Romanticii a fost o formație înființată în 1972 de Mircea Drăgan după ce a părăsit formația Mondial, al cărui membru fusese din 1968.

Romanticii a fost prima formație rock din România, care cânta la Casa de cultură a studenților "Grigore Preoteasa" și în căminele studențești 303 (actual ANEFS).

Membri
1972:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi (ex-Mondial)
 Teodor Tufiș - chitară, vocal (ex-Modern Group)
 Marcel Năvală - chitară bas, vocal (ex-Modern Group)
 Dorel Vintilă-Zaharia - baterie (ex-Modern Group)
 Nicky Păun - sax, flaut

1973:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Teodor Tufiș - chitară, vocal
 Marcel Năvală - chitară bas, vocal
 Dorel Vintilă-Zaharia - baterie
 Nicky Păun - sax, flaut
 Sile Zamfir - trombon (ex-Modern Group)

1974:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Teodor Tufiș - chitară, vocal
 Marcel Năvală - chitară bas, vocal
 Dorel Vintilă-Zaharia - baterie
 Nicky Păun - sax tenor, flaut
 Petrache Marin - sax alto (ex-Cromatic)
 Sile Zamfir - trombon

1975:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Mihai Muncioiu - chitară, vocal (Roșu și Negru)
 Dan Cosma - chitară bas, vocal(Semnal M)
 Dorel Vintilă-Zaharia - baterie
 Petrache Marin - sax, flaut
 Ilie Dornescu - trompetă (ex-Modern Group)
 Sile Zamfir - trombon

1976:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Sergiu Tavifta - chitară, vocal (ex-Cromatic)
 Petre Răduță - chitară bas, vocal (ex-Cromatic)
 Dorel Vintilă-Zaharia - baterie
 Ilie Dornescu - trompetă
 Marcel Maican - trombon (ex-Cromatic)
 Peter Wertheimer - sax alto (ex-Supergroup Electrecord)
 Valeria Puși - voce, clape (ex-Cromatic)

1979:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Mircea Vlad - chitară, vocal (ex-Cromatic, Roșu și Negru)
 Petre Răduță - chitară bas, vocal (ex-Cromatic)
 Leonard Constantin - baterie (Ediție Specială)
 Ilie Dornescu - trompetă
 Marcel Maican - trombon (ex-Cromatic)
 Peter Wertheimer - sax alto (ex-Supergroup Electrecord)
 Valeria Puși - voce, clape (ex-Cromatic)

1981:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Mihaela Oancea - voce
 Alexandru Horvath - chitară
 Bogdan Cristea - chitară bas
 Victor Boz - sax (ex-Sincron)
 Ilie Dornescu - trompetă
 Marcel Maican - trombon
 Ionuț Mocanu - baterie

1982:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Viorel Ungureanu - chitară
 Bogdan Cristea - chitară bas
 Victor Boz - sax
 Ilie Dornescu - trompetă
 Marcel Maican - trombon
 Gabriel Toma - baterie

1985:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Florentina Radu & Mihai Balea - voce (Tânăra Generație)
 Marius Odagiu - chitară (Tânăra Generație)
 Mihai Ilie - chitară bas (Tânăra Generație)
 Tudor Zaharescu - baterie (Tânăra Generație, Cromatic, Big Band Radio)
 Adalbert Primo - clape (Tânăra Generație)
 Flavius Teodosiu - sax tenor, sax alto (Tânăra Generație)
 Victor Boz - sax, flaut
 Paul Pârciu - trombon (ex-Basorelief; Tânăra Generație)

1986:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Ilie Vorvoreanu - chitară
 Doru Căplescu - trompetă, vocal (ex-Cristal)
 Christian Ghetz - trombon
 Florian Secula - baterie
 Alina Neuhauser - voce

1988:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Marius Voicu & Iulia Nemeș - voce
 Cristian Dumitrescu-Blendea - chitară (Crai Nou, Vodevil)
 Paul Marian - trompetă
 Cornel Oancea - trombon
 Florian Secula - baterie

1989:

 Mircea Drăgan - lider, claviaturi
 Willy Mertan - chitară (ex-Cupidon)
 Paul Marian - trompetă
 Cornel Oancea - trombon
 Florian Secula - baterie

Discografie
Rondelul Cupei De Murano (Electrecord – STM-EDC 10.314), 1973
A1	Rondelul Cupei De Murano
A2	O, Rămîi...
B3	Crăiasa Din Povești

 Clipele (Electrecord – 45-EDC 10.343, Electrecord – STM-EDC 10.343) 1975
A1	Clipele (Proud Mary)
A2	Dacă Pleci Acum (Where We'll Go Again)
B3	Nu Te Mint (All Right Now)
B4	Întrebare (Sunday)

 Soare și Foc(Electrecord - ST-EDE 2785), 1985

A1 - Cheia Fa sau Sol(Mircea Drăgan/Gina Teodorescu)

A2 - Călătorie Cosmică(Mircea Drăgan/Gina Teodorescu)

A3 - Un Cântec Nesfârșit(Mircea Drăgan/Gina Teodorescu)

A4 - Soare și Foc(Mircea Drăgan/Gina Teodorescu)

A5 - Pe cine iubești tu?(Mircea Drăgan/Gina Teodorescu)

B1 - Viața începe printre jucării(Mihai Ilie/Roxana Popescu)

B2 - Drum către sufletul tău(Mihai Ilie/Corina Brăneanu)

B3 - Mâine(Mircea Drăgan/Gina Teodorescu)

B4 - Doar Muzica(Marius Odagiu/George Odagiu)

B5 - Secolul XXI(Mircea Drăgan/Gina Teodorescu)

Note

Formații rock românești

Romanticii (formație)


Carson County may refer to:

Carson County, Texas
Carson County, Utah Territory, now Carson City, Nevada

Carson County


Az Zubayr (en arabe : الزبير) est une ville d'Irak située dans la province d'Al-Basra.

Capitale du , la ville est juste au sud de Bassorah.

Ville en Irak

Az Zubayr


Anthia es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.  Las especies de Anthia pueden rociar un chorro de ácido fórmico hasta 30 centímetros de distancia, y si no es tratado, puede causar ceguera en los gatos y pollos.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Anthia aemiliana Dohrn, 1881
 Anthia aequilatera Klug, 1853
 Anthia alternata Bates, 1978
 Anthia andersoni Chaudoir, 1861
 Anthia artemis Gerstaecker, 1884
 Anthia babaulti Benard, 1921
 Anthia biguttata Bonelli, 1813
 Anthia binotata Perroud, 1846
 Anthia brevivittata Obst, 1901
 Anthia bucolica Kolbe, 1894
 Anthia burchelli Hope, 1832
 Anthia calida Harold, 1878
 Anthia calva Sternberg, 1907
 Anthia capillata Obst, 1901
 Anthia cavernosa Gerstaecker, 1866
 Anthia cephalotes Guerin-Meneville, 1845
 Anthia cinctipennis Lequien, 1832
 Anthia circumscripta Klug, 1853
 Anthia costata Gory, 1836
 Anthia csikii Obst, 1906
 Anthia decemguttata (Linnaeus, 1764)
 Anthia discedens Sternberg, 1907
 Anthia duodecimguttata Bonelli, 1813
 Anthia ferox J. Thomson, 1859
 Anthia fornasinii Bertoloni, 1845
 Anthia galla J. Thomson, 1859
 Anthia hedenborgi Boheman, 1848
 Anthia hexasticta Gerstaecker, 1866
 Anthia homoplata Lequien, 1833
 Anthia ida Kolbe, 1894
 Anthia lefebvrei Guerin-Meneville, 1849
 Anthia limbata Dejean, 1831
 Anthia lunae J. Thomson, 1859
 Anthia machadoi (Basilewsky, 1955)
 Anthia mannerheimi Chaudoir, 1842
 Anthia massilicata Guerin-Meneville, 1845
 Anthia maxillosa (Fabricius, 1793)
 Anthia mima Peringuey, 1896
 Anthia mirabilis Sternberg, 1906
 Anthia namaqua Peringuey, 1896
 Anthia nimrod (Fabricius, 1793)
 Anthia oberthuri Obst, 1906
 Anthia omoplata Lequien, 1832
 Anthia ovampoa Peringuey, 1896
 Anthia orientalis (Hope, 1838)
 Anthia praesignis Bates, 1888
 Anthia prevoili Lucas, 1881
 Anthia principalis Sternberg, 1907
 Anthia promontorii Peringuey, 1899
 Anthia pulcherrima H. W. Bates, 1888
 Anthia sexguttata Fabricius, 1775
 Anthia sexmaculata Fabricius, 1787
 Anthia sulcata (Fabricius, 1793)
 Anthia tatumana White, 1846
 Anthia thoracica (Thunberg, 1784)
 Anthia venator (Fabricius, 1792)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Anthia en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Anthia


Ontario came into being as a province of Canada in 1867 but historians use the term to cover its entire history. This article also covers the  history of the territory Ontario now occupies.

For a complete list of the premiers of Ontario, see List of Ontario premiers.

Prehistory
10,000 BCE Early Palaeolithic peoples lived in the spruce woodlands of Southwestern Ontario with mastodons and mammoths. People living in this time period, referred to by archeologists as Early Palaeoindian, created and used stone tools.
8,500 BCE Late Palaeolithic peoples inhabited the now boreal pine forests of Southwestern Ontario hunting caribou, Arctic fox and rabbit or hare with darts and spear throwers made from materials obtained through trade or travel with others at great distances. People living in this time period are referred to by archeologists as Late Palaeoindian
8,000 - 800 BCE During the Archaic Period, the climate warmed further. People living in the deciduous forests of Southwestern Ontario, hunted a wide variety of woodland animals. Deer and fish were important to their survival. The caribou had moved north. Larger trade networks were established, extending as far as the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic seaboard. Tools now included: nets, weirs, bows, arrows, and implements made of copper. People also fashioned copper into beads and bracelets.
900 BCE to 1610 AD During the Woodland Era, pottery was first created. In the middle years, two distinct cultural groups emerged: Princess Point, and Riviere au Vase.
600-800 AD Ontario Haudenosaunee (Iroquoian) Tradition Princess Point culture began focusing on horticulture—specifically the "Three Sisters" (corn, beans, and squash)—forming a complex matrilineal society. During this same period, the Western Riviere au Vase culture established a patrilineal Anishnaabe (Algonquin)  society, continuing to follow a traditional seasonal migratory lifestyle.

1762 and earlier
Aboriginal people lived on the land for millennia before European settlers came for means of exploration and colonization.
Before Europeans traveled to North America, first nations people, mostly Algonquian and Iroquoian,  shared the land where Ontario is now located.
 1610 – Samuel de Champlain begins dispatching  to live among the Huron and the western Algonquin. The  played a multi-faceted role as interpreters, trade promoters, and explorers, who sought to align indigenous groups with the French.
 1610–1612 – exploration of what is now southern Ontario by Étienne Brûlé, a .
1611 – Henry Hudson visits Hudson Bay and claims the region for Great Britain.
1615 – Samuel de Champlain visits Lake Huron, after which French missionaries establish outposts in the region.
1616 – Date of an early map of New France, entitled La Nouvelle France, which included much of what would become Southern Ontario. The map is attributed to Samuel de Champlain.
1639
Summer – Construction begins on Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, intended as a central headquarters for the French mission in Huronia.
November 1 – The first French mission to the Petun is established.
1640
Native population is estimated by the French to be 80,000 in what is now a large part of southern Ontario (areas to south and west of Lake Simcoe).
The Iroquois raid the southernmost Petun settlement of Ehwae.
The Jesuits conduct a "winter mission" to the Neutrals during the winter of 1640–41.
1642 – In June, the Huron Rock Clan frontier settlement of Contarea is destroyed in a "massive attack" by Iroquois forces.
1646 – In October, the French reactivate their mission to the Petun, with missionaries taking up residence in Ekarenniondi and Etharita.
1647 – The Iroquois raid the Petun settlement of Etharita.
1648 – Iroquois revolt against trespassing French, destroying a Jesuit mission near the site of present-day Midland (see Canadian Martyrs).
–54 – Iroquois drive the Hurons, Petun and Neutral Nation from their territories. Around the same time, another population movement of the Mississaugas from the north shores of Lake Huron and Manitoulin Island to the Kawartha Lakes and Credit River areas.
1649
 March 16 – The Iroquois capture the Huron settlements of St. Ignace and St. Louis.
 March 19 – Inhabitants of the Huron town of Ossossané, along with its surrounding villages, flee the Iroquois advance overnight across an ice-covered Georgian Bay to take refuge among the Petun.
 May 1 – Many Huron refugees living amongst the Petun depart with the Jesuit priest Pierre-Joseph-Marie Chaumonot to Christian Island.
 December 7 – An Iroquois war party destroys the Petun settlement of Etharita (also known as St. Jean). This had become the southernmost Petun settlement after the abandonment of those to the south of it.
1668 – Father Marquette founds Sault Ste. Marie, noteworthy as the oldest surviving permanent European settlement in both Ontario and neighbouring Michigan.
1670 – The Hudson's Bay Company is granted a British royal charter to conduct the Indian Trade in the 3.9 million square kilometer territory named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine known as Rupert Land.  This area includes much of what is now Northern Ontario and represents about 1/3 of the land size of Canada.
1673–establishment of Cataraqui (modern day Kingston, Ontario).

