(14877) Zauberflöte, denumire internațională (14877) Zauberflote, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
14877 Zauberflöte este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,04 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 12,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 14001-15000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

14877 Zauberflöte


The DC-X, short for Delta Clipper or Delta Clipper Experimental, was an uncrewed prototype of a reusable single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle built by McDonnell Douglas in conjunction with the United States Department of Defense's Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) from 1991 to 1993. Starting 1994 until 1995, testing continued through funding of the US civil space agency NASA. In 1996, the DC-X technology was completely transferred to NASA, which upgraded the design for improved performance to create the DC-XA. After a test flight of DC-XA in 1996 resulted in a fire, the project was canceled.

Background
According to writer Jerry Pournelle: "DC-X was conceived in my living room and sold to National Space Council Chairman Dan Quayle by General Graham, Max Hunter and me." According to Max Hunter, however, he had tried hard to convince Lockheed Martin of the concept's value for several years before he retired. Hunter had written a paper in 1985 entitled "The Opportunity", detailing the concept of a Single-Stage-To-Orbit spacecraft built with low-cost "off-the-shelf" commercial parts and then available technology, but Lockheed Martin was not interested enough to fund such a program themselves.

On February 15, 1989, Pournelle, Graham and Hunter were able to procure a meeting with Vice-President Dan Quayle. They successfully "sold" the idea to SDIO by noting that any space-based weapons system would need to be serviced by a spacecraft that was far more reliable than the Space Shuttle, and offer lower launch costs and have much better turnaround times.

Given the uncertainties of the design, the basic plan was to produce a deliberately simple test vehicle and to "fly a little, break a little" in order to gain experience with fully reusable quick-turnaround spacecraft. As experience was gained with the vehicle, a larger prototype would be built first for sub-orbital and then orbital tests. Finally a commercially acceptable vehicle would be developed from these prototypes. In keeping with general aircraft terminology, they proposed the small prototype should be called the DC-X, X being the US Air Force designation for "experimental". This would be followed by the "DC-Y", with Y being the USAF designation for pre-production test aircraft and prototypes (e.g. YF-16). Finally the production version would be known as the "DC-1". The name "Delta Clipper" was chosen to result in the acronym "DC" to draw a connection with the Douglas "DC Series" of airliners, beginning with the Douglas DC-1.

The vehicle is inspired by the designs of McDonnell Douglas engineer Philip Bono, who saw single stage to orbit VTOL lifters as the future of space travel. The Delta Clipper was very similar to Bono's SASSTO vehicle from 1967. Bono died less than three months before the DC-X's first test flight.

SDIO requirement
SDIO wanted a "suborbital, recoverable rocket (SRR) capable of lifting up to 3,000 pounds (1361 kg) of payload to an altitude of 1.5 million feet (457 km); returning to the launch site for a precise soft landing; with the capability to launch for another mission within three to seven days".

Specification
DC-X Specifications:
12 m high, 4.1 m diameter at base, conical shape
Empty mass: 9100 kg. Fuelled mass: With full load of propellants:18,900 kg
Propellants: Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen
Propulsion: Four RL10A5 rocket engines, each generating 6,100 kgf thrust. Each engine throttleable from 30% to 100%. Each gimbals +/-8 degrees.
Reaction Controls: Four 440-lb thrust gaseous oxygen, gaseous hydrogen thrusters
Guidance, Navigation and Control Avionics: Advanced 32 bit, 4.5 mips computer, F-15 Navigation System with ring laser gyros. F/A-18 accelerometer and rate gyro package. Global Positioning Satellite P(Y) code receiver. Digital data telemetry system. Radar altimeter.
Hydraulic System: Standard hydraulic aircraft-type system to drive vehicle's five aerodynamic flaps and eight engine gimbal actuators (two per engine).
Construction Materials: Aeroshell and base heat shield: graphite epoxy composite with special silicon-based thermal protection coating; Main propellant tanks: 2219 alloy aluminium; Main structural supports: aluminium; Landing gear: steel and titanium

Design
Built as a one-third-size scale prototype, the DC-X was never designed to achieve orbital altitudes or velocity, but instead to demonstrate the concept of vertical take off and landing. The vertical take off and landing concept was popular in science fiction films from the 1950s (Rocketship X-M, Destination Moon, and others), but not seen in real world designs of space vehicles. It would take off vertically like standard rockets, but also land vertically with the nose up. This design used attitude control thrusters and retro rockets to control the descent, allowing the craft to begin atmospheric entry nose-first, but then roll around and touch down on landing struts at its base. The craft could be refueled where it landed, and take off again from exactly the same position — a trait that allowed unprecedented turnaround times.

In theory a base-first re-entry profile would be easier to arrange. The base of the craft would already need some level of heat protection to survive the engine exhaust, so adding more protection would be easy enough. More importantly, the base of the craft is much larger than the nose area, leading to lower peak temperatures as the heat load is spread out over a larger area. Finally, this profile would not require the spacecraft to "flip around" for landing.

The military role made this infeasible, however. One desired safety requirement for any spacecraft is the ability to "abort once around", that is, to return for a landing after a single orbit. Since a typical low Earth orbit takes about 90 to 120 minutes, the Earth will rotate to the east about 20 to 30 degrees in that time; or for a launch from the southern United States, about . If the spacecraft is launched to the east this does not present a problem, but for the polar orbits required of military spacecraft, when the orbit is complete the spacecraft overflies a point far to the west of the launch site. In order to land back at the launch site, the craft needs to have considerable cross-range maneuverability, something that is difficult to arrange with a large smooth surface. The Delta Clipper design thus used a nose-first re-entry with flat sides on the fuselage and large control flaps to provide the needed cross range capability. Experiments with the control of such a re-entry profile had never been tried, and were a major focus of the project.

Another focus of the DC-X project was minimized maintenance and ground support. To this end, the craft was highly automated and required only three people in its control center (two for flight operations and one for ground support).

Flight testing

Construction of the DC-X started in 1991 at McDonnell Douglas' Huntington Beach facility. The aeroshell was custom-constructed by Scaled Composites, but the majority of the spacecraft was built from commercial off-the-shelf parts, including the engines and flight control systems.

The DC-X first flew, for 59 seconds, on 18 August 1993; it was claimed that it was the first time a rocket had landed vertically on Earth. It flew two more flights 11 September and 30 September, when funding ran out as a side effect of the winding down of the SDIO program; in addition the program was considered far-fetched by detractors. Apollo astronaut Pete Conrad was at the ground-based controls for some flights. These tests were conducted at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.

However, further funding was provided by NASA and the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The test program restarted on 20 June 1994 with a 136-second flight. The next flight, 27 June 1994, suffered a minor inflight explosion, but the craft successfully executed an abort and autoland. Testing restarted after this damage was fixed, and three more flights were carried out on 16 May 1995, 12 June, and 7 July. On the last flight a hard landing cracked the aeroshell. By this point funding for the program had already been cut, and there were no funds for the needed repairs. The altitude record for the DC-X was 2,500 m, set during its last flight before being upgrading to the DC-XA, on 7 July 1995.

DC-XA
NASA agreed to take on the program after the last DC-X flight in 1995. In contrast to the original concept of the DC-X demonstrator, NASA applied a series of major upgrades to test new technologies. In particular, the oxygen tank was replaced by a lightweight (alloy 1460 equivalent of alloy 2219) aluminium-lithium alloy tank from Russia, and the hydrogen tank by a graphite-epoxy composite design.  The control system was likewise improved. The upgraded vehicle was called the DC-XA, renamed the Clipper Advanced/Clipper Graham, and resumed flight in 1996.

The first flight of the DC-XA test vehicle was made on 18 May 1996 and resulted in a minor fire when the deliberate "slow landing" resulted in overheating of the aeroshell. The damage was quickly repaired and the vehicle flew two more times on 7 and 8 June, a 26-hour turnaround. On the second of these flights the vehicle set its altitude and duration records,  and 142 seconds of flight time.  Also, during the 8 June flight, the vehicle executed the first planned rotation maneuver for a rocket, where it transitioned from nose first forward flight to controlled backwards flight.  At the apex of this rotation maneuver, DC-XA slowed itself by rotating to a backwards orientation, and flew backwards, base first, with its nose 10 degrees below the horizon, under control of the main engines. It then exercised a controlled rotation to a nose up attitude, and executed a powered soft landing.   This maneuver showed that a single stage to orbit vehicle could efficiently return from orbit using  aerodynamic braking in a forward attitude, and then rotate to a base first powered landing at a spaceport.

Its next flight, on 31 July 1996, proved to be its last. The launch and flight portion of the this mission was flawless, however, after slowing to a perfect touchdown, only 3 of the 4 landing struts extended.  The vehicle could not balance on 3 struts, and slowly fell sideways on the landing pad.  When the side of the vehicle struck the concrete pad, the main liquid oxygen tank cracked open and leaked LOX onto the pad.  This LOX contacted a small amount of glowing material on the base heat shield, and started a fire.  Post flight inspection of the landing struts revealed that the pneumatic nitrogen actuation line to the failed strut was disconnected.  This line was normally disconnected from the strut during pre-flight testing, when each strut was extended and retracted by a ground cart.  Normally the structural damage from such a fall would constitute only a setback, but the LOX from the leaking tank fed a fire which severely burned the DC-XA, causing such extensive damage that repairs were impractical.

In a post-accident report, NASA's Brand Commission blamed the accident on a burnt-out field crew who had been operating under on-again/off-again funding and constant threats of outright cancellation. The crew, many of them originally from the SDIO program, were also highly critical of NASA's "chilling" effect on the program, and the masses of paperwork NASA demanded as part of the testing regimen.

NASA had taken on the project grudgingly after having been "shamed" by its very public success under the direction of the SDIO. Its continued success was cause for considerable political in-fighting within NASA due to it competing with their "home grown" Lockheed Martin X-33/VentureStar project. Pete Conrad priced a new DC-X at $50 million, cheap by NASA standards, but NASA decided not to rebuild the craft in light of budget constraints. Instead, NASA focused development on the Lockheed Martin VentureStar which it felt answered some criticisms of the DC-X, specifically the airplane-like landing of the VentureStar, which many NASA engineers preferred over the vertical landing of the DC-X. Just a few years later, the repeated failure of the Venturestar project, especially the composite LH2 (liquid hydrogen) tank, led to program cancellation.

Program cost
The original DC-X was built in 21 months for a cost of $60 million. This is equivalent to $ in present-day terms.

Future
Several engineers who worked on the DC-X were hired by Blue Origin, and their New Shepard vehicle was inspired by the DC-X design.  The DC-X provided inspiration for many elements of Armadillo Aerospace's, Masten Space Systems's, and TGV Rockets's spacecraft designs.

Some NASA engineers have noted that the DC-X could provide a solution for a crewed Mars lander. Had a DC-type craft been developed that operated as an SSTO in Earth's gravity well, even if with only a minimum 4–6 crew capacity, variants of it might prove extremely capable for both Mars and Moon missions. Such a variant's basic operation would have to be "reversed"; from taking off and then landing, to landing first then taking off. Yet, if this could be accomplished on Earth, the weaker gravity found at both Mars and the Moon would make for dramatically greater payload capabilities, particularly at the latter destination.

Some people proposed design changes include using an oxidizer/fuel combination that does not require the relatively extensive ground support required for the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that DC-X utilized, and adding a fifth leg for increased stability during and after landing.

See also

 SpaceX reusable launch system development program

  to continue developing ALHAT and Quad landers

References

External links

DC-X page on Astronautix.com
DC-X fact sheet  and DC-X test flights on Nasa.gov
DC-X page on GlobalSecurity.org
About the DCX – includes a first-person account and video
Getting to Space – explains X programs and SSTO
Birth of the DC-X – selling the DC-X to Dan Quayle
DCX resources and links from hobbyspace.com
Environmental Assessment (for) Single Stage Rocket Technology DC-X Test Program  June 1992 147 pages

DC-X
Single-stage-to-orbit
Former proposed space launch system concepts
VTVL rockets
Scaled Composites
DC-X
Cancelled spacecraft
Cancelled space launch vehicles
Aircraft first flown in 1993

McDonnell Douglas DC-X


Frankie Drake Mysteries (în română Misterele lui Frankie Drake) este un serial canadian difuzat în România de Epic Drama. Acesta a avut premiera pe data de 6 noiembrie 2017 pe CBC în Canada, iar pe data 5 noiembrie 2018 serialul a început să fie difuzat și în România.

