The Most Serene House of Braganza (), also known as the Brigantine dynasty (dinastia Brigantina), is a dynasty of emperors, kings, princes, and dukes of Portuguese origin which reigned in Europe and the Americas.

The house was founded by Afonso I, 1st Duke of Braganza, illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal of the House of Aviz, and would eventually grow into one of the wealthiest and most powerful noble houses of Iberia during the Renaissance period. The Braganzas came to rule the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after successfully deposing the Philippine Dynasty in the Restoration War, resulting in the Duke of Braganza becoming King John IV of Portugal, in 1640. The Braganzas ruled Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from 1640 and with the creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, in 1815, and the subsequent independence of the Empire of Brazil, in 1822, the Braganzas came to rule as the monarchs of Brazil.

The House of Braganza produced 15 Portuguese monarchs and all four Brazilian monarchs, numerous consorts to various European kingdoms, such as Catherine of Braganza (wife of Charles II of England who introduced tea to Britain) and Maria Isabel of Braganza (wife of Ferdinand VII of Spain who founded the El Prado Museum), as well as sometime candidates for the thrones of Poland and Greece, Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém and Pedro, Duke of Braganza, respectively, and numerous other notable figures in the histories of Europe and the Americas. The Braganzas were deposed from their thrones in Europe and the Americas at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, when Emperor Pedro II was deposed in Brazil, in 1889, and when King Manuel II was deposed in Portugal, in 1910.

Following the reign of King John VI of Portugal, the Braganzas were split into three main branches of the family: the Brazilian branch, headed by King John VI's eldest son, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, the Constitutional branch, headed by Emperor Pedro I's eldest daughter, Queen Maria II of Portugal, and the Miguelist branch, headed by King John VI's second eldest son, King Miguel I of Portugal. The Brazilian branch, following 1921, became the House of Orléans-Braganza, whose leadership is disputed by two branches of its own: the Vassouras branch, headed by Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza, and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza. The Constitutional branch died out with the death of King Manuel II in 1932, , by way of Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza. The claim to the Portuguese Crown, and thus to the leadership of the House of Braganza, passed to Duarte Nuno's son, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, who is currently the most recognized pretender to the Portuguese throne.

History

Feudal establishment

The House of Braganza originated with Afonso I, an illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal, founder of the House of Aviz, and Inês Pires. Though Afonso was illegitimate, his father valued and cared for him a great deal, demonstrated by his arrangement of Afonso's marriage to Beatriz Pereira de Alvim, daughter of Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portugal's most important general and a personal friend of King John I. As well as increasing his social status by his marriage into a well-established house, Afonso also became the eighth Count of Barcelos, an honour ceded to him by his father-in-law, who had been made the seventh count by John I.

With his newly consolidated place in the nobility of Portugal, Afonso commenced what would be a highly successful political and social career. In 1415 he took part in the Conquest of Ceuta, alongside his father, his brothers, and the leading members of the nobility and military. By the time of his father's death in 1433, Afonso had won favour with his brother, King Duarte I and the rest of high Portuguese society. With his brother's premature death in 1438, a regency was established for Afonso's nephew, the 6 year old King Afonso V, under the leadership of the king's mother, Leonor of Aragon, and later Afonso's brother, Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra. The Duke of Coimbra's regency, however, soon proved unpopular and Afonso quickly became the King's preferred advisor. On 30 December 1442, the Duke of Coimbra, still the King's regent and thus acting in his name, created Afonso as the Duke of Braganza, as a gesture of good will and reconciliation between the two brothers.  Afonso's elevation to the dukedom, the highest level of nobility, marked the foundation of the House of Braganza, which was to become a key family in Portuguese history.

As a result of the hard work and success of Afonso I, his children all secured successful positions and lived privileged lives. Afonso I's first son, Afonso of Braganza, was a prominent member of the nobility, having been ceded, by his grandfather, Nuno Álvares Pereira, the lucrative and powerful title of Count of Ourém, in 1422. He was an accomplished diplomat, and served as the king's representative at the Council of Basel in 1436, and the Council of Florence in 1439. In 1451, the Count of Ourém was made Marquis of Valença and escorted Infanta Leonor of Portugal to her husband Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Later, in 1458, he participated in the capture and conquest of Alcácer-Ceguer. The Marquis of Valença, however, died in 1460, one year before his father and therefore did not succeed him. Afonso I's first daughter, Isabel of Braganza, married Infante João, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, thus relinking the House of Braganza to the Royal House of Portugal. Isabel's strategic marriage proved successful, and produced four children, whose descendants would be some of the most important in Iberian history. Afonso I's last child and successor, Fernando I, Duke of Braganza, continued his legacy of prominence in the military and society.

When Fernando I was born, in 1403, his grandfather, Nuno Álvares Pereira, ceded him the title of Count of Arraiolos. Fernando became an accomplished military man, participating in various Portuguese imperial campaigns. Though Fernando I was a popular and powerful member of the nobility, he did not always find himself in the favour of the king, most notably exemplified when Fernando I openly declaimed King Duarte I, at the Portuguese Cortes, on the topic of the rescue and recovery of the King's brother, Infante Fernando, Lord of Salvaterra de Magos from the Moors. However, Fernando I became a favourite of both the royal and imperial government and of King Afonso V, earning him the position of Governor of Ceuta and the titles of Marquis of Vila Viçosa and Count of Neiva.

Fernando I's children, by his wife, Joana de Castro, Lady of Cadaval, continued to enlarge the influence of the House of Braganza. Of his nine children, all six who survived to adulthood established themselves either through positions or marriages, though the actions of King João II would seek to weaken their influence. Fernando I's first son and successor, Fernando II, was initially a bright and popular nobleman, but his conflict with King João II would see his and the House's downfall. His second son, João of Braganza, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo, was an accomplished military man and was made Constable of Portugal. Fernando's third son, Afonso of Braganza, became a popular nobleman of society and was made 1st Count of Faro. The Duke's fourth son, Álvaro of Braganza, inherited the fiefs of his mother, becoming the 5th Lord of Ferreira, 4th Lord of Cadaval, and 1st Lord of Tentúgal. Fernando's eldest surviving daughter, Beatriz of Braganza, married Pedro de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Vila Real. Fernando's last surviving child, Guiomar of Braganza, married Henrique de Meneses, 4th Count of Viana do Alentejo. Ultimately, however, Fernando I's children and grandchildren would suffer great difficulty under the reign of King João II.

By the tenure of the third duke, Fernando II, the House of Braganza was undoubtedly one of the greatest noble houses of Portugal and Iberia as a whole. Fernando II continued the House's legacy of acquisition and gained the title of Duke of Guimarães. To the Duke and the House's downfall, however, King João II's reign concerned itself with the royal consolidation of power and the diminishment of the nobility. In his mission to centralize power, the King executed many nobleman of the great houses of Portugal, alongside confiscating their properties and exiling their families. Fernando II, having been a prominent and powerful nobleman, was accused of treason and executed by King João II; the House's titles and properties were merged into the crown and its members exiled to Castile.

Due to their father's misfortunes, Fernando II's children, from his marriage to Isabel of Viseu, daughter of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and Beja, initially had a tumultuous childhood; but King João II's successor, King Manuel I, who had previously himself been the Duke of Beja, chose to forgive the House and re-grant them all their properties in exchange for their loyalty. Fernando II's oldest surviving son and successor, Jaime I, returned to Portugal and reestablished himself at Vila Viçosa, the former seat of the Dukes. Fernando II's only other surviving son, Dinis of Braganza, married  Beatriz de Castro Osório, Countess of Lemos, and had four children with her.

Portuguese Renaissance

Jaime I's tenure as Duke of Braganza was one of restoration and grandness. Upon his return to Portugal from exile, Jaime took possession of the House's formerly confiscated properties. In order to establish a new image for the House, he ordered the construction of a new seat for the House, which would become one of the largest palaces in Iberia, the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa. Jaime I's restoration also continued with the House's relations with the King, Jaime I having becoming a favourite of King Manuel I and even once his temporary heir. The Duke also had his share of scandal, having funded the conquest of the city of Azamor, for the royal crown as, as punishment for his ordering the murder of his first wife, Leonor Pérez de Guzman, daughter of Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia.

The children of Jaime I, both the two first children by his first wife, Leonor of Pérez de Guzman, and the later eight children by his second wife, Joana of Mendoça, all saw successful lives under the restored House of Braganza. Jaime I's first daughter, Isabel of Braganza, married Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães, and had three children, while his first son and successor, Teodósio I, was a successful prince of the Portuguese Renaissance. Five of Jaime I's children, Jaime, Maria, Fulgêncio, Teotónio, and Vicência, all entered into religious orders. The Duke's second daughter, Joana of Braganza, married Bernardino de Cardenas, 3rd Marquis of Elche, and his third daughter, Eugénia of Braganza, married Francisco de Melo, 2nd Marquis of Ferreira. Jaime I's only other son, other than Teodósio I, to not enter into the church, Constantino of Braganza, married Maria de Melo, daughter of D. Rodrigo de Melo, 1st Marquis of Ferreira, but had no children. Constantino was famed as a great officer of the Portuguese Empire, having served as the Viceroy of Portuguese India and Captain of Ribeira Grande, among other positions.

The fifth Duke, Teodósio I, is remembered for being the personification of the Portuguese Renaissance. A patron of the arts and scholarly noble, Teodósio I maintained the prestige of the House of Braganza, although not leaving a significant mark on the House's history. The Duke notably ceded the Dukedom of Guimarães to Infante Duarte of Portugal as the dowry of his sister, Isabel of Braganza.

Teodósio I's first son, Jaime of Braganza, died before he could inherit his father's titles, fighting alongside King Sebastião I at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir. The Duke's only daughter, Isabel of Braganza, married Miguel Luis de Meneses, 1st Duke of Caminha, though their union had no issue. Teodósio I's last child and successor, João I, lived a very different life from Teodósio I's calm and relatively peaceful tenure, having been involved in the controversies of the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and the subsequent War of the Portuguese Succession.

João I's tenure as Duke was one intertwined with controversy and intrigue. Having been married to Infanta Catarina, daughter of Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães, and thus a grandchild of King Manuel I, during the succession crisis of 1580, the couple pressed their claims to the Portuguese throne. Though Infanta Catarina was a popular claimant, her Habsburg cousin was eventually crowned Philip I of Portugal and the Iberian Union was established. In an attempt at reconciliation with the Brigantine House, King Philip I renewed the title of Constable of Portugal, which João I had held previously, to the Duke's first son, Teodósio II, alongside other title and land grants to the Duke and the House.

