The University of São Paulo (, USP) is a public university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is the largest Brazilian public university and the country's most prestigious educational institution. USP is involved in teaching, research and university extension in all areas of knowledge, offering a broad range of courses.

The university was founded in 1934, regrouping already existing schools in the state of São Paulo, such as the Faculdade de Direito do Largo de São Francisco (Faculty of Law), the Escola Politécnica (Engineering School) and the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (College of Agriculture). The university's foundation is marked by the creation in 1934 of the Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras (Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, 1934–1968), and has subsequently created new departments, becoming one of the largest institutions of higher education in Latin America, with approximately 90,000 enrolled students. Currently, it has eleven campi, four of them in the city of São Paulo. The remaining campi are in the cities of Bauru, Lorena, Piracicaba, Pirassununga, Ribeirão Preto and two in São Carlos.

Several students from the University of São Paulo have achieved important positions in Brazilian society. It was the alma mater of thirteen Brazilian presidents, such as Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Michel Temer. In terms of research, the USP is Brazil's largest research institution, producing more than 25% of the scientific papers published by Brazilian researchers in high quality conferences and journals.

History

After its defeat in the Constitutionalist Revolution, São Paulo needed institutional improvements. Therefore, in 1933 a group of businessmen founded the Free School of Sociology and Politics (ELSP) (the current Foundation of the School of Sociology and Politics in São Paulo). In 1934, the intervenor of São Paulo (which corresponded to the governor), Armando de Sales Oliveira, founded the University of São Paulo (USP).

That was one of the efforts carried out to provide Brazil with modern administrative, educational, and military institutions in a period known as "search for alternatives". One of the main initiatives included the founding, that same year, of the University of São Paulo. Its nucleus was the School of Philosophy, Sciences, and Languages, with professors coming from France, Italy, Spain, Germany and other European countries. The ELSP assumed the goal of administrative elites to form a new model in which they noted an increasing role of the state, while the USP focused on training teachers for secondary schools, experts in sciences, engineers, lawyers, physicians and professors. The ELSP followed a sociological American model, while the USP used the French academic world as its main source of inspiration.

Foreign professors such as Claude Lévi-Strauss (France), Fernand Braudel (France), Roger Bastide (France), Robert H. Aubreton (France), Heinrich Rheinboldt (Germany), Paul Arbousse Bastide (France), Jean Magüé (France), Martial Gueroult (France), Emilio Willems (Germany), Donald Pierson (USA), Gleb Vassielievich Wataghin (Russia), Pierre Monbeig (France), Giacomo Albanese (Italy), Luigi Fantappiè (Italy), Vilém Flusser (Czech Republic), Giuseppe Ungaretti (Italy) and Herbert Baldus (Germany), broadcast in various institutions new standards for teaching and research, creating new generations of scientists in Brazil.

Since its foundation the USP received professors and researchers from all over the world, such as David Bohm (USA), Giuseppe Occhialini (Italy), François Châtelet (France), Anatol Rosenfeld (Germany), Helmi Nasr (Egypt), Gérard Lebrun (France), Fritz Köberle (Austria), Alexander Grothendieck (France), and Heinz Dieter Heidemann (Germany).

Origins

The University of São Paulo is the result of a combination of the newly founded School of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages (Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, FFCL, currently the Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, FFLCH) with the existing Polytechnic School of Engineering (founded in 1893), the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz) (founded in 1901), the Medical School (founded in 1912), the traditional Law School (founded in 1827), the old School of Pharmacy and Dentistry (founded in 1898), the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (founded in 1886), and the School of Veterinary Medicine (founded in 1919).

The FFCL emerged as the integrating element of the university, bringing together courses in various areas of knowledge. Also in 1934 the School of Physical Education (sports science) of the State of São Paulo was created, the first civil school of physical education in Brazil, which would later be part of the university. In 1944 the Medical School opened its public hospital (Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo). In the same year, the School of Engineering of Sao Carlos (EESC) emerged. In subsequent years several other research units were also created, such as a second Medical School, located in the city of Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo's inland) in 1952.

In the 1960s, the university gradually transferred the headquarters of some of its units to the City University Armando de Salles Oliveira, in São Paulo. In 1963, the Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo was founded. Thereafter new institutes and schools were created, for instance the School of Journalism, Communications and Arts (ECA) in 1966. Over the years, some of the university's old departments were transformed into autonomous faculties or institutes, such as the Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), the Institute of Geosciences (IGc) and the Institute of Biosciences (IB) in 1969.

Military dictatorship

During the 1970s and part of the 1980s, some critics believe that the USP underwent an intellectual dissection, both in terms of knowledge production and the quality of human resources. During the past decades, the university played an essential role in the discussion and dissemination of important political ideas that contributed to the democratization of the country, bringing together many leftist intellectuals (such as Florestan Fernandes, Boris Fausto, Paul Singer, Antonio Candido, Gioconda Mussolini among others).

During the Brazilian dictatorship a large number of professors from the USP were persecuted and even tortured – many were forced to leave the country. This slowed down scientific production in Brazil. It also promoted a systematic increase in the total number of graduate vacancies, encouraged by the state government.

The gap caused by the removal of teachers and students chased by the military regime was interrupted with the campaign of political amnesty, since the early 1980s. Several units of USP celebrated the return of their deposed professors, although many of them were rehired in a different set of conditions (former full professors took new positions as assistant professors).

Expansion
Parallel to the resulting intellectual emptiness of political repression in the 1960s-80s, a process of fragmentation of the academic units occurred, new faculties were created and new institutes, which resulted in new courses, new lines of research and graduate programs. Originally conceived as the academic core of the university – gathering itself the various fields of knowledge – the FFCL (School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters) saw its departments gain autonomy and become separate units. The Institute of Physics was the first department to extricate itself from the old FFCL, followed also by other departments of natural science.

In 2004, the university founded the Institute of International Relations, with the aim to study global matters in a multidisciplinary environment (law, political science, economy, and history) with Brazilian and international students and professors (International Exchange Program). In 2005, it was built in the East Zone of the city of São Paulo a new School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities (EACH), taking a few courses that go beyond traditional Brazilian university model and aim to diversify the areas of the consolidated institution. [22] On 21 March 2006, the USP approved the merger of a second School of Chemical Engineering (FAENQUIL) in the city of Lorena (rural area), at the Paraíba Valley (State of São Paulo's rural area), with about 1,600 students in total and of these 1,200 at graduation. In 2007, a second Law School was established in the city of Ribeirão Preto, also in the State of São Paulo's countryside.

Academics

Today the USP has five hospitals and offers 247 undergraduate programs and 239 graduate programs in all areas of study. The university houses altogether 24 museums and galleries – with half a million visitors a year – two theaters, a cinema, a TV channel and an orchestra. The University of São Paulo welcomes people from all continents and stimulates this process via networks and consortiums (International Office – USP), such as Erasmus Mundus, Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa, and Rede Magalhães (SMILE – Student Mobility in Latin America, Caribbean and Europe), among others.

Rankings
According to ARWU, the USP was classified in the first place, regarding the number of doctorates awarded during 2011. USP is ranked among the top 70 universities in the world, in the Ranking "Top Universities by Reputation 2013" published by Times Higher Education. According to the 2013 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the USP is placed in the group of the 101–151 top world universities. According to the 2020 CWTS Leiden Ranking, the University of São Paulo is ranked 7th in the world. In the 2024 QS World University Rankings, the University of São Paulo ranked 85th in the world and is ranked 1st in Latin America. As of 2021, the University of São Paulo is the first Latin American institution in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be ranked at 201-250th.

Healthcare

The USP operates four hospitals, among them University of São Paulo Medical School Public Hospital, the largest hospital complex in Latin America and the major teaching and training site for the university's Faculty of Medicine, which is highly ranked within Latin America.

 University of São Paulo Medical School Public Hospital
 Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo
 Public Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School
 Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais – Centrinho

Library system

The USP has 42 libraries managed by the Integrated Library System (SIB – Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas in Portuguese), which is also responsible for the university's online system, DEDALUS.

Dedalus is an online database that allows simultaneous consultation in all libraries in the university. Dedalus is also integrated to a system named Integrated Research which integrates all online databases signed by the university. That makes academic researches faster and it provides researchers easy access to international publications.

Museums and art galleries
The University of São Paulo manages a rich set of museums and art galleries, most of them located on the central campus, in the city of São Paulo:
 Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (Museum of Contemporary Art)
 Museu Paulista (Historical Museum of São Paulo)
 Museu de Zoologia (Museum of Zoology)
 MAE-USP – Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia (Museum of Archeology and Ethnology)
 Museu do Café Francisco Schmidt (Ribeirão Preto Campus)

Academic career
 Teaching Assistant (Auxiliar de Ensino) – MS-2 (must have a master's degree and be enrolled in a doctoral program). Undergraduate students can also be a teaching assistant for a semester, with scholarships from each department.
 Professor Doctor (Professor Doutor) – MS-3 (must have a doctoral or equivalent degree).
 Associate Professor (Professor Associado) – MS-5 (must have a Livre Docente title; equivalent to the German Habilitation).
 Full Professor (Professor Titular) – MS-6 (top rank, only MS-6 professors are allowed to hold positions such as the Dean of a Faculty/School or the Dean of the university).

Admissions

Brazilian students take the USP's entrance exam, the vestibular, which is prepared and administered by FUVEST (University Foundation for Vestibular), subject to regulations approved by the university's Undergraduate Studies Council. In 2012, 159,603 students signed up for Fuvest's vestibular, for a total of 10,982 openings. Candidates are required to take a multiple choice test involving chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, geography, history, Portuguese and English. The second round of tests is written and specific to the chosen field of studies, including more-in-depth questions in physics, chemistry and mathematics for engineering; history, math and geography for law and so on. In-depth written Portuguese questions are required for all.

International students may come through several exchange programs. In 2012, the USP hosted over 2,300 exchange students. Roughly a third of the international students are enrolled in humanities and social sciences, with another third enrolled in engineering courses.

The USP does not require its students, national or foreigners, to pay any tuition, as its source of funding comes from São Paulo State.

Organization

The USP corresponds to the idea of "university" as a set of autonomous schools, institutes and colleges, each of which is responsible for one area of knowledge (the aforementioned thirty-six teaching, research and extension). And like most Brazilian universities, grants autonomy to its teaching, research and extension units regarding the didactic organization and curricular definition of each of the courses, which often results in a considered excessive fragmentation of teaching and the research and the disconnection between the knowledge produced in each of the units.

Each unit is divided into departments. A department usually is responsible for one of the courses offered by the unit or for a specific search line. In the case of units with only one or two courses, departments are not responsible for the entire course, but for a part of it. Due to the aforementioned fragmentation and decentralization of the university, it is common to see departments with similar profiles in different units, which raises criticism as to the effectiveness of public investments and duplication of efforts.

Administration
The administrative structure of the USP has in the Rectory its central organ, as well as in the Rector the main figure of the university. Subordinated to the Rectory are the four Pro-Rectorates, specialized agencies in each of the university's fields of activity: Pro-Rectorate (PRG), Post-Graduation Pro-Rectorate (PRPG), Pro-Rectory of Research (PRP) and Pro-Rectory of Culture and Extension (PRC).

In recent years there has been discussion about the creation of a Pro-Rectorate for Student Assistance, a subject that according to critics has always been considered secondary to the university's leaders.

In popular culture
 The USP is referenced in Bernardo Kucinski's 2011 novel, K'', a fictionalized account of the disappearance of an assistant lecturer in 1974, and her father's desperate attempt to find her.