Part of Province of Quebec, 1763 to 1790
1763 – Britain wins the Seven Years' War and takes full control of the future Ontario
1768 – Guy Carleton commissioned "Captain General and Governor in Chief" on 12 April 1768. He remains in command at Quebec till  1778.
1775–1783 American War for Independence
 1778 – Sir Frederick Haldimand takes command as "Captain General and Governor in Chief" 26 June 1778. He occupied Cataraqui (Kingston, Ont.), reinforced Niagara and Detroit, and strengthened other military outposts against the American threat
1779—Haldimand sends Captain Dietrich Brehm to strengthen the line of communication between Montreal and Detroit; over 5,000 Indians forced out of New York come to Ft. Niagara for food and shelter; he increases the goods distributed as gifts through the Indian Department from about £10,000 in 1778 to £63,861 in 1782.
1783 – The Treaty of Paris ends the war; U.S. boundary along the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes
 1784 – Haldimand purchases lands for exiled Loyalists from the Mississaugas for or £1,180
 1784 Haldimand sets up 8 new townships for settlement along the upper St Lawrence from the westernmost seigneury to modern Brockville, Ontario, and five more around Cataraqui.
1784 – About 9,000 United Empire Loyalists are settled in what is now southern Ontario, chiefly in Niagara, around the Bay of Quinte, and along the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Montreal. They are soon followed by many more Americans, some of them not so much ardent loyalists but attracted nonetheless by the availability of cheap, arable land.

At the same time large numbers of Iroquois loyal to Britain arrive from the United States and are settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario.

Kingston and Hamilton became important settlements as a result of the influx of Loyalists.
1786 – Haldimand replaced by Carleton, now Lord Dorchester.
1788 – On July 24, 1788, Governor General Lord Dorchester proclaims the land area to be divided up into "Lower Canada" with a French legal system and "Upper Canada" with a British legal System, whereby the land districts had been named Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau and Hesse in honour of the Royal family and the present large Germanic population.
1788 – The British purchase 250,000 acres (1,000 km2) on which they begin the settlement of York, now Toronto
 Thousands of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) farmers move from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada between the 1780s and the 1830s; they claimed a share of the United Empire Loyalists' foundational myth, drawing on its themes of loyalty and sacrifice.

Upper Canada, 1791 to 1840

1791 – The Constitutional Act of 1791 followed the Dorchester Proclamation of 1788 and thereby creates the first land registry for Quebec Upper Canada and the part of present-day Ontario south of Lake Nipissing plus the current Ontario shoreline of Georgian Bay and Lake Superior, and Lower Canada (the southern part of present-day Quebec). Upper Canada's first capital is Newark (present-day Niagara-on-the-Lake); in 1797 it is moved to York, now Toronto.

The population of Upper Canada grows from 6,000 in 1785 to 14,000 in 1790 to 46,000 in 1806. (Lower Canada's is about 165,000). The population is rural, and based on subsistence agriculture, with few exports; government spending is a major source of revenue.
1790s–1840s – Dueling is common among the elite, government officials, lawyers, and to military officers; they used dueling as a form of extralegal justice to assert their superior claims to honour. However, a new ethic was emerging that opposed dueling and rejected the hyper-masculinity embodied by the code of the duelist. This opposition was part of growing opposition to hierarchic dominance by the elite; opponents valued the bourgeois husband and father and separated male honour from physical violence.
1793 – John Graves Simcoe is appointed as the first governor of Upper Canada. He encourages immigration from the United States, builds roads. Slavery was gradually abolished starting in 1793 by the Act Against Slavery.
1795 – The Jay Treaty is ratified by which Britain agreed to vacate its Great Lakes forts on U.S. territory.  Britain continues to supply the First Nations operating in the United States with arms and ammunition.
1800 – First European settlement on the site of present-day Ottawa
 1801 – First ironworks in Upper Canada, located at Furnace Falls near Lyndhurst
1803 – The North West Company moves its mid-continent headquarters from Grand Portage, Minnesota to Fort William, now part of Thunder Bay to be in Upper Canada.
1803 – Thomas Talbot retires to his land grant in Western Ontario centred around present day St. Thomas and begins settling it. He eventually becomes responsible for settling 65,000 acres (260 km2). His insistence on the provision and maintenance of good roads, and on reserving land along main roads to productive uses rather than to clergy reserves leads to this region becoming the most prosperous in the province.
1804 – First European settlement on the site of present-day Waterloo
1807 – First settlement, Ebytown, on the site of present-day Kitchener
1809 – The first documented appearance of steam navigation on the Great Lakes is at Prescott, when the steamship Dalhousie was launched for service on the Saint Lawrence River.
1812–1814 – The War of 1812 with the United States. Upper Canada is the chief target of the Americans, since it is weakly defended and populated largely by American immigrants. However, division in the United States over the war, the incompetence of American military commanders, and swift and decisive action by the British commander, Sir Isaac Brock, keep Upper Canada part of British North America.
1812–1813 – Detroit is captured by the British on August 6, 1812. The Michigan Territory is held under British control until it was abandoned in 1813.
1813 – The Americans send an army of 10,000 men under General William Henry Harrison to recapture Detroit.  British and Tecumseh's forces win the first battle at Frenchtown, January 22, 1813, killing 400 Americans and taking 500 prisoners, many of whom are then killed.
 1813 May – British and Indian forces fail in their siege of Fort Meigs, at the mouth of Maumee river; in August, they are repulsed at Fort Stephenson
1813 September 10 – At the Battle of Lake Erie, the American Navy, decisively destroys British naval power on Lake Erie.  British and Tecumseh forces, with their logistics destroyed, retreat back toward Niagara
1813 October 5 – At the Battle of the Thames  (also called "Battle of Moraviantown"), General Harrison, with 4500 infantry intercepts the retreating British and Indian forces and win a decisive victory. British power in western Ontario is ended, Tecumseh is killed, and his Indian coalition collapses.  Americans take control of western Ontario for the remainder of the war, and permanently end the threat of Indian raids into Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan.
1814 – Population 95,000.
1815 – War ends and prewar boundaries are reestablished. One of the legacies of the war in Upper Canada is strong feelings of anti-Americanism which persist to this day and form an important component of Canadian nationalism.
1816 – Waterloo adopts its current name to honour the battle of Waterloo.
1817 – By the Rush–Bagot Treaty, Britain and the United States agree to keep large war vessels out of the Great Lakes.
1818 – The Treaty of 1818 reduces boundary and fishing disputes between British North America and the United States.
1820s–1840 – The Family Compact is a closed oligarchy of landowners, royal officials, lawyers, and businessmen who virtually monopolized public office and controlled the economy of the province in the 1820s and 1830s.
1820 – The Talbot Settlement is now completely settled, having resumed following interruption during the war years.
1821 – The North West Company merges with the Hudson's Bay Company
1823 – Peter Robinson settles the Bathurst District near Ottawa with immigrants from Cork County, Ireland.
1824 – The Church of Scotland is granted a share of the revenues from clergy reserves.  Presbyterians by the 1830s were a major force for social conservatism. Ministers sent from Scotland in the 1820s and 1830s were surprised by the ethnic diversity, and horrified at the frontier way of life, which they saw as a devil's compound of illiteracy, drunkenness, ignorance of religion, and lack of schools. They promoted conservatism as a means of implanting  Scottish moral values.
1825 – Peter Robinson settles Scott's Plains (later renamed Peterborough in his honour).
1826 – first settlement of London
1826 – With the creation of the Canada Company, free land is no longer available to immigrants willing to set up homesteads and farms.
1829 – as a result of the Fugitive slave laws in the United States, the first colony of Black pioneers arrives from Ohio to uncleared land north of London, Ontario. The routes they travelled to Upper Canada become known as the Underground Railroad.
1831 – Population 236,000.
1832 – completion of the Rideau Canal from Kingston to Ottawa after six years of construction.
1832 – a serious cholera outbreak spreads quickly from Lower Canada killing thousands.
1833 – Building of the first Welland Canal by William Hamilton Merritt
1837 – Rebellions of 1837 - Upper Canada Rebellion in favour of responsible government; a similar rebellion (the Lower Canada Rebellion) occurred in Quebec. In the world context of  Atlantic revolutions, the Canadian reformers took their inspiration from the republicanism of the American Revolution. They demanded right to participate in the political process through the election of representatives; they sought to make the legislative council elective rather than appointed. The British military crushed both  rebellions, ending any possibility the two Canadas would become republics.
1839 – Lord Durham publishes his report on the causes of the rebellions in 1837.
1840 – The assembly passes a law providing for the sale of the clergy reserves, but it is disallowed by the British government.
1840 – Upper Canada is now heavily in debt as a result of its heavy investments in canals.