João I's daughters, Maria, Serefina, Querubina, and Angélica, were some of the most eligible ladies of Portugal and all Iberia, though the only one to marry was Serefina of Braganza, who married Castilian Juan Fernandez Pacheco, 5th Duke of Escalona. The Duke's oldest son and successor, Teodósio II, famously fought in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir at the age of ten and later became an accomplished general. João I's second son, Duarte of Braganza, was made 1st Marquis of Frechilla, and the Duke's third son, Alexandre of Braganza, became Archbishop of Évora, both receiving their titles and many concessions from King Philip I when the monarch was making amends with the House of Braganza. Unlike his other sons, João I's last son, Filipe of Braganza, died without marriage, children, or titles.

The seventh Duke, Teodósio II, became famous at a young age, having been made page to King Sebastião I and having marched into the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, alongside the King and his uncle, Jaime of Braganza, at the age of ten. Teodósio II later pledged his allegiance and became a faithful countryman to the Philippine Dynasty, having even defended Lisbon against King Philip I's rival claimant to the throne, António, Prior of Crato, who had been acclaimed, by his supporters, as King António I of Portugal. In recognition for his military prowess, Teodósio II was made Constable of Portugal. The Duke's support and service to the Philippine Dynasty, earned the Braganzas more lands and titles and, by 1640, the House had amassed around 80,000 vassals, alongside numerous churches, orders, and institutions under its patronage.

In 1603, Teodósio II married Ana de Velasco y Girón, daughter of Castilian Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías, and had four children with her. The Duke's first son and successor, João II, raise the House of Braganza to new heights of power, having launched the Portuguese Restoration War and been acclaimed King João IV of Portugal, thus installing the House as the ruling dynasty of Portugal. Teodósio II's second son, Duarte of Braganza, was made Lord of Vila do Conde and became a diplomat, serving at the court of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, but later died a prisoner as a cost of the Restoration War. Teodósio II's two other children, Alexandre and Catarina, both died without children, titles, or marriage.

Throne of Portugal

By 1640 the wise policies of D. Philip I in respect of Portugal were long past. The country was overtaxed, Portuguese colonies were left unprotected, and the King Philip III of Portugal no longer had the trust or support of most Portuguese nobility. He was especially loathed by the powerful Portuguese guild of merchants. Portugal, like the rest of Philip's kingdoms, was on the verge of rebellion.

The eighth Duke of Braganza, D. João II of Braganza, had inherited the claim of his grandmother, Infanta Catarina of Portugal, and the remoter claim through of his grandfather João I of Braganza. Because of his claims, the discontent Portuguese nobility asked João II to lead their restoration as their king.

According to court historians, D. João II was a modest man without particular ambitions to the crown. Legend says that his wife, Dona Luisa de Guzmán, daughter of the duke of Medina-Sidonia, urged him to accept the offer, saying "I'd rather be queen for one day than duchess for a lifetime." He accepted the leadership of the rebellion, which was successful, and was acclaimed João IV of Portugal on 1 December 1640.

After the accession of the Braganzas to the throne, the duchy was linked to the Crown. "Duke of Braganza" became the traditional title of the heir to the throne, together with Prince of Brazil and, later, Prince Royal of Portugal, much as Prince of Wales is in the United Kingdom or Prince of Asturias in Spain.

Under D. João's sons D. Afonso VI and D. Pedro II, the Portuguese colonial empire, part of which was lost during the Spanish occupation, was restored and expanded, bringing new wealth to Portugal.

The zenith of the Braganza dynasty came with the long reign of D. João V (1706–1750), who ruled with grandeur and piety. The reign of D. José I, son of D. João V, was marked by the great earthquake, which struck Lisbon in 1755. The political genius of his reign was the 1st Marquis of Pombal. The end of the 18th century was characterized by stability, under the rule of Dona Maria I (1777–1816), who discharged Pombal at her accession. Unfortunately Dona Maria became psychologically unstable, displaying similar symptoms to George III of the United Kingdom in his later years.

Realm in Brazil

In 1808, faced with impending Napoleonic invasion, the Braganzas transferred their royal court to the State of Brazil, Portugal's largest colony. Some time after they had crossed the Atlantic, a royal decree changed the status of Brazil from a Portuguese colony into kingdom alongside Portugal, and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. In 1821, D. João VI, who succeeded in 1816, returned to Portugal.

D. Pedro, Prince Royal of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, the eldest son of D. João VI and also regent in Brazil, sided with the Brazilian rebels in January 1822. He was acclaimed Emperor D. Pedro I of an independent Brazil in 1822, founding the Empire of Brazil. D. Pedro I ruled Brazil until 1831, when he abdicated in favor of his young son D. Pedro II, and returned to Portugal to aid his daughter D. Maria II (see below).

D. Pedro II, being only 6 years old at the time of his coronation, had a regency established. The regency would rule until 1840, when the Emperor turned 14 years old. His reign would last until 1889, when the Brazilian monarchy was abolished. His reign would see the abolition of slavery in Brazil, economic growth, and very long periods of tranquility and development in his empire.

Warring branches

In Portugal, D. Pedro I of Brazil became King as D. Pedro IV (1826), but no one wanted to re-establish the union of Portugal and Brazil. Pedro abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter Princess Maria da Glória, then seven years old. D. Pedro's brother D. Miguel was to act as Regent, and to marry Maria when she came of age. In 1828, Miguel instead proclaimed himself King of Portugal and repudiated the liberal constitution granted by D. João VI, trying to establish an absolute monarchy.

In 1828, Maria II was forced into exile by her uncle, the new King Miguel I. Her father D. Pedro IV of Portugal returned from Brazil, launched a successful military campaign, from the Azores, against Miguel I. He finally defeated and exiled Miguel I in 1834. Though exiled, Miguel would not give up his claim to the throne and would establish the Miguelist branch of the House of Braganza. The strategic marriages of his children to the various royal houses of Europe would earn him the nickname the "Grandfather of Europe" (see Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal).

First Reign of Brazil

On 7 September 1822, Dom Pedro of Braganza, Prince Royal of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, member of the House of Braganza, heir apparent to the Portuguese throne and Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, declared the country's independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and was acclaimed Emperor of Brazil. On 12 October, the prince was acclaimed Pedro I, first Emperor of the newly created Empire of Brazil, a constitutional monarchy. In 1825, signing the treaty of Rio de Janeiro of this date, his father, King Dom João VI, recognized the independence of the new state, the former Portuguese dominion, now Empire of Brazil.

Pedro I encountered a number of crises during his reign. A secessionist rebellion in the Cisplatine Province in early 1825 and the subsequent attempt by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (later Argentina) to annex Cisplatina led the Empire into the failed Cisplatine War. In March 1826, João VI died and Pedro I inherited the Portuguese crown, briefly becoming King Pedro IV of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Maria II. The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south ended with Brazil's loss of Cisplatina, which would become the independent republic of Uruguay. During the same year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Miguel, Pedro I's younger brother.

Other difficulties arose when the Empire's parliament opened in 1826. Pedro I, along with a significant percentage of the legislature, argued for an independent judiciary, a popularly elected legislature and a government which would be led by the emperor who held broad executive powers and prerogatives. Others in parliament argued for a similar structure, only with a less influential role for the monarch and the legislative branch being dominant in policy and governance.

The struggle over whether the government would be dominated by the emperor or by the parliament was carried over into debates from 1826 to 1831 on the establishment of the governmental and political structure. Unable to deal with the problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, the Emperor abdicated on behalf of his son, Pedro II, on 7 April 1831 and immediately sailed for Europe to restore his daughter to her throne.

Second Reign of Brazil

Pedro I's successor in Brazil was his five-year-old son, Pedro II. As the latter was still a minor, a weak regency was created. The power vacuum resulting from the absence of a ruling monarch as the ultimate arbiter in political disputes led to regional civil wars between local factions. Having inherited an empire on the verge of disintegration, Pedro II, once he was declared of age in 1840, at 14 years old, managed to bring peace and stability to the country, which eventually became an emerging international power. Brazil was victorious in three international conflicts (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War) under Pedro II's rule, and the Empire prevailed in several other international disputes and outbreaks of domestic strife. With prosperity and economic development came an influx of European immigration, including Protestants and Jews, although Brazil remained mostly Catholic. Slavery, which had initially been widespread, was restricted by successive legislation until its final abolition in 1888 by Princess Isabel.

Even though the last four decades of Pedro II's reign were marked by continuous internal peace and economic prosperity, he had no desire to see the monarchy survive beyond his lifetime and made no effort to maintain support for the institution. The next in line to the throne was his daughter Isabel, but neither Pedro II nor the ruling classes considered a female monarch acceptable. Lacking any viable heir, the Empire's political leaders saw no reason to defend the monarchy. Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's form of government, republicans began pressuring army officers to overthrow the monarchy. After a 58-year reign, on 15 November 1889 the Emperor was overthrown in a sudden coup d'état led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic headed by a dictator, forming the First Brazilian Republic. Throughout the coup Pedro II dismissed all suggestions put forward by politicians and military leaders for quelling the rebellion. The Emperor and his family were exiled to the Portuguese kingdom and France. Although there was significant monarchist reaction after the fall of the Empire, this was thoroughly suppressed, and neither Pedro II nor his daughter and heiress supported a forced restoration.

Constitutional Kings

In 1835, Queen Maria II of Portugal married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, later King Ferdinand II of Portugal. Despite the tradition of following the custom of patrilineal descent of royal houses, common throughout Europe, Article 5 of the Portuguese constitution of 1826 stated that "The Reigning Dynasty of the Most Serene House of Braganza Shall Continue in the Person of Lady Princess Maria da Glória, by the Abdication and Cession of Her August Father Lord Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, Legitimate Heir and Successor of Lord João VI.".

Maria II was succeeded in 1853 by her son D. Pedro V, a hard-working reformer who died prematurely in 1861 due to cholera. D. Pedro V was succeeded by his brother D. Luís, as D. Pedro V had no children.

D. Luís I was succeeded in 1889 by his son D. Carlos I. Carlos I's popularity dramatically declined after the British Ultimatum of 1890, whereby the Portuguese Empire ceded its claim to territories (known as the Pink Map) between Portuguese West Africa and Portuguese East Africa to the British. Pursuant to his unpopularity, the monarchy became increasingly unpopular in the country.

King Carlos I was assassinated in 1908 together with his eldest son, D. Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal and Duke of Braganza, by republicans. His younger son, D. Manuel, Duke of Beja, survived the attack on his father and elder brother and became king as Manuel II, but was toppled two years later in the 1910 republican revolution. After the revolution, Manuel was forced into exile in Great Britain by the Portuguese First Republic, but he would continue to support his fatherland until his death.

Modern Braganzas

Portuguese Braganzas

After the revolution of 1910, King Manuel II settled in England until his death in 1932. He was childless, and descendants of Miguel of Braganza (the usurper of 1826) claimed the throne. In 1920–22, the two (of the now four) branches of the House of Braganza negotiated an alleged pact , grandson of Miguel. Duarte Nuno, now Duke of Braganza, remained the Braganza pretender until his death in 1976. In 1942, he married a great-granddaughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, uniting the two lines of the House.

