in der Saison 2011 auf.

Erfolge in der UCI Europe Tour
In den Rennen der Saison 2011 der UCI Europe Tour gelangen die nachstehenden Erfolge.

Abgänge – Zugänge

Mannschaft

Platzierungen in UCI-Ranglisten
UCI Asia Tour 2011

UCI Europe Tour 2011

Radsportteam 2011

Nutrixxion Sparkasse/Saison 2011


The New Zealand swan (Moriori: poūwa, Cygnus sumnerensis) is an extinct indigenous swan from the Chatham Islands and the South Island of New Zealand. Discovered as archaeological remains in 1889, it was originally considered a separate species from the Australian black swan (Cygnus atratus) because of its slightly larger bones, and swans not having been introduced to New Zealand until 1864. From 1998 until 2017, it was considered to be simply a New Zealand population of Cygnus atratus, until DNA recovered from fossil bones determined that it was indeed a separate species, much larger and heavier than its Australian relative.

Description
Based on numerous bone measurements, C. sumnerensis was distinctly larger than its Australian relative, weighing an estimated 10 kg to the 6 kg of C. atratus, a clear display of island gigantism. Standing about 1 m tall, it was "more like a rugby player compared with the Australian swan's (Cygnus atratus) smaller and slender soccer-player physique." It had relatively shorter wings and longer legs, suggesting it was evolving on a path towards flightlessness, as with other New Zealand waterfowl like Finsch's duck (Chenonetta finschi) and the New Zealand goose (Cnemiornis). Although likely to have the same black plumage as C. atratus, this cannot be determined from subfossil bones.

Until recently it was thought that the presence of C. atratus in New Zealand represented one of the very rare cases of a species replacing itself after extinction. After the extinction of the poūwa, there is some evidence occasional vagrant swans arrived from Australia, but it was not until after its deliberate introduction in the 1860s that C. atratus became established and increased to a population of approximately 50,000 today.  Whether C. atratus functions as an ecological surrogate of its extinct relative is unknown. Judging by the presence of their bones in middens, New Zealand swans were driven extinct by the first Polynesian settlers around AD 1450 on the mainland and AD 1650 on the Chatham Islands.

Taxonomy

Discovery
The first fossil swan bones in New Zealand were recovered from Monck's Cave, Sumner, near Christchurch, in September 1889. The landowner Henry Monck had discovered bones which he presented to John T. Meeson and Henry Forbes, Director of the Canterbury Museum. They were found associated with moa and fish bones, seal hair, adzes, spears, and sinkers, indicating the swans were hunted by early Māori inhabitants of the cave. Forbes described the new swan species from three coracoids and two partial humeri, naming it Chenopis sumnerensis, from its resemblance to the Australian black swan Chenopis atrata (now Cygnus atratus) and from the type locality of Sumner. Forbes noted that "This Sumner cave has been closed since the introduction of Chenopsis atrata into New Zealand [in 1864–1868]" so the bones could not be from introduced black swans; he also noted that they were larger than those of the Australian species.

Synonymy
By the 1950s, Forbes's type material was considered lost, so Oliver in 1955 declared C. sumnerensis a nomen nudum, and redescribed the species, using fossil bones from the Chatham Islands, as Cygnus chathamensis. A few years later, Forbes's specimens were rediscovered, and C. chathamensis became a junior synonym of C. sumnerensis. In 1998, Worthy compared a large collection of C. sumnerensis from Marfells Beach near Lake Grassmere with Australian swan bones, but could not find any marked differences in size or proportion. The species was thenceforth considered to be a population of the black swan that had colonised New Zealand in prehistoric times and been exterminated by early Māori settlers, and all New Zealand subfossil swan bones were assigned to C. atratus.

Revival of species name
Recovery of ancient DNA from 39 fossil bones in museums allowed the relationship between New Zealand and Australian swans to be re-examined, and it turned out the mainland New Zealand and Chatham Island populations formed a distinct group, separated from Australian birds by perhaps 1–2 million years. They proved sufficiently different from Cygnus atratus to be designated a separate and genetically distinct species, and the name C. sumnerensis was revived, with two separate subspecies (C. s. sumnerensis and C. s. chathamensis) for the mainland and Chatham birds. The researchers chose the Moriori name poūwa for the species, from a legend of a large bird that lived in Te Whanga lagoon on Chatham Island, and whose bones could still be found in the sand dunes.

See also
 Cygnus falconeri
 Pleistocene megafauna
 Largest prehistoric animals

References

Cygnus (genus)
Extinct birds of New Zealand
Holocene extinctions
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Swans
Fossil taxa described in 1890
Birds with names in Moriori

New Zealand swan


Yorumlayıcı (İngilizce: interpreter), yazılımı kısım kısım ele alarak doğrudan çalıştırır. Yorumlayıcılar standart bir çalıştırılabilir kod üretmezler. Yorumlama işlemi aşama aşama yapılmadığı için genellikle ilk hatanın bulunduğu yerde programın çalışması kesilir.

Derleyicilerin tersine kodun işlenmeyen satırları üzerinden hiç geçilmez ve buralardaki hatalar ile ilgilenilmez.

Yorumlayıcılar genelde kaynak koddan, makine diline anlık olarak dönüşüm yaptıkları için, derleyicilere göre daha yavaş çalışırlar. Ayrıca kodu iyileştirme (optimizasyon) imkânı da çoğu zaman yoktur.

Yorumlayıcılar, tasarımları itibarıyla, derleyicilere benzer veri yapılarını kullanırlar. Örneğin kelime analizi (lexical analysis) için sembol tablolarından veya sözdizim analizi için (syntactic analysis) BNF tanımlarından faydalanabilirler.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Derleyici
 Yorumlanan programlama dili

Kaynakça
 Bilgisayar Kavramları : Yorumlayıcı (Interpreter)
 Kaan Aslan, A'dan Z'ye C kılavuzu, Pusula Yayınları, Ocak 1998

Yorumlayıcı


Daniel Mutu ()  un fotbalist român, care evoluează pe postul de portar la clubul din Liga a III-a, AFC Hărman.

Legături externe

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai FC Internațional Curtea de Argeș
Fotbaliști ai FC Pandurii Târgu Jiu
Fotbaliști ai FC Brașov

Daniel Mutu


Snellemark Centret er et indkøbscenter i Rønne på Bornholm, og er øens største.

Centret blev indviet 13. juni 1994 på hjørnet af Grønnegade og Snellemark, på en grund hvor Bornholms største keramikfabrik Søholm Keramik lå indtil 1989, hvor den flyttede ud i Rønnes industrikvarter.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Snellemark Centrets officielle websted

Indkøbscentre i Danmark
Etableret i 1994
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Rønne

Snellemark Centret


Les sphères de Hallin sont une théorie du reportage d'actualité et de son cadrage rhétorique posée par l'historien du journalisme Daniel C. Hallin dans son livre The Uncensored War (1986) pour expliquer la couverture de la guerre du Vietnam. Hallin divise le monde du discours politique en trois sphères concentriques : le consensus, la controverse légitime et la déviance. Dans la sphère du consensus, les journalistes supposent que tout le monde est d'accord. La sphère de la controverse légitime comprend les débats politiques classiques et les journalistes sont censés rester neutres. La sphère de la déviance sort des limites du débat légitime, et les journalistes peuvent l'ignorer. Ces frontières changent, à mesure que l'opinion publique change.

Les sphères de Hallin, qui traitent des médias, sont similaires à la fenêtre d'Overton, qui traite de l'opinion publique en général, et pose une échelle mobile de l'opinion publique sur une question donnée allant de la sagesse conventionnelle à l'inacceptable.

Hallin a utilisé le concept de cadrage pour décrire la présentation et la réception des problèmes en public. Par exemple, encadrer la consommation de drogues comme une activité criminelle peut encourager le public à considérer ce comportement comme antisocial. Hallin a également utilisé le concept de couloir d'opinion, dans lequel l'éventail de l'opinion publique se rétrécit et l'opinion en dehors de ce couloir passe de la controverse légitime à la déviance.

Description

Sphère de consensus
Cette sphère contient les sujets sur lesquels il existe un large accord, ou du moins la perception de celui-ci. Dans la sphère du consensus, « les journalistes se sentent libres d'invoquer un « nous » généralisé et de prendre pour acquis des valeurs et des hypothèses partagées ». Les exemples incluent des choses telles que la maternité et la tarte aux pommes. Pour les sujets de ce domaine, les journalistes se sentent libres de prôner ouvertement une opinion sans avoir à être neutres ou à présenter un point de vue opposé et à être des observateurs désintéressés.

Sphère de controverse légitime
Pour les sujets de cette sphère, les personnes rationnelles et informées ont des points de vue différents dans une fourchette limitée. Ces sujets sont donc les plus importants à couvrir, et aussi ceux sur lesquels les journalistes sont apparemment obligés de rester des reporters désintéressés, plutôt que de plaider pour ou contre un point de vue particulier. Schudson note que Hallin, dans son étude influente des médias américains pendant la guerre du Vietnam, soutient que l'engagement du journalisme envers l'objectivité a toujours été compartimenté. C'est-à-dire qu'à l'intérieur d'une certaine sphère, celle de la controverse légitime, les journalistes cherchent consciencieusement à être équilibrés et objectifs.

Sphère de déviance
Les sujets dans ce domaine sont rejetés par les journalistes comme étant indignes de considération générale. Ces points de vue sont perçus comme incontrôlables, tabous ou d'une importance si mineure qu'ils ne sont pas dignes d'intérêt. Hallin soutient que dans le domaine de la déviance, "les journalistes s'écartent également des normes standard de reportage objectif et se sentent autorisés à traiter comme marginaux, risibles, dangereux" ces sujets. Ils évitent de mentionner ou ridiculisent le sujet controversé comme étant en dehors des limites d'une controverse acceptable, et censurent les individus et les groupes qui y sont associés. Un exemple simple : une personne affirmant que des extraterrestres manipulent les scores de basket-ball universitaire pourrait avoir des difficultés à trouver une couverture médiatique sportive pour une telle affirmation. Un exemple plus politique : la « Fairness Doctrine » du régulateur américain des médias FCC, destinée aux stations de radio, prônait l'équilibre entre les nouvelles et les opinions politiques de droite et de gauche, tout en précisant que les diffuseurs n'avaient pas à réserver d'espace ou de temps aux points de vue communistes.

