Absolute Radio is a British independent national radio station owned and operated by Bauer as part of the Absolute Radio Network. It broadcasts nationally across the UK via digital audio broadcasting and was on 1215 kHz MW until the closure of medium wave transmissions on 20 January 2023.

The station focuses on rock and indie music such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, Muse, U2, Oasis, Arctic Monkeys and the White Stripes.

History

1993–1997: Virgin Radio launch and early years

The Broadcasting Act 1990 allowed for the launch of independent national radio (INR) stations in the United Kingdom. The Radio Authority was mandated to award three INR licences, one of which (INR1) had to be for a "non-pop" station (which was awarded to Classic FM), and one of which had to be for a predominantly speech-based service (this would be advertised later as INR3 and would be awarded to Talk Radio). The remaining licence was to be open to "all-comers". The licences were to be awarded to the highest cash bidder, providing that the applicant met criteria set down in the Broadcasting Act.

The second national licence, INR2, would take over the 1197 kHz and 1215 kHz frequencies, which were to be relinquished by BBC Radio 3. The licence was advertised in October 1991 and five organisations bid: the Independent National Broadcasting Company of Sheffield, which bid £4,010,000 per year; a TV-am/Virgin consortium (£1,883,000); Chiltern Radio's 20/20 Radio (£1,311,000); Radio Clyde's Score Radio (£701,000); and a consortium of CLT, Harvey Goldsmith and RTÉ (£211,000). The TV-am/Virgin consortium was awarded the licence in April 1992, after the Radio Authority said that it was not satisfied that Independent National Broadcasting would be able to sustain the service. Later that year, TV-am lost its ITV franchise and its stake in the radio station was sold in March 1993 to Apax Partners, JP Morgan Investment Corporation and Sir David Frost.

The station launched as Virgin 1215 at 12:15 pm on 30 April 1993. The original line-up of DJs included Richard Skinner, Russ Williams, Jono Coleman, Mitch Johnson, Graham Dene, Nick Abbot, Wendy Lloyd, Tommy Vance, Emperor Rosko and Dave Fanning. Chris Evans was also hired to present a Saturday morning show, following his success at BBC GLR in the weekend mid-morning slot. The show, The Big Red Mug Show, was sponsored by Nescafé. The first song played was INXS' cover version of the Steppenwolf song "Born to be Wild". Richard Branson was the first voice to be heard, live from the Virgin Megastore in Manchester, with Richard Skinner the first voice back in the London studios. Skinner was also programme director, a role he shared with John Revell. John Pearson was launch sales director, a role he had previously held at LBC. Andy Mollett was launch finance director. David Campbell, previously managing director of one of Virgin's post-production television companies, was the chief executive at launch.

From before its launch on AM, Virgin Radio was campaigning for a national FM network. Initially, it lobbied for Radio 4's FM network to be made available and then, when the Radio Authority launched a consultation on the use of the 105–108 MHz band, it lobbied for it to be set aside as a national network. The Radio Authority decided, however, that 105–108 MHz would be licensed to new local and regional stations and Virgin Radio applied for and won one of the new FM licences advertised in London as a result.

Virgin Radio launched on 105.8 MHz FM in London on 10 April 1995 beginning with a message from broadcaster David Frost at 6 am followed by the Russ 'n' Jono breakfast show. Part of the licence requirements for the London service meant that a daily London opt-out was broadcast on FM, presented initially by Rowland Rivron.

Within a year, Virgin Group was considering the next steps for the radio station, including the option of a flotation or buying back the shares of JP Morgan, Apax and Sir David Frost. In May 1997, it was announced that Capital Radio had agreed to acquire Virgin Radio in an £87 million deal. Capital's plans included moving Virgin Radio from 1 Golden Square to Capital's Leicester Square building and splitting programming between the AM and FM services. The Radio Authority approved the acquisition, but Nigel Griffiths, the Consumer Affairs Minister, referred the takeover to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC). The MMC report into the takeover would not be issued until January 1998, and would recommend that the deal could only go ahead if Capital Gold was sold or Virgin's London FM licence was excluded from the deal. However, the delay in approval of the Capital acquisition would ultimately lead to the deal not going through.

In January 1997, Chris Evans left his role as presenter of the Radio 1 Breakfast Show as a result of a disagreement between him and the programme controller Matthew Bannister (Evans had asked for Fridays off to allow more time for him to work on his Channel 4 television show, TFI Friday). Evans was keen to return to radio and it had been reported that his agent, Michael Foster, had approached Matthew Bannister to ask if Evans would be allowed to be return to Radio 1, and he had gone as far as commencing negotiations to buy Talk Radio.

Richard Branson wanted Evans to work for Virgin Radio, so much so that he joined him on a Concorde flight to New York to try to persuade him to join as the drive time presenter. In the end, Virgin Radio hired Evans to present the breakfast show, replacing the incumbent Russ 'n' Jono show (presented by Russ Williams and Jonathan Coleman). His show started on 13 October 1997, the same day that Zoë Ball started as Evans' replacement on Radio 1. The initial contract would only be for ten weeks, until the MMC announced its decision on the Capital Radio takeover. Evans approached David Campbell to discuss buying the radio station and, with Michael Foster's help, they put together a deal to buy it with venture capital supplied by Apax Partners and Paribas, with Virgin Group retaining a 20% stake in the business. The deal was announced on 8 December 1997, and would see the formation of the Ginger Media Group, an umbrella company overseeing Virgin Radio and producing programmes such as TFI Friday.

1998–2000: The Ginger Media Group
Evans' ownership of Virgin Radio started well, with a breakfast show audience increase of 660,000 to 2.2m in his first three months. In August 1998, Evans took a spur of the moment decision one weekend to launch a Saturday afternoon show called Rock 'n' Roll Football, which continues to be broadcast on Absolute Radio. From 5 October 1998, Virgin Radio started simulcasts of the breakfast show on Sky One each morning for an hour between 7.30 and 8.30 am. When a track was played on the radio, viewers would see a video at the same time.

The start of the new football season in August 1999 saw Terry Venables join Russ Williams in a show that would precede Rock 'n' Roll Football. At the end of 1999, at a time when TV programme Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? had yet to give away its top prize, Virgin Radio set a broadcasting first when Clare Barwick won £1 million at the culmination of "Someone's Going to Be a Millionaire".

The management team at the Ginger Media Group were considering expansion opportunities, including a plan to acquire the Daily Star newspaper from United News & Media, and hire Piers Morgan to edit it. Their plans were stalled, however, when the shareholders got cold feet. Evans wrote in his autobiography that "the management wanted to stick to our original brief of expansion, whereas our investors only cared about extracting the added value."

2000–2008: SMG ownership
The management team therefore set itself on a strategy to sell the business three years ahead of schedule. It hired Goldman Sachs to run the sale process, and considered a public flotation, before selling to the Scottish Media Group (now STV Group plc) for £225 million in March 2000. The Scottish Media Group, which owned Scottish Television and the Herald newspaper, fought off other bidders including Clear Channel, NRJ and Guardian Media. Evans personally made £75 million out of the sale.

Evans was subsequently fired by his new employer in 2001 for failing to report into work for five consecutive days while reportedly partying with his then wife Billie Piper.

Chief executive John Pearson, who had been with the station since before launch, resigned in April 2005, and was replaced by Fru Hazlitt, who had previously been managing director of Yahoo! UK and Ireland.

On 13 June 2006, SMG plc signed a deal with YooMedia to make Virgin Radio available on Freeview. It has always placed a great emphasis on other methods of transmission than medium wave, as the 1215 kHz frequency suffers from considerable interference, particularly after dark – BBC Radio 1, which used 1215 kHz for its first eleven years on air, moved to higher-quality medium wave frequencies (now used by talkSport) in 1978 primarily for this reason.

2008–2013: Acquisition by Times of India and rebranding as Absolute Radio

On 12 April 2007, it was announced that SMG plc was to sell Virgin Radio, to enable the company to focus on its television station, STV. On 30 May 2008 SMG sold Virgin Radio to TIML Golden Square Limited, a subsidiary of The Times Group for £53.2 million, with £15 million set aside for rebranding. TIML was given 90 days' grace in which to rebrand the station. As part of the deal, Absolute Radio International, operator of two FM licences in Oxford, would manage the station.

On 1 September 2008 it was announced that Virgin Radio would be rebranded as Absolute Radio on 28 September. At the same time, changes to the line-up were made known with JK and Joel, Robin Burke, Tony Hadley and John Osborne leaving the station and Allan Lake, Joanna Russell (of Trent FM's Jo & Twiggy) and Tim Shaw joining, though Osborne would return shortly after. The last song to be played on Virgin Radio was "American Pie" by Don McLean and the first to be played on Absolute Radio was "A Day in the Life" by The Beatles.
However, listening figures for the final quarter of 2008 showed that almost 20% of former Virgin Radio listeners had been lost since the rebranding to Absolute Radio.

The Virgin Radio brand, however, relaunched via DAB and online on 30 March 2016, following a new partnership with Wireless Group and approval of its digital terrestrial commercial radio licence by Ofcom in March 2015.

2013–present: Acquisition by Bauer Media
On 29 July 2013, Bauer Media Group announced it intended to purchase Absolute from current owner, The Times Group, for an amount believed to be between £20m-£25m, pending regulatory approval of the sale. The deal was cleared by the Office of Fair Trading on 23 December.

Subsequently, by September 2014, all other London-based Bauer stations permanently moved from Mappin House to a refurbished One Golden Square, creating a new national radio hub.

Owner Bauer Radio announced in July 2015 that Absolute Radio would be taking up the 105.2 FM frequency in the West Midlands, previously held by Planet Rock. Absolute launched on 105.2 FM on 7 September 2015. However the station ended transmission on that frequency on 16 December 2018 following Bauer's decision to broadcast Greatest Hits Radio on FM across the West Midlands.

In March 2021, Ofcom approved Bauer's application for permission to alter the FM licence held by the London FM relay of Absolute Radio, enabling the frequency to be used to provide a London variant of Greatest Hits Radio. Absolute Radio continued to be available by way of its national AM and digital transmissions. The change took place on 17 May.

At midnight on 20 January 2023, the station stopped broadcasting on AM. A week later, Ofcom initiated proceedings to revoke Bauer Radio's mediumwave licence and is considering financial penalties against Bauer after it confirmed the decision the previous day.

Programming

Audience and playlist
Virgin Radio launched aiming at a target group of 24- to 44-year-olds and with a focus on album music, arguing that "singles chart shows on Radio 1 and local commercial radio were outdated because albums outsold singles by three to one." It would provide a blend of recent album tracks and chart music from the past 25 years and aim to fill the "hole in the middle" between BBC Radio 1 and local commercial radio, which were specifically aimed at young audiences, and "gold" stations offering classic hits.

A year after launch, David Campbell was quoted as saying that "the music policy was wrong, even though Virgin had lots of research to suggest it was doing what listeners said they wanted. We did something we should never do: pursue critical acclaim, playing obscure tracks, gaining the praise of the music press." The station's approach had been to mix in more familiar music.

Fru Hazlitt, when interviewed for The Guardian in September 2006, described the type of music the station championed: "It's pretty much mainstream rock festival-type music. Razorlight, Keane. These bands are becoming some of the biggest in the world."

When announcing the rebrand as Absolute Radio on the One Golden Square blog, Clive Dickens, chief operating officer, noted that the station would be "sticking with real music – not manufactured rubbish – and we're building on the amount of live music we do – we're just going to discover more of all of it."

The music policy continues to focus on guitar-based rock, mostly British. In a blog post in February 2009, Head of Music James Curran noted that the 30 most-played artists in the first four months of Absolute Radio had been: Manic Street Preachers, Coldplay, Arctic Monkeys, Snow Patrol, Kings of Leon, The Killers, Oasis, Travis, U2, Placebo, Suede, Kaiser Chiefs, Kasabian, Queen, Keane, Stereophonics, Caesars, Elbow, Bruce Springsteen, R.E.M., Nickelback, The Offspring, Aerosmith, The Rolling Stones, Biffy Clyro, The Beatles, David Bowie, Nirvana, The Police and Blur.

Premium service
On 14 July 2022, Absolute Radio launched Absolute Radio Premium where users can listen to the various stations without advert breaks and with the ability to skip a song. The service also offers five exclusive stations: Absolute Radio Acoustic, Absolute Radio Classic Country, Andy Bush's Indie Disco 24/7, Through the Decades and Haven't Heard It for Ages.

Notable DJs

Weekdays
Dave Berry
Leona Graham
Danielle Perry
Andy Bush and Richie Firth
Sarah Champion

Weekends

Frank Skinner
Jason Manford
Claire Sturgess
Matt Forde
Skin
Tim Burgess

Notable former presenters
Virgin Radio's original line-up included Russ Williams, Richard Skinner, Mitch Johnson, Tommy Vance, Jonathan Coleman and Nick Abbot.