In 1950 Portugal repealed the law of exile against the Braganzas, and D. Duarte Nuno moved to the country in 1952.

Duarte Nuno was succeeded as pretender by his son, Duarte Pio of Braganza (born 1945). Duarte Pio served in the Portuguese Armed Forces and took the customary oath of allegiance to the Republic, but Portuguese monarchists recognize him as the pretender to the Portuguese throne. In 1995 he married Isabel de Herédia, a Portuguese businesswoman and descendant of Francisco Correia de Herédia, Viscount of Ribeira Brava (a Vitalício title, meaning Life peerage). He worked actively in support of the independence of East Timor from Indonesia.

Duarte Pio and Isabel have three children. Duarte Pio's oldest son is Afonso de Santa Maria, who bears the traditional titles of Prince of Beira (as heir apparent to the Portuguese pretender) and Duke of Barcelos (as heir apparent to the Duke of Braganza). He has a brother Dinis, Duke of Porto, and a sister, Infanta Maria Francisca.

Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza, who claimed she was an illegitimate daughter of King Carlos I of Portugal, began asserting that she was the heir to the throne from 1957. Allegedly, she adopted the Italian Rosario Poidimani, transferring her claimed rights to the Portuguese throne to him.

Brazilian Braganzas

After the military coup of 1889, Emperor Dom Pedro II settled in France until his death in 1891. His eldest daughter and family went to live in the Chateau d'Eu in French Normandy. She was recognized by Brazilian monarchists as Empress-in-Exile as Dona Isabel I of Brazil until her death in 1921.

She was succeeded by her grandson, Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza, as Head of the Imperial House of Brazil, and he by his son and current Head, Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza.

With the end of the banishment of the Imperial Family in 1920, some princes returned to live in Brazil, while another remained in Europe. After the end of World War II, Prince Pedro Henrique, then Head of the Imperial House and married to Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria, returned to Brazil with his family.

The Imperial House of Brazil divided into rival branches because of the renunciation of Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará in 1908 and the subsequent repudiation of that act by his descendants.

While some members of the two branches of the family subsequently lived in the Grão-Pará Palace, some married royalty or nobles and have lived in Europe, and others elsewhere in Brazil. A 1993 referendum on restoration of the monarchy was defeated, garnering 13.2 percent of the vote against 66 percent for the republic. Members of both the so-called Petropolis branch of Braganzas (Princes Pedro Gastão and his nephew, Joazinho of Orléans-Braganza) and the more broadly recognised Vassouras line of the Imperial Family led by Prince Luiz Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, participated in the restoration effort, and the Head of the Vassouras branch continues to lead a growing movement to restore the monarchy.

Braganza dukes and monarchs

Dukes of Braganza (before ascension to the throne)

Monarchs of Portugal

Monarchs of Brazil

Symbols

Wyvern

The traditional symbol and crest of the House of Braganza is a green wyvern, commonly taken to be a  dragon, representing Saint George, patron saint of Portugal.

This symbol can be found in many different monuments in Portugal and Brazil, such as the Monument to the Independence of Brazil in São Paulo and in the palaces of the Imperial family in Rio de Janeiro and Petrópolis. It is famously found atop the Portuguese Crown Sceptre, the Sceptre of the Dragon and the Sceptre of the Emperor of Brazil.

The wyvern is also sometimes used as a supporter in the coat of arms of both the Brazilian and Portuguese branches of the family.

Because of its use in heraldry by the Braganza as the ruling house, and given Pedro IV's link with Porto, a dragon was added to the old coat of arms of the municipality of Porto and is still a part of FC Porto's coat of arms, who are nicknamed "The Dragons".

Curse of the Braganzas

Since the 17th century, the House of Braganza has allegedly suffered from the Curse of the Braganzas (Portuguese: Maldição dos Braganças). For supposedly mistreating a Franciscan friar, a curse was purportedly placed on King João IV of Portugal, stating that never again would a first-born male of the Braganza Dynasty live long enough to succeed to the throne. Since the reign of King João IV, all first-born Braganza males, with only three exceptions, have died before they had the opportunity to reign as monarch, either in Portugal or Brazil.

Supposed victims of the Curse of the Braganzas:

Estates and properties

Armorial

Genealogy

Ducal line: Afonso I to Teodósio II (1377–1630)
Genealogical tree of the House of Braganza, during its ducal period, from origins of its founder, Afonso I, Duke of Braganza, to the issue of its last noble duke, Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza:

Royal line: João IV to João VI (1604–1826)
Genealogical tree of the House of Braganza, from its first monarch, João IV, King of Portugal, to the fracture of the house into its three main branches, in the issue of João VI, King of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves:

Constitutional line: Maria II to Manuel II (1819–1932)

Imperial line: Pedro I to Pedro II (1798–1891)
Genealogical tree of the Brazilian branch House of Braganza, from its first monarch, Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, to the issue of Pedro II, the last Emperor of Brazil.

Orléans-Braganza line: Isabel to Luiz & Pedro Carlos (1846–Present)
Genealogical tree of the House of Orléans-Braganza, from its origin to the current claimants:

 Vassouras line:
The descendants of Prince Luís of Orléans-Braganza

 Petrópolis line:
The descendants of Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará

Miguelist line: Miguel I to Duarte Pio (1802–Present)

Agnatic descendants of John IV

 John IV of Portugal
 Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
 Afonso VI of Portugal
  Peter II of Portugal
 João, Prince of Brazil
 John V of Portugal
 Pedro, Prince of Brazil
 Joseph I of Portugal
 Infante Carlos of Portugal
 Peter III of Portugal
 José, Prince of Brazil
  John VI of Portugal
 Francisco António, Prince of Beira
 Pedro I of Brazil
 Miguel, Prince of Beira
 João Carlos, Prince of Beira
  Pedro II of Brazil
 Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil
  Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil
  Miguel I of Portugal
  Miguel, Duke of Braganza
 Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu (renounced his succession rights)
 John de Bragança (1912–1991)
  Miguel de Bragança (1951–)
  Miguel de Bragança (1986–)
  Miguel de Bragança (1915–1996)
 Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza
  Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza
 Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
 Afonso, Prince of Beira
  Infante Dinis, Duke of Porto
 Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu
  Infante Henrique, Duke of Coimbra
  Infante Alexandre of Portugal
 Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja
 Infante António of Portugal
 Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém
  Miguel de Bragança (illegitimate)
  Dukes of Lafões

Non-agnatic branches

 Maria I of Portugal
 John VI of Portugal
  Pedro I of Brazil
 Maria II of Portugal
  House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  Pedro II of Brazil
  Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
  House of Orléans-Braganza
  Infanta Maria Ana Vitória of Portugal
  House of Bourbon-Braganza

See also
Descendants of John VI of Portugal
Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal
List of Portuguese monarchs
List of Brazilian monarchs
Curse of the Braganzas

Endnotes

References

Sources

External links
Geneall – Genealogy of the House of Braganza
CoinsHome – Family Tree of the House of Braganza

House of Braganza


سانتا كروث دي تِنِرِيفِه  هي مدينة إسبانية تقع شمالي شرق جزيرة تينريف عرض المحيط الأطلسي. هي عاصمة مقاطعة سانتا كروث دي تنريفه وجزر الكناري.

يعتمد اقتصاد سانتا كروث دي تنريفه بالأساس على السياحة بالإضافة إلى بعض الصناعات الكيماوية وتكرير النفط.

تأسست المدينة في عام 1494، وهو العام الذي بنيت الكنيسة للاحتفال بذكرى التأسيس. المدينة هي بوتقة تنصهر فيها الثقافات المختلفة، ويعطيها طابعها العالمي. يعيش في المدينة (جنبا إلى جنب مع السكان المحليين لكناريا) المهاجرين من أصول مختلفة : فنزويلا، وكولومبيا، وبيرو وبوليفيا، والهنود والعرب، وغيرهم.

المدينة لديها خمس دوائر إدارية ومنفذ من أهمية كبيرة، هي محور الاتصالات بين أوروبا وإفريقيا وأمريكا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية سانتا كروث دي تنريفه 222.271 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

الجذب السياحي
 تنريف أوبرا
 ساحة إسبانيا
 متحف الطبيعة والإنسان
 توريس دي سانتا كروث
 كنيسة الحبل بلا دنس
 معبد سانتا كروث دي تينيريفه الماسوني
 مركز التاريخية

توأمة
لسانتا كروث دي تينيريفه اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 ريو دي جانيرو
 سان أنطونيو
 قادس
 أراندا دي دويرو
 كاراكاس
 نيس

 غواتيمالا
 سانتو دومينغو

أعلام

 رأس الكلب
 سابين ترتيل
 دومينغو لوبيز توريس
 لويس مولوني
 روزيندو هيرنانديز
 بيدرو رودريغز
 إرنستو ليكونا
 عمر ماسكاريل
 آيوزي بيريز
 جوزيف س. هارت
 ليوبولدو أودونيل

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  الموقع الرسمي لمدينة سانتا كروث دي تينيريفه

أماكن مأهولة أسست في عقد 1490
أماكن مأهولة في تنريفه
بلديات إسبانيا
بلديات في تنريفه
تأسيسات القرن 15 في إفريقيا
تأسيسات سنة 1492
تأسيسات سنة 1492 في إفريقيا
تأسيسات سنة 1494
تنريف
عواصم إفريقيا
مدن جامعية في إسبانيا
مدن ساحلية في إسبانيا

سانتا كروث دي تنريفه


There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown (en español No hay tiempo para el amor, Charlie Brown o Este no es tiempo para el amor, Charlie Brown) es el noveno especial animado en horario prime-time basado en el popular cómic diario Peanuts, de Charles M. Schulz. Fue estrenado el 11 de marzo de 1973 por la CBS.

Sinopsis

Aún quedan tres meses antes de que finalice el ciclo escolar, y todos en la pandilla de los Peanuts están bajo la presión de demasiadas pruebas y tareas. Ellos tienen que prepararse para escribir un informe sobre la visita a un museo de arte.

Las calificaciones de Charlie Brown están descendiendo de A hasta C, y él tiene que sacarse una nota alta en su composición acerca del museo para salvar sus calificaciones de todo el curso. Simultáneamente, tiene que lidiar con los sentimientos Peppermint Patty y la recién llegada Marcie sienten hacia él, y con los constantes enredos en los que se envuelven.

Desgraciadamente, en el camino hacia el lugar, Charlie, su hermana Sally, Peppermint Patty, Marcie y Snoopy pierden al resto del grupo y no advierten que llegan a un supermercado, el cual confunden con el museo. Cuando Linus muestra a Lucy y Charlie Brown las fotografías que tomó en el museo, este último se da cuenta del error y pierde las esperanzas de salvarse de reprobar. Mientras espera la corrección de su informe, espera lo peor. Sin embargo, su maestra entiende la descripción del supermercado que Charlie realmente visitó como una analogía entre dicho lugar y un museo de arte, y le da la calificación que necesita.

