The State University of New York at Albany, commonly referred to as the University at Albany, UAlbany or SUNY Albany, is a public research university with campuses in Albany, Rensselaer, and Guilderland, New York. Founded in 1844, it is one of four "university centers" of the State University of New York (SUNY) system.

The university enrolls 16,648 students in nine schools and colleges, which offer 50 undergraduate majors and 125 graduate degree programs. Through the UAlbany and SUNY-wide exchange programs, students have more than 600 study-abroad programs to choose from, as well as government and business internship opportunities in New York's capital and surrounding region. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". The research enterprise totaled expenditures of $115 million in fiscal year 2021 and is focused in four areas: social science, public law and policy, life sciences and atmospheric sciences.

SUNY Albany is home to the New York State Writers Institute. It has played a major role in the economic development of the Capital District and New York State.

History

The University at Albany was an independent state-supported teachers' college for most of its history until SUNY was formed in 1948. The institution began as the New York State Normal School (or Albany Normal School) on May 7, 1844, by a vote of the State Legislature. Beginning with 29 students and four faculty in an abandoned railroad depot on State Street in the heart of the city, the Normal School was the first New York State-chartered institution of higher education.

Originally dedicated to training New York students as schoolteachers and administrators, by the early 1890s the "School" had become the New York State Normal College at Albany and, with a revised four-year curriculum in 1905, became the first public institution of higher education in New York to be granted the power to confer the bachelor's degree.

A new campus—today, UAlbany's Downtown Campus—was built in 1909 on a site of  between Washington and Western avenues. By 1913, the institution was home to 590 students and 44 faculty members, offered a master's degree for the first time, and bore a new name—the New York State College for Teachers at Albany. Enrollment grew to a peak of 1,424 in 1932. By this time, the College for Teachers, or "Albany State" as it was often called for short, had developed a curriculum similar to those found at four-year liberal arts colleges, but it did not abandon its primary focus on training teachers.

In 1948 the State University of New York system was created, with the College for Teachers and the state's other teacher-training schools serving as the nuclei. SUNY, including the Albany campus, became a manifestation of the vision of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, who wanted a public university system to accommodate the college students of the post–World War II baby boom. To do so, he launched a massive construction program that developed more than 50 new campuses. Reflecting a broadening mission, the College for Teachers changed its name to SUNY College of Education at Albany in 1959. In 1961, it became a four-year liberal arts college as the State University College at Albany.

In 1962, the State University College was designated a doctoral-degree granting university center. The same year, Rockefeller broke ground for the current Uptown Campus on the former site of the Albany Country Club. The new campus' first dormitory opened in 1964, and the first classes on the academic podium in the fall of 1966. By 1970, enrollment had grown to 13,200 and the faculty to 746. That same year, the growing protest movement against the Vietnam war engulfed the university when a student strike was called for in response to the killing of protesters at Kent State. In 1985, the university added the School of Public Health, a joint endeavor with the state's Department of Health.

In 1983, the New York State Writers Institute was founded by Pulitzer Prize-winning author William Kennedy. As of 2013, the Institute had hosted, over time, more than 1,200 writers, poets, journalists, historians, dramatists and filmmakers. The list includes eight Nobel Prize winners, nearly 200 Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award winners, several Motion Picture Academy Award winners and nominees, and numerous other literary prize recipients. In addition, the institute has hosted up-and-coming writers to provide them with exposure at the beginning of their writing careers.

During the 1990s, the university built a $3 billion,  Albany NanoTech complex, extending the Uptown Campus westward. By 2006, this addition became home to the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, which in 2014 merged with the State University of New York Institute of Technology in Utica, New York to become a separate SUNY institution: the SUNY Polytechnic Institute.

In 1996, a third campus—the East Campus, renamed the Health Sciences Campus in 2016—was added  east of the Uptown Campus in Rensselaer County, when the university acquired former Sterling-Winthrop laboratories and converted them into labs, classrooms, and a business incubator concentrating on advances in biotechnology and other health-related disciplines. In 2005, this campus became home to the university's Gen*NY*Sis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics.

In 2005, the university created a College of Computing and Information, with faculty on both the Uptown and Downtown campuses. In the fall of 2015, the college was replaced and its programs incorporated into the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS). At the same time, the university opened another new college, the College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity.

On June 21, 2017, Havidan Rodriguez, founding provost of the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley and former interim president of the University of Texas-Pan American, was named the 20th president of the university, a position he assumed in September 2017. Rodríguez, became the first Hispanic/Latino president of any of the four-year SUNY campuses.

Due to on-going declining enrollment, retention, and rates of graduation of students, UAlbany is currently facing a $15 million budget deficit for fiscal year 2022-2023, with one of the largest budget deficits among SUNY schools. For example, UAlbany enrolled 17,688 students in fall 2020, and currently enrolled 16,648 students for 2022-2023, which represents a drop of over 1,000 students.

Name changes

Campuses

Uptown Campus

The Uptown Campus, the university's main campus, is located mostly in Albany, with a small portion (a dorm "quad" and the athletics complex) spilling into the McKownville neighborhood in the neighboring town of Guilderland (official address: 1400 Washington Avenue in Albany). Its visual effect has been described as "Dazzling one-of-a-kind" by architectural critic Thomas A. Gaines, who called it "a formal masterpiece" and "a study in classical romanticism".  Designed in 1961–1962 by noted American architect Edward Durell Stone and constructed from 1963 to 1964, the campus bears Stone's signature style that includes towers, domes, fountains, soaring colonnades, sweeping canopies, and other architectural features typical for the era.  Stone's campus layout emphasizes residential quadrangles, also known as "quads", surrounding the academic buildings.

At the hub of the Uptown Campus is the rectangular "Academic Podium", featuring 13 three-story buildings under a single overhanging canopy roof. The Podium's showpiece is a central pool with fountains and an off-center circular bell tower, or "Carillon", which also serves as a water storage reservoir. In April 2012, the university undertook a complete renovation of the main fountain and water tower area, as well as of the Campus Center fountain. There is LED lighting in the base of the fountain, and a new, more interactive center element with seating areas. Completion of the project is scheduled for fall 2013.

The domed Main Library, the Performing Arts Center, and Campus Center face the pool from the west, east and south, respectively. The Campus Center was under construction from Spring 2015 and was finally completed Fall of 2017 adding more space and dining options for students. To the north is a grand entrance, which welcomes visitors by way of a "great lawn" (Collins Circle) and the university's Entry Plaza. Four residential quadrangles are located adjacent to the four corners of the academic podium. Each quad consists of a 23-story high-rise dormitory surrounded by a square of low-rise buildings.

On the west end of the Uptown Campus is the university's meteorology and characterization tools, the National Weather Service (NWS), and the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC).

In addition to the Main Library, the Uptown Campus became home in 1999 to the third of the three libraries comprising UAlbany's University Libraries: the Science Library. Further growth occurred on the Uptown Campus in the fall of 2004, when a new Life Sciences Building opened, dedicated to basic research and education. New residence halls, Empire Commons and Liberty Terrace, opened in 2002 and 2012, housing up to 1,200 and 500 students, respectively, Ground was broken for a new School of Business building in October 2008. The 80,000-square-foot facility, located on the west side of Collins Circle, opened in August 2013.

Downtown Campus

The Downtown Campus, located at 135 Western Ave., Albany, just one mile (1.6 km) from the New York State Capitol building and Empire State Plaza, is the site of the original New York State College for Teachers. Construction began in 1909 on the first three buildings: Draper, Husted and Hawley halls, after the previous location on Willett Street burned down. Later additions to the campus were Richardson Hall, Page Hall and The Milne School (all in 1929), as well as 1960s' additions to Draper and Richardson halls. Husted Hall underwent major renovations in 2009. A subsequent energy efficiency project at Husted Hall was awarded a High Performance Building Plaque from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA).

The Downtown Campus is home to the university's Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, School of Criminal Justice, College of Computing and Information, and School of Social Welfare. It also houses one of the university's three libraries, the Thomas E. Dewey Graduate Library, located in Hawley Hall.

UAlbany purchased the Old Albany High School, also known as the Schuyler Building, in 2013 and is renovating it as the home for the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences.  It will house the Dean's Office as well as the Departments of Computer Science and Electrical & Computer Engineering.

Health Sciences Campus

The university's  Health Sciences Campus, located in the City of Rensselaer, is home to UAlbany's School of Public Health and the Cancer Research Center (CRC) which opened in 2005. Located also on the campus—which contains  of lab, support and associated office space—is the Center for Functional Genomics, which does research in the areas of microarrays, proteomics, molecular biology and transgenics. Also based at the campus are 15 private biotechnology companies, both established and those which form part of the university's business incubator program. Biopharmaceutical giant Regeneron Pharmaceuticals has a large-scale biologics manufacturing facility adjacent to the campus where it produces investigational products for all its clinical trials.

Uptown Campus housing
The Uptown Campus is home to seven of the university's eight residential complexes. Four of these—Indigenous Quad, Dutch Quad, Colonial Quad, and State Quad—sit at the Academic Podium's corners; each consists of eight three-story, low-rise buildings encircling a 22-story tower with a capacity of 1,200 students each, as well as a game room and fitness center. Originally, each quad consisted of a dining hall but as of the Fall 2017 semester, Dutch Quad and Colonial Quad no longer maintain a dining hall. The four quads serve as a chronological timeline of New York State history, beginning with Indigenous Quad, moving clockwise to Dutch, then Colonial, and finally, State. The other three, Freedom Apartments, Empire Commons, and Liberty Terrace, are reserved for juniors and seniors. These are "apartment-style" residences and include kitchens, furnished living rooms, and, on Empire Commons, washers, dryers, dishwashers, single bedrooms, and central air conditioning. The university's newest apartment-style residential complex, Liberty Terrace, opened in the fall of 2012.

The Uptown Campus also contains special housing for students enrolled in UAlbany's Honors College. This housing, offered to incoming freshmen and returning sophomores, is found on State Quad in the Melville and Steinmetz halls, which were renovated in 2010. Renovations were completed on Indigenous Quad during the summer of 2013, State and Alumni Quads are still undergoing work. In March 2021, Indian Quad was renamed to Indigenous Quad following a series of petitions and complaints from students, faculty, and alumni.

Buildings and facilities

Campus Center
The Campus Center, located on the Uptown Campus Podium, has traditionally been the community center of the University at Albany, serving students, faculty, professional staff, alumni, and guests. Considered the "hearthstone" or "living room" of the campus, the Campus Center has provided services that include lounging areas, cafeterias, a Barnes & Noble bookstore, and national chain eateries operated and staffed by Sodexo. The structure has been the site for informal and formal interactions, the latter including the meetings of student-run clubs, academic conferences, and cultural functions.