The United Province of Canada (Canada West), 1841 to 1867
1841 – Upper and Lower Canada are united by the Act of Union 1840 to form the Province of Canada, as recommended by Durham. Upper Canada becomes known as Canada West and Lower Canada as Canada East.
1841 – Population 455,000.
1841 – Sydenham dies in a riding accident and is replaced by Sir Charles Bagot. The movement for responsible government which had been growing under Sydenham is now so strong that Bagot realizes that to govern effectively he must admit French leaders to his executive council. Once admitted, Canada East Reformer Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine insists that Canada West Reformer Robert Baldwin also be admitted. Bagot admits Baldwin as well, creating a Reform bloc.
1843 – Bagot retires because of illness and is replaced by Sir Charles Metcalfe, who is determined to make no further concessions to the colonists. Metcalfe refuses a demand by Baldwin and Francis Hincks that the assembly approve official appointments. The ministry in the assembly resigns, and in the ensuing election a slim majority supporting Metcalfe is returned.
1846 – The Colonial Secretary, Lord Grey, rules that the British North American lieutenant governors must rule with the consent of the governed. Executive councils are to be selected from the majority in the assembly, and change when the confidence of the assembly changes. Britain is abandoning the mercantilist principles which have guided its imperial policy, and since colonial trade will no longer be restricted, local colonial politics need no longer be restricted.
1846 – Britain begins the repeal of preferential tariffs to the colonies, starting with the Corn Laws. These actions essentially spur on the beginning of later negotiated trade agreements with the United States.
1847 – Canada is overwhelmed with 104,000 immigrants, many suffering from typhus who arrive that year alone escaping the Great Famine of Ireland. 1700 typhus deaths, including doctors, nurses, priests and others who aide the sick. They land at Grosse Île, Canada East and Partridge Island, New Brunswick. Large numbers go on to settle in Canada West. Bytown (Ottawa), Kingston and Toronto receive more than other places, putting a strain on local resources while at the same drastically increasing and changing the composition of the population in the province.
1848 – Lord Elgin, who had replaced Metcalfe in 1847, asks Baldwin and Lafontaine to form a government following their success in elections for the assembly. This is the Province of Canada's first responsible government.
1849 – Elgin signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, which provided compensation for losses suffered during the Lower Canada Rebellion, over the opposition of English conservatives (Tories) in Canada East, who were accustomed to having the governor support them. In reaction, a Tory mob burns down the parliament building in Montreal but Elgin, supported by majorities in both Canada East and Canada West (which had already passed a similar bill), does not back down, and responsible government is established in fact.
1849 – The Canada East Tories then sponsor an Annexation Manifesto calling for the province of Canada to join the United States. They were motivated by the loss of trade threatened by the repeal of the British Corn Laws. However, the rest of the Canadian population opposes the manifesto, including the Tories of Canada West, who favour provincial union. Union with the United States ceases to be an important political issue.
1850 – The Robinson Treaties are negotiated by William Benjamin Robinson with the Ojibwe nation transferring to the Crown the eastern and northern shores of Lake Huron and the northern shore of Lake Superior.
1851 – The population of Canada West is now 952,000 having more than doubled in 10 years, by then numerically superior to that of Canada East. Politicians of Canada West begin to argue for representation by population ('rep by pop').
1854 – An agreement for reciprocal lowering of trade barriers is reached between British North America and the United States. The British North American provinces can now send their natural products (principally grain, timber, and fish) to the United States without tariff, while American fishermen are allowed into British North American fisheries. Lake Michigan and the St. Lawrence River are opened to ships of all signatories.
1854 – A law secularizing the clergy reserves is passed; the Anglican and Presbyterian churches retain their endowments.
1855 – The American canal at Sault Ste. Marie on the St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario) opened in May which opened Lake Superior to American and Canadian navigation, and made access to the Red River colony in Manitoba easier.
1855 – The Great Western Railway links Windsor with Hamilton and Toronto.
1856 – The Grand Trunk Railway opens between Sarnia and Montreal greatly enhancing the flow of goods and people across Southern Ontario and trade links with the American Midwest. Towns along its route swell in importance and population.
1858 – Canada has become increasingly sectional, with Canada West electing Clear Grit Liberals and Canada East electing Conservatives. A coalition government led by John A. Macdonald and Antoine-Aimé Dorion falls in two days. In the assembly Alexander Galt proposes a federal union of the British North American colonies as a solution to the problem.
1858 – The temporary judicial districts of Algoma and Nipissing are created, the first in Northern Ontario.
1859 – The Clear Grit Liberals under George Brown propose specific arrangements for a federal union of the two Canadas.
1861 – Population is 1,396,000.
1864 – A committee proposed by George Brown to inquire into solutions to the parliamentary deadlock between the Canadas recommends a federal union of the British North American colonies, a solution which is welcomed by all sides. A government of Liberals and Conservatives, the Great Coalition, is formed to pursue this goal. Representatives of the coalition attend the Charlottetown Conference called to discuss union of the maritime colonies and persuade the representatives to endorse the Canadian plan for a broader federal union. A conference in Quebec City draws up the Quebec Resolutions, a plan for this union.
1866 – The Westminster Conference endorses the Quebec Resolutions with minor changes.
1866 – After a minor skirmish on the Niagara Peninsulia at Ridgeway, the Fenians withdraw back the United States. This incident only hastens the publics desire for full-fledged nationhood (see Fenian raids).

1867 to 1985
Canada 1867 and after. The Province of Ontario 1867 and after
1867 – The parliament of the United Kingdom passes the British North America Act, by which the provinces of United Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia join to form Canada. United Canada was split into Canada East/Est and Canada West/Ouest, the latter of which eventually changed its name to Ontario.  The capital of Canada West was the city of York, which later changed its name to Toronto.
1870 – There is large public support amongst Protestants for the trying of Louis Riel for treason for executing Thomas Scott during the so-called Red River Rebellion in Manitoba, while many Quebecers support Riel. Although Riel's government was finally recognized by Canada, its actions are destined to be described as a rebellion ever after. Tensions rise between Quebec and English Canada.
1870 – the head of construction for the Dawson Road to Manitoba is named Prince Arthur's Landing by Colonel Garnet Wolseley during the Red River Rebellion.
1870s – The growth of industry in Ontario and Quebec leads to a movement for protective tariffs.
1871 – The first census following Confederation puts Ontario's population at 1,620,851.
1871 – Thunder Bay District, Ontario, is created out of the western portion of Algoma District, Ontario.
1872 – contracts are let by the federal government to survey the route through Northwestern Ontario of the Canadian Pacific Railway, to stimulate settlement of Western Canada, to bring Western agricultural and other products to Ontario and Quebec, and to link British Columbia to the rest of the country. The railway is part of Sir John A. Macdonald's National Policy.
1872–1896 – The provincial government of Oliver Mowat vigorously defends provincial rights and expands the scope of provincial power.
1874 – First issue of The Nation, founded by members of the Canada First movement to help in creating a Canadian nationality. Although the journal only lasted until 1876, other publications continued the effort after it stopped publishing.
1875 – Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway begins in June at Fort William, Ontario.
1879 – The federal government of Sir John A. Macdonald, as part of its national Policy, institutes protective tariffs on manufactures and on farm products; the tariffs help Ontario industry but hurt farmers.
1882 – The Canadian Pacific Railway Thunder Bay to Winnipeg is completed in June by the federal government.
1883 – Important mineral deposits are found near Sudbury; this and similar discoveries, especially near Cobalt, triggered a mining boom in Northern Ontario. The region acquires a large French-speaking population as Quebeckers move there to work in the boom.
1885 – The split between the Orange in Ontario and Roman Catholic Quebec is aggravated further by Protestant public support in Ontario for the hanging of Louis Riel, convicted of treason for his role in the North-West Rebellion that year.
1885–Rainy River District, Ontario is created after Toronto its boundaries case before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
1889 – The Imperial Parliament confirms Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario west to Lake of the Woods and north of the Albany River by incorporation of sections of the District of Keewatin.
1890–1896 – Tension between English and French is further aggravated by the disagreement between Ontario and Quebec over the Manitoba Schools Question. Ontario objects to a federal remedial bill to restore French schools in Manitoba in part because of its support for provincial rights, and in part because of the influence of a Protestant Equal rights movement begun in response to pro-Roman Catholic policies instituted in Quebec.
1893 – A severe economic recession hits dropping the province's industrial output. Many in Ontario seek new opportunities further west following the recently completed transcontinental railroad.
1896 – The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council rules that the federal government may exercise its reserve power only in time of war. This results in an increase in provincial power as areas of provincial responsibility are interpreted more broadly to accommodate new types of government initiative (social welfare, for example).
1896 – Sir Oliver Mowat resigns after 24 years as premier.
1906 – Establishment of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario by the government of Sir James P. Whitney at the urging of Sir Adam Beck.
1912 – Ontario acquires its current territory by incorporation of further sections of the North-West territories
1912 – Regulation 17 bans teaching in French after the first year of school and the teaching of French after the fourth; this infuriates Francophones across Canada and further divides the country.
1914–1918 – First World War
1916 – The city of Berlin, under pressure to demonstrate the loyalty of its many citizens of German origin to the war effort changes its name to Kitchener
1916–1927 – Ontario prohibits the domestic consumption of beer and spirits. Beer and spirits continue to be produced for export. Prohibition ends in 1927, however the ban of public bars selling alcohol is still in place until 1934.
1937 – Premier Mitchell Hepburn uses the Ontario Provincial Police to suppress an CIO strike at General Motors in Oshawa after the federal government refuses to suppress it. Hepburn is unsuccessful in keeping the CIO out of Ontario.
1943 – George Drew and the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario are elected, beginning 42 years of Conservative government.
1951 – In response to a civil rights movement which originated in opposition to racial discrimination in Dresden, Ontario, the government of Leslie Frost passes Canada's first Fair Employment Practices Act, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, colour, nationality, ancestry or place of origin. However, the act is enforced administratively, with prosecution only a last resort.
1951 – The Frost government passes Ontario's first equal pay legislation, the Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act.
1954 – The Frost government introduces Canada's first Fair Accommodation Practices Act. Like the Fair Employment Practices Act it is enforced administratively, with prosecution only a last resort.
1955 – The first conviction under the Fair Accommodation Practices Act, of Kay's Cafe in Dresden, the site of the original complaint of racial discrimination in Dresden, is overturned on appeal.
1956 – First successful prosecution under the Fair Accommodation Practices Act, again of Kay's Cafe in Dresden
1962 – Passage of the Ontario Human Rights Code, which amalgamates and extends previous laws about civil rights.
1966 – The government of John Robarts introduces universal health insurance within the province.
1967 – The Ontario Pavilion is opened at Expo 67 in Montreal, and Ontario gets its unofficial theme song: "A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow".
1967 – GO Transit commuter rail network begins operation in the Toronto region.
1970 – The provincially funded TVOntario goes on the air.
1971 – Ontario Place theme park opens in Toronto created by the Government of Ontario
1976 – The CN Tower in Toronto is completed and opens to the public.
1979 – A train derailment in Mississauga causes the largest evacuation of a city in North American history.

Since 1985
1985 – The Progressive Conservative government of Frank Miller falls, ending 42 years of the "Big Blue Machine". David Peterson's Liberals gain power to be lost in 1989 to the NDP.
1985 – Brewer's Retail strike cripples the hospitality industry throughout the summer
1988 – Toronto hosts the 14th G7 conference
1989 – Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement goes into effect
1990–1992 – A major recession hits Ontario. Many companies began to massively downsize and threaten to leave Canada all together. New advancements in manufacturing such as automation and globalization further destabilize the Province, and lead to a decade of instability
1993 – Due to major budget shortfalls, the government of Bob Rae introduces its so-called social contract (nicknamed Rae Days) which re-opens public-sector collective agreements with the intent of rolling back wages; his New Democratic Party's traditional labour support is greatly weakened.
1994 – The North American Free Trade Agreement comes into effect.
1994 – The Ontario budget deficit reaches $17 billion (CAD)
1995 – The Progressive Conservative Party wins a large majority running on the concept of the Common Sense Revolution
1995 – Native protester Dudley George killed by Ontario Provincial Police officers at Ipperwash.
1997 – The province passes the Bill 103 (the 'Mega City' bill) that calls for the dissolution of Metro Toronto and merging of 6 cities within it to create the new City of Toronto.
1998 – The government of Mike Harris begins privatizing the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario.
1999 – Highway 407 is sold to a private company (built in 1997)
2000 – Seven people die after contamination of Walkerton's water supply.
2001 – The former City of Ottawa merges with the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton to form the new city Ottawa.
2003 – Outbreak of SARS in Toronto; 44 die and tourist revenue drops by half. The World Health Organization advises against all but essential travel to the city.
2003 – Two decisions of the Court of Appeal for Ontario legalize same-sex marriage in Ontario.
2003 – Most of Ontario is plunged into darkness after a major electrical blackout hits  Eastern North America
2003 – The Liberal party returns to power under the leadership of Dalton McGuinty.
2007 – The Liberal party remains in power and keeps control of its majority government.
2010 – Dalton McGuinty's Liberals end Ontario's use of the GST and creates the HST
2010 – Muskoka host the G8 summit, and Toronto Hosts the G20 summit.
2010 – The Ontario debt surpasses $200 billion (CAD)
2011 – The Ontario Liberals lose their majority, yet remain in power with a minority government in the Ontario general election.
2012 – Premier Dalton McGuinty resigns amidst numerous scandals.
2020 – Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency in the province, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario.
2021 – Premier Doug Ford declared a second state of emergency in the province, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario.

Bibliography

General
 The Dictionary of Canadian Biography(1966–2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of those who died before 1931
  Gough, Barry M. Historical Dictionary of Canada (1999) excerpt and text search
 Hallowell, Gerald, ed. The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (2004) 1650 short entries excerpt and text search
 Marsh, James C. ed. The Canadian Encyclopedia 4 vol 1985; also cd-ROM and online editions
Pound, Richard W. Fitzhenry & Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates, Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2004.
 Toye, William, ed.  The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Oxford U. Press, 1983. 843 pp.