See also
 List of state universities in Brazil
 List of University of São Paulo alumni
 List of University of São Paulo faculty
 Rankings of universities in Brazil
 Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)
 Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp)
 Universities and Higher Education in Brazil

Notes

References

External links

 International Cooperation Office – USP
 Universidade de São Paulo – Universidades e Carreiras Online (Portuguese)
 List of undergraduate courses offered by USP (English)
 List of USP's Schools, Colleges and Institutes (English)
 Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (English)
 Dept. of Computer Science (English)

1934 establishments in Brazil
Universities and colleges established in 1934
State universities in Brazil
Tourist attractions in São Paulo
Universities and colleges in São Paulo

University of São Paulo


Rețeaua de troleibuz din Cluj-Napoca asigură transportul electric din oraș alături de tramvai. Rețeaua a fost inaugurată în 7 noiembrie 1959 și funcționează în septembrie 2023 cu 14 linii:(12 de zi si 2 de noapte cu indicativul N)
 1: Str. Bucium - Piața 1 Mai
 2: Str. Izlazului - Gară
 3: Str. Unirii - Gară
 4: Str. Aurel Vlaicu - Gară
 5: Gară - Str. Traian Vuia (via Aeroport)
 5N: Gară - Str. Traian Vuia (via Aeroport)
 6: Str. Bucium - Str. Aurel Vlaicu
 7: Str. Izlazului - Str. Aurel Vlaicu
 8: Piața Mihai Viteazul - Str. Traian Vuia (via Aeroport)
 10: Str. Unirii - Bd. Muncii
 14: Str. Izlazului - Piața Mărăști - Bd. Muncii
 23: Piața Mihai Viteazul - Str. Paris - Bd. Muncii
 25: Str. Unirii - Bd. N. Titulescu - Str. Bucium - Bd. 21 decembrie 1989 - Iulius Mall - Str. Unirii
25N: Str. Unirii - Bd. N. Titulescu - Bd. 21 decembrie 1989 - Str. Bucium - Bd. 21 decembrie 1989 - Piata Cipariu - Bd. Nicolae Titulescu - Str. Unirii (nu trece pe la Iulius Mall)

Istoric
Prima propunere pentru o linie de troleibuz în Cluj datează din 1936, urmată în 1957 de o altă propunere pentru două linii. Pe 7 noiembrie 1959 sunt inaugurați  de rețea (actuala linie 4) folosind 6 troleibuze TV2E. În 1960 se ajunsese la 20 de troleibuze de acest tip, iar în decembrie a fost lansată actuala linie 1, pe o lungime de . Până în 1967 se ajunsese la  de cale de rulare și la 90 de troleibuze. Din anii 1970 troleibuzele TV2E au fost înlocuite treptat cu modelele TV20E și DAC 112E.

Între 1985 și 1987, datorită lipsei produselor petroliere, rețeaua a cunoscut o nouă perioadă de dezvoltare, fiind deschis un al doilea depou în cartierul Gheorghieni. După 1989 o parte din rute au fost închise, dar rețeaua rămânea, în 2004, a doua cea mai mare din România.

Flotă
Achizitia de troleibuze a început în anul 2004, când Astra Bus a câştigat licitația pentru 27 de troleibuze de 12M, model Irisbus Agora.
În 2011, 15 autobuze Renault Agora L au fost transformate în troleibuze.
Tot în 2011, au mai fost achiziționate de la Astra Bus şi 10 troleibuze Irisbus Citelis de 12M, foarte asemănătoare cu cele din București.
Mai departe, între 2013 şi 2014 au mai sosit si 10 troleibuze Astra-Irisbus Citelis 18M (T). Sunt echipate tot de Astra Bus.
În 2016 a sosit primul troleibuz Astra- Iveco Town 118. Au fost livrate 20 de unități până în 2017, echipate tot de Astra Bus.
Din februarie 2020, 50 de troleibuze de la Solaris Bus & Coach ies pe străzile din oraș. Ele au o capacitate de 142 de persoane, inclusiv 43 pe scaune. Motorul este produs de Skoda Electric și are o putere de 250kW4. Vehiculele sunt echipate cu baterii litiu-ion care le oferă capabilitatea de a opera în cazuri de urgență (pane de curent, avarii, blocaj rutier etc.).
Tot în 2020, în paralel cu venirea Solarisurilor au fost retrase cele 27 de troleibuze Astra-Irisbus Agora, cele 15 troleibuze modernizate din autobuze şi cele 10 Irisbus Citelis 12M. Totuşi, în aprilie 2023 a început reactivarea troleelor Citelis, până în sept. 2023 fiind active 5 din cele 10 care circulă pe liniile 2,4,10 şi în weekend şi pe 3 şi 5. Urmează ca restul de 5 troleibuze Irisbus Citelis să fie şi ele reactivate din nou, în timp ce celelalte vor fi casate sau donate către Ucraina după finalizarea războiului.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Legături externe

 Site-ul oficial CTP CLuj

Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca

Troleibuzele din Cluj-Napoca


Hyung Jae-young (kor. ; * 24. Februar 1971) ist ein ehemaliger südkoreanischer Marathonläufer.

1991 wurde er Vierter und 1992 Dritter beim Chuncheon-Marathon. 1993 wurde er Zweiter beim Dong-A-Marathon und gewann Bronze bei der Universiade.

1999 siegte er beim Dong-A-Marathon, kam bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften in Sevilla auf den 21. Platz und wurde mit seiner persönlichen Bestzeit von 2:10:37 h Zweiter beim Hofu-Marathon.

Im Jahr darauf siegte er beim Gunsan-Marathon. 2002 wurde er Vierter in Gunsan, 2003 kam er beim Berlin-Marathon auf den 17. Platz.

Weblinks
 Athletenporträt von Hyung Jae-young bei der IAAF (englisch)
 Athletenporträt bei Tilastopaja OY

Marathonläufer (Südkorea)
Südkoreaner
Geboren 1971
Mann
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 1993
Universiadeteilnehmer (Südkorea)

Hyung Jae-young


Nikola Rokvić (rođen 29. lipnja 1985.) srpski je pjevač i poduzetnik. Najstariji je sin poznatog folk pjevača Marinka Rokvića. Postao je poznati umjetnik po izlasku svog debitantskog albuma Oprosti mojoj mladosti 2006. godine. Iako prvenstveno poznat po izvođenju pop-folk glazbe, Rokvić se odvažio i na pop od izlaska Ovaj put 2015. godine.

Osim glazbene karijere, Rokvić je sudjelovao u reality TV emisijama Survivor Srbija VIP: Philippines (2010.) i trećoj sezoni srpskog spin-offa Tvoje lice zvuči poznato (2016.), gdje je završio kao drugoplasirani. Također je suosnivač i izvršni direktor prve srpske streaming platforme pod nazivom YouBox.

Tijekom svog boravka na Filipinima, Rokvić je na ekranu razvio romantičnu vezu s kolegicom natjecateljem, srpsko-američkom manekenkom Bojanom Barović. Par se na kraju vjenčao 2016. godine i imaju dvoje djece.

Diskografija
Albumi

 Oprosti mojoj mladosti (2006.)
 Prećuti me (2008.)
 Ovaj put (2015.)

Srbijanski pjevači
Srbijanski poduzetnici

Nikola Rokvić


Embsen ist eine Ortschaft in der niedersächsischen Stadt Achim im Landkreis Verden.

Embsen liegt an der L 167, die von Achim nach Oyten führt.

Die A 1 verläuft nördlich 2,5 km entfernt und die A 27 südlich 1 km entfernt.

Geschichte
Am 1. Juli 1972 wurde Embsen in die Stadt Achim eingegliedert.

Am heutigen Edelhof liegt das Grab der Brüder Düring. Landrat Adolph Gerlach von Düring (1748–1800) und dessen Bruder Franz Julius von Düring (1749–1806) waren an Tuberkulose gestorben. Der Adelsfamilie derer von Düring gehörte über 100 Jahre das Gut Embsen, Adolph Gerlach selbst war von 1782 bis zu seinem Tode Besitzer des Gutes.

Vereine
 Der TSV Embsen von 1926 e. V. hat etwa 500 Mitglieder.

Weblinks
 Neue Ortsdurchfahrt für Embsen. – Kreiszeitung vom 13. August 2009, abgerufen am 18. Mai 2012

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Verden
Geographie (Achim, Landkreis Verden)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Verden)
Gemeindeauflösung 1972

Embsen (Achim)


---Sidenote START---

Olaylar
MÖ 14 Mart 190 : Güneş Tutulması Roma'da kaydedildi.
MÖ 175 : IV. Antiokhos Epifanis, Suriye tahtını ele geçirdi.
MÖ 168 : Pidna Muharebesi - Makedonya, Romalılara yenildi.
MÖ 21 Haziran 168 : Ay Tutulması Roma'da kaydedildi.
MÖ 164, 25 Kislev: Judas Makkabi, Kudüs'teki tapınağı onardı. Olaylar her yıl Hanuka Bayramı olarak kutlandı.
MÖ 147 : Haşmonayim Hanedanı Kudüs'ün özerkliğini geri kazandı.
MÖ 148 : Roma, Makedonya'yi fethetti.
MÖ 146 : Roma, Kartaca şehrini yerle bir etti. (Üçüncü Pön Savaşı)
Roma Korinth'i fethetti.
MÖ 133 : Tiberius Gracchus suikastı.
MÖ 129 : Seleukos İmparatorluğu'nun çöküşü.
MÖ 121 : Gaius Gracchus suikastı.
MÖ 108 : Gojoseon-Han Savaşı-Han Hanedanı nihayet Gojoseon'un başkenti Wanggeom-seong'u, yıktı. Böylece Han Hanedanı, Gojoseon'u yönetmek için Dört Komutanlığı kurdu.
MÖ 107 : Romalı konsül Gaius Marius, Marius Reformlarını hayata geçirdi ve Roma ordusuna katılmak için gereken tüm mülkiyet kısıtlamalarını kaldırdı.
MÖ 113  – 101 : Cimbri ve Tötonların göçü, Aquae Sextiae ve Vercellae Savaşları ile engellendi.
Venerable Mahinda, Theravada Budizmi Sri Lanka'ya resmen tanıttı.
Porta Augusta, Perugia, inşa edildi.
Vettii Hanedanı, Pompeii, kuruldu.
MÖ Geç 2. yüzyıl – Forum Boarium, Roma, inşa edildi.
MÖ 100'den biraz önce – İskitler Part İmparatorluğunu istila etti.
Segesta, Romalılar tarafından saldırıya uğradı

Önemli kişiler
 Jül Sezar, Roma İmparatoru (MÖ 100 - MÖ 44)
Andriscus, Son Makedonya İmparatoru
IV. Antiokhos Epifanis, Etkili olan son Seleukos İmparatoru
VII. Antiokus Sidetes, Son Birleşik Seleukos İmparatoru
Pergeli Apollonius, Yunan Matematikçi
Appius Claudius Pulcher, Roma Konsülü
Boiorix, Cimbri Kralı
Cicero, Roma Oratoru ve Devlet Adamı
Flaccus, Besteci
Hipparchus, Astronomi Gözlemcisi

MÖ 2. yüzyıl


لورينسكوغ  هي بلدية في مقاطعة آكرشوس بالنرويج وتعد جزءا من منطقة رومريك التاريخية. المقر الإداري للبلدية هو قرية لورينسكوغ. كانت لورينسكوغ جزءا من بلدية سكيدسمو قبل أن تفصل عنها سنة 1908 لتشكل بلدية مستقلة.

التسمية
سميت البلدية نسبة إلى مزرعة لايرهايمر القديمة (لا وجود لهذه المزرعة اليوم). الجزء الأول «لاير» يعني الطين أو الوحل أما الجزء الأخير «هايمر» فيعني المزرعة، وهكذا فإن الاسم كاملا يعني «المزرعة التي بينت فوق أرض طينية». فيما بعد أضيف جزء «سكورغ» إلى الاسم ويعني الغابة ليصبح معنى الاسم «الغابة الموجودة حول مزرعة لايرهايمر».