Serialul o are în prim-plan pe Frankie Drake (interpretată de Lauren Lee Smith), prima femeie detectiv particular din Toronto, care rezolvă cazuri alături de Trudy Clark (interpretată de Chantel Riley) în anii 1920.

Frankie Drake Mysteries a fost creat de Carol Hay și Michelle Ricci, amândouă fiind anterior scenaristele și producătoarele Murdoch Mysteries. Producția este asigurată de Shaftesbury Films.

Personaje

Personaje principale
 Lauren Lee Smith ca Frankie Drake, primul detectiv particular femeie din Toronto și proprietara Drake Private Detectives.
 Chantel Riley ca Trudy Clarke, partenera lui Frankie în afacerea ce implică detectivi particulari.
 Rebecca Liddiard ca Mary Shaw, un ofițer al departamentului de Moravuri al Poliției din Toronto care o ajută, neoficial, în repetate rânduri pe Frankie în cazurile acesteia.
 Sharon Matthews ca Flo Chakowitz, un patolog la morga din Toronto.

Personaje periodice
 Grace Lynn Kung ca Wendy Quon, proprietara Quon's Cafe, un bar frecventat de personajele principale.
 Wendy Crewson ca Nora Drake, mama lui Frankie.
 Emmanuel Kabongo ca Moses Page, instructorul de box al lui Frankie.
 Steve Lund ca Ernest Hemingway, scriitor și reporter pentru Toronto Star.
 Romaine Waite ca Bill Peters, un prieten de-al lui Trudy care lucrează în primărie și care, ocazional, le ajută pe fete cu informații.
 Anthony Lemke ca Detective Grayson, recent transferat la Poliția din Toronto și un ghimpe în investigațiile lui Frankie.

Episoade

Sezonul 1

Sezonul 2

Legături externe
 Misterele lui Frankie Drake pe Cinemagia

References

Liste de seriale de televiziune
Seriale de televiziune din 2017

Frankie Drake Mysteries


El inglés malvinense (Falkland Islands English) es la forma de la lengua inglesa utilizada en las islas Malvinas.

Características

Si bien es principalmente de carácter británico, debido al aislamiento en que viven han desarrollado su propio acento y dialecto, el cual tiene características en común con el australiano, el neozelandés, el escocés y con el habla de algunas áreas rurales de Inglaterra. Estas dos últimas, debido a los orígenes de los primeros habitantes británicos instalados en las islas. También comparte algunas características con las variedades habladas en la isla Santa Elena y Tristán de Acuña. En el camp, el acento malvinense tiende a ser más fuerte que en la capital, que tiene cierta influencia del inglés británico por los medios de comunicación.

Entre las palabras más reconocidas que se utilizan en el archipiélago se cuentan: "kelper", como sinónimo de "malvinense", en alusión a unas algas "kelp" que crecen en las islas, "smoko", por "smoking break", en español "descanso para fumar", como en Australia y Nueva Zelanda, y "chey", del español argentino "che", "hombre, persona o gente".

La palabra "yomp" fue utilizada por las Fuerzas Armadas Británicas durante la guerra de las Malvinas, pero se está dejando de lado su uso. Otra palabra conocida es belongers, que se refiere a los ciudadanos de Reino Unido que han obtenido el estatus de residentes en las islas.

Además, a diferencia de la mayoría de los acentos ingleses del sudoeste y los escoceses, el inglés malvinense es una variedad no rótica de inglés, como un inglés estándar meridional británico, el acento neozelandés, o el acento de Boston. De hecho, muchos aspectos de los acentos ya mencionados no se encuentran en el habla de los malvinenses. En otras palabras, la /r/ no se pronuncia al final de una palabra o antes de una consonante, como ocurre en algunos casos en Inglaterra o en Nueva Inglaterra; por ejemplo dicen "Pahk the cah" ('park the car') para referirse a aparcar al coche. Al igual que con muchas otras variedades no róticas del inglés, muchos isleños utilizan la forma intrusiva y la vinculación de [r], pronunciando idea[r] y mothe[r] (en lugar de motheh), que se denomina "r intrusiva". También, como se puede esperar para una variedad de inglés que creció de una compleja mezcla de acentos de los colonos, no cuenta con mucha variabilidad en la pronunciación de vocales.

En cuanto a la gramática, el inglés malvinense se caracteriza por muchas características que se encuentran en otras formas no estándar de inglés, como el uso de los demostrativos para marcar elementos definidos (por ejemplo en casos relacionados con las tareas en el campo); la regularización de las formas reflexivas (por ejemplo, usar he had, hisself, herself, ourselves); formas no diferenciadas para tiempo pasado y participio pasado (por ejemplo, they might have went en vez de they might have gone); y la falta de un plural marcado después de un número, utilizando la forma singular del sustantivo después de una cifra o un cuantificador (por ejemplo, about two year ago, seventy pound, twelve month, y there wasn't many house). También, al igual que otras formas no estándar de inglés, el malvinense utiliza una forma distinta para la segunda persona del plural del pronombre, diciendo "youse", como en Australia, Nueva Zelanda, y algunos casos del sur de Estados Unidos. Se cree que algunas de estas diferencias al inglés estándar se deben a una continuación lógica de los acontecimientos históricos que se produjeron en el idioma, de las cuales algunas características que han cambiado, se convervan en algunos dialectos, como en las Malvinas.

Otra característica del dialecto es que no ha tenido influencia de acentos aborígenes, ya que en la isla no había población indígena.

Influencia del español

Español rioplatense
Los habitantes de las islas nacidos en la América del Sur continental (en su mayoría antiguos habitantes gauchos oriundos de la región pampeana —en Argentina— y de la Banda Oriental —hoy Uruguay—, que se quedaron en las islas luego de la ocupación británica de 1833 en las zonas rurales) han contribuido a dar forma a la identidad de los isleños entre los años 1830 a 1850, y hoy en día su legado es visible en la genealogía de las Malvinas. De hecho, también hasta la actualidad hay descendientes de los viejos gauchos, que perduran en algunos apellidos como Pitaluga y Llamosa, por ejemplo. Además su variedad rioplatense del español ha influido un poco en el vocabulario propio de las islas y en su toponimia.

Las áreas rurales suelen ser denominadas 'the Camp', en referencia a la palabra en español "campo". El extinto zorro malvinense (Dusicyon australis) en inglés también es referido como 'warrah', proveniente del nombre dado por los gauchos rioplatenses (guará) al verlo semejante al aguará guazú. En el idioma guaraní guará o aguará significa cánido silvestre.

Otros vocablos tomados como préstamo del español rioplatense son utilizados para denominar tipos de caballos y los colores de su pelaje, por ejemplo: 'alizan', 'colorao', 'negro', 'blanco', 'gotiao', 'picasso', 'sarco', 'rabincana', 'malacara', etc., y otros para elementos de equitación: 'apero', 'palenque', 'bosal', 'cabresta', 'bastos', 'cinch', 'conjinilla', 'meletas', 'freno', 'rezao', 'manea', 'tientas', 'tordillo', 'manares', 'recado', 'poncho', 'bombacha', etc. Otra palabra utilizada hacia el  (pero hoy en desuso) era 'saladero', que era un lugar donde la carne se conservaba mediante salazón. Otras palabras son 'azalaker' (azulejo), 'bajho' (bayo), 'apergatos' (alpargatas), 'arroshure' (arroyo), 'bicho' (en lugar del inglés bug), 'boca' (para la desembocadura de ríos y arroyos) y 'galpon' (galpón).

El vocabulario también incluye palabras como 'zaino', 'bolichero', 'borrego', 'capataz', 'carreta', 'rebenque', 'carne con cuero', etc. Además, los aperos del caballo no son solamente designados en español sino que también pronunciados por los isleños de la misma forma que en el acento rioplatense. También hay casos de productos y elementos utilizados en las actividades rurales pronunciados de igual forma que en el español o levemente modificados al inglés, que son sólo apenas reconocibles para un argentino al hablar con un malvinense. Todo este vocabulario suele ser de uso mayoritario en Lafonia, al sur de la isla Soledad.

Che, palabra de uso común en el español rioplatense para llamar, detener o pedir la atención a alguien o para denotar asombro o sorpresa, también es de uso común en las Malvinas. En los libros y publicaciones para los turistas que visitan las islas, se explica el significado y uso de la expresión. Suele pronunciarle y escribirse 'chay'.

También, existen otros préstamos del español al inglés, utilizados en otros ámbitos, por ejemplo 'pasear' (ejemplo: «Let's go to pasear»), pronunciada en español y utilizada para referirse a una pequeña visita o viaje. Existe un corte de carne vacuna denominado beef milanesa.

Español chileno
Hacia 2012, en Puerto Argentino/Stanley viven aproximadamente entre 250 y 300 ciudadanos chilenos y cerca de 30 ciudadanos argentinos, quienes los primeros en su variedad chilena también han influido en el habla local y en la cultura. De hecho este idioma, al ser hablado por aproximadamente un 10% de la población, es una minoría significativa. En los últimos años, los nuevos inmigrantes aportaron algunas palabras de su español chileno.

En la toponimia

Por otra parte, la toponimia británica conserva algunos nombres adaptados a los dados por los franceses y españoles, aunque la Argentina en algunos casos reivindica una toponimia propia. Los toponímicos dados por marineros británicos, franceses y españoles en los primeros tiempos se refieren a islas, rocas, bahías y cabos. Sitios con nombres en español son, por ejemplo, las localidades de Puerto San Carlos y San Carlos (no confundirse con el anterior) y también la bahía 'San Carlos' y el río 'San Carlos'. Estos nombres provienen de la nave española San Carlos, que visitó la isla en 1768.

La Patagonia Argentina es denominada por los isleños como the Coast («la costa»).

Toponimia de origen gauchesco

Pero, a partir de mediados del , los nombres de origen español suelen identificar ubicaciones y características de la geografía de tierra adentro, como un reflejo de la necesidad de orientación, delimitación y gestión de la ganadería por parte de los gauchos que habitaban las islas; entre otros, los nombres descriptivos incluyen: 'Rincón Grande', 'Ceritos', 'Campito', 'Cantera', 'Terra Motas', 'Malo River', 'Brasse Mar', 'Camp Verde', 'Dos Lomas', 'Chancho Point', 'Torcida Point', 'Pioja Point', 'Mid Rancho', 'Estancia', 'Oroqueta', 'Piedra Sola', 'Laguna Seco', 'Manada', 'Boca Wall', 'Bombilla House', 'Warrah River', 'Flores Harbour', 'Paso de los Toros', 'Camila', 'Salvador', etc.

También han existido numerosos topónimos de origen español que han sido traducidos al inglés, por ejemplo 'Rincón del Toro', mencionado así por Charles Darwin en los documentos de su viaje, luego fue traducido como 'Bull Cove'. También han existido otros nombres dejados por los gauchos, como 'Tranquilidad', 'Horqueta', 'Mariquita', 'Roshure' (del español arroyo) y una gran cantidad de lugares llamados 'Rincon' (del español rincón), 'Corral' (y su plural 'Corrals') o 'Galpon' (del español galpón), de los cuales se mantienen algunos casos en la actualidad, pero que han sufrido adaptaciones.

Inmigración reciente

El principal grupo de inmigrantes que actualmente ha influenciado el dialecto propio y cultura de las islas es la comunidad chilena, que con cerca de 250 o 300 residentes representa un 13% de la población civil en el censo de 2012 y cerca de un 6% incluyendo la población militar. Ellos están integrados con la población local. Su presencia también se siente en la ocupaciones que realizan y en los productos vendidos en supermercados.

En años recientes han llegado pobladores procedentes de la isla de Santa Elena, quienes también tienen su propia variedad de inglés, que en algunas características es similar a la malvinense.