Surveys
 Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History: Proceedings of the Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History Symposium, April 14, 15, and 16, 2000. Ontario Historical Society, 2000. 343 pp.
  Baskerville, Peter A.  Sites of Power: A Concise History of Ontario. Oxford U. Press., 2005. 296 pp.  (first edition was Ontario: Image, Identity and Power, 2002). online review
 Chambers, Lori, and Edgar-Andre Montigny, eds. Ontario Since Confederation: A Reader (2000), articles by scholars
 Hall, Roger; Westfall, William; and MacDowell, Laurel Sefton, eds.  Patterns of the Past: Interpreting Ontario's History. Dundurn Pr., 1988. 406 pp.
 McGowan, Mark George and Clarke, Brian P., eds.  Catholics at the "Gathering Place": Historical Essays on the Archdiocese of Toronto, 1841–1991. Canadian Catholic Historical Assoc.; Dundurn, 1993. 352 pp.
 McKillop, A. B.  Matters of Mind: The University in Ontario, 1791–1951. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 716 pp.
 Mays, John Bentley.  Arrivals: Stories from the History of Ontario. Penguin Books Canada, 2002. 418 pp.
 Noel, S. J. R.  Patrons, Clients, Brokers: Ontario Society and Politics, 1791–1896. U. of Toronto Press, 1990.

Ontario to 1869
  Careless, J. M. S. Brown of the Globe (2 vols, Toronto, 1959–63), vol 1: The Voice of Upper Canada 1818-1859; vol 2: The Statesman of Confederation 1860–1880.
 Clarke, John. Land Power and Economics on the Frontier of Upper Canada (2001) 747pp.
 Clarke, John. The Ordinary People of Essex: Environment, Culture, and Economy on the Frontier of Upper Canada (2010)
 Cohen, Marjorie Griffin.  Women's Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1988). 258 pp.
Craig, Gerald M Upper Canada: the formative years 1784–1841 McClelland and Stewart, 1963, the standard history online edition
 Dunham, Eileen Political unrest in Upper Canada 1815–1836 (1963).
 Errington, Jane The Lion, the Eagle, and Upper Canada: A Developing Colonial Ideology (1987).
 Gidney, R. D. and Millar, W. P. J.  Professional Gentlemen: The Professions in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1994).
 Grabb, Edward, James Curtis, Douglas Baer; "Defining Moments and Recurring Myths: Comparing Canadians and Americans after the American Revolution" The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 37, 2000
 Johnson, J. K. and Wilson, Bruce G., eds.  Historical Essays on Upper Canada: New Perspectives. (1975). . 604 pp.
 Keane, David and Read, Colin, ed.  Old Ontario: Essays in Honour of J. M. S. Careless. (1990).
 Kilbourn, William.; The Firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the Rebellion in Upper Canada (1956) online edition
 Knowles, Norman.  Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts. (1997). 244 pp.
 Landon, Fred, and J.E. Middleton. Province of Ontario: A History (1927) 4 vol. with 2 vol of biographies
 Lewis, Frank and Urquhart, M.C. Growth and standard of living in a pioneer economy: Upper Canada 1826–1851 Institute for Economic Research, Queen's University, 1997.
 McCalla, Douglas Planting the province: the economic history of Upper Canada 1784–1870 (1993).
 McGowan, Mark G.  Michael Power: The Struggle to Build the Catholic Church on the Canadian Frontier. (2005). 382 pp.  online review from H-CANADA
 McNairn, Jeffrey L The capacity to judge: public opinion and deliberative democracy in Upper Canada 1791–1854 (2000). online review from H-CANADA
 Oliver, Peter.  "Terror to Evil-Doers": Prisons and Punishments in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1998). 575 pp.  post 1835
 Rea, J. Edgar.  "Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837" Manitoba Historical Society Transactions Series 3, Number 22, 1965–66, historiography   online edition
 Reid, Richard M.  The Upper Ottawa Valley to 1855. (1990). 354 pp.
 Rogers, Edward S. and Smith, Donald B., eds.  Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. (1994). 448 pp.
 Styran, Roberta M. and Taylor, Robert R., ed.  The "Great Swivel Link": Canada's Welland Canal. Champlain Soc., 2001. 494 pp.
 Westfall, William.  Two Worlds: The Protestant Culture of Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1989). 265 pp.
 Wilton, Carol. Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada, 1800–1850.  (2000). 311pp

Ontario since 1869
 Azoulay, Dan.  Keeping the Dream Alive: The Survival of the Ontario CCF/NDP, 1950–1963. (1997). 307 pp.
 Baskerville, Peter A.  Ontario: Image, Identity, and Power. (2002). 256pp
 Cameron, David R. and White, Graham.  Cycling into Saigon: The Conservative Transition in Ontario. (2000). 224 pp. Analysis of the 1995 transition from New Democratic Party (NDP) to Progressive Conservative (PC) rule in Ontario
 Comacchio, Cynthia R.  Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900–1940. (1993). 390 pp.
  Cook, Sharon Anne.  "Through Sunshine and Shadow": The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform in Ontario, 1874–1930. (1995). 281 pp.
 Darroch, Gordon and Soltow, Lee.  Property and Inequality in Victorian Ontario: Structural Patterns and Cultural Communities in the 1871 Census. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 280 pp.
 Devlin, John F.  "A Catalytic State? Agricultural Policy in Ontario, 1791–2001."  PhD dissertation U. of Guelph 2004. 270 pp.   DAI 2005 65(10): 3972-A. DANQ94970  Fulltext: in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
 Evans, A. Margaret.  Sir Oliver Mowat. U. of Toronto Press, 1992. 438 pp.  Premier 1872–1896
 Fleming, Keith R.  Power at Cost: Ontario Hydro and Rural Electrification, 1911–1958. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1992. 326 pp.
 Gidney, R. D.  From Hope to Harris: The Reshaping of Ontario's Schools. U. of Toronto Press, 1999. 362 pp.  deals with debates and changes in education from 1950 to 2000
 Gidney, R. D. and Millar, W. P. J.  Inventing Secondary Education: The Rise of the High School in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1990. 440 pp.
 Halpern, Monda.  And on that Farm He Had a Wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900–1970. (2001). 234 pp.  online review from H-CANADA
 Hines, Henry G.  East of Adelaide: Photographs of Commercial, Industrial and Working-Class Urban Ontario, 1905–1930. London Regional Art and History Museum, 1989.
 Hodgetts, J. E.  From Arm's Length to Hands-On: The Formative Years of Ontario's Public Service, 1867–1940. U. of Toronto Press, 1995. 296 pp.
 Houston, Susan E. and Prentice, Alison.  Schooling and Scholars in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. U. of Toronto Press, 1988. 418 pp.
  Ibbitson, John.  Promised Land: Inside the Mike Harris Revolution. Prentice-Hall, 1997. 294 pp. praise for Conservatives
 Kechnie, Margaret C.  Organizing Rural Women: the Federated Women's Institutes of Ontario, 1897–1910. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2003. 194 pp.
 Landon, Fred, and J.E. Middleton. Province of Ontario: A History (1937) 4 vol. with 2 vol of biographies
  Marks, Lynne.  Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure and Identity in Late Nineteenth-Century Small-Town Ontario. U. of Toronto Press, 1996. 330 pp.
  Montigny, Edgar-Andre, and Lori Chambers, eds. Ontario since Confederation: A Reader (2000).
  Moss, Mark.  Manliness and Militarism: Educating Young Boys in Ontario for War. (2001). 216 pp.
 Neatby, H. Blair and McEown, Don.  Creating Carleton: The Shaping of a University. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2002. 240 pp.
 Ontario Bureau of Statistics and Research. A Conspectus of the Province of Ontario (1947) online edition
 Parr, Joy, ed.  A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945–1980. U. of Toronto Press, 1996. 335 pp.
  Ralph, Diana; Régimbald, André; and St-Amand, Nérée, eds.  Open for Business, Closed for People: Mike Harris's Ontario. Fernwood, 1997. 207 pp.  leftwing attack on Conservative party of 1990s
 Roberts, David.  In the Shadow of Detroit: Gordon M. McGregor, Ford of Canada, and Motoropolis. Wayne State U. Press, 2006. 320 pp.
 Santink, Joy L.  Timothy Eaton and the Rise of His Department Store. U. of Toronto Press, 1990. 319 pp.
 Saywell, John T.  "Just Call Me Mitch": The Life of Mitchell F. Hepburn. U. of Toronto Press, 1991. 637 pp.  Biography of Liberal premier 1934–1942
 Schryer, Frans J.  The Netherlandic Presence in Ontario: Pillars, Class and Dutch Ethnicity. Wilfrid Laurier U. Press, 1998. 458 pp. focus is post WW2
 Schull, Joseph. Ontario since 1867 (1978), narrative history
 Stagni, Pellegrino.  The View from Rome: Archbishop Stagni's 1915 Reports on the Ontario Bilingual Schools Question. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2002. 134 pp.
 Warecki, George M.  Protecting Ontario's Wilderness: A History of Changing Ideas and Preservation Politics, 1927–1973. Lang, 2000. 334 pp.
 White, Graham, ed.  The Government and Politics of Ontario. 5th ed. U. of Toronto Press, 1997. 458 pp.
 White, Randall.  Ontario since 1985. Eastendbooks, 1998. 320 pp.
 Wilson, Barbara M. ed. Ontario and the First World War, 1914–1918: A Collection of Documents (Champlain Society, 1977)

External links
Ontario Visual Heritage Project – Non-profit documentary project about Ontario's history
Ontario – (history of Ontario, German).

References

Citations

Sources

Ontario
Ontario history timelines

Timeline of Ontario history


The Rome and Vienna airport attacks were two major terrorist attacks carried out on 27 December 1985. Seven Arab terrorists attacked two airports in Rome, Italy, and Vienna, Austria, with assault rifles and hand grenades. Nineteen civilians were killed and over a hundred were injured before four of the terrorists were killed by El Al Security personnel and local police, who captured the remaining three.

The attacks

Rome attack
At 08:15 GMT, four Arab gunmen walked to the shared ticket counter for Israel's El Al Airlines and Trans World Airlines at Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport outside Rome, Italy, fired assault rifles and threw grenades. They killed 16 and wounded 99, including American diplomat Wes Wessels, before three of the attackers were killed by El Al security, while the remaining one, Mohammed Sharam, was wounded and captured by the Italian police. The dead included General Donato Miranda Acosta, Mexican military attache, and his secretary, Genoveva Jaime Cisneros.

Vienna attack
Minutes later, at Schwechat Airport (Vienna International Airport) in Vienna, Austria, three terrorists carried out a similar attack. Hand grenades were thrown into crowds of passengers queuing to check in for a flight to Tel Aviv, killing two people instantly and wounding 39 others. A third victim died on 22 January 1986, of hand grenade wounds sustained in the attack. First response came from several Austrian police officers, who opened fire on the terrorists. They were supported by two plainclothes El Al security guards who helped to repel the attackers. Over 200 bullets were fired during the fight. The terrorists seized a Mercedes outside the terminal and fled, with Austrian police and El Al security guards giving chase. They killed one terrorist and captured the other two several miles from the airport after a short car chase and gun battle.

Aftermath
In all, the two strikes killed 19, including a child, and wounded around 140. Some contemporary reports claimed the gunmen originally intended to hijack El Al jets at the airports and blow them up over Tel Aviv; others concluded that the attack on waiting passengers was the original plan and that the Frankfurt airport was meant to be hit as well.

The attacks came after increased security due to recent hijackings and official Interpol warnings that airports might be targeted by terrorists during the holiday season.

Perpetrators
Italian authorities stated that receipts uncovered on the terrorists indicated that they had entered Italy a few weeks earlier and had stayed in hotels near Rome. They all had Moroccan passports. It was also reported that a note in Arabic was found on the body of one of the attackers, addressed to ''Zionists'' and announcing, ''the war has begun.'' The note was reportedly signed, ''the martyrs of Palestine.''