En la escena final, Peppermint Patty se disculpa con Charlie Brown por decir cosas malas sobre él, sin embargo, se enoja con Charlie cuando este le habla sobre su amor hacia la Pequeña Pelirroja. Marcie, que estaba viendo y había llamado a su amiga jefa (Sir) a lo largo del especial, le recuerda a Peppermint Patty que volvió a equivocarse en su forma de dirigirse hacia Charlie. Ella le dice si se da cuenta de lo molesto que es ser llamado jefa cuando ella le repite que no lo haga, a lo que Marcie contesta: No, ma'am (No, señora).

Detalles

Este especial marca el debut en animación de Marcie, la amiga de Peppermint Patty, que había aparecido por primera vez en la tira cómica en 1971 (aunque una niña que recuerda a ella llamada Clara apareció en 1968).
Se hacen algunos comentarios satíricos en referencia al arte pop, en particular, a la obra de Andy Warhol Campbell's Soup Cans.

Reparto

El redoblaje venezolano de este especial se realizó originalmente para el programa Estás en Nickelodeon, Charlie Brown, a mediados de los 90.

Distribución

Edición en VHS

El especial fue lanzado en VHS varias veces a lo largo de los 80's y los 90's. En una oportunidad, fue editado por Kartes Video Communications. En el año 1996, fue editado conjuntamente con Someday You'll Find Her, Charlie Brown bajo la colección Snoopy Double Feature, del sello Paramount Home Video.

Edición en DVD

La película tuvo 2 ediciones en DVD: la primera, bajo el sello de Paramount Home Video, como un especial de bonus en el DVD de A Charlie Brown Valentine, conjuntamente con Someday You'll Find Her, Charlie Brown, el 6 de enero de 2004. En la segunda oportunidad, fue lanzado por Warner Home Video dentro de la colección Peanuts 1970's Collection - Volume 1.

Referencias

 Parte o la totalidad del artículo fue extraído del artículo There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown de la Wikipedia en inglés bajo la licencia GFDL.

Peanuts

There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown


3ds Max, Autodesk tarafından geliştirilen bir 3B modelleme, görselleştirme ve animasyon programıdır. MSDOS ortamında çalışan 3D Studio DOS yazılımının devamı olan 3ds Max'in son sürümü, 3ds Max 2024'dür.

Gelişmiş eklenti desteği ve kolay kullanımı ile 3ds Max, 3B modelleme yazılımları arasında en yaygın kullanıma sahip uygulamalardan biridir. Gelişmiş karakter modelleme özellikleri ile oyun geliştiricilerinin gözdesi haline gelmiştir. Film özel efektleri, mimari sunumlar ve endüstriyel tasarım sunumları gibi alanlarda da yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Tarihçe
DOS ortamında çalışan ilk sürümü Yost Group tarafından üretilmiş ve Autodesk tarafından yayımlanmıştır. 3D Studio 4. sürümünden sonra Windows NT platformu için yeniden yazılmış ve "3D Studio Max" adını almıştır. Bu versiyon ise Kinetix tarafından piyasaya sürüldü, Kinetix, Autodesk'in alt kuruluşu olan Medya ve Eğlence bölümüydü. Yazılım daha sonra geliştirilmeye devam etti ve ismi kısaltılarak "3ds Max" olarak değiştirildi.

Temel özellikler
3ds Max, parçacık sistemleri, karakter modelleme araçları, hareket yakalama araçları ve gelişmiş denetçiler gibi özellikleriyle tek bir pakette çok sayıda özelliği sunmaktadır. Ayrıca MAXScript adında tümleşik bir programlama dili vardır.

Modelleme
3ds Max çok sayıda temel nesneyi hazır olarak sunar. Mimari tasarımlar için de duvar, kapı, pencere ve merdiven gibi bileşenleri ölçülerini kolayca değiştirerek projeye eklemek mümkündür. 3ds Max ayrıca poligonal modelleme, NURBS modelleme, yüzey modelleme gibi teknikleri destekler.

Animasyon
3ds Max'in animasyon kontrolleri ile nesnelerin tüm özellikleri, materyaller, kameralar, ışıklar ve çevre özellikleri zaman içinde değiştirilebilir ve Curves Editor ile tüm bu özellikler üzerinde tam bir kontrol sağlanabilir. Değişken grafiklerinin Bezier eğrileriyle kontrol edilebildiği bu editör ile karmaşık animasyonların üstesinden gelmek mümkündür.

3ds Max, animasyon için klasik anahtar kare yöntemini kullanır. Zaman doğrusu içinde farklı noktalarda verilen değerler arası geçişi otomatik olarak yapar ve "Curves Editor" ile bu geçişlere ince ayarlar yapılmasına olanak verir.

Ters Kinematik çözümleyicisi ile birbirleriyle bağlantılı hareket eden objeler arası ilişkiler kolayca çözümlenir ve kare anahtarlama yöntemi ile kompleks mekanizmaların animasyonu yapılabilir. Ayrıca, pozisyon, bakış, yüzey, bağlanma, tutunma ve yönelme kısıtlayıcılarıyla gelişmiş animasyonlar yapılabilir.

Animasyon için kullanılabilecek diğer özellikleriyse uzay saptırıcıları ve niteleyicilerdir. Uzay saptırıcıları kendilerine bağlanan objelere, bükme, patlatma, rüzgar ve yerçekimi gibi etkileri uygularlar. Niteleyiciler ise modellemede kullanıldıkları gibi animasyon için de objeleri zaman içinde değiştirmede kullanılabilirler.

3ds Max'in en güçlü özelliklerinden biri de Havoc tarafından yazılan ve pek çok oyunda kullanılan ünlü fizik motoru Reactor'dür. Reactor ile yerçekimi etkisiyle düşme, esneme, sıçrama gibi fizik benzetimleri yapılabilir.

Rendering (Yorumlama)
3ds Max'in en zayıf yönü tümleşik render motorunun Maya, Cinema4D, Lightwave ve SoftImage gibi programlara göre daha kötü sonuçlar vermesiydi. Autodesk bu sorunun üstesinden gelmek için daha önce ayrı bir ürün olarak satılan Mental Ray'i 3ds Max'e dahil etti. 6. sürümden itibaren tüm 3ds Max sürümleriyle birlikte piyasadaki en güçlü render motorlarından biri olan Mental Ray'i kullanmak mümkün. Ayrıca, 3ds Max ile 3. parti render motorları da kullanılabiliyor, bunlardan bazıları; V-Ray Renderer, Maxwell Render, Brasil r/s ve finalRender'dır.

Sürüm geçmişi

Dış bağlantılar
 Autodesk 3ds Max Ürün Sayfası

Autodesk
1990 yazılımları
Üç boyutlu animasyon yazılımları

3ds Max


I sandsynlighedsregning og statistik er chi i anden-fordelingen (også kaldet chi kvadreret-fordelingen eller ) med k frihedsgrader fordelingen af en sum af k kvadrerede uafhængige normalfordelte stokastiske variable med middelværdi 0 og varians 1. Det er et specialtilfælde af en gammafordeling og en af de mest brugte sandsynlighedsfordeling inden for statistisk, dvs. i hypotesetest eller i skabelsen af konfidensintervaller. Da der skelnes mellem den mere generelle ikke-central chi i anden-fordeling, kaldes denne fordeling nogle gange central chi i anden-fordeling'.

Chi i anden-fordelingen bruges ofte i chi i anden-test til chi-fordeling af en observeret fordeling til en teoretisk fordeling, til uafhængighed af to kriterier til klassificeringen af kvalitativ data og til estimater af konfidensinterval for populationers standardafvigelse fra en normalfordeling af en normalt fordelt prøve. Mange andre statistiske tests benytter også denne fordeling, heriblandt Friedmans analyse af varians.

Definition

Hvis Z1, ..., Zk er uafhængige, normalfordelte stokastiske variable, da vil summen af deres kvadrater

være fordelt ved chi i anden-fordelingen med k frihedsgrader. Dette skrives normalt som

Chi i anden-fordelingen har en parameter: k — et positivt tal der specificerer antallet af frihedsgrader (dvs. antallet af Zi'er)

Tabel over χ2-værdi vs p-værdi
p-værdi er sandsynligheden for statistisk at observere en test hvor det mindst vil optræde én observation i en chi i anden-fordeling. Da fordelingsfunktionen for det pågældende antal frihedsgrader giver sandsynligheden for at få en værdi der er mindre end ekstremet ved dette sted, minus fordelingsfunktionens værdi fra 1 giver p-værdien. Tabellen herunder giver et antal p-værdier der matcher χ2 for de første 10 frihedsgrader.

En lav p-værdi indikerer støre statistisk signifikans, altså en større sandsynlighed for at observere en bestemt afvigelse fra nulhypotesen. En p-værdi på 0.05 bliver ofte anvendt som grænsen mellem at være signifikant og ikke signifikante resultater.

Disse værdier kan beregnes ved hjælp af kvartilfunktionen (den omvendte funktion til fordelingsfunktionen) til chi i anden-fordelingen..

Referencer

Litteratur

 Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Chi-squared distribution", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer,

Sandsynlighedsfordelinger

Chi i anden-fordelingen


Ferdinand Charles Honoré Philippe Félix, comte d'Esterno, né le  à Dijon et mort le  à Paris, est un agronome, inventeur et écrivain français.

Biographie

Fils d'Anne-Ferdinand comte d'Esterno et de Laurence Richard de Montaugé, il est élevé par sa mère. En 1823, devenu comte d'Esterno à la suite du décès de son oncle (1822), il termine ses études de droit à Dijon.

Attaché d'ambassade à Dresde, remercié en 1830, il s'occupe alors d'agronomie. Secrétaire de la Société d'économie politique, le comte d'Esterno effectue en 1864 des travaux sur le vol à voile et invente un oiseau mécanique. Dans son ouvrage Du vol des oiseaux, publié la même année, il propose d'expérimenter des engins imitant le vol des oiseaux. Jules Verne le mentionne au chapitre VI de son roman Robur-le-Conquérant.

Il est aussi l'auteur de pamphlets et de divers autres écrits dont :
 1838 : Des langues départementales en France
 1842 : De la misère, de ses causes, de ses remèdes
 1867-1868 : Des Privilèges de l'ancien régime en France
 1869 : Comment le roi s'amuse en France et la loi aussi
 1871 : Projet de réforme de la grammaire

Héritier de l'Hôtel d'Esterno, il meurt sans postérité.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Léonce Lex, Pierre Marie Siraud , Le conseil général et les conseillers généraux de Saône, 1888,

Liens externes

Agronome français
Inventeur français
Écrivain français du XIXe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1805
Naissance à Dijon
Décès en mai 1883
Décès dans le 2e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 77 ans

Ferdinand Charles Honoré Philippe d'Esterno


Kod Adı, başrollerini Gerçek Sağlar, Özgür Özberk, Korel Cezayirli, Nuri Gökaşan, Deniz Baytaş, Tomris Çetinel, Levent İnanır, Serap Sağlar, Kemal Başar, Ayşen Gürler, İlhan Kantarci, Selçuk Sazak, Onur Saylak, Lale Başar, Mehmet Ege, Mithat Erdemli, Tayfun Erarslan, Aslı Nihan Elmas  Servet Pandur ve Oktay Dal'ın paylaştığı; yapımcılığını eski Kültür Bakanı Fikri Sağlar'ın yönetmenliğini ise Çağatay Tosun (1. bölüm) ve Tevfik Şenol'un üstlendiği, 2006 yılında Kanal D'de yayımlanan polisiye türündeki Türk televizyon dizisidir.