Usages des termes
Craig Watkins (2001, p. 92–4) utilise les sphères de Hallin dans un article examinant la couverture des nouvelles télévisées par les chaînes de télévision ABC, CBS et NBC de la marche du million d'hommes, une manifestation qui a eu lieu à Washington, DC le 16 octobre 1995. Watkins analyse les pratiques de cadrage dominantes – définition du problème, dispositifs rhétoriques, utilisation de sources et d'images – employées par les journalistes pour donner un sens à cette expression particulière de protestation politique. Il soutient que les trois sphères de Hallin sont un moyen pour les pratiques de cadrage médiatique de développer des contextes de reportage spécifiques, et chaque sphère développe son propre style distinct de ressources de reportage d'actualités par différents tropes rhétoriques et discours.

Piers Robinson (2001, p. 536) utilise le concept en relation avec le débat qui a émergé sur la mesure dans laquelle les médias de masse servent les intérêts de l'élite ou, alternativement, jouent un rôle puissant dans la formation des résultats politiques. Son article passe en revue les sphères de Hallin comme un exemple de relations médias-État, qui met en lumière les lacunes théoriques et empiriques de la thèse de la « fabrication du consentement » (Chomsky, McChesney). Robinson soutient qu'est nécessaire une compréhension plus nuancée et bidirectionnelle de la direction de l'influence entre les médias et l'État qui s'appuie sur, plutôt que de rejeter, les récits théoriques existants.

La théorie de Hallin supposait un environnement médiatique relativement homogène, où la plupart des producteurs essayaient d'atteindre la plupart des consommateurs. Un paysage médiatique plus fracturé peut remettre en cause cette hypothèse, parce que différents publics peuvent placer des sujets dans différentes sphères, un concept lié à la bulle de filtre, qui postule que de nombreux membres du public choisissent de limiter leur consommation de médias aux domaines de consensus et de déviance qu'ils préfèrent personnellement.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Sophisme du juste milieu
 Hégémonie culturelle
 Porte-au-nez
 Pente savonneuse
 Spirale du silence

Liens externes
  Rosen, Jay. "Audience Atomization Overcome: Why the Internet Weaks the Authority of the Press," PressThink.org (12 janvier 2009).
  Smith, Christophe. La sphère de la déviance WNYmedia Network, 2009.
  "Est-ce que NPR a un parti pris libéral?" , Sur les médias ( New York Public Radio ) (14 septembre 2012). Récupéré le 11 février 2013.

Terminologie du journalisme
Propagande

Sphères de Hallin


(156879) Eloïs, denumire internațională (156879) Elois, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
156879 Eloïs este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Saint-Véran de Observatorul din Saint-Véran. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 3,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 156001-157000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi

156879 Eloïs


Den russisk-tyrkiske krig i 1828–1829 blev udløst af Den græske uafhængighedskrig og brød ud, da den osmanniske sultan Abdülmecid lukkede Dardanellerne for russiske skibe efter, at Det russiske kejserrige i en alliance med Storbritannien og Frankrig havde besejret den osmanniske flåde under slaget ved Navarino den 20. oktober 1827.

Kampene
I juni 1828 krydsede en russisk styrke under kommando af zar Nikolaj 1. Donau og rykkede ind i Dobrudsja, der var kontrolleret af Det osmanniske rige. Inden denne offensiv var en russisk styrke rykket ind i Valakiet, og havde okkuperet Brăila og București uden at møde modstand. Russerne koncentrerede sig derefter om de strategisk vigtigste steder i Bulgarien: Sjumen, Varna og Silistra. Varna blev indtaget den 29. september ved hjælp af den russiske Sortehavsflåde og en belejring. Sjumen viste sig vanskeligere at indtage. Den osmanniske styrke på 40.000 mand der stod imod russernes angreb og formåede at afskære de russiske forsyningslinjer. Sult og sygdomme tog livet af flere russiske soldater end kamphandlingerne. Da vinteren nærmede sig, trak de russiske styrker sig tilbage til Bessarabien.

Året efter gik russerne på ny i offensiv med udgangspunkt i Bessarabien. Efter hårde kampe formåede russerne den 19. juni 1829 at nå de mål, de ikke havde nået året i forvejen. Denne offensiv kom samtidig med en offensiv i det nordøstlige Anatolien, hvor russerne indtog Akhaltsikhe, Jerevan, Kars og Erzurum.

I juli startede de russiske styrker en ny offensiv på Balkan, og den 12. juli faldt Burgas i russiske hænder. De russiske styrker undgik den osmanniske styrke i Sliven og gik i stedet direkte mod Konstantinopel. Den 28. august udbrød der panik i byen, da de russiske styrker blot befandt sig 68km borte.

Fredsaftale
I denne situation så den osmanniske sultan ikke andre muligheder end at indlede fredsforhandlinger, og en fredsaftale blev indgået i Adrianopel den 14. september. Fredsaftalen gav russerne det meste af den østlige Sortehavskyst frem til mundingen af Donau. Videre blev den russiske overhøjhed over Georgien og dele af Armenien anerkendt. Desuden fik Serbien selvstyre, og russerne opretholdt okkupationen af Moldavien og Valakiet i afventning af udbetaling af en betydelig krigserstatning fra Det osmanniske rige.

Rusland i 1800-tallet
Russisk-osmanniske krige
Krige i 1800-tallet

Den russisk-tyrkiske krig (1828-1829)


Uma bomba de pregos é um dispositivo explosivo antipessoal contendo pregos para aumentar sua eficácia em prejudicar as vítimas. Os pregos agem como estilhaços, levando quase certamente a mais ferimentos em áreas habitadas do que os explosivos sozinhos. Uma bomba de pregos também é um tipo de arma de flechette. Essas armas usam pedaços de estilhaços (bolas de aço, cabeças de pregos, parafusos, agulhas, navalhas quebradas, dardos e outros pequenos objetos de metal) para criar um raio de destruição maior.

Bombas de prego são frequentemente usadas por terroristas, incluindo homens-bomba, pois causam um número maior de vítimas quando detonadas em lugares lotados. Bombas de pregos podem ser detectadas por sensores eletromagnéticos e detectores de metal padrão.

Incidentes com bombas de pregos

pré-2000

 Em 6 de março de 1970, na explosão de Greenwich Village, três membros do Weather Underground foram mortos na explosão acidental de uma bomba de prego destinada a ser detonada em uma dança de suboficiais na base do Exército de Fort Dix, Nova Jersey.
 Vários bombardeios com pregos ocorreram durante The Troubles na Irlanda do Norte, seja por republicanos ou legalistas.
 A figura da máfia americana Philip Testa foi morto por uma bomba de pregos na Filadélfia em 1981.
 Em 1989, hooligans do futebol jogaram bombas de pregos em torcedores de um clube rival na Holanda.
 Vários ataques com pregos ocorreram em 1999, quando o neonazista David Copeland plantou vários dispositivos em Londres contra minorias étnicas e pessoas LGBT.
 Mark William Hofmann e The Mormon Murders (nascido em 7 de dezembro de 1954) um falsificador americano, falsificador e assassino condenado. Amplamente considerado como um dos falsificadores mais talentosos da história, Hofmann é especialmente conhecido por sua criação de documentos relacionados à história do movimento Santos dos Últimos Dias. Quando seus esquemas começaram a se desenrolar, ele construiu bombas para matar três pessoas em Salt Lake City, Utah. As duas primeiras bombas mataram duas pessoas em 15 de outubro de 1985. No dia seguinte, uma terceira bomba explodiu no carro de Hofmann. Ele foi preso pelos atentados três meses depois e, em 1987, se declarou culpado de duas acusações de assassinato em segundo grau, uma acusação de roubo por engano e uma acusação de fraude.

anos 2000

 Em 11 de outubro de 2002, em Myyrmäki, Finlândia, um jovem de 19 anos chamado Petri Gerdt cometeu um ataque com pregos em um shopping local. Sete pessoas morreram, incluindo Gerdt, e 159 ficaram feridas.
 Em 9 de junho de 2004, uma bomba de pregos foi detonada em Colônia, Alemanha, pelo grupo terrorista nazista National Socialist Underground (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund) em um popular bairro comercial turco chamado "Little Istanbul", ferindo 22 pessoas e danificando várias lojas e carros estacionados. Segundo a revista Der Spiegel , o grupo nazista reivindicou a autoria do ataque em um DVD encontrado nas ruínas de uma casa em Zwickau (D) que explodiu em 4 de novembro de 2011.
 Em 31 de dezembro de 2005, um mercado indonésio foi bombardeado com pregos e uma segunda bomba não detonada foi encontrada nas proximidades.
 Em 29 de junho de 2007, uma bomba de prego que se supunha ser parte de um plano terrorista foi descoberta em um carro e, consequentemente, foi desarmada pela polícia no West End de Londres. Houve um segundo carro-bomba, mais adiante na rua, que aparentemente estava programado para detonar enquanto os evacuados e sobreviventes fugiam pela rua, para uma estação de metrô próxima.
 Em 21 de dezembro de 2007, uma bomba de prego foi detonada em Sherpao, Paquistão, por um homem-bomba. A detonação ocorreu dentro de uma mesquita lotada, cheia de fiéis. Pelo menos 50 pessoas morreram e mais de 100 ficaram feridas.
 No atentado de 22 de maio de 2008 em Exeter, um explosivo com pregos foi detonado nos banheiros do café Giraffe no Shopping Center Princesshay em Exeter, Devon . A bomba caseira explodiu no rosto do agressor enquanto ele tentava armá-la no banheiro do café. A polícia então encontrou outra bomba de pregos dentro do café depois que todos foram evacuados.

anos 2010

 Em 11 de abril de 2011, uma bomba de pregos foi detonada em Minsk, Bielorrússia. 15 pessoas morreram e 204 ficaram feridas.
 Durante a revolta síria de 2011, as forças de segurança teriam usado bombas de pregos contra multidões de manifestantes.
 Em 15 de abril de 2013, bombas de panela de pressão cheias de pedaços de metal, pregos e rolamentos de esferas foram usadas no bombardeio da Maratona de Boston.
 Em 22 de março de 2016, bombas de pregos foram usadas pelo ISIL durante os ataques terroristas no Aeroporto de Bruxelas, Zaventem e na estação de metrô em Maelbeek.
 Em 24 de setembro de 2016, uma bomba de pregos foi detonada em Budapeste, Hungria. Dois policiais ficaram feridos no ataque.
 Em 22 de maio de 2017, um ataque com bomba de prego ocorreu na Manchester Arena, onde a cantora americana Ariana Grande estava se apresentando. O número total de pessoas mortas foi de 22 e 250 ficaram feridas. Entre os 22 mortos estavam crianças, incluindo uma de 8 anos.
 Em 17 de outubro de 2018, Vladislav Roslyakov matou 20 pessoas usando bombas de pregos e uma espingarda de ação de bomba no ataque do Kerch Polytechnic College.