Israeli authorities first blamed the attacks on the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), but its leader, Yasser Arafat, denied the accusations and denounced the strikes. The PLO expressed 'indignation at the criminal act'' and asserted that the attacks were coordinated as part of a ''plot against the Palestinian cause'', intending to force Austria and Italy into severing ties with the Palestinians. PLO officials recalled that Arafat had recently pledged that coordinated armed Palestinian resistance would be confined to Israel and the occupied territories.

Responsibility for the two attacks was later claimed by the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) in retaliation for Operation Wooden Leg, the Israeli bombing of PLO headquarters in Tunis on 1 October 1985. Libya was accused by the US of funding the terrorists who carried out the attacks; although they denied the charges, they did praise the assaults. According to published reports, sources close to Abu Nidal said Libyan intelligence supplied the weapons and the ANO's head of the Intelligence Directorate's Committee for Special Missions, Dr. Ghassan al-Ali, organized the attacks. Libya denied these charges as well, notwithstanding that it claimed they were "heroic operations carried out by the sons of the martyrs of Sabra and Shatila." Italian secret services blamed Syria and Iran.

The surviving terrorist in the Rome airport attack, Syrian national Mahmoud Ibrahim Khaled (Khalid Ibrahim), was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in 1988. He was released early on good behavior in June 2010 and was living in Rome in 2011. He was employed, and had a girlfriend. In an interview with Il Messaggero, he condemned terrorism, expressed remorse for the attacks, and said that he prays for God's forgiveness. In 1987, an Austrian court sentenced the two surviving terrorists in the Vienna airport attack to life imprisonment.

See also
 Pan Am Flight 110
 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting
 Terrorism in the European Union

References

External links
 Terrorist Attack at Vienna Airport in 1985 - ORF Austrian Broadcasting Corporation news
 Terrorists Kill 13 At El Al Offices – published on the Miami News on 27 December 1985
 El Al Attacks; 16 Dead, 100 Hurt – published on Lewiston Journal on 27 December 1985
 Terror raids leave 17 dead at Rome, Vienna airports Attack aimed at Israeli airline – published on the Toronto Star on 27 December 1985
 Terrorists Raid 2 Europe Airports – published on the Pittsburgh Press on 27 December 1985
 BBC: "On This Day"
 New York Times: "ITALY NOW LINKING SYRIANS TO ATTACK AT ROME AIRPORT"

1980s in Lazio
1985 murders in Italy
1985 murders in Austria
Abu Nidal attacks
Attacks in 1985
1985 crimes
December 1985 events
December 1985 events in Europe
El Al accidents and incidents
Fiumicino
Mass murder in 1985
20th-century mass murder in Italy
Murder in Rome
Palestinian terrorist incidents in Italy
Schwechat
Terrorist attacks on airports
Palestinian terrorist incidents in Austria
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1985
1985 crimes in Italy
1985 disasters in Italy
Terrorist incidents in Italy in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in Lazio
Crime in Vienna

1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks


Međunarodna brdska auto utrka Učka, hrvatsko automobilističko natjecanje. Organizira ju AK Opatija Motorsport. 2012. godine Hrvatski auto i karting savez proglasio ju je najboljom odnosno najbolje organiziranom brdskom auto utrkom za Prvenstvo Hrvatske.

Povezani članci
Inter Cars Učka, održava se na dionici ove brdske utrke

Izvori

Hrvatska automobilistička natjecanja
Učka

Međunarodna brdska auto utrka Učka


Dječja pjesma Eurovizije 2020. bilo je osamnaesto po redu natjecanje za najbolju pjesmu Dječjeg Eurosonga organizirano od strane EBU-a i Poljske radiotelevizije održanog u Varšavi 29.studenog 2020 godine. Ovo je drugi puta da je mali Eurosong održan u Poljskoj te je time Poljska jedina država sudionica Dječje Eurovizije koja je natjecanje održala u dvije uzastopne godine.

Na natjecanju je sudjelovalo 12 zemalja te je to uz Eurosong održan 2013 godine najmanji broj zemalja sudionica (mnoge države su odustale zbog pandemije COVID-19 te nemogućnosti putovanja u zemlju domaćina.) Njemačka je odradila svoj prvonastup na ovogodišnjem natjecanju.3

Pobjedu je odnijela francuska predstavnica Valentina s pjesmom J'imagine te je ovo prva pobjeda Francuske na ovom natjecanju. Na drugo i treće mjesto smjestile su se Kazahstan i Španjolska drugu godinu zaredom, a top 5 zaokružuju Nizozemska i Bjelorusija. Nizozemskoj je ovo također druga godina zaredom da završava na četvrtoj poziciji. Debitantska Njemačka završila je natjecanje na posljednjem mjestu.

Lokacija

Natjecanje se održalo 29.studenog 2020 godine u Studiju 5 u središnjoj zgradi Poljske televizije nakon što je godinu ranije Viki Gabor s pjesmom ''Superhero'' pobijedila na natjecanju održanom također u Poljskoj u gradu Gliwice. Razlog održavanja natjecanja u studiju (a ne u nekoj većoj dvorani) je zbog utjecaja COVID-19 pandemije te su sve zemlje svoje nastupe održavale u matičnim zemljama.

Ovo je treći puta da je Varšava domaćin nekog natjecanja u suorganiziaciji Eurovizije i prvi puta u povijesti ovog natjecanja da je jedna država domaćin dvije godine uzastopno.

Odabir grada domaćina
Nakon što je Poljska pobijedila na natjecanju godinu ranije, generalni direktor Poljske televizije Jacek Kurski,  izjavio je da će se zemlja ponovo prijaviti za domaćinstvo natjecanja i 2020 godine. Prvobitno se natrjecanje trebalo održati u Krakovu na prijedlog gradskih dužnosnika te pobjednice Viki Gabor te da se natjecanje održi u Tauron Areni. Nakon što je otkazan Eurosong 2020. ovo natjecanje dovedeno je u pitanje, međutim, 16.svibnja 2020. za vrijeme održavanja emisije Eurovision: Europe Shine A Light potvrđeno je kako će se ovogodišnje natjecanje održati u Varšavi, 29.studenog u Studiju 5 u sjedištu Poljske televizije. Također, taj dan je objavljen i službeni slogan te grafički dizajn.

Format

Nastupi
Po prvi put u povijesti natjecanja većina sudionika izvodila je svoje pjesme na daljinu, snimljene prije natjecanja u televizijskom studiju u njihovoj matičnoj zemlji. EBU je naveo "kako bi se osigurao kontinuitet i poštenje natjecanja, članovi EBU-a u [tadašnjih] 13 zemalja sudionica pristali su koristiti sličan raspored pozornice i tehničku postavu za snimanje izvedbe svojih umjetnik(a)."Jedine države koje su snimile svoj nastup u Varšavi su Malta, Poljska, Srbija i Ukrajina.

Način glasovanja
Način glasanja koji je uveden 2017 godine, korišten je i za ovo natjecanje, gdje su glasovi određeni na način da 50% od ukupnog broja bodova dolazi od on-line votinga a 50% od stručnog žirija. On-line način glasova sastoji se od dvije faze. Prva faza online glasovanja trajala je od 27. studenog do jedne minute prije početka emisije 29. studenog. Druga faza online glasovanja odvijala se tijekom emisije uživo i započela je nakon posljednjeg nastupa i bila je otvorena 15 minuta. Međunarodni gledatelji mogli su glasati za tri zemlje. Gledatelji su također mogli glasati za pjesmu svoje zemlje.

Drugu polovicu bodova odredio je nacionalni žiri iz svake zemlje sudionice. Zbog ograničenja vezanih uz pandemiju, po prvi put od natjecanja 2012., glasnogovornici su podijelili bodove iz svake od zemalja sudionica, a ne s mjesta održavanja.

Izvori

 2020
Manifestacije u Poljskoj

Dječja pjesma Eurovizije 2020.


Nededza este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Žilina din regiunea Žilina, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.029 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Nededza este atestată documentar din 1384.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Nededza


ඇෂ්ලි වික්ටෝරියා බෙන්සන් (උපත 1989 දෙසැම්බර් 18)ඇමෙරිකානු නිළියක, නිරූපිකාවක වේ, known for her role as Hanna Marin on the mystery-thriller television series Pretty Little Liars.

1989 උපත්
නිළියන්

ඇෂ්ලි බෙන්සන්


هوبير بلانز (hubert blanz ) ولد في 1969 في (Hindelang) ألمانيا ويعيش ويعمل في فيينا, هو معماري ألماني ,  اشتهر برسوماته الخيالية.

 1993-99 جامعة الفنون التطبيقية فيينا

المنح / جوائز

 (2008) دار الفنون البصرية (Residency for visual Arts) في بودابست ، مدينة فيينا
 (2005) دار التصوير (Residency for photography) في نيويورك ، المستشارية الاتحادية النمسا (Federal Chancellery Austria)
 (2001)  منحة الدولة للتصوير (State Scholarship for Photography) ، المستشارية الاتحادية النمسا
 (2000) الجائزة الأولى في المسابقة الفنية 18th Römerquelle
 (1999) حاز على جائزة مدينة فيينا Awarded the City of Vienna Prize((M.A.

أهم المعارض والمشاريع
 2009
 آفاق جديدة ، وتصميم مصنع براتيسلافا EVOLUZZER داروين
 (STEP_BY_STOP_GO) ، فيينا Künstlerhaus Wien
 (Tendenzen : Raumkunst.Baukunst.Filmkunst.com ، Gondel Filmkunsttheater)  ، وفيردر بريمن
 مركز الفن الحديث ، ومتحف مدينة سانت Pölten
 أضواء ، متحف دير الحديثة سالزبورغ
  2008 ZEITRAUMZEIT ، Künstlerhaus Wien ، فيينا
 معهد ماساشوستس للتكنولوجيا WIEN الثاني / DIALOGOS الاشتراكات فيينا الثاني ،
 مركز Extensión لوس انجليس FACTORIA ، سانتياغو دي شيلي
 جيلنا القادم ، ArchFilm الحفلة النهارية  Filmcasino ، فيينا

2007

 EDITIONEN ، الزخم—Photographie / Editionen ، فيينا
 مركز الدراسات للتنمية أوربانو Contemporaneo—دو ، فالبارايسو ، شيلي
 مكان للامم المتحدة ، ومهرجان للفنون الرقمية والثقافات ، ومستودع لماك للفن المعاصر Gefechtsturm Arenbergpark ، فيينا
 بين الشمال والجنوب والغرب الأوسط ، «سوء Stanica» المتحف الوطني من مقدونيا ، وسكوبي
 رحلة جديدة ، مهرجان للفن المعاصر الجوانب ، Kunstraum إنسبروك
 21 وظيفة ، المنتدى الثقافي النمساوي في نيويورك
  ،räumliche Visionen ، Fotogalerie Wien فيينا

2006

مصادر
 سيرة ذاتية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
معماريون ألمان
مواليد 1969

هوبير بلانز


Pelomonas est un genre de bactéries à coloration Gram négative de la famille des Comamonadaceae (ordre des Burkholderiales, classe des Betaproteobacteria).

Systématique
Le genre Pelomonas a été créé en 2005 par les bactériologistes et microbiologistes japonais  et .

L'espèce type, Pelomonas saccharophila, a été initialement décrite en 1940 par le microbiologiste américain  (1911-1975) sous le basionyme Pseudomonas saccharophila puis reclassée en 2005 dans le genre Pelomonas par Xie et Yokota.

Étymologie
Le nom générique, Pelomonas, signifie « bactérie de la vase » (du grec pelos, « la vase », et du grec monas, « l'unité, bactérie »).

Morphologie
Ce sont des bacilles de  de long et  de diamètre. Les cellules sont motiles à l'aide d'un seul flagelle polaire.