Dizinin senaryo danışmanlığını gazeteci Emin Özgönül, senaryo yazarlığını Merve Ateşoğlu, Zeki Gürdal Karaoğlu ve Ayşem Özge Yoldaş, kurgu yönetmenliğini Elif Durak yapmakta, müziklerini Can Atilla hazırlamaktadır.

1996 yılında yaşanan Susurluk Kazası sonrası ortaya çıkan ilişkiler ağını kurmaca bir tarzda ele alan televizyon dizisinin ilk bölümü 4 Eylül 2006 tarihinde yayımlandı. 13 Kasım 2006 tarihinde yayımlanan 10. bölümden sonra yayından kaldırılmıştır. Daha sonra 2007 yılında tekrar Kanal D'de Kod Adı Kaos adı ile yayımlanmaya devam etti ve 4. bölümü ile sona erdi.

Oyuncu kadrosu ve karakterler
 Gerçek Sağlar
 Özgür Özberk
 Korel Cezayirli
 Nuri Gökaşan
 Deniz Baytaş
 Tomris Çetinel
 Levent İnanır
 Serap Sağlar
 Kemal Başar
 Ayşen Gürler
 İlhan Kantarci
 Selçuk Sazak
 Onur Saylak
 Lale Başar
 Mehmet Ege
 Mithat Erdemli
 Tayfun Erarslan
 Aslı Nihan Elmas
 Servet Pandur
 Oktay Dal

Konusu
Oteller sahibi Hasan Aladağ (Levent İnanır), Ankara'daki evinin önünde faili meçhul bir cinayete kurban gider. Organize Suçlar Dairesi'nde emniyet amiri olarak yeni göreve başlayan Can Özbayram (Özgür Özberk) ve ekibi bu cinayeti araştırmak ile görevlendirilir.

Cinayeti çözme sürecinde Can çok farklı olaylar ile, kişiler ile ve oyunlar ile karşılaşır. Hasan Aladağ cinayeti sıradan bir cinayet değildir. Katiller emniyet teşkilatı içinde uzun yıllar terör ile mücadele eden polislerdir. Bazı güçler cinayetin ve cinayeti işleyen polislerin diğer suçlarının üstünü örtmeye çalışmaktadırlar.

Bu sırada Hasan Aladağ cinayeti ile ilgilenen sadece emniyet değildir. Genç ve yetenekli bir gazeteci olan Berna Keskinok (Gerçek Sağlar), mesleğinde yükselebilmek için iyi bir haber peşindedir. Tarık Ateşoğlu (Nuri Gökaşan)'nun de desteği ile bu cinayetin nedenlerini araştırmaya başlar. Annesi Zeliha Keskinok (Deniz Baytaş) ve dedesi Vecdi Keskinok (Çetin Öner) ise  Berna'nın gazeteci olmasını istememektedir.

Hasan Aladağ cinayetinin peşine düşenlerden biri de, ABD'de yaşayan oğlu Semih Aladağ'dır (Korel Cezayirli). Babası öldürüldüğünde tatil için Ankara'dadır. Bir anda kendini bambaşka bir dünyanın içinde bulur.

Hasan Aladağ'ın öldürülmesi birçok karmaşık ilişkinin su yüzüne çıkmasını sağlar. Su yüzüne çıkması sakıncalı olan durumları yok etmek için başka cinayetler de işlenecektir.

Yaptığı araştırmalar sırasında dedesi Vecdi Keskinok hakkında bazı gerçekleri öğrenmeye başlayan Berna, ne yapacağını bilemez. İnandığı ilkeler ile güvendiği devlet düzeni gerçekte çok farklı görünmektedir. Mesleki başarıyı bırakır, gerçeklere ulaşma arzusu ile yanıp tutuşur. Karşılaştığı gerçekler onu zaman zaman kuvvetlendirir, zaman zaman hayal kırıklığına uğratır. Berna kendisini aynı zamanda bir aşk üçgeninin içinde bulur. Tutkulu aşkı Semih ile, duygulu aşkı Can ile yaşar. Berna'nın kafası iyice karışır.

Yapım
Dizinin çekimlerine Temmuz 2006'da, Ankara'da başlandı. 1996 yılında yaşanan Susurluk Kazası sonrasında yaşananları konu alan dizi, Fikri Sağlar ile Emin Özgönül'ün birlikte yazdığı Kod Adı Susurluk adlı kitaptan esinlenilmişti. Dizi aynı zamanda, ülkedeki özel televizyon kanalları arasında, Prime time zaman diliminde yayınlanan ve Ankara'da çekilen ilk dizi olma özelliğini de taşıyordu. Dizinin yönetmenliği ilk bölümde Çağatay Tosun, ilerleyen bölümlerde Tevfik Şenol tarafından üstlenildi.

Yayın takvimi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kod adı dizisinin resmi sitesi
 Kod adı dizisinin resmi forum sitesi
 Kod adı

Kanal D dizileri
Susurluk Kazası
2006'da başlayan Türk televizyon dizileri
2006'da sona eren Türk televizyon dizileri
Türk polisiye televizyon dizileri
Türk suç televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde Türkçe televizyon dizileri

Kod Adı


An Haworthia agnis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Battista. An Haworthia agnis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Haworthia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Haworthia

Haworthia agnis


Goraya es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Jalandhar, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 245  a 123 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 19 974 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Goraya


An Semiarundinaria fortis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gen-Iti Koidzumi. An Semiarundinaria fortis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Semiarundinaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Semiarundinaria

Semiarundinaria fortis


La  se déroule en Nouvelle-Zélande et en Australie en  et .

Les Français jouent quatorze matchs, douze en Nouvelle-Zélande, puis deux en Australie. Ils disputent quatre test matchs, trois contre la Nouvelle-Zélande et un contre l'Australie.

L'équipe de France perd les quatre test matchs contre la Nouvelle-Zélande et l'Australie. Au total, elle remporte neuf des quatorze matchs sur l'ensemble de la tournée.

Résultats
Lors des tournées, seuls les matchs disputés contre une équipe nationale sont officiellement enregistrés en tant que test match, et joués à ce titre par l'équipe de France. Les autres rencontres sont quant à elles jouées par la sélection « France XV », contre des équipes provinciales néo-zélandaises de l'île du Sud (Marlborough, Otago, Southland), de l'île du Nord (Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu, King Country, North Auckland, Waikato), puis contre une équipe territoriale australienne (Queensland) ; bien que les joueurs soient les mêmes que ceux de l'équipe de France, aucune cape internationale n'est décernée pour les joueurs français y participant.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 France-Nouvelle-Zélande en rugby à XV
 Australie-France en rugby à XV

Bibliographie

1968
France 1968
France 1968
Rugby à XV en 1968

Tournée de l'équipe de France de rugby à XV en 1968


Hoya chinghungensis (chin. 景洪球兰 jing hong qiu lan) ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung der Wachsblumen (Hoya) aus der Unterfamilie der Seidenpflanzengewächse (Asclepiadoideae). Sie kommt in Südchina und Myanmar vor.

Merkmale
Hoya chinghungensis wächst epiphytisch hängend; die flaumig behaarten Triebe werden bis zu 2 m lang und verzweigen sich überwiegend an der Basis. Die Blätter besitzen kurze, etwa 1,5 mm lange, flaumig behaarte Stiele. Die sattgrünen Blattspreiten sind breit-eiförmig bis gerundet-dreieckig 1 bis 1,5 cm lang und 0,7 bis 1,1 cm breit. Die Basis ist gerundet bis gerade, das äußere Ende spitz bis stumpf auslaufend. Die Mittelader ist erkennbar, die seitlichen Adern sind obsolet.

Der endständige Blütenstand ist 4 bis 5-blütig (4- bis 7-blütig) und hängend. Die Stiel des Blütenstandes sind sehr kurz (kürzer als die Blütenstiele), oft sogar fehlen sie. Drei bis vier (sechs) Einzelblüten gruppieren sich um eine Zentralblüte herum. Die Blütenstiele variieren in der Länge von 0,8 bis 1,2 cm. Die Einzelblüte hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 1 bis 1,2 (1,3) cm. Die dicht flaumig behaarten Kelchblätter sind mehr oder weniger eiförmig, 1,5 bis 2 mm lang und ca. 1,2 mm breit. Das äußere Ende ist stumpf. Die Blütenkrone ist weiß und sternförmig, oder mit leicht zurückgebogenen Kronzipfeln. Diese sind dreieckig-eiförmig, ca. 3,5 lang und an der Basis 4,5 mm breit mit etwas gerundetem Apex. Sie sind außen kahl, innen sehr fein flaumig behaart. Die Nebenkronzipfel sind glasig rosa und dreieckig. Der äußere Fortsatz ist zugespitzt, der innere Fortsatz liegt dem Staubblatt an und erreicht die Fortsätze der Staubblätter. Diese überlappen sich im Zentrum über dem Griffelkopf geringfügig. Die länglich-lanzettlichen Pollinia sind 0,4 bis 0,5 mm lang und ca. 0,2 mm breit und hellgelb. Die hängenden Balgfrüchte sind schmal-spindlig 7 bis 9 cm lang, bei einem Durchmesser von 3 bis 4 mm; die Oberfläche ist glatt. Die Samen sind gestreckt-länglich ca. 2,5 mm und 0,3 mm dick. Der weiße Haarschopf misst ca. 2 cm. Die Art blüht am Naturstandort im Juni und bildet Früchte von Juli bis Oktober.

Ähnliche Arten
Hoya chinghungensis ist eng mit Hoya bella, Hoya lanceolata und Hoya engleriana verwandt. Die Blätter sind kleiner als bei diesen Arten. Auch sind die Kronzipfel stärker zurückgebogen als bei den drei anderen Arten.

Geographische Verbreitung und Habitat
Die Art kommt im Süden der Provinz Yunnan (Südchina), in Myanmar und Thailand (beim Tee-Lao-Su-Wasserfall, Mae Sod-District, Tak-Provinz, in der Nähe zur Grenze zu Myanmar) vor. Sie wächst in dichten Wäldern in 1500 bis 2000 m über dem Meeresspiegel.