Véase también
 Lenguas de las Islas Malvinas
 Orígenes de los malvinenses
 Inglés de Santa Elena
 Inglés de Tristán de Acuña

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Falkland Islands English. A southern hemisphere variety? (en inglés)

 Ejemplos de habla malvinense
 Señal de intervalo e introducción de un programa de la Falkland Islands Radio Service (hacia 2005)
 Señal de intervalo e introducción de un programa de la Falkland Islands Radio Service (hacia 1981)
 https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/poocha-che-el-inusual-uso-del-idioma-espanol-en-las-islas-malvinas-nid02112022/

Malvinas
Cultura de las Islas Malvinas
Lenguas de Reino Unido

Inglés malvinense


Alte Bürg ist der Name folgender Objekte:

 Alte Bürg (Möckmühl), eine abgegangene hochmittelalterliche Burganlage bei Möckmühl im Landkreis Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg
 Alte Bürg (Riesbürg) oder Altenbürg, Gehöft und Burgruine im Gemeindeteil Utzmemmingen von Riesbürg im Ostalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Alte Bürg (Weißenburg in Bayern), eine frühmittelalterliche Wallanlage bei Weißenburg in Bayern im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Bayern
 Alte Bürg (Pappenheim), eine frühmittelalterliche Wallanlage bei Pappenheim im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Bayern
 Alte Bürg (Haag bei Treuchtlingen), auch als Schlössle bezeichnet, abgegangene hochmittelalterliche Burganlage bei Haag bei Treuchtlingen im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Bayern

Burgstall Alte Bürg steht für:

 Burgstall Alte Bürg (Eschenfelden), abgegangene Adelsburg in Hirschbach im oberpfälzischen Landkreis Amberg-Sulzbach in Bayern
 Burgstall Alte Bürg (Spalt), Wallburg in Spalt im mittelfränkischen Landkreis Roth in Bayern

Siehe auch:
 Alte Burg

Alte Bürg


Ford Fusion Ford'un Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika için çıkarttığı iki ayrı modele verilen model ismi.

Avrupa modeli 2002 yılında üretime geçilmiş, 2006 yılında makyaj geçirerek tüketicilerin beğenisine sunulmuştur. 1,0-2,0 L Duratec benzinli motor ve 1,4 TDCi duratorq dizel motoruna sahip bu araç Ford'un ilk MPV sınıfı aracıdır.

Kuzey Amerika modeli 2005 yılında üretime geçilmiş, 2010 yılında makyaj geçirmiştir. 2012'nin ortalarında veya sonlarında ikinci jenerasyon Kuzey Amerikan Ford Fusion satışa sunulacak, 2012'de Avrupalı Ford Fusion, yerini B-MAX modeline bırakacaktır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Ford Resmi Web Sitesi

Önden çekişli taşıtlar
MPV'ler
Fusion
2002'de tanıtılan taşıtlar

Ford Fusion


Ivan Tankuljić (4. veljače 1999.), hrvatski nogometni reprezentativac. Igra u veznom redu.

Ivan Tankuljić je iz Jajca. Igrao je u juniorima NK Metalleghe BSI iz Jajca. 23. siječnja 2017. Hrvatski nogometni savez pozvao ga je nastupiti za hrvatsku reprezentaciju do 18 godina na međunarodnim prijateljskim utakmicama veljače 2017. protiv Katara. Nastupio je na obje utakmice 6. i 8. veljače.

Izvori

Životopisi, Jajce
Hrvatski nogometaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Aktivni nogometaši koje treba ažurirati

Ivan Tankuljić


Akira Takeuchi (født 18. juni 1983) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kamatamare Sanuki.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Akira Takeuchi


(6538) Muriaviov, denumire internațională (6538) Muraviov, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6538 Muraviov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Cernîh. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,86 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 1,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981
Centura de asteroizi

6538 Muraviov


زافاليا (Завалля) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كيروفوهرادسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4786   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

زافاليا (كيروفوهرادسكا)


نادي غرافيتشار بيوغراد لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم صربي. ويقع مقره في مدينة بلغراد.

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1927
أندية كرة قدم في بلغراد
أندية كرة قدم في صربيا
الرياضة في بلغراد

غرافيتشار بيوغراد


Balti (Nastaʿlīq script: , Tibetan script: སྦལ་ཏི།, ) is a Tibetic language natively spoken by the ethnic Balti people in the Baltistan region of Gilgit−Baltistan, Pakistan, Nubra Valley of the Leh district and in the Kargil district of Ladakh, India. The language differs from Standard Tibetan; many sounds of Old Tibetan that were lost in Standard Tibetan are retained in the Balti language. It also has a simple pitch accent system only in multi-syllabic words while Standard Tibetan has a complex and distinct pitch system that includes tone contour.

Demographics and distribution
Balti is spoken in most parts of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, Kargil and Nubra Ladakh in India. According to the Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts, Balti is mostly spoken in Skardu, Shigar, Gultari, Ghanche, Roundu and Kharmang parts of Gilgit-Baltistan. In the twin districts of Ladakh region (Kargil and Leh) it is spoken in Kargil city and its surrounding villages like Hardass, Lato, Karkitchhoo and Balti Bazar and in Leh – Turtuk, Bogdang, Tyakshi including Leh city and nearby villages. Balti language is also spoken by Balti immigrants in Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Islamabad, Quetta and other cities of Pakistan. In India it is spoken in Dehradun, Nainital, Ambari, Shimla, Vikasnagar  and other cities of Northern India by immigrants who have migrated from Baltistan, Kargil, and Nubra before the partition of India and Pakistan.

Classification and dialects
Historically, Buddhists in Leh refer to all Muslims in Ladakh as Balti. Balti language has four variants or dialects. Despite differentiation in pronunciation of vocabularies they are mutually intelligible for example Yuq is pronounced as Juq in the Southern dialect of Kharmang and Kargil. Similarly for Milk Oma is pronounced in eastern Chorbat Nubra and Khaplu and Kharmang Kargil's Southern dialect while Ona is pronounced in the western dialect of Skardu, Shigar and Rondu valley. Four variants or dialects of Balti language are:

 Eastern dialect of Chorbat and Nubra valley
 Central dialect of Khaplu valley
 Western dialect of Skardu, Shigar and Rondu.
 Southern dialect of Upper Kharmang and Kargil

Phonology

Consonants

Allophones of  include ,  and .
 can be realized as a flap .
 can be retroflex .

Vowels

  varies between an open back , an open-mid back  and an open central .
 The mid  can be as low as open-mid ().

Orthographies
The predominant writing system currently in use for Balti is the Perso-Arabic script, although there have been attempts to revive the Tibetan script, which was used between the 8th and the 16th centuries. Additionally, there are two, nowadays possibly extinct, indigenous writing systems and there have been proposals for the adoption of Roman- as well as Devanagari-based orthographies that were adjusted for writing Balti by the Central Institute of Indian Languages in the 1970s.

In 1985, Yousuf Hussainabadi added four new letters to the Tibetan script and seven new letters to the Persian script to adapt both of them according to the need of the Balti language. Two of the four added letters now stand included in the Tibetan Unicode alphabet.

Balti was written with a version of the Tibetan script from 727 AD, when Baltistan was conquered by Tibetans, until the last quarter of the 14th century, when the Baltis converted to Islam. Since then, Persian script replaced the Tibetan script, but the former had no letters for seven Balti sounds and was in vogue in spite of the fact that it was defective. Adding the seven new letters has now made it a complete script for Balti.

Recently, a number of Balti scholars and social activists have attempted to promote the use of the Tibetan Balti or "Yige" alphabet with the aim of helping to preserve indigenous Balti and Ladakhi culture and ethnic identity. Following a request from this community, the September 2006 Tokyo meeting of ISO/IEC 10646 WG2 agreed to encode two characters which are invented by Abadi (U+0F6B TIBETAN LETTER KKA and TIBETAN U+0F6C LETTER RRA) in the ISO 10646 and Unicode standards in order to support rendering Urdu loanwords present in modern Balti using the Yige alphabet.

Perso-Arabic alphabet

Yige alphabet

Basic alphabets

Evolution
Since Pakistan gained control of the region in 1948, Urdu words have been introduced into local dialects and languages, including Balti. In modern times, Balti has no native names or vocabulary for dozens of newly invented and introduced things; instead, Urdu and English words are being used in Balti.

Balti has retained many honorific words that are characteristic of Tibetan dialects and many other languages.

Below are a few examples:

Literature
Other than proverb collections, no prose literature has been found written in Balti. Some epics and sagas appear in oral literature such as the Epic of King Gesar, and the stories of rgya lu cho lo bzang and rgya lu sras bu. All other literature is in verse. Balti literature has adopted numerous Persian styles of verse and vocables which amplify the beauty and melody of its poetry.

Nearly all the languages and dialects of the mountain region in the north of Pakistan such as Pashto, Khowar and Shina are Indo-Aryan or Iranic languages, but Balti is one of the Sino-Tibetan languages. As such, it has nothing in common with neighboring languages except some loanwords absorbed as a result of linguistic contact. Balti and Ladakhi are closely related.

The major issue facing Balti literature is its centuries-long isolation from Tibet and even from its immediate neighbor, Ladakh, due to political divisions and strong religious differences. Separated from its linguistic kin, Balti is under pressure from more dominant languages such as Urdu. This is compounded by the lack of a suitable means of transcription following the abandonment of its original Tibetan script. The Baltis do not have the awareness to revive their original script and there is no institution that could restore it and persuade the people to use it again. Even if the script were revived, it would need modification to express certain Urdu phonemes that occur in common loanwords within Balti.

Example of poetry:

See also
 Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat
 Sart
 Balti people
 Baltistan
 Gilgit-Baltistan

References

Bibliography

 Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Baltistan per aik Nazar'. 1984.
 Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf.  Balti Zaban. 1990.
 Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, 'Tareekh-e-Adbiat;.
 Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, Baltistan Tehzeebo Saqafat.
 Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Tareekh-e-Baltistan'. 2003.
 Engineer Wazir Qalbi Ali, 'Qadam Qadam Baltistan'. 2006.
 "A Short Sketch of Balti English Grammar" by Ghulam Hassan Lobsang, 1995.
 Everson, Michael. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS. 2005-09-05
 Read, A.F.C. Balti grammar.London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.
 Sprigg, Richard Keith. Balti-English English-Balti dictionary. Richmond: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.
 Backstrom, Peter C. Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2), 1992. 417 pp. .

External links

 Balti Language Textbook for Class4
 Unicode
 Koshur: The Balti Language
The Balti School
 Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan
 Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS
 Andrew West, Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti
 Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
 Northern Areas Development Gateway
 Pakistan's Northern Areas

 A Bibliography of Tibetan Linguistics

Bodic languages
Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
Languages of Ladakh
Baltistan
Languages written in Tibetan script
Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages

Balti language


Acer sempervirens er hlyntegund sem er með útbreiðslu á suður Grikklandi og Tyrklandi og á eyjum Eyjahafs. Hann verður um 10 metrar að hæð.

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer sempervirens


زهرة عرفات (8 نوفمبر 1969 -)، هي ممثلة بحرينية، شاركت في العديد من المسلسلات الخليجية الناجحة والمسرحيات الكوميدية، صنفها النقاد من بين أفضل الممثلات في الخليج.

عن حياتها
استقرت في الكويت عام 1997، وكانت بداية عملها فيها بداية موفقة حيث شاركت الفنان طارق العلي بمسرحية لن أعيش في جلباب زوجتي، وتوالت أعمالها بعد ذلك بعدد من الأعمال في التلفزيون والمسرح في دول الخليج.

حياتها الشخصية
تزوجت مرتين، الأولى من بحريني وهو والد أبنائها «محمد» و«وفاء» وهو متوفي، وتزوجت بعده من عُماني وأنجبت منه ابنها «عبد الله»، وهما مطلقان الآن.

أعمالها

في التلفزيون

من المسلسلات والبرامج

المسرحيات

تقديم البرامج

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

بحرينيون مهاجرون إلى الكويت
مذيعات بحرينيات
ممثلات أفلام بحرينيات
ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات
ممثلات مسرح بحرينيات
مواليد 1389 هـ
مواليد 1969
مواليد في البحرين
ممثلات بحرينيات مغتربات في الكويت
ممثلات بحرينيات في القرن 20
ممثلات بحرينيات في القرن 21

زهرة عرفات


An Pitcairnia rojasii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harry Edward Luther. An Pitcairnia rojasii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia rojasii


Erythrochiton giganteus es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es un endemismo de  Ecuador.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o pequeño árbol endémico al oeste de Ecuador, donde crece en las tierras bajas costeras y las estribaciones de los Andes, en el bosque primario y secundario. Reportado como común en 1985 en el bosque húmedo costero de El Rosario, donde era conocida como "hueso de mono". Ese lugar ha sido inundado por la presa Daule-Peripa (C. Bonifaz, com. Pers.). Está protegida en la Reserva Ecológica Manglares-Churute, y se espera encontrar en la Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul. Dodson y Gentry (1991) reportaron la extinción local de la especie en la Reserva Río Palenque que es privada. Aparte de la destrucción del hábitat, no se conocen amenazas concretas. Considerada en peligro debido a la drástica alteración de su hábitat en los últimos 50 años.