Culture
Les colonies sont grises, rondes et opaques, croissant dans un plage de température de 15 à  avec un optimum entre 30 et . La croissance est inhibée à une concentration supérieure à 2,5%.

Elles peuvent pousser sur milieu de culture sélectif composé de ,  ; ,  ; ,  ; ,7,  ; citrate d'ammonium ferrique,  ; ,  ; saccharose,  ; eau distillée, .

Métabolisme
Les cellules accumulent des granules de PHB.

Des activités catalase et oxydase sont détectées.

Positif pour les réactions de liquéfaction de la gélatine et d'hydrolyse de l'amidon, négatif pour la réaction de dénitrification, et les activités arginine dihydrolase et lipase.

Les bactéries du genre Pelomonas possèdent le gène nifH codant une nitrogénase et sont donc capables de fixer l'azote.

Elles peuvent croître de manière autotrophe en présence d'hydrogène mais ne sont pas photoautotrophes.

Le contenu de l'ADN en G+C est de 69,1 mol%.

Les acides gras les plus abondants sont le 16 : 1ω7c, 16 : 0 (acide palmitique) et 18 : 1ω7c.

Les acides gras hydroxylés majoritaires sont le 10 : 0 3-OH et le 12 : 0 2-OH.

L'ubiquinone-8 est le composé majeur du système ubiquinone.

Habitat
Les espèces du genre Pelomonas vivent dans les sédiments.

Liste des espèces
Selon la LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature le genre Pelomonas est représenté par trois espèces :
 Pelomonas aquatica Gomila , 2007
 Pelomonas puraquae Gomila , 2007
 Pelomonas saccharophila (Doudoroff, 1940) Xie & Yokota, 2005

Publication originale

 et son correctif

Notes et références

Liens externes

Comamonadaceae
Genre de bactéries (nom scientifique)

Pelomonas


Ožegovići Barlabaševački, hrvatska plemićka obitelj, koja je dobila pridjevak prema Barlabaševcu, svom starom posjedu u nekadašnjoj Križevačkoj županiji. Prvi poznati pripadnik roda bio je Andrija Ožeg iz Barlabaševaca, kojeg izvori spominju 1496. i 1526. godine. Godine 1578. Nikola Ožeg istaknuo se kao jedan od zapovjednika utvrde Gvozdansko.

Godine 1646. kralj Ferdinand III. potvrdio je Ivanu Martinovu Ožegu prava kalničkog plemstva. Članovi obitelji istaknuli su se osobito u 19. stoljeću. Mirko Ožegović (1775. – 1869.) je bio senjsko-modruški biskup i poslanik Hrvatskog sabora, koji se zauzimao za obranu hrvatskog državnog prava i pobijao teze o pripadnosti Kraljevine Hrvatske i Slavonije Ugarskoj. U politčkom životu istaknuo se i Stjepan Ožegović (1770. – 1837.) obnašao je dužnosti vijećnika Kraljevskoga sudbenoga stola u Zagrebu, protonotara Kraljevine i poslanika Hrvatskoga sabora na zajedničkom saboru u Požunu (1825–1827. i 1830.). Stjepanov brat, Metel Ožegović (1814. – 1890.), bio je političar, preporoditelj i nasljednik barunskog naslova. Ljudevit Ožegović, sin Metela Ožegovića bio je slično kao i otac: političar, poslanik Hrvatskoga sabora i nasljednik barunskog naslova te slikar i veleposjednik. Njegova druga supruga Ivka Ožegović istakla se humanitarnim i kulturnim radom te je osnovala prvi Dječji dom u Zagrebu. Njihova kćer Lucija Ožegović bila je operna pjevačica. Njen sin poginuo je u Drugom svjetskom ratu.

Od članova obitelji u 20. stoljeću, istaknuo se naftni geolog Franjo Ožegović (1903. – 1978.).

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Ožegović - Hrvatska enciklopedija

Hrvatske plemićke obitelji
Ožegovići

Ožegovići


كأس إنترتوتو 2001  هو الإصدار السابع من كأس إنترتوتو. وربحت النهائيات فرق أستون فيلا، باريس سان جيرمان، تروا وتقدمت جميعها إلى كأس اليويفا.

الدور الأول

|}

الدور الثاني

|}

الدور الثالث

|}

نصف النهائي

|}

النهائي

|}

قائمة الهدافين

مراجع

كأس إنترتوتو
كرة القدم الأوروبية في 2001–02
منافسات كرة قدم دولية للأندية في أوروبا

كأس إنترتوتو 2001


Julia Fiedorczuk (* 23. Februar 1975 in Warschau) ist eine polnische Schriftstellerin und Übersetzerin.

Leben
Fiedorczuk studierte Literaturwissenschaft und arbeitet als Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin für amerikanische Literatur und Literaturtheorie an der Universität Warschau. Sie hat über die US-amerikanische Poetin Laura Riding (1901–1991)  publiziert und auch über die Lyriker Wallace Stevens, John Ashbery und Yusef Komunyakaa gearbeitet.

Ihre Gedichte wurden ins Englische, Portugiesische und Slowenische übersetzt. Im Jahr 2002 wurde sie mit dem polnischen Verlegerpreis für das beste Debüt ausgezeichnet. In Deutschland erhielt sie 2005 den Hubert Burda Preis für junge osteuropäische Lyrik.

Schriften
Bücher
 Biała Ofelia. Roman, Biuro Literackie, Wrocław 2011
 Poranek Marii i inne opowiadania. Kurzgeschichten, Biuro Literackie, Wrocław 2010
 Planeta rzeczy zagubionych, Biuro Literackie, Wrocław 2006
 Tlen. Lyrik, Biuro Literackie, Wrocław 2006
 Bio. Lyrik, Biuro Literackie, Wrocław 2004
 Listopad nad Narwią. Lyrik, Biuro Literackie, Legnica 2000
 Psalmy (2014–2017), Fundacja na rzecz Kultury i Edukacji im. Tymoteusza Karpowicza, Wrocław 2017

Aufsätze
 "Death as death". Laura Riding and the limits of poetry, In: Polish journal for American studies, vol. 3, 2009.
 "Natural truth". Laura Riding, L-A-N-G-U-A-G-E and the romantic connection, In: Poetics of America, 2004.

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 2018: Wisława-Szymborska-Preis für Psalmy

Weblinks
 Julia Fiedorczuk bei Hermann Lenz Preis
 Foto von Julia Fiedorczuk bei Lengyel Írónők Tára Wiki (hu)

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Lyrik
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Polnisch)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Pole
Geboren 1975
Frau

Julia Fiedorczuk


Ismail Moutaraji (en ), né le , est un footballeur marocain évoluant au poste de milieu offensif au Chabab Mohammedia.

Biographie

En club
Ismail Moutaraji est formé au Wydad AC, il part en prêt au Chabab Mohammédia le 17 juillet 2019 pour ensuite être vendu à ce même club  le 3 novembre 2020 .

Il disputé 59 matchs en 2 saisons au Chabab Mohammédia pour 11 buts et 16 passes décisives. Il termine la saison 2021-2022 de Botola Pro en tant que meilleur passeur avec 10 passes décisives.

Le 14 juillet 2022, le Wydad décide de le faire revenir au club. Le 10 septembre 2022, il entre en jeu à la 78ème minute en remplaçant Jalal Daoudi sous son nouvel entraîneur Houcine Ammouta à l'occasion de la finale de la Supercoupe de la CAF face à la RS Berkane. Le match se solde sur une défaite de 0-2 au Stade Mohammed-V.

En sélection
Il retourne en équipe du Maroc olympique en juillet 2022, lorsqu'il est convoqué par Hicham Dmii pour figurer sur sa liste de la sélection qui prend part aux Jeux de la solidarité islamique qui a lieu à Konya en Turquie. La liste comprend uniquement les joueurs locaux âgés moins de 23 ans. Se retrouvant dans un groupe B composé de l'Iran, de l'Arabie saoudite et l'Azerbaïdjan, le premier match est remporté sur tapis verte suite au retrait de l'Iran de la compétition. Lors du deuxième match, les Marocains sont défaits par les Saoudiens sur un score de 2-0. Il est alors éliminé au premier tour après un match nul de 2-2 enregistré face à l'Azerbaïdjan. Lors de ce dernier match, les buts sont inscrits par Reda Slim et Hamza Regragui.

Statistiques

Palmarès

Club

Chabab Mohammédia
Botola Pro2
Vainqueur en 2020

Distinctions individuelles
 Meilleur passeur de Botola Pro en 2022 (10 passes décisives)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance au Maroc
Naissance en février 2000
Footballeur marocain
Joueur du Chabab Mohammédia

Ismail Moutaraji


Santa Lucía La Reforma («Santa Lucía» en honor a Santa Lucía de Siracusa; «La Reforma» en honor a la Reforma Liberal de 1871) es un municipio del departamento de Totonicapán de la región sur-occidente de la República de Guatemala. Celebra dos fiestas religiosas, la fiesta titular se celebra el 13 de diciembre en honor a su patrona Santa Lucía mártir y la fiesta religiosa se celebra el 21 de enero en honor a su patrón el Cristo Negro de Esquipulas.

Era una aldea del municipio de Santa María Chiquimula hasta que fue elevado a la categoría de municipio por el gobierno del licenciado Manuel Estrada Cabrera el 12 de octubre de 1904.

División política

El municipio de Santa Lucía La Reforma tiene siete aldeas y doce caseríos:

<div align=center>

Santa Lucía La Reforma


Les  forment une famille d'hétéroptères (punaises), de l'infra-ordre des Enicocephalomorpha.

Il s'agit d'une famille encore mal connue, subdivisées en , dont 3 sont géographiquement restreintes à la Nouvelle-Zélande, à l'Australie et à Singapour. La quatrième, les Aenictopecheinae, sont répandus dans les zones boréale, néotropicale et à Madagascar.

Les espèces connues sont au nombre d'une vingtaine, réunies en , mais d'autres espèces attendent d'être décrites.

Caractéristiques
Ils sont de petite taille (3 à ). Comme les autres Enicocephalomorpha, ils ont la tête formant deux lobes, en avant et en arrière des yeux, marqués par un étranglement. Leurs hémélytres, lorsqu'elles sont présentes, sont entièrement membraneuses. Chez les mâles, le phallus saille en dehors du pygophore. Les paramères sont mobiles, articulés avec le pénis. Chez les femelles, l'ovipositeur est généralement présent, rarement réduit.

Classification
Les Aenictopecheidae sont divisés en  :

 Aenictopecheinae (, )
 Maoristolinae (, Maoristolus,  endémiques Nouvelle-Zélande)
 Murphyanellinae ( : Murphyanella, Timahocoris, , Singapour)
 Nymphocorinae (, Nymphocoris, , dont une endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande)

Les genres décrits sont les suivants : Aenictocoris, Aenictopechys, Australostolus, Boreostolus, Gamostolus, Lomagostus, Maoristolus, Murphyanella, Nymphocoris, Timahocoris, Tornocrusus.

Notes et références

Famille d'Hétéroptères (nom scientifique)
Taxon décrit en 1932

Aenictopecheidae


An Saurolophorkis cordanthemon in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Marg. ngan Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Saurolophorkis cordanthemon in nahilalakip ha genus nga Saurolophorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Saurolophorkis

Saurolophorkis cordanthemon


Franciscus Cornelis Donders (Tilburg, 27 de maio de 1818 - Utrecht, 24 de março de 1889) foi um fisiologista e oftalmologista holandês.

Trabalho
Ele é considerado, com Albrecht von Graefe e Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, um dos fundadores da oftalmologia moderna.