Other past presenters on the network include Danny Baker, Robin Banks, Kelly-Anne Smith, Vicki Butler-Henderson, Robin Burke. Martin Collins, Gary Davies, Daryl Denham, Chris Evans (who also owned the station), Ben Jones, Neil Francis, Alan Freeman, Tony Hadley (from Spandau Ballet), Nicky Horne, Janey Lee Grace, Kevin Greening, Simon James and Hill, Gary King, Jason King, Phil Kennedy, Jeremy Kyle, Allan Lake, Iain Lee, Geoff Lloyd, Tim Lovejoy, James Merritt, Pete Mitchell, Al Murray, Christian O'Connell, John Osborne, Lynn Parsons, Steve Penk, Annabel Port, Vic Reeves, Joel Ross, Jo Russell, Holly Samos, Harriet Scott, Tim Shaw, Graeme Smith, Suggs, David Tennant, Clive Warren, Ray Cokes, Dave Gorman and Pete Donaldson.

Sport
From the 2010–11 to the 2015–16 seasons, Absolute Radio broadcast live commentary of 32 Premier League games on Saturday afternoons. Ian Wright joined the station to host a post-match phone-in programme, as well as a regular music show on Absolute Radio 90s and a football podcast.

From 2013 to 2014, Absolute Radio held UK radio rights to American football's National Football League.

Comedy
In 2021, Absolute Radio commissioned its first scripted comedy series, Rockanory. Based on a number of Rock Star Babylon stories by former Now Show comedian Jon Holmes, the series featured the voices of Shaun Keaveny, Jon Culshaw and Jake Yapp. Short episodes were broadcast Monday to Thursday at 11pm for six weeks from 6 September 2021.

Broadcast

Studios
The station broadcasts from studios in One Golden Square.

AM transmission
The 1215 kHz frequency (247 metres) was used, in selected areas only, by the BBC Light Programme until 1967. It was then used nationally as the original home of BBC Radio 1 until 22 November 1978, then from 23 November 1978 until 28 February 1992 by BBC Radio 3.

In a number of areas, particularly where the signals from the main 1215 transmitters overlapped with each other, Absolute Radio used filler transmitters on different frequencies.

End of AM broadcasting
On Wednesday 4 January 2023, Bauer Media Group announced that all the remaining transmitters would be turned off and that it would be no longer broadcasting on AM from Friday 20 January, turning Absolute Radio into a digital-only station.

The station closed on AM at midnight on Friday 20 January 2023, with "Absolute Beginners" by David Bowie being the last ever song being broadcast on its AM frequencies. Ten minutes before going off air, the station played a tribute to their former AM frequencies, starting with clips from BBC Light Programme, BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 3, through its life as Virgin 1215 and ending with the relaunch as Absolute Radio. The last words the announcers said were, "And to 1215: Thanks, you were brilliant."

From midnight on Friday 20 January 2023, a closedown loop carried information advising listeners stating that Absolute Radio "is no longer available on AM" and redirecting listeners to DAB, and the Absolute Radio mobile and smart speaker applications.

On Monday 23 January 2023, transmitters for its AM service began to be switched off. Transmission of the closedown loop that carries information about Absolute Radio's other platforms, stopped at 2:15pm on Thursday 26 January 2023.

Satellite distribution
In the summer of 1993, Virgin Radio began broadcasting in stereo on the Astra 1A satellite on an audio sub-carrier of the Sky News channel. This service ceased on 1 July 2001 in anticipation of Sky's cessation of its analogue satellite service. Virgin Radio was one of the first 20 radio stations which joined the Sky Digital service on 20 November 1999. Carried on Astra 2A, it launched on the channel 917 of the Sky EPG, and can today be found on Astra 2G as Absolute Radio on channel 0107 of SKY UK EPG.

Absolute Radio also broadcasts through the Eutelsat 9B satellite unencrypted signal at 12.092 MHz, H polarization, azimuth 9°E.

FM transmission
The station was available on 105.8 FM from the Crystal Palace transmitting station in London. This transmission began in 1995. In February 2021 Bauer applied to Ofcom for permission to amend the FM broadcast licence to allow the frequency to be used for a London relay of Greatest Hits Radio; Absolute Radio will remain available in London through its retained digital outlets.

On 23 March 2021, following a consultation, Ofcom announced that Greatest Hits Radio would be taking over the 105.8 FM frequency on 17 May 2021

The station was previously available in the West Midlands on 105.2 FM from the Sutton Coldfield transmitter between 7 September 2015 and 16 December 2018.

Website and internet broadcasting
Virgin Radio launched its first website on 7 March 1996. Designed by AKQA, it hosted a live RealAudio stream, making it the first European radio station to stream 24-hours a day on the internet. The station went on to redesign the website a further six times as Virgin Radio. Streaming audio formats and presentation developed over time: QuickTime streaming was added in July 1999, an interactive media player launched in October 1999, an Ogg-Vorbis stream was launched in June 2003, and HE-AAC and Ogg-FLAC streams were launched in December 2009. In Autumn 2012 it launched the Opus Streaming Trial as part of the Listen Labs, including streams for all seven stations in 24, 64 and 96 kbit/s. This trial was cancelled without further notice in autumn 2014, along with the live webcams and the public playlist API.

In 2001, Virgin Radio joined the Measurecast and Arbitron internet broadcasting measurement services. Both measurement services have since closed. In 2009, Absolute Radio started publishing its internet listening and download statistics.

Virgin Radio was also among the first to explore the opportunities for delivering its services to mobile phones. It took part in a joint venture with Ericsson in 1999 to investigate the use of third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies for radio, launched a WAP site in 2000 and took part in a trial in 2001 with Crown Castle and Manx Telecom to explore the use of 3G phones to add interactivity to digital radio broadcasts. In 2009, Absolute Radio launched an application for the Apple iPhone and tagging for the Apple iPod Nano. In 2010 applications were released for the Amazon Kindle, the Nokia Ovi Store, the BlackBerry and Windows Phone 7 and Absolute Radio was selected as a launch partner for the Apple iAd mobile advertising network.

In January 2014, Absolute Radio Network has restricted the access to the internet radio on their own website to UK listeners only, and removed their apps for iPhone and Android in non-UK app stores.

Sister stations

A number of subsidiary stations to Virgin Radio and Absolute Radio have been launched as online and digital radio services over recent years, many being established during the period when SMG plc was in charge of the station. The stations were collectively known as the Virgin Radio Network (now the Absolute Radio Network). All Absolute branded channels broadcast online and via smartphone apps, with several also transmitted over DAB and digital television platforms. The line-up of stations within the network has changed over time, and those currently on air are:

Absolute Radio Classic Rock

A radio station on DAB, Virgin Media, Sky and the internet playing classic rock from the 1960s to the 1990s. Launched as Virgin Radio Classic Rock in 2000 as part of SMG Radio's strategy to trade total network listening hours at a time when analogue listening hours had been falling. The service was rebranded as Absolute Radio Classic Rock in 2008.

Absolute Radio 60s

Launched on 22 November 2011, Absolute 60s is the sixth radio station launched under the Absolute branding. The station is broadcast on DAB, some digital television networks, and online. The station has defined itself as "the home of the Beatles, Stones and Mo-Town". With The Beatles and The Rolling Stones as highlights of the station's broadcasts, it plays music originating from the 1960s. Pete Mitchell was the main daytime presenter, returning to Golden Square: he was last on Virgin Radio in 2005 hosting the Breakfast show with Geoff Lloyd.

Absolute Radio 70s

Launched on 29 November 2011, Absolute 70s is the seventh radio station launched under the Absolute branding. The station is broadcast on DAB and online. With Rod Stewart, David Bowie and Prince as highlights of the station's broadcast, it plays music originating from the 1970s. Richard Skinner, another previous DJ from the Virgin Radio days, returned to Golden Square to feature on this station.

Absolute Radio 80s

A radio station launched on 4 December 2009 on DAB, Freesat, Sky, Virgin Media and the internet which plays classic hits and is aimed at "reluctant adults" who want to reconnect with the tunes of their youth.

Absolute Radio 90s

Absolute Radio 90s launched on 21 June 2010 on DAB to a 13 million population in London, Essex, Wiltshire, Bristol, Berkshire and Bath. The station is also available on Sky 0201 and online via website and mobile smartphones. The first song to be played on the station was "Roll with It" by Oasis.

Absolute Radio 00s

Absolute Radio 00s launched on 10 December 2010, online and on DAB in London. After an internet poll, the first song played was "Mr. Brightside" by The Killers.

Absolute Radio 10s

Absolute Radio 10s launched on 18 November 2019 and operates online and on DAB in London. The first song played by presenter Jay Lawrence was Bastille with "Pompeii".

Absolute Radio 20s

Absolute Radio 20s launched on 24 February 2020 and operates solely online. The first song played was "Instant History" by Biffy Clyro.

Absolute Radio Country

Absolute Radio Country previously launched as Country Hits Radio in 2019 before being rebranded on 17 May 2021. The first song to play after the relaunch was "Jolene" by Dolly Parton. In June 2022, an Absolute Radio Classic Country streaming service was added to their Absolute Radio Premium subscription package.

Absolute Radio Premium
Bauer launched a subscription streaming service for Absolute Radio and KISS, which included five new advert-free radio services under the Absolute Radio brand, alongside the original ten Absolute Radio channels. Launching at the end of June 2022, the channels included 24/7 versions of Andy Bush's Indie Disco programme and Haven't Heard It For Ages programme feature, and channels called Through The Decades, Absolute Radio Classic Country and Absolute Radio Acoustic. On 14 November 2022, three more stations were added to the service called Absolute Radio 50s, Absolute Radio Movies and Absolute Radio Terrace Anthems

Former spin-off stations

Absolute Radio Extra
Established in 2010, Absolute Radio Extra enabled Absolute to carry its Premier League football coverage on DAB. During match coverage, the analogue frequencies of Absolute were split, with the London 105.8 FM service carrying scores-and-music show Rock 'n Roll Football, and the national 1215 AM service carrying match commentary. On DAB, the main Absolute service carried Rock 'n Roll Football, with Extra carrying match commentary. Extra was also used for coverage of music festivals and events (such as V Festival) in addition to the coverage available on the main station.

Absolute Radio Extra has subsequently ceased operation: the core Absolute service on DAB continues to relay the shared programming output of the national AM/London FM service.

Absolute Radio 40s
Absolute Radio 40s was a pop-up station in May 2020, which celebrated the 75th anniversary of VE Day. The station used the 1215 MW frequency to play songs from The Andrews Sisters, Vera Lynn, Billie Holiday, Judy Garland, Glenn Miller, Bing Crosby, Doris Day and Gracie Fields for 24 hours with Dave Berry, Leona Graham and Claire Sturgess presenting shows, which included archive and reminisces from VE Day veterans. Absolute Radio 40s was also found online and on DAB.

Absolute Xtreme

A radio station on DAB, Virgin Media, Sky and the Internet, playing new music. Absolute Xtreme was launched (as Virgin Radio Xtreme) on 5 September 2005, by Lali Parikh (Station Manager) with Steve Harris being the main on-air talent. On 4 December 2009, Absolute Xtreme was replaced on DAB and digital TV by Absolute Radio 80s.

Other pre-Absolute spin-off stations

dabbl

dabbl was a user-controlled music radio station broadcast on the Internet and selected local DAB multiplexes 24 hours a day, and on DAB in London from 7 pm to 6 am daily. Its content was chosen by members of Absolute's VIP Service, who selected songs which were then voted for, and songs with the most votes were played. dabbl has now ceased, its DAB slots outside London taken by Absolute Radio 90s.

Liquid
Liquid was a station playing indie, alternative and Britpop. It ran on DAB in London between 2000 and 2004, with its slot taken by Virgin Radio Classic Rock (now Absolute Classic Rock).

Virgin Radio Groove

A radio station on DAB, Virgin Media, Sky and the Internet which played motown, soul and disco music. Originally named The Groove, it was rebranded as a Virgin Radio station in 2004 and closed at the end of 2007.

Virgin Radio Party Classics
Launched on 15 June 2006, Virgin Radio Party Classics played party pop music. The radio station was based on Suggs' Virgin Party Classics show broadcast on Virgin Radio. The station, which broadcast on Sky Digital and online, closed on 3 October 2006.

Virgin Radio Viva (cancelled)
Virgin Radio Viva, which was due to launch on the new 4 Digital Group platform (which ultimately never launched), was due to be a popular music station aimed at 15- to 29-year-old females. It did not go ahead.

References

Bibliography

External links

Absolute Radio's page on Last.fm, showing a listing of tracks played
The Launch of Absolute Radio Absolute Radio, 29 September 2008
The launch of Virgin 1215 (audio file) Interval Signals Online

Absolute Radio
Virgin Radio (UK)
Bauer Radio
Radio stations in London
Radio stations established in 1993
Radio stations of The Times Group
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies formed by management buyout
Digital-only radio stations

Absolute Radio


, née  en , est une botaniste, géologue, palynologue et paléontologue tchèque.