Taxonomía
Erythrochiton giganteus fue descrita  por el  botánico Henry Charles Andrews  y publicado en Selbyana 2: 287–288, f, en el año 1978.

Referencias

Erythrochiton

Erythrochiton giganteus


An Baptorhachis foliacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Clayton, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Clayton. An Baptorhachis foliacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Baptorhachis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Baptorhachis

Baptorhachis foliacea


Strapping Young Lad (SYL) was a Canadian extreme metal band formed by Devin Townsend in Vancouver in 1994. The band started as a one-man studio project; Townsend played most of the instruments on the 1995 debut album, Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing. By 1997, he had recruited permanent members; this line-up, which consisted of Townsend on vocals and guitar, Jed Simon on guitar, Byron Stroud on bass, and Gene Hoglan on drums, lasted until the band's dissolution.

Strapping Young Lad's music was characterized by the use of polyrhythmic guitar riffing and drumming, blast beats and wall of sound production. The band's musical direction was mainly determined by Townsend, whose battle with mental health and dark sense of humor were major influences on his songwriting. Townsend was also noted for his eccentric appearance and on-stage behavior, which greatly contributed to the band's intense live performances.

The band gained critical success and a growing underground fan base from their 1997 album City. After a hiatus between 1999 and 2002, the band released three more albums, reaching their commercial peak with the 2006 effort, The New Black. Townsend disbanded Strapping Young Lad in May 2007, announcing his decision to retreat from public view while continuing to record solo albums.

History

Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing and City (1994–1998)
Strapping Young Lad began in 1994 as a solo project of Canadian musician Devin Townsend. Following his work as vocalist on Steve Vai's 1993 album Sex & Religion and its 1994 tour, Townsend believed he had been a "musical whore", spending "the first five years of [his] career working at the behest of other people". During a brief stint as touring guitarist for The Wildhearts, Townsend received a phone call from an A&R representative for Roadrunner Records, expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign him. The offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of Roadrunner, who regarded Townsend's recordings as "just noise". He faced further rejection by Relativity Records, the label behind Vai's Sex & Religion, who saw no commercial appeal in his music. Century Media Records subsequently contacted the musician, offering him a contract to "make us some extreme albums". Townsend agreed to a five-album deal with the record label.

Following his tour with The Wildhearts, Townsend began recording and producing his debut album, Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing, under the moniker Strapping Young Lad. According to Townsend, the recording process took "about a week". Embracing The Wildhearts' anarchist approach, "while focusing on dissonance and just being as over-the-top as [he] could", Townsend sang on the record and performed the majority of its instrumental tracks (with the assistance of a drum machine).  A few songs, however, featured local session musicians, including guitarist Jed Simon, Townsend's future bandmate.

Released on April 4, 1995, Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing was not widely recognized in the metal community. The album sold 143 copies in its first six months, but received favorable reviews from the heavy metal press. Its unusual musical ideas—a synthesis of death, thrash, and industrial metal influences—prompted Andy Stout from Metal Hammer to call it "one of the most disturbing albums you'll hear for a very long time". Nevertheless, Townsend has repeatedly expressed his distaste for the recording. He dismissed the album in the liner notes of the record's 2006 reissue, contending it contained only two great songs. He also deemed its production poor in interviews, referring to the album as "basically a collection
of demos that were remixed". When Century Media advertised the reissue of Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing as the "rebirth of a genre-defying classic", Townsend called it "record company bullshit".

Townsend recruited a permanent line-up for the second album: Jed Simon on guitar, Byron Stroud on bass, and Gene Hoglan on drums.  City was released on February 11, 1997, and received highly favorable critical reception. Kerrang! praised the album for its heaviness, claiming it sounded like "sticking your head into the jet nozzle of a Stealth Bomber", while Metal Hammer ranked it No. 13 on its "Top 20 Albums of 1997" list. The album soon gained a cult following and a loyal fan base for the band. City is considered to be the band's best effort by a large number of fans and critics alike. In 2002, the album was No. 45 on Revolver magazine's "69 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time" list, and also appeared on their "Must Have Metal Albums" list in 2005. It also appeared on the "100 Most Important Albums of the Nineties" list conducted by Terrorizer. Townsend himself stated City "is the real Strapping record. That's the ultimate one out of all of them".

The band embarked on a world tour in 1997 to promote the album, which included dates in Europe, the US and Australia. On May 30, 1998, they performed at the Dynamo Open Air festival in Eindhoven, Netherlands, then continued touring the next month in Europe. In June 1998, the group released No Sleep 'till Bedtime, a live album containing songs performed at a 1997 performance at the HiFi Bar and Ballroom in Melbourne, Australia. Century Media was not initially interested in releasing a live record, but impressed with Townsend's production, the label agreed to release it. The band closed the year playing a few more dates in Japan and Australia.

On hiatus (1999–2002)
At the end of 1998, Townsend placed Strapping Young Lad on hiatus to concentrate on his solo career and on his work as a record producer. He had already released two solo albums, Ocean Machine: Biomech in 1997 and Infinity in 1998 and produced several other artists' albums. Townsend explained numerous conflicts with Century Media, and his struggle with bipolar disorder (for which he checked himself into a psychiatric hospital in early 1998), contributed to the curtailment of Strapping Young Lad's activities:
What happened? I signed a shitty deal, but luckily it was non-exclusive. I got tired of doing Strapping so I said, 'I can't do it anymore.' Then I freaked out and went into a hospital. My lawyer said that I was under mental duress when I signed the contract so the contract is void. At that point it was like, 'I just won't do another Strapping record.' Yeah, I went down saying 'CM was the shittiest label ever.' And they went down as saying that I was 'a complete, arrogant psychopath.'

Townsend remained productive between 1999 and 2002, recording two more solo albums, Physicist in 2000 and Terria in 2001, and producing albums for Zimmers Hole, Stuck Mojo and Soilwork, among others. Although Strapping Young Lad was officially on hiatus, they gave occasional live performances, including an appearance on the Foot In Mouth Tour in 2001 with Fear Factory. During this period, Townsend's bandmates were active musically; both Stroud and Hoglan recorded with other bands, and all three were involved in Townsend's solo efforts as studio musicians and as part of his live band as well. Hoglan and Simon also formed a side project called Tenet with Grip Inc. bassist Stuart Carruthers and Interzone frontman Rob Urbinati in early 2002.

In December 2001 Townsend announced, contrary to his earlier public statements, a new Strapping Young Lad album would be released in 2002. He emphasized he was not "forcing" his product upon fans to generate record sales, arguing his band—and its contract with Century—was never a lucrative endeavor.  Instead, Townsend's motivation was the "creative anger" sparked by the September 11, 2001 attacks and further cultivated during their 2001 tour. For the first time, the album would be a product of collaborative writing; the band wrote "about half" of the material on the 2001 Foot In Mouth Tour, and the rest at home, starting January 2002. After playing a small number of festivals in 2002, Strapping Young Lad entered the studio in September of that year, to record their third album.

Strapping Young Lad and Alien (2003–2005)
The self-titled Strapping Young Lad was released on February 11, 2003, and became the band's first charting album, entering Billboard'''s Top Heatseekers at No. 97. The album received moderate critical success, Nate Smith from Rockzone.com called it a "solid addition to the Townsend catalog", but "not an instant classic", Xander Hoose from Chronicles of Chaos called it "a good album", but also pointed out it is inferior to City. Strapping Young Lad differed from City because it was less industrial and more reminiscent of death metal; the humor pervading the previous two albums became more subdued. The song Devour would later appear on the soundtrack for the 2005 film Alone in the Dark.

The band toured heavily throughout 2003 and 2004, making stops in the United States, Europe, Canada, and Australia. Although Townsend stated Strapping Young Lad might be the last album, the band re-signed with Century Media Worldwide in March 2004 and announced plans for a new album. On November 2, 2004, Strapping Young Lad released a DVD entitled For Those Aboot to Rock: Live at the Commodore, which documented the band's January 16, 2004, performance at the Commodore Ballroom in Vancouver. Bonus features included two music videos, "Relentless" and "Detox", and interviews with band members.Alien was released on March 22, 2005, selling 3,697 copies in its first week. It reached No. 32 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, and No. 35 on the Top Independent Albums chart. Critics praised Townsend's inventiveness and the dynamism of the songs in which "melody and discord meet midway"; Adrien Begrand of PopMatters wrote that "Strapping Young Lad have raised the bar yet again", while Blabbermouth.net's Krista G. called it one of the best albums of the year. Townsend and Hoglan were the primary writers of the album, since Simon and Stroud were busy with other commitments. Townsend explained the experimental noise track "Info Dump" is a reflection on the panicked state of mind that ensued after he stopped taking his medication. The making of Alien was documented and made viewable online on Century Media's official site in February 2005. It was also available as a bonus DVD of the limited first edition of the album.

"Love?" was chosen as the sole single from the album. Its accompanying music video, inspired by the cult horror film, The Evil Dead, was directed by Joe Lynch. The video garnered the band wider attention, and helped "Love?" become one of their most recognizable songs. Jed Simon admitted to having produced a video for this particular song because it had "the most commercial potential". "Love?" was originally one of two confirmed songs for an EP that was supposed to contain four new songs and four covers. Although planned for release in 2003, the EP was eventually canceled. A music video was also filmed for Zen; the video itself would also appear in the 2007 film Shoot 'Em Up.

The band embarked on a headlining tour in the United States in April and May 2005, then went on to tour in Europe. Starting at the end of June, they toured North America as part of the Sounds of the Underground tour, then joined Fear Factory on the Transgression Tour in the U.S. Throughout the tour, Fear Factory bassist Stroud performed with both bands at every concert. Strapping Young Lad concluded the year with a tour in the UK. While on tour, the band started writing the next album, then continued the work in January 2006, and finished the album by May. In the same month, Townsend announced his intention to "take a hiatus from making records for a while" after the end of touring due to exhaustion from continuous recording and producing for the past ten years.

 The New Black (2006) The New Black, Strapping Young Lad's fifth and final studio album, was released on July 11, 2006. Century Media imposed a strict deadline on the release date of the album; it was to be ready before the 2006 Ozzfest. Despite this, Townsend stated the recording was not rushed, and The New Black became a critical, as well as a commercial, success. It was more melodic than any of the band's previous albums and brought back the debut album's tongue-in-cheek humor. Having sold more than 4,000 copies during its first week, The New Black reached No. 200 on the Billboard 200 chart, No. 15 on the Top Independent Albums, and No. 8 on the Top Heatseekers charts. Stylus Magazine's Cosmo Lee described it as "heavy, catchy, and with no filler", and About.com's Chad Bowar was also positive, stating that "this is a CD that's dense and heavy, but also has some memorable hooks".

A music video was shot in late May to accompany the sole single from the album, "Wrong Side". In June 2006 Strapping Young Lad embarked on a short festival tour of Europe, including performances at the Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals in Germany and the Download Festival in England, which was followed by a second stage appearance at Ozzfest in July and August, where they played to some of their largest audiences in their career.