Entre outras coisas, Donders teve o grande mérito de poder expressar com clareza e precisão inigualáveis as leis que regem a refração e a acomodação do olho e aplicá-las às necessidades da prática clínica. Foi somente após a publicação de seus trabalhos que as ideias sobre miopia, hipermetropia, astigmatismo e presbiopia e como corrigir essas anomalias de acordo com um critério racional ficaram claras. Em 1858 Donders publicou um trabalho sobre a prescrição e uso de óculos, em 1860 o ensaio Ametropia e seus resultados, em 1862 uma monografia sobre astigmatismo e lentes cilíndricas, e finalmente em 1864, seu clássico On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye, encomendado e publicado pela New Sydenhan Society of London. Antes de Donders, médicos, incluindo oftalmologistas, atribuíam erros de refração de pouca significância e geralmente apenas correções esféricas fornecidas por vendedores de óculos e, na maioria das vezes, escolhidas pelo próprio paciente foram prescritas. Erros de refração foram ignorados em muitos tratados oftalmológicos. Além disso, durante a primeira metade do século XIX, muitos oftalmologistas desencorajaram o uso de óculos, acreditando que eram prejudiciais e que poderiam agravar defeitos visuais.

Em 1856 von Helmholtz publicou a primeira edição de seu tratado de Ottica Fisiologica. Donders desenvolveu os aspectos clínicos do argumento e removeu a refração e a prescrição de óculos das condições preconceituosas em que se encontravam, colocando-os em um contexto científico. Sem dúvida, ele merece o crédito por ter fundado a ciência e a arte da "medição da visão". Chamando a si mesmo de "não-matemático", Donders escreveu em uma linguagem extremamente clara e simples, de modo que seu livro rapidamente se tornou popular. On the Anomalies of Accomodation and Refraction of the Eye foi publicado inicialmente em inglês e posteriormente traduzido para o francês, alemão e italiano. É curioso notar que uma edição em holandês, língua nativa de Donders, foi publicada, só mais tarde, em 1869, o próprio Donders produziu um resumo de sua obra para os leitores de seu país. Além de sua importância histórica, a obra de Donders ainda hoje é, em muitos aspectos, de extraordinária relevância.

Naturais de Tilburgo
Nascidos em 1818
Mortos em 1889
Oftalmologistas dos Países Baixos

Franciscus Donders


أنتونوف إيه إن - 218 (بالأوكرانية:"Антонов Ан-218") هي طائرة نقل ركاب ذات بدن واسع من تصميم شركة أنتونوف. ذات محركان اثنان، وقادرة على نقل 400 راكب كحد أقصى.ألغى مشروع تصنيعها ولم يصنع منها أي قطعة.

المواصفات

الصفات العامة
 الطاقم: 2.
 القدرة الاستيعابية: 300/350/400 راكب.
 الطول: 59.79 متر.
 المسافة بين الجناحين: 50.0 متر.
 الارتفاع: 15.7 متر.
 مساحة الأجنحة: 270 متر².
 الوزن فارغة: 90,000-91,000 كجم.
 أقصى وزن محملة: 170,000 كجم.
 المحرك: محركان من نوع (Progress D18T1) يعطي قوة دفع 255 كيلو نيوتن.

الأداء
 السرعة القصوى: 870 كيلومتر/ساعة.
 المدى: 11,500 كيلومتر.

المصادر

 حقائق الطائرات (مترجمه للإنجليزية) (الصفحة الأصلية).

انظر أيضا
 أنتونوف.
 خطوط طيران أنتونوف.

طائرات مناظرة
 إيرباص إيه 380.

طائرات أنتونوف
طائرات خطوط جوية أوكرانية 1990–1999
طائرات نفاثة ثنائية المحركات

أنتونوف أن-218


An Carex composita in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Francis M.B. Boott. An Carex composita in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex composita


Franz Ferdinand are  a Scottish rock band formed in Glasgow in 2002. The band's original line-up was composed of Alex Kapranos (lead vocals, lead guitar, keyboards), Nick McCarthy (rhythm guitar, keyboards, vocals), Bob Hardy (bass guitar, percussion) and Paul Thomson (drums, percussion, backing vocals). Julian Corrie (keyboards, lead guitar, backing vocals) and Dino Bardot (rhythm guitar, backing vocals) joined the band in 2017 after McCarthy left during the previous year, and Audrey Tait (drums, percussion) joined the band after Thomson left in 2021. The band is one of the more popular post-punk revival bands, garnering multiple UK top 20 hits. They have been nominated for several Grammy Awards and have received two Brit Awards—winning one for Best British Group—as well as one NME Award.

The band's first two singles, "Darts of Pleasure" and "Take Me Out", peaked within the top 50 on the UK Singles Chart. "Take Me Out" charted in several countries and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal; it became the band's signature song. Their self-titled debut studio album won the 2004 Mercury Prize and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Alternative Album.

In 2005, the band released their second studio album, You Could Have It So Much Better, produced by Rich Costey. It peaked within the top-ten in multiple countries and earned Grammy-nominations for Best Alternative Album and for one of the singles, "Do You Want To". The band's third studio album, Tonight: Franz Ferdinand, was released in January 2009; by then the band had shifted from a post-punk-focused sound to a more dance-oriented sound. A remix album of Tonight, titled Blood, was released in July 2009.

Four years after the release of Tonight, the band released their fourth studio album, Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action, in August 2013. In 2015, Franz Ferdinand and American rock band Sparks formed the supergroup FFS and released a one-off self-titled album in June 2015. Following the departure of McCarthy, the band released their fifth studio album, Always Ascending, in February 2018.

History

Formation (2001–2003)

The band's members played in various bands during the 1990s, including The Karelia, Yummy Fur, 10p Invaders, and Embryo. Alex Kapranos and Paul Thomson met at a party and began a close friendship and played together in Yummy Fur, and subsequently teamed up to write songs. Around the same time, Kapranos taught his friend Bob Hardy how to play bass after being given a bass guitar by Mick Cooke of Belle & Sebastian. Kapranos met rhythm guitarist Nick McCarthy, who had returned to Scotland after studying jazz bass in Germany, in 2001.

Once the members came together, they settled on the name Franz Ferdinand for their band. The name was originally inspired by a racehorse called Archduke Ferdinand. After seeing the horse win the Northumberland Plate in 2001, the band began to discuss Archduke Franz Ferdinand and thought it would be a good band name because of the alliteration of the name and the implications of the Archduke's death; his assassination was a significant factor in the lead-up to World War I. In an interview, Hardy recollected that "mainly we just liked the way it sounded. We liked the alliteration." Kapranos continued, saying "he was an incredible figure as well. His life, or at least the ending of it, was the catalyst for the complete transformation of the world and that is what we want our music to be. But I don't want to over-intellectualise the name thing. Basically a name should just sound good ... like music." Thomson concluded, saying "I like the idea that, if we become popular, maybe the words Franz Ferdinand will make people think of the band instead of the historical figure."

Franz Ferdinand and international breakthrough (2003–2005)

In May 2003 the band signed to Laurence Bell's independent record label, Domino Recording Company. The band moved to Gula Studios in Malmö, Sweden, with Cardigans producer Tore Johansson to record their debut album. In the latter part of 2003, the band released their debut single, "Darts of Pleasure". In January 2004, the single "Take Me Out" reached No. 3 in the UK charts. The album, Franz Ferdinand, was released in early 2004, debuting at No. 3 in the UK Albums Chart in February 2004, and at No. 12 in the Australian album charts in April 2004. The album only reached the lowest levels of the Billboard 200 album charts in the US as of early 2004, but reached the top 5 of the indie rock chart and the Heatseeker chart for debut artists. After a couple of North American tours and heavy rotation of the "Take Me Out" video on MTV, the album eventually reached No. 32 on the Billboard 200 later in 2004, and sold over a million copies in the United States. Franz Ferdinand received a generally strong positive response from critics. NME rated it 9 out of 10, and said that the band was the latest in the line of art school rock bands featuring the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Roxy Music, the Sex Pistols, Wire, Travis and Blur.

On 7 September 2004, the album was awarded the 2004 Mercury Music Prize. "Take Me Out" gained first place in the Australian Triple J Hottest 100 for 2004, winning more than twice the votes of the second-place entry, with This Fire and The Dark of the Matinee entering at No. 24 and No. 50 respectively. Franz Ferdinand won an Ivor Novello Award in 2004 and two Brit Awards in 2005. The avant-garde music video for "Take Me Out" earned them a Breakthrough Video MTV Award. NME named Franz Ferdinand the best album of 2004, and placed it 38th on their 100 Best Albums of All Time list. The band performed "Take Me Out" as a live medley with Los Lonely Boys, Maroon 5, The Black Eyed Peas and Gwen Stefani at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards in 2005, in which "Take Me Out" was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Franz Ferdinand was nominated for Best Alternative Album. "Take Me Out" was featured on the video games NHL 2005, Madden NFL 2005 and the breakthrough game Guitar Hero. The album has sold around 3.6 million copies worldwide.

You Could Have It So Much Better (2005–2007)

The band spent much of 2005 in the studio in Glasgow working on their follow-up album, You Could Have It So Much Better, which was released on 3 October 2005. The band initially intended to leave the album self-titled like their debut, but they changed it to You Could Have It So Much Better...With Franz Ferdinand before settling on the final title. The album's cover design was modelled on Alexander Rodchenko's 1924 portrait of Lilya Brik. The band attempted to broaden its musical range on the album; Hardy said, "There's more to life than disco-beat guitar music". It was generally well received in the press and seen as an album equal to, or better than, their first by most critics. It entered the UK Album Charts at Number 1 and the US charts at Number 8. The album eventually sold 2 million copies worldwide.

To support the album, four singles were released. Included in that set is a double A-side single that contained a video-clip-only single as well (both the AA-side "L. Wells" and the video-clip "Jeremy Fraser" are not featured on the album, recorded in early 2006 during the band's tour of Australia in support of the album). Also included is another video-clip-only single called "Wine, In the Afternoon" which is the B-side to "Eleanor Put Your Boots On", and was also not featured on the album, but recorded on tour in Michigan. "Do You Want To" made it to number 4 and was declared by Q to be the greatest single of 2005, while "Walk Away" and "The Fallen" entered the top 15 of the UK Singles Chart. The fourth and final single from the second album, "Eleanor Put Your Boots On", peaked at number 30. You Could Have It So Much Better went on to earn a nomination for Best Alternative Album at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards in 2006, as did "Do You Want To" for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

Tonight: Franz Ferdinand (2007–2011)

On 26 January 2009, the band released their third studio album, Tonight: Franz Ferdinand, which they had been recording in Glasgow since mid-2007. The band recorded the album in a disused building in Glasgow that had been a town hall in the past. Alex Kapranos has stated that "The last record was...like a teenager having sex. This one's a bit more assured and a bit friendlier for the dance floor."
Tonight was mixed by Canadian Mix Engineer Mike Fraser. The song "Ulysses" was chosen to be the first single and was released on 19 January 2009. It was first played by Zane Lowe on 17 November 2008. Shortly afterwards it hit YouTube. It did not see that much success in the UK Top 40, reaching only No. 20, but it fared better in Spain and Japan where it reached No. 2 and No. 3, respectively. It also entered the Top 20 of the US Modern Rock Chart. The album, Tonight was released 26 January 2009 and debuted at No. 2 in the UK Album Chart and No. 9 in the US Billboard 200. The second single, "No You Girls" saw success both in the charts and on the radio prior to release, eventually reaching No. 7 on the US Modern Rock Chart and was performed by Franz Ferdinand on Comic Relief 2009 Top of The Pops special. "Can't Stop Feeling" was released on 6 July as the third single from the album and on 28 August, "What She Came For" was released as the 4th single in the form of a remix single. The band performed "What She Came For" on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on Wednesday, 26 August 2009.

The band appeared on Radio 1's live lounge performing their second single "No You Girls", and did a cover of Britney Spears' comeback single "Womanizer". In February 2009, Glastonbury Festival announced Franz Ferdinand as the first major band playing at that year's festival. The band also unveiled a 19-date tour of the US during the spring, in support of the new album. The tour included a set at the Coachella Festival. The band were also one of the main stage acts performing at Radio 1's Big Weekend in Swindon in May. On 6 May 2009, it was announced that Franz Ferdinand would be the third opening act for the Green Day's 21st Century Breakdown World Tour. They played 8–26 August 2009, and they followed Kaiser Chiefs and The Bravery.