شعار النبالة
اعتمد شعار النبالة سنة 1957 وهو يصور ناعور بلون أحمر مع خلفية ذهبية وقد لعب هذا الناعور دورا هاما في اقتصاد المنطقة فيما مضى.

الجغرافيا
تقع البلدية بالضبط شرق العاصمة أوسلو ويصلها بها العديد من الطرق الرئيسية. يتركز أغلب السكان في الجزء الشمالي من البلدية في حين أن الجزء الجنوبي أغلبه مغطى بالغابات وحبوب الحقول. تقع في البلدية محطة لورينسكوغ وتعد محطة هامة في المنطقة. في لوسبي يوجد الناعور الممثل في شعار نبالة البلدية، إضافة إلى نادي لوسبي للغولف.

المجموعات العرقية
عدد الأقليات (الجيل الأول والثاني) في لورينسكوغ (2015):

تطوير القرية
في الفترة ما بين 2006-2008 قام العمال في قرية لورينسكوغ بتجديدات في القرية تضمنت إنشاء مركز تسوق كبير، محطة للحافلات تقوم برحلات إلى أوسلو كل 15 دقيقة ومدرسة ثانوية جديدة.

التعليم
يوجد في البلدية سبعة مدارس ابتدائية وأربعة مدارس إعدادية موجودة في كيين، هامر، لوكنوسن وفيالسرود. إضافة إلى مدرستين ثانويتين: لورينسكوغ ومايلاند.

اتفاقيات التوأمة
لورينسكوغ لديها اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
  غارشينغ باي مونشن، بافاريا، ألمانيا.
  يارفنبا، فنلندا الجنوبية، فنلندا.
  رودوفر، إقليم هوفدستادن، الدنمارك.
  تابي، محافظة ستوكهولم.

مراجع

روابط خارجية
 معلومات حول البلدية في موقع الإحصاء النرويجي.

بلديات آكرشوس
قرى في آكرشوس
مدن وبلدات النرويج

لورينسكوغ

لورينسكوغ


كارل إدوارد ساغان ، من (9 نوفمبر 1934 إلى 20 ديسمبر 1996)، هو فلكي أمريكي من أبرز المساهمين في تبسيط علوم الفلك والفيزياء الفلكية وغيرها من العلوم الطبيعية. وكان له دور رائد في تعزيز البحث عن المخلوقات الذكية خارج الكرة الأرضية.

تعلم الفيزياء في جامعة شيكاغو، عام 1960 حاز على لقب دكتور في علم الفلك والفيزياء الفلكية. قام بالتعليم في جامعة هارفرد، عام 1968 انتقل إلى جامعة كورنيل حيث أصبح أستاذا جامعيا عام 1971. وقام ساغان بتحرير وتقديم البرنامج التلفزيوني «الكون» الذي شرح فيه علم الفلك. عرض البرنامج في العديد من الدول. حاز على وسام ناسا (مرتين)، وسام آرستر وجائزة بوليتسر. وعانى ساغان من متلازمة خلل التنسج النقوي ومر بزرع نخاع عظمي ثلاث مرات وتوفي عام 1996 بسبب ذات الرئة عن عمر يناهز 62 عاما. ألف رواية تواصل عام 1985 وتم تمثيلها في فيلم عام 1997.

إن أهم ما يميّز ساغان هو إسهاماته الكبرى في تبسيط علوم الفضاء والفلك لعامة الناس، ولعل هذا ما أدى إلى نجاح معظم مؤلفاته وأبرزها:
1- كوزموس: رحلة شخصية 2- كوكب الأرض نقطة زرقاء باهتة 3- بلايين وبلايين 4 - عالم تسكنه الشياطين 5- وحوش جنة عدن.
وقد كان ساغان يؤمن بأن الكون يضم حياة أو أكثر خارج إطار كوكب الأرض. وذلك استناداً إلى حجم الكون الهائل، وفكرته ببساطة تقول بأن احتمالية تكّون الشروط الملائمة للحياة في مكان آخر غير كوكب الأرض ممكنة، طالما أننا نتحدث عن كون يضم أعداداً لا تحصى من المجرات والنجوم والكواكب.
وكان يؤمن أيضا بأن الأرقام الأولية عبارة عن أعداد كونية.

نشر ساغان أكثر من 600 ورقة ومقالة علمية، وكان مؤلفًا ومشاركًا في التأليف ومحررًا لأكثر من 20 كتاب. كتب العديد من الكتب في العلم الذي يهم عامة الناس، مثل تنانين عدن، وعقل بوركا، ونقطة زرقاء باهتة، وكان مقدم السلسلة التلفزيونية الحائزة على الجوائز، المطلَقة عام 1980 تحت اسم «الكون: رحلة شخصية» وقد شارك في كتابتها أيضًا. شاهد أكثر من 500 مليون شخص سلسلة الكون في أكثر من 60 بلدًا مختلفًا، وكانت السلسلة الأكثر مشاهدة على نطاق واسع في تاريخ البث التلفزيوني الأمريكي العام. نُشر كتاب الكون باعتباره المرفق الورقي للسلسة. كتب ساغان أيضًا في مجال الأدب العلمي رواية «كونتاكت» (اتصال)، وقد كانت أساس الفلم الذي طُرح عام 1997 بنفس الاسم. أُرشفت أوراقه العلمية، المؤلفة من 595,000 قطعة، في مكتبة الكونغرس.

دافع ساغان عن الاستعلام التشكيكي العلمي والمنهج العلمي وعلم الأحياء الفلكي الرائد وشجع مشروع البحث عن ذكاء خارج الأرض (سيتي). أمضى ساغان معظم أيام مسيرته بصفته بروفيسورًا لعلم الفلك في جامعة كورنيل، حيث أدار مختبر الدراسات الكوكبية. تلقى ساغان وأعماله العديد من الجوائز والتكريمات، من ضمنها ميدالية الخدمة المميزة العامة من وكالة ناسا، وميدالية الخير من الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم، وجائزة بوليتزر عن فئة الأعمال غير الخيالية عن كتاب تنانين عدن، وحازت سلسلة «الكون: رحلة شخصية» على جائزتي إيمي، وجائزة بيابدي، وجائزة هوغو. تزوج ساغان ثلاث مرات وأنجب خمسة أولاد. توفي ساغان، بعد أن عانى من متلازمة خلل التنسج النخاعي، بمرض ذات الرئة عن عمر يناهز 62 عامًا، وذلك في 20 ديسمبر 1996.

نشر العلوم

قال كارل ساغان بأن هناك سببين على الأقل للعلماء ليشرحوا للعامة عن ماذا يتحدث العلم، أولهم هو المنفعة الشخصية لأن كثير من تمويل البحث العلمي يأتي من العامة، ولهم الحق أن يعرفوا كيف تصرف أموالهم، فلو استطاع العلماء زيادة الحماسة العامة من ناحية العلم زادت فرصتهم في الحصول علي داعمين أكثر منهم. السبب الثاني هو حب نقل حماسته الشخصية وحبه للعلم للآخرين.

مؤلفاته المترجمة للعربية

 تنانين عدن (تأملات عن تطور ذكاء الإنسان)  ترجمة سمير حنا صدق، الناشر: المجلس الأعلى للثقافة
 عالم تسكنه الشياطين ترجمة:إبراهيم محمد إبراهيم، الناشر:الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب
 بلايين وبلايين  ترجمة:عزت عامر، الناشر: المجلس الأعلى للثقافة
 الكون ترجمة: نافع أيوب لبس، الناشر : المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب سلسلة عالم المعرفة
 نقطة زرقاء باهتة (كتاب)  ترجمة: شهرت العالم، الناشر : المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب
 وحوش جنة عدن ترجمة: حسن قبيسي، الناشر: معهد الإنماء العربي
 رومانسية العلم ترجمة: أيمن توفيق، الناشر: سطور الجديدة

اقتباسات من أقواله

 هناك شيء مذهل في مكان ما يستحق ان يُكتشَف.
 نحن نعيش في مجتمعٍ يعتمد تماماً في حياته على العلم والتقنية، إلا أنَّه تمكن بطريقةٍ مدهشة من إخراج الأمر، بحيث أنَّ أحداً من أفراده لا يفهم شيئاً عن العلم أو التقنية، هذه وصفة واضحةٌ لكارثة.
 نحن تُراث 15 مليار عام من التطور الكوني، نحن نملك الاختيار، يمكننا أن نزيد من قيمة الحياة ونتعرف على الكون الذي صنعنا، أو يمكننا أن نُبدد ميراث الـ15 مليار عام في تدمير ذاتي لا معنى له.
 عندما ندرك مكانتنا وسط ضخامة السنين الضوئية ومرور العصور، عندما ندرك تعقيد وجمال ودقة الحياة، فإن ذلك الإحساس المتزايد الذي يجمع بين العَجَب والتواضع هو روحاني بالتأكيد، وكذلك كل عواطفنا في حضرة الفن، أو الموسيقى أو الأدب العظيم، أو الشجاعة النموذجية المتفانية كما في أفعال المهاتما غاندي، أو مارتن لوثر كينج الأصغر.
 الفكرة القائلة إن العلم والروحانية يتنافيان مع بعضهما تسيء لكليهما.
 بوضوح لا توجد طريقة للتراجع، نحن عالقون مع العلم شئنا أم أبينا، والأفضل لنا أن نستغله بأحسن ما يمكن، وعندما نتوصل في النهاية لتفاهم معه، ونتعرف تماماً على جماله وقوته، سنجد أننا قمنا بصفقة قوية في مصلحتنا من الناحية الروحية والعملية كذلك.
 الخرافة والعلم الزائف لا يزالان يعوقان الطريق، فيقومان بإلهائنا وإمدادنا بالإجابات السهلة، ويراوغان التدقيق المشكك، يثيران الرهبة ويقللان من شأن التجربة، ليجعلانا ممارسين روتينيين ومريحين وضحايا للسذاجة كذلك.
 إن عدم شرح العلم يبدو لي شيئاً غير منطقياً لأنك عندما تقع في الحب تنتابك رغبة في إخبار العالم كله.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

البحث عن كائنات ذكية خارج الأرض
الصلبان العظمى لوسام القديس جيمس السيف
أشخاص مرتبطون بالمتحف الأمريكي للتاريخ الطبيعي
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كورنيل
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة هارفارد
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي أوكراني
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي روسي
أمريكيون ناشطون ضد الأسلحة النووية
إنسانويون أمريكيون
إنسانويون علمانيون
حائزون على جوائز الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم
خريجو جامعة شيكاغو
دعاة سلام أمريكيون
رسائل بين نجمية
روائيون أمريكيون
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون من ولاية نيويورك
رؤساء الجمعية الكوكبية
زملاء الجمعية الفيزيائية الأمريكية
زملاء في جامعة بيركيلي (كاليفورنيا)
زملاء لجنة التحقق من الشك
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 20
علماء أمريكيون يهود
علماء طبيعة أمريكيون
علماء طبيعة في القرن 20
علماء علم الأحياء الفلكي
علماء فيزياء فلك أمريكيون
علماء كواكب
علماء كونيات أمريكيون
علماء من ولاية نيويورك
فلكيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
فلكيون يهود
كتاب أمريكيون عن الأجسام الطائرة المجهولة
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب خيال علمي أمريكيون
كتاب طبيعة أمريكيون
كتاب علوم أمريكيون
كتاب عن الدين والعلم
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب فائزون بجائزة هوغو
كتاب من بروكلين
لاأدريون أمريكيون
لاأدريون يهود
متواصلون علميون
محاضرات المعهد الملكي لعيد الميلاد
مدافن في ولاية نيويورك
مشككون أمريكيون
مشككون يهود
مواليد 1934
مواليد في بروكلين
ناشطو مريجوانا أمريكيون
ناشطون أمريكيون ناهضوا حرب فيتنام
ناشطون أمريكيون يهود
ناشطون يهود
نقاد اجتماعيون
نقاد الأديان
نقاد الخلق
نقاد الطب البديل
نقاد ثقافيون
نقاد ما وراء علم النفس
وفيات 1996
وفيات الالتهاب الرئوي في ولاية واشنطن
وفيات بأمراض معدية في واشنطن
وفيات بسبب ذات الرئة
وفيات بسبب متلازمة خلل التنسج النخاعي
وفيات في سياتل
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 20

كارل ساغان


8-hidroxichinolina este un compus organic cu formula C9H7NO. Este un derivat de chinolină, prin hidroxilare în poziția 8 a nucleului aromatic. Este un compus solid de culoare galbenă.