Notas

Armas de insurgência
Artefatos explosivos improvisados
Bombas

Bomba de pregos


Corwin est un village américain situé dans le comté de Warren, dans l'Ohio. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Le village a été nommé en hommage à Thomas Corwin, 15e gouverneur de l'Ohio et secrétaire au Trésor sous la présidence de Millard Fillmore

Notes et références

Liens externes

Village dans l'Ohio
Comté de Warren (Ohio)

Corwin (Ohio)


Kong Haakons Besøg paa 'Herluf Trolle' er en dansk dokumentarisk optagelse fra 1906, der er instrueret af Peter Elfelt.

Handling
Kong Haakon 7. af Norge's besøg på det danske krigsskib Herluf Trolle i Trondheim, 1906.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1906
Dokumentariske optagelser
Søværnet
Norge i 1900-tallet
Trondheim
Det norske monarki
Begivenheder i 1906

Kong Haakons Besøg paa 'Herluf Trolle'


Commander Abraham Whipple (September 26, 1733 – May 27, 1819) was an American naval officer best known for his service in the Continental Navy during the Revolutionary War and being one of the founders of Marietta, Ohio. Born near Providence, Colony of Rhode Island, Whipple chose to be a seafarer early in his life and embarked on a career in the lucrative trade with the West Indies, working for Moses and John Brown. In the French and Indian War period, he became a privateersman and commanded privateer Game Cock from 1759 to 1760. In one six-month cruise, he captured 23 French ships.

In 1772, Whipple burnt the first British naval casualty of the American Revolution, the revenue cutter Gaspee, in the Gaspée Affair. The first to unfurl the Star Spangled Banner in London, Whipple was also the first to sail an ocean-going ship 2000 miles downriver from Ohio to the Caribbean, which opened trade with the Northwest Territory.  Abraham Whipple was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of Rhode Island.

Early life

Whipple was born on September 26, 1733, to Noah Whipple Jr. Abraham Whipple and Sarah Hopkins were married on August 2, 1761. They had three children: John, Catherine, and Mary. Catherine later married Colonel Ebenezer Sproat of the Continental Army. Whipple sold enslaved people as part of his mercantile career; in November 1763, Whipple sold an enslaved woman named Deuse to Nicholas Brown & Co.

Revolutionary activities

Rhode Island
As American colonists began to express their opposition to the policies of the Crown, acts of defiance became increasingly prevalent. An early incident occurred on June 9, 1772, when Whipple led 50 Rhode Islanders in the capture and burning of the British revenue cutter Gaspee. The ship had run aground off Pawtuxet while chasing the packet Hannah.  The burning initiated an exchange of notes between Whipple and Captain James Wallace of HMS Rose.  Wallace wrote, "You Abraham Whipple on June 10, 1772, burned his majesty's vessel the Gaspee and I will hang you at the yard arm!" Whipple responded, "Sir, always catch a man before you hang him."

Three years later, the Rhode Island General Assembly appointed Whipple commodore of two ships fitted for the defense of the colony's trade. On June 15, 1775, (the day the sea captain received his commission), Whipple led his men to capture the tender to frigate HMS Rose. After cruising in the vicinity of Narragansett Bay, he headed south to Bermuda to procure gunpowder for use by the colony. On the return voyage, Whipple transported naval recruits to Philadelphia. Upon her arrival there, his ship, Katy, was taken over by agents of the Continental Congress and was fitted out as sloop-of-war Providence.

Naval command

Whipple was commissioned a captain in the Continental Navy on December 22 and was given command of 24-gun ship Columbus. From February 17 to April 8, 1776, he commanded the ship during the first Continental Navy-Marine Corps amphibious expedition—the cruise to New Providence, in the Bahamas, to seize essential military supplies from the British garrison at Nassau.

After returning north to New England, Whipple captured five British prizes before March 27, 1778, when his ship ran aground off Point Judith, Rhode Island. After stripping the ship, the captain and his crew abandoned her and escaped capture ashore.

Assigned next to command 28-gun frigate Providence, Whipple ran the British blockade on the night of April 30, 1778, damaging HMS Lark and outrunning another British ship during the escape. Tacking for France, the Providence crossed the Atlantic Ocean unmolested, bearing important dispatches relating to agreements between France and the American colonies, and reached Paimboeuf. After acquiring guns and supplies for the Continental Army, the Providence and the Boston sailed home to the colonies, taking three prizes en route.

Upon his return, Whipple received command of a small squadron—Providence, Ranger, and Queen of France. On one occasion in mid-July 1779, this group of ships encountered a large British convoy in dense fog off the Newfoundland Banks. Whipple concealed his guns and ran up the British flag. Thus disguised, Whipple cut 11 prizes out of the convoy, eight of which contained spoils of war valued together at over one million dollars (roughly 16.7 million in 2015 dollars), making the venture easily one of the richest captures of the entire war.

Whipple then cruised off Bermuda before arriving at Charleston, South Carolina. On December 23, 1779. British forces threatened Charleston, which was at the time a key Continental port. The threat led Whipple to move the guns and crews from the Continental Navy ships in port on shore to reinforce the land batteries and repulse the expected British assault.

However, after a rugged four-month siege, the overwhelming pressure of British arms forced the Continental forces to surrender on May 12, 1780. Whipple remained a prisoner of war of the British until he was paroled to Chester, Pennsylvania, at which point he took no further part in the war. Upon the conclusion of hostilities, Whipple took up farming near Cranston, Rhode Island.

Later life

For the rest of his life, he remained a farmer, with the exception of two spells of seafaring as master of merchantmen, first of the General Washington and then of the St. Clair. With the formation of the Ohio Company of Associates in 1788 and the initial westward migration into that territory, Whipple and his family became pioneers on the American frontier and were among the founders of the town of Marietta, Ohio, and the first named proprietor of Charleston, Vermont.

Granted a pension by Congress in recognition of his distinguished service in helping to win American independence, Whipple died at Marietta, Ohio, on May 27, 1819, and was buried at Mound Cemetery in Marietta. His gravestone reads:

Several ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Whipple in his honor. There is a Whipple Street, Avenue or Court in almost every one of the 39 municipalities in the State of Rhode Island.

Fictional references
 In The Case of Charles Dexter Ward by H.P. Lovecraft, Capt. Abraham Whipple, one of the "eminent townsmen" of Providence, Rhode Island, led the raid on Joseph Curwen's farm. He is also mentioned in "The Shunned House" as a cousin of the narrator's great-grandfather. Whipple was an indirect ancestor of Lovecraft's, through his grandfather Whipple Van Buren Phillips.

References

Bibliography
 Cohen, Sheldon S.:  Commodore Abraham Whipple of the Continental Navy: Privateer, Patriot, Pioneer, University Press of Florida, Series: New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology, Gainesville, Florida (2010). ,
 Hildreth, S. P.: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1852).

External links

 The Whipple Website
 The Gaspee Virtual Archives

1733 births
1819 deaths
Continental Navy officers
People of Rhode Island in the American Revolution
American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain
19th-century American farmers
People from Marietta, Ohio
Burials at Mound Cemetery (Marietta, Ohio)
Patriots in the American Revolution
Military personnel from Providence, Rhode Island
Burials in Ohio
People of colonial Rhode Island
People of the French and Indian War
19th-century American merchants
18th-century American slave traders
18th-century American farmers

Abraham Whipple


Muthuswami Dikshitar (Mudduswamy Dikshitar)(, 24 March 1776 – 21 October 1835), mononymously Dikshitar, was a South Indian poet, singer and veena player, and a legendary composer of Indian classical music, who is considered one of the musical trinity of Carnatic music. Muthuswami Dikshitar was born on 24 March 1775 in Tiruvarur near Thanjavur, in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu in India, to a family that is traditionally traced back to Virinichipuram in the northern boundaries of the state. His compositions, of which around 500 are commonly known, are noted for their elaborate and poetic descriptions of Hindu gods and temples and for capturing the essence of the raga forms through the vainika (veena) style that emphasises gamakas. They are typically in a slower speed (chowka kala). He is also known by his signature name of Guruguha which is also his mudra (and can be found in each of his songs). His compositions are widely sung and played in classical concerts of Carnatic music.

The musical trinity consists of Dikshitar, Tyagaraja (1767–1847), and Syama Sastri (1762–1827). However, unlike the Telugu compositions of the others, his compositions are predominantly in Sanskrit. He also composed some of his kritis in Manipravalam (a combination of the Sanskrit and Tamil languages).

There are two schools of thought regarding the pronunciation of his name. The name is popularly pronounced as 'Muthuswamy Dikshitar'. Muthuswami is an extremely common Tamil name (Muthu translates to pearl in Tamil, cognate to Muktha/Moti in Sanskrit and Hindi) and is derived from Selvamuthukumaraswamy, a deity of  the famed Vaideeswaran temple in Myladuthurai. However, T K Govinda Rao explains in Compositions of Mudduswamy Dikshitar that "the word Muddayya is an epithet of Kumaraswami or Guha. Further, in the most authentic original Telugu publication of Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini (1904) Sri Subbarama Dikshitar mentions his name as Mudduswamy. Also, in the popular composition of Dikshitar, "Bhajare re Chitha" in raga Kalyani, the "mudra" or signaure of the composer appears in the text as "Guruguha Roopa Muddu Kumara Jananeem".