On 1 June 2009, the band released Blood, a compilation album that includes dub music versions of songs from Tonight: Franz Ferdinand. The release was timed to coincide with Record Store Day. iTunes Festival: London 2009, iTunes Store exclusive, was released in June as well.

Also made for the Record Store Day, on 16 April 2011 Domino released the compilation Covers E.P., which featured songs of Tonight: Franz Ferdinand played by Peaches, LCD Soundsystem, Stephin Merritt, ESG and Debbie Harry (who recorded in duet with the band). The first edition was only vinyl, and on 2 May 2011 it was released on CD.

Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action and FFS with Sparks (2012–2015)

Writing for a fourth studio album began in 2010. Kapranos stated that the band promised themselves they would also focus on not over-publicising their progress as he felt that's something he regretted about their previous album. In May 2012, the band returned to touring, playing several festivals during the summer of 2012 including a headlining slot at Field Day festival in London's Victoria Park. Other appearances included Barcelona's Primavera Sound Festival, Montreal's 2012 Osheaga Music Festival, Chicago's 2012 Lollapalooza Music Festival, Belgium's Dour Festival, Portugal's Marés Vivas Festival and San Francisco's 2012 Outside Lands Music Festival.

During their 2012 tour, the band gradually introduced new songs to their repertoire, along with a reworked version of Tonight cut "Can't Stop Feeling" combined with I Feel Love by Donna Summer. In March 2013, Franz Ferdinand continued touring and premiering new songs. In early March they performed Evil Eye and Love Illumination, while the end of the month saw the live premiere of Goodbye Lovers & Friends. On 16 May 2013, Franz Ferdinand officially announced their fourth album, titled Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action, along with cover art, track listing and a release date of 26 August 2013. The band launched the new album at a show at the Electric Brixton. FMV Magazine's Dan Jenko praised the gig, saying that "there's no reason why latest LP Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action can't be the belated soundtrack of the summer".

On 9 March 2015, it was announced that the band had formed a supergroup with Sparks under the name FFS, with plans to release a studio album and tour Europe during that summer. A teaser titled "The Domino Effect" was released on the group's YouTube channel that same day. The John Congleton-produced album, FFS, was officially announced on 1 April 2015. Three official singles were released from the album: "Johnny Delusional", which was released on 13 April, "Call Girl", which was released on 28 May, and "Police Encounters", which was released on 23 October.

Lineup change and Always Ascending (2016–2020)
In July 2016, the band announced that guitarist Nick McCarthy would not be involved in the recording and touring of their next album, in order to concentrate on his family and other musical interests. The band, however, have stressed that it is possible he may rejoin the band at a later date. On 14 October 2016, the band released "Demagogue", a song protesting and satirising the candidacy of Donald Trump in the U.S. presidential election of 2016. It was released as part of the 30 Days, 50 Songs programme that featured 50 songs lyrically against Trump and his candidacy.

On 19 May 2017, two days prior to the start of their North American tour, Franz Ferdinand announced their new five-piece line-up, with former Yummy Fur and 1990s member Dino Bardot on guitar and Julian Corrie on keyboards, synth and guitar. On 25 October, the band released the title track from their fifth studio album, Always Ascending (2018), as its lead single. They revealed the album's release date, 9 February 2018, and announced dates for a world tour. Corrie joined the band for the recording sessions of the album, while Bardot joined after recording was completed.

Departure of Thomson and Hits to the Head (2021–present)
On 21 October 2021, the band announced through social media that Paul Thomson had departed the band, with Glasgow-based drummer Audrey Tait joining as his replacement, as well as confirming that studio recordings had been undertaken with Tait. The announcement was accompanied by a statement from Thomson and a photograph of him passing his drumsticks to Tait. Tait's debut performance with the band had taken place several weeks before the announcement, at the Balmain fashion show in Paris on 29 September.

Franz Ferdinand released a new single, "Billy Goodbye", on 2 November 2021. The track is one of two new songs on the greatest hits compilation Hits to the Head, which was released on 11 March 2022.

Franz Ferdinand performed at Night for Ukraine, a fundraising benefit held at the Roundhouse in north London on the evening of March 9, 2022, with the funds raised being donated to the Disasters Emergency Committee appeal, to provide aid to people fleeing Ukraine following the Russian invasion. The event was organised by Fabien Riggall in collaboration with the Ukrainian pop duo Bloom Twins.

Collaborations and covers
Franz Ferdinand covered the LCD Soundsystem song "All My Friends" which appeared as a B-side on the single and LCD Soundsystem covered their song Live Alone in return, which appeared on a covers EP alongside Stephin Merritt, ESG and Debbie Harry who all covered songs from Tonight. They have also covered "Sexy Boy" by Air, "It Won't Be Long" by the Beatles, Pulp's "Mis-Shapes", Gwen Stefani's top 5 hit "What You Waiting For?", Blondie's "Call Me", Britney Spears' "Womanizer" and David Bowie's song "Sound and Vision", featuring Girls Aloud on backing vocals, for a compilation disc marking the 40th anniversary of BBC Radio 1, along with other leading artists. Additionally, Franz Ferdinand recorded a cover of the Fire Engines' song "Get Up and Use Me". In return, the Fire Engines recorded a cover of "Jacqueline". The band also took a similar approach with Dutch band De Kift, covering the song "Heisa-Ho" whilst De Kift recorded a cover of "Love and Destroy" with Dutch lyrics. The cover by De Kift is named "Liefde En Puin" which is the title "Love and Destroy" translated into Dutch. The band has had remixes by electronic artists Daft Punk, Hot Chip, Justice, The Avalanches, Microfilm and Erol Alkan.

The band also performed, played and recorded with Jane Birkin, covering the Serge Gainsbourg song "Sorry Angel" for the 2005 album Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited. In addition, Franz re-recorded the track "Brown Onions" for David Shrigley's compilation album Worried Noodles. The band kept instrumentation identical but used lyrics written by Shrigley which include the consistent repetition of the word "No" and occasionally "No brains, no teeth, no legs, no eyes...". Hot Chip, a band who are reported to be a favourite of Franz Ferdinand, also performed their own version of "No" on the same album.

The band partnered with Sony in Tokyo, filming commercials for the launch of the A Series Walkman music player on 8 September 2005. A limited edition Franz Ferdinand-themed Walkman A Series player was released by Sony Japan in January 2006, with only one hundred made.

The band 'met' Gorillaz in December 2005 and interviewed each other for a feature in Observer Music Monthly.

At the 2009 NME Awards ceremony, they performed a cover of Blondie's "Call Me" with Elly Jackson of La Roux on guest vocals.

When Franz appeared on Radio 1's Live Lounge on 6 April 2009, to promote "No You Girls", they covered "Womanizer" by Britney Spears.

They have also collaborated with Marion Cotillard for the 2010 Lady Dior campaign. The band wrote the lyrics and plays the music for the song "The Eyes of Mars", while the actress is on vocals. Kapranos noted that it was refreshing working with her as she had a lot of fun going and retrying the song time and time again.

In 2010, Franz Ferdinand contributed to the Alice in Wonderland soundtrack with their adaption of the song "The Lobster Quadrille". Later that year, Kapranos and McCarthy collaborated on the song "Do It Again" with Edwyn Collins on his album Losing Sleep.

In 2016, Alex Kapranos took part in a documentary about Glasgow music and Chemikal Underground Records called Lost in France. The film was directed by Niall McCann and brought Kapranos (along with members of The Delgados, Mogwai and others) to Mauron, Brittany, to recreate a gig they played when Kapranos was in his earlier band, The Karelia. The film features Kapranos playing live with Stuart Braithwaite of Mogwai, and other musicians such as Emma Pollock and RM Hubbert, and Holy Mountain, as well as interviews with Kapranos and his old label-mates. Lost in France premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival to wholly positive reviews and was called "funny, vital and sobering" by Scotland's arts bible The Skinny.

In 2022, Franz Ferdinand's single, "This Fire" served as the opening theme song for the Polish-Japanese animated series, Cyberpunk: Edgerunners.

Sony BMG payola scandal
In 2005, the Sony BMG record company was involved in a scandal with the New York authorities, as some record company leaders would have practiced payola, an illegal practice in which certain people pay radio stations to broadcast a certain song or band, clarifying that they should not report the payment under any circumstances. One of the groups involved in the 2005 payola scandal was Franz Ferdinand, according to documents released by New York authorities. The documents showed that a member of the Epic Records label paid about $4,000 to a Buffalo radio programmer to play the single "Take Me Out" on the station. It was also commented that Alex Kapranos did not feel so comfortable with the business that Sony handled, in addition to the fact that a second agreement was made in which he received only $750 dollars, and that later, due to Alex's disagreement with the model they handled, it was decided to stop doing it.

Style

Music and art
Stylistically, the band has been labelled as indie rock, garage rock revival, post-punk revival, dance-punk, dance-rock and art rock. The band is notable for its use of Russian avant-garde imagery in album and single covers designed by Matthew Cooper. Examples include: "You Could Have It So Much Better", which references a 1924 portrait of Lilya Brik by Alexander Rodchenko; "Take Me Out", which references One-Sixth Part of the World, also by Alexander Rodchenko; "This Fire" which references Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge by El Lissitzky; and "Michael", with single art based on A Proun by Lissitzky. The song "Love and Destroy" was inspired by the scene of disorder made by Margarita, a character of Michael Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita", in the apartment of the literature critic Latunzky.

Also, in "Outsiders", the lyrics "In seventeen years will you still be Camille, Lee Miller, Gala or whatever" are a reference to the lovers of the artists Auguste Rodin, Man Ray and Salvador Dalí.

The band have been credited with helping to increase the popularity of men's fringed hairstyles.

Music videos
Many of the videos to promote the band's singles take inspiration from Russian avant-garde much like their LP and CD sleeves.

The avant-garde music video for "Take Me Out", directed by Jonas Odell, was inspired by Dadaism (especially Max Ernst's Une Semaine de Bonté), Busby Berkeley choreographies and Russian constructivist design. Alex Kapranos explained the many and varied influences behind the 1930s-style promo for second single "Take Me Out": "It's kind of two dimensional in a three dimensional style if that makes any sense. It's a montage of images; ourselves, pictures and things taken from other places and put together in a strange, abstract way. That's what gives the video that strange, jerky, style".

The lyrics of "Do You Want To" make reference to parties at the "trendy" Glasgow art gallery Transmission, and the video includes a variety of the work of contemporary artist Vanessa Beecroft.

Members

Current members
Alex Kapranos – lead vocals, lead guitar ; keyboards, piano
Bob Hardy – bass guitar, percussion ; backing vocals
Dino Bardot – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Julian Corrie – keyboards, synthesizers, lead guitar, backing vocals
Audrey Tait – drums, percussion

Former members
Nick McCarthy – rhythm guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, piano, vocals
Paul Thomson – drums, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals

Former touring musicians
Dan McLean –  keyboards, piano, synthesizers ; guitar ; percussion
Brian Henry – keyboards, piano, synthesizers, guitar, backing vocals

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
Franz Ferdinand (2004)
You Could Have It So Much Better (2005)
Tonight: Franz Ferdinand (2009)
Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action (2013)
Always Ascending (2018)

Awards and honours

See also
 List of bands from Glasgow
 List of Scottish musicians

Notes

References
Hiatt, Brian (2005). "Hot Scots – Franz Ferdinand get rock fans dancing again" Rolling Stone (Retrieved 16 June 2006)
Franz Ferdinand book out later this month Rebecca Nicholson (2 Nov 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2008
Josh Lovseth (Feb 2007).. Retrieved 22 March 2008

External links

2002 establishments in Scotland
Scottish art rock groups
Brit Award winners
Scottish musical quintets
Dance-punk musical groups
Dance-rock musical groups
Domino Recording Company artists
Ivor Novello Award winners
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Glasgow
NME Awards winners
Post-punk revival music groups
Scottish indie rock groups
Live Here Now artists

Franz Ferdinand (band)