Obținere
8-hidroxichinolina se obține în urma sintezei Skraup, plecând de la 2-aminofenol.

Proprietăți

8-hidroxichinolina prezintă o moleculă planară. pKa-ul său are valoarea de 9,89, caracteristic pentru un fenol. În starea de zwitterion indusă fotochimic, ionul H+ este transferat de la atomul de oxigen la cel de azot.

Este un agent chelatant bidentat monoprotic, formând complecși cu diverși ioni.

Utilizări
Atât complecșii de coordinare, cât și compusul în sine, prezintă o activitate chimioterapică, antiseptică și dezinfectantă,
funcționând ca inhibitori de transcripție. Este compusul de bază de la care s-a conceput o nouă clasă de chimioterapice, derivații halogenați de 8-hidroxichinolină. Câteva exemple sunt:
 Cliochinol
 Clorchinaldol
 Cloroxin
 Tilbrochinol
 Tilichinol
 Broxichinolină

Note

Antiseptice
Chinoline
Fenoli

8-hidroxichinolină


The Woluwe (; ) is a stream that goes through several municipalities in the south-east and east of Brussels, Belgium, and is a right tributary of the Senne in Vilvoorde. The Kleine (little) Maalbeek is a tributary of the Woluwe in Kraainem. Many ponds formed along the stream over time, among which the Mellaerts Ponds still exist. The valley of the Woluwe crosses the municipalities of Auderghem, Watermael-Boitsfort, Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Kraainem, Zaventem, Machelen and Vilvoorde.

The towns of Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and Sint-Stevens-Woluwe derive their name from it.

See also

 List of rivers of Belgium
 UCLouvain Brussels Woluwe

References
 Kraainem

External links
 Map of the Woluwe in Brussels

Rivers of Belgium
Rivers of Brussels
Auderghem
Evere
Vilvoorde
Watermael-Boitsfort
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
Zaventem

Woluwe


An Hypodiscus aristatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Peter Thunberg, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Christian Ferdinand Friedrich von Krauss. An Hypodiscus aristatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypodiscus, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hypodiscus

Hypodiscus aristatus


Codrongianos (sardisk: Codronzànu, Codronzànos) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 317 meters højde og har 1.309 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 30,39 km² og grænser til kommunerne Cargeghe, Florinas, Osilo, Ploaghe og Siligo.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Codrongianos


An Arisaema sikokianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet ngan Paul Amédée Ludovic Savatier. An Arisaema sikokianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arisaema

Arisaema sikokianum


El ensayo de Izod  es un tipo de ensayo destructivo dinámico de resistencia al choque que utiliza un péndulo de Charpy como herramienta. Este procedimiento se lleva a cabo para averiguar la tenacidad de un material. En el caso de que la fractura sea totalmente frágil, este valor coincidirá con el de la resiliencia del material.

El ensayo consiste en romper una probeta de sección cuadrangular de 10x10 mm a través de tres entalladuras que tiene situadas en distintas caras. El procedimiento se repite para cada entalladura. La resiliencia se obtiene de la media de los datos obtenidos en los tres pasos. El ensayo Izod difiere del péndulo de Charpy en la configuración de la probeta entallada.

La prueba lleva el nombre del ingeniero Inglés Edwin Gilbert Izod (1876-1946), quien lo describió en su discurso de 1903 de la Asociación Británica, publicado posteriormente en Engineering.

Véase también
 Péndulo de Charpy
 Resiliencia
 Ensayo de materiales

Notas

Ensayo de materiales
Instrumentos epónimos
Ciencia de 1903
Reino Unido en 1903
Ciencia y tecnología de Reino Unido del siglo XX

Ensayo de Izod


Toyonoumi Shinji (, également Shinji Hamada; né le  à Buzen, dans la préfecture de Fukuoka, et mort le ) est un lutteur de sumo japonais.

Biographie
Il fait ses débuts professionnels en  et a atteint la première division en . Il était connu par le shikona Takanohama jusqu'en 1990. Son rang le plus élevé était maegashira 1. Il n'a pas raté un seul combat en 19 ans de carrière professionnelle. À sa retraite de la compétition active, il devient un aîné dans l'association japonaise de sumo. Il est resté dans le monde du sumo en tant qu'entraîneur dans son écurie sous le nom d'aîné de Yamahibiki Oyakata, mais il ne louait que le stock d'aîné et il a quitté l'association japonaise de sumo en juin 2002. L'association de sumo a annoncé qu'il était décédé d'une maladie non précisée le 20 novembre 2021, à l'âge de 56 ans.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Association japonaise de sumo
Liste des termes japonais spécifiques à la lutte sumo

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1965
Naissance dans la préfecture de Fukuoka
Lutteur de sumo
Décès à 56 ans
Décès en novembre 2021

Toyonoumi Shinji


Glum ist der Familienname von:

 Friedrich Glum (1891–1974), Generaldirektor der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
 Wolfgang Glum (* 1958), deutscher Schlagzeuger und Filmkomponist

Siehe auch:
 Klum

Glum


Corentin Tolisso () este un fotbalist francez. Joacă ca mijlocaș la Olympique Lyon din Franța.

Transferul său de la Olympique Lyon la Bayern München a făcut istorie după ce operațiunea a fost închisă pe 41,5 milioane de euro, plus 6 milioane de euro în termen de obiective, devenind transferul cel mai scump de-a lungul istoriei clubului German, depășind cifra de 40 de milioane plătită pe Javi Martinez. La rândul său, s-a dovedit a fi vânzarea cea mai scumpă a echipei franceze, depășind cele 38 de milioane de euro care au fost plătiți de către Chelsea pentru Michael Essien.

Referințe

Fotbaliști francezi
Nașteri în 1994
Fotbaliști ai Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2018

Corentin Tolisso


The "typical" pheasant genus Phasianus in the family Phasianidae consists of two species. The genus name is Latin for pheasant.

Taxonomy
The genus Phasianus was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The genus name is Latin for "pheasant". The word is derived from the Ancient Greek φἀσιἀνος, phāsiānos, meaning "(bird) of the Phasis". The birds were found by the Argonauts on the banks of the River Phasis (now the Rioni) in Colchis on the east coast of the Black Sea (now western Georgia). The type species of the genus is the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus).

Species
The genus contains just two species.

The common pheasant (P. colchicus) has about 30 recognised subspecies forming five or six distinct groups; one is only found on the island of Taiwan off the southern coast of continental China, and the rest on the Asian mainland, reaching west to the Caucasus. Some subspecies have been introduced to Europe, North America and elsewhere, where they have hybridized and become well established.

The green pheasant (P. versicolor) is a species from Japan that which the fossil record suggest diverged about 2.0–1.8 million years ago from P. colchicus.

Fossil remains of a Phasianus pheasant have been found in Late Miocene rocks in China. Additionally, fossil material belonging to a new species of Phasianus was described in 2020 as P. bulgaricus. The fossils were recovered from Miocene (Turolian) strata in Bulgaria. Thus, like many other phasianid genera, this lineage dates back more than 5,000,000 years.

Sexual selection
Phasianus pheasants are a harem polygynous species that are a highly sexually dimorphic genus, where males are large and elaborately ornamented with brightly coloured plumage, ear tufts, wattles, spurs, and long tails, compared to females that are non-ornamented with a dull cryptic plumage. They have a polygynous mating system that is based upon males defending mating territories during breeding season in the early spring to control access to females with higher quality resources and defence against predation. Females are free to move between different male territories, allowing them to benefit from direct or indirect benefits by choosing high quality mates and areas with better resources for their offspring. Phasianus chicks are precocial so males provide no parental care for their young.

A male's ornaments and weaponry are a symbol of status that allow females and rivals to examine a male's fitness and fighting ability. During breeding season, males court females or challenge other males by enlarging their sexual traits, sloping their body towards their opponent or mate while spreading their tail and plumage, inflating the wattle and raising their ear tufts. Older males usually have more exaggerated ornaments and weaponry than younger males, and are more likely to mate and control larger territories. Submissive or juvenile males will conceal their wattle display from bigger males, reducing their chance of mating but minimizing their risk of injury by avoiding physical conflict with a more dominant male. The general brightness of the plumage may also be used to identify healthy males from unhealthy males. Only in cases where males exhibit similar characteristics, do males attack one another.

To display these traits throughout breeding season entails a physiological cost, leading to an endurance rivalry between males, where only males that can afford to display these breeding rituals will pass on their genes to their offspring. An example of this can be seen in the length of a male's spur and the wattle display that is enlarged during sexual displays; both are considered costly as they are highly dependent on nutrition and testosterone levels. Females generally prefer brighter wattles and longer spurs. The brightness in the wattle comes from storing a carotenoid pigment known as astaxanthin in their diet that is inhibited by an infestation of parasites. Only healthy individuals in good physical condition can afford to fully express bigger and brighter wattles, which may also be associated with disease resistance. Spurs function not only as weapons in combat between males but also as an important cue in female choice as the length of the spur signifies the male's phenotypic condition (age, weight, size) and viability. Studies have found that longer spurs resulted in bigger harem sizes compared to males with shorter spurs.

Females will benefit from choosing males with higher expressed ornaments, as her offspring will also inherit these genes, increasing their survival and chance for reproduction (sexy son hypothesis).

References

External links

Bird genera
Extant Miocene first appearances
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Phasianus


الحرس الملكي هي قوة تابعة للقوات المسلحة المغربية هي الجهة التي تقوم بتأمين الحماية للقصور والمنشآت والأضرحة والرموز الخاصة بملوك المغرب.

هذه المؤسسة الخاصة جداً تشابه ما يصطلح عليه في التنظيم الخاص بالدول الحرس الرئاسي، إلا أن وضع الحرس الملكي بالمغرب مختلف تماماً، حيث يختلط على مستواه الأمني العسكري بالديني، والرمزي بالواقعي، والحداثي بالتقليدي، مما يجعله أكثر الأجهزة ثأتيراً في البروتوكولات المخزنية.

عرف المغرب مؤسسة الحرس الملكي في الدول التي تعاقبت على حكمه، إذ كان يعرف في عهود الأدارسة والمرابطين والموحدين والسعديين بالحرس الأسود من بداية تأسيس المغرب إلى السادس عشر المكون من عبيد البخاري الذين كانوا يشتغلون كمشاة أو عازفين على الآلات الموسيقية العسكرية، قبل أن يتحول إلى الحرس الشريف .

غير أن إرساء المعالم الطقوسية الخالصة بهذا الجهاز تم على يد الملوك العلويين، وتحديداً من طرف الملك محمد الخامس ، بإيعاز من الملك الحسن الثاني مبتكر أغلب البروتوكولات الملكية المعروفة حالياً، الذي أبدل اسم الحرس الشريف بالحرس الملكي، كما ألحقه بللقوات المسلحة المغربية ، كوحدة رمزية وبروتوكولية.