Early life
Muthuswami Dikshitar was born in Brahmin family on 24 March, 1776, in Tiruvarur near Thanjavur in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu in India. He was the eldest son of the composer, Ramaswami Dikshitar who instructed in a number of subjects including the vedas, poetry, music, and astronomy. Muthuswami had two brothers, Chinnaswami () and Balaswami (), and a sister, . Muthuswami's father, Ramaswami  Dikshitar, born circa 1735, from an Auttara Vadama family in Virinchipuram, had moved South due to the politically troubled environment around Kanchipuram and Virinchipuram at that time. Ramaswamy Dikshithar trained in the veena under Venkata Vaidyanatha Dikshitar, who belonged to the lineage of Govinda Dikshitar and  Venkatamakhin and this is evident in Muthuswami's works which follow the Venkatamakhin raga system.

Muthuswami moved to the town of Manali, near Madras (now Chennai) at the behest of Venkatakrishna Mudaliar, a local zamindar. The Dikshitar brothers accompanied the zamindar to Fort St. George nearby where they were introduced to Western orchestral music and the violin. An ascetic named Chidambaranatha Yogi then took Muthuswami under his wing and away to the city of Benares (now Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh). There he was instructed in music, esoterics, philosophy, and yoga. He was also exposed to Hindustani classical music, particularly the Dhrupad style, which, according to some scholars, would influence his later compositions.

Upon the death of Chidamabaranatha Yogi, Dikshitar returned South from Benares and moved to the town of Tiruttani near Tirupati.

Career

According to legend, Murugan, the deity of the temple at Tirutani, placed a piece of sugar candy in Dikshitar's mouth and commanded him to sing. This marked the beginning of his career in music and also led to him adopting the mudra, Guruguha, one of the many names of Murugan. His first composition was  in the raga Maya Malavagaula and Adi tala.

The song addressed the Lord (and/or the guru) in the first declension (Vibhakthi) in Sanskrit. Dikshitar later composed kritis in all the eight declensions on the Lord. These are mostly with epithets glorifying Muruga in the ascetic/preceptor form and have very few references to specifically the deity in the saguna form, as at Thiruthani.

He then went on a pilgrimage visiting and composing at the temples at Kanchi, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, Tirupathi and Kalahasthi, Srirangam, before returning to Tiruvarur.

Muthuswami Dikshitar attained mastery over the veena, and the influence of veena playing is evident in his compositions, particularly the gamakas. In his kriti Balagopala, he introduces himself as a , "a player of the veena". He experimented with the violin, and among his disciples, Vadivelu of the Thanjavur Quartet, and his brother Balaswami Dikshitar pioneered the use of violin in Carnatic music, now an integral part of most Carnatic ensembles.

On his return to Tiruvarur, he composed on every deity in the Tiruvarur temple complex including Tyagaraja (an amsham of Lord Shiva), the presiding deity, Nilotpalambal, his consort, and the Goddess Kamalambal an independent deity of high tantric significance in the same temple complex. This is when he composed the famous Kamalamba Navavarna kritis, filled with exemplary sahityas on the deities of the Sri Chakra which proved to be the showcase of his compositions. These navavaranams were in all the eight declensions of the Sanskrit language and are sung as a highlight of Guruguha Jayanti celebrated every year. He continued to display his prowess by composing the Navagraha Kritis in praise of the nine planets. The sahitya of the songs reflect a profound knowledge of the Mantra and Jyotisha sastras. The Nilotpalamba Kritis is another classic set of compositions which revived dying ragas like Narayanagaula, Purvagaula, and Chayagaula.

Death and legacy

Muthuswami Dikshitar died on 21 October 1835 at Ettayapuram. He had no children. A samadhi was erected at Ettayapuram in his memory and attracts musicians and admirers of his art.

Muthuswami Dikshitar's brothers Chinnaswami (1778–) and Balaswami Dikshitar (1786–1858) were also noted musicians. Chinnaswami composed some kritis while Balaswami adapted and pioneered the use of the Western violin in Carnatic music. The two of them were primarily vocalists and performed together as a duo singing Muthuswami's compositions. Balaswami's grandson was the composer and scholar, Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906). In his Sangeeta Sampradaya Pradarshini (), Subbarama records 229 of Muthuswami Dikshitar's kritis.

Dikshitar's disciples included a number of renowned artists who carried forward his tradition. They included the Tanjore quartet brothers, Ponnayya Pillai, Vadivelu, Chinnayya and Sivanandam, the mridangam player Tambiyappa, the veena player Venkatarama Ayyar of Avudayarkoil, Tiruvarur Kamalam, Vallalarkoil Ammani, Kornad Ramaswamy, Tirukkadeyur Bharati, Thevvoor Subrahmania Ayyar, and the son of his Shyama Shastri, Subbaraya Shastri.

With the creativity and spiritual value embedded in his compositions, Dikshitar is considered one of the Trinity of Carnatic music alongside his two contemporaries from Tiruvarur, Tyagaraja and Shyama Shastri. The Carnatic musician M Balamuralikrishna had composed a song in his honour in the raga Sucharitra, 'Cintayāmi Satatam Śrī Mudduswāmi Dīkṣitam'.

Compositions

His total compositions are about 450 to 500, most of which are very widely sung by musicians today in Carnatic music concerts. Most of his compositions are in Sanskrit and in the Krithi form, i.e., poetry set to music. Muthuswami Dikshitar travelled to many holy shrines throughout his life, and composed krithis on the deities and temples he visited. Dikshitar is considered to have composed on the widest range of deities for any composer.

Each of his compositions is unique and brilliantly crafted. The compositions are known for the depth and soulfulness of the melody — his visions of some of the ragas are still the final word on their structure. His Sanskrit lyrics are in praise of the temple deity, but Muthuswami introduces the Advaita thought seamlessly into his songs, resolving the inherent relationship between Advaita philosophy and polytheistic worship. His songs also contain much information about the history of the temple, and its background, thus preserving many customs followed in these old shrines. Another noticeable feature in his compositions are the proficient rhyming of lines in the lyrics.

Muthuswami also undertook the project of composing in all the 72 Melakartha ragas, (in his Asampurna Mela scheme) thereby providing a musical example for many rare and lost ragas. Also, he was the pioneer in composing samashti charanam krithis (songs in which the main stanza or pallavi is followed by only one stanza, unlike the conventional two). Dikshitar was a master of tala and is the only composer to have kritis in all the seven basic talas of the Carnatic scheme. Dikshitar shows his skill in Sanskrit by composing in all the eight declensions.

For richness of raga bhava, sublimity of their philosophic contents and for the grandeur of the sahitya, the songs of Dikshitar stand unsurpassed.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed many kritis in groups. Vatapi Ganapatim is regarded his best-known work.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed one song (Shri Kantimatim Shankara Yuvatim Shri Guruguhajananim Vandeham. Samashti Charanam Hrîmkâra Bîjâkâra vadanâm Hiranya manimaya Shôbhâ Sadanâm) on the Nellaiappar Temple goddess Kanthimathi Amman. This song is considered to be a rare song set in the rare raga. He is also said to have composed a Rama Ashtapathi along with Upanishad Brahmendral at Kanchipuram. This work has been lost.

At a young age, Dikshitar was also exposed to the music of the Western bands at Fort St. George.  At a later stage, Dikshitar composed some forty songs to several (mostly western folk) tunes loosely adopted to ragas such as Shankarabharanam.  This corpus is now known as nottusvara sahitya (etym. nottusvara = "notes" swara). The influence of Celtic and Baroque styles in these compositions is quite evident (e.g., Sakthi Sahitha Ganapatim, to the tune of voulez-vous dancer, Varashiva Balam). There is an erroneous belief that these were composed at the behest of CP Brown, the Collector of Cuddappah. This is not possible as the two could have never met. Muthuswami Diskhitar had left Madras by 1799. Brown came to Madras only in 1817, learned Telugu in 1820 and moved to Cuddappah the same year.

See also

List of Carnatic composers

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Compositions of Dikshitar, with meanings.
Sruti Magazine, Mar 2013
Compositions of Dikshitar with meanings.
Muthusamy Dikshithar – A Creative Genius by Chitravina N Ravikiran
Statistics on Dikshitar's Compositions
Sri Muthuswamy Dheekshidhar Adichuvatil Isaipayanam by Valayapettai R. Krishnan

Carnatic composers
1775 births
1835 deaths
People from Tiruvarur district

Muthuswami Dikshitar


تعد هاتي أوفيليا وايات كاراوي  أول امرأة تنتخب لعضوية مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي وتنتمي كاراوي إلى الحزب الديمقراطي الأمريكي ولدت هاتي أوفيليا وايات كاراوي في 1 شباط/فبراير من سنة 1878 في ولاية تينيسي الأمريكية. في سنة 1902 تزوجت بالمحامي ثاديوس كارواي وانتقلا إلى ولاية اركنسو انتخب زوجها ثاجيوس كارواي لعضوية الكونغرس الأميركي في العام 1912 ولعضوية مجلس الشيوخ العام 1920. وبعد وفاته بصورة مفاجئة في العام 1931 عين حاكم ولاية أركنساس الأمريكية هارفي بارنيل هاتي كاراوي لمقعد زوجها الراحل وقد فازت في الانتخابات التي جرت في 12 كانون الثاني / يناير من سنة 1932 وشغلت هاتي أوفيليا وايات كاراوي هذا المنصب إلى سنة 1945 وقبل أنتخاب هاتي كاراواي، خدمت امرأة واحدة فقط هي ربيكا لاتيمر فيلتون، بتعيين مجاملة ليوم واحد فقط، أيضا نتيجة وفاة عضو في مجلس الشيوخ توفيت هاتي أوفيليا وايات كاراوي في 21 ديسمبر-كانون الأول من سنة 1950 في ولاية فيرجينا الأمريكية.