 Dissolution (2006)
Townsend recalls that after Alien, he already knew that he wouldn't want to continue SYL as a project, and that he already wished to abandon SYL after the release of City, considering the project's purpose fulfilled. In an interview conducted by Terrorizer in August 2006, Townsend explained why he decided to put the band on hold:
At the end of the day, man, I'm just tired, and old, and bald, and fat, and grouchy, and bored. You know? So I was just like, I'm going to make this record, and do this stupid Ozzfest thing, and tell a bunch of stupid jokes in front of a lot of people at Download, then I'm just going to fuck off for a while. The bigger this gets, the less I care, to the point where I just need to go spend some time with my family. I don't wanna bastardise Strapping and all these other projects by doing it for the money. Strapping was about the big middle finger, and it still is, but I don't think it needs to go any further than this.
Although Hoglan initially denied the definitive break-up of the band, saying they would go on tour in March 2007, he later stated Strapping Young Lad is on "extended hiatus", and might never reunite again. In May 2007, during a press conference held to promote his new solo album, Ziltoid the Omniscient, Townsend announced his plans to retreat from public view, including giving interviews and touring, to concentrate on his family, and producing solo albums, as well as other people's music. As a result, Strapping Young Lad were effectively disbanded. Townsend discussed his future projects in a May 2007 Metal Hammer interview, where he stated "there may be some stuff I do in the future that is as brutal and heavy as Strapping, it's just not going to be Strapping". At the time, Townsend's decision to dissolve the band caused a rift between himself and the remainder of the band, who considered SYL to be at the peak of their popularity and potential at the time; according to Simon, the rest of the band remained estranged from Townsend as a result for a time.

Re-releases and occasional performances
The remastered 10th anniversary edition of City was released on June 7, 2007, in similar vein to the 2006 remaster of Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing, with bonus tracks and extended liner notes by Townsend. A career spanning best of album, entitled 1994–2006 Chaos Years, was released on March 31, 2008, with a bonus DVD of live performances and all of the band's music videos.

During his career-retrospective concert The Retinal Circus in October 2012, Townsend introduced Jed Simon on stage and performed two SYL songs, "Love?" and "Detox". Townsend has since stated that this was a one-off performance and that he is not interested in getting SYL back together or playing songs at future shows. He posted to Twitter that he no longer feels the same connection to SYL's music and that this performance was closure for him and Strapping. In an interview on the Metal Hammer podcast, Townsend said that while he still connects to the music, SYL required him to go to extremes that took a toll on him. On his own website, he reiterates that SYL was a project that he eventually perceived to be harmful to his mental and physical health. In 2013, he played "Love?" at concerts in Mexico and Chile as a "cover song", but later expressed regretting the decision saying it "confuses people".

Townsend would occasionally perform an acoustic version of "Love?" during his "An Evening with Devin Townsend" shows through the UK in 2015 and 2019. In 2016, on tour with the Devin Townsend project, he would sometimes play a humorous acoustic version of "Detox". In 2019 he announced that during his touring cycle for Empath, he would also perform SYL songs, saying that "It's a big part of what I do and it's a big part of who I am, and I think I've denied that for a certain amount of time."

Townsend played several SYL songs during the 70,000 Tons of Metal festival, including "Aftermath", "Love?", "Detox", "All Hail the New Flesh" and a live debut of "Almost Again" from the 2006 album, The New Black.

 Musical style, influences and lyrical themes
Strapping Young Lad is known for their industrial thrash metal sound while also blending it with elements of black metal, death metal, groove metal, and noise. Many of the band's songs showcased Townsend's versatile vocal style, often changing from screaming and growling to clean vocals or even falsetto within the course of a single song. According to Townsend, the band functioned as his "outlet to freak out", and his two main projects, the more melodic The Devin Townsend Band and the aggressive Strapping Young Lad were "supposed to be the positive and the negative". To achieve a chaotic and cacophonic sound the band utilized complex time signatures, polyrhythmic composition, blast beats, sampling, keyboard effects and intricately layered production. Townsend used the newest technology available, such as Pro Tools, Steinberg Cubase and Logic Pro, when recording, mixing and producing the band's songs. As a self-proclaimed "fan of multitracking", he created an atmospheric, layered "wall of sound", which became a hallmark of the band's production style (with the exception of their self-titled album which featured no samples, or vocal layering). Townsend's musical ideas and production style have drawn comparisons to Phil Spector and Frank Zappa. Strapping Young Lad mostly eschewed guitar solos until The New Black, which featured a more heightened emphasis on melody than their previous albums.

 Influences
Strapping Young Lad drew influence from a wide range of music genres, most prominently, but not exclusively, heavy metal. Townsend cited, amongst others, Judas Priest, Jane's Addiction, Zoviet France, Grotus, and Frank Zappa as his influences, and also expressed his admiration for Meshuggah on several occasions, calling them "the best metal band on the planet". Simon and Stroud listed classic hard rock bands, like AC/DC, Led Zeppelin and Kiss, and old school thrash and death metal bands, like Exodus, Slayer and Morbid Angel among their influences, while Hoglan's influences range wildly in style from Stevie Wonder to progressive rock drummers like Neil Peart, Terry Bozzio and Nick Mason. Townsend stated his main influences for Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing were Napalm Death and Fear Factory, City was influenced by bands such as Foetus and White Noise, and The New Black's influences were Meshuggah, and "more traditional metal" like Metallica.

 Lyrical themes

Townsend was the band's primary songwriter.  While the first two albums were solely his work, subsequent albums featured a minority of "riffs, lyrical ideas, and song titles" by his bandmates.

Despite the brutality of Strapping Young Lad's music, their songs contain hints of tongue-in-cheek humor and self-parody. Frequently, Townsend's lyrics approached serious personal or political issues with a morbid sense of humor. He has likened the band's sense of silliness to that of "Weird Al" Yankovic. Townsend's lyrical influences covered a wide range of themes, including warfare, mathematical theorems, and movies. He also used the technique of cross-referencing, repeating lines from his own works, such as older Strapping Young Lad, or solo material.

 Live performances

Strapping Young Lad was known for its energetic live performances, mostly owing to the eccentric appearance and persona of Devin Townsend. Adrian Begrand of PopMatters wrote "Nobody in metal today has the same kind of commanding stage presence as the self-professed Bald Bastard, Devin Townsend", and called Strapping Young Lad "one of the best live bands around". Townsend was famous for his on-stage antics; he integrated his ironic and tongue-in-cheek humor into live shows and interacted heavily with the audience. He would deliver comical, and often insulting remarks to them, organize circle pits, and parody heavy metal clichés as well as the genre itself.

The band's humorous approach was also evidenced by a song frequently performed live from 1997, entitled "Far Beyond Metal", a parody of classic heavy metal. It became a live staple and a fan favorite, with lyrics changing practically every performance. Although it was recorded live on No Sleep 'till Bedtime, and on the For Those Aboot to Rock DVD, a studio version was not recorded until 2006 during The New Black sessions. The band was also sarcastic about their own Canadian heritage, they used "Blame Canada", a comedic anti-Canada song from South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut as intro music at many concerts in 2003 and 2004.

For a period of time, Strapping Young Lad also played Townsend's solo material live. In 1998, after the release of Infinity, they began performing both Strapping Young Lad and Townsend's solo songs, as two separate sets. It was not until the 2003 release of Accelerated Evolution that Townsend formed a separate band, called The Devin Townsend Band, to act as his full-fledged solo band.

Discography

Studio albums
 Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing (1995)
 City (1997)
 Strapping Young Lad (2003)
 Alien (2005)
 The New Black'' (2006)

Band members

Final line-up
 Devin Townsend – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards (1994–2007)
 Jed Simon – guitars, backing vocals (1995–2007)
 Byron Stroud – bass, backing vocals (1996–2007)
 Gene Hoglan – drums (1996–2007)

Former members
 Adrian White – drums (1994–1995)
 Ashley Scribner – bass (1994–1995)
 Mike Sudar – guitars (1994–1995)

Session members
 Chris Bayes – drums (1994)
 Smokin' Lord Toot – drums (1994)
 Chris Meyers – keyboards (1992–1994)
 Dave Young – keyboards (2005)
 Will Campagna – keyboards, samples, backing vocals (2002, 2006)

Touring members
 John Morgan – keyboards (1997)
 Dave Genn – keyboards (1997)
 Matteo Caratozzolo – keyboards (1997–1998)
 Jamie Meyer – keyboards (1998–1999)
 Jason Filipchuk – keyboards (1999)
 Chris Valagao – keyboards (2002)
 Will Campagna – keyboards (2002, 2004–2007)
 Munesh Sami – keyboards (2003)
 Jon Miller – bass (2005)
 James MacDonough – bass (2006)

Timeline

References

External links

Canadian thrash metal musical groups
Canadian progressive metal musical groups
Century Media Records artists
Extreme metal musical groups
Industrial metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
Canadian musical quartets
1994 establishments in British Columbia

Strapping Young Lad


ماني أحد الانبياء الذين ظهروا في بلاد مابين النهرين، ولد في عام 216م في بابل التي كانت تخضع للإمبراطورية الفارسية، وهو مؤسس الديانة المانوية التوحيدية التي انتشرت في كثير من البلدان واستمرت لمدة تقارب الألف عام، تعرض خلالها أتباعها إلى الاضطهاد على يد المؤسسة الدينية الفارسية (الزرادشتية) حتى تم سجنه وإعدامه في عام 277م.

كان يقول عن نفسه «رسول شكور بعثت من ارض بابل».

حياته
ولد في 14 نيسان عام 216 ميلادية في قرية ماديريوس على نهر كوثا الاعلى شمال بابل (العراق حالياً) التي كانت في ذلك الوقت جزءاً من الإمبراطورية الفارسية. ولهذا يطلق على هذا النبي لقب (ماني البابلي)، ويقول عنه المؤرخون العرب والمسلمون: «نبي الله الذي أتى من بابل». أما عائلته تنحدر أصولها من دست ميسان (العمارة جنوب العراق حالياً).

عاش (ماني) تجربة قاسية ناحية امه، إذ امضى طفولته محروما منها، بل محروما من حنان الانوثة بصورة تامة. وتبدأ المعانات عندما تخلي ابوه عن ديانته العراقية القديمة، واعتنق ديانة روحانية جديدة، اما ان تكون الصابئية نفسها أو طائفة منشقة عنها. وكانت الصابئية عموما منتشرة بكثرة في جنوب العراق. والمشكلة ان هذا الطائفة المحسوبة على الصابئية التي انتمى اليها (فاتك) كانت تعادي المرأة وتعتبرها (رجسا من عمل الشيطان)، وترفض أي اتصال بها أو تقرب منها، بل ترفض حتى دورها الامومي لهذا ما ان بلغ الطفل (ماني) عمر اربع سنوات، حتى اتى ابيه (فاتك) من (ميسان) حيث كان منعزلا مع طائفته، واخذه من امه مريم، ليعيش معه هناك في حياة الزهد والتعبد، بعيد عن الحياة (الفاسقة)، وعن المرأة خصوصا.

رحل به والده (فاتك) إلى قرية في ميسان جنوب العراق. ويبدو أن قرار الرحيل قد اتخذه الأب بعد أن تلقى ثلاث مرات نداءات إلهية بينما كان يتعبد في إحدى المعابد البابلية، تدعوه إلى الرحيل إلى ميسان وكذلك تجنب الخمرة واللحم والجنس. وعندما سكن ميسان، التحق بفرقة المغتسلة (أي المعمدانيين) الذين هم في راي البروفيسور سيد حسن تقي زاده اسلاف المندائيين أو الصابئة المندائيين الحاليين، والصابئين القدامى المذكورين أيضا في القران. فاعتنق (فاتك) دين الصابئة الذين يتكلمون لهجة آرامية قريبة إلى السريانية، وكان هذا الدين سائداً في جنوب العراق قبل هيمنة المسيحية.

بقي (ماني) صابئياً حتى سن الواحدة والعشرين، بعدها بدأ تأثره مباشرة بالمسيحية وخصوصاً بالتجربة الحياتية للسيد المسيح وعذابات صلبة. وتذكر التقاليد المانوية أنه في سن الرابعة والعشرين، في 23 نيسان 240م. تلقى (ماني) رسالة النبوة من الله بواسطة الملاك (توما ـ توأم) على أنه هو (الروح القدس) الذي بشر به المسيح. حينها بدأ (ماني) يعلن أنه (نبي النور) و (المنير العظيم المبعوث من الله). نتيجة هذا تم طرده من طائفته.