A $62.2 million renovation and expansion project includes the Campus Center East addition, completed in September 2015, and a West addition which opened in June 2017. The latter includes a new 400-seat auditorium and, as of the fall of 2018, enhanced dining facilities with market-style food service venues. Current students are using the new food court that arrived with Campus Center East. The Campus Center has many restaurants for a variety of dining options, such as pizza, Thai cuisine, sushi, etc.

Performing Arts Center
The Performing Arts Center is a facility on the Uptown Campus containing five performance spaces. Music, dance, theater, international artists, guest lecturers, and collaborations occur in the Main Theater, Recital Hall, Arena Theatre, Studio Theatre, and Lab Theatre. The Main Theatre is the largest theater space on the Uptown campus, capable of seating 500 people. Designed for music performance, the Recital Hall seats 242 people, 197 on the orchestra level and 45 in the nine circular theater boxes along the periphery on the second level. The Arena Theatre is used primarily for small theater performances and acting classes and seats 196. The Studio Theatre seats 153 people. The Lab Theatre is a 50' square "black box" theater. The Lab can seat up to 200 audience members in any seating configuration.

University Art Museum at University at Albany

The University Art Museum is centrally located on the Uptown Campus. Designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, its interior is an example of late 20th Century modernism. Its three galleries provide more than  of exhibition space for six to eight changing exhibitions per year.

Massry Center for Business
Located at the university's grand entry plaza, the Massry Center for Business houses the School of Business. The 96,000-square-foot building features technologically advanced classrooms and meeting spaces, collaborative research centers in technological and social entrepreneurship, studying areas for students, and a trading room equipped with Bloomberg terminals.

ETEC

In fall 2021, UAlbany unveiled ETEC (Emerging Technology and Entrepreneurship Complex) located on the Eastern portion of the main Uptown campus. The state-of-the-art $180 million research facility is one of the university's largest and most energy-efficient buildings at 246,000 square feet.

ETEC houses the following:

 The College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity
 The College of Arts and Sciences: Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry research labs
 The College of Engineering and Applied Sciences: Department of Environmental & Sustainable Engineering
 Atmospheric Sciences Research Center
 Center of Excellence in Weather & Climate Analytics
 The National Weather Service's Regional Forecast Office and Training Program
 The New York State Mesonet
 The Small Business Development Center
 Office for Innovation Development and Commercialization/Technology Transfer
 Cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence Institute
 Private partners such as TruWeather Solutions LLC

The Athletic Complex

UAlbany unveiled a new football stadium, Bob Ford Field, on September 14, 2013, as part of a $19 million multi-sport complex. The Great Danes opened against the University of Rhode Island. The stadium, named for the coach who guided the football program to 265 victories from 1973 to 2013, is an 8,500-seat facility which includes a press level with four luxury suites, a print media area, and booths for radio, television, coaches, and replay, as well as 20 high-definition televisions distributed throughout the level. In the summer of 2015, following a multimillion-dollar donation by Tom and Mary Casey, the complex was officially renamed the Bob Ford Field at Casey Stadium.

SEFCU Arena

In the spring of 1992, the university opened SEFCU Arena, at that time named the RACC (Recreation and Convocation Center), an $11 million arena for UAlbany's men's and women's basketball and track teams. It has a 0.11 mile indoor track. They also in 2017 added a $1.4 million scoreboard. The 4,538-seat arena also serves as a major venue for community events such as rock, pop, and hip hop concerts, sporting events and University activities. Although it has an Albany address, it is actually located in the Town of Guilderland.

Organization
The university is a first-tier component of the State University of New York. It receives annual appropriations as a part of the SUNY budget, and the New York State University Construction Fund manages and finances buildings and capital improvements. Although the university is governed by the SUNY Board of Trustees, the university does have a separate 10-member council that is appointed by the governor, with one student-elected member. The governor designates the council's chair.  The university has its own Headmaster, who is currently Robert Jones.

The university has a separate University at Albany Foundation, which conducts fundraising on behalf of the university. For example, when the new library was built, state funds paid for the construction of the building, but the foundation raised $3.5 million to equip the new facility. The foundation has a Board of Directors, which includes three voting member elected by the faculty and one elected by students. The foundation owns facilities that supplement the state-owned buildings, including: the Management Services Center, the Headmaster's residence, the East Campus, the State Street Conference Center, the Cancer Research Center. During 2015–16, the foundation raised $18.7 million and had total assets (including buildings) of $88.85 million. UAlbany is currently facing a $15 million budget deficit for fiscal year 2022-2023.

Academics
The university comprises nine colleges and schools, plus an honors college:

College of Arts and Sciences
The College of Arts and Sciences, comprising 21 departments, forms the largest academic division at the university. Departments of the College of Arts and Sciences include Africana Studies, Anthropology, Art and Art History, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Communication, East Asian Studies, Economics, English, Geography and Planning, History, Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Latin American, Caribbean and U.S. Latino Studies, Mathematics and Statistics, Music and Theatre, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology, Sociology, and Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies. Undergraduate education consists of 56 majors offered in these areas, along with their paired minors and 17 other minors as well as cooperative interdisciplinary programs that include the arts, humanistic studies, physical sciences and social sciences.

The college houses the following research centers:
 Biological Imaging Center
 Center for Applied Historical Research
 Center for Astronomical Observatory
 Center for Autism and Related Disabilities
 Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities
 Center for Language and International Communication (CLIC)
 Center for Latino, Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CELAC)
 Center for Biochemistry and Biophysics
 Center for Economic Research
 Center for Jewish Studies
 Center for Neuroscience Research
 Center for X-Ray Optics
 Econometrics Research and Training Institute
 Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing Laboratory
 Institute of Biomolecular Stereodynamics
 Institute for Research on Women
 Institute for Mesoamerican Studies
 The Institute for Watershed Management
 Ion Beam Laboratory
 The Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research
 New York Latino Research and Resources Network (NYLARNet)

Graduate programs in the College of Arts and Sciences in the humanities and fine arts, science and mathematics, social and behavioral studies, and college-based interdisciplinary majors lead to the following degrees and certificates: Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Regional Planning, Master of Fine Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, Certificate of Advanced Standing, Certificate of Advanced Study and the Certificate (in selected fields).

College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
CEAS currently has four departments, and soon to follow are programs in bioengineering and mechanical engineering:

 The Department of Computer Science
 The Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
 The Department of Environmental & Sustainable Engineering
 The Department of Nanoscale Science & Engineering
Undergraduate and graduate (MS and PhD) programs are offered by all four departments.  The BS program in Computer Science and BS Program in Electrical & Computer Engineering received ABET accreditation in 2022.

In December 2022, it was announced that the College and UAlbany would be reunifying with the College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering (CNSE), which had been affiliated since 2014 with SUNY Polytechnic Institute.

Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy

The Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, created in 1981, was named for former U.S. vice president and governor of New York Nelson Rockefeller. It is home to UAlbany's departments of Political Science and Public Administration and Policy.

While providing educational preparation for academic and public service careers, it undertakes research on public problems and issues, and assists in the continuing professional development of government executives. It offers assistance to the federal and New York State governments, as well as to foreign nations and international organizations, to meet the responsibilities of contemporary citizenship and governance. Such assistance includes special courses and conferences, research and consultation, and publications for the dissemination of information.

The college offers degree programs that range from bachelor's level study in political science and public policy, to master's programs in political science, public administration and public policy, to doctorates in political science and public administration. Research centers within the college include the Center for Legislative Development, the Center for Policy Research, the Center for Women in Government and Civil Society, the Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research, and the Center for International Development.

School of Business
UAlbany's School of Business, is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) in both business and accounting (less than 1.2% of all AACSB programs). It was also the first School to be accredited by AACSB at both undergraduate and graduate levels in 1974. Founded in 1962, the School's bachelor's, master's and certificate programs enroll full-time and part-time students from all over the world.

The Digital Forensics B.S. curriculum and research done at the School's Department of Information Security and Digital Forensics was used to receive dual designation as a NSA Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education and Research. Since 2011, the school has also offered a Graduate Certificate in Information Security, which is a 15-credit program.

The Financial Market Regulation program works with the Institute for Financial Market Regulation, a cooperative project of professionals involved in financial market regulation and supervision from UAlbany and Albany Law School who develop interdisciplinary research and education in the field. The program concentrates upon four fields: Business, Technology, Law, and Public Policy.

The Massry Center for Business building was unveiled on August 19, 2013. It was structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates. It has been ranked #5 in a list of Top 50 Most Beautiful Business Schools in the United States.

School of Criminal Justice
UAlbany's School of Criminal Justice offers programs in criminal justice on the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels. The school was founded in 1966, and spurred what came to be called "the Albany model" for other Ph.D. programs in major universities across the nation and the world.

The school concentrates on crime and societal reactions to crime, including the political, economic and cultural patterns that influence policy choices on the response to crime. A focus of study is the social and personal forces that lead to criminal conduct and the analysis of the organization and operation of crime control systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the interactions among the many agencies which comprise criminal justice systems.

In 2020, the SCJ was integrated into the Rockefeller College of Public Policy, in order to build stronger interdisciplinary connections between the faculty and students in criminal justice, political science, and public policy & administration.

School of Education
The university was founded as the New York Normal School of Teachers in 1844 with David Perkins Page as its first principal. It expanded to become the New York State College for Teachers in 1914, and then, in 1962, the State University of New York at Albany. The School of Education was created that year as part of a multidisciplinary university center and remained the home of the original teacher training programs and faculty, including, from 1845 until its closing in 1977, the Milne School, the university's campus laboratory school where prospective teachers carried out their practice teaching.

The school is home to 1,500 graduate students in more than 30 master's, certificate, and doctoral programs housed within four departments: Educational Policy & Leadership, Educational and Counseling Psychology, Educational Theory and Practice, and Literacy Teaching and Learning. The school is also home to 15 centers and institutes which aid Capital Region schools and research educational issues. These include the school's outreach arm, the Capital Area School Development Association, which provides services to 120 school districts; the Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, which was funded in 2006 by a three-year $1.24 million grant from the National Institutes of Health; the Center for Urban Youth and Technology; and the National Research Center on English Learning & Achievement, which since 1987 has been funded by the U.S. Department of Education to conduct research dedicated to improving students' English and literacy achievement.

College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity
The College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity (CEHC), created in 2015, offers interdisciplinary academic programs for undergraduate and graduate students in fields designed to protect against, respond to, and recover from a growing array of natural and man-made risks and threats in New York State and around the world.

Research will be conducted by CEHC faculty and also through faculty-student collaborations and cross-disciplinary research groups. Training programs will be offered to current homeland security and emergency preparedness professionals.

In 2017, the college participated in the New York Excelsior Challenge, a three-and-a half day training event. The Excelsior Challenge consists of training exercises designed to help first responders improve their response capabilities.

School of Public Health
The School of Public Health, created in 1985 as a partnership between the University at Albany, State University of New York and the New York State Department of Health. Its mission is to provide education, research, service and leadership to improve public health and eliminate health disparities.

Accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health, the school offers MPH, MS, DrPH and PhD degrees in each of four academic departments: Biomedical Sciences; Environmental Health Sciences; Epidemiology & Biostatistics; and Health Policy, Management & Behavior.

Research interests of the more than 200 doctoral-level faculty include AIDS, GIS, maternal and child health, hospital epidemiology, infectious diseases, environmental and occupational health, eldercare, minority health and health disparities. Both research faculty and students benefit from additional affiliations with Albany Medical Center and Bassett Healthcare.

The School of Public Health's partnership with the New York State Department of Health (DOH) has life sciences researchers as part of the university's research productivity. Awards for life scientists at the DOH's Wadsworth Center make up roughly a third of UAlbany's total of $391.7 million

In September 2023, the School of Public Health expanded to conclude a Department of Nursing. The School of Public Health will expand to be a part of the planned College of Health Sciences.

School of Social Welfare
The School of Social Welfare (SSW), created in 1965, is currently ranked 46 among programs of social work in the U.S. News & World Report (2022). This is a slight drop of 2 spots from its 2019 ranking.
In addition, it is ranked 166 among social work programs in College Factual (2021).

The school offers bachelor, masters and Ph.D. programs in social work. Past linkages have included those with an Albany elementary school challenged by poverty, an outlier regional community comprising one of the largest Latino populations in the state outside of New York City and other major population centers such as Buffalo, and multiple partners in Italy, South Africa and Scotland.

The school has a history of dedication in the area of gerontological social work, the creation of aging friendly communities in 2006, improving pathways to higher education for inner city youth and families through the New York State-funded Liberty Partnership Program, the creation of family support agendas for the region, and re-professionalization campaigns in child welfare.

Features of SSW include the Internships in Aging Program, the Center for Innovations in Mental Health, and the Social Work Education Consortium.

The Honors College
Planning for the Honors College began in 2003 and first accepted students in fall 2006. Its mission is to create a "small college experience" by fostering and encouraging the creation of closely knit cohorts of motivated students. The Honors College seeks to increase faculty-student interaction early in a student's stay at the university.

The Honors College comprises coursework, research, internships, and field-placements. All involve intense collaborations among students and professors. Rather than having a small number of professors teach an honors curriculum, professors from across the UAlbany campus teach honors courses in many disciplines. During the college's first three academic years, more than 50 UAlbany professors offered courses.

During their first two years, honors students at explore the range of disciplines through six or more honors courses. During their next two years, students move into the honors program in their major. The Honors College offers special lectures, tours, retreats to Camp Dippikill, and other trips to expand their learning opportunities, and also student social events.

Libraries
The university contains three full size libraries. The main library is set in the center of the Academic Podium and contains study areas, classrooms and research centers. The second, called the Science Library, is located on the south side of the Campus Center and focuses on strictly scientific literature and media used in much of the university's research. The third library is the Thomas E. Dewey Graduate Library, on the downtown campus. Together, the libraries provide more than two million volumes and rank among the top 100 research libraries in the U.S., according to the Association of Research Libraries. Users from around the world access services and collections through the libraries' online systems and Web site. The university's libraries offer a program of information literacy with instruction that ranges from a focus on traditional bibliographic access to collaborative classes integrated into the curriculum.

Rankings

The U.S. News & World Report 2024 edition of "Best Colleges" ranked the university tied for 133rd among national universities and tied for 70th among public universities.

In its 2022 rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings and The Wall Street Journal ranked the university 188th among national universities and 351st-400th among international universities.

The 2022 Forbes "America's Best Colleges" ranking placed Albany at 281st overall among 500 universities, at the 56th percentile of schools that were ranked. This represents a drop of 94 spots from its 2021 ranking at 187.

Research

Cancer Research Center
UAlbany's Cancer Research Center (CRC) runs research that focuses on the underlying biology associated with tumor initiation and progression, and the development and evaluation of chemopreventive regimens and therapeutic approaches for common cancers. The center fosters the training of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in cancer biology. Located on the university East Campus in Rensselaer, N.Y., the center combines UAlbany research expertise in genomics and biomedical sciences with technology in a new  facility.

The center opened in October 2005 with $45 million in support through New York State's Gen*NY*Sis Program. Additional funds currently being raised from the private sector for the center's Fund for Memory and Hope will be used for special equipment and needs of the research program. In September 2009 the Center recruited scientist Ramune Reliene from the University of California Los Angeles to its research team and faculty of the School of Public Health's Department of Environmental Health Sciences. Reliene, who received her doctorate from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich in Switzerland, expands the scientific portfolio of the Center in the genetic and environmental causes of cancer.

Atmospheric Sciences Research Center
The Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), based at UAlbany, is a center for research in the atmospheric sciences. Established on February 16, 1961, by the Board of Trustees of the State University of New York, its mission is to promote programs in basic and applied sciences, especially as they relate to the atmospheric environment. The center is connected to and shares faculty and resources with the university's Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences.

ASRC performs research to study the physical and chemical nature of the atmosphere and its implications to the environment. Research areas include boundary layers, solar radiation, radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol physics, air quality, solar energy, cloud physics, climate systems, and air quality monitoring. In addition the center has a large "jungle research group" exploring atmosphere and biosphere relationships in the Amazon rainforest, the Alaskan Tundra, the Canadian Boreal Forest, and the Eastern U.S.

The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989, conducts research to understand the Earth's global and regional climate system and to assess and evaluate the effects of climatic change caused by both human activities and nature.

The Center for Social and Demographic Analysis
UAlbany's Center for Social and Demographic Analysis (CSDA) was established in 1981 to provide a research infrastructure for scholarship in the social sciences at the University at Albany, State University of New York. CSDA has since become the nexus for further investments by university administration and state and federal agencies. Positioned by these developments, CSDA joined the roster of NICHD Population Centers in September 1997.

The center offers researchers access to computing facilities and statistical software, computing and statistical consulting, assistance with grant preparation and administration, and other related services. It collaborates with the Lewis Mumford Center—the university institute devoted to urban research—in efforts to disseminate data and fresh analyses of population trends revealed in the census and continuing census-related databases such as the Current Population Survey and the American Community Survey.

CSDA has 41 faculty associates drawn from 15 departments that span the array of academic disciplines at the university. Among major research initiatives sponsored by the center is the Urban China Research Network (funded by the Mellon Foundation), which brings together scholars and graduate students from around the world to study implications of urban change in China. New collaborative projects include initiatives on health disparities and the environmental impacts of metropolitan growth.

The RNA Institute
On June 4, 2010, the university unveiled a new $12.5 million biomedical research center, The RNA Institute, whose mission would be to form an alliance of genetic scientists and biomedical investigators from New York's Capital Region to spur research and development into RNA and its implications for medicines, drug therapies and technologies, and curing disease. On November 5, 2010, UAlbany announced The RNA Institute had received a $5.37 million grant from the National Institutes of Health/National Center for Research Resources (NIH/NCRR) and $2 million in matching funds from the State of New York to fund the design, engineering and construction of  of research facilities on par with those of modern pharmaceutical companies. On the same day, the institute announced the establishment of The RNA Institute MassSpec Center, dedicated to the development of mass spectrometry-based technologies for investigating the structure-function relationships of natural and synthetic RNA as tools for drug discovery.

Study abroad
The Office of International Education Study Abroad & Exchanges sponsors 70 study abroad programs in 34 countries directly through UAlbany, but students can take advantage of more than 300 programs in over 80 countries throughout the SUNY system. Among the most popular international programs for UAlbany students have been Italy, Great Britain, Ireland, France and Spain. Students study abroad any time after their freshman year, up to and including their final semester senior year. Programs are available semester-long and for the full academic year, as well as in summer and during winter session.

Environmental sustainability
Its UAlbany Green Scene initiative is conducted through AT&T grant-funded research.  UAlbany researchers study coordination of traffic signals and transportation patterns, with the goals of minimizing car-engine idling times, forging new carpooling connections, and communicating more effectively alternative transportation options to the campus community.

Campus efforts were on display on September 22, 2009, with "Destination Green," a day focusing on encouraging sustainable transportation. It highlighted the campus's alternative transportation options, which include hybrid buses, global electric motorcars (GEMs), public bus systems, carpooling, and bike-and-ride sharing programs.

The campus designated April 2010 as UAlbany environmental sustainability month, with lectures, a regional student competition for the best renewable energy business plan, and campus greening projects.

UAlbany and its College of Engineering & Applied Sciences house the only degree programs in the US that focus on both environmental and sustainable engineering.

Student life

Student Association
The UAlbany Student Association is a student run, non-profit, corporation which organizes and funds much of the student oriented activities on campus. The SA funds and recognizes 200 student groups, plans concerts, speaking engagements, and comedy shows. The SA impacts students in the classroom as well, through funding of general education courses. Modeled after the U.S. government, SA consists of three branches: executive, legislative (unicameral Student Association Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court).

The SA is funded directly by the undergraduate student body of the University at Albany, State University of New York.

The Student Association owns a  wilderness retreat facility in the Adirondack Mountains called Camp Dippikill. The cabins and campsites at Dippikill are open to reservations from the university undergraduates, graduate students, alumni, faculty and staff. Dippikill is one of the largest student government-owned assets in the United States.

UAlbany's Speaker Series
Founded in 2009, the University at Albany's Speaker Series (commonly known as Speaker Series) is the university's premiere lecture series. Aimed at engaging the UAlbany community in conversations on important issues, the program was launched by a group of student leaders in the Student Association and is now funded by the Division of Student Affairs, the Student Association, University Auxiliary Services, and the UAlbany Alumni Association. The goal of the Speaker Series is to bring guests to campus in a broad range of areas: politics, global affairs, business, journalism, and popular culture. Past participants include Bill Clinton, Colin Powell, Howard Dean, Karl Rove, Barbara Walters, Bill Snape, Magic Johnson, Russell Simmons, David Axelrod, David Plouffe, Jon Favreau, Common, Bill Nye, Venus Williams, Daymond John, Brandon Stanton, Sonia Sotomayor, Octavia Spencer, and Aly Raisman.

Greek life
The University at Albany is currently home to 37 Greek-lettered organizations and six councils. Some on-ground organizations include: Alpha Chi Rho,
Delta Phi Epsilon, Alpha Phi Alpha, Gamma Rho Lambda, Lambda Upsilon Lambda, and Sigma Psi Zeta. According to Niche, the University at Albany is ranked the #2 Best Greek Life Colleges and the #2 Top Party School in New York State.  The party scene at the University at Albany has, however, become much tamer since the infamous Albany Kegs N' Eggs 2011 Riot, where the Pine Hills neighborhood incurred substantial property damage.

Safety
In 2019, UAlbany was ranked "the least safe college in New York ", even before the rise in shootings and robberies which occurred since 2021 in and around the campus. In addition, among Upstate New York colleges, University at Albany reported the highest number of campus rapes in the region.