مباشرة بعد تولي الملك الحسن الثاني عمل على تدعيم هذه المؤسسة البروتوكولية من خلال استصدار ظهير سنة 1963، جاء فيه <<الحرس الملكي هيئة عسكرية من جيشنا الملكي موضوعة مباشرة وبصفة خاصة تحت سلطة جنابنا العالي بالله، ويجري عليها مع مراعاة لمقتضيات الظهائر الشريفة والأنظمة المطبقة على القوات المسلحة الملكية>>

حافظ الملك محمد السادس على أدوار جهاز الحرس الملكي كاملة. هذه الأدوار بروتوكولية بالأساس تتمثل في أن هذه الفرقة العسكرية هي التي ترافق الملك في جميع تحركاته، كما أنها هي التي تستقبله في المناسبات الرسمية، حيث يحيي الملك العلم الرامز لها ويتقدم قائد الحرس للسلام عليه وتقبيل يده ولاء.

انظر أيضا
 جيش البخاري
 عسكرية المغرب
 القوات المسلحة الملكية
 محلة
 يومن الحرس

وصلات خارجية

أفواج الحراسة
أمن قومي مغربي
الحرس الملكي
حراس الشرف
عسكرية المغرب
ملكية المغرب
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية أسست في 1956
وحدات وتشكيلات المغرب العسكرية

الحرس الملكي المغربي


Mačevanje na OI 1976. u Montrealu održavalo se od 20. srpnja do 29. srpnja. Održano je u šest disciplina za muškarce: floret pojedinačno i momčadski, sablja pojedinačno i momčadski te mač pojedinačno i momčadski i jedna disciplina za žene: floret pojedinačno i ekpino. Sudjelovalo je 281 natjecatelja (211 muškarca i 70 žena) iz 34 zemalja.

Natjecanje

 Muškarci

 Žene

Države sudionice

281 natjecatelj iz 34 države se natjecalo na Olimpijskim igrama u Montrealu:

  (7)
  (3)
  (5)
  (4)
  (1)
  (5)
  (3)
  (1)
  (1)
  (4)
  (18)
  Hong Kong (4)

  (13)
  (18)
  (1)
  (8)
  (13)
  (1)
  (13)
  (4)
  (2)
  (18)
  (5)

  (1)
  (18)
  (4)
  (18)
  (18)
  (18)
  (7)
  (6)
  (5)
  (18)
  (16)

Medalje

Izvori

Mačevanje
Mačevanje na Olimpijskim igrama

Mačevanje na OI 1976.


Johann Heinrich Keller (* 4. März 1627 Basel; † 4. November 1708 ebenda) war ein schweizerischer Tischler und Verfasser eines Vorlagenwerks.

Leben
Johann Heinrich Keller kaufte sich 1657 das Zunftrecht der Basler Spinnwetternzunft, die er ab 1668 im Grossen Rat vertrat und der er 1691–1708 als Zunftmeister vorstand. 1666 schuf Keller für die Basler Safranzunft ein Prunkbuffet, das sich heute im Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin befindet. 1680 veröffentlichte er in Strassburg unter dem Titel Seulen undt Ziraten Buch ein Vorlagenwerk für Schreiner. Aus Kellers Werkstatt gingen auch sogenannte Bandmühlen für Basler Seidenbandfabrikanten hervor.

Sein Sohn Johann Jakob Keller (1665–1747) war ebenfalls gelernter Schreiner, betätigte sich aber vor allem als Bildhauer.

Literatur
 Dieter Pfister, Sabine Häberli, Astrid Kübli: Basler Möbelkunst von 1450 bis 1950. Schwabe, Basel 2002, ISBN 3-7965-1893-1.
 Stefan Hess und Wolfgang Loescher: Möbel in Basel. Kunst und Handwerk der Schreiner bis 1798. Basel 2012, ISBN 978 3-85616-545-1.

Weblinks

Kunstschreiner (Schweiz)
Person (Basel)
Schweizer
Geboren 1627
Gestorben 1708
Mann

Johann Heinrich Keller


Le canal voméro-vaginal ou canal sphéno-vomérien latéral est le canal osseux par le bord latéral de l'aile du vomer et le rebord médial du processus vaginal du processus ptérygoïde. Il donne passage à des veines.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Crâne

Canal voméro-vaginal


Miloš Vujović, né le  à Cetinje (Yougoslavie), est un joueur de handball monténégrin évoluant au poste d'ailier gauche.

Palmarès

En club

 Troisième du Championnat de Hongrie en 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019

En équipe nationale
  au Championnat d'Europe 2014, Danemark
  au Championnat d'Europe 2016, Pologne
  au Championnat d'Europe 2018, Croatie
  au Championnat d'Europe 2022, Hongrie et Slovaquie

Distinctions individuelles
 Meilleur buteur du Championnat de Hongrie en 2019
 élu meilleur pivot du Championnat d'Europe 2022

Références

Liens externes

Handballeur monténégrin
Naissance en septembre 1993
Naissance à Cetinje
Naissance au Monténégro
Joueur du Füchse Berlin

Miloš Vujović


Corsair, corsario en idioma inglés, puede hacer referencia a:

 Cuatro aviones estadounidenses:
 El Vought O2U Corsair.
 El Chance Vought F4U Corsair.
 El LTV A-7 Corsair II.
 El Cessna 425.

 Tres automóviles:
 El Edsel Corsair.
 El Ford Corsair.
 El Phantom Corsair.

 Dos buques estadounidenses:
 El USS Corsair (SS-435).
 El USS Corsair (SP-159).

 Corsair Components, una compañía californiana de hardware.
 Corsairfly, una compañía aérea.
 Corsair, película estadounidense de 1931 dirigida por Roland West.

Corsair


Margarethe II af Hainault (født 1311 antagelig i Valenciennes, død 23. juni 1356 i Le Quesnoy) var grevinde af Hainault 1345-56 og Grevskabet Holland og Zeeland 1345-54. Hun var tillige tysk-romersk kejserinde som gift 1324 med Ludvig IV.

Liv og gerning
Hun er datter af Wilhelm I af Hainault og Johanna af Valois. Hun var fra 1349 indblandet i en borgerkrig med sine sønner om sine troner.

Margarethe tillbragte en del af sin barndom med moderen ved det franske hof. Hun blev kronet ved sin mands side i Rom i 1328.

Da hendes broder Vilhelm II døde barnløs i 1345 indlemmedes Holland i kejserriget. Margarethe besluttede sig da for at efterfølge sin broder som Hollands monark og rejste til Nederlandene, hvor hun lod sig krone til monark som Margarethe I af Holland, Zeeland og Friesland og Margarethe II af Hainaut. Hendes position i Hainaut var ukontroversiel, men provinserne Holland og Zeeland havde ikke kvindelig tronfølge. Hendes krav på tronen blev også bestridt af hendes søstre. Efter et ophold i Nederlandene 1345-1346 blev hun kaldt tilbage til Tyskland af ægtefællen og efterlod sin søn Vilhelm som regent i hendes sted.

Da ægtefællen døde i 1347 afstod Margarethe provinsen Holland i bytte mod en pension. Vilhelm betalte imidlertid ikke pensionen, og Margarethe tog derfor magten i Holland tilbage i 1350. Dette udløste en krig med sønnen, som varede fra 1351 til 1354. I fredsaftalen fra 1354 abdicerede Margarethe i bytte mod en pension og bosatte sig på slottet i Le Quesnoy.

Margarethe fik et dårligt eftermæle på grund af krigen mellem mor og søn, som opfattedes som skammelig, og som forårsagede alvorlige krigsskader, samt for at Holland - i modsætning til Hainaut - ikke havde kvindelig tronfølge og hun derfor blev anset som en usurpator.

Børn
 Ludvig VI af Bayern (1328/1330-1365), hertug af Bayern, markgreve af Brandenburg
 Vilhelm I af Bayern, (Vilhelm V af Holland) født 1332
 Albrecht af Holland og Bayern, født 1336
 Beatrix af Bayern (1344-1359), gift med kung Erik Magnusson af Sverige (død 1359)
 Otto V, markgreve af Brandenburg, født 1346
 Agnes af Bayern

Eksterne henvisninger
 Margarethe II af Hainault op inghist.nl

Tysk-romerske kejserinder
Tyskere i 1300-tallet

Margarethe II af Hainault


Copland is an operating system developed by Apple for Macintosh computers between 1994 and 1996 but never commercially released. It was intended to be released as System 8, and later, Mac OS 8. Planned as a modern successor to the aging System 7, Copland introduced protected memory, preemptive multitasking, and several new underlying operating system features, while retaining compatibility with existing Mac applications. Copland's tentatively planned successor, codenamed Gershwin, was intended to add more advanced features such as application-level multithreading.

Development officially began in March 1994. Over the next several years, previews of Copland garnered much press, introducing the Mac audience to operating system concepts such as object orientation, crash-proofing, and multitasking. In May 1996, Gil Amelio stated that Copland was the primary focus of the company, aiming for a late-year release. Internally, however, the development effort was beset with problems due to dysfunctional corporate personnel and project management. Development milestones and developer release dates were missed repeatedly.

Ellen Hancock was hired to get the project back on track, but quickly concluded it would never ship. In August 1996, it was announced that Copland was canceled and Apple would look outside the company for a new operating system. Among many choices, they selected NeXTSTEP and purchased NeXT in 1997 to obtain it. In the interim period, while NeXTSTEP was ported to the Mac, Apple released a much more legacy-oriented Mac OS 8 in 1997, followed by Mac OS 9 in 1999. Mac OS X became Apple's next-generation operating system with its release in 2001. All of these releases bear functional or cosmetic influence from Copland.

The Copland development effort has been described as an example of feature creep. In 2008, PC World included Copland on a list of the biggest project failures in information technology (IT) history.

Design

Mac OS legacy
The prehistory of Copland begins with an understanding of the Mac OS legacy, and its architectural problems to be solved.

Launched in 1984, the Macintosh and its operating system were designed from the start as a single-user, single-tasking system, which allowed the hardware development to be greatly simplified. As a side effect of this single application model, the original Mac developers were able to take advantage of several compromising simplifications that allowed great improvements in performance, running even faster than the much more expensive Lisa. But this design also led to several problems for future expansion.

By assuming only one program would be running at a time, the engineers were able to ignore the concept of reentrancy, which is the ability for a program (or code library) to be stopped at any point, asked to do something else, and then return to the original task. To be reentrant, any local data and state has to be stored out when another program calls the code, and if one does not require reentrancy, saving out the state can be skipped. In the case of QuickDraw for example, this means the system can store state information in the library, things like the current location of the window or the line style, knowing it would only change under control of the running program. Taking this one step further, the engineers left most of this state inside the application rather than in QuickDraw, thus eliminating the need to copy this data between the application and library, the program can make changes to these settings to its own internal storage and QuickDraw finds this data by looking for these values in known locations within the applications.

This concept of sharing memory is a significant source of problems and crashes. If an application program writes incorrect data into these shared locations, it could cause QuickDraw to crash, thereby causing the computer to crash. Likewise, any problem in QuickDraw could cause it to overwrite data in the application, once again leading to crashes. In the case of a single-application operating system this was not a fatal limitation, because in that case a problem in either would require the application, or computer, to be restarted anyway.

The other main issue was that early Macs lack a memory management unit (MMU), which precludes the possibility of several fundamental modern features. An MMU provides memory protection to ensure that programs cannot accidentally overwrite other program's memory, and provisions shared memory that allows data to be easily passed among libraries. Lacking shared memory, the API was instead written so the operating system and application shares all memory, which is what allows QuickDraw to examine the application's memory for settings like the line drawing mode or color.

These limits meant that supporting the multitasking of more than one program at a time would be difficult, without rewriting all of this operating system and application code. Yet doing so would mean the system would run unacceptably slow on existing hardware. Instead, Apple adopted a system known as MultiFinder in 1987, which keeps the running application in control of the computer, as before, but allows an application to be rapidly switched to another, normally simply by clicking on its window. Programs that are not in the foreground are periodically given short bits of time to run, but as before, the entire process is controlled by the applications, not the operating system.