Taxonomie
Die Art wurde 1974 von Ying Tsiang und Ping-tao Li ursprünglich als Dischidia chinghungensis beschrieben. Sie wurde 1995 von Michael Gilbert et al. umklassifiziert und zur Gattung Hoya gestellt. Der Holotyp war im September 1936 von C. W. Wan bei Che-li Hsien, Meng- soong, Dah-Meng-Lung (Yunnan, China) in 1900 m über Meeresspiegel gesammelt worden. Gilbert et al. (1995) deuten die Möglichkeit an, dass Hoya bella und Hoya chinghungensis lediglich Unterarten von Hoya lanceolata sind. Die Flora of China behandelt Hoya chinghungensis jedoch wieder als eigenständige Art, ebenso Somadee & Kühne (2011).

Literatur
  Michael G. Gilbert, W. D. Stevens & Li Ping-tao: Notes on the Asclepiadaceae of China. Novon, 5(1): 1–16, 1995 Online bei JSTOR
 Surisa Somadee und Jens Kühne: Hoya 200 verschiedene Wachsblumen. 96 S., Formosa-Verlag, Witten 2011 ISBN 978-3-934733-08-4 (S. 36)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

  www.myhoyas.com

chinghungensis
chinghungensis

Hoya chinghungensis


Bokel er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Hörnerkirchen under Kreis Pinneberg. Kreis Pinneberg ligger i den sydlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Bokel er beliggende 8 km nord for Barmstedt. Den lille sø Mühlenteich ligger i kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Pinneberg

Bokel (Kreis Pinneberg)


Ingrid, Palle og lydene er en dansk kortfilm fra 2005, der er instrueret af Lasse Lindsteen.

Handling
Palle hører mystiske lyde fra kælderen, men hans kone Ingrid forbyder ham at tale om det, for hvad vil naboerne ikke tænke...?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Ingrid, Palle og lydene


Kadıköy, Muğla ilinin Seydikemer ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
20 Ağustos 1998 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile Seydikemer ilçesine bağlı bir mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Fethiye merkeze 40 km uzaklıkta bulunan Saklıkent ve Tlos bölgeleri arasıda bulunan mahalle.

Kaynakça

Seydikemer'in mahalleleri

Kadıköy, Seydikemer


Samuel Giuseppe Vito Volterra (kendt som Vito Volterra, født 3. maj 1860 i Ancona, Kirkestaten, død 11. oktober 1940 i Rom, Italien) var en italiensk matematiker, fysiker og senator. Han er mest kendt for sit arbejde med integralligninger. Volterra var en af grundlæggerne af funktionalanalyse selvom ordet funktional først blev introduceret senere af Jacques Hadamard. Volterra bliver anset som en sin tids største matematikere. Han har også bidraget til bl.a. himmelmekanik, elasticitetsteori og matematisk biologi.

Opvækst og uddannelse
Vito Volterra blev født 3. maj 1860 i Ancona, dengang i Kirkestaten, i en jødisk familie. Hans forældre var Abramo Volterra, en tekstilkøbmand, og Angelica Almagià, som var blevet gift året før.

Giuseppe Garibaldis hær angreb Ancona i august 1860, og Vitos vugge blev ødelagt af et missil mens Vito lå i den, men Vito overlevede. Vito Volterras far døde da Vito var to år gammel, og efterlod mor og søn uden penge. Familien overlevede kun med hjælp fra morens bror, Alfonso Almagià. De flyttede til Terni og senere til Torino og Firenze hvor Vito Volterra boede i størstedelen af sin barndom. Han læste Legendres Geometri som 11-årig og blev interesseret i matematik.

Efter grundskolen studerede Vito Volterra på en teknisk skole og senere i tre år på Galileo Galilei Teknisk Institut i Firenze. Hans onkel Edoardo Almagià var ingeniør og havde et ingeniørfirma som arbejdede med bygning af jernbaner. På grund af familiens fattigdom blev Vito Volterra opfordret til at stoppe uddannelsen og i stedet tage arbejde i Edoardo Almagiàs firma, men han var opsat på at fortsætte studierne og fik støtte af Edoardo Almagià og lærere på Teknisk Institut som så hans store talent. Han fik et arbejde som fysiklærer i Firenze i 1877 så han kunne fortsætte studierne. Vito Volterra var i stand til starte på Universitet i Pisa i 1878. I 1879 bestod han optagelsesprøven til Scuola Normale Superiore i Pisa med den højeste karakter og fik et stipendium der gav gratis undervisning, kost og logi.

Karriere
Han afsluttede uddannelsen i 1882 og blev først assistent, og i 1883 professor i mekanik i Pisa. Han blev hurtigt en anerkendt matematiker. I 1892 blev han professor i mekanik på Universitetet i Torino, og i 1900 professor i matematisk fysik på Roms Universitet. Vito Volterra blev medlem af Società Italiana delle Scienze i 1894, af Accademia delle Scienze di Torino i 1895 og Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Italiens mest prestigefyldte videnskabsakademi, i 1899.

Vito Volterra giftede sig med Virginia Almagià, Edoardo Almagiàs datter, i 1900. Deres første barn blev født i 1901, men døde kort tid efter fødslen. De fik derudover børnene Luisa (1902), Edoardo (1904), Enrico (1905), Gustavo (1906, døde få måneder gammel) og Gustavo (1909).

I 1905 blev Volterra medlem af det italienske senat. Ved udbruddet af første verdenskrig var Volterra fortaler for at Italien skulle tilslutte sig den fransk-britiske entente. Da Italien endte sin neutralitet i 1915, meldte han sig frivilligt til luftvåbenet og blev hurtigt involveret i militær forskning. Han var den første som foreslog at bruge helium i luftskibe i stedet for brint, og hjalp med at organisere fabrikationen af helium i Italien.

Efter krigen begyndte han at arbejde med matematisk biologi herunder logistiske funktioner og vekselvirkningen mellem rovdyr og byttedyr. Han står bag Lotka-Volterra-ligningerne, som også blev opdaget uafhængigt af Alfred J. Lotka.

I 1920 blev Volterra valgt til formand til Società Italiana delle Scienze, i 1921 for Bureau International des Poids et Mesures og i 1923 til formand for Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.

Volterra var imod fascismen. I 1925 tilsluttede han sig en gruppe af anti-fascistiske senatorer. Det var den eneste lovlige anti-fascistiske gruppe som Mussolini var tvunget til acceptere, da han ikke kunne opløse Senatet hvis medlemmer var udpeget på livstid af kongen. Volterra blev tvunget til at forlade sit professorat i Rom i 1931 fordi han som en af kun 12 professorer nægtede at aflægge troskabsed til fascistregeringen. I de efterfølgende år levede Volterra i hovedsageligt uden for Italien i Frankrig og andre lande. I 1934 mistede han sine medlemskaber af de italienske vidensskabsakademier da en troskabsed blev påtvunget deres medlemmer. I 1938 blev Volterras familie ramt af Italiens racelovning og to af hans sønner mistede universitetsstillinger fordi de var jøder. Volterra selv var som senator beskyttet mod de værste aspekter af antisemitisme-lovgivningen.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Vito Volterra i Den Store Danske

Referencer

Matematikere fra Italien
Fysikere fra Italien
Jøder fra Italien
Medlemmer af Videnskabernes Selskab
Økologer
Populationsdynamik
Politikere fra Italien
Italienere i 1800-tallet
Italienere i 1900-tallet
Biofysikere

Vito Volterra


Oktan bir alkandır. Kimyasal formülü CH3(CH2)6CH3dür. 18 adet izomeri bulunur.

İzomerleri

Oktanın 18 izomeri vardır :
 Oktan
 2-Metilheptan
 3-Metilheptan
 4-Metilheptan
 3-Etilheksan
 2,2-Dimetilheksan
 2,3-Dimetilheksan
 2,4-Dimetilheksan
 2,5-Dimetilheksan
 3,3-Dimetilheksan
 3,4-Dimetilheksan
 2-Metil, 3-Etilpentan
 3-Metil, 3-Etilpentan
 2,2,3-Trimetilpentan
 2,2,4-Trimetilpentan
 2,3,3-Trimetilpentan
 2,3,4-Trimetilpentan
 2,2,3,3-Tetrametilbütan

Hidrokarbonlar
Alkanlar

Oktan


Les anciens libéraux désignent les libéraux qui, après 1849, s'inscrivent dans la tradition du libéralisme constitutionnel modéré du Vormärz et de la révolution de 1848/49. Au sens étroit, le terme est utilisé pour désigner un groupe parlementaire à la Chambre des représentants de Prusse. Leur origine est la fraction Vincke dans les années 1850. Ses députés, s'ils n'ont pas déjà rejoint le Parti progressiste en 1861, leurs députés sont absorbés dans les libéraux nationaux ou dans le Parti conservateur libre après 1866.

Concept et délimitation
Le terme ancien libéral est contemporain et est utilisé, entre autres, par Robert von Mohl après 1849 pour décrire les partisans d'un système de gouvernement constitutionnel. Le terme est également utilisé pour décrire d'autres personnes. C'est ainsi que les démocrates qualifient les « retardataires » de leurs revendications. Cette utilisation reflète que la revendication du libéralisme en tant que mouvement politique global commence à se diviser le long de diverses lignes de fracture idéologiques. Après que le camp libéral se soit encore différencié dans les années 1860, le terme anciens libéraux désigne le groupe entre les libéraux de gauche du Parti progressiste et les libéraux nationaux.

Ancienne faction libérale en Prusse
À la Chambre des représentants de Prusse, la faction Vincke, du nom de Georg von Vincke, qui émerge au milieu des années 1850, est un groupe considéré comme ancien libéral au sens général. Au parlement, elle représente d'abord la gauche, car les libéraux et les démocrates de gauche sont en partie exposés à la répression de l'ère réactionnaire ou ne participent pas aux élections pour protester contre cette politique. Ce n'est qu'avec le début de l'ère nouvelle que les libéraux de gauche recommencent à participer à la vie politique. Leurs députés rejoignent initialement le groupe parlementaire Vincke.

De 1858 à 1861, le groupe parlementaire Vincke est majoritaire à la Chambre des représentants. Aux élections de 1858, les anciens libéraux représentent 58 % de députés. Pendant ce temps, les anciens libéraux ont la plus grande influence politique. Les ministres du gouvernement sont proches d'eux ou de l'hebdomadaire libéral-conservateur du parti. Le ministre de l'Intérieur, Maximilian von Schwerin-Putzar, et le ministre des Finances, Robert von Patow, sont d'anciens libéraux.