Biographie
Milada Vavrdová, née Milada Dvořáková, est née le 25 avril 1938 à Prague, dans la famille d'Arnošt Dvořák, architecte et géophysicien. Son grand-père est l'architecte et homme politique Josef Záruba-Pfeffermann, qui possédait un domaine à Cholín où la famille séjournait souvent. En 1945 elle vit la libération de la ville par l'Armée rouge. Après la guerre, elle rejoint les scouts, ce qui changea de façon déterminante sa vision du monde et confirma sa relation très étroite avec la nature.

Elle étudie ensuite la géologie et est diplômée de la faculté des sciences de l'Université Charles. Depuis 1961, elle travaille à l'Institut géologique de l'Académie tchèque des sciences à Prague. Elle travaille trois mois en Inde en 1966, une expérience bouleversante pour elle. De 1967 à 1972, elle vécut avec son mari, Ivo Vavrda, en Zambie, où ils mènent des recherches géologiques et cartographient des gisements minéraux. Au Geological Survey of Zambia, elle a étudié les sédiments de l'île de Mutondwe dans le lac Tanganyika, dans la province de Luapula. Avec le professeur P.E. Isaacson, elle a décrit des microfossiles végétaux provenant de sites d'Amérique du Sud (Isla del Sol, Madre de Díos, lac Titicaca), de Bolivie et du Pérou. La vie en Zambie est difficile, entre manque de confort, criminalité, et départ des Britanniques à la suite de la décolonisation. Le troisième enfant du couple nait en Afrique. Ivo Vavrda meurt dans un accident de voiture aux circonstances encore troubles, peu avant, après qu'il a décidé de rentrer en Tchécoslovaquie.

Ces dernières années, Milada Vavrdová étudie les traces de revêtements microbiens dans les roches du Barrandien déposées il y a 600 millions d'années. Pendant son temps libre, elle prend des photos et écrit des poèmes.

Publications

  Vavrdová M., 1965. Ordovician acritarchs from central Bohemia. Véstník Ústředního ústavu geologického.
  Vavrdová M., 1972. Acritarchs from Klabava Shales (Arenig). Věstník Ústředního Ústavu Geologického, 47(2): 79–86.
  Gil Machado, Milada Vavrdova, Madalena Fonseca, Paulo Emanuel Fonseca and Fernando Rocha, 2018. Stratigraphy and palynology of the Pennsylvanian continental Buçaco Basin (NW Iberia). Geobios, Volume 51, Issue 6, December 2018, Pages 507-516, .

Bibliographie

  Cramer F.H. and Diez M.d.C.R., 1976. Some new Late Arenigian species of the Acritarch Genus Coryphidium VAVRDOVA, 1972. Paläont. Z, 50, 3-4, p. 201 -208.
  Fatka O. and Brocke R., 1999. Morphologic Variability in Two Populations of Arbusculidium filamentosum (Vavrdová 1965) Vavrdová 1972. Palynology, Vol. 23 (), pp. 153-180 (28 pages) (lire en ligne sr JSTOR).
  Doweld A.B., 2018. (2603) Proposal to conserve the name Pirea Vavrdová (fossil Algae: Acritarcha) against Pirea T. Durand (Magnoliophyta: Brassicaceae). The International Fossil Plant Names Index, National Institute of Carpology (Gaertnerian Institution), 21 Konenkova Street, 127560, Moscow, Russian Federation; .
  Sarjeant W.A.S. and Stancliffe R.P.W., 1996. The acritarch genus Polygonum, Vavrdová emend Sarjeant and Stancliffe 1994: a reassessment of its constituent species. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, Volume 117 (1994), Fascicule 2 - Stratigraphie du Mésozoïque et du Cénozoïque : Hommage à Maurice Streel, 355-369 (abstract).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Botaniste tchécoslovaque
Botaniste tchèque du XXe siècle
Botaniste tchèque du XXIe siècle
Paléontologue tchèque
Géologue tchèque
Palynologie
Femme scientifique tchèque
Naissance en avril 1938

Milada Vavrdová


Burhan Altıntop (23 Ocak 1971, Erbaa, Tokat), Avrupa Yakası isimli dizide Engin Günaydın'ın canlandırdığı kurgusal karakter. Karakterin kullandığı birçok söz ve hareket toplumda yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır.

Hakkında
Avrupa Yakası dergisinin idari müdürüdür. Burhan, iş başvurusu için Tokat'tan İstanbul'a gelir ve Sütçüoğlu Apartmanı'nda yaşamaya başlar. Makbule'ye serveti yüzünden aşık olur ve sözlenirler. Fakat sonrasında Derginin %50 hissesini satın alan Şahika'ya serveti yüzünden gönlünü kaptırır. Sırf bu yüzden Sacit'ten dayak yemeyi dahi göze alır. İzzet'in getirdiği deri montları Makbule meselesi yüzünden alamayınca İzzet'e Makbule ile ayrıldıklarını, onun yaşlı ve çirkin olduğunu söyler. Makbule bunu öğrenince Burhan'dan ayrılır. Bunun üzerine Burhan, Osman Koçarslanlı'dan yardım ister. Osman, bunu kabul etse de daha sonra İzzet, Makbule'nin de kendisini sevdiğini söyleyince Osman da durumu fark ederek Burhan'ı uyarır. Burhan, onun mafyalığını eleştirince Osman, Burhan'ı boğmaya kalkar fakat Sacit'le Şahika'yı yan yana görünce Burhan'ı unutur.

Bu planı da tutmayan Burhan Altıntop, Makbule'den iyice ümidi keserek Esra (Yıldız Asyalı) adında bir kızla çıkmaya başlar. Fakat, bu kız da esrar kaçakçısı çıkınca Burhan karakola düşer ve sokakları her gün temizlemesi karşılığında(denetimli serbestlik yasası) serbest kalır. Nişantaşı'nda hiç dostu olmadığını anlayınca Nişantaşı'ndan gitmeye karar verir. Fakat, daha sonra bu fikrinden vazgeçer. Yaşadığı maddi sıkıntılar nedeniyle son çare olarak "Var mısın Yok musun" yarışmasına katılır ve 5 YTL kazanır. Bir başka bölüm de ise İstanbul'a gelen Olimpiyat meşalesini çeşitli kumpaslarla Cem'in yerine taşır. Daha sonra "Safiye'yle Evlen Kurtul" adlı evlendirme programına katılıp orada Burhan Bey'in taliplisi olarak programa son anda katılan Makbule ile barışır ve evlenme teklifi eder; Makbule de bu teklifi kabul eder. Eve dönünce ise, evlenme teklifini şöhret olabilmek için yaptığını açıklar. Bu arada Melek'in Aslı'ya dost olmak için hediye ettiği resme, Burhan'ın odasını tamir eden ve ısrarlı talepleriyle muhallebicideki Nişantaşı Tatlısı'nın isim hakkını elde eden Karadenizli Dursun yanlışlıkla boya döker. Bunun yüzünden Aslı, Melek'in sergisine son çare olarak Burhan'ın yaptığı resimlerinden birini götürür. Bu resim tahminlerin aksine oldukça beğenilip 17.000 YTL'ye alıcı bulunca Burhan Türkiye'yi ziyaret eden İngiltere kraliçesi Elizabeth'e de yaptığı resimlerden birini hediye etmek ister. Fakat, her şeyi yanlış anladığı ortaya çıkacaktır, zira kraliçe aslında sıradan bir oyuncudur.

Kendisine Tokat'ta amcasından domates tarlası kalmıştır. 200 m² tarlasıyla etrafındakilere toprak ağasıyım diye hava atmaktadır.
Etrafındakiler onu paraya aşırı düşkün ve zaman zaman cimri hareketleriyle tanırlar.

Notlar
 Üniversiteyi açık öğretim programı okuyarak bitirmiştir.
 Yanında sürekli koluna taktığı klasik müteahhit çantasını taşır.
 Kendisinde panikatak olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Bir bölümde ise burn out yani yanıp bitme daha doğrusu kendi deyişiyle yandım bittim sendromu olduğunu iddia etmiştir.
 Burhan'ın evinde dünyanın farklı şehirlerinin saatlerini gösteren duvar saatleri vardır. Birinin evden gitmesini istediğinde saatin geç olduğuna vurgu yapmak için "Tokyo'da saat kaç olmuş acayip geç olmuş" diyerek uzun ve derin bir esner.
 Burhan'ın evinde Çiko adını verdiği "Ağlayan Çocuk" tablosu vardır. Bunun dışında, Mona Lisa'nın yüzü yerine kendi yüzünü yerleştirdiği bir tablosu ve kendisinin gülen bir ifadesinin resmedildiği başka bir tablosu daha vardır.
 Kendi adına, gelecek nesillere aktarmak amacıyla bir hayrat yaptırmış, ancak belediyeden izin almadığı gerekçesiyle hayratı yıkılmıştır. Hayratın mermerini ise öldüğü zaman mezar taşı için ekstra para gitmesin diye alıp saklayacaktır.
 Bir bölümde Avrupa Yakası dergisinden ayrılmış başka bir derginin idari müdürü olmuştur. Çok ciddi çalışan ekibi beğenmemiş ve Avrupa Yakası dergisini özlemiştir.
 Bir müzayedeye gitmiş ve yaptığı el kol hareketleri sebebiyle yanlışlıkla yedi bin liraya bir necefli maşrapa almak zorunda kalmıştır. Bunun üzerine dara düşen Burhan para kazanmak için "Var mısın Yok musun"a katılmıştır. Bu ünlü Hollywood aktörü Chris Tucker'in Kolay Para filminden alıntı bir sahnedir.
 Var Mısın Yok Musun programından sonra ünlü olmak istemeye başlamıştır. Bunun üzerine izdivaç programına katılmıştır.
 Bir bölümde el mankenliği yapmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Bir Freud Vakası Olarak Burhan Altıntop / Makale

Avrupa Yakası karakterleri
Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Kurgusal Türkler

Burhan Altıntop


Lon Gisland es el primer EP de Beirut, la banda de Gulag Orkestar, The Flying Club Cup y The Rip Tide. El CD incluye una nueva versión de "Scenic World", una regrabación de la canción que aparece en el álbum Gulag Orkestar.
El álbum fue lanzado en CD por Ba Da Bing!

Lista de canciones

EP de 2007
Álbumes en inglés

Lon Gisland


Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder (født i Sogndal 18. juni 1817, død i Natal 27. januar 1882) var en norsk missionær.

I en sjælden grad var Schreuder forberedt og skikket til den gerning, han havde valgt. Lige fra den tid, han begyndte sit teologi studium, havde han haft den tanke at gå ud som missionær og gennem et yderst nøjsomt levesæt i stilhed opdraget sig selv til denne gerning. En gennempraktisk natur som han var, havde han sat sig ind i lægekunsten, i snedkerens, murerens og skrædderens håndværk. med mandig uforfærdethed og fri for enhver sentimentalitet mødte han alle vanskeligheder, og ved sin personligheds magt virkede han lige stærkt på de vilde hedninger og de højtstående engelske embedsmænd, som søgte hans råd og høstede nytte af hans politiske kløgt og indflydelse. Som den, der i et afgørende øjeblik viste vejen for missionens venner og med trofast udholdenhed holdt fast ved sit kald, vil Schreuders navn til alle tider være knyttet til den norske hedningemissions historie.

Liv og gerning

Schreuder blev student i 1835, cand.theol. i 1841.

I 1842 udgav han et mindre skrift Nogle Ord til Norges Kirke om kristelig Pligt med hensyn til Omsorg for ikke kristne Medborgeres Salighed, hvori han lagde sine landsmænd missionens sag på hjerte og meddelte sin beslutning om at gå ud som missionær til et fjernt hedningeland. Hans plan vakte straks stor tilslutning, private pengebidrag kom rigelig ind, og da det i august 1842 stiftede "Norske Missionsselskab" besluttede at understøtte Schreuder af selskabets kasse, var hans plan sikret fra den økonomiske side.