Because the operating system and applications all share one memory space, it is possible for a bug in any one of them to corrupt the entire operating system, and crash the machine. Under MultiFinder, any crash anywhere will crash all running programs. Running multiple applications potentially increases the chances of a crash, making the system potentially more fragile.

Adding greatly to the severity of the problem is the patching mechanism used to add functions to the operating system, known as CDEVs and INITs or Control Panels and Extensions. Third party developers also make use of this mechanism to add features, including screensavers and a hierarchical Apple menu. Some of these third-party control panels became almost universal, like the popular After Dark screensaver package. Because there was no standard for use of these patches, it is not uncommon for several of these add-ons — including Apple's own additions to the OS — to use the same patches, and interfere with each other, leading to more crashing.

Copland design
Copland was designed to consist of the Mac OS on top of a microkernel named Nukernel, which would handle basic tasks such as application startup and memory management, leaving all other tasks to a series of semi-special programs known as servers. For instance, networking and file services would not be provided by the kernel itself, but by servers that would be sent requests through interapplication communications. The Copland system as a whole consists of the combination of Nukernel, various servers, and a suite of application support libraries to provide implementations of the well-known classic Macintosh programming interface.

Application services are offered through a single program known officially as the Cooperative Macintosh Toolbox environment, but universally referred to as the Blue Box. The Blue Box encapsulates an existing System 7 operating system inside a single process and address space. Mac programs run inside the Blue Box much as they do under System 7, as cooperative tasks that use the non-reentrant Toolbox calls. A worst-case scenario is that an application in the Blue Box crashes, taking down the entire Blue Box instance with it. This does not result in the system as a whole going down, however, and the Blue Box can be restarted.

New applications written with Copland in mind, are able to directly communicate with the system servers and thereby gain many advantages in terms of performance and scalability. They can also communicate with the kernel to launch separate applications or threads, which run as separate processes in protected memory, as in most modern operating systems. These separate applications cannot use non-reentrant calls like QuickDraw, however, and thus could have no user interface. Apple suggested that larger programs could place their user interface in a normal Macintosh application, which would then start worker threads externally.

Another key feature of Copland is that it is fully PowerPC (PPC) native. System 7 had been ported to the PowerPC with great success; large parts of the system run as PPC code, including both high-level functions, such as most of the user interface toolbox managers, and low-level functions, such as interrupt management. There is enough 68k code left in the system to be run in emulation, and especially user applications, however that the operating system must map some data between the two environments. In particular, every call into the Mac OS requires a mapping between the interrupt systems of the 68k and PPC. Removing these mappings would greatly improve general system performance. At WWDC 1996, engineers claimed that system calls would execute as much as 50% faster.

Copland is also based on the then-recently defined Common Hardware Reference Platform, or CHRP, which standardized the Mac hardware to the point where it could be built by different companies and can run other operating systems (Solaris and AIX were two of many mentioned). This was a common theme at the time; many companies were forming groups to define standardized platforms to offer an alternative to the "Wintel" platform that was rapidly becoming dominant — examples include 88open, Advanced Computing Environment, and the AIM alliance.

The fundamental second-system effect to challenge Copland's development and adoption would be getting all of these functions to fit into an ordinary Mac. System 7.5 already uses up about 2.5 megabytes (MB) of RAM, which is a significant portion of the total RAM in most contemporaneous machines. Copland is two systems in one, as its native foundation also hosts Blue Box, containing essentially a complete copy of System 7.5. Copland thus uses a Mach-inspired memory management system and relies extensively on shared libraries, with the goal being for Copland to be only some 50% larger than 7.5.

History

Pink and Blue

In March 1988, technical middle managers at Apple held an offsite meeting to plan the future course of Mac OS development. Ideas were written on index cards; features that seemed simple enough to implement in the short term (like adding color to the user interface) were written on blue cards; longer-term goals—such as preemptive multitasking—were on pink cards; and long-range ideas like an object-oriented file system were on red cards. Development of the ideas contained on the blue and pink cards was to proceed in parallel, and at first, the two projects were known simply as "blue" and "pink". Apple intended to have the "blue" team (who came to call themselves the "Blue Meanies" after characters in the film Yellow Submarine) release an updated version of the existing Macintosh operating system in the 1990–1991 timeframe, and the Pink team to release an all-new OS around 1993.

The Blue team delivered what became known as System 7 on May 13, 1991, but the Pink team suffered from second-system effect and its release date continued to slip into the indefinite future. Some of the reason for this can be traced to problems that would become widespread at Apple as time went on; as Pink became delayed, its engineers moved to Blue instead. This left the Pink team constantly struggling for staffing, and suffering from the problems associated with high employee turnover. Management ignored these sorts of technical development issues, leading to continual problems delivering working products.

At this same time, the recently released NeXTSTEP was generating intense interest in the developer world. Features that were originally part of Red, were folded into Pink, and the Red project (also known as "Raptor") was eventually canceled. This problem was also common at Apple during this period; in order to chase the "next big thing", middle managers would add new features to their projects with little oversight, leading to enormous problems with feature creep. In the case of Pink, development eventually slowed to the point that the project appeared moribund.

Taligent

On April 12, 1991, Apple CEO John Sculley performed a secret demonstration of Pink running on an IBM PS/2 Model 70 to a delegation from IBM. Though the system was not fully functional, it resembled System 7 running on a PC. IBM was extremely interested, and over the next few months, the two companies formed an alliance to further development of the system. These efforts became public in early 1992, under the new name "Taligent". At the time, Sculley summed up his concerns with Apple's own ability to ship Pink when he stated "We want to be a major player in the computer industry, not a niche player. The only way to do that is to work with another major player."

Infighting at the new joint company was legendary, and the problems with Pink within Apple soon appeared to be minor in comparison. Apple employees made T-shirts graphically displaying their prediction that the result would be an IBM-only project. On December 19, 1995, Apple officially pulled out of the project. IBM continued working alone with Taligent, and eventually released its application development portions under the new name "CommonPoint". This saw little interest and the project disappeared from IBM's catalogs within months.

Business as usual
While Taligent efforts continued, very little work addressing the structure of the original OS was carried out. Several new projects started during this time, notably the Star Trek project, a port of System 7 and its basic applications to Intel-compatible x86 machines, which reached internal demo status. But as Taligent was still a concern, it was difficult for new OS projects to gain any traction.

Instead, Apple's Blue team continued adding new features to the same basic OS. During the early 1990s, Apple released a series of major new packages to the system; among them are QuickDraw GX, Open Transport, OpenDoc, PowerTalk, and many others. Most of these were larger than the original operating system. Problems with stability, which had existed even with small patches, grew along with the size and requirements of these packages, and by the mid-1990s the Mac had a reputation for instability and constant crashing.

As the stability of the operating system collapsed, the ready answer was that Taligent would fix this with all its modern foundation of full reentrance, preemptive multitasking, and protected memory. When the Taligent efforts collapsed, Apple remained with an aging OS and no designated solutions. By 1994, the press buzz surrounding the upcoming release of Windows 95 started to crescendo, often questioning Apple's ability to respond to the challenge it presented. The press turned on the company, often introducing Apple's new projects as failures in the making.

Another try
Given this pressure, the collapse of Taligent, the growing problems with the existing operating system, and the release of System 7.5 in late 1994, Apple management decided that the decade-old operating system had run its course. A new system that did not have these problems was needed, and soon. Since so much of the existing system would be difficult to rewrite, Apple developed a two-stage approach to the problem.

In the first stage, the existing system would be moved on top of a new kernel-based OS with built-in support for multitasking and protected memory. The existing libraries, like QuickDraw, would take too long to be rewritten for the new system and would not be converted to be reentrant. Instead, a single paravirtualized machine, the Blue Box, keeps applications and legacy code such as QuickDraw in a single memory block so they continue to run as they had in the past. Blue Box runs in a distinct Copland memory space, so crashing legacy applications or extensions within Blue Box cannot crash the entire machine.

In the next stage of the plan, once the new kernel was in place and this basic upgrade was released, development would move on to rewriting the older libraries into new forms that could run directly on the new kernel. At that point, applications would gain some added modern features.

In the musical code-naming pattern where System 7.5 is code-named "Mozart", this intended successor is named "Copland" after composer Aaron Copland. In turn, its proposed successor system, Gershwin, would complete the process of moving the entire system to the modern platform, but work on Gershwin would never officially begin.

Development

The Copland project was first announced by David Nagel in May 1994. Parts of Copland, most notably an early version of the new file system, were demonstrated at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in May 1995. Apple also promised that a beta release of Copland would be ready by the end of the year, for final commercial release in early 1996. Gershwin would follow the next year. Throughout the year, Apple released several mock-ups to various magazines showing what the new system would look like, and commented continually that the company was fully committed to this project. By the end of the year, however, no Developer Release had been produced.

As had happened in the past during the development of Pink, developers within Apple soon started abandoning their own projects in order to work on the new system. Middle management and project leaders fought back by claiming that their project was vital to the success of the system, and moving it into the Copland development stream. Thus, it could not be canceled along with their employees being removed to work on some other part of Copland anyway. This process took on momentum across the next year.

Soon the project looked less like a new operating system and more like a huge collection of new technologies; QuickDraw GX, System Object Model (SOM), and OpenDoc became core components of the system, while completely unrelated technologies like a new file management dialog box (the open dialog) and themes support appeared also. The feature list grew much faster than the features could be completed, a classic case of creeping featuritis. An industry executive noted that "The game is to cut it down to the three or four most compelling features as opposed to having hundreds of nice-to-haves, I'm not sure that's happening."

As the "package" grew, testing it became increasingly difficult and engineers were commenting as early as 1995 that Apple's announced 1996 release date was hopelessly optimistic: "There's no way in hell Copland ships next year. I just hope it ships in 1997."

In mid-1996, information was leaked that Copland would have the ability to run applications written for other operating systems, including Windows NT. Simultaneously allegedly being confirmed by Copland engineers while being authoritatively denied by Copland project management, this feature had supposedly been in development for more than three years. One user claimed to have been told about these plans by members of the Copland development team. Some analysts projected that this ability would increase Apple's penetration into the enterprise market, others said it was "game over" and was only a sign of the Mac platform's irrelevancy.

Developer Release

At WWDC 1996, Apple's new CEO, Gil Amelio, used the keynote to talk almost exclusively about Copland, now known as System 8. He repeatedly stated that it was the only focus of Apple engineering and that it would ship to developers in a few months, with a full release planned for late 1996. Very few, if any, demos of the running system were shown at the conference. Instead, various pieces of the technology and user interface that would go into the package (such as a new file management dialog) were demonstrated. Little of the core system's technology was demonstrated and the new file system that had been shown a year earlier was absent.

There was one way to actually use the new operating system – by signing up for time in the developer labs. This did not go well:

Several people at the show complained about the microkernel's lack of sophistication, notably the lack of symmetric multiprocessing, a feature that would be exceedingly difficult to add to a system due to ship in a few months. After that, Amelio came back on stage and announced that they would be adding that to the feature list.

In August 1996, "Developer Release 0" was sent to a small number of selected partners. Far from demonstrating improved stability, it often crashed after doing nothing at all, and was completely unusable for development. In October, Apple moved the target delivery date to "sometime", hinting that it might be 1997. One of the groups most surprised by the announcement was Apple's own hardware team, who had been waiting for Copland to allow the PowerPC to be natively represented, unburdened of software legacy. Members of Apple's software QA team joked that, given current resources and the number of bugs in the system, they could clear the program for shipping sometime around 2030.