À long terme, cependant, les divergences au sein du groupe parlementaire ne peuvent pas être comblées. L'aile gauche présente un programme qui appelle à une orientation libérale plus claire. Cependant, la majorité du groupe rejette cela. Le résultat fait une scission de 19 députés en février 1861, qui fusionnent pour former la faction Forckenbeck, du nom de Max von Forckenbeck. Peu de temps après, le Parti progressiste émerge de ce groupe, avec des membres de l'Association nationale allemande. Cette scission affaiblit nettement les anciens libéraux. Aux élections de 1861, ils obtiennent 40 % avec le centre gauche, tandis que le Parti progressiste obtient 29,5 %. En 1865, le rapport est de 30 % et 40 %. Cependant, lors des élections de 1866, qui ont lieu au milieu de l'ambiance patriotique de la guerre austro-prussienne, les anciens libéraux réalisent des gains considérables aux dépens des libéraux de gauche. Après cette élection, la faction ancienne libérale se forme autour de Vincke à la Chambre des représentants.

Fin
La fondation du Parti national-libéral à partir de novembre 1866 affaiblit les anciens libéraux au sens large et étroit. Un reste des anciens libéraux est représenté dans le premier Reichstag de l'Empire allemand de 1871 à 1874 en tant que groupe parlementaire du parti libéral impérial. Dans la mesure où leurs représentants sont réélus, ils sont absorbés par les nationaux-libéraux ou le Parti conservateur libre.

Bibliographie
 Gerd Fesser: Altliberale (Al) 1849–1876. In: Dieter Fricke u. a. (Hrsg.): Lexikon zur Parteiengeschichte. Bd. 1. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1983, DNB 850223156, S. 59–65.
 : Geschichte der deutschen Parteien seit 1848. 2. Auflage. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart u. a. 1967, DNB 458434701, S. 48, 57, 59.

Références

Libéralisme

Anciens libéraux


Henry George Alfred Marius Victor Francis Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (7 November 1898 – 22 September 1987), was a British peer. He was the son of George, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, and Almina Wombwell.

Life
Styled Lord Porchester from birth, he described in his memoirs an unloving upbringing by his parents, spending much of his time with his grandmother Marie "Mina" Wombwell (). He was educated at Ludgrove School, Eton and Sandhurst. During the First World War he served with the 7th Queen's Own Hussars in India and Mesopotamia, remaining in the army after the war.

He inherited the Earldom of Carnarvon in April 1923 on the death of his father – who had funded archaeologist Howard Carter's search for the tomb of Tutankhamun. The new earl's view of the suggested 'Curse of Tutankhamun' was that "however sceptical I might have been, I could not dismiss the matter out of hand", claiming that the moment his father died on 5 April in Egypt, the family dog howled and died a sympathetic death at Highclere Castle, the family seat. On becoming Earl, he took on responsibility for the upkeep of Highclere Castle and its 4,000 acre estate. His mother remarried only eight months after the death of her first husband.

In March 1940, Lord Carnarvon re-joined the 7th Hussars as a lieutenant. During the War he held a number of staff positions in England, rising to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1948 he was awarded the US Bronze Star Medal.

While Lord Carnarvon's pursuits included fox hunting, grouse shooting, and polo, his foremost interest was horse racing. He declared that "racing and breeding is a way of life and I expect I shall continue to the end of my days." He had owned racehorses continuously since the age of 15. He also owned and ran the Highclere Stud, established by his father, which bred many winners, including the 1930 Epsom Derby winner Blenheim. He regularly rode as an amateur rider on the flat. His son, the 7th Earl, having inherited the family love of horses and their breeding, became Queen Elizabeth II's racing manager.

His obituary by Hugh Massingberd described him as a "most uncompromisingly direct ladies' man".

Marriages and issue
Henry Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon married Anne Catherine Tredick Wendell, of New York City, on 17 July 1922 at St Margaret's, Westminster. The daughter of actor Jacob Wendell and sister of Philippa Stewart, Countess of Galloway, they divorced in 1936 after having had two children:
Henry George Reginald Molyneux Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon (19 January 1924 – 11 September 2001). He married Jean Margaret Wallop, daughter of Hon. Oliver Malcolm Wallop and Jean Moore, on 7 January 1956. They have three children:
George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon (10 November 1956)
The Hon. Henry "Harry" Herbert (2 March 1959)
Lady Carolyn Herbert (27 January 1962).
Lady Anne Penelope Marian Herbert (3 March 1925 – 1990). She married her second cousin Captain Reinier Gerrit Anton van der Woude, son of R.A.G van der Worse and his wife Mary Wendell, daughter of Harvard professor Barrett Wendell, on 21 April 1945. They had three children:
Michael Gerrit van der Woude (25 March 1946 – 14 January 2008)
David Anthony van der Woude (7 November 1947)
Penelope Catherine Mary van der Woude (19 August 1952 – 1978).

Following his divorce from Catherine, Lord Carnarvon married Ottilie Ethel Leopoldine Losch, an Austrian dancer with the stage name Tilly Losch, on 1 September 1939. They divorced in 1947.

On his death on 22 September 1987 aged 88, he was succeeded by his son, Henry George Reginald Molyneux Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon.

The 6th Earl had a younger sister, who became Lady Evelyn Beauchamp.

Publications
Late in life he published two books of memoirs:
 No Regrets: Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon (1976) Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ()
 Ermine Tales: More Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon (1980) Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ()

References

Further reading
 Carnarvon, Fiona, Countess of (2013) Lady Catherine and the Real Downton Abbey. London: Hodder & Stoughton ()

1898 births
1987 deaths
British racehorse owners and breeders
6
Henry Herbert, 06th Earl of Carnarvon
Rothschild family
People from Highclere
People educated at Ludgrove School
People educated at Eton College
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst

Henry Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon


Die Marinebasis Eilat ist eine Militärbasis der Israelischen Marine in Eilat am Golf von Eilat im Roten Meer. Sie wurde 1951 gegründet. Kommandeur der Basis ist Yossi Schahaf. Das Standortwappen stellt die roten Dächer Eilats dar.

Die Marinebasis liegt im Hafen von Eilat. Dieser verfügt über 350.000 m² Nutzfläche für die Hafenlogistik und fünf Kräne. Stationiert ist hier das Patrouillenbootgeschwader 915. Nach der Rückgabe der Sinai-Halbinsel 1981 wurde auch das Kommando der Marine für das Rote Meer von Scharm El-Scheich nach Eilat verlegt.

Während des Abnutzungskrieges (Juni 1968 bis August 1970) versenkten ägyptische Marinekommandos in Eilat einige israelische Schiffe. Beim Versuch, Sprengsätze zu entschärfen, verloren damals mehrere Spezialisten der Schajetet 13 das Leben.

Die ausgemusterte INS Sofa (Sa'ar-3-Klasse) wurde 1994 vor Eilat als künstliches Riff versenkt und ist bei Tauchern unter dem hebräischen Wort für Schnellboot (satil) bekannt. Ein Patrouillenboot der Nachschol-Klasse sank vor Eilat im Februar 2005. Im Jahr 2005 besuchte eine Flottille mit sechs Schiffen der NATO die Basis. 2009 nahm eines der in Haifa stationierten U-Boote an einer Übung vor Eilat teil.

Einzelnachweise

Eilat
Südbezirk (Israel)
Eilat

Marinebasis Eilat


Squamodiscurile sunt structuri epidermale, găsite la anumiți monogeneeni din familia Diplectanidae. De obicei există două squamodiscuri, unul dorsal și unul ventral, aflate pe haptorul viermelui. Squamodiscurile sunt compuse din solzi încorporați în epidermă, care au aspectul unor mici bare așezate în rânduri.

Conform clasicei lucrări a lui Bîhovski (1967), "membrii familiei Diplectanidae au formațiuni speciale de atașare, în perechi, situate deasupra discului și parțial și pe el, pe părțile dorsale și ventrale, în forma unor mici convexități rotunde echipate cu numeroase […] cârlige mici în formă de spini, sau plăci subțiri filiforme dispuse în rânduri concentrice («squamodisc»)".

Studii ultrastructurale ale squamodiscurilor au arătat că acestea includ spini încorporați în epidermă și acoperiți de către membrana epidermei exterioare. Spinii sunt alcătuiți dintr-un material destul de dens electronic, cu fibrile mai dense incluse în el.

Genul Squamodiscus Yamaguti, 1934 a fost creat, însă acum este considerat un sinonim al genului Diplectanum Diesing, 1858.

Unii membri ai familiei Diplectanidae, cum ar fi cei din genul Lamellodiscus sau Calydiscoides, prezintă o structură similară compusă însă din lamele, numită lamelodisc.

Referințe

Monogenea
Monopisthocotylea
Diplectanidae

Squamodisc


An Tillandsia variabilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal. An Tillandsia variabilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia variabilis


35976 Yorktown este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
35976 Yorktown este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,26 și o înclinație de 22,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 35001-36000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

35976 Yorktown


The year 1924 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

 November 23 – Edwin Hubble announces his discovery that Andromeda, previously believed to be a nebula, is actually another galaxy, and that the Milky Way is only one of many such galaxies in the universe.
 The Einstein Tower near Potsdam, Germany, designed by Erich Mendelsohn, becomes operational as an astrophysical observatory.
 Mount Stromlo Observatory near Canberra, Australia, is established as the Commonwealth Solar Observatory.
 1056 Azalea is discovered.

Biology
The term "ectogenesis" is coined by British scientist J. B. S. Haldane to describe the growth of mammalian embryos in artificial environments.
California grizzly bear last sighted.

Biochemistry
 The first inactive tetanus vaccine (tetanus toxoid, TT) is discovered by Gaston Ramon, C. Zoeller and P. Descombey and produced.
 The first scarlet fever vaccine is discovered by George F. Dick and Gladys Dick.

History of science and technology
 December 17 – Dismantling of James Watt's workshop for display in the Science Museum, London, commences.

Mathematics
 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski publish the Banach–Tarski paradox.
 David Hilbert proposes Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel.

Medicine
 German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger records the first human electroencephalogram.

Paleontology
 The first specimen of Australopithecus africanus, the fossil skull of the "Taung Child", is identified in South Africa.

Physics
 S. N. Bose and Albert Einstein publish papers in Zeitschrift für Physik applying Bose–Einstein statistics to light quanta and to atomic models and predicting existence of the Bose–Einstein condensate.
 E. C. Stoner publishes a paper pointing out that for a given value of the principal quantum number (n), the number of energy levels of a single electron in the alkali metal spectra in an external magnetic field, where all degenerate energy levels are separated, is equal to the number of electrons in the closed shell of the rare gases for the same value of n. This leads to discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle which Wolfgang Pauli first proposes in a letter at the end of the year.
 Louis de Broglie introduces the wave-model of atomic structure, based on the ideas of wave–particle duality.

Technology
 February 5 – Hourly time signals from Royal Greenwich Observatory are broadcast for the first time.
 February – John Logie Baird sends rudimentary television pictures over a short distance.
 Václav Holek designs the ZB vz. 26 light machine gun for Zbrojovka Brno.
 The earth inductor compass is developed by Morris Titterington at the Pioneer Instrument Company in Brooklyn, New York.
 Johnson & Johnson began mass producing Band-Aids.
 Kleenex available to the general public.