Rejser til Afrika og Asien

Efter at være præsteviet rejste han i juli 1843 over London til Kapstaden, hvorfra han kort efter begav sig til Port Natal, hvor han foreløbig slog sig ned. I juni 1845 foretog hun sin første rejse ind i det egentlig Zululand, men den fjendtlige stemning, som Zulu-Kongen Umpande lagde for dagen over for den kristne missionærvirksomhed, nødte Schreuder til at opgive Zululand som virkefelt, og i november 1847 drog han til Kina for at forsøge udsigterne der. Disse var imidlertid ikke bedre end i Afrika, og efter et halvt års ophold i Hongkong, hvorunder han arbejdede på sin Grammatik for Zulusproget (1850), kom han i slutningen af 1848 tilbage til Natal-Kolonien, hvor han begyndte sin missionsvirksomhed, bistået af de første elever, der var udeksaminerede fra Missionsskolen i Stavanger. I 1850 anlagde han ganske nær ZuluLands grænse sin første station Umpumulo, hvorfra han i den følgende tid fik indgang i Zululandet, nærmest som læge for den syge kong Umpande (Mpande), som til tak gav Schreuder lov til at bo og virke i hans land. I juli 1852 var den første station i Zululand, Entumeni, færdig, og i de følgende år fik virksomheden større og større omfang, flere stationer oprettedes, og der kom flere medhjælpere fra Norge. 1858 døbte Schreuder den første zulu. Under et besøg i Norge 1866 indviedes Schreuder til "den norske Missions Biskop i Missionslandet". Efter tilbagekomsten fra Norge 1867 tog Schreuder med stor kraft fat på den norske missions udvidelse til Madagaskar, og det lykkedes ham at opnå for de norske præster den samme frihed til at virke på øen, som var indrømmet englænderne.

Vanskeligheder

Imidlertid indtraf der i den følgende tid et par omstændigheder, som i nogen grad standsede Schreuders fremgang på missionsmarken. Den ene var det spændte forhold, hvori Schreuder efterhånden var kommet til det norske missionsselskab på grund af en forskellig opfatning af enkelte administrative spørgsmål, og som endte med et åbent brud. Juni 1872 sendte Schreuder en formelig opsigelse af sin stilling i selskabets tjeneste, og denne blev vedtaget det følgende år på selskabets generalforsamling. Fra 30. Juni 1873 fratrådte han sin stilling som biskop over Zulu- og Madagaskarmissionen, men fortsatte sin missionsgerning, støttet ved frivillige bidrag fra hjemlandet, hvor der allerede 1873 dannedes en komité for Den norske Kirkes Mission ved Schreuder, som fremdeles er i virksomhed.

Den anden omstændighed, der greb forstyrrende ind i Schreuders missionsarbejde, var Kong Uqecwajos tronbestigelse i december 1872. Den ny konge viste til en begyndelse et afgjort fjendtligt sindelag mod missionærerne, men det endte med, at Schreuder fik sig overdraget Entumeni-Strøget som privat gave. Dels her og dels på en ny station, Untumjambili i Natal, fortsatte Schreuder sin gerning, assisteret af indfødte lærere og et par norske medhjælpere. Krigen 1879 voldte vistnok mange vanskeligheder, men respekten for biskoppen var så stor, at Schreuders stationer blev fuldstændig urørte, medens alle andre missionsstationer blev ødelagte. Efteråret 1881 blev han syg efter et fald fra hesten og døde nogle måneder senere på Untumjambili.

Litteratur

Daniel Thrap, Biskop Hans Paludan Smith Schreuders Liv og Virksomhed. 1877

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder

Missionærer fra Norge

Hans Schreuder


În teoria muzicii, o cincime perfectă este intervalul muzical corespunzător unei perechi de sunete cu un raport de frecvență de 3:2, sau foarte aproape de asta.

Teorie muzicală

Cvintă


El topónimo Westwell puede hacer referencia a dos parroquias civiles de Inglaterra y a los pueblos que se ubican dentro de su límite:

 Westwell, en el condado de Kent; o
 Westwell, en el condado de Oxfordshire.

Westwell


An Homalomena gaudichaudii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Homalomena gaudichaudii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Homalomena, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Homalomena

Homalomena gaudichaudii


Die Q School 2012/2 war das zweite von drei Qualifikationsturnieren für die Snooker-Saison 2012/13. Es wurde vom 19. bis 23. Mai 2012 in der World Snooker Academy in Sheffield ausgetragen.

Modus
Die 115 gemeldeten Spieler wurden 4 Gruppen zugelost. Jede Gruppe spielte im K.-o.-System einen Gruppensieger aus, der einen Platz auf der Main Tour der Saison 2012/13 und 2013/14 erhielt und somit im dritten Qualifikationsturnier nicht mehr antreten musste.

Sämtliche Spiele wurden im Best-of-7-Modus gespielt.

 Spieler, die in der abgelaufenen Saison 2011/12 Main-Tour-Spieler waren, jedoch aus der Weltrangliste herausfielen und eine direkte Wiederqualifikation anstrebten, sind mit einem "" gekennzeichnet.
 Spieler, die für die Q School gemeldet waren, die Qualifikation für die Main-Tour jedoch auf anderem Wege schafften (z. B. Nominierung durch den Landesverband oder internationale Meisterschaften), sind mit einem "" gekennzeichnet.
 Spieler, die im ersten Qualifikationsturnier gewannen und somit bereits für die Saison 2012/13 qualifiziert waren, sind mit einem "" gekennzeichnet.

Ergebnisse

Gruppe 1

Gruppe 2

Gruppe 3

Gruppe 4

Century-Breaks

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

2012 2
Snookerveranstaltung 2012
Billardturnier in Sheffield

Q School 2012/2


Friedrich Julius Alfred Gleißberg (* 26. November 1864 in Rockstedt; † 21. August 1963 in Leipzig) war ein deutscher Oboist.

Leben
Gleißberg besuchte zunächst das Konservatorium in Sondershausen und diente als Militärmusiker im Infanterie-Regiment 107 in Leipzig. Von 1885 bis 1888 studierte er Oboe bei Gustav Hinke am Leipziger Konservatorium.

Danach wirkte er kurze Zeit am Theater Braunschweig und Alten Theater Leipzig. Er ging 1888 zum Kurorchester in Interlaken, Schweiz und zur Bilseschen Kapelle (Vorläufer der Berliner Philharmoniker) in Berlin. Von 1893 bis 1930 war er Mitglied (1. Oboist) des Gewandhausorchesters. 1896 gehörte er zu den Gründungsmitgliedern des Gewandhaus-Bläserquintetts. Von 1927 bis 1942 lehrte er am Leipziger Konservatorium, zuletzt als Professor. Zu seinen Schülern gehörte u. a. Axel Schmidt.

Er war Mitglied der Leipziger Freimaurerloge Balduin zur Linde.

Literatur
 Hans-Rainer Jung, Claudius Böhm: Das Gewandhaus-Orchester. Seine Mitglieder und seine Geschichte seit 1743. Faber & Faber, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 978-3-936618-86-0, S. 174.

Klassischer Oboist
Musiker (Deutschland)
Gewandhausmusiker
Freimaurer (Deutschland)
Freimaurer (19. Jahrhundert)
Freimaurer (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (HMT Leipzig)
Deutscher
Geboren 1864
Gestorben 1963
Mann

Alfred Gleißberg


Thomas Wright Blakiston (27 December 1832 – 15 October 1891) was an English explorer and naturalist.

Early life and career
Born in Lymington, Hampshire, Blakiston was the son of Major John Blakiston. His grandfather was Sir Matthew Blakiston, 2nd Baronet Blakiston. His mother Jane was the daughter of Reverend Thomas Wright, Rector of Market Bosworth, Leicestershire.

Blakiston explored western Canada with the Palliser Expedition between 1857 and 1859. Mount Blakiston, the highest point in Waterton Lakes National Park was named for him in 1858. In 1861, he traveled up the Yangtze River in China, going further than any Westerner before him. He spent the next part of his life in Japan and became one of the major naturalists in that country. Blakiston was the first person to notice that animals in Hokkaidō, Japan's northern island, were related to northern Asian species, whereas those on Honshū to the south were related to those from southern Asia. The Tsugaru Strait between the two islands was therefore established as a zoogeographical boundary, and became known as "Blakiston's Line". Blakiston collected an owl specimen in Hakodate, Japan in 1883. This was later described by Henry Seebohm and named Blakiston's fish owl.

He moved to the United States in 1885.

Personal life and death
Blakiston married Ann Mary Dun in 1885. She was the daughter of James Dun and the sister of Edwin Dun. They had one daughter and one son. Ann Mary survived him by 46 years and died in England in March 1937.

Blakiston died of pneumonia in October 1891 while in San Diego, California. He was buried at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, Ohio, in his wife's family plot.

References

Bibliography

Ibis Jubilee supplement 1908

1832 births
1891 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in California
People from Lymington
English explorers of North America
Explorers of Canada
English zoologists
English explorers
Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)

Thomas Blakiston


Dragoslav Srejović (srpski: Драгослав Срејовић) (Kragujevac, 8. listopada 1931. – Beograd, 29. studenog 1996.) je bio srpski arheolog, povjesničar, povjesničar umjetnosti, kulturni antropolog, profesor Sveučilišta u Beogradu i akademik.

Životopis
Rođen je 8. listopada 1931. u Kragujevcu gdje je završio osnovnu školu i gimnaziju. Na arheološkoj grupi Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu diplomirao je 1954. godine, a za asistenta je izabran 1958. godine. Doktorirao je na Filozofskom fakultetu u Beogradu s tezom "Neolitska i eneolitska antropomorfna plastika u Jugoslaviji" (1964.). Za docenta za predmet prapovijesne arheologije postavljen je 1965. godine, za izvanrednog profesora 1970. i redovnog profesora 1976. godine.

Rukovodio je arheološkim iskopavanjima 67 prapovijesnih i antičkih lokaliteta u Srbiji, Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori (Duklja, Srebrenica, Lepenski vir, Vlasac, Divostin, Gamzigrad, Šarkamen i dr.). Objavio je više od 200 radova u zemlji i inozemstvu. Za knjigu Lepenski Vir dobio je Oktobarsku nagradu Beograda (1970.). Za dopisnog člana SANU izabran je 1974., a za redovnog 1983. godine. Bio je direktor Galerije SANU od 1989., a potpredsednik SANU od 1994. godine.

Po jedna ulica u Beogradu, Novom Sadu i Kragujevcu nose njegovo ime.

Preminuo je 29. studenog 1996. godine u Beogradu, a sahranjen je 3. prosinca u Kragujevcu.

Djela

Najvažnija djela
 Praistorija (1967.)
 Lepenski Vir – Nova praistorijska kultura u Podunavlju (1969.)
 Europe's First Monumental Sculpture: New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir (1972., London)
 Muzeju Jugoslavije (1973.)
 Lepenski Vir – Eine vorgeschichtliche Geburtssatte europaischer Kultur (1973., Bergisch Gladbach)
 Vlasac – Mezolitsko naselje u Đerdapu (s Gorkom Leticom, 1978.)
 Rečnik grčke i rimske mitologije (s Aleksandrinom Cermanović, četiri izdanja: 1979., 1987., 1989., 1992.)
 Umetnost Lepenskog Vira (s Ljubinkom Babović, 1983.)
 Musei della Iugoslavia (1983., Milano)
 Rimska skulptura u Srbiji (s A. Cermanović, 1987.)
 Leksikon religija i mitova drevne Evrope (s A. Cermanović, dva izdanja: 1992., 1996.)
 Imperial Mausolea and Consecration Memorials in Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, istočna Srbija) (s Čedomirom Vasićem, 1994.)
 Prazno polje (dva izdanja, 1996.)

 Arheološki leksikon (1997.)
 Ogledi o drevnoj umetnosti (1998.)

Priredio za tisak
 Divostin and the Neolithic of Central Serbia}- (koautor Alan McPherron, 1988., Pittsburgh)
 The Neolithic of Serbia (1988.)
 Vinča and its World (1990.)
 Arheologija i prirodne nauke (1992.)
 Rimski gradovi i palate u Srbiji (1993.)
 Roman Imperial Towns and Palaces in Serbia (1993.)
 The Age of Tetrarchs (1995.)

Fondacija
Fondacija Dragoslav Srejović za kapitalne znanstvene i umjetničke projekte osnovana je 1996. godine s ciljem stvaranja uvjeta za pomoć razvoja stvaralaštva i ostvarivanje planova SANU. Fondacijom upravlja odbor u čijem su sastavu osnivači, znanstveni i kulturni radnici i stručnjaci. Donatori su ustanove kulture, privredne i financijske institucije.

Galerija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Životopis na stranici SANU-a
 Vlasac - mezolitsko naselje u Đerdapu, Dragoslav Srejović, Zagorka Letica, Tom 1, arheologija, SANU, Beograd, 1978. (Odlomci)
 Mezolitske osnove neolitskih kultura u Južnom Pomoravlju, Dragoslav Srejović, Elektronsko izdanje – zajednički poduhvat TIA Janus i Ars Libri, Beograd, 2001.
 Gej-Srbija: Dragoslav Srejović

Srbijanski znanstvenici
Arheolozi
Srbijanski antropolozi
Srbijanski povjesničari
Srbijanski povjesničari umjetnosti
Akademici SANU

Dragoslav Srejović


El VI Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato se celebró en Luhačovice (Checoslovaquia) en el año 1938 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Federación Checoslovaca de Tiro Deportivo.