Student media
The Albany Student Press, commonly known as "The ASP", is an independent student-run newspaper. It began as the State College News and has been published continuously since 1916. The newspaper has a circulation of more than 10,000 and serves student body and the surrounding community.

Athletics

University at Albany's intercollegiate athletics date back to the late 1890s, but its development was hampered for several decades by inadequate facilities, uncertain financial support, and the small number of male students in an institution designed to develop elementary school teachers. Tennis remained a constant from 1898 on and men's basketball dates back to 1909, but attempts to field teams in football (1922), baseball (1896–1901), swimming, and ice hockey were aborted.

Expansion into men's and women's sports increased after World War II, and then expanded greatly in the 1960s (men's sports of lacrosse, track and field, cross-country, and swimming moved from club to varsity status, and women's tennis, softball, field hockey, basketball and swimming were introduced), a direct result of the introduction of the new Uptown campus and its expanded athletic facilities. A nickname change also occurred, the Pedagogues becoming the Great Danes—making UAlbany the only American college or university with that mascot. The school's colors are purple and gold.

After the 1972 NCAA restructuring, UAlbany competed in Division III athletics until the 1995–96 school year, when it moved to the Division II level as part of a transition to Division I competition. That process was completed in the fall of 1999; UAlbany now has 19 varsity sports (8 men, 11 women) competing at the Division I level. All athletic programs are run by the university's Department of Athletics and Recreation.

Other than the sport of football, the school's teams have been members of the America East Conference since 2001. Football participates in the Football Championship Subdivision level (formerly Division I-AA). The Danes were an associate member of the Northeast Conference, winning championships in that league in 2002, 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2012. Beginning with the 2013 season, the Danes moved their football program to the Colonial Athletic Association.

On February 15, 2012, University President George Philip announced that a new $24 million athletic and recreational complex would be completed in three phases, consisting of a new synthetic turf field for students (finished in Fall 2012), a combined new football and soccer facility (completed in Fall 2013), and a refurbished track and field venue (finished in Spring 2014). President Philip also announced $6 million fundraising campaign to support the project.

The coach of the UAlbany men's basketball team Dwayne Killing was indicted on January 23rd, 2023 for 4th degree assault on a player in 2021. The incident took place in the locker room of Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Ky., where UAlbany was playing in a tournament. This the second legal action relating to the incident. The player involved filed a lawsuit against Killings, athletic director Mark Benson and the school alleging that Killings "violently and viciously grabbed him, threw him up against a locker and struck him in the face, drawing blood." The suit also alleges that Benson and UAlbany instead of protecting a student as a victim of the assault "showed preference to the assaulter because of his race," violating Title VI of the Civil Rights Act.

Notable alumni and faculty

The university has been home to scholars, scientists, and writers, including 2017 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry Joachim Frank; 2018 Wolf Prize co-recipient Omar Yaghi, a University of California, Berkeley chemist; Herman Aguinis, a George Washington University School of Business professor and president of the Academy of Management; Alanna Schepartz, a Yale University chemist and a National Academy of Arts and Sciences inductee; Nobel Prize laureate Toni Morrison; Pulitzer Prize winner William Kennedy; gay rights pioneer Harvey Milk; Broadway actress and three-time Tony Award nominee Carolee Carmello; Turing Award winner Richard E. Stearns; Harvard sociologist Robert J. Sampson and Scott Waldman (biochemist, MD) Samuel M.V. Hamilton Professor of Medicine at Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University.

Notes

References

External links

1844 establishments in New York (state)
Education in Capital District (New York)
Educational institutions established in 1844
Edward Durell Stone buildings
SUNY university centers
Universities and colleges in Albany County, New York
University at Albany, SUNY

University at Albany, SUNY


Kalahandi (en oriya: କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି ଜିଲା) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Orissa. Código ISO: IN.OR.KL.

Comprende una superficie de 8197 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Bhawanipatna.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 1573054 habitantes, de los cuales 787 875 eran mujeres y 785 179 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Kalahandi

Distrito de Kalahandi


În România există mai multe biserici de lemn amplasate în localități cu numele Copăceni:
Biserica de lemn din Copăceni, Bihor
Biserica de lemn din Copăceni, Cluj
Biserica de lemn din Copăceni (Copăceni), Vâlcea
Biserica de lemn din Copăceni (Racovița), Vâlcea

Biserica de lemn din Copăceni


Maxime Taffanel est un comédien et metteur en scène de théâtre. De 2009 à 2012, il a été élève à l'Ecole Nationale d'Art Dramatique de Montpellier, puis élève-comédien à la Comédie Française en 2012-2013. À la sortie de cette formation, il a interprété plusieurs rôles dans différentes mises-en-scène. En 2022, à l'occasion de la Cérémonie des Molières, il est nominé comme Révélation Masculine pour son rôle dans Cent Mètres Papillon, un seul-sur-scène qu'il a écrit et qui a été mis-en-scène par Nelly Pulicani.

Avant de débuter sa carrière théâtrale, Maxime Taffanel a été nageur de haut niveau jusqu'à ses vingt ans, côtoyant le jeune et futur champion olympique Yannick Agnel.

Références

Liens externes

Metteur en scène français

Maxime Taffanel


Plumbagina ou 5-hidroxi-2-metil-1,4-naftoquinona é um composto orgânico com a fórmula química . O composto é considerado como uma toxina comprovadamente genotóxica e mutagénica.

Descrição
A plumbagina é um composto de coloração amarela, que pode ser usado como corante, formalmente derivado da naftoquinona.

A designação do composto deriva do género Plumbago de plantas angiospémicas, a partir de espécimes do qual foi incialmente isolado.
O composto também está presente nos tecidos de plantas carnívoras dos géneros Drosera e Nepenthes. Está também presente em elevadas concentrações na drupa (as nozes) da espécie Juglans nigra (nogueira-preta).

Ver também
 Juglona

Referências

Toxinas
Quinonas

Plumbagina


Mamografia este metoda principală de examinare a sânilor la femei pentru depistarea cancerului mamar. Acesta apare în proporție de 95% din cazuri la femeile de peste 40 de ani, 1 din 8 femei dezvoltând această afecțiune pe parcursul vieții.

Riscuri și beneficii

De la introducerea mamografiei ca metodă principală de screening, rata mortalității cauzate de cancerul mamar a scăzut cu 30% în țările dezvoltate. Este singura metodă care poate să detecteze și să caracterizeze microcalcificările, singurul semn de cancer mamar.

Avantajele unei mamografii sunt că depistează și caracterizează mai eficient anumite formațiuni sau tipuri de leziuni (distorsiuni arhitecturale, asimetrii - uneori singurul semn de cancer), astfel numărul de cancere fals negative ascunse în profunzimea sânului scade drastic. De asemenea, reduce nivelul de iradiere a pacientului în timp.

Procedura
De regulă, mamografia se efectuează standard bilateral, fiind foarte utilă aprecierea simetriei în oglindă, a ambilor sâni, de preferat după menstruație. Totuși, când pacienta are un sân extirpat sau când se repetă mamografia pentru verificarea unei leziuni comparativ cu mamografia anterioară, medicul poate cere mamografia unilaterală.

Uneori, pentru stabilirea diagnosticului, medicul poate cere completarea mamografiei cu ecografia mamară sau chiar cu sonoelastografia mamară (în special în cazul sânilor denși). În general, mamografia este foarte puțin dureroasă iar medicii recomandă să fie efectuată după menstruație, când sânii nu sunt congestionați.

Scoring BI-RADS
Există termeni specifici și coduri care oferă un scoring după investigația la sâni, mai ales dacă ai căutat un diagnostic concret și nu te afli în situația de a face un control de rutină.

Colegiul American de Radiologie (ACR) a dezvoltat un sistem de date și raportare în imagistica Sânului (Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System –BIRADS), valabil pentru mamografie, ecografie mamară și imagistică prin rezonanță magnetică. Acesta a fost preluat în toată lumea, asigurând astfel un limbaj riguros și universal, redactarea unor rezultate clare și cu un grad mare de acuratețe.

Acesta reprezintă de fapt un dicționar al terminologiei, cu definiții ce asigură un limbaj standardizat, o structurare a rezultatului și o apreciere finală a examenului imagistic, cu recomandarea către o conduită ulterioară. Este prevazută o codificare ce facilitează menținerea unei baze de date și obligă la o anumită conduită.

Se folosește pentru tipul de sân (este prima cifră din cod):

 Sân în (cvasi) totalitate adipos.
 Sân adipos, dar cu țesut glandular prezent, ce ar putea masca o leziune pe mamografie.
 Sân dens eterogen (ar putea scădea sensibilitatea mamografiei).
 Sân dens omogen (scade sensibilitatea mamografiei).

Se folosește pentru modificări (a doua cifră din cod) - uneori singura care apare în final pe rezultat:
 Necesită evaluare imagistică adițională (incidente suplimentare mamografice, ecografie mamară. etc.).
 Negativă (nimic nu sugerează prezența unui proces malign).
 Modificare tipic benignă (negativă pentru cancer).
 Modificare probabil benignă (probabilitatea de cancer este < 5%). Se recomandă urmărire la un interval scurt (4-6 luni).
 Leziune suspectă (probabilitatea de cancer este între 5% și 95%). Biopsia trebuie luată în considerare.
 Leziune foarte suspectă (probabilitatea de cancer este > 95%). Trebuie luate măsurile necesare (biopsie, excizie chirurgicală, etc.).
 Leziune dovedită ca malignă (biopsie în antecedente).

Referințe

Bibliografie
 MEREUȚA, Ion; GAȚCAN, Stefan. Mastopatiile difuze. Chișinău: Print-Caro, 2012. 151 p. ISBN 978-9975-56-038-2

Teste medicale
Radiologie-imagistică medicală
Sân

Mamografie


Wackernagel er et tyskt efternavn, der henviser til blandt andre:

 Jacob Wackernagel (1853–1938) – schweizisk indogermanist
 Philipp Wackernagel (1800–1877) – tysk hymnolog
 Wilhelm Wackernagel (1806–1869) – tysk germanist

Efternavne

Wackernagel


Ida Holst (født 13. juni 1976 i København) er en dansk forfatter og foredragsholder.

Holst har en bachelorgrad i agronomi fra Den Kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole og er Master of Commerce with major in Marketing fra University of Sydney, Australien.
Ida Holst er desuden gymnasielærer, hvor hun underviser i matematik og erhvervsøkonomi. Både hende og hendes søster (fysikeren ) har arvet matematik genet fra bedstemoren Gudrun Brun (1906–1993), den første kvindelige overlæge i København.

I august 2014 udgav Ida Holst Danmarks første sms-roman "Hej Søde" på forlaget SMSpress. Bogen fik massiv medieomtale ikke mindst fordi, indholdet er baseret på private sms'er mellem hende og en daværende kæreste. Bogen fik nul stjerner i Ekstra Bladet, der skrev: "Ny sms-roman er den meste talentløse og pinlige bog, der er udkommet i Danmark i årevis". Alligevel røg "Hej Søde" på bestsellerlisten både hos Arnold Busck og Bog & Idé, og i bogens andet oplag blev Ekstra Bladets anmeldelse bragt på bagsiden.