بينما كان الفارسيين في زمانه يؤمنون بزرادشت كانت له رؤيا دينية وكان يبشر بالديانة الجديدة. وأخذ ماني يتنقل في أنحاء بلاد الرافدين واستقر في بابل، حتى أعلن ماني نبوته وتكوينه للديانة المانوية الذي انتشر خلال أقل من قرن من الصين حتى أسبانيا وبلاد الغال. عرف ماني في شبابه حب الاطلاع على الاديان الأخرى في بابل واطرافها، واقترب من من الفرق المسيحية الغنوصية كاتباع مرقيون وبارديصان، يقول ماني عن نفسه ان ملكاً ظهر له في الثانية عشرة من عمره، وهتف به ان يتهيا للظهور ونشر التعاليم الالهية، وحين بلغ الرابعة والعشرين، ظهر له الملك السابق ثانية وامره ان يظهر ويبلغ التعاليم الالهية، وقد دعا إلى دينه الجديد اشخاصا من أبناء بلدته اولا، ولكنه لاسباب غامضة مالبث ان غادر إلى الهند، بحسب قول المانويين، وشرع بالتبشير هناك واسس مراكز واقام نوابا، وقد زادت معرفة ماني بالتعاليم البوذية والزرداشتية.

وبدأ فعلاً بالدعوة منذ عام 240 متعقباً طريق الحواري توما في مناطق شمالي الباكستان والهند وأفغانستان حالياً.
بعد رحلته إلى الهند ومصر وهناك جعل أحد الحكام يؤمن به، عاد إلى بلاده في سنة 242م حيث استمع إليه الملك شابور الأول وقربه إلى البلاط وسمح له بأن يدعو إلى ديانته، وانضم إلى الحاشية الملكية نتيجة ذلك ومنح صلاحية الوعظ بحرية على امتداد الامبراطورية وكتب الشابورقان وهو في رفقة الملك في حملته ضد الإمبراطور الروماني وبعد ذلك استقر في منطقة تقع على الضفة الغربية لنهر دجلة وتفرغ من اجل تنظيم كنيسته والعمل على رسوماته وتدوين رحلاته التبشيرية، وظل ماني يدعو إلى ديانته ثلاثين عاما بحرية تامة.

كان موت شابور نحو 272م هو الخط الفاصل لبداية سقوط ماني وديانته حيث ان هرمز الأول وبهرام الامبراطوران اللذين خلفا شابور لم يكونا على دين زرادشت فحسب بل خضعا أيضآ إلى التأثير المباشر لرجال الدين الزرادشتيين (الماجي) برئاسة كاهن متعصب يدعى قيردير صاحب مخطوطات مهمة تم الحفاظ عليها لوقت طويل، تزايدت ردود فعل الماجي الذين كانوا متوجسين من نجاح ماني المتزايد واصبحوا أكثر عنفآ تجاه الدين الجديد ونجحوا في استمالة الإمبراطور بهرام إلى جانبهم لم يعد باستطاعة ماني اكمال دراستة أو السفر إلى المقاطعات الشرقية من إمبراطورية كوشان، فقد سبقه أمر ملكي يأمره بالعودة إلى جنديسابور في سوسة حيث يقيم الملك وبعد إخضاعة لاستجواب مذل بتحريض من قيردير وكهنة الزرادشتية التي كانت الدين الرسمي للإمبراطورية الفارسية.

هنالك كتابات تصف ماني في تجواله، يرتدي سروالا واسعا أصفر اللون وعباءة زرقاء وبيده عصا طويلة من الأبنوس، متأبطا على الدوام كتاب خطه بنفسه باللغة البابلية (وهي الأرامية المشرقية في ذلك الوقت) معظم كتبه كانت بالسريانية بالإضافة إلى كتاب في مدح شابور الأول بالفارسية القديمة.

يذكر في المزمور المانوي القبطي ان ماني كان يعيش في الدنيا مشي الاسير بين الاغراب مدة ستة سنوات، ولعل هذه الفترة هي دليل على ان ملاحقة ماني والمانويين قدبدات قبل ستة سنوات من وفاة ماني، ولكن لم يكن قد وصل الامر إلى الشدة عليهم. بقي ماني في عهد هرمز في بابل، ولكن لما رقى بهرام العرش لم تكن نظرته إلى ماني حسنة، وحين احس ماني بذلك الخطر فارق بابل جنوباعلى طول ساحل دجلة وتفقد اتباعه، حتى وصل إلى الاحواز وعزم على السفر إلى خراسان وكاشان، ولكنه منع من ذلك، ثم جاءالامر بان يذهب إلى ولاية شوش، لكنه اتى إلى مقرالملك ووصل من الاحواز إلى ميسان ومنها ركب سفينة في نهر دجلة صعودا إلى طيسفون. وجعل ماني يودع اصحابه، وحين وصل إلى كوخي وصل امر فوري بذهابة إلى حضرة الملك حيث اعتقل هناك واودع السجن. وبحسب إحدى الروايات ان النبي ماني كانت له كالسيد المسيح قدرات روحانية للعلاج والشفاء ان ماني وعد بشفاء أحد خاصة الملك من مرضه ولكنه لم يشفى، وان غضب الملك كان بسبب ذلك.

بقي ماني في السجن 26 يوما وعومل اثنائها معاملة قاسية، وقيدوه بالسلاسل في يديه ورجليه، ثم جعلوا يشدون السلاسل ويضيقونها حتى مات. وكان اصحابه يزورونه في سجنه، ويدلي بتعاليمه للترويج لدعوته، والظاهر ان اثنين من اقرب اصحابه وتلامذته ظلا عنده حتى وفاته.

أعدم سنة 276م على يد الملك الفارسي بهرام في جنديسابور بالإمبراطورية الساسانية.

وفاته

تم صلب ماني على أحد أبواب مدينة بيت العابات (جنديسابور) في الأهواز، تم ذلك بقرار من الإمبراطور الفارسي بهرام الأول لأسباب سياسية طبعاً وبعد تحول بابل إلى مركز لدين عالمي واحتمال استعادتها من جديد لأمجادها السابقة، وما يشكله هذا من خطر على النفوذ الفارسي، كذلك خوف رجال الدين الزرادشتيين الذين نقموا على ماني بسبب تأثيره المتزايد، حتى عذب وصلب وقطعت أطرافه ثم احرقت جثته ونثر رماده، لكن المانويين ظلوا يعتقدون بصعوده إلى السماء مثل السيد المسيح، وظلوا يعتبرون هذا اليوم مقدساً يصومون خلاله ثلاثين يوماً في شهر نيسان.

جاء في الزبور المانوي باللغة القبطية، انهم فصلوا رأس ماني بعد وفاته، وعلقوه على باب المدينة، واساؤوا معاملة جثته ومثلوا بها. وفي روايات أخرى انهم قشروا جلده وعباوه تبناً، ثم علقوه على بوابة المدينة. وهذه البوابة كانت معروفة في العصر الإسلامي باسم (بوابة ماني). يذكر جبرائيل بن نوح المسيحي انهم وضعوا رأس ماني في بوابة السرادق، والقوا جسمه خارجا (طبعاً امام أنظار العامة)، وتعقبوا اتباعه وجعلوهم عرضة للتنكيل والإبادة.

أفكاره
في القرن الثالث أصبح ماني مؤسسا للديانة المانوية. نشأت هذه الديانة في الشرق الأوسط وانتشرت غربا حتى المحيط الأطلسي وشرقا حتى المحيط الهادي وظل هذا الدين منتشرا أكثر من ألف سنة كانت هذه الديانة خليطا من البوذية والمسيحية والزرادشتية لكن هذة هالديانة أعلنت أنها تلقت وحيا بمعان أخرى لم تعرفها الديانات الأخرى. وعلى الرغم من أن هذه الديانة نقلت الكثير من المسيحية والبوذية إلا أن أفكار زرادشت قد أثرت فيها أكبر الأثر وكان من رأي ماني أنه لا يوجد إله واحد إنما هو صراع مستمر بين اثنين من الآلهة أحدهما هو الشر والآخر هو الخير وهذا المعنى قريب من معنى الخير والشر في الديانة المسيحية لكن ماني كان يرى أن الشر لا يقل خطورة عن الخير فكلاهما على درجة واحدة من القدرة وعلى ذلك فما دام الشر قويا كالخير أنحلت المشكلة التي واجهت الديانات الأخرى كالمسيحية واليهودية وهي كيف يكون الله خيراً مطلقا ويصنع الشر، إن الديانة المانوية ترى أن الخير والشر توأمان وُجدا معا ليتصارعا معا وإلى الأبد.

يعتقد ماني بن فتك بأن العالم مركب من أصلين قديمين أحدهما النور والآخر الظلمة (مبدأ الديانة الزرداشتية)، وكان النور هو العنصر الهام للمخلوق الأسمى وقد نصب الإله عرشه في مملكة النور، ولكن لأنه كان نقيا غير أهل للصراع مع الشر فقد استدعى «أم الحياة» التي استدعت بدورها «الإنسان القديم» وهذا الثالوث هو تمثيل «للأب والأم والابن»، (التثليث في المسيحية) ثم إن هذا الإنسان والذي سمي أيضا «الابن الحنون» اعتبره مخلصا لأنه انتصر على قوى الظلام بجلده وجرأته، ومع ذلك استلزم وجوده وجود سمة أخرى له وهي سمة المعاناة، لأن مخلص الإنسان الأول لم يحقق انتصاره إلا بعد هزيمة ظاهرية. ويعد موضوع آلام الإنسان الأول وتخليصه الموضوع الرئيسي في المثيولوجيا المانوية، فالإنسان الأول هو المخلص وهو نفسه بحاجة للافتداء.

وما دام الخير والشر متلازمين في الجسم الإنساني تلازم الروح والجسم فلا يصح أن يساعد الإنسان على التكاثر لأن التكاثر معناه إضافة أجسام جديدة وأرواح جديدة ولذلك حرم العلاقات الجنسية بين الرجل والمرأة وحرم أكل اللحوم وشرب النبيذ ولهذه الأسباب كان صعباً على عامة الناس أن يؤمنوا بهذه الديانة إنما فقط يؤمن بها الصفوة أما المؤمنون العاديون ويسمونهم المستمعون فلهم عشيقات وهؤلاء العشيقات يردن الجنس والطعام والشراب وهناك الرهبان والكهنة وهؤلاء ممنوعون منعا باتا من الزواج وأكل اللحوم وشرب النبيذ أما الجنة فمن نصيب هؤلاء الصفوة.

كان يقول عن نفسه «رسول شكور بعثت من ارض بابل» وتراثه بابلي مخلوط بمسيحي غنوصي بوذي ومتأثراً بالديانة المثرائية والزرادشتية. عاش في العصر التوفيقي وانتشار الفلسفة الهلنستية والغنوصية في الجمع بين العقائد، ظهر في هذا الجو، وحاول جمع خلاصات الاديان. عاش في البلاط الفارسي الموجود في طيسفون وكادت ديانته ان تكون الأولى في الامبراطورية الساسانية، وكان الكهنة المجوس بالتصيد به، وتم صلبه نهاية حياته.

اعتبر النبي ماني نفسه انه خاتم لسلسلة الرسل والانبياء بدأت بآدم وضمت بوذا وزرادشت ويسوع، لذا كان يعمل على ترجمة جميع افكاره ومعتقداته إلى لغة كل امة وشعب. كما اعتبر ماني نفسه انه الفارقليط الذي بشر به المسيح.وكتب انجيل ماني وقسمه إلى 22 قسما مطابقا لحروف الهجاءالارامية. يتحدث ماني عن السماوات العشر والارضين الثماني والاعمدة السبعة، والافلاك الثلاثة، وغيلان البحر، واقسام السماوات بطور تبدو معه الافلاك الجزئية عند نصير الدين الطوسي وشارحي كتبه شيئا سهلا.
يعتقد ماني ان الاديان الحقة السابقة قد حرفت، وان الكتب السماوية الاصلية قد فقدت. وان الذين حرفوها وبدلوا فيها هم تلامذة مؤسسي تلك الاديان مثل جاماسب، وآسوكا، ويهوذا الاسخريوطي. و«رأى مانى نفسه كمبعوث برسالة عالمية كان مقدرا لها ان تحل محل كافة الاديان».

ان الهيكل العام للتعاليم المانوية هو مركب ناتج عن اختلاط المسيحية الغنوصية المبنية على الفلسفة الافلاطونية الحديثة في سوريا ومابين النهرين والعقائد البابلية القديمة والفلسفة الهلينية أو اليونانية الحديثة والعقائد الإيرانية الزرادشتية وغير الزرادشتية.