Resultados

Masculino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

P 1938

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato de 1938


En cine, segunda unidad designa a un grupo de personas que, dentro de la producción de una película, se encarga de rodar planos de situación o de continuidad y escenas de exteriores, de acción, de especialistas o de masas que requieren de muchos figurantes y no de los actores principales. La segunda unidad se emplea principalmente en las grandes producciones y cuenta con un director propio, aunque el principal también supervisa las tomas.

Referencias

Terminología cinematográfica
Producción cinematográfica

Segunda unidad


Julius Frederik Georg Poul Hartmann (født 11. november 1881, Holeby - død 6. november 1951) var en dansk fysiker.

Hartmann blev student i 1900, aflagde magisterkonferens i 1906 og blev Dr.techn. i 1918 (som den første danske indehaver af denne grad). Han blev assistent ved Københavns Universitets fysiske laboratorium i 1903, docent samme sted i 1914 og forstander for det andet fysiske laboratorium ved Polyteknisk Læreanstalt i 1922 og professor i teknisk fysik her 1929. Han var medlem af Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber fra 1937.

Hartmann kom tidligt ind på arbejdet med kviksølvstråler, som dels resulterede i konstruktion af en række elektrotekniske apparater (blandt andet omskifter og ensretter), hvis bagvedliggende teori lå bag ved hans doktorafhandlingen, og hvis fortsatte anvendelse blev brugt af de danske elværker og dels i flere videnskabelige artikler om væske- og gasstråler. Han lagde grunden til magnethydrodynamiken, som langt senere fik afgørende betydning for plasmafysik.

Hartmann intresserede sig for måle- og regneteknikker, og udførte betydeligt arbejde for at disse fag blev anerkendt i danske tekniske kredse. Hans egne bidrag til emnernes udvikling, Maaleteknik (1914), blev dog ikke det store gennembrud.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fysikere fra Danmark
Ansatte ved Københavns Universitet
Professorer fra Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Danskere i 1900-tallet

Julius Hartmann


Raputia est un genre d'arbuste, appartenant à la famille des Rutaceae (familles des agrumes), et dont l'espèce type est Raputia aromatica Aubl..

Étymologie
Si Aublet ne donne pas d'explication étymologique pour Raputia on peut supposer qu'il fait référence à l'Orapu, lieu de découverte de l'espèce type.

Description
Le genre Raputia regroupe des arbustes ou des arbres atteignant jusqu'à  de haut.

Les feuilles pétiolées, sont opposées et composées uni- ou tri-foliolées. Le limbe est entier, papyracé à coriace une fois secs.

Les inflorescences sont axillaires, cauliflores (rarement à l'aisselle d'une feuille), pédonculées, en grappe unilatérale enroulée, regroupées à 1–4 par nœud.

Les fleurs sont zygomorphes, avec 5 sépales 5, connés à la base, organisés en quinconce, se chevauchant largement, persistants au stade du fruit. La corolle blanche ou vert pâle, mesure jusqu'à  de long, est recourbée, un tube court portant 5 lobes imbriqués, et organisés en 2 lèvres : 4 lobes formant une lèvre recourbée et le lobe le plus interne moins conné forme l'autre lèvre.

L'androcée se compose de 2 étamines fertiles et (2) 3 staminodes en forme de poinçon, distinctes mais adhérentes à la corolle par des filets pubescents. Les  anthères sont oblongues ou ovales étroites, basifixes, connées, avec des appendices visibles, asymétriques ou falciformes à la base.

On observe un disque en cupule glabre, plus court ou plus haut que l'ovaire. L'ovaire comporte 5 carpelles libres, contenant 2 ovules chacun. Le style porte un stigmate obliquement capité.

Le fruit se compose de 1 à 5 méricarpes libres, déhiscents ventralement, contenant chacun 1 graine oblongue, lisse et glabre.

Diagnose

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Liste d'espèces
Selon  :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Zanthoxyloideae
Genre de Rutaceae (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Raputia


Cecilia Catherine Britto (Posadas) é uma advogada e política argentina filiada à Frente de Todos. Ocupou interinamente o cargo de presidenta do Parlamento do Mercosul (Parlasul) de 8 de maio a 7 de junho de 2023, tornando-se a primeira mulher a exercer a presidência do organismo.

Desde 2015 é Parlamentar do Mercosul. Em agosto de 2022, assumiu a vice-presidência da delegação argentina do Parlasul.

Referências

Advogados da Argentina
Políticos da Argentina
Mulheres da Argentina na política
Deputados no Parlamento do Mercosul
Presidentes do Parlamento do Mercosul

Cecilia Britto


Diese Liste der Michigan State Historic Sites im Ogemaw County nennt alle als Michigan State Historic Site eingestuften historischen Stätten im Ogemaw County im US-Bundesstaat Michigan. Die mit † markierten Stätten sind gleichzeitig im National Register of Historic Places eingetragen.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Denkmäler im National Register of Historic Places im Ogemaw County

Weblinks
 Historic Sites Online – Ogemaw County. Michigan State Housing Developmental Authority.

Belege

Ogemaw County
Ogemaw County


Marcel Paul Pagnol (, also  ; ; 28 February 1895 – 18 April 1974) was a French novelist, playwright, and filmmaker. Regarded as an auteur, in 1946, he became the first filmmaker elected to the . Although his work is less fashionable than it once was, Pagnol is still generally regarded as one of France's greatest 20th-century writers and is notable for the fact that he excelled in almost every medium—memoir, novel, drama and film.

Early life
Pagnol was born on 28 February 1895 in Aubagne, Bouches-du-Rhône department, in southern France near Marseille, the eldest son of schoolteacher Joseph Pagnol and seamstress Augustine Lansot. Marcel Pagnol grew up in Marseille with his younger brothers Paul and René, and younger sister Germaine.

School years
In July 1904, the family rented the Bastide Neuve, – a house in the sleepy Provençal village of La Treille – for the summer holidays, the first of many spent in the hilly countryside between Aubagne and Marseille. About the same time, Augustine's health, which had never been robust, began to noticeably decline and on 16 June 1910 she succumbed to a chest infection ("mal de poitrine") and died, aged 36. Joseph remarried in 1912.

In 1913, at the age of 18, Marcel passed his baccalaureate in philosophy and started studying literature at the University in Aix-en-Provence. When World War I broke out, he was called up into the infantry at Nice but in January 1915 he was discharged because of his poor constitution ("faiblesse de constitution''''). On 2 March 1916, he married Simone Colin in Marseille and in November graduated in English. He became an English teacher, teaching in various local colleges and at a lycée in Marseille.

Career

 Time in Paris
In 1922, he moved to Paris, where he taught English until 1927, when he decided instead to devote his life to playwriting. During this time, he belonged to a group of young writers, in collaboration with one of whom, Paul Nivoix, he wrote the play, Merchants of Glory, which was produced in 1924. This was followed, in 1928, by Topaze, a satire based on ambition. Exiled in Paris, he returned nostalgically to his Provençal roots, taking this as his setting for his play Marius, which later became the first of his works to be adapted into a film in 1931.

Separated from Simone Collin since 1926 (though not divorced until 1941), he formed a relationship with the young English dancer Kitty Murphy. Their son Jacques Pagnol was born on 24 September 1930. (Jacques later became his father's assistant and subsequently a cameraman for France 3 Marseille.)

 Filmmaking career
In 1929, on a visit to London, Pagnol attended a screening of one of the first talking films and he was so impressed that he decided to devote his efforts to cinema. He contacted Paramount Picture studios and suggested adapting his play Marius for cinema. The film was directed by Alexander Korda and released on 10 October 1931. It became one of the first successful French-language talking films.

In 1932 Pagnol founded his own film production studios in the countryside near Marseille. Over the next decade Pagnol produced his own films, taking many different roles in the production – financier, director, script writer, studio head, and foreign-language script translator – and employing the greatest French actors of the period. On 4 April 1946, Pagnol was elected to the , taking his seat in March 1947, the first filmmaker to receive this honour.

 Themes of Pagnol's films
In his films, Pagnol transfers his playwriting talents onto the big screen. His editing style is somberly reserved, placing emphasis on the content of an image. As a pictorial naturalist, Pagnol relies on film as art to convey a deeper meaning rather than solely as a tool to tell a story. Pagnol also took great care in the type of actors he employed, hiring local actors to appear in his films to highlight their unique accents and culture. Like his plays, Pagnol's films emphasize dialogue and musicality. The themes of many of Pagnol's films revolve around the acute observation of social rituals. Using interchangeable symbols and recurring character roles, such as proud fathers and rebellious children, Pagnol illuminates the provincial life of the lower class. Notably, Pagnol also frequently compares women and land, showing both can be barren or fertile. Above all, Pagnol uses all this to illustrate the importance of human bonds and their renewal.

 As a novelist
In 1945, Pagnol remarried, to Jacqueline Bouvier (the actress Jacqueline Pagnol). They had two children together, Frédéric (born 1946) and Estelle (born 1949). Estelle died at the age of two. Pagnol  was so devastated that he fled the south and returned to live in Paris. He went back to writing plays, but after his next piece was badly received he decided to change his job once more and began writing a series of autobiographical novels – Souvenirs d'enfance – based on his childhood experiences.

In 1957, the first two novels in the series, La Gloire de mon père and Le château de ma mère were published to instant acclaim. The third Le Temps des secrets was published in 1959, the fourth Le Temps des Amours was to remain unfinished and was not published until 1977, after his death. In the meantime, Pagnol turned to a second series, L'Eau des Collines – Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources – which focused on the machinations of Provençal peasant life at the beginning of the twentieth century and were published in 1962.

Pagnol adapted his own film Manon des Sources, with his wife Jacqueline in the title role, into two novels, Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources, collectively titled L'Eau des Collines.

Death
Marcel Pagnol died in Paris on 18 April 1974. He is buried in Marseille at the cemetery La Treille, along with his mother, father, brothers, and wife. His boyhood friend, David Magnan (Lili des Bellons in the autobiographies), who died at the Second Battle of the Marne in July 1918, is buried nearby.

 Translations
Pagnol was also known for his translations of Shakespeare (from English) and Virgil (from Latin):
1944 : Le Songe d'une nuit d'été (A Midsummer Night's Dream) by William Shakespeare, first presented in 1947, at the Grand Théâtre de Monaco; Paris, Œuvres complètes, Club de l'Honnête Homme, 1971
1947 : Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Paris, Nagel
1958 : Bucoliques (The Eclogues) by Virgil, Paris, Grasset

Pagnol's Hamlet is still performed in France, although some have criticized his portrayal of Hamlet as somewhat effeminate.

 Film adaptations

In 1986, Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources were adapted by filmmaker Claude Berri.

In 1990, La Gloire de mon père and Le château de ma mère, Pagnol's affectionate reminiscences of childhood, were filmed by Yves Robert.

In 2000, Jacques Nahum produced Marius, Fanny, and César for French television.

In 2011, La Fille du puisatier was filmed by Daniel Auteuil.

In 2013, Marius and Fanny were remade by Daniel Auteuil.

 Awards
 1939: Best foreign film for Harvest - New York Film Critics Circle Awards
 1940: Best foreign film for The Baker's Wife - New York Film Critics Circle Awards
 1950: Best foreign film for Jofroi - New York Film Critics Circle Awards

 Tribute
On 28 February 2020 Google celebrated his 125th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Filmography
 Marius (1931)
 Fanny (1932)
 Jofroi (1934)
 Angèle (1934)
 Tartarin of Tarascon (1934)
 Merlusse (1935)
 Cigalon (1935)
 Topaze (1936), first version
 César (1936)
 Regain (1937)
 Le Schpountz (1938)
 La Femme du boulanger (1938)
 Monsieur Brotonneau (1939)
 La Fille du puisatier (1940); remade in 2011
 La Prière aux étoiles (1941, unfinished)
 Naïs (1945)
 The Pretty Miller Girl (1949, in colour)
 The Ways of Love (1950)
 The Prize (1950)
 Topaze (1951, starring Fernandel), second version
 Manon des Sources (1952) (later novelized as L'eau des collines; remade in 1986 in two parts as Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources)
 Letters from My Windmill (Les Lettres de mon moulin) (1954)

Bibliography
 Merchants of Glory (1925, theatre play)
 Jazz (1926, theatre play)
 Topaze (1928, theatre play)
 Marius (1929, theatre play)
 Fanny (1932, theatre play)
 César (1936, theatre play)
 La Gloire de mon père and Le Château de ma mère (1957, autobiographies)
 Le Temps des secrets (1959, autobiography)
 L'Eau des collines (Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources) (1963, novels)
 Le Temps des amours (1977, autobiography)
 Le Masque de Fer (1965, essay)
 Le secret du Masque de Fer (1973, essay; 2nd expanded edition)

See also
Lycée Français International Marcel Pagnol

Notes
 Born 25 October 1869. Died 8 November 1951, age 82.
 Born 11 September 1873. Died 16 June 1910, age 36.