Cancellation

Later in August 1996, the situation was no better. Amelio complained that Copland was "just a collection of separate pieces, each being worked on by a different team ... that were expected to magically come together somehow." Hoping to salvage the situation, Amelio hired Ellen Hancock away from National Semiconductor to take over engineering from Ike Nassi and get Copland development back on track.

After a few months on the job, Hancock came to the conclusion that the situation was hopeless; given current development and engineering, she believed Copland would never ship. Instead, she suggested that the various user-facing technologies in Copland be rolled out in a series of staged releases, instead of a single big release.

To address the aging infrastructure underneath these technologies, Amelio suggested looking outside the company for an unrelated new operating system. Candidates considered were Sun's Solaris and Windows NT. Hancock reportedly was in favor of going with Solaris, while Amelio preferred Windows. Amelio even reportedly called Bill Gates to discuss the idea, and Gates promised to put Microsoft engineers to work porting QuickDraw to NT.

Apple officially canceled Copland in August 1996 and reused the Mac OS 8 product name for codename Tempo, a Copland-inspired major update to Mac OS 7.6. The CD envelopes for the developer's release had been printed, but the discs had not been mastered.

After lengthy discussions with Be and rumors of a merger with Sun Microsystems, many were surprised at Apple's December 1996 announcement that they were purchasing NeXT and bringing Steve Jobs on in an advisory role. Amelio quipped that they "choose Plan A instead of Plan Be." The project to port NeXTSTEP to the Macintosh platform was named Rhapsody and was to be the core of Apple's cross-platform operating system strategy. This would inherit OpenStep's existing support for PowerPC, Intel x86, and DEC Alpha CPU architectures, and an implementation of the OpenStep libraries running on Windows NT. This would in effect open the Windows application market to Macintosh developers as they could license the library from Apple for distribution with their product, or depend on an existing installation.

Legacy
Following Hancock's plan, development of System 7.5 continued, with several technologies originally slated for Copland being incorporated into the base OS. Apple embarked on a buying campaign, acquiring the rights to various third-party system enhancements and integrating them into the OS. The Extensions Manager, hierarchical Apple menu, collapsing windows, the menu bar clock, and sticky notes—all were developed outside of Apple. Stability and performance were improved by Mac OS 7.6, which dropped the "System" moniker in favor of "Mac OS". Eventually, many features developed for Copland, including the new multithreaded Finder and support for themes (the default Platinum was the only theme included) were rolled into the unreleased beta of Mac OS 7.7, which was instead rebranded and launched as Mac OS 8.

With the return of Jobs, this rebranding to version 8 also allowed Apple to exploit a legal loophole to terminate third-party manufacturers' licenses to System 7 and effectively shut down the Macintosh clone market. Later, Mac OS 8.1 finally added the new file system and Mac OS 8.6 updated the nanokernel to handle limited support for preemptive tasks. Its interface is Multiprocessing Services 2.x and later, but there is no process separation and the system still uses cooperative multitasking between processes. Even a process that is Multiprocessing Services-aware still has a part that runs in the Blue Box, a task that also runs all single-threaded programs and the only task that can run 68k code.

The Rhapsody project was canceled after several Developer Preview releases, support for running on non-Macintosh platforms was dropped, and it was eventually released as Mac OS X Server 1.0. In 2001 this foundation was coupled to the Carbon library and Aqua user interface to form the modern Mac OS X product. Versions of Mac OS X prior to the Intel release of Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger), also use the rootless Blue Box concept in the form of Classic to run applications written for older versions of Mac OS. Several features originally seen in Copland demos, including its advanced Find command, built-in Internet browser, piles of folders, and support for video-conferencing, have reappeared in subsequent releases of Mac OS X as Spotlight, Safari, Stacks, and iChat AV, respectively, although the implementation and user interface for each feature is very different.

Hardware requirements

According to the documentation included in the Developer Release, Copland supports the following hardware configurations:

 NuBus-based Macintoshes: 6100/60, 6100/60AV (no AV functions), 6100/66, 6100/66 AV (no AV functions), 6100/66 DOS (no DOS functions), 7100/66, 7100/66 AV (no AV functions), 7100/80, 7100/80 AV (no AV functions), 8100/80/ 8100/100/ 8100/100 AV (no AV functions), 8100/110
 NuBus-based Performas: 6110CD, 6112CD, 6115CD, 6117CD, 6118CD
 PCI-based Macintoshes: 7200/70, 7200/90, 7500/100, 8500/120, 9500/120, 9500/132
 Drives formatted with Drive Setup
 For DR1 and earlier, the installer requires System 7.5 or later on a hard disk of 250MB or greater capacity.
 Display set to 256 colors (8-bit) or Thousands (16-bit).

See also

 Classic Mac OS
 MkLinux
 Workplace OS
 BeOS

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Copland retrospectives at MacKiDo, iGeek, and iGeek
Apple's Copland project: An OS for the common man, development history
"A Time Machine trip to the mid-'90s", MacWorld article with screenshots from Copland
The Long View, a retrospective analysis of the development cycle and code legacy of Copland into MacOS 8 and Carbon
Apple's Copland Reference Documentation
Computer Chronicles: Mac Clones, with a demo of Copland
Businessweek article on Copland

Aaron Copland
Apple Inc. operating systems
Macintosh operating systems
Macintosh platform
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
PowerPC operating systems
Object-oriented operating systems
Vaporware

Copland (operating system)


Ritmester Peder Hansen von Pultz (eller Peter von Pultz) er født d. 29. november 1695 på Rygård (Langå sogn) og død d. 2. januar 1764. Han er begravet d. 20. januar 1764 på Langå Kirkegård. Peder Hansen von Pultz er søn af ritmester Hans Henrik Friderich von Pultz og Marie Petersdatter von Pultz (født Hovenbeck).

Han blev d. 16. november 1724 gift med baronesse Edel Margrethe von Pultz (født Gyldenkrone) (Güldencrone).<ref name="MiddelfartAvis">Middelfart Avis, 22. september 1915: "En fynsk Gaardmandskones Stamtræ". (s. 3)</ref>

Peder Hansen von Pultz er døbt af Thomas Kingo d. 29. november 1696 i Langå Kirke på Sydfyn.

 Familie

 Ægteskab
Gift med Edel Margrethe Gyldenkrone, datter af baron Jørgen Gyldenkrone og baronesse Vibeke Dorthea Gersdorff, d. 16. november 1724. Parret fik 8 børn, blandt andre major Frederik Jørgen von Pultz.

 Børn
 Hans Frederik von Pultz (f. 15. aug. 1727, d. ?)
 Wibeke Marie von Pultz (f. 8. dec. 1729, d. 13. feb. 1811)
 Agnete Christiane von Pultz (f. 2. feb. 1731, d. 23. jan. 1783)
 Friderica Georgina (Frederikke Jørgine) von Pultz (f. nov. 1732, d. 13. jul. 1772)
 Frederik Jørgen von Pultz (f. 12. nov. 1734, d. 27. jan. 1811)
 Ida Helene von Pultz (f. 26. jun. 1737, d. 1742)
 Hans Vilhelm von Pultz (f. 1739, d. 1748)
 Ida Wilhelmina von Pultz (f. 1749, d. 1766)

 Militær
Peter von Pultz gjorde militærtjeneste og endte med rang af major.

 Ejerskab og besiddelser
Ritmester Peder Hansen købte ved en auktion i 1725 Rygård med kirker og 224 tdr. hartkorn fæstegods af sin mor Maren Marie Petersdatter von Pultz (født Hovenbeck).

 (1725-1764) Rygård (Langå Sogn) på Sydfyn

 Referencer

 Eksterne henvisninger
 F(rederik) Hjort: "En Husmandsfamilie fra Tommerup der binder den uddøde adelige Slægt von Pultz til den nulevende borgerlige Slægt Pultz" i Aabog for Odense og Assens Amter'', 1921.
 Johnnys Slægtsforskning - http://olhus.dk/getperson.php?personID=I519825&tree=tree1
 Dansk Center for Herregårdsforskning - http://www.danskeherregaarde.dk/nutid/rygaard

Slægten Pultz
Officerer fra Danmark

Peder Hansen von Pultz


The national emblem of Belarus features a ribbon in the colors of the national flag, a silhouette of Belarus, wheat ears and a red star. It is sometimes referred to as the coat of arms of Belarus, although in heraldic terms this is inaccurate as the emblem does not respect the rules of conventional heraldry. The emblem is an allusion to one that was used by the Byelorussian SSR, designed by Ivan Dubasov in 1950, with the biggest change being a replacement of the Communist hammer and sickle with a silhouette of Belarus. The Belarusian name is Dziaržaŭny hierb Respubliki Biełaruś (Дзяржаўны герб Рэспублікі Беларусь), and the name in Russian is Gosudarstvennyĭ gerb Respubliki Belarusʹ (Государственный герб Республики Беларусь).

Between 1991 and 1995, Belarus used a coat of arms, known as the Pahonia, as its national emblem. The Pahonia was originally a symbol of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, of which Belarus had historically been a part.

Description

Design
In the center of the emblem sits an orange outline of Belarus, superimposed over the rays of golden sun. The sun is partially covered by a globe, with the landmass (part of Eurasia) in red and waters in blue. Lining the left and right sides of the emblem are stalks of wheat, superimposed with flowers. Clovers adorn the left wheat stalks; flax flowers adorn the right. Wrapped around the wheat stalks is a red and green ribbon bearing the colours of the flag of Belarus; the ribbon meets at the base of the emblem, where the name Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь) is inscribed in gold in Belarusian. At the top of the emblem, there is a five-pointed red star.

Symbolism
The elements that comprise the state emblem are not tied to any "official" symbolism. The design of the emblem of the Byelorussian SSR was used as the basis for the current Belarusian emblem; the primary difference between the two is that the Byelorussian SSR emblem contains more references to Communism, such as the Communist symbol of hammer and sickle and pure red ribbon with Communist mottoes, which the modern emblem does not, replaced with the outline and the flag of Belarus, respectively; however, it still retains the communist red star, the red ribbon (albeit without the mottoes), the globe and the wheat bundles, which are also typical of Soviet emblems and still is very Soviet in nature.

Legislation

The current law regulating the design and use of the Belarusian emblem was passed on July 5, 2004. Article 9 of Chapter 3 of Law No. 301-3 begins by describing the official drawing of the Belarusian arms and regulates its proper design. Officially, the arms can be drawn in full colour, monochrome or using two colors. Article 10 states that the national emblem must be displayed at specified locations continually, such as the residences of the Belarusian leader, the chamber of the National Assembly and at governmental offices of national and regional levels.

The emblem can also be used on documents issued by the government, including money, passports and official letterheads. In addition, the emblem is displayed on all ballot boxes, campaign mailings and promotional standards when the election is starting.
It also appears on their border posts between Belarus and Russia.

The law also restricts the use of the emblem in other contexts—e.g. cities, towns or oblasts may not adopt a coat of arms or emblem using the national emblem either completely or in part. Furthermore, organizations not listed in the Law on State Symbols may only use the emblem by permission. The emblem can be used by both foreigners and citizens of Belarus, as long as the symbol is displayed with respect, although citizens may not use the state emblem on letterheads or business cards if they are not agents of the government.

History

Pahonia

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, despite the fact that the Belarusians share a distinct ethnic identity and language, they never previously had a political sovereignty prior to 1918. According to vexillologist Whitney Smith, the unique Belarusian national symbols were not created as a result of the foreign rule of the Belarusian territories by Prussia, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia until the 20th century. According to the formerly popular historian Arnold J. Toynbee, the pagan Lithuanians performed sweeping conquests of the Orthodox Ruthenians and this medieval greatness of Lithuania was conveyed in its heraldic emblem – a galloping horseman. The 18th-century Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev, who was at the time able to consult the subsequently lost Polotsk Chronicle, maintained that "from time immemorial the coat of arms of Belarus [White Rus′] depicted a knight on horseback with his sword raised."