حرم ماني عبادة الأوثان، وزعم ماني ان المسيح تنبأ به بأن نبيا من بعده (البارقليط) سيرسله الله، وحرَّم الخمر، وكان مانى يؤكد على المحافظة على الصلاة والصوم والزكاة والسجود، وكان أتباعه يصلون أربع مرات في اليوم، وكان يأمرهم بان يسجدوا اثنتي عشر مرة في كل صلاة، وفرض الوضوء بالماء الجارى قبل الصلاة، وفى حالة تعذر الماء سمح لهم بالتطهر بالرمل أو ما شابهه، نظرت المانوية للمرأة باعتبارها مصدر غواية للرجل، مصدرا مظلما للشهوات المادية والجسدية التي تحرم الرجل من الصفاء الروحى الذي بدونه لن يستطيع الاتصال بالنور الإلهي.ويبدو ان مانى تأثر في هذه الفكرة بالتراث اليهودي والمسيحي الذي قال ان الخطيئة الأولى كان ورائها حواء التي أغوت آدم في الجنة. أما الدعوة للأخلاق كانت من السمات الأساسية للفكر الدينى بوجه عام، وكذلك دعا مانى إلى نفس المبادئ، أرسل مانى رسائل إلى حكام عصره يشرح فيها دعوته ويدعوهم للإيمان بها.

حاول ماني إقامة صلة بين ديانته والديانة المسيحية وكذلك البوذية والزرادشتية، ولذلك فهو يعتبر كلاً من بوذا وزرادشت ويسوع أسلافاً له، وقد كتب ماني عدة كتب من بينها إنجيله الذي أراده أن يكون نظيرا لإنجيل المسيح. أتباع المانوية هم من تعارف عليهم أولا بإطلاق لقب الزنادقة.

شعائر العبادة
تحرم المانوية كل ما من شأنه تشجيع شهوات الجسد الحسية، وبما أن اللحم ينشأ من الشيطان فلذلك كان محرما، فالمانوية أعدوا ليعيشوا على الفواكه وخاصة البطيخ، كما أن الزيت مستحسن. أما الشراب فقد كان عصير الفواكه هو الاختيار الأول وفرض اجتناب تناول كمية كبيرة من الماء لأنه مادة جسدية، كما حرم عليهم قتل الحيوانات والنبتات ومن يفعل ذلك فإنه سيعاقب بولادته من جديد الشيء الذي قتله، فرض عليهم التخلي عن الزواج والمعاشرة الجنسية التي تعتبر شيئا شريرا كما عد الإنجاب أسوأ منها بكثير. وحدهم «المجتبون» هم الذين تمكنوا من تنفيذ هذه الوصايا، أما «السماعون» فقد أوكل إليهم القيام بالأعمال المحظورة على المجتبين وتزويدهم بالطعام، ويترافق تناول تلك الأطعمة بإعلان براءة المجتبين من ذلك الفعل. مثال على قول أحدهم عند أكله للخبز: «لم أحصدك ولم أطحنك ولم أعجنك ولم أضعك في الفرن بل فعل ذلك شخص آخر وأحضرك إلي فأنا أتناول دونما إثم.» كما أن ممارسة الاعتراف والتوبة قانون هام.

المانوية والصوفية
يمكن اعتبار المانوية ديانة تصوف (عرفانية، غنوصية) متطرفة في الزهد والتنسك وتقديس الموت واحتقار ماديات الحياة. وهذه هي نقطة الضعف الاساسية في هذا الدين. في اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلام، هنالك زهد وتنسك ورهبنة، لكن يبقى هذا الجانب يمثل صفوة مختارة، اما غالبية رجال الدين والمؤمنيين فهم يعيشون حياة واقعية وعملية حسب الظرف السائد. بينما المانوية اصرت ان تكون باجمعها وبكل أعضاء مؤسستها الدينية، تمارس الزهد والتصوف والعزلة.

يمكن تلخيص (المانوية) بالعقيدة التالية: إن الخطيئة ترتكب بثلاث وسائل: القلب (النية) والفم (الكلمة) واليد (الفعل). لهذا فإن وصايا (ماني) كانت: ((لا ترتكب الخطيئة، لا تنجب، لا تملك، لا تزرع ولا تحصد، لا تأكل لحماً ولا تشرب خمراً)). صحيح ان هذه الوصايا لا يستوجب تطبيقها من قبل جميع أتباع المانوية، إنما فقط من قبل النخبة الدينية، إلا انها تبقى قاسية وشبه مستحيلة، وبالتالي شكلت المانع الأول والأكبر بايجاد ما يكفي من الرجال القادرين على الانتماء للسلك الديني المانوي.

أعماله

كان ماني مبتدعا لخط جديد ذي حروف مصوتة ، يعرف بالخط الأسطرنجيلي، وهو مشتق من الخط السرياني وابسط منه. وكتب مانى كتب كثيرة شرح فيها دعوته ، ومن بين هذه الكتب كتاب أطلق عليه الإنجيل: «الذي يحتوى على اثنين وعشرين بابا عدد الابجدية السريانية ، وهو يعتبر الفلسفة الدينية الحقيقية التي أنزلها على ذوى الإرادة الطيبة المُخلص الإلهي».

وكتب بالفارسية الوسيطة كتابه الشابورقان وأهداه إلى شابور الأول تشتمل مؤلفاته القانونية ع للاعمال التالية الإنجيل الحي وكنز الحياة وسفر الأسرار والرسائل وسفر الجبابرة والمزامير والابتهالات وخارج الأعمال القانونية.

قد استمرت سمعته كمصور عظيم لقرون لاحقه وقد قام حواريوه وأتباعه بما قام به ماني نفسه اثناء نقل مخطوطاته لقد كان من الملح والضروري حفظ الدين في صيغة مكتوبة وترجمتها إلى أكبر عدد من اللغات في عصره ، ولم يسبق لاحد قبله فعل مثلما فعل ماني.

كان ماني يشرح تعاليمه شفاهة ، مستخدماً الموسيقى أحياناً، أو كتابة مزيناً كتاباته بالرسوم. يوضح عبرها رؤيته للعالم والحياة، عالم النور حيث الإله خالق الكون ، عالم لا ظلمات فيه إلا لمن لم يحسن التخلص من طرقات الظلمات. وعالم الظلمات هو عالم أمراء الشر. كتب إنجيلاً أسماه الإنجيل الحيّ واسماه أتباعه بإنجيل ماني. قدمه للملك مع رسوم تزينه. وكان يقول بأن زرادشت وبوذا والمسيح لم يكتبوا كتبهم وإنما أنا أفعل.

المراجع

أشخاص أعدموا من قبل الإمبراطورية الساسانية
أشخاص من الإمبراطورية الفرثية
أنبياء عراقيون
أنبياء فرس
أنبياء ورسل
إيرانيون في القرن 3
رسامون إيرانيون
رسامون عراقيون
شخصيات دينية إيرانية
شخصيات دينية عراقية
شعراء وشاعرات إيرانيون
عراقيون في القرن 3
غموضيون قدماء
قادة دينيون في القرن 3
قطيسفون
كتاب في أعمال مفقودة
كتاب في القرن 3
لا إنجابيون
لاهوتيون في القرن 3
مانوية
مبتكرو أنظمة الكتابة
معدومون سلخا
معدومون صلبا
مواليد 216
مواليد في بابل
مؤسسو أديان
وفيات 274
وفيات في جنديسابور

ماني


Petacciato ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Campobasso in der Region Molise. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 52 Kilometer nordnordwestlich von Campobasso an der Adriaküste.

Geschichte

Wegen der Erdbeben in den Jahren 1117, 1125 und 1456 ist die Besiedlung der Adriaküste erschwert gewesen. Militärisch wurde die Gemeinde wegen des Einfalls der Goten, der Byzantiner und der Langobarden im frühen Mittelalter in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. 1463 kam es hier zur Schlacht zwischen der Familie der Anjou und der Krone von Aragonien. Etwas später fielen die Türken an dieser Stelle auf die Italienische Halbinsel ein.

Der Torre di Petacciato wurde 1568 errichtet, er ist der 25. und letzte Sarazenenturm der Capitanata während des Königreich Neapel. Er stand in Verbindung mit den Türmen von Montebello, Sinarca und Trigno. 1777 spaltete ein Erdrutsch die Fundamente, wodurch die Gewölbe einstürzten und der dem Strand zugewandte Baumstumpf um 2,0 Meter abgesenkt und um 4,0 Meter verschoben wurde.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führen entlang der Küste weitgehend parallel die Autostrada A14 von Bologna Richtung Tarent und die Strada Statale 16 Adriatica. Gemeinsam mit dem Nachbarort Montenero di Bisaccia besteht ein Bahnhof an der Adriabahn von Ancona nach Lecce.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Molise
Weinbauort in Italien

Petacciato


Tankostijene paprati (Polypodiidae), najveći dominantan podrazred pravih paprati kojemu pripada sedam živućih razreda koje čine 97% ukupne raznolikosti papratnjača. Tankostijene paprati nazivaju se i osladima, a najvažniji rod mu je Asplenium. Ime ovog roda dolazi po grčkoj riječi splen (=slezena), i to zbog upotrebe ovih biljaka u liječenju slezene, a po njemu i najvažnija porodica Aspleniaceae u redu Polypodiales dobiva ime.

Starost predaka ovih biljaka procjenjuje ser na 320 milijuna godina, a danas su zastupljene na svim kontinentima u vrlo raznolikim klimatskim podnebljima.

Redovi
 Cyatheales A.B. Frank
 Gleicheniales W.P. Schimper
 Hymenophyllales A. B. Frank
 Osmundales Link
 Polypodiales Link
 Salviniales Bartling
 Schizaeales W.P. Schimper

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Papratnice

Tankostijene paprati


Parzatumar (arm. ՊԱՐԶԱՏՈՒՄԱՐ) je druga knjiga tiskana na armenskom jeziku nakon Urbatagirka. Djelo je 1513. godine izdao armenski tiskar Hakob Meghapart koji je u Veneciji otvorio prvu armensku tiskaru. Armenija je u tom razdoblju bila dijelom Otomanskog Carstva tako da je armenska dijaspora odigrala ključnu ulogu u održavanju pisanog armenskog jezika i književne tradicije.

Djelo je napisano na klasičnom armenskom jeziku te je riječ o sinaksariju, odnosno zborniku crkvenih tekstova, žitija i službi posvećenih određenom prazniku ili svecu. Na kraju djela nalazi se grb tiskare.

Kopija Parzatumara je danas pohranjena u armenskoj nacionalnoj knjižnici zajedno uz Urbatagirk, prvu knjigu tiskanu na armenskom jeziku.

Vidjeti također
Urbatagirk

Izvori

Knjige
Religija u Armeniji

Parzatumar


Pasquale Acquaviva d'Aragona (Nápoles, 3 de novembro de 1718 - Roma, 29 de fevereiro de 1788) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Nápoles em 3 de novembro de 1718. patrício napolitano. Segundo dos oito filhos de Giulio Antonio Acquaviva d'Aragona, décimo primeiro duque de Nardò, e Maria Spinelli, dos príncipes de Tarsia. As outras crianças eram Giovanni Girolamo, Carlo, Eleonora, Caterina, Francesca, Anna e Giuseppe. Sobrinho do cardeal Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona (1732). Sobrinho-neto do cardeal Francesco Acquaviva d'Aragona (1706). Outros cardeais da família foram Giovanni Vincenzo Acquaviva d'Aragona (1542); Giulio Acquaviva d'Aragona (1570) e Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, Sr. (1591). Outros cardeais da família são Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, Jr. (1654);. Seus sobrenomes também estão listados como Aquaviva e d'Aragonia.

Educação
(Nenhuma informação encontrada).