Samme dag som sms-romanen kom på gaden, udkom Ida Holst også med email-romanen "Friederikesdal" på forlaget Modtryk. "Friederikesdal" blev til i samarbejde med afdøde forfatter Rune T. Kidde. Bogen fik fire hjerter i Politiken, der skrev: "Det er en stor og anderledes oplevelse at læse denne frydefulde bagatel".

I december 2013 udkom Holsts første bog "Pårørende Søges" på forlaget Limbo. Bogen handler om skæbnerne bag nogle af de dødsannoncer, hvor eventuelle pårørende efterlyses. Flere af artiklerne har efterfølgende været bragt i Ekstra Bladet.

Ida Holsts anden sms-roman "Hej Skat" udkom i december 2015, og i september 2018 udgav forlaget Eudor bogen "Budgetbaby", der er en praktisk selvhjælpsbog med økonomiske råd til førstegangsforældre, baseret på Ida Holsts egne erfaringer som nybagt mor (siden november 2016).

Bibliografi
 Pårørende søges, Limbo 2013 ()
 Friederikesdal i samarbejde med Rune T. Kidde, Modtryk 2014 ()
 Hej Søde, SMSpress 2014 ()
 Hej Skat, SMSpress 2015 ()
 Budgetbaby, Eudor 2018 ()

Referencer

Romanforfattere fra Danmark
Foredragsholdere fra Danmark
Personer fra København

Ida Holst


C'est arrivé à Athènes () est un film américain réalisé par Andrew Marton, sorti en 1962.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre français : C'est arrivé à Athènes
 Titre original américain : It Happened in Athens
 Réalisation : Andrew Marton
 Scénario :
 Photographie : Curt Courant
 Montage : Jodie Copelan
 Musique : Mános Hadjidákis
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Format : Couleurs - 2,35:1
 Genre : comédie
 Durée : 100 minutes
 Date de sortie :
 États-Unis :
 France  :

Distribution
 Jayne Mansfield : Eleni Costa
  : Spiridon Loues
  : Lieutenant Alexi Vinardos
 Bob Mathias : Coach Graham
  : Christina Gratsos
 Ivan Triesault : Grand-père Loues /  Trisapopolis
 Lili Valenty : Mama Loues
 Títos Vandís : Père Loues
 Charles Fawcett : Ambassador Cyrus T. Gaylord
 Jean Murat : Pierre de Coubertin
 Roger Browne : Drake
 Paul Müller : Prêtre
 Roger Fradet : Dubois
 Alan Caillou : Narrateur (voix)
 Brad Harris : Garrett (non crédité)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1962
Comédie américaine
Film réalisé par Andrew Marton
Film avec une musique composée par Mános Hadjidákis
Film de la 20th Century Fox
Film se déroulant à Athènes
Film se déroulant dans les années 1890
Film sur les Jeux olympiques

C'est arrivé à Athènes


6139 Naomi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6139 Naomi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Dynic de Atsushi Sugie. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,66 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 12,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

6139 Naomi


Algeroca, Sardinya bölgesinde konuşulan bir dildir. Katalanca'nın bir lehçesidir. Lehçe ismini konuşulduğu yer olan Alghero şehrinden alır. Yaklaşık 40,000 kişi tarafından konuşulur.

Katalanca lehçeleri
Sardinya'daki diller

İtalyanca lehçeleri

Algeroca


Aloe perryi es una especie de planta suculenta de la familia de los aloes. Es originaria de Socotra.

Descripción
Aloe perryi crece individualmente con tallo vertical o postrado que alcanza un tamaño de 30 cm de largo, tiene 12 a  30 hojas lanceoladas que forman densas rosetas. Las hojas son de color verde, teñido de rojizo de 35 centímetros de largo y 7,5 centímetros de ancho. Los dientes de color marrón claro en el margen de la hoja miden unos 4 milímetros de largo y están a 6 milímetros de distancia. La inflorescencia es por lo general de dos a tres ramas y alcanza una longitud de 50 a 60 centímetros.  Las brácteas deltoides-lanceoladas tiene una longitud de 4 a 6 milímetros. Las  flores son de color amarillo cuando se abren y miden 20 a 25 milímetros de largo, y  su fondo se estrecha.

Hábitat y ecología
Ampliamente distribuida y, a veces abundante en Socotra y Samha; principalmente en las zonas secas; en pendientes planas o suaves, sobre todo en el suelo de piedra caliza, pero de vez en cuando en las llanuras arenosas y montañas de granito. Altitud del nivel del mar de 900 m. Es delicada, a veces aparentemente anual, las plantas con tallos estrechos que encuentran a gran altura en las montañas Haggeher han sido reconocidos como A. forbesii. Sin embargo, hay muchos intermedios con la típica Aloe perryi y así que no hemos encontrado que es posible que se les da ninguna condición formal aquí. Florece en verano y entra en la nueva hoja después de la menor lluvia.

Taxonomía
Aloe perryi fue descrita por Baker y publicado en  J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 161, en el año (1880).

Etimología
Ver: Aloe

perryi: epíteto otorgado en honor de Wykeham Perry, recolector de plantas de 1880 en Socotora.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov).

perryi

Flora de Socotra
Plantas descritas en 1880
Plantas descritas por Baker

Aloe perryi


Ilmlúpína (fræðiheiti: Lupinus luteus) er 25 til 80 sentimetra há einær jurt af ertublómaætt. Hún er ættuð frá Miðjarðarhafssvæðinu og hefur verið ræktuð þar lengi til fóðurs og sem grænn áburður.

Afbrigði:
 var. luteus L.
 var. maculosus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. kazimierskii Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. arcellus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. sempolovskii (Atab) Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. melanospermus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. niger Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. cremeus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. leucospermus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. sulphureus (Atab.) Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. stepanovae Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. ochroleucus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. aurantiacus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. croceus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. aureus Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. albicans Kurl. et Stankev.
 var. sinskayae Kurl. et Stankev.

Í samvinnu við Rhizobium-gerla getur lúpínan unnið köfnunarefni úr andrúmsloftinu.

Tilvísanir

Ertublómaætt
Úlfaertur
Niturbindandi plöntur

Ilmlúpína


Teulada (sardisk: Teulàda) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sud Sardegna i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 50 meters højde og har 3.604 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 246,19 km² og grænser til kommunerne Domus de Maria, Masainas, Piscinas, Pula, Santadi og Sant'Anna Arresi.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sud Sardegna

Teulada


Anton Giulio Majano (* 5. Juli 1909 in Chieti; † 12. August 1994 in Marino) war ein italienischer Film- und Fernsehregisseur sowie Drehbuchautor.

Leben
Majano schloss in Politikwissenschaften ab und begann 1937 seine Karriere beim Film, als er bei Luis Trenkers Condottieri mitarbeitete; über die nächsten knapp zwanzig Jahre war er für Dialoge, Regieassistenzen oder Drehbücher – oft für Mario Costa – zu zahlreichen Filmen verantwortlich; nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg arbeitete er an einigen bemerkenswerten Werken wie La domenica della buona gente oder Terrore sulla città. 1943 debütierte er als Kinoregisseur und legte bis 1961 rund zehn Arbeiten vor, die allerdings wenig im Gedächtnis blieben.

Seine eigentliche Bedeutung liegt in seiner Fernseharbeit; ab 1955, mit dem Film Piccole donne, war er Hauptvertreter und Erfinder des Genres der Teleromanzo, zu dem er zahlreiche Filme beitrug. Daneben verfilmte er – nach 1961 ausschließlich für den kleinen Bildschirm arbeitend und häufig als Miniserien – aber auch Klassiker wie Die Schatzinsel, Eine amerikanische Tragödie, Der Geliebte der Großen Bärin oder David Copperfield für das italienische Fernsehen. Er gilt, mit einem immer ein wenig zu starker Sentimentalität neigendem Werk, als einer der wichtigsten frühen Regisseure des Mediums.

Die Schauspielerin Paola Majano ist seine Tochter.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Regie
 1943: La carica degli eroi (Ko-Regie, unvollendet)
 1953: Ein Sonntag in Rom (La domenica della buona gente)
 1955: Piccole donne (Fernsehfilm)
 1961: Die korsischen Brüder (I fratelli corsi)
 1961: Seddok – der Würger mit den Teufelskrallen (Seddok)
 1986: Strada senza uscita (Fernsehfilm)

Drehbuch
 1948: Bajazzo (I pagliacci)
 1952: Verzeih mir! (Perdonami!)

Weblinks

 Majano bei mymovies (italienisch)

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehregisseur
Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren 1909
Gestorben 1994
Mann

Anton Giulio Majano


Hrvatski jadranski otoci:
 Gubeša (Velolučki zaljev)
 Gubeša (Lastovski kanal)
 Gubavac (Pelješac) (Gubeša), otočić kod mjesta Brijesta na Pelješcu

Gubeša


Jomfruland nationalpark er en norsk nationalpark som ligger på og omkring øerne Jomfruland og Stråholmen i skærgården i Vestfold og Telemark fylke i Norge; 98 % af arealet i nationalparken er havområder. Parken blev oprettet i 2016 for at « tage vare på et større naturområde med geologisk særpreg med israndafsætninger og biologisk mangfoldighed i hav og på land med særegne og representative økosystemer og landskaber som er uden tunge naturindgreb» og den dekker et område på 117 km2.

Nationalparken ligger i Kragerø kommune; og grænser op til Stråholmen landskabsværnområde som blev nyoprettet samtidig med nationalparken. Oprettelsen kom som følge af et lokalt initiativ som startede i 2013.

Geografi, landskab, geologi
98 % af arealet i nationalparken består af hav og havbund. Meget af havbunden er på lavt vand og har høj produktion. Omtrent 15 kvadratkilometer med naturtyperne tangskov, ålegræseng, blødbund, skalsand og israndsafsætninger har national værdi.

Landskabet mod havet er præget af rullesten og strandvolde. På landsiden er der åbne græsninger og enge. Randmorænen Raet som blev dannet i slutningen af sidste istid, dominerer i hele nationalparkens længde, både i hav og på land. Rullestenstranden på ydersiden af Jomfruland er ca 7 km lang.

Flora og fauna
Jomfruland og Stråholmen bruges som rasteområder for trækfugle. Jomfruland Fuglestation har registreret 318 fuglearter, hvilket er det næst største antal i landet. Mod nord på Jomfruland og på Stråholmen yngler nattergal, tornirisk og af og til tornskade og karmindompap. Området har den største forekomst af fløjlsand på Østlandet. Der er en fast bestand af spættet sæl på Telemarkskysten og en stor andel holder til i nationalparken.