References

Sources

 Castans, Raymond (1987). Marcel Pagnol''. Éditions Jean-Claude Lattès.

External links

  Official website

1895 births
1974 deaths
People from Aubagne
Members of the Académie Française
French film directors
French screenwriters
French film producers
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French novelists
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
French military personnel of World War I
French people of Spanish descent
French male novelists
20th-century French male writers
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
César Honorary Award recipients
Latin–French translators
English–French translators
Translators of William Shakespeare
Translators of Virgil
20th-century French screenwriters

Marcel Pagnol


La  du Tokyo Metro est un type de rame automotrice exploitée depuis 2010 sur la ligne Tōzai du métro de Tokyo au Japon.

Description
La série 15000 est basée sur le modèle A-train du constructeur Hitachi. Les rames sont composées de 10 voitures.

L'espace voyageurs se compose de banquettes longitudinales. Des sièges prioritaires sont installés aux extrémités de chaque voitures.

Histoire
La première rame est entrée en service le .

Services
Affectées à la ligne Tōzai, les rames circulent également sur les lignes de banlieue interconnectées : la ligne Chūō-Sōbu et la ligne Tōyō Rapid.

Galerie photos

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Métro de Tokyo

Liens externes
  La série 15000 sur le site du Tokyo Metro

Automotrice du Japon
Métro de Tokyo
Automotrice 1500 V

Tokyo Metro série 15000


Talala es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Junagadh, estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 92  a 413 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 26 089 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Talala


عهود ناصر الجريد هي فنانة تشكيلية وكاتبة سعودية ومقدمة برامج ومؤسسة ohoodjj لتنظيم الفعاليات الفنية والأدبية والإبداعية. وعضو في الجمعية الفنية الأمريكية للبورسلان IPAT.

النشأة
ولدت عهود في مدينة الرياض، لأسرة فنية. والدها هو ناصر بن جريد رجل أعمال، وأمها عفاف البعجري هي فنانة تشكيلية عرضت أعمالها مع ابنتها في عدد من المعارض.
تتلمذت على يد فنانين مميزين من بينهم: الكويتي سعود الفرج وقد درست على يده الرسم بالألوان المائية، والإيطالية ماريا غراتسيا ستيفانيلي والأمريكية كارول غازي وماري تيتوس، والفنانة الباكستانية سيما بخيت، والهندية جاشري راي.

السيرة
في بدايتها، شاركت عهود في المهرجان الوطني للتراث والثقافة (الجنادرية) في 1995 و1996. ثم عملت كمعلمة للفنون الجميلة بجمعية النهضة النسائية في الرياض في 1997. أنشأت بعد ذلك غاليري خاص بها هي والفنانة عفاف البعجري في مدينة الرياض. وخلال هذه الفترة كانت كاتبة لصفحة أسبوعية في مجلة النهضة الكويتية من 1997 وحتى 2005، وكاتبة في مجلة نخيل الثقافية من 2009 وحتى 2016. انتقلت لدبي مع استمرار النشاط الفني وبداية المشوار الاعلامي من خلال العمل في البرامج التلفزيونية الموجهة للاسرة. وقدمت البرنامج التلفزيوني نكهات وأكلات على تلفزيون دبي في رمضان 2016.

مشاركاتها في المعارض

 المعرض الخيري الثالث للجنة أصدقاء المرضي - الرياض – المملكة العربية السعودية 1997.

 المعرض الخامس لدول مجلس التعاون الخليجي المقام في مسقط - سلطنة عمان 1998.

 المعرض السعودي المتجول للجمعية السعودية للثقافة والفنون المقام في دار الأوبرا المصرية بالقاهرة جمهورية مصر العربية 1998.

 معرض الإبداع السعودي المقام ببيروت - لبنان 2000.

 معرض الفن التشكيلي السعودي المقام في تايون - تايبيه 2000.

 معرض شخصي للوحات الفنية بعنوان ملامح سعودية على شرف الشيخ منصور الأحمد الجابر الصباح في صالة الفنون الجميلة بدولة الكويت عام 2000

 معرض ثنائي مع الفنانة عفاف بنت ناصر البعجري للرسم على الزجاج في بيت لوذان في دولة الكويت عام 2002.

 معرض ثنائي مع الفنانة عفاف بنت ناصر البعجري للرسم على الزجاج علي شرف الشيخة فريحه الأحمد الجابر الصباح في بيت لوذان عام 2003 بدولة الكويت درست الفنون في FAI.

 مهرجان التشكيليين العرب الثاني(بلا حدود)والمقام بمركز الشيخ صالح كامل - القاهرة-جمهورية مصر العربية 2004.

 معرض براءة الألوان 6 والمقام بجمعية الأطفال المعوقين بالرياض- المملكة العربية السعودية 2006.

 معرض بيدي اصنع مستقبلي الخيري والذي اقيم في دبي - الأمارات العربية المتحدة 2009.

 معرض فنون العالم في دبي 2014 - دبي - الإمارات العربية المتحدة .

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
فنانات تشكيليات سعوديات

عهود الجريد


Das Bundesrealgymnasium Traun ist eine allgemeinbildende höhere Schule im Bezirk Linz-Land.

Geschichte

Das Bundesrealgymnasium in der Stadtgemeinde Traun wurde zum Schuljahr 1970/71 als Expositur vom Ramsauergymnasium in Linz gegründet. Die rasante Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Süden von Linz und das gestiegene Bedürfnis nach höherer Bildung machten es notwendig, der Jugend ein verstärktes Angebot einer fundierten Allgemeinbildung zu ermöglichen.
Nach Provisorien in der Hauptschule St. Martin und der Volksschule St. Dionysen konnte zu Beginn des Schuljahres 1973/74 die endgültige Heimstätte in Traun, Schulstraße 59, bezogen werden.

Der Bau der Architekten Gerhard F. Müller und Helmut Eisenmenger galt in den 1970er Jahren als Vorzeigemodell moderner Schularchitektur. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Schulen wurde das BRG Traun, welches zusammen mit der Bundeshandelsakademie und Bundeshandelsschule Traun das Bundesschulzentrum Traun bildet, nach modernsten Gesichtspunkten errichtet. Das Gebäude vermittelt dem Besucher nicht den Eindruck einer mit autoritärer Strenge behafteten Schule nach traditionsbewährten Normen, sondern es strahlt auf Grund der Großräumigkeit und der ungewöhnlichen Ausstattung gleichsam eine wohnliche Atmosphäre aus.
Am 1. September 1975 wurde das BRG Traun selbständig, als erster Direktor leitete Wolfram Setka die Schule bis 31. Jänner 1994.
Das BRG Traun hat sich seit seiner Gründung als Standortschule für den Bezirk Linz-Land südlich der Landeshauptstadt Linz verstanden. Heute erreicht es einen Einzugsbereich von etwa 50.000 Einwohnern.

Ein Zubau wurde in den Jahren 2015 bis 2016 errichtet.

Schultypen
Als Realgymnasium mit naturwissenschaftlicher Oberstufe gegründet, waren die Schulpartner seit Beginn an der Entwicklung neuer und der Verbesserung bestehender Schultypen interessiert.
Bereits im Schuljahr 1978/79 kam ein wirtschaftskundliches Realgymnasium für Mädchen ab der 3. Klasse dazu. Ausschlaggebend für die Einführung dieses Schultyps waren die lebenspraktischen Gegenstände und die Wahlmöglichkeit zwischen Latein und einer zweiten lebenden Fremdsprache in der Oberstufe.
Im Zuge der Genderdiskussion in den 1990er Jahren und wegen des nachlassenden Interesses wurde dieser Schultyp aufgelassen und stattdessen eine völlig neu gestaltete Unter- und Oberstufe entwickelt. Dabei entschied man sich, in der Unterstufe neben dem traditionellen Realgymnasium für Schwerpunktklassen mit musisch-kreativem, naturwissenschaftlichem und sprachlichem Schwerpunkt ab der 3. Klasse. Diese Schwerpunkttypen wurden als Kontinuum in der Oberstufe weitergeführt, das herkömmliche Realgymnasium ab der 5. Klasse abgeschafft.
Im Schuljahr 2009/10 ein Modulsystem von der 2. bis zur 4. Klasse eingeführt. Die Schülerinnen und Schüler bleiben nun vier Jahre zusammen.

Somit werden am BRG Traun folgende Schultypen angeboten:

Unterstufe
Realgymnasium mit Modulen von der 3. bis zur 4. Klasse
Es kann zwischen 7 Modulen gewählt werden, die drei Jahre lang jeweils 2 Stunden unterrichtet werden: klangBILD, europaREISEN, forscherNATUR, atemPAUSE, datenMODELL, leseSZENE, bildIDEE

Oberstufe
Von 2012 bis 2017 wurde der Schulversuch "Modulare Oberstufe" durchgeführt. Seit 2017 wird ein neues Oberstufenmodell angeboten: NOVI (Neue Oberstufe mit verstärkter Individualisierung). Durch Reduktion der Unterrichtsstunden in fast allen Fächern ist es möglich, ein breites Angebot an sogenannten Wahlmodulen ab der 10. Schulstufe anzubieten. Insgesamt gibt es sieben Schwerpunkte. Die Schülerinnen und Schüler können aus einem Angebot von etwa 100 Wahlmodulen wählen.

Allgemeines
Das BRG Traun ist die erste und bislang einzige öffentliche AHS, die eine verschränkte Ganztagsschule anbietet, im Schuljahr 2011/12 zwei erste und zwei zweite Klassen. In diesem Schultyp wechseln Unterricht, Übung und Freizeit pädagogisch sinnvoll ab.
Soziales Lernen wird in den beiden ersten Klassen als eigener Pflichtgegenstand geführt. Alle ersten und zweiten Klassen haben 1 Wochenstunde SOLE (soziales Lernen).
Peer-Mediation, Mentoring und projektbezogenes Lernen sind seit vielen Jahren am BRG Traun verankert.

Seit 1979 wird in den Räumlichkeiten der Schule der Maturaball abgehalten.
1981 bzw. 1986 maturierten 2 blinde Schüler.
Seit 2002 findet alljährlich unter Teilnahme fast aller Klassen eine Meisterschaft im Kopfrechenspiel Blitzkopf statt.

Bekannte Schüler

 Hans Bürger (Journalist und Fernsehmoderator)
 Andreas Findig (Schriftsteller)
 Emil Gampe (Modedesigner in Los Angeles)
 Werner Gruber (Physiker und Autor)
 Marie-Edwige Hartig (Politikerin der Grünen)
 Andreas Jungwirth (Schriftsteller)
 Günther Kaip (Schriftsteller)
 Heidelinde Leutgöb (Regisseurin)
 Bernhard Sallmann (Filmemacher)
 Martina Salomon (Journalistin und Chefredakteurin des Kurier)
 Roland Weißmann (Generaldirektor des ORF)

Weblinks

 Website des BRG Traun

Einzelnachweise

Bundesrealgymnasium
Gymnasium in Oberösterreich
Realgymnasium in Österreich
Bundesrealgymnasium Traun
Traun

Bundesrealgymnasium Traun


Le Quatorzième Docteur est l'actuelle incarnation du Docteur, personnage principal de la série de science-fiction britannique Doctor Who. Il est joué par l'acteur britannique David Tennant (ayant déjà joué le Dixième Docteur), succédant au treizième Docteur (interprété par Jodie Whittaker) à l'issue de l'épisode spécial du Centenaire de la BBC (23 octobre 2022).

Le quatorzième Docteur parle avec le même accent anglais de l'estuaire que le dixième. Il a également prononcé l'un des slogans du dixième docteur "Quoi ? Quoi ? Quoi ?" ("What? What? What?" en version originale) quand il s'est rendu compte qu'il était revenu à cette forme plutôt qu'à une nouvelle, ainsi qu'en commentant le fait d'avoir les mêmes dents, un rappel de la façon dont le dixième docteur a commenté ses "nouvelles dents" alors qu'il venait de se régénérer dans cette forme dans les premiers instants à la fin de À la croisée des chemins  en 2005.

Histoire du personnage

Épisode du Centenaire de la BBC (2022)
À la fin de l'épisode Le Pouvoir du Docteur, le Quatorzième Docteur succède au Treizième Docteur à la suite de sa régénération. Le Docteur a tout de suite été surpris de constater qu'il possédait un corps qui lui était familier. En effet, il a remarqué qu'il connaissait déjà ses dents, et après avoir observé sa nouvelle tenue, il se mit à s'exclamer à trois reprises "Quoi ?".