Início da vida
Cavaleiro da Ordem Soberana de Malta. Ingressou no estado eclesiástico e contou com o apoio de seu tio, o cardeal Troiano. Privado camareiro d'onore de Sua Santidade, maio de 1739. Nomeado protonotário apostólico participante , 18 de outubro de 1739; residente em Roma desde 1740. Capaz de apostólico trazer a Rosa de Ouro à Rainha Maria Amália de Nápoles em 24 de novembro de 1740. Referendário dos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica da Justiça e da Graça, 7 de setembro de 1741. Abade commendatario de S. Leonardo , Puglia, 1743. Pró-legado em Avignon, 1743-1753. Vice-legado em Avignon, de 16 de abril de 1744 a 28 de julho de 1754. Clérigo da Câmara Apostólica, dezembro de 1753-1759. Prefeito do Castello Sant'Angelo, Roma, dezembro de 1753-1766; ele ocupou o cargo após retornar de Avignon. Commissary general del mare , dezembro de 1753-1767; ele ocupou o cargo após retornar de Avignon. Pró-comissário dell'Armi , maio a agosto de 1756; e julho a outubro de 1766. Presidente de Urbino de 7 de outubro de 1766; pró-presidente depois que sua promoção ao cardinalato foi publicada em 1773; ele manteve o cargo até 1775.

Ordens sagradas
Ordenado (nenhuma informação encontrada).

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal e reservado in pectore no consistório de 12 de dezembro de 1770; publicado no consistório de 15 de março de 1773. Atribuído à SS. CC. da Sagrada Consulta ; Bom Governo, Avignon, Loreto e Fabrica da basílica de São Pedro. Protetor do Colégio e Confraria da SS. Nome Dio Dio de Pesaro; e da Venerável Congregação da Ascensão, de Città Castello. Participou do conclave de 1774-1775 , que elegeu o Papa Pio VI. Recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 18 de março de 1773; e a diaconia de S. Maria in Aquiro, 3 de abril de 1775. Abade commendatario da abadia de San Leonardo di Siponto, Manfredonia, 1779-1788. Optou pela diaconia de S. Maria in Cosmedin, 13 de dezembro de 1779. Optou pela diaconia de S. Eustachio, 27 de setembro de 1780. Durante seus últimos anos, desempenhou um papel proeminente na vida intelectual de Roma; e de 1781 até sua morte, residiu em Villa Malta naquela cidade.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 29 de fevereiro de 1788. Exposto e sepultado na igreja de Santa Cecília, em Roma, no túmulo de seus antepassados, com os demais cardeais de sua família

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Clemente XIV

Pasquale Acquaviva d'Aragona


Lester is an ancient Anglo-Saxon surname and given name. Lester is a john crow name

People

Given name
 Lester Bangs (1948–1982), American music critic
 Lester Oliver Bankhead (1912–1997), American architect
 Lester W. Bentley (1908–1972), American artist from Wisconsin
 Lester Bird (1938–2021), second prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1994–2004)
 Lester Cotton (born 1996), American football player
 Lester del Rey (1915–1993), American science fiction author and editor
 Lester Flatt (1914–1979), American bluegrass musician
 Lester Gillis (1908–1934), better known as Baby Face Nelson, American gangster
 Lester Holt (born 1959), American television journalist
 Lester Charles King (1907–1989), English geomorphologist
 Lester Lanin (1907–2004), American jazz and pop music bandleader
 Lester Lockett (1912–2005), American Negro League baseball player
 Lester Maddox (1915–2003), governor and lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Georgia
 Lester Martínez (born 1995), Guatemalan professional boxer
 Lester Julian Merriweather (born 1978), American visual artist, collagist, painter
 Lester Patrick (1883–1960), Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972), fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada
 Lester Piggott (1935–2022), English jockey
 Lester Prosper (born 1988), Indonesian basketball player
 Lester Quiñones (born 2000), Dominican-American basketball player
 Lester Speight (born 1963), American actor, former football player and wrestler; known for his portrayal as Terry Tate, Office Linebacker
 Lester Thurow (1938–2016), American economist
 Lester Young (1909–1959), American jazz tenor saxophonist

Surname
 Adrian Lester (born 1968), British actor
 Albert Lester (c. 1803–1867), New York politician
 Brad Lester (born 1985), collegiate American football player
 Gavin Lester (born 1977), Australian rugby league footballer
 Jack Lester (born 1975), English football (soccer) player
 Jenna Lester (born 1989), American dermatologist
 Sir Jim Lester (1932–2021), British politician
 John Lester (1871–1969), American cricketer
 Jon Lester (born 1984), American baseball player
 Josh Lester (born 1994), American baseball player
 Julia Lester (born 2000), American actress
 Julius Lester (1939–2018), American writer
 Lashonda Lester (c. 1975–2017), American stand-up comedian
 Luke Fleet Lester, American engineer
 Mark L. Lester (born 1946), American film producer
 Mary Louise Lester (1919–1977), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
 Marsha I. Lester, American physical chemist
 Paul Lester, British music journalist
 Paul Martin Lester (born 1953), American communications professor and author
 Phil Lester (born 1987), British YouTuber and BBC Radio 1 presenter
 Robert "Squirrel" Lester (1942–2010), American singer, original member of the vocal group The Chi-Lites
 Robie Lester (1925-2005), American actress
 Richard Lester (born 1932), British film director
 Richard Neville Lester (1937–2006), British botanist
 Ryan Lester (born 1992), Australian rules footballer
 Seán Lester (1880–1959), Irish diplomat
 Sonny Lester (1924–2018), American record producer
 Tom Lester (1938–2020), American actor
 Tom Lester (American football) (1927–2012), American football coach
 William "Buddy" Lester (1915–2002), American actor and comedian
 Yami Lester (1941–2017), Australian Indigenous rights advocate

Fictional characters
 James Lester, from the television series Primeval
 Lester Patel, from the television series Chuck
 Lester Freamon, from the television show The Wire
 Lester Krinklesac, from the television show The Cleveland Show
 Lester Nessman from the television show WKRP in Cincinnati
 Lester Nygaard, from the television series Fargo
 Lester Sludge, from the television show M.A.S.K.
 Lester Crest, from the video game Grand Theft Auto V
 Lester Papadopoulos, from the book series Trials of Apollo by Rick Riordan
 Lester Burnham, main character in the film American Beauty

See also

Middle name
 H. Lester Hooker (1921–1999), American college basketball and baseball coach
 Leicester, a city in England pronounced the same way as "Lester"

English masculine given names
Masculine given names
English-language surnames
English toponymic surnames

Lester


البجورية هي إحدى القرى المحتلة والمدمرة التابعة لمركز فيق التابع لمحافظة القنيطرة في هضبة الجولان بجنوب غرب سوريا.

تتبع ناحية قرى ومركز منطقة فيق، محافظة القنيطرة وكان يقطنها 335 نسمة عام 1967 وترتفع 447 م.
تقع في أرض بركانية منبسطة، تكثر فيها الينابيع والمسيلات منها : مسيل الكباش، ومسيل بيارة البجورية إلى الشمال الشرقي من مدينة فيق ب16 كم. بنيت القرية الجديدة على أطلال خربة قديمة، عُثر في شمالها على بقايا أبنية قديمة وجدران ودمجت بالأبنية الحيّة وعُثر حول القرية على قطع قديمة وأدوات حجرية وفخار من العهدين الروماني والبيزنطي، وهناك مقبرة تضم عدداً من القبور والألواح الحجرية بكثرة من مواقع أثرية، تحيط بها أسوار حجرية كبيرة على شكل مستطيل. عرفت البجوريّة بزراعة الحبوب والبقول بعلاً، وبتربية الأغنام والأبقار.

قرى الجولان المحتلة
قرى الجولان المدمرة
قرى محافظة القنيطرة

البجورية


Bas gitar, çoğunlukla dört teli olan ve kalın ses veren telli bir çalgıdır. Günümüz müziğinin vazgeçilmez enstrümanlarından biridir. Bas gitar yoğun olarak Rock, Metal, Caz,  Blues, Funk, Punk ve R&B gibi müzik türlerinde kullanılır. İlk olarak Fender tarafından 1950'li yılların başlarında Fender Precision Bass modeliyle üretilmiştir.

Özellikleri
Bas gitar, elektrik ve akustik olarak ikiye ayrılır. Elektrikli basta tellerden gelen titreşimler manyetikler tarafından elektrik sinyaline çevrilip bu sinyali sese çevirecek olan yükselteçe yollanırken, akustik basta akustik gitar gibi geniş ve oyuk olan gövde tellerden gelen sesi güçlendirip duyulabilir bir seviyeye çıkarır. Kimi akustik baslarda sesin yükseltece de iletilebilmesi için piezo adı verilen kuvars kristalli piezoelektrik ses alıcıları bulunur. Bas gitarın sesi, normal gitarlardan daha kalın, kontrbas gitarlardan daha incedir. Normal bir gitardan daha kalın tellere ve daha uzun bir ölçeğe sahip olan bas gitarın gövdesinin elektrik baslarda ön, akustik baslarda yan tarafında ton ve sesi değiştirmeye yarayan bir eşitleyici bulunur. Bas gitarların elektro gitar yükselticilerinden farklı olan, düşük frekanstaki sesleri daha iyi verebilen özel yükselteçleri bulunur.

Klasik bas gitar genellikle perdeli ve dört tellidir. Günümüzde tellerinin sayısı on ikiye ulaşan bas gitarlar mevcuttur. Perdesizleri de kullanılmaktadır. Genelde yardımcı çalgı olarak kullanılan bas gitar, elektronik ve bilgisayarların katkısı ile günümüzde yoğun olarak ön çalgı olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Bas gitar partisyonları fa anahtarı ile yazılır.

Bas gitar bir türev enstrümandır; her müzik türünün kendine özgü bas enstrümanı vardır.

"Bas" kavramı temel olarak sinyal düzenleyici özelliğe sahip bir durumdur. Bas gitarın ise "solo ve ritim enstrümanları arasındaki armonik ve ritmik bağı kurması" görevi vardır. Yani bas gitar; solo çalgıların (gitar, keman, flüt, klarnet, kanun, trompet vs.) verdiği sinyallere uygun armonik hareketleri yapmak, ritim enstrümanının (davul, darbuka, djembe, kahon, bongo vs.) verdiği ritmik yapıya denk gelecek vuruşlar yapan bir enstrümandır.

Bas gitar, genel olarak rock müzik için kullanılan bas çalgıdır denebilir. Türk müziği için "bas bağlama", klasik yaylılar için "kontrbas", metal üflemeliler için "tuba", ağaç üflemeliler için "kontrfagot", piyanonun sol eli ve benzeri enstrümanlar da icra edilen müzik tarzları için kullanılan bas çalgılardır.

Kaynakça

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri icatları
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Bas gitar


Tibor Peter Nagy Jr. né le , est un ancien sous-secrétaire d'État américain aux affaires africaines et un ancien officier du service extérieur américain qui a été ambassadeur américain en Guinée et en Éthiopie.

Biographie

Études
Enfant, Nagy a été contraint de fuir la Hongrie et est arrivé aux États-Unis à Washington DC en 1957. Ce pays est alors devenu son pays d'adoption. Après avoir pris sa retraite du service extérieur, Nagy a été vice-recteur aux affaires internationales à l'Université Texas Tech, dont il est diplômé en 1972. Il a également obtenu une maîtrise de l'Université George Washington en 1978.

Carrière diplomatique

Nagy est un officier de carrière retraité du service extérieur américain qui a suivi des affectations en tant qu'ambassadeur des États-Unis en Éthiopie et en Guinée ainsi que chef de mission adjoint au Nigeria, au Cameroun et au Togo. Ses premières affectations comprenaient la Zambie, les Seychelles, l'Éthiopie et Washington, DC.

Nagy a été nommé au poste de secrétaire d'État adjoint aux affaires africaines par le président Donald Trump le 10 mai 2018. Il a témoigné devant la commission des relations étrangères du Sénat américain le 14 juin et a été confirmé par un vote vocal de l'ensemble du Sénat le 28 juin. Nagy a pris ses fonctions le 23 juillet 2018. Il a été remplacé par Robert F. Godec.

Vie privée
Nagy est marié à Jane depuis 1971. Ils ont trois enfants adultes qui étaient les premiers triplés nés dans le Zimbabwe.

Ouvrages
La Fête du livre de Paris 2014 a décerné le prix gagnant en non-fiction à "Kiss Your Latte Goodbye: Managing Overseas Operations" co-écrit par Nagy.

Références

Liens externes

Professeur à l'université Texas Tech
Étudiant de l'université George-Washington
Étudiant de l'université Texas Tech
Naissance en avril 1949

Tibor Peter Nagy Jr