Forvaltning og brug af området
Området er et populært fritidsområde. Særlig Jomfruland, men også Stråholmen, de andre holme og Stangnes på fastlandet er velbesøgt. Der er 22 områder i nationalparken med samlet areal på 150 hektar  som er sikret for til friluftsliv.

Kilder og henvisninger

 Officielt websted

Nationalparker i Norge
Vestfold og Telemarks geografi
Kragerø
Etableret i 2016

Jomfruland nationalpark


سي جي آي:آي آر سي هو برنامج دردشة آي آر سي يتيح الدخول من المتصفح. برمج عبر لغتي بيرل و سي جي آي

مميزات
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مراجع

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 موقع سي جي آي:آي آر سي.

برمجيات حرة بلغة بيرل
برمجيات حرة متعددة المنصات
عملاء آي آر سي

سي جي آي:آي آر سي


Seria de inundații care a avut loc în China Centrală în anul 1931, pe perioada decadei Nanjing, este considerată, la modul general, cel mai devastator cataclism natural despre care au existat vreodată date. Între iulie și noiembrie 1931, aproximativ 100.000 km² au fost complet sau parțial inundați. Fluviul Galben și Râul Yangtze au ieșit din matcă. Între 3,7 și 4 milioane de oameni au murit înecați, din cauza foametei sau a bolilor.

Inundații precedente
Fluviul Galben (Huang He) este predispus revărsărilor din pricina teritoriului neted și întins aflat de o parte și de cealaltă a sa. Inundațiile provocate în 1887 de Fluviul Galben (denumit astfel din cauza cantității mari de loess pe care îl poartă apele sale) au devastat această zonă, omorând între 900.000 și 2.000.000 de oameni. Fluviul Huang He este denumit "Tristețea Chinei", cu toate că inundațiile provocate în delta fluviului Chang Jiang (Yangtze), situată mai la sud, au adus și ele dezastre repetate.

Cauze și efecte
Între anii 1928 și 1930, o secetă teribilă a precedat potopul. Conform unor atestări, o vreme anormală a început în centrul Chinei în iarna lui 1930. Ninsorile masive au fost urmate de dezghețul primăverii, care a venit cu ploi abundente ce au ridicat și mai mult nivelul Fluviului Galben. Ploaia s-a întețit în iulie și august 1931. Numai în luna iulie au lovit șapte cicloane. Acest lucru a provocat inundații uriașe ca urmare a umflării fluviilor Galben, Yangtze și Huai. Fluviul Galben, al cărui nivel a crescut până la 30 de metri, a ucis între unu și două milioane de oameni, inundând 87 km² și lăsând 80 de milioane de oameni fără case. Yangtze a ucis 145.000 de persoane și a afectat 28,5 milioane. În final, Huai, al cărui nivel a crescut cu 16 metri, a ucis peste 200.000 de oameni.

Bineînțeles că proporțiile dezastrului se datorează faptului că bazinele celor două mari fluvii sunt intens populate, dar dezastrul a luat proporții deoarece digurile ce trebuiau să reziste celor mai mari ploi torențiale au cedat în sute de locuri inundând peste 330.000 de hectare de teren. Peste 40.000.000 de chinezi au rămas fără locuințe și o mare parte din culturile Chinei au fost distruse, unele suprafețe agricole rămânând sub ape timp de șase luni.

Note

Inundații din China

Inundațiile din China din 1931


Uçak şekline katlanan kâğıtlardan oluşan oyuncak maketlere kâğıt uçak denilir. Japon kâğıt katlama sanatı origaminin bir dalı olan aerogaminin belki de en yaygın biçimidir. Japoncada kami hikoki diye adlandırılır (kami= kâğıt, hikoki=uçak).

Origami türleri arasında en basiti olan bu sanat, acemilerin kolayca ustalaşmasını sağlar. En basit kâğıt uçak bile altı katlamadan sonra doğru bir şekil alabilir. Son zamanlarda mukavvadan yapılanlara da kâğıt uçak deniliyor.

Tarihçe

Kâğıt kullanarak yapılan oyuncakların başlangıcının 2000 yıl önce Çin'de olduğu sanılıyor. O zamanlarda uçurtmalar popüler bir eğlence kaynağı sayılıyordu. Buna rağmen kâğıt uçakların tamamen ne zaman icat edildiğini belirlemek pek mümkün değil. Sürat, yükseliş ve moda tasarımları seneler geçtikçe gelişmiştir.

Tahminlere göre kâğıt uçaklar ilk olarak 1909 yılında yaratılmıştır. Ancak en çok kabul edilen uyarlaması 1930 yılında Lockheed Corporation kurucularından biri olan Jack Northrop tarafından yaratılmıştır. Northrop kâğıt uçakları test aletleri olarak kullanarak gerçek uçakların tasarımlarını keşfetmeye çalışmıştır.

Dünya rekoru

Senelerce kâğıt uçakları havada en uzun zaman tutmayı deneyen birçok kişi olmuştur. Guinness Rekorlar Kitabında 13 sene (1983-1996) yerini alan Ken Blackburn, 8 Ekim 1998 tarihinde kendi rekorunu kırıp kapalı alanda kâğıt uçağını 27.6 saniye havada tutmayı başarmıştır. Bu rekor Guinness görevlileri ve CNN tarafından da onaylanmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Kâğıt Uçak Nasıl Yapılır?
 Paper Airplanes and Paper Boats
 How to build the best paper airplane in the world

Origami

Kâğıt uçak


Polonya-Litvanya Birliği, Birinci Polonya Cumhuriyeti, İki Ulus Cumhuriyeti, İki Ulus Birliği veya İki Halk Birliği (Lehçe: Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Beyaz Rusça: Рэч Паспалітая Абодвух Народаў, Reç Paspalitaya Abodvuh Narodaŭ; Litvanca: Abiejų tautų respublika), 17. yüzyıl Avrupası'nın en güçlü ülkelerinden biriydi.

Tarihi

Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği 1 Temmuz 1569 tarihinde imzalanan Lublin Antlaşması ile kuruldu. Bu antlaşmayla Lehistan Krallığı, Litvanya Grandüklüğü ve Kraliyet Prusyası tek bir devlet olarak birleştiler ve Avrupa'nın en güçlü ülkelerinden biri haline geldiler. Aslında bu ülkeler 1569 yılından önce de işbirliği halindeydiler. Lehistan ve Litvanya 1386 yılında Litvan Jagiellon Hanedanının Lehistan'ı yönetmeye başlamasından sonra aynı krallar tarafından yönetilmekteydiler. Ancak Lublin Birliğine gelinceye kadar kral hariç iki ülkenin bütün yönetim organları ayrı tutulmaktaydı. İki ülkenin ayrı meclis (Sejm) ve senatosu vardı. Kraków ve Vilnius'ta ayrı başkentler bulunmaktaydı. Birleşmeden sonra Krakow'da tek bir meclis ve senato kaldı. Başkent 1596 yılında da Varşova'ya taşındı.

Birlik, 17. yüzyılın başlarında altın çağına ulaştı. Devletin güçlü bir parlamentosu vardı. Otuz Yıl Savaşları'na katılmak istemeyen soylular parlamentoda çoğunluk oluşturmaktaydı. Bu tarafsızlık, Avrupa'nın her köşesini kasıp kavuran Siyasi-Dini çatışmalardan ülkeyi uzak tutmak için yetti. İsveç'e kafa tutabilecek kadar güçlenen devlet, Rus Çarlığı'na, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na ve himayesindeki devletlere başarılı yayılmacı saldırılar başlattı. Özellikle Rusya'nın yaşadığı Karışıklık Dönemi süresince devlet, işgalleri hızlandırdı, Birlik askerleri Moskova'ya girdi ve orayı zapt etmeyi başardılar. 27 Eylül 1610, tarihinden 4 Kasım 1612, tarihindeki bir kuşatmayla sürülene kadar orayı ellerinde tuttular.

Birliğin gücü bu olaylardan sonra gitgide azalmaya başladı. Ülkenin güneydoğusunda 1648'de başlayan Ukrayna Kazakları'nın çıkardığı Hmelnitski Ayaklanması'nın durumu günden güne ciddiyetini artırıyordu. Yıllardır ülkenin ordusunda savaşan Kazaklar, artık kendi devletlerini kurmak istediler ve başarılı oldular Rusların koruması altında Pereyaslav Antlaşması'yla Kazak Hetmanlığı adında bir devlet kuruldu.

Devletin başına gelen bir diğer felaket ise, 1655 yılında başlayan ve "Tufan" olarak adlandırdıkları İsveç akınlarıdır. Bu akınların ve işgallerin üzerine bir de Erdel Dükü George II Rákóczi ve Brandenburg Elektörü Frederick William'ın da saldırıları eklenince, çok ağır bir savaş patlak verdi.

Krallar

Ekonomi

Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği'nin ekonomisi büyük ölçüde feodal tarıma dayanmaktaydı. Kölelik 15. yüzyılda yasaklandı ve 1588 yılında ise tamamen kaldırıldı. Onun yerine ikinci bir serf sistemi getirildi. Köylüler büyük ölçüde tahıl yetiştiriyorlardı.

Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği 16. yüzyılın Batı Avrupası'na ürün tedariki konusunda önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Özellikle tahıl (çavdar), büyükbaş hayvan (sığır) ve kürk; ülkenin Batı Avrupa'ya ihraç ettiği ürünlerin %90'ını oluşturmaktaydı.

Gdańsk gemilerinin çoğu; Birleşik Hollanda Cumhuriyeti'nin Anvers ve Amsterdam gibi şehirlerine tahıl ticareti yapıyorlardı. Tahılın yanı sıra deniz ürünleri ve ahşap ticareti yapılmaktaydı. Karayolu vasıtasıyla da Alman topraklarına, özellikle Leipzig ve Nuremberg şehirlerine yaklaşık 50.000 baş büyükbaş hayvan, post, kürk, tuz, tütün, kenevir, pamuk (çoğunlukla Varşova'dan) ve keten ticareti yapılıyordu. Şarap, meyve, baharat, kıyafet, balık ve bira da üretilip dış topraklara ihraç ediliyordu. Ayrıca lüks eşyalar da satılmaktaydı (kanaviçeler).

16-17. yüzyıllarda ülkenin dış ticaret dengesi; pozitiften negatife kaydı. Bunun en büyük sebebi ise coğrafî keşifler oldu. Coğrafî keşiflerle birlikte eski ticaret yolları önemini kaybetti. Kehribar Yolu da bunlardan biriydi. Ülke, Asya ile Avrupa arasındaki kervan yolunda kurulmuştu. Bu yol da önemini kaybedince ekonomi bozuldu. Bu olaylardan sonra Rusya İmparatorluğu ile yeni yerel ticarî yollar kuruldu.

Birliğin para birimi złoty ve grosz idi. Gdańsk şehrinin kendi paralarını basma ayrıcalığı da vardı.