مراجع

أشخاص من مقاطعة همفريز (تينيسي)
أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من أركنساس
أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من الحزب الديمقراطي من أركنساس
أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من النساء
أعضاء مجلس شيوخ الحزب الديمقراطي الأمريكي
الليبرالية في الولايات المتحدة
المرأة في سياسة أركنساس
ديمقراطيون من ولاية أركنساس
سياسيون أمريكيون
سياسيون من جونزبورو
مدافن في أركنساس
مربون من أركنساس
مربيات أمريكيات
معلمو مدارس من أركنساس
مواليد 1878
نساء أمريكيات
هيوي لونغ
وفيات 1950
وفيات في فولز تشيرش

هاتي أوفيليا وايات كاراوي


Bar Refaeli (; doğum ), İsrailli top model.

İsrail ve ABD'de Pilpel, Castro ve Victoria's Secret gibi ünlü markaların kataloglarını süslemiştir, ayrıca aktör Leonardo DiCaprio ile yaşadığı ilişkiyle gündeme gelmiştir. 2009 yılında Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue kapak modeli olmuştur.

Kişisel hayatı
Refaeli, 4 Haziran 1985'te İsralli Yahudi asıllı bir aile olan Rafael ve Tzipi çiftinin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Bar Refaeli'nin üç erkek kardeşi vardır. Annesi Tzipi Levine, 1970'lerde İsrail'de oldukça ünlü bir modeldi. Bar Refaeli, modellik kariyerine ilk olarak henüz sekiz aylık bir bebekken, reklam kampanyaları ile başladı, on beş yaşına geldiğinde ise profesyonel bir model olarak çalışmaya başladı.

Kariyeri
Bar Refaeli, Elle, Maxim, Cosmopolitan, Vogue gibi oldukça ünlü dergilerde yer aldı ve Bonita de Mas, Victoria's Secret, Hurley International, Passionata, Pilpel, Agua Bendita gibi ünlü markaların yüzü oldu. Ayrıca Refaeli, 2009 yılında Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue'nin kapak modeli olmuştur.

Filmografi

Film

Televizyon

Dış bağlantılar

 Bar Refaeli - tüm profiller

1985 doğumlular
İsrailli kadın modeller
İsrailli sinema oyuncuları
Yaşayan insanlar
İtalya Yahudisi asıllı İsrailliler
Polonya Yahudisi asıllı İsrailliler
Litvanya Yahudisi asıllı İsrailliler
Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması sunucuları
İsrailli Yahudiler
Hod HaŞaron doğumlular
Yahudi kadın modeller

Bar Refaeli


Evelyn Krape (Melbourne, ) é uma atriz e comediante .

Vida e carreira
Nascida em Melbourne, Vitória, Krape formou-se artisticamente no Melbourne Conservatorium of Music. Começou sua carreira nos palcos em 1970, quando juntou-se às companhias teatrais Australian Performing Group e Pram Factory, atuando em produções clássicas australianas como Dimboola e Don's Party. Posteriormente, apresentou-se com grandes companhias da Austrália, incluindo Melbourne Theatre Company, Playbox, Victorian Opera, La Mama e Eleventh Hour. Em sua carreira no teatro, também destacou-se em diversas produções de apresentação solo, tais como as comédias feministas Female Parts e More Female Parts.

Seus trabalhos no cinema incluem o faroeste Quigley Down Under (1990), o drama The Sound of One Hand Clapping (1998) e alguns curtas-metragens. Também forneceu vozes para personagens nos filmes infantis Babe (1995) e Babe: Pig in the City (1998). Na televisão, apareceu em episódios de séries como Homicide, Flying Doctors e Worst Year of My Life Again, além de ter interpretado um papel regular em Greeks on the Roof, versão australiana da série de comédia britânica The Kumars at No. 42.

Filmografia

Cinema

Televisão

Prêmios e indicações

Atrizes de cinema da Austrália
Atrizes de televisão da Austrália
Atrizes de teatro
Humoristas da Austrália
Naturais de Melbourne

Evelyn Krape


Sports journalism is a form of writing that reports on matters pertaining to sporting topics and competitions. Sports journalism started in the early 1800s when it was targeted to the social elite and transitioned into an integral part of the news business with newspapers having dedicated sports sections. The increased popularity of sports amongst the middle and lower class led to the more coverage of sports content in publications. The appetite for sports resulted in sports-only media such as Sports Illustrated and ESPN. There are many different forms of sports journalism, ranging from play-by-play and game recaps to analysis and investigative journalism on important developments in the sport. Technology and the internet age has massively changed the sports journalism space as it is struggling with the same problems that the broader category of print journalism is struggling with, mainly not being able to cover costs due to falling subscriptions. New forms of internet blogging and tweeting in the current millennium have pushed the boundaries of sports journalism.

Early history
Modern sports journalism finds its roots as content started to appear in newspapers in the early 1800s. At the start, the sports sporadically covered were horse racing and boxing. The focus of the coverage would be less on the event itself and more on the greater social context. Horse races between the North and South and boxing bouts between US and England garnered much interest from the social elite. In the early nineteenth century, popular British sportswriter Pierce Egan coined the term "the Sweet Science" as an epithet for prizefighting — or more fully "the Sweet Science of Bruising" as a description of England's bare-knuckle fight scene. During the 1820s and 1830s, the primary demographic target for newspapers was the social elite as newspaper was too expensive for the common man. Approaching the 20th century, several important changes occurred that lead to the increased saturation of sports journalism in the mainstream. The first was the advent of the penny press which allowed for cheaper and more tabloid style of newspaper production. Newspapers also began using advertising to pay for their production costs instead of relying on circulation.

20th century

The 1920s has been called the "Golden Age of American Sports". Baseball became the national pastime, college football became popular, and radio and newspaper coverage increased. The New York Herald was the first newspapers to publishing consistent sports coverage. The New York World in 1883 was the first newspaper to have a full times sports department. The following period from 1880 to 1920 saw a massive increase in sports coverage in publications. A study showed that in 1880 only 0.4 percent of space in the newspaper was dedicated to sports. By the 1920s, that proportion had risen to 20 percent. During this time, newspapers focused mainly on play by play coverage and game recaps of the sport events. Local publications started hiring beat reporters who were tasked with following all developments pertaining to the team. This included traveling with the team and interviewing the players. Teams also started constructing dedicated sections called press box in the stadiums for the press to sit and record notes on the game.

As technology introduced new developments like the radio, television and the internet, the focus of sports coverage shifted from the play by play to statistical analysis of the game and background pieces on the players. This was also coupled with a massive increase in sports amongst the general public. The increased popularity of football, basketball and hockey meant more content to publish and more interested readers to publish to. This led to the creation of journals like Sports Illustrated, first published in 1954, was one of the first publications to solely focus on sports. Sports Illustrated was the brainchild of Henry Lucre who felt that the established publishers at the time were not taking advantage of the public's massive appetite for sports. With weekly issues, Sports Illustrated was able to produce more classic journalistic pieces as the writers had more time to research and conduct longer interview sit downs with players and coaches.

Digital age
Since the start of the new millennium, circulation and advertising numbers of print newspapers having been falling rapidly. This has led to widespread cost cutting and layoffs across the industry. There are 29 percent fewer journalists in the workforce now when compared to the number of journalist in 1980. These developments have significantly affected sports journalism as established publications like Sports Illustrated and ESPN have had to cut content, increase prices and reduce the number of publications which leads to more people unsubscribing from the content. The fall in print sports journalism can be tied to the rise of internet and digital sports journalism. Digital sports journalism serves as both a complement and a competitor of newspaper sports journalism. Digital sports journalism began in the mid 1990s with ESPN creating the first website in 1995. At first digital sports journalism covered broad topics in scope, but as time went on and the internet became more widespread, bloggers and location and team specific websites started taking over the market. A majority of these smaller websites did not charge a subscription fee as it was funded on advertising. This lower cost to the consumer as well as increased access to variety of very specific content led to the shift away from print and towards digital. However, the growth seen in the digital space which has increased advertising revenue has not balanced out the losses from print journalism. The importance of click count has gone up as these sites are being funded by online advertisers. This has led to many shorter journalistic pieces offering controversial opinions in order to generate the most clicks. Sportswriters regularly face more deadline pressure than other reporters because sporting events tend to occur late in the day and closer to the deadlines many organizations must observe. Yet they are expected to use the same tools as news journalists, and to uphold the same professional and ethical standards. They must take care not to show bias for any team. Twitter and other social media platforms became sports information providers. Twitter became a platform for sports in 2009 during the NBA playoffs. By the end of April, tweeting by television sports analysts, announcers, and journalists was the new trend in sports.

Socio-political significance

Sports stories occasionally transcend the games themselves and take on socio-political significance: Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball is an example of this. Modern controversies regarding the hyper-compensation of top athletes, the use of anabolic steroids and other, banned performance-enhancing drugs, and the cost to local and national governments to build sports venues and related infrastructure, especially for Olympic Games, also demonstrates how sports can intrude on to the news pages.
Recently, the issue of Colin Kaepernick's protest of injustice shown to people of color by the police by kneeling during the performance of the national anthem before his football games has created diverse and varied coverage. His actions have taken his discussion from the sports field and into the national scope as major political pundits and even the Presidents commenting on the ethics of his actions. Kaepernick cites that his position as a quarterback in the National Football League gives him a unique opportunity to carry out his message. Kaepernick's actions have inspired a wave of athletes using their position to take on social issues ranging from abortion to college athletes getting monetary compensation. Sports journalism plays a significant role in how these views are conveyed to the public. The author creates a story from the raw quotes provided by the athlete and this is published to thousands of viewers. Inherent in the publication will be the biases of the author and this will be passed on to the reader (cite). As sports moves more and more into the political discussion space, sports journalist will have increasingly more power over the public sentiment of the hottest issues at the moment.