Épisodes Spéciaux du 60e Anniversaire (2023)

Apparence
Le quatorzième Docteur à la même apparence et la même voix que le dixième, bien que légèrement plus âgé, ainsi qu'une coiffure similaire. Ses vêtements sont également très similaires, avec une palette de couleurs marron similaire, seulement avec un motif à carreaux tartan par-dessus la couleur à la place des lignes à rayures blanches sur son pantalon brun qu'il portait sous sa dixième incarnation, et un manteau bleu plutôt que le trench-coat marron que portait le dixième Docteur. Ces vêtements se sont régénérés à la place de ceux du treizième Docteur plutôt que de les choisir comme dans la plupart de ses régénérations précédentes, un changement qui ne s'était produit qu'une seule fois seulement dans la série en 1966, lors de la première apparition du deuxième Docteur dans l'épisode disparu, The Power of the Daleks.

Dans une interview avec BBC News après l'annonce de son rôle, Tennant a commenté l'apparence de son Docteur en disant que .

Notes et références

Le Docteur

Quatorzième Docteur


William Maclay (July 20, 1737April 16, 1804) was a politician from Pennsylvania during the eighteenth century. Maclay, along with Robert Morris, was a member of Pennsylvania's first two-member delegation to the United States Senate. He assisted John Harris, Sr. with the planning the layout of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1785, where Maclay Street is named for him. Following his tenure in the Senate, he served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on two occasions, as a county judge, and as a presidential elector. He is known for his journal providing historical information on the 1st United States Congress.

Biography
Maclay was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, his parents were Presbyterian immigants of Scottish descent from Portadown, Ireland in what has since become Northern Ireland. Maclay pursued classical studies and then served as a militia lieutenant in the Battle of Fort Duquesne in 1758. He went on to serve in other expeditions in the French and Indian War. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1760. After a period of practicing law, he became a surveyor in the employ of the Penn family, and then a prothonotary and clerk of the courts of
Northumberland County in the 1770s. During the American Revolution, he served in the Continental Army as a commissary. He was also a frequent member of the Pennsylvania General Assembly in the 1780s. During that period, he was also the Indian commissioner, a judge of the court of common pleas, and a member of the executive council.

After the ratification of the Constitution Maclay was elected to the United States Senate and served in the 1st United States Congress from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791. He received a two-year term instead of the usual six-year term for senators after he lost a lottery with the other Pennsylvania senator, Robert Morris. In the Senate, Maclay was one of the most radical members of the Anti-Administration faction.

He constantly feuded with Vice President John Adams in the Senate after Adams rejected Maclay's political deal to support his vice-presidential candidacy during the 1789 presidential election. In July 1789 he issued a resolution requiring the President to request the Senate's permission to dismiss Cabinet members, but it was defeated by Vice President Adams's tiebreaking vote when Adams convinced Tristram Dalton and Richard Bassett to withdraw their support. During Senate debates over the Residence Act establishing the site of the U.S. permanent national capital and seat of government Vice President Adams worked with Morris, who preferred Philadelphia as the capital, to defeat Maclay's motion placing it near his landholdings on the Susquehanna River.

In his journal, which is the only diary and one of the most important records of the First United States Congress, he criticizes Vice President Adams and President George Washington. He also criticized many of their supporters who ran the senate and included particular senators, believing that their ways of running the Senate were inefficient. He was unsuccessful in his attempt to be re-elected by the state legislature of Pennsylvania.

Following his retirement from national politics, he was also a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1795, 1796, and 1797. In addition, he was a presidential elector in the 1796 presidential election (voting for Jefferson), a county judge from 1801 to 1803, and a member again of the state House of Representatives in 1803. He died in 1804 and was interred in Old Paxton Church Cemetery in Harrisburg. Several of his relatives were also politicians, including his brother, Samuel Maclay, and his nephew, William Plunkett Maclay.

Mansion and land

Maclay retired to his farm in Dauphin, Pennsylvania in 1791, where he built a limestone mansion just north of the northern Harrisburg boundary at the time on Front Street and (ironically) South Street. In 1908, the home was purchased by William E. Bailey, a descendant of an early Harrisburg iron and steel industrialist family, who made renovations created by city architect Miller Kast to a Georgian Revival style. Presently, the building is occupied and maintained by the Pennsylvania Bar Association.

The area east of Maclay's Mansion came to be known as "Maclaysburg" (present day Downtown) and extended out to what would become the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex. Because it was undeveloped and within the floodplain, it was also sometimes referred to as "Maclay's Swamp" between North and South streets and Second and Third Streets; in the winter, it was popular for ice skating. Previously trying to encourage the relocation of the capital to Harrisburg while in the U.S. Senate, Maclay sold ten acres of land to the Commonwealth prior to his death. In 1811, using that land, architect Stephen Hills began to construct the Capitol building and state office buildings after Governor Simon Snyder agreed to relocate centrally within Pennsylvania.

Personal life and family
He married Mary McClure Harris (1750-1809), daughter of John Harris Jr. and granddaughter of John Harris Sr., who were both the namesakes of Harrisburg. William and Mary had several children, including Eleanor, who married William Wallace and had a daughter named Mary Elizabeth Wallace DeWitt. Her relatives are Brigadier General Wallace DeWitt, General John L. DeWitt, and Brigadier General Calvin DeWitt Jr.

References

 Journal of William Maclay: United States Senator from Pennsylvania 1789–1791, Edited by Edgar S. Maclay, (1890). online edition
 Bowling, Kenneth R. and Veit, Helen E., ed.  Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, 4 March 1789–3 March 1791. Vol 9: The Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates. 1988. 532 pp.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, c1988.
 Trees, Andy. "The Diary of William Maclay and Political Manners in the First Congress." Pennsylvania History 2002 69(2): 210–229.
 Gearhart, Heber, The Life of William Maclay, Northumberland County Historical Society Proceedings, (2, ): 46–73.
"William Maclay." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale Biography In Context. Accessed 5 May. 2011. Gale Document Number: GALE|BT2310008518 Fee, via Fairfax County Public Library.

The Political Graveyard

External links

FamilySearch: William MACLAY (AFN: JWB6-Q2)

1737 births
1804 deaths
Politicians from Chester County, Pennsylvania
People of colonial Pennsylvania
William
Anti-Administration Party United States senators from Pennsylvania
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
18th-century American legislators
Politicians from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War
People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution

William Maclay (Pennsylvania politician, born 1737)


Biljin je naseljeno mjesto u općini Goražde, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, Bosna i Hercegovina.

Stanovništvo

Popisi 1971. – 1991.

Popis 2013.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene mrežne stranice općine Goražde

Naselja u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine
Goražde

Biljin


Tatăl meu e cel mai tare este un film românesc din 2012 regizat de Radu Potcoavă. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Gavril Pătru, Alfred Wegeman, Valentin Popescu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2012 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2012
Filme regizate de Radu Potcoavă
Filme dramatice românești

Tatăl meu e cel mai tare


مسلسل الجبل، إنتاج مدينة الآنتاج الأعلامى (2006). مأخوذة عن رواية الأديب الراحل فتحي غانم وسيناريو وحوار مصطفى إبراهيم وإخراج إبراهيم الشوادي.

بطولة
 محمد رياض
 كمال أبو ريه
 محمد الشقنقيرى
 جيهان راتب
 هادى الجيار

 رانيا يوسف
 بثينة رشوان
 حمدي أحمد
 محمد الشرقاوى
 نهى العمروسى
 مفيد عاشور

مسلسلات بثينة رشوان
عروض تلفزيونية مبنية على كتب
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مصرية بدأ عرضها في 2006

الجبل (مسلسل)


Morgan Scott Peck (d. 22 Mayıs 1936, New York - ö. 25 Eylül 2005, Connecticut) Amerikalı psikolog. Yazdığı kitaplar ve yaklaşımlarıyla tüm dünyada tanınmıştır.

1958 Harvard College'dan mezun oldu, M.D. derecesini Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine'den 1963'te aldı. İlk kitabı olan "The Road Less Traveled" (Türkiye'de de Az Seçilen Yol adıyla çok okunan bir kitap haline geldi) 1978 yılında yayımlandı. Kitap sadece Kuzey Amerika'da 6 milyonun üzerinde satıldı, dünyada ise 20 dile çevrildi. Başka kitaplarından bazıları Further Along the Road Less Traveled, People of the Lie: The Hope For Healing Human Evil, The Different Drum: Community Making and Peace adlı kitaplardır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.mscottpeck.com

1936 doğumlular
New York doğumlular
2005 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı psikiyatrlar
Amerikalı psikologlar
Kurgusal olmayan eserler veren Amerikalı yazarlar
Harvard Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Columbia Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Vietnam Savaşı'nda Amerikalılar
Popüler psikoloji
Pankreas kanserinden ölenler
Parkinson hastalığından ölenler
Connecticut'ta ölenler

Scott Peck


Westerau, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaleti Stormarn iline bağlı bölge. 15,38 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla 803 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Nüfus yoğunluğu ise 52 seviyesindedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Stormarn iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Westerau


تنظيم الذاكرة اليدوي  في علم الحاسوب يطلق على استخدام تعليمات يدوية لايجاد وتحرير الذاكرة من الأغراض غير المستخدمة أو القمامة، عملية تنظيم الذاكرة اليدوي. وحتى منتصف التسعينيات كانت معظم لغات البرمجة تدعم عملية تنظيم الذاكرة اليدوية. أما الآن فاللغات التي تحتوي على عملية جمع القمامة الذاتية أصبحت أكثر شعبية، ومن اللغات الرئيسة التي تدعم عملية تنظيم الذاكرة اليدوية ومستخدمة إلى الآن هي لغة السي(C) والسي++(C++).

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Berger (2002) Reconsidering custom memory allocation

إدارة الذاكرة
علم الحاسوب

تنظيم الذاكرة اليدوي


Den man elsker har flere betydninger:
 Den man elsker (film) - danske film af Christian Braad Thomsen
 Den man elsker (film fra 2008) - svensk film fra 2008 af Åke Sandgren
 Den man elsker (roman) roman fra 2009 af Therese Philipsen.

Den man elsker


Ghosts of Mississippi (Fantasmas del pasado) es una película de drama de 1996 dirigida por Rob Reiner y protagonizada por Alec Baldwin, Whoopi Goldberg y James Woods. La trama está basada en la historia real del juicio en 1994 de Byron De La Beckwith, el supremacista blanco acusado del asesinato de Medgar Evers en 1963.

James Woods fue candidato al Óscar al Mejor Actor de Reparto por su papel de Byron De La Beckwith. La música fue compuesta por Marc Shaiman y la fotografía fue obra de John Seale. En el 2008, el AFI nominó la película.

Argumento
Medgar Evers fue un activista negro de derechos civiles en Misisipi, que luchaba por la igualdad de derechos en ese estado, que entonces era segregacionista. Fue asesinado por la espalda cerca de su casa el 12 de julio de 1963, donde habitaba también su familia. Se sospechaba que Byron De La Beckwith, un supremacista blanco, era el asesino. Había sido juzgado dos veces por un jurado compuesto por blancos y ambos juicios terminaron en jurados colgados.

En 1989 la segregación dejó de existir en su mayor parte y Myrlie Evers, la viuda de Medgar Evers, que había estado tratando de llevar a De La Beckwith a la justicia por más de 25 años, creía que tenía lo que se necesitaba para llevarlo de nuevo a juicio, cuando se pudo demostrar entonces que el juicio fue influenciado en provecho del acusado. Aunque la mayor parte de las evidencias del antiguo juicio habían desaparecido, Bobby DeLaughter, un asistente de Fiscal de Distrito, enfurecido por el asesinato cobarde, decidió ayudarla a pesar de ser advertido de que podría perjudicar sus aspiraciones políticas y a pesar de la tensión que su decisión causó en su matrimonio.

Con pasión, Bobby DeLaughter se involucra principalmente con llevar a De La Beckwith a juicio por tercera vez 30 años después. Hasta entonces consigue recuperar todas las pruebas de los pasados juicios y obtener testimonios adicionales, que demostraban, que Byron De La Beckwith había presumido de haber asesinado a Medgar Evers después de los juicios. En 1994, Byron De La Beckwith fue declarado culpable en ese tercer juicio compuesto por un jurado mixto y fue condenado a cadena perpetua, haciéndose así justicia a la familia de Medgar Evers.

Elenco
 Alec Baldwin como Bobby DeLaughter.
 Whoopi Goldberg como Myrlie Evers.
 James Woods como Byron De La Beckwith.
 Virginia Madsen como Dixie DeLaughter.
 Susanna Thompson como Peggy Lloyd.
 Craig T. Nelson como Ed Peters.
 Lucas Black como Burt DeLaughter.
 Alexa Vega como Claire DeLaughter
 William H. Macy como Charlie Crisco.
 Benny Bennett como Lloyd 'Benny' Bennett.
 Diane Ladd como Caroline Moore.
 Margo Martindale como Clara Mayfield.
 Darrell Evers como él mismo.
 Yolanda King como Reena Evers.
 Jerry Levine como Jerry Mitchell.
 James Van Evers como él mismo.
 Michael O'Keefe como Merrida Coxwell.
 Bill Smitrovich como Jim Kitchens.
 Terry O'Quinn como Juez Hilburn.
 Rex Linn como Martin Scott.
 James Pickens Jr. como Medgar Evers.
 Richard Riehle como Tommy Mayfield.
 Bonnie Bartlett como Billie DeLaughter.
 Brock Peters como Walter Williams.
 Wayne Rogers como Morris Dees.
 Bill Cobbs como Charles Evers.