Askeri yapı

Birliğin ordusunun temeli, Polonya Krallığı ve Litvanya Büyük Dükalığı'nın ordusu oluşturur. Ordunun komutası Atamanlardaydı. Aslında 1581 yılına kadar bu unvan sadece savaşta geçerliydi. Daha sonra kalıcı bir unvan haline getirildi. En ilginç dizilimi ağır zırhlı atlı birlikler olan Kanatlı Hüssarlar yapıyordu. Litvan askerler ordunun yaklaşık dörtte üçünü oluşturmaktaydı. Ayrıca orduda Kazak ulusundan askerler de bulunuyordu. Orduda Teber, mızrak, kılıç, kalkan, ok ve yay kullanılmaktaydı. Genelde hafif zırhlar giyen piyadelerin kafalarında da yöresel başlıkları vardı. Yıllar sonra ateşli silahları da kullanmaya başlayan ordu, daha da güçlendi.

İlk ordu ve bölümleri
Ordu dört hetman tarafından yönetilirdi ve sekiz çeşit birlik içerirdi.

Wojsko kwarciane: Vergilerden pay alan düzenli birlikler.

Wojsko komputowe: Savaş zamanında toplanan yarı-düzenli birlikler. (1652 yılında Wojsko Kwarciane ile birleştirilerek kalıcı hale geldiler.

Pospolite ruszenie: Askere alınan soylular.

Piechota łanowa: piechota wybraniecka(kraliyet köylüleri) ve piechota dymowa(halk köylüleri): Eğitimli köylü askerler.

Kayıtlı Kazaklar: Kazak kökenli askerlerden oluşan birlikler. (1699'a kadar Leh ordusunda yer aldılar fakat sonradan Zaporojya Kazaklarının kışkırtmaları ve çıkardıkları isyanlar neticesinde çoğu Kazak birleştiler ve bir devlet kurdular)

Kraliyet Korumaları: Kralın can güvenliğinden sorumlu elit birim.

Paralı Askerler: Diğer uluslardan para ile satın alınan askerler.

Özel Ordular: Magnat adlı aristokrat sınıfının ve halkın parasıyla oluşturulan elit birim.

Oldukça sıra dışı taktiklerle savaşan diğer birimler
Hüssarlar: Mızrak ve Kargılarıyla saldıran Ağır zırhlı atlılar. 17. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru çoğu rakiplerinin ateşli silahlara sahip olmasına kadar hücumları çok etkiliydi.

Kazaklar: Hafif zırhlı atlı birlikleriyle orduda katkıları büyüktür. Ama İsveç rajtar silahşorları kadar iyi değillerdi.

Tabor: At arabalarını kullanan birim. Savaşlarda çabucak arabalarını çepeçevre tahkim ederler ve savaşı bir savunma savaşına çevirirlerdi.

Birlik askerleri yıllarca güneyde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, kuzeyde İsveç Krallığı, doğuda Rusya Çarlığı ve özellikle Zaporojya Kazaklarıyla mücadele ettiler. Öyle ki 16., 17. ve 18. yüzyılın büyük bölümünde Zaporojya Kazakları Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği'nin, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun, Kırım Hanlığı'nın ve Rusya Çarlığı'nın otoritesine kafa tutabilen kuvvetli bir siyasi ve askerî  güç haline geldi. Üç büyük devlet arasındaki ihtilaflar ve ittifaklar arasında gidip gelen Zaporojyalılar, 18. yüzyıl sonunda Rus İmparatorluğu tarafından zorla dağıtıldı.

Osmanlı-Lehistan ilişkileri

Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği Osmanlı tarihinde sadece Lehistan adıyla anılmıştır. Lehistan Osmanlıların bugünkü Polonya'ya verdiği isimdi. Polonyalılar da bazen kendileri için Lechia adını kullanmışlardır.  Hâlen bazı dünya dillerinde Polonya için Leh sözcüğünden gelen isimler kullanılmaya devam etmektedir (Farsça, Macarca, Litvanca vs.). Osmanlılar 1526 yılındaki Mohaç Muharebesi'ni kazanarak Macaristan'ın büyük bir bölümünü ele geçirince birdenbire Lehistan'la komşu haline geldiler. Bu dönem her iki ülkenin de altın çağına denk gelmektedir.
Lehistan'ın Karadeniz'e tek çıkış yolu Tuna Nehri üzerindeki Eflak ve Boğdan beylikleriydi. Bu beyliklerin Osmanlı hakimiyetinde olması iki ülke arasında sık sık sürtüşmelere yol açtı. 1620-1621 Osmanlı-Lehistan Savaşı bu nedenle ortaya çıktı.  Ayrıca Zaporojya Kazakları ve Kırım Hanlığı da bu iki ülke arasında sık sık sorunlara yol açıyordu.

Lehistan'ın himayesi altındaki Kazaklar Osmanlı Devletini yağmalıyor, Osmanlı himayesindeki Kırımlılar da aynı şeyi Lehistan'a yapıyorlardı. 1633-1634 Osmanlı-Lehistan Savaşı ve 1671-1676 Osmanlı-Lehistan Savaşı bu nedenle çıktı.

17. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru her iki ülke de zayıflamaya yüz tuttu. II. Viyana Kuşatması sırasındaki Viyana'yı Osmanlılardan kurtaran ordu Lehistan kralı III. Jan Sobieski'nin ordusu olmuştu.

Yıkılışı

18. yüzyıla gelindiğinde Lehistan sürekli olarak toprak kaybetmeye başladı. Lehistan'ın komşusu olan Rusya, Avusturya ve Prusya güçlendiler. Saksonya'dan Wettin Hanedanı mensubu III. August 1697 yılında Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği kralı seçildi. Wettinler halkı sindirmeyi ve güç kullanmayı kesin bir kural olarak görüyordu ve bunu uyguladılar da. Halihazırda siyasi istikrarsızlık ülkede iç savaşlara ve isyanlara ortam hazırladı. Bu sırada 1715 yılında resmen kral ve soylular arasında bir iç savaş çıktı. Çar Petro bu durumdan çok iyi faydalandı. Stanislaw Poniatowski Kral III. August'u devirme planlarına destek sağlaması için annesinin ailesi tarafından Petersburg'a gönderildi. Rus sarayında ailesinin çıkarlarını gözetmek için fazla çaba harcamadı ve geleceğin çariçesi  II. Katerina'ya âşık oldu.

Yekaterina, III. August'un 1763'te ölümünden sonra, Lehistan'ı daha da zayıf düşürmek için yollar aramaya başladı. Lehistan bu sorunlarla uğraşırken dış güçlere karşı savunmasız ve güçsüz kaldı. Meclis toplandı (Sejm) Rus İmparatorluğu 24.000 kişilik bir orduyla o sırada Lehlerin topladıkları meclislerine (Sessiz Sejm, bu seferki farklı bir meclisti.) doğru yola çıktı. Bu meclisin en önemli kuralı Eğer elçiler oy birliği ile karara altı haftada (tek oturumda zaman sınırı) varamasalardı, tartışmalar geçersiz ilan edilirdi ve bu Sejm'den önceki tüm eylemler iptal edilirdi. Rusya İmparatorluğu'nda meclise geldi ve bir arabulucu olmak amacıyla katılmış gözükse de asıl amacı topraklardan payına düşeni almaktı. 17. yüzyılın ortalarından beri, Sejm çözünürlüğünde otomatik olarak belirlenen bir elçi ya da senatör biri tarafından diğer, daha önce onaylanmış kararların reddi nedeniyle, herhangi bir itiraz olmadı. Bu tüm Sejmlerin oluşturduğu bir bütün çözünürlük, verilen bir oturumda geçti. Kararlar ve bu sessiz durum Sejm'in  "Sessiz Sejm" olarak adlandırılmasının nedeniydi, örnek: 1667'de ve 16. yüzyılda hiçbir kişi ya da grup davaya cesaret edemedi ama 17. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, Sejm'de liberum veto (Latince: "Ben özgürce yasaklarım") neredeyse durduruldu, III. August yetkilerinin büyük çoğunluğunu yıllarca Lehistan'da genel valilik yapan Heinrich von Brühl'e devretti.

II. Katerina yıllar sonra Rusya'nın askerî  ve siyasal gücünü kullanarak dilediği gibi yönlendirebileceğini düşündüğü genç Poniatowski'nin II. Stanisław adıyla tahta çıkmasını (7 Eylül 1764) sağladı. Stanisław tahta çıktıktan sonra, krallığın gücünü artırmaya, yönetimde reform yapmaya ve parlamenter rejimi güçlendirmeye çalıştı. Ama soyluların ve kendisini tahttan indirmekle tehdit eden Yekaterina'nın engellemeleri karşısında sonunda reformlardan vazgeçmek zorunda kaldı. Lehistan-Litvanya birliği çöküşün eşiğine geldi. Czartoryski ve Potocki Hanedanı el birliğiyle Liberum veto'yu 1791'de Polonya'nın 3 Mayıs Anayasası'nın kabulüyle tamamen kaldırıldılar. Anayasa kabulü ve olası uzun vadeli kararlardan sonra bir sonuca varıldı. O sonuçlara göre Avusturya, Rusya ve Prusya Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği topraklarını paylaştı ve 300 yıllık Polonya parlamentosunun sürekliliği sona erdi. Ruslar Kralın Sakson ordusunu sürgün etti. Sonunda Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği bu üç ülke arasında paylaşılarak 1795 yılında Avrupa haritasından silindi. Bunu kabul etmeyen tek Avrupa devleti ise Osmanlı Devleti'ydi.

Ayrıca bakınız
1605-1618 Lehistan-Rusya Savaşı
Tufan (tarih)

Kaynakça

Erken Modern Çağ'da Ukrayna
Avrupa tarihindeki devletler
Avrupa'daki eski monarşiler
Litvanya siyasi tarihi
Polonya siyasi tarihi
Ukrayna siyasi tarihi
Litvanya-Polonya ilişkileri
Avrupa'daki eski cumhuriyetler
Livonya Dükalığı
Transdinyester tarihi
17. yüzyılda Polonya
1569'da kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler
16. yüzyılda Litvanya
17. yüzyılda Litvanya
18. yüzyılda Litvanya
16. yüzyılda Polonya
18. yüzyılda Polonya
17. yüzyılda Ukrayna
18. yüzyılda Ukrayna

Polonya-Litvanya Birliği


Ginevra di Scozia (Ginebra de Escocia) es un dramma eroico per musica en dos actos con música de Simon Mayr y libreto en italiano de Gaetano Rossi, basado en la obra dramática de Giovanni Pindemonte, representado en el año 1795 en el Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo de Venezia, a su vez basado en tema del Orlando furioso de Ludovico Ariosto. Se estrenó el 21 de abril de 1801 para la inauguración del Teatro Nuovo (ahora Teatro Verdi) de Trieste.