Future of sports journalism
There has been a major shift within sports in the last decade as more sports teams are switching to using analytics. A large reason for this shift is due to many articles being published about the increased benefit of using analytics to make strategic decisions in a game. As there is data collected about every instance in every sport, sports data analysis has increased. Sports publications are now hiring people with extensive background in statistics and mathematics in order to publish articles detailing the analysis these teams are conducting. New metrics have been created to study the quality of player performance. The metrics have also been used to compile rankings of players and teams. Blog sites like FiveThirtyEight began to sprout as full-time sport analytic sites that took available data and constructed analytic heavy articles pertaining to sports. ESPN has implemented a segment in their shows called 'Sports Science' where stars of every sport come in to test how advanced analytics affect field performance. There has been much pushback by many over the use of analytics in sports. Many established coaches are quick to bash analytics as narrow and ignorant of the big picture.

In Europe
The tradition of sports reporting attracting some of the finest writers in journalism can be traced to the coverage of sport in Victorian England, where several modern sports – such as association football, cricket, athletics and rugby – were first organized and codified into something resembling what we would recognize today.

Andrew Warwick has suggested that The Boat Race provided the first mass spectator event for journalistic coverage. The Race, an annual rowing event between the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, has been held annually from 1856.

Cricket, possibly because of its esteemed place in society, has regularly attracted the most elegant of writers. The Manchester Guardian, in the first half of the 20th century, employed Neville Cardus as its cricket correspondent as well as its music critic. Cardus was later knighted for his services to journalism. One of his successors, John Arlott, who became a worldwide favorite because of his radio commentaries on the BBC, was also known for his poetry.

The first London Olympic Games in 1908 attracted such widespread public interest that many newspapers assigned their very best-known writers to the event. The Daily Mail even had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle at the White City Stadium to cover the finish of the Marathon.

Such was the drama of that race, in which Dorando Pietri collapsed within sight of the finishing line when leading, that Conan Doyle led a public subscription campaign to see the gallant Italian, having been denied the gold medal through his disqualification, awarded a special silver cup, which was presented by Queen Alexandra. And the public imagination was so well caught by the event that annual races in Boston, Massachusetts, and London, and at future Olympics, were henceforward staged over exactly the same, 26-mile, 385-yard distance used for the 1908 Olympic Marathon, and the official length of the event worldwide to this day.

The London race, called the Polytechnic Marathon and originally staged over the 1908 Olympic route from outside the royal residence at Windsor Castle to White City, was first sponsored by the Sporting Life, which in those Edwardian times was a daily newspaper which sought to cover all sporting events, rather than just a betting paper for horse racing and greyhounds that it became in the years after the Second World War.

The rise of the radio made sports journalism more focused on the live coverage of the sporting events. The first sports reporter in Great Britain, and one of the first sports reporters in the World, was an English writer Edgar Wallace, who made a report on The Derby on June 6, 1923 for the British Broadcasting Company.

In France, L'Auto, the predecessor of L'Equipe, had already played an equally influential part in the sporting fabric of society when it announced in 1903 that it would stage an annual bicycle race around the country. The Tour de France was born, and sports journalism's role in its foundation is still reflected today in the leading rider wearing a yellow jersey - the color of the paper on which L'Auto was published (in Italy, the Giro d'Italia established a similar tradition, with the leading rider wearing a jersey the same pink color as the sponsoring newspaper, La Gazzetta).

Sports stars in the press box
After the Second World War, the sports sections of British national daily and Sunday newspapers continued to expand, to the point where many papers now have separate standalone sports sections; some Sunday tabloids even have sections, additional to the sports pages, devoted solely to the previous day's football reports. In some respects, this has replaced the earlier practice of many regional newspapers which - until overtaken by the pace of modern electronic media - would produce special results editions rushed out on Saturday evenings.

Some newspapers, such as The Sunday Times, with 1924 Olympic 100 meters champion Harold Abrahams, or the London Evening News using former England cricket captain Sir Leonard Hutton, began to adopt the policy of hiring former sports stars to pen columns, which were often ghost written. Some such ghosted columns, however, did little to further the reputation of sports journalism, which is increasingly becoming the subject of academic scrutiny of its standards.

Many "ghosted" columns were often run by independent sports agencies, based in Fleet Street or in the provinces, who had signed up the sports star to a contract and then syndicated their material among various titles. These agencies included Pardons, or the Cricket Reporting Agency, which routinely provided the editors of the Wisden cricket almanac, and Hayters.

Sportswriting in Britain has attracted some of the finest journalistic talents. The Daily Mirror'''s Peter Wilson, Hugh McIlvanney, first at The Observer and lately at the Sunday Times, Ian Wooldridge of the Daily Mail and soccer writer Brian Glanville, best known at the Sunday Times, and columnist Patrick Collins, of the Mail on Sunday, five times the winner of the Sports Writer of the Year Award.

Many became household names in the late 20th century through their trenchant reporting of events, spurring popularity: the Massacre at the Munich Olympics in 1972; Muhammad Ali's fight career, including his 1974 title bout against George Foreman; the Heysel Stadium disaster; and the career highs and lows of the likes of Tiger Woods, George Best, David Beckham, Lester Piggott and other high-profile stars.

McIlvanney and Wooldridge, who died in March 2007, aged 75, both enjoyed careers that saw them frequently work in television. During his career, Wooldridge became so famous that, like the sports stars he reported upon, he hired the services of IMG, the agency founded by the American businessman, Mark McCormack, to manage his affairs. Glanville wrote several books, including novels, as well as scripting the memorable official film to the 1966 World Cup staged in England.

 Investigative journalism and sport
Since the 1990s, the growing importance of sport, its impact as a global business and the huge amounts of money involved in the staging of events such as the Olympic Games and football World Cups, has also attracted the attention of investigative journalists. The sensitive nature of the relationships between sports journalists and the subjects of their reporting, as well as declining budgets experienced by most Fleet Street newspapers, has meant that such long-term projects have often emanated from television documentary makers.

Tom Bower, with his 2003 sports book of the year Broken Dreams, which analyzed British football, followed in the tradition established a decade earlier by Andrew Jennings and Vyv Simson with their controversial investigation of corruption within the International Olympic Committee. Jennings and Simson's The Lords of the Rings in many ways predicted the scandals that were to emerge around the staging of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City; Jennings would follow-up with two further books on the Olympics and one on FIFA, the world football body.

Likewise, award-winning writers Duncan Mackay, of The Guardian, and Steven Downes unravelled many scandals involving doping, fixed races and bribery in international athletics in their 1996 book, Running Scared, which offered an account of the threats by a senior track official that led to the suicide of their sports journalist colleague, Cliff Temple.

But the writing of such exposes - referred to as "spitting in the soup" by Paul Kimmage, the former Tour de France professional cyclist, now an award-winning writer for the Sunday Times – often requires the view of an outsider who is not compromised by the need of day-to-day dealings with sportsmen and officials, as required by "beat" correspondents.

The stakes can be high when upsetting sport's powers: in 2007, England's FA opted to switch its multimillion-pound contract for UK coverage rights of the FA Cup and England international matches from the BBC to rival broadcasters ITV. One of the reasons cited was that the BBC had been too critical of the performances of the England football team.

Sports books

Increasingly, sports journalists have turned to long-form writing, producing popular books on a range of sporting topics, including biographies, history and investigations. Dan Topolski was the first recipient of the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award in 1989, which has continued to reward authors for their excellence in sports literature.

 Organizations
Most countries have their own national association of sports journalists. Many sports also have their own clubs and associations for specified journalists. These organizations attempt to maintain the standard of press provision at sports venues, to oversee fair accreditation procedures and to celebrate high standards of sports journalism.

The International Sports Press Association, AIPS, was founded in 1924 during the Olympic Games in Paris, at the headquarters of the Sporting Club de France, by Frantz Reichel, the press chief of the Paris Games, and the Belgian Victor Boin. AIPS operates through a system of continental sub-associations and national associations, and liaises closely with some of the world's biggest sports federations, including the International Olympic Committee, football's world governing body FIFA, and the IAAF, the international track and field body. The first statutes of AIPS mentioned these objectives:

 to enhance the cooperation between its member associations in defending sport and the professional interest of their members.
 to strengthen the friendship, solidarity and common interests between sports journalists of all countries.
 to assure the best possible working conditions for the members.

For horse racing the Horserace Writers and Photographers' Association was founded in 1927, was revived in 1967, and represents the interests of racing journalists in every branch of the media.

In Britain, the Sports Journalists' Association was founded in 1948. It stages two awards events, an annual Sports Awards ceremony which recognizes outstanding performances by British sportsmen and women during the previous year, and the British Sports Journalism Awards, the industry's "Oscars", sponsored by UK Sport and presented each March. Founded as the Sports Writers' Association, following a merger with the Professional Sports Photographers' Association in 2002, the organization changed its title to the more inclusive SJA. The SJA represents the British sports media on the British Olympic Association's press advisory committee and acts as a consultant to organizers of major events who need guidance on media requirements as well as seeking to represent its members' interests in a range of activities. In March 2008, Martin Samuel, then the chief football correspondent of The Times, was named British Sportswriter of the Year, the first time any journalist had won the award three years in succession. At the same awards, Jeff Stelling, of Sky Sports, was named Sports Broadcaster of the Year for the third time, a prize determined by a ballot of SJA members. Stelling won the vote again the following year, when the Sunday Times's Paul Kimmage won the interviewer of the year prize for a fifth time.

In the United States, the Indianapolis-based National Sports Journalism Center monitors trends and strategy within the sports media industry. The center is also home to the Associated Press Sports Editors.

In more recent years, sports journalism has turned its attention to online news and press release media and provided services to Associated Press and other major news syndication services.

 Fanzines and blogs
Through the 1970s and 1980s, a rise in "citizen journalism" in Europe was witnessed in the rapid growth in popularity of soccer "fanzines" - cheaply printed magazines written by fans for fans that bypassed often stilted official club match programs and traditional media. Many continue today and thrive.

Some authors, such as Jim Munro, have been adopted by their clubs. Once an editor of the West Ham United fanzine Fortune's Always Dreaming, Munro was hired by the club to write for its matchday magazine and is now sports editor of The Sun Online. Other titles, such as the irreverent monthly soccer magazine When Saturday Comes, have effectively gone mainstream.