Producción
Como parte de la preparación de sus papeles, los actores se entrevistaron con las personas reales que ellos posteriormente interpretaron en la obra cinematográfica. La única excepción fue James Woods que se negó a visitar a Byron de la Beckwith a pesar de que estaba dispuesto a colaborar al respecto.

Recepción

La película tuvo críticas mixtas. Tiene un 46 % en Rotten Tomatoes.

Premios
 Dos nominaciones al Oscar (1997)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas sobre juicios
Películas de Alec Baldwin

Fantasmas del pasado


روان (10 يناير 1975 -)، ممثلة بحرينية عملت في الكويت. بدأت التمثيل عام 2003 لكنها لم تستمر فيه طويًلا حيث اعتزلته بعام 2008 بعد تعرضه زوجها لحادث سير ووفاته، وارتدت الحجاب.

أعمالها

من المسلسلات
 الخطر معهم 3.
 الأرجوحة.
 واو متويل.
 زينة الحياة.
 شملان.
 رحلة انتظار.
 أحلام لا تعرف الدموع.
 الأختيار الصعب.
 غلطة عمر.
 بيوت نادمة.
 أوراق منسية.
 بين الهدب دمعة.
 بيت من ورق
 الدروازة.
 بلاغ للرأي العام.
 بلا هوية.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

مواليد 1975
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلات بحرينيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات
ممثلات بحرينيات معتزلات
ممثلات بحرينيات مغتربات في الكويت

روان (ممثلة)


نورتن كوماندر  برنامج إدارة ملفات كتبه جون سوها وأصدرته مؤسسة بيتر نورتن للحوسبة (فيما بعد حصلت عليه شركة سيمانتك). يعمل أساسا مع واجهة دوس النصية. نشر رسميا بواسطة سيمانتك بين عامي 1986 و1998. النسخة الأخيرة من إصدار الدوس 5.51 صدرت في 1 يوليو، 1998.

على الرغم من تدني استخدام نورتن كوماندر حاليا، إلا أنه كان ذا شعبية واسعة خلال حقبة الدوس حيث استخدم على نطاق واسع.

آخر تحديث لإصدار الواجهة الرسومية من نورتن كوماندر أصدر بواسطة سيمانتك في عام 1999 باسم نورتن كوماندر فور ويندوز. هذه النسخة متكاملة تماما مع ويندوز؛ النسخة الأخيرة الصادرة منه لويندوز 2.01 كانت في 1 فبراير، 1999.

مراجع

الأدوات المساعدة للويندوز
برمجيات 1986
برمجيات احتكارية
برمجيات أو إس/2
برمجيات سيمانتك
برمجيات موقوفة
مديرو ملفات

نورتن كوماندر


بنات اليوم هو فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1957.

فريق العمل
 التأليف والإخراج: هنري بركات
 بطولة:
 عبد الحليم حافظ - "خالد"
 ماجدة - "سلوى"
 آمال فريد - "ليلى"
 أحمد رمزي - "فتحي"
 سراج منير
 كريمان

أغانى الفيلم
  ياقلبي ياخالي
تأليف حسين السيد ، ألحان محمد عبد الوهاب

 أهواك
تأليف حسين السيد ، ألحان محمد عبد الوهاب

 ظلموه
تأليف حسين السيد ، ألحان محمد عبد الوهاب

  عقبالك يوم ميلادك
تأليف حسين السيد ، ألحان محمد عبد الوهاب

  كنت فين
تأليف حسين السيد ، ألحان محمد عبد الوهاب

روابط خارجية

مصادر

أفلام أحمد رمزي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1957
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام عبد الحليم حافظ
أفلام ماجدة

بنات اليوم (فيلم)


Ann Marie Rios (* 5. September 1981 als Sarah Marie Thomas in Santa Clarita, Kalifornien) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und Pornodarstellerin.

Leben und Karriere

Ann Marie studierte an der Van Mar Academy of Acting in Hollywood. Mit 18 Jahren erhielt sie eine Lizenz als Immobilienmaklerin. Ein Jahr später, im April 2001, spielte sie in ihrem ersten Pornofilm mit.
Im Laufe ihrer Karriere arbeitete sie unter anderem für Vivid Entertainment, Hustler, New Sensations und Adam&Eve. Lange Zeit hatte sie einen Exklusivvertrag mit Metro Studios/Metro Interactive.

2003 brachte der Sexspielzeug-Hersteller Phallix einen von Ann Marie entworfenen Dildo auf den Markt. Außerdem spielte sie im Musikvideo zu Ooh Wee von DJ Mark Ronson die Freundin von Sänger Nate Dogg.

Für ihren Auftritt in Looking In gemeinsam mit Savanna Samson, Taylor St. Clair, Dru Berrymore, Mickey G., Steven St. Croix und Dale DaBone gewann sie den AVN-Award für "Best Group Sex Scene – Film".

Ihr Debüt als Regisseurin hatte sie 2004 mit dem Film Babes Illustrated #14 – Going South. Es blieb jedoch ihr einziger Film als Regisseurin und sie konzentrierte sich stattdessen weiter auf die Arbeit vor der Kamera.
Zwischen 2004 und 2007 zog sie sich aus der Branche zurück und arbeitete nicht als Darstellerin. Im Jahr ihrer Rückkehr spielte sie im Film X2 von Andrew Blake mit.

Insgesamt wurde sie in ihrer bisherigen Karriere 14-mal für den AVN-Award nominiert und einmal für den XRCO-Award als "Best Cumback".

Am 21. Juli 2009 wurde sie durch den CEO Eric John zur Präsidentin von Erotique Entertainment ernannt und in das Board of Directors aufgenommen.

Neben ihrer Tätigkeit als Pornodarstellerin und Schauspielerin arbeitete Ann Marie als Moderatorin im Rundfunk für KSEXradio und Playboy Radio sowie im Fernsehen für Spice Channel und Playboy TV.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website
 Ann Marie Rios in der Babepedia (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Pornodarsteller
Träger des AVN Award
Pseudonym
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1981
Frau

Ann Marie Rios


الحرب الإنجليزية ـ الزولوية ، حرب وقعت في جنوب أفريقيا عام 1879. ويتفق معظم المؤرخين على أن البريطانين أشعلوا الحرب ليكسروا شوكة استقلال شعب الزولو. أراد وزير المستعمرات البريطاني، اللورد كارنارفون، أن يسحق قوة الزولو، حتى يتمكن البريطانيون من توحيد دويلات جنوب إفريقيا المنفصلة في اتحاد قوي.

كانت حربًا قصيرة ثانوية، إلا أنها كانت ذات آثار كبيرة على كل من جنوب إفريقيا وعبر الإمبراطورية البريطانية، لأن البريطانيين خسروا عدة معارك. تم تمحيص هذه الضربات التي تلقتها العسكرية البريطانية باهتمام متأن في أوروبا؛ حيث كانت بعض الدول تتطلع إلى تحدي قوة الإمبراطورية البريطانية.

خلفية
في السبعينيات من القرن التاسع عشر أصبح سيتشوايو كامباندي ملكًا على الزولو. وقد حاول أن يحافظ على علاقة سلمية مع جيرانه، إلا أنه كان عازمًا على حفظ احترام شعبه وكرامته. وكان يملك جيشًا قويًا قادرًا على حماية مملكته.

بعد أن احتل البريطانيون إقليم الترانسفال عام 1877، أصبحوا قلقين من وجود مملكة مستقلة للزولو على حدودها. اعترض سيتشوايو على حدود الترانسفال الجديدة، ودعمت لجنة لحدود المستعمرات ادعاءاته. إلا أن الحاكم العام البريطاني، السير هنري بارتل فرير، كان عازمًا على تدمير سلطان الزولو. في عام 1878م، بعد الشكاوي حول عادات وممارسات الزولو، أرسل فرير إنذارًا إلى سيتشوايو مطالبًا فيه بأن يوافق ملك الزولو على شروط تعني عمليًا تخلي الزولو عن استقلالهم. حاول سيتشوايو أن يلبي معظم المطالب قبل انقضاء الإنذار، لكن قبل انتهاء الإنذار تقدمت القوات البريطانية إلى حدود الزولو. فقد كانوا يعتزمون شن هجوم ثلاثي الاتجاهات على أولندي، عاصمة الزولو.

وفي مستعمرة ناتال البريطانية، حاول مناصرو سيتشوايو كامباندي، بلا طائل، إيقاف الاشتباك الوشيك كما حذر الخبراء العسكريون من أن الغزو سيئ التوقيت بسبب الأمطار الصيفية. لكن في يناير من عام 1879 عبرت القوات البريطانية إلى زولو لاند، وتم إيقاف الطابور الشرقي عند إيشووي، وتعرض الطابور الأوسط لخسائر فادحة عند إيساندوانا، كما عجز الطابور الغربي عن التقدم عند كامبولا. لكن الصمود الباسل لقوة بريطانية صغيرة في مركز حدود روركس دريفت في مواجهة 4,000 من الزولو، ساعد جزئيًا على حفظ السمعة العسكرية البريطانية. وقد منحت الملكة فكتوريا 11 ميدالية بسالة لهذا العمل.

تراجعت القوات البريطانية المدحورة إلى ناتال لإعادة التجمع، واستدعاء تعزيزات. وقام المستوطنون المصابون بالهلع في ناتال والترانسفال ببناء دفاعاتهم. عبّرت الحكومة البريطانية عن استيائها لغزو أرض الزولو وفقدان الرجال والمعدات، إلا أن قائد القوات البريطانية، اللورد تشلمسفورد، كان عازمًا على استعادة سمعته. فشن هجومًا ثانيًا عام 1879. كان سيتشو ايو، يأمل في التفاوض للتوصل لاتفاقية سلام مع البريطانيين، خاصة وأن الزولو لم يتمكنوا من حصاد محاصيلهم. لكن في يونيو 1879 اندحر جيش الزولو في معركة أولندي، وفرّ سيتشوايو.

أُسر سيتشوايو فيما بعد، وخلع، ثم نفي من بلده. وجردت التسوية العائلة المالكة من مواشيهم وأرضهم وثروتهم، وقسمت أرض الزولو نفسها إلى 13 مشيخة. في عام 1883 انهارت التسوية واستحوذ سيتشوايو على سلطان محدود مرة أخرى. إلا أنه توفي في العام التالي، وقادت الحرب الأهلية بسرعة إلى دمار مملكة الزولو. وفي عام 1887، وضعت بريطانيا المنطقة تحت الحماية، ثم ضمتها بعد عشر سنوات إلى ناتال.

الإمبراطورية البريطانية

وبحلول خمسينيات القرن التاسع عشر، كانت الإمبراطورية البريطانية تمتلك مستعمرات في جنوب إفريقيا على حدود مستوطنات مختلفة من البوير ، وممالك أفريقية أصلية مثل زولوس، وبسوتو والعديد من المناطق والقبائل الأصلية. تفاعلات مختلفة مع هذه اتبعت سياسة توسعية. تشكلت مستعمرة كيب بعد أن تخلت الإتفاقية الإنجليزية الهولندية 1814 بشكل دائم عن مستعمرة كيب تاون الهولندية إلى بريطانيا، وتوسعت أراضيها بشكل كبير خلال القرن التاسع عشر. أُعلنت ناتال في جنوب شرق إفريقيا مستعمرة بريطانية في 4 مايو 1843 بعد أن ضمت الحكومة البريطانية جمهورية البوير في ناتاليا. وقد وصلت الأمور إلى ذروتها عندما قام ثلاثة أبناء وأخ لرئيس زولو سيرايو بتنظيم غارة على ناتال وحملوا امرأتين كانتا تحت الحماية البريطانية.

مملكة زولو

لجنة الحدود والإنذار

الغزو البريطاني والعمل على صده

الغزو الثاني وهزيمة الزولو

ما بعد العدوان

انظر أيضاً
 حرب البوير الأولى

المصادر

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Rorke's Drift and the Anglo-Zulu War website
 Anglo-Zulu War Historical Society
 The Keynsham Light Horse
 History of the Anglo-Zulu War by Ian Knight
 Anglo-Zulu War, 1878–1879 by Ralph Zuljan

الإمبراطورية البريطانية في 1879
مملكة الزولو في 1879
الاستعمار البريطاني في إفريقيا
الوقفة الأخيرة
تاريخ جنوب إفريقيا
تاريخ جنوب إفريقيا العسكري
تاريخ كوازولو ناتال
حروب إفريقيا
زولو
غزوات المملكة المتحدة
مقاومة إفريقيا للاستعمار

الحرب الإنجليزية الزولوية