Enlaces externos

Artículo en Ginevra di Scozia en Del Teatro
Libreto de la ópera

Óperas de Simon Mayr
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1801
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia
Óperas estrenadas en Trieste
Materia de Bretaña en la ópera

Ginevra di Scozia


El transporte en Chile se lleva a cabo principalmente por vía terrestre. El extremo sur del país no está conectado a la zona Central de Chile por carreteras, salvo a través de Argentina, por lo que el transporte por vía marítima juega un papel importante allí. Los ferrocarriles fueron históricamente importantes en Chile; sin embargo, hoy tienen una parte relativamente pequeña del sistema de transporte del país. Debido a la geografía y a las largas distancias entre las principales ciudades, el transporte por vía aérea cobra cada vez más relevancia.

Transporte por vía terrestre

Seguridad vial en Chile

La seguridad vial en Chile se refiere a las regulaciones, acciones gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil que tienen como objetivo proteger la salud  de las personas que usan la vía pública en ese país, ya sean automovilistas, peatones, ciclistas o motociclistas y evitar accidentes de tránsito. Entre las acciones previstas están las campañas de prevención, la evolución de la reglas de tránsito, su aplicación y cumplimiento.

Como la seguridad vial es un elemento de salud pública, una estadística importante es el número de fallecidos por accidentes de tránsito. Según los últimos datos del Ministerio de Salud, en 2015 hubo 1 958 fallecidos. En 2015, Chile fue el país de la OECD (OCDE) que tenía la peor tasa de mortalidad con 12.4 fallecidos por cada 100 000 habitantes.

Carreteras

La red vial de Chile corresponde a los caminos y rutas de jurisdicción nacional. En diciembre de 2011, esta red estaba compuesta por un total de 77.606,16 km, de los cuales 9.280,30 presentan solución básica como bischofita (sal de magnesio usada para compactar caminos en el norte de Chile), 17.678,10 son de tierra, 18.436,74 están pavimentados y 32.210,04 son de ripio. Su jurisdicción corresponde a la Dirección de Vialidad del Ministerio de Obras Públicas.
Esta extensa red abarca todo el país, permitiendo llegar en automóvil a distintos lugares.

Autopistas

Las autopistas de Chile son la red de vías de calzadas separadas en Chile que son generalmente de concesión y con peajes, mientras un grupo de estas son gratuitas y están mantenidas por el Estado a través del Ministerio de Obras Públicas. La ruta 5 Panamericana es la que posee más tramos concesionados en el país.

Autobuses y microbuses

Existen autobuses urbanos, suburbanos y rurales; y buses interurbanos e internacionales.

Actualmente, los autobuses son el principal medio de transporte a larga distancia en Chile, tras la caída de la red ferroviaria. El sistema de buses interurbanos cubre todo el país, desde Arica a Santiago (viaje aproximado de 30 horas) y desde Santiago hasta Punta Arenas (aproximadamente 40 horas, con un transbordo en la ciudad de Osorno). También hay servicios internacionales a los demás países de Sudamérica. Servicios de larga distancia son llamados "semi-cama" (asiento reclinable) o "cama", a menudo de 2 pisos.

Santiago empezó su sistema de transporte público (Red Metropolitana de Movilidad) el 2005; el Biobús en Concepción, se integra con el tren eléctrico (Biotrén) y se basa en un derecho de manera dedicada para los autobuses.

Actualmente las ciudades cuentan o contarán en el futuro con los siguientes sistemas de autobuses:

• Santiago: Red Metropolitana de Movilidad

• Concepción: Red Concepción de Movilidad

• Punta Arenas: Red Punta Arenas de Movilidad

• Valparaíso: Transporte Metropolitano de Valparaíso

• Trans O'Higgins

• TransAntofagasta

• Arica: se implementaran 170 buses el segundo semestre de 2022.

• Temuco te mueve

Ciudades con Ferrocarril Metropolitano (Metro)
 Santiago (Metro de Santiago)
 Valparaíso (Metro Tren Limache-Puerto)
 Concepción (Biotrén)

Ferrocarriles y Tren de cercanías

La Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado (EFE) es la encargada de proveer infraestructura para los servicios de transporte de carga y de transporte suburbano e interurbano de pasajeros en las zonas central y sur del país.

El total de vías férreas en el país es de 6.782 km , que se dividen en:
 Vía ancha: 3.744 km 66 gauge (1,654 km electrificada)
 Vía angosta: 116 km 42 gauge; 2.922 km 1 gauge (40 km electrificada) (1995)
 Vía estándar: sg cerca de 40 km desde Arica a Tacna, Perú

Servicios de tren
 Tren Nos-Estación Central.
 Tren Rancagua-Estación Central.
 Tren Chillán-Estación Central entre Chillán y Santiago.
 Tren Santiago-Concepción
 Corto Laja entre Talcahuano y Laja.
 Regional Talca-Constitución entre Talca y Constitución.
 Regional Victoria-Temuco entre Temuco y Victoria.

Conexiones ferroviarias con países vecinos
  - Ferrocarril Trasandino - abandonado 1984 – 100 km de ferrocarril de montaña con secciones de ferrocarril de cremallera. Se planea una concesión para reabrir este tramo.
  - Ferrocarril Arica-La Paz sí - misma medida (1000 mm) - desde Arica a La Paz (Bolivia).
  - Ferrocarril Tacna-Arica sí - una conexión de 1435 mm de ancho entre Arica y Tacna (Perú).

Proyectos
Tren rápido Santiago-Valparaíso
Tranvía de Antofagasta
Tranvía de La Serena y Coquimbo
Teleférico Bicentenario
Tren Melipilla-Estación Central
Tren Santiago-Batuco
Metro de Temuco
Metrotren Araucanía
Tranvía de Las Condes

Transporte por vía marítima

Puertos

Navegación en transbordadores y barcazas

Antiguamente en lugares como Calbuco, Chacao, Castro, Caleta Puelche y Caleta la Arena se utilizaban balsas o botes para movilizar personas y también para transportar alimentos.
Hoy en día como una medida transitoria, comenzó a funcionar la conexión bimodal (una parte terrestre y otra marítima), esta conexión se lleva a cabo por barcazas o transbordadores. Este sistema permite un mayor flujo de gente de forma más facilitada a las islas remotas de nuestro país.

 Metaneros 2
 Barcos de pasajeros 3
 Petroleros 4
 roll-on/roll-off 4
 Transbordadores 2

Transporte por vía aérea

Chile cuenta con 126 helipuertos y 344 pistas de aterrizaje aéreo. Entre estas, destacan los aeropuertos de Chacalluta de Arica, Diego Aracena de Iquique, Andrés Sabella de Antofagasta, Carriel Sur de Concepción, La Araucanía de Temuco, El Tepual de Puerto Montt, Presidente Ibáñez de Punta Arenas, Mataveri en isla de Pascua, el aeropuerto más remoto del mundo; y el Aeropuerto Internacional Arturo Merino Benítez de Santiago (1967), con un tráfico de 12 105 524 pasajeros en 2011.

Actualmente en el país, operan las aerolíneas nacionales LATAM, Sky Airline, JetSmart, LATAM Cargo, entre otras.

Véase también
 Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones de Chile
 Subsecretaría de Transportes de Chile
 Plan Maestro de Transporte Santiago 2025
 Tranvía de Las Condes

Referencias

Transporte en Chile


Zagurević odnosno Zagorević, jedna od najznačajnijih obitelji s istočne obale Jadrana u Mlecima. Palača obitelji Zagurevića (palazzo Zaguri) se nalazila u središnjem mletačkom podruĉju. Blizu nje bili su most, kanal i ulica koji su nosili ime njihove obitelji. Poznati pripadnici su tiskar Jerolim Zagurević i pjesnik Ilija Zagurević, po majci je Zagurević Ivan Bolica, zatim Anđeo Zagurević i Ivan Zagurević. Dvojica braće spominju se kao naručitelji trećeg hrvatskog izdanja Ledesmina Nauka karstianskog; tiskano je kod C. Zanettija u Veneciji 1583. na ćirilici (tipu dosta približenom bosanskom) i bilo je izričito namijenjeno župama dubrovačkoga zaleđa. Iz bokotorske obitelji Zagurović su sv. Petilovrijenci, što je zajednički naziv za kotorske kršćanske mučenike braću Petra, Andriju i Lovra, čiji se blagdan slavi 7. srpnja. Prema Lenki Blehovoj-Čelebić, braća potječu iz zatona Žanjica (s gradom Rose) i da su nastradala 840. godine od Saracena. Prema Stjepčeviću, obitelj Zaguri pojavila se u Kotoru tek u prvoj polovici 14. stoljeća. Po tom nadnevku od 840., najstariji su hrvatski svetci. Dubrovčanin nadbiskup Vital Ovčarević/Gučetić je u Žanjici (nasuprot rtu Oštro) 28. rujna 1026. dao otkopati i u Dubrovnik donijeti moći svete braće. Oltar im se nalazi u dubrovačkoj Katedrali. Braći je stoljećima bila posvećena crkva na Placi, koje je poslije srušena. Moći su im prenesene u Katedralu Blažene Djevice Marije, a na te najstarije hrvatske svece i njihovu bivšu crkvu, uspomenu čuva ulica Petilovrijenci.

Izvori

Kotor
Dubrovačko plemstvo

Zagurevići


"Habits (Stay High)" este un cântec al interpretei suedeze Tove Lo de pe discul EP, Truth Serum, și de pe albumul său de debut Queen of the Clouds. Acesta a fost scris de către Tove Lo, Ludvig Söderberg și Jakob Jerlström, în timp ce a fost produs de ultimii doi sub numele de producție The Struts. Inițial, artista a lansat independent melodia sub titlul "Habits" la data de 15 martie 2013 ca și cel de-al doilea disc single care să fie lansat independent. După artista a semnat un contract cu casa de discuri Universal Music, piesa a fost lansată încă o data sub titlul "Habits (Stay High)" ca și un disc single principal de pe Truth Serum și Queen of the Clouds.

Compoziție
"Habits (Stay High)" este un cântec pop și electropop care are o instrumentație minimalistă și upbeat electronică. Versurile sale se încadrează în încercările cântăreței de a uita iubitul său anterior prin abuzul de substanțe, băuturi și alte practici hedoniste. În cele din urmă, unii critici muzicali și chiar cântăreața însăși a remarcat un contrast între producția cântecului și conținutului său liric.

Videoclip
Două videoclipuri au fost filmate pentru cântec, amândouă versiuni au fost regizate de către Motellet Film. Prima versiune, lansată la data de 15 martie 2013, în videoclip cântăreața este la o petrecere de ceai și se îmbătă cu oaspeții ei. Videoclipul a depășit jumătate de milion de vizualizări pe YouTube înainte de a fi pus ca și privat la un an după lansarea sa. Cea de-a doua versiune a fost filmată la un club suedez într-o perioada de trei zile și prezintă artista într-o noapte petrecută împreună cu prietenii ei.

Referințe

Cântece de Tove Lo
Discuri single din 2013

Habits (Stay High)