The advent of the Internet has seen much of this fan-generated energy directed into sports blogs. Ranging from team-centric blogs to those that cover the sports media itself, Bleacher Report, Deadspin.com, ProFootballTalk.com, BaseballEssential.com, Tireball Sports, AOL Fanhouse, Masshole Sports, the blogs in the Yardbarker Network, and others have garnered massive followings.

There are now platforms that act as 'Blog hosts', which allow both amateur and professional sports writers to host their content without the need for a custom website.
These include Medium, and Muckrack, which are free platforms to use, which in turn do not pay the contributors. This can lead to a lack of quality as there is no editorial element, however their reach is large.

There are also editorially managed sites that do pay their contributors in a similar fashion to traditional publishers. I.e. a price per word or per article. Examples of these are Athlon Sports and The Sporting Blog.

Other sports blogs such as Fansided and SB Nation suggest a combination of traffic and results based incentives with regards to recompense for contributions.

More recently, investment vehicles like Rocket Sports Internet have emerged that provide capital for sports journalists and news creators to run their own businesses and leverage the increasing number of ways that creators can more easily generate revenue streams outside of the conventional organisational structures. Early successes include BenchWarmers, Empire of the Kop and caughtoffside.

Smartphones

The rise of smartphones have recently taken off and altered the way sports media has been presented. Smartphones have had a big influence on how the public perceives sports entertainment and content. Sports media is often accessible on various applications on the smartphone. These apps include ESPN, Bleacher Report, Global Sports Media, House of Highlights, and YouTube. The rise of mobile streaming has led to approximately 65% of sports followers streaming sports on a mobile device. Smartphones also allow for 24 hour access to sports news via social media apps such as Instagram, Twitter, or Facebook. They are a very fast and convenient way to access sports news on the go no matter where you are. The applications on smartphones that contain information about sports news and events are generally free. Fans ability to access sports on their smartphones allows them to personally engage (i.e. fantasy sports) and/or absorb sports information. Smartphones have truly increased the spread of sports news, typically in the form of videos, highlights, scores, and articles. Applications on smartphones, especially Twitter and ESPN, tend to be the platforms where sports breaking news first emerge. Overall, smartphones provide readily available sports news that can be accessed during the course of a sports fan's everyday life.

Female reporting
Women have not always been in the sports reporting field. Women such as Jane Chastain and Lesley Visser are considered pioneers in women's sportscasting. Chastain was the first woman to work for a large network (CBS) and the first woman to do play-by-play in the '60s.

Lesley Visser was a sportswriter for The Boston Globe before she joined CBS in 1984 as a part-time reporter. She is the only sportscaster in history, male or female, to have worked on the Final Four, NBA Finals, World Series, Monday Night Football, the Super Bowl, the Olympics, and the US Open broadcasts. She has been voted the No. 1 Female Sportscaster of all time.

There has been an ongoing debate as to whether or not female reporters should be allowed in the locker rooms after games. If they are denied access, this gives male reporters a competitive advantage in the field, as they can interview players in the locker room after games. If locker room access is denied to all reporters - male and female - because of this controversy, male journalists would likely resent female reporters for having their access taken away.

It wasn't until 1978 that female sports journalists were allowed to enter locker rooms for interviews. Sports Illustrated reporter, Melissa Ludtke, sued the New York Yankees for not allowing her to interview players in the locker room during the 1977 World Series. A federal judge ruled that this ban was in violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment.

Some female reporters include Adeline Daley (whom some consider the "Jackie Robinson of female sportswriters"), Anita Martini, Mary Garber, Lesley Visser, Marjorie Herrera Lewis, Sally Jenkins, and Holly Rowe.

See also
Baseball Writers' Association of America (US)
Broadcasting of sports events
Cricket Writers' Club
Football Writers Association of America (US; college)
Football Writers' Association (England)
Ice Hockey Journalists UK
Journalism

List of sports journalism awards
List of Sports Writers
National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association (US)
National Sports Journalism Center (US)
National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association (US)
Pro Basketball Writers Association (US)
Pro Football Writers Association (US)
Professional Hockey Writers' Association (US)
Scottish Football Writers' Association
Sports commentator
United States Basketball Writers Association (US; college)

 References

 Further reading
 Steen, R., Sports Journalism: A Multimedia Primer, Routledge, 2007,
 Wilstein, Steve, AP Sports Writing Handbook'', McGraw-Hill, 2001, ,

External links

 Course Module Overview on Sports Journalism at the Open School of Journalism
 List of Sports magazines
 The Sports Reviews

News

Sports journalism


Radio Grude je lokalna radijska postaja čije je sjedište u Grudama. Emitira na hrvatskom jeziku na 90,9 i 95,5 MHz.
Frekvencija 90,9 MHz je čujna u i oko Mostara, Čapljine i Stoca, a 95,5 MHz na Širokom Brijegu, Posušju, Ljubuškom, Imotskom, Grudama i Tomislavgradu.

Povijest
Eksperimentalno emitiranje prvi put je bilo 30. travnja 1998. godine. Službeno je osnovana je 18. studenoga 1998. godine.
Program emitira i na internetu.
Postaja emitira 24 sata dnevno. Programsku shemu čini rock i zabavna glazba, domaća hrvatska narodna glazba - gange i gusle, kratke informacije, ležerni voditeljski pristup, a na postaji radi pet djelatnika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice
 Facebook

Radijske postaje na hrvatskom jeziku u Bosni i Hercegovini
Grude

Radio Grude


An Thelasis edelfeldtii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Thelasis edelfeldtii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelasis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thelasis

Thelasis edelfeldtii


{{Taksokvir
| boja         =lightgreen
| naziv        =Freesiinae
| slika        = Freesia caryophyllacea 1DS-II 1-8704.jpg
| slika_širina =
| slika_opis   =Freesia caryophyllacea
| status       =
| regnum       =Plantae
| divisio      =Tracheophyta
| classis      =Liliopsida
| ordo         =Asparagales
| familia      =Iridaceae
| subfamilia   =Crocoideae
| tribus       = Ixieae
| subtribus    =Freesiinae
| subtribus_autorstvo =Goldblatt
| genus        =
| species      =
| subspecies   =
| dvoimeno     =
| dvoimeno_autorstvo =
| karta_raspon =
}}

Freesiinae, biljni podtribus u porodici perunuikovki, dio potporodice Crocoideae. Postoje pet rodova čiji su predstavnici rašireni po dijelovima Afrike; tipični rod je Freesia sa 16 taksonomski priznatih vrsta.

 Rodovi
 Zygotritonia Mildbr. (7 spp.)
 Xenoscapa (Goldblatt) Goldblatt & Manning (3 spp.)
 Freesia Eckl. ex Klatt (16 spp.)
 Crocosmia Planch. (8 spp.)
 Devia'' Goldblatt & J. C. Manning (1 sp.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Crocoideae

Freesiinae


දොළොස්වන රාත්‍රිය (Twelfth Night) යනු විලියම් ෂේක්ස්පියර්ගේ සුඛාන්ත නාට්‍යයකි. මෙම නාට්‍යය 1599 දී හෝ 1600 දී ප්‍රථම වරට වේදිකා ගත වන්නට ඇතැයි සළකනු ලැබේ. එය පළමුවන එළිසබෙත් රැජිනගේ අණට අනුව ෂේක්ස්පියර් රචනා කළ නාට්‍ය දෙකෙන් එකක් ලෙස ද සඳහන් වේ. අනෙක් නාට්‍යය වන්නේ The Merry Wives of Windsor නාට්‍යය යි. මෙම නාට්‍යය Twelfth Night or What you will ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ.

කතා සාරාංශය
සෙබස්ටියන් සහ වයලා නිවුන් සහෝදර සහෝදරියන් වෙති. ඔවුන් ගමන් කරන නැව මුහුදුබත් වී දෙදෙනා ඉලිරියාවේ ස්ථාන දෙකකට ගොඩ වී දිවි ගලවා ගනී. වයලා පිරිමි වෙස්ගෙන ඕසිනෝ නම් ආදිපාදවරයෙක් ළඟ සිසාරියෝ යන නමින් සේවය කිරීමට පටන් ගනී. ඕසිනෝ ඉලිරියාවේ ඔලිවියා නම් සිටු දේවියකට පෙම් කරයි. නමුත් ඔලිවියා ඔහුට අකමැති වෙයි. ඔලිවියා තමාට කැමති කරගනු පිණිස ඕසිනෝ සිසාරියෝව ඔලිවියා වෙත යවයි. ඔලිවියා ඕසිනෝට කැමති වනු කෙසේ වෙතත් දුටුවනම සිසාරියෝට ප්‍රේම කරන්නට පටන් ගනී.

මුහුදේ ගසාගෙන යමින් සිටි සෙබස්ටියන්ව බේරා ගන්නේ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ විසිනි. හේ සෙබස්ටියන් රැක බලා ගනිමින් නිරතුරුව ඔහු පසුපස රැඳී සිටී. සෙබස්ටියන් ඔලිවියාගේ මාලිගය වෙත ගිය අවස්ථාවක ඔහු සිසාරියෝ යැයි සිතන ඔලිවියා, තමා සමඟ විවාහ ගිවිස ගැනීමට ඔහු කැමති කරවා ගනී. වයලා (සිසාරියෝ ලෙස පෙනී සිටින) ද ඕසිනෝ ට පෙම් කරයි.

මෙසේ නිවුන් සහෝදර සහෝදරියන් නිසා ඇතිවන පටලැවීම් සහ ආරවුල් මැද කතාව දිව යයි. තවද ෆෙස්ටේ, සර් ටෝබි, සර් ඇන්ඩ්රූ, මරියා, මැල්වෝලියෝ යනාදී සෙසු චරිතද වෙයි.

විලියම් ෂේක්ස්පියර්
නාට්‍ය

Twelfth Night


An Carex nigra in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johann Jacob Jakob Reichard. An Carex nigra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. n. alpina
 C. n. drukyulensis
 C. n. intricata
 C. n. juncella
 C. n. nigra

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex nigra


Kazandibi, dibi tutturularak hafifçe kızartılan muhallebi.

İki çeşit kazandibi vardır. Normalde kazandibi tavukgöğsünden yapılır. Tavukgöğsü katılmamış olanına "Muhallebi Kazandibi" adı verilir. Muhallebi Kazandibinin yapılışı aşağıdaki şekildedir.