At the same time, Belarusian nationalists viewed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a historical form of Belarusian statehood along with medieval principalities of Polotsk, Turov and others. In the Lithuanian state's early years, ruthenian culture dominated the region. The Lithuanians allowed their East Slavic vassals to remain Orthodox, maintain their privileges and authority in local areas. Extensively influenced by their outnumbering Ruthenian subjects, Lithuanians reorganized their army, government administration, and legal and financial systems on Ruthenian models. An older form of Belarusian (actually the Ruthenian language) was used as an administrative language in the 14th to 16th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. According to James H. Bater, the ruling Lithuanian warrior caste intermarried extensively with the nobility ruling the East Slav vassal principalities and accepted Orthodoxy. According to Richard Antony French, under Lithuanian rule, Belarusians had considerable autonomy.

This led to the Pahonia, one of the symbols of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, being accepted by Belarusian nationalists as a symbol of Belarus since the early 20th century. It was the official coat of arms of the Belarusian Democratic Republic since 1918. It was banned in the USSR, but widely and consistently used by the Belarusian post-World War II diaspora. Pahonia was the first coat of arms of the Republic of Belarus in 1991–1995. Since 1995, it has become one of the symbols of the democratic opposition to the authoritarian president Alexander Lukashenko, particularly during the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests.

Origins
Some Belarusian historians make a connection between the Pahonia and the cultural context, religious and mythological beliefs of Belarus' earliest inhabitants. Horse worship was widespread both among Slavs and Balts. Lithuanian mythologists believe that the bright rider on the white horse symbolizes the ghost of the ancestral warrior, reminiscent of core values and goals, giving strength and courage. In Belarusian folklore, Yarilo – the ancient pagan god of spring revival and soil fertility – was particularly present. He was described as a young and handsome man on a white horse. Lithuanian ethnologist and folklorist Jonas Trinkūnas suggested that the Lithuanian horseman depicts Perkūnas, who was considered as the god of the Lithuanian soldiers, thunder, lightning, storms, and rain in Lithuanian mythology. Very early on, Perkūnas was imagined as a horseman and archeological findings testify that Lithuanians had amulets with horsemen already in the 10th–11th centuries, moreover, Lithuanians were previously buried with their horses who were sacrificed during pagan rituals, and prior to that it is likely that these horses carried the deceased to the burial sites.

St George was and still is traditionally portrayed riding a horse. He was one of Byzantine Christianity's most popular saints, which spread in Belarus since the 10th century. Brothers Boris and Gleb, two saints revered by east Slavs, were frequently portrayed on a horse.

The Pahonia derives from the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was a regional symbol of Belarusian lands since the time when the territory of modern Belarus made up the largest part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where different variations of it were symbols of the Voivodeships of Minsk, Vitebsk, Polotsk, Brest Litovsk, Mstsislaw and Vilnius (of which the southern and eastern parts are now part of Belarus)

As Belarus was incorporated into the Russian Empire following the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, the Pahonia remained a key element of the coats of arms of some of Russian guberniyas established on the territory of Belarus: Vitebsk Governorate, Vilna Governorate. Besides that, under Russian rule, the Pahonia became an element (or the basis of) newly established coats of arms of numerous cities in Belarus and the neighbouring territories, including Polotsk, Vitebsk, Lyepyel, Mogilev and others.

20th century
The Pahonia was the state emblem of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. It was also featured on a postcard printed by the government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic as the symbol of most of the "Belarusian voivodeships". Since then, it is used by the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, the government-in-exile, as the "state symbol of Belarus".

As West Belarus became part of interwar Poland, the Pahonia was used as the symbol of several provinces established on its territory, namely the Polesie Voivodeship, the Wilno Voivodeship, and the Nowogródek Voivodeship.

It was also used by West Belarusian political and cultural organisations, such as the Belarusian Schools Society and others.

During World War II, the pro-German collaborationist Belarusian Central Council used the Pahonia as its symbol.

Since after the war, the Pahonia has been used by organisations of the Belarusian diaspora such as the Association of Belarusians in Great Britain, the Belarusian Canadian Alliance and the newspaper Biełarus. A publishing and printing house based in Toronto and New York was named Pahonia; it produced also Belarusian titles.

The Order of the Pahonia was established by the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in exile in 1949 as the highest state award of Belarus. Since 2022, the Medal of the Order of the Pahonia is awarded by the BNR Rada.

Pahonia features on the original jacket of the first anthology of Belarusian poetry in English translation, Like Water, Like Fire (London, 1971).

In the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union, the public demonstration of the Pahonia was banned, as was the case with non-Soviet national symbols in other republics of the Soviet Union.

As a state symbol in the Republic of Belarus
In the late 1980s, Belarusian pro-democracy organisations united under the Belarusian Popular Front have started using the symbols of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, including the Pahonia, as their symbols demanding democracy and independence of Belarus.

In 1991, after Belarus declared independence from the Soviet Union, the Pahonia became the coat of arms of the Republic of Belarus. The official version of the coat of arms was drafted by the artist Jauhien Kulik, an active member of the Belarusian Popular Front.

Referendum of 1995

The official status of Pahonia as the state coat of arms was cancelled in June 1995 by the authoritarian president Alexander Lukashenko following a controversial referendum held earlier that year. The legality of the referendum and the validity of its results has been actively questioned by the democratic opposition to Lukashenko. Supporters of the Pahonia also criticize that the Pahonia and the former White-red-white flag were compared to ones used by collaborationist forces during World War II in propaganda that was published during the run-up to the vote. The comparison was made as the white, red, white flag and Pahonia being used on the patches and symbols of the Belarusian Central Rada, the Belarusian administration that collaborated with Nazi Germany. Alexander Lukashenko claimed the selection of the Soviet-inspired symbols as a victory, especially to his Great Patriotic War veteran base, by saying "we have returned to you the flag of the country for which you fought. We have returned to you both memory and a sense of human pride."

Modern usage
Since the mid-1990s, the Pahonia is widely used by the opposition to president Lukashenko, alongside the white-red-white flag.  Persons have been arrested and subject to other political repressions for the public display of the Pahonia or the white-red-white flag.

Despite that, in 2007, the Pahonia has been included in the official list of objects of the immaterial historical and cultural heritage of Belarus.

Since the 1990s, the Pahonia is an element of the symbols of several Belarusian political and cultural organisations such as: the World Association of Belarusians, Union of Poles in Belarus,  Francišak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society. Numerous organisations of the Belarusian diaspora continue using the Pahonia as their symbol or as an element thereof since the 1940s.

In 2018, the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic awarded the Belarusian Democratic Republic 100th Jubilee Medal to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of BNR, which features the 1918 styled Pahonia.

The popularity of Pahonia in Belarus rose again during the mass protests that followed a controversial presidential election of 2020. The Pahonia, in its version as the coat of arms of Belarus in 1991–1995, was actively used by pro-democracy protesters in Belarus and at solidarity events internationally alongside the white-red-white flag. The patriotic anthem of the same name, Pahonia, inspired by the coat of arms, was one of the symbols of the protests against the regime of Alexander Lukashenko. Pahonia is also used by Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, the exiled leader of the protests.

According to Aleś Čajčyc, the Information Secretary of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, the English's Wikipedia's Pahonia article was deleted by Lithuanian nationalists, who redirected it to the Coat of arms of Lithuania. He encouraged Belarusians to edit Wikipedia in order "to defend Belarusian interests there" and "rebuff to the detractors of Belarus, of which there are many".
However the same year after secretary's statement the official Twitter account of the exiled government tweeted that the coat of arms is "a symbol of centuries of friendship between Belarusians and Lithuanians".

Emblem of the Byelorussian SSR

From 1920 until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Byelorussian SSR used an emblem instead of a coat of arms. The first emblem used by Soviet Belarus was adopted in 1919 and is similar to the contemporary insignia of the Russian and Ukrainian republics. The central part of the emblem is a stylized red shield, showing a golden sun rising from the base. Above the sun is a crossed golden hammer and sickle, symbolizing the unity between workers and peasants. Above the hammer and sickle, the letters Б.С.С.Р are shown in black, denoting the name of the republic. БССР (BSSR) is an abbreviation for the full name of the republic; "Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка", the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The shield is framed by ears of wheat meeting at its base and featuring a red ribbon inscribed in black with the state motto of the Soviet Union, "Workers of the World, Unite!" The text is written in the Belarusian language.

In 1937, this emblem was replaced by a new one, removing the shield and including more text. The right side of the emblem features oak leaves and the left features wheat ears with clovers placed on top. In the center of the emblem, the sun is rising behind a profile of Earth. A hammer, sickle and red star appears over the sun. Around the ears of wheat and leaves of oak is a red ribbon, featuring the phrase "Workers of the World, Unite!" written (from left to right) in Belarusian, Yiddish, Polish and Russian. The initials Б.С.С.Р are shown at its base denoting the name of the republic. Ten years before in 1927, the arms were the same except for the wording on the bottom ribbon. Instead of the letters reading БССР, the letters read "С.С.Р.Б", which stood for the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia.

This emblem was in turn replaced by a new one in 1950. The central feature of this symbol is a crossed hammer and sickle, a universal Communist symbol symbolizing the unity of workers and peasants. Below this symbol, a sun is shown rising behind a globe. The insignia is framed by ears of wheat, each ear ending in flowers; clover on the left and flax on the right. A red ribbon is wrapped around the ears of wheat, reminiscent of the red flag used by the Communist movement. The base of the emblem shows the letters БССР. The ribbon features the phrase Workers of the World, Unite! The left side is inscribed in Belarusian, the right side is in Russian. The red star of Communism is featured above the hammer and sickle. The 1950 version was designed by Ivan Dubasov, a People's Artist of the USSR. Article 119 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR defines the design of the emblem.

Amendments to the national emblem
In February 2020, the Belarusian parliament updated the emblem, with the globe centred on Belarus and showing more of Europe, rather than Russia and the colour of the outline map of the country changed from green to gold.

See also

Armorial of sovereign states
Belarusian heraldry
Coat of arms of Lithuania
Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Flag of Belarus
National symbols of Belarus

References

External links
President of the Republic of Belarus Official description of the National Emblem of Belarus
 2004 Law on the National Symbols of Belarus
 1995 Law on the National Emblem of the Republic of Belarus
 Brief history of Belarusian symbols
 Heraldicum – Emblems of the Republic of Belarus

National symbols of Belarus
Belarus
Belarus
Belarus
Belarus
Belarus
Belarus
Belarus
Belarus
Belarus

National emblem of Belarus


Trinité-et-Tobago pourrait participer aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 9 au . Il s'agirait de sa quatrième participation à des Jeux d'hiver et un retour après 25 ans d'absence.

La pays réussit à qualifier un équipage de bobsleigh à deux, comme c'était le cas lors des précédentes olympiades avec notamment Gregory Sun, dans la lignée de la participation de la Jamaïque aux épreuves de bobsleigh aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1988 popularisé par le film Rasta Rockett.

Bobsleigh

Le pilote Axel Brown associé au freineur John Shakeel constitue l'équipage qui se classe  au terme de la saison 2021-2022 en coupe du monde, suffisant aux jeux des quotas maximum par comité national pour prétendre à une participation.

a : courses 1 et 2b : course 3

Voir aussi
 Pays tropicaux aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver

Références

Trinité-et-Tobago
2022
2022 à Trinité-et-Tobago

Trinité-et-Tobago aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022


Vagabond er en svensk virksomhed, der fremstiller sko til både mænd og kvinder. Den blev grundlagt i 1973 og deres omsætning for 2016 var 684 mio. SEK.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sko
Beklædningsvirksomheder fra Sverige
Etableret i 1973

Vagabond (skomærke)