Kaynakça

Pirinç unu
Türk mutfağındaki sütlü tatlılar
Türk mutfağındaki pudingler

Kazandibi


Anton Kagerbauer (n. 5 iulie 1814, Abrud – d. 8 octombrie 1872, Turda) a fost un arhitect transilvănean care a activat la Cluj în secolul al XIX-lea.

Studiile

Anton Kagerbauer a studiat sub conducerea lui György Winkler la Cluj și a devenit asociat cu acesta.

Lucrări
În anul 1855 a realizat noua fațadă a Castelului Bánffy de la Bonțida, în stil neogotic englez.

Lucrări

Nașteri în 1814
Decese în 1872
Oameni din Abrud
Arhitectură neogotică

Anton Kagerbauer


An Ponthieva tunguraguae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Ponthieva tunguraguae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ponthieva, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Ponthieva

Ponthieva tunguraguae


Dies ist eine Liste der Museen in Liechtenstein. Das Fürstentum Liechtenstein hat insgesamt 19 Museen.

Museen
 Liechtensteinisches Landesmuseum, Vaduz
 Bäuerliches Wohnmuseum, Schellenberg
 Postmuseum, Vaduz
 Schatzkammer Liechtenstein, Vaduz
 Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein mit Hilti Art Foundation, Vaduz
 Kunstraum Engländerbau, Vaduz
 Alter Pfarrhof, Balzers
 Gasometer Triesen
 Lawena Museum, Triesen
 Walsermuseum, Triesenberg
 DoMuS, Schaan
 Landweibels-Huus, Schaan
 Pfrundhaus, Eschen
 Mühle, Eschen
 Kulturhaus Rössle, Mauren
 MuseumMura, Mauren
 Küefer-Martis-Huus, Ruggell
 Uhrenmuseum Kurt Beck, Vaduz

Siehe auch
 Fürstliche Sammlungen im Liechtenstein Museum, Wien

Literatur
 Museen und Kulturhäuser Liechtensteins (Hg.): Entdecken Sie die Museen und Kulturhäuser Liechtensteins. Vaduz 2015.
 Schweizer Museumsführer: Museen, Sammlungen uns Ausstellungsorte in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel 2010.

Weblinks
 Museen und Ausstellungen, Information und Kommunikation der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
 Region Vaduz im Museumsportal "WebMuseen"

Einzelnachweise

!
Liechtenstein
Kultur (Alpenrheintal)

Liste der Museen in Liechtenstein


Sinan Şamil Sam (d. 24 Haziran 1974; Frankfurt, Almanya - ö. 30 Ekim 2015; İstanbul, Türkiye), Türk profesyonel boksör.

Hayatı
24 Haziran 1974 tarihinde Almanya'nın Frankfurt şehrinde doğdu. Amatör boks yaşamı yıllarında oldukça başarılıydı. Dokuz defa Türkiye şampiyonluğunu kazandı. 1992 yılında Gençler Dünya Şampiyonu oldu. 1993'te Vize-Avrupa şampiyonluğunu kazandı. 1995 Dünya İkinciliği'ni elde ederken 1999 büyüklerde Amatör Boks Dünya Şampiyonu olmayı başardı. 15 Nisan 2000 tarihinde profesyonel oldu. 12 Ekim 2002'de Polonyalı rakibi Przemyslaw Saleta'ya karşı Avrupa Şampiyonluğu için ringe çıktı ve yedinci raundda nakavtla yendi.

Boğazın Boğası lakabıyla tanındı. Yaptığı 35 maçın 31'ini kazandı. Bu galibiyetlerden 16'sını nakavtla elde etti. Altın kemerini iki maç boyunca korumasını bildi. Bunlardan ilki Danny Williams'a karşıydı ve maçı altıncı raundda teknik nakavtla aldı. İkinci maçında ise Julius Francis ile yaptı ve bu maçı da yedinci raundda nakavtla kazandı. 14 Şubat 2004 tarihinde Stuttgart'ta ringe çıkan Sinan Şamil Sam, Arnavut asıllı Alman vatandaşı Luan Krasniqi'ye sayıyla yenilerek altın kemeri teslim etti. 20 Kasım 2004'te Güney Almanya'nın Kempten kentinde Rus boksör Denis Bakthov'a karşı ringe çıktı. Bakhtov'u onuncu raundda nakavtla yenerek WBC klasmanında Dünya Kıtalararası Ağırsiklet Boks Şampiyonluğu unvanının sahibi oldu. 22 Şubat 2005'te bu kez Berlin WBC Dünya Kıtalararası Ağırsiklet Boks Şampiyonası unvan maçında rakibi Lawrence Clay-Bey'i yenerek galibiyete kavuştu. 11 Haziran 2005'te Kempten WBC Dünya Kıtalarası Ağırsiklet Boks Şampiyonası unvan maçında rakibi Ugandalı Peter Okhello'yu sayıyla yendi. Ancak aynı yılın 12 Kasım tarihinde Hamburg WBC Dünya Kıtalararası Ağırsiklet Boks maçı ve WBC Dünya Ağırsiklet eliminasyon maçında rakibi Rus Oleg Maskaev'e yenildi.

Aralık 2010 itibarıyla karaciğer yetmezliğinden dolayı yoğun bakıma alınmış, 14 Ocak 2011'de taburcu olmuştur. Ayrıca Ankara'nın Sincan ilçesi Osmanlı Mahallesinde kendi adına yapılmış bir park vardır.

Ekim 2015 itibarıyla karaciğer yetmezliği teşhisiyle hastanede tedavi gören Dünya Kıtalararası Ağır Siklet Boks Şampiyonu Sinan Şamil Sam, 24 Ekim 2015 itibarıyla böbrek yetmezliğinin de baş göstermesi sonucu yoğun bakıma alınmıştır. Acil organ ihtiyacı doğan Sam, 30 Ekim 2015 gecesi karaciğer yetmezliğinden dolayı ölmüştür.

Amatör Kariyeri

 9 kez Türkiye Şampiyonası
1992 2.ncilik: Edinburgh, Gençler Avrupa Şampiyonası (Orta Sıklet) Rakibi: Vassiliy Jirov kaybetme
1992 Montreal, Gençler Dünya Şampiyonu (Hafif Ağır Sıklet)
1993 2.ncilik: Bursa, Avrupa Şampiyonası 2.lik (Hafif Ağır Sıklet)
1995 3.ncülük: Berlin'deki Dünya Amatör Boks Şampiyonası (Ağır Sıklet) Rakibi: Luan Krasniqi
1998 3.ncülük: Minsk, Beyaz Rusya, Avrupa Amatör Boks Şampiyonası (Süper Ağır Sıklet)
1999 Houston, Dünya Amatör Boks Şampiyonu (Süper Ağır Sıklet)

Profesyonel boks kariyeri
"Boğaz'ın Boğası" lakaplı Sinan Şamil Sam, 15 Nisan 2000 tarihinde profesyonel olmuştur.

 12.10.2002 Avrupa Ağır Sıklet Boks Şampiyonası. Rakip, Przemyslaw Saleta Polonya. (Nakavt) 7 Raund
 08.02.2003 Berlin Avrupa Ağır Sıklet Boks Şampiyonası. Rakip, Danny Williams (Teknik nakavt) 6. Raund

Profesyonel boks kaydı

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|31 Galibiyet (16'sı Nakavt, 15'i Karar), 4 Mağlubiyet, 0 Beraberlik
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Sonuç
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Kayıt
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rakip
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Tür
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rd., Süre
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Tarih
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Konum
|- align=center

|Galip||31–4||align=left| Paolo Vidoz
|||||
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|Galip||30–4||align=left| Ratko Draskovic
|||||
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|Galip||29–4||align=left| Mazur Ali
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||28–4||align=left| Ivica Perkovic
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|- align=center
|Mağlup||27–4||align=left| Oliver McCall
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|Galip||27–3||align=left| Bob Mirovic
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||26–3||align=left| Saul Montana
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||25–3||align=left| George Arias
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Mağlup||24–3||align=left| Oleg Maskaev
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||24–2||align=left| Okello Peter
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||23–2||align=left| Lawrence Clay Bey
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||22–2||align=left| Denis Bakhtov
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||21–2||align=left| Siarhei Dychkou
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||20–2||align=left| Doug Liggion
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||19–2||align=left| Edgars Kalnars
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Mağlup||18–2||align=left| Luan Krasniqi
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Mağlup||18–1||align=left| Juan Carlos Gomez
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||18–0||align=left| Julius Francis
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||17–0||align=left| Danny Williams
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||16–0||align=left| Przemyslaw Saleta
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||15–0||align=left| Roman Bugaj
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|align=left|
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|Galip||14–0||align=left| Thomas Williams
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|Galip||13–0||align=left| Chris Isaac
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||12–0||align=left| Henry Kolle Njume
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|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||11–0||align=left| Ratko Draskovic
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||10–0||align=left| Yuriy Yelistratov
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||9–0||align=left| Stanyslav Tovkachov
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||8–0||align=left| Denis Edwige
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|align=left|
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|Galip||7–0||align=left| Willie Chapman
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|- align=center
|Galip||6–0||align=left| Bradley Rone
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|Galip||5–0||align=left| Vlado Szabo
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|Galip||4–0||align=left| Eduardo Antonio Carranza
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|- align=center
|Galip||3–0||align=left| Daniel Jerling
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|- align=center
|Galip||2–0||align=left| Alex Kosztopulosz
|||||
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Galip||1–0||align=left| Frantisek Sumina
|||||
|align=left|

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Profil

Karaciğer yetmezliğinden ölenler
Türk erkek boksörler
1974 doğumlular
Azeri asıllı Türkler
Türk asıllı Almanlar
Azeri asıllı Almanlar
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
2015 yılında ölenler
Ağır siklet boksörler
Karşıyaka Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk Akdeniz Oyunları boksörleri
Altın Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
Gümüş Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
1993 Akdeniz Oyunları boksörleri
1997 Akdeniz Oyunları boksörleri
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı boksörler

Sinan Şamil Sam