Awards
 Nobel Prizes
 Physics: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
 Medicine: Willem Einthoven

Births
 February – Li Xintian (died 2019), Chinese neuropsychologist
 February 21 – Thelma Estrin (died 2014), American computer scientist and biomedical engineer
 March 2 – Michael Sela (died 2022), Polish-born Israeli immunologist
 March 11 – Franco Basaglia (died 1980), Italian psychiatrist
 March 12 – Mary Lee Woods (died 2017), English mathematician and computer programmer
 March 23
 Bjørn G. Andersen (died 2012), Norwegian quaternary geologist and glaciologist (early environmental studies)
 Olga Kennard (died 2023), English crystallographer
 May 3 – Isadore Singer (died 2021), American mathematician
 May 7 – James Learmonth Gowans (died 2020), British immunologist
 May 11 – Antony Hewish (died 2021), English radioastronomer (Nobel Prize in Physics 1974)
 June 24 – James W. Black (died 2010), Scottish pharmacologist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1988)
 July 8 – Robert M. Chanock (died 2010), American pediatrician and virologist
 July 15 – David Cox (died 2022), English statistician
 August 1 – John Clive Ward (died 2000), English-born physicist working in quantum electrodynamics
 September 10 – Elizabeth Killick (died 2019), English naval electronics engineer
 September 22 – Laurel van der Wal (died 2009), American aeronautical engineer
 September 26 – Jean Hoerni (died 1997), Swiss-born microelectronics engineer
 November 9 – Don Beaven (died 2009), New Zealand medical researcher in the area of diabetes treatment and prevention
 November 20 – Benoît Mandelbrot (died 2010), Polish-born French American mathematician, originator of fractal geometry
 December 30 – Yvonne Brill (died 2013), Canadian scientist best known for her work developing rocket and jet propulsion technologies

Deaths
 February 11 – Jacques Loeb (born 1859), German-born physiologist
 February 27 – Émile Vallin (born 1833), French military physician.
 March 22 – Sir William Macewen (born 1848), Scottish surgeon
 April 4 – Arnold Pick (born 1851), Czech neurologist
 April 24 – G. Stanley Hall (born 1844), American psychologist
 September 24 – Alexandre Lacassagne (born 1843), French forensic scientist
 October 1 – John Edward Campbell (born 1862), British mathematician
 December 27 – Agda Meyerson (born 1866), Swedish nurse and healthcare profession activist

References

20th century in science
1920s in science

1924 in science


Las Primarias del Partido Republicano de 2008 en Texas se hicieron el 4 de marzo de 2008. Las Primarias del Partido Republicano son una Primarias, con 96 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2008.  En el estado de Texas estaban en disputa 96 delegados.

Elecciones

Resultados

Véase también
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2008

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Latest March 4 2008 Voting Results (from TX Secretary of State)

2008
Texas


Taichi "Tai" Kamiya veya Japonya'da bilinen adıyla Taichi Yagami ( Yagami Taichi), Digimon adlı çizgi filmin ilk iki sezonu olan Digimon Macerası 01 ve 02'de oynayan hayal ürünü bir karakterdir. Arkadaşı Zeromaru'yu düşmanalrın elinden kurtarmak için Digimon dünyasına gönderildiği Digimon Adventure V-Tamer 01'de sahneye çıkmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Digimon Adventure karakterleri listesi

Digimon karakterleri
1998'de tanıtılan kurgusal karakterler
Film karakterleri
Kurgusal çocuklar
Kurgusal Japonlar

Taichi Kamiya


João Otávio Lobo, ou apenas Otávio Lobo, (Santa Quitéria, 4 de novembro de 1892 – Fortaleza, 30 de outubro de 1962) foi um médico, professor e político brasileiro, outrora deputado federal pelo Ceará.

Dados biográficos
Filho de Manuel Alves da Fonseca Lobo e Laura de Carvalho Lobo. Médico diplomado pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em 1918, cursou Tuberculose Pulmonar na Universidade Humboldt de Berlim e Radiologia no Centro Médico da Universidade de Columbia. Professor da Faculdade de Direito do Ceará, antecessora da Universidade Federal do Ceará nas cátedras de Psicopatologia e de Medicina Legal, ministrando esta última disciplina também na Faculdade de Farmácia e Odontologia do Ceará.

Membro do Colégio Americano de Médicos do Tórax, do Centro Médico Cearense e da Academia Cearense de Letras, a partir de 1946 foi secretário de Saúde e depois secretário de Justiça no governo do Ceará, cargos mantidos até pouco antes de eleger-se deputado federal pelo PSD em 1950, abandonando a política ao final do mandato.

Naturais de Santa Quitéria (Ceará)
Deputados federais do Brasil pelo Ceará
Médicos do Ceará
Membros do Partido Social Democrático (1945)
Professores da Universidade Federal do Ceará
Alunos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Otávio Lobo


An Dendrobium longipes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Dendrobium longipes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium longipes


Dunkirk este un film de război  din 2017 regizat de Christopher Nolan despre Evacuarea de la Dunkerque/Dunkirk din al Doilea Război Mondial. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Fionn Whitehead, Mark Rylance, Tom Hardy, Kenneth Branagh și Cillian Murphy.

Prezentare

Distribuție

 Fionn Whitehead -  Tommy, a British Army private
 Tom Glynn-Carney -  Peter, Mr Dawson's son
 Jack Lowden -  Collins, a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot
 Harry Styles - Alex, a private in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
 Aneurin Barnard - Gibson
 James D'Arcy - Colonel Winnant
 Barry Keoghan - George Mills
 Kenneth Branagh - Commander Bolton, the pier-master during the evacuation
 Cillian Murphy - Shivering Soldier
 Mark Rylance - Mr Dawson, a mariner and Peter's father
 Tom Hardy as-Farrier, a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot

Producție
Filmările principale au început la 23 mai 2016 la Dunkirk. Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 100 milioane $.

Primire
A avut încasări de 525,6 milioane $.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
A 75-a ediție a Premiilor Globul de Aur
Oscar 2018
Listă de filme despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial produse în anii 2010
 Dunkirk (film din 1958)
 Mrs. Miniver
 Their Finest

Filme din 2017
Filme americane
Filme britanice
Filme franțuzești
Filme olandeze
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Christopher Nolan
Filme thriller din anii 2010
Filme Warner Bros.
Filme IMAX
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme cu acțiunea pe plaje

Dunkirk (film)


Dacian Julien Cioloș (Zalău, 27. srpnja 1969.) rumunjski je političar i agronom. Obnašao je funkciju rumunjskog premijera između studenoga 2015. i siječnja 2017.

U vladi Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu bio je ministar poljoprivrede od listopada 2007. do prosinca 2008. U studenom 2009. predsjednik Europske komisije José Manuel Barroso nominirao ga je za europskog povjerenika za poljoprivredu, a na tu funkciju je izabran u veljači 2010. i obnašao ju je do isteka mandata u studenom 2014. U studenom 2015. predsjednik Klaus Iohannis imenovao ga je premijerom, a Cioloș je preuzeo dužnost nakon što je dobio povjerenje Rumunjskog parlamenta. Položaj premijera je održao sve do parlamentarnih izbora 2016. godine, kada su stranke koje su podržavale Cioloșa izgubile većinu u Parlamentu. Cioloș je osnivač i trenutni čelnik Stranke slobode, jedinstva i solidarnosti (PLUS).

U svibnju 2019. izabran je za zastupnika u Europskom parlamentu, a ubrzo je i izabran za predsjednika novoosnovanog kluba zastupnika Renew Europe.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Curriculum Vitae Daciana Cioloșa na mrežnoj stranici Europske komisije, pristupljeno 26. svibnja 2021.

Predsjednici rumunjske vlade
Ministri poljoprivrede
Ministri u rumunjskoj vladi

Dacian Cioloș


Anne Enger, früher Enger Lahnstein (* 9. Dezember 1949 in Trøgstad, Østfold) ist eine norwegische Politikerin der Senterpartiet (Sp), von 1991 bis 1999 als Parteivorsitzende. Von 2004 bis 2015 war sie Fylkesmann im Fylke Østfold. 2018 wurde sie Mitglied im Norwegischen Nobelkomitee.

Leben

Berufliche Laufbahn, Parlamentsmandat und Parteivorsitz
Die Tochter eines Landwirts absolvierte nach dem Abitur 1968 an der Askim Videregående Skole ein einjähriges Praktikum in einem Heim von Norges KFUK-KFUM und danach eine Ausbildung zur Krankenschwester an Det norske Diakonhjem, die sie 1972 abschloss. Im Anschluss absolvierte sie dort ein Studium im Fach Soziale Arbeit und beendete dieses 1975 als Sosionom. Danach war sie zunächst Lehrerin für Krankenpflege in einem Diakoniekrankenhaus, ehe sie von 1978 bis 1979 das Sekretariat der Volksaktion gegen Schwangerschaftsabbrüche leitete.

Danach arbeitete Anne Enger bis 1985 als Sekretärin der Senterparti-Fraktion im Storting. Daben war sie von 1980 bis 1983 Vorsitzende der Partei in Oslo sowie zwischen 1982 und 1983 Mitglied der Programmkommission und von 1984 bis 1985 Vorsitzende des Organisationsausschusses der Partei. 1983 wurde sie stellvertretende Vorsitzende der Sp und hatte diese Funktion bis 1991 inne.

1985 wurde sie als Kandidatin der Senterpartiet erstmals zur Abgeordneten in das Storting gewählt und vertrat dort bis 2001 den Wahlkreis Akershus.

Nachdem sie zunächst Mitglied des Fraktionsvorstands war, wurde sie im Oktober 1989 als Nachfolgerin von Johan Buttedahl Vorsitzende der Fraktion der Senterpartiet und wurde in dieser Funktion im April 1991 von Johan J. Jakobsen abgelöst. Stattdessen übernahm sie von Jakobsen im April 1991 das Amt der Parteivorsitzenden der Senterpartiet und war von 1989 bis 1993 Vorsitzende der Programmkommission.

1994 gehörte sie zu den engagiertesten Verfechterinnen eines Nichtbeitritts Norwegens zur Europäischen Union.

Während ihrer langjährigen Parlamentszugehörigkeit war sie unter anderem Mitglied in den Storting-Ausschüssen für Soziales (Sosialkomité), für Auswärtige und Verfassungsangelegenheiten (Utenriks- og konstitusjonskomité), für Wahlen (Valgkomité), für Familie, Kultur und Verwaltung (Familie-, kultur- og administrasjonskomité) sowie für Verteidigung (Forsvarskomité). Darüber hinaus war sie zeitweilig Delegierte bei der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen und beim Nordischen Rat sowie der Verbindungsgruppe zum Europäischen Parlament.

Ministerin
Am 17. Oktober 1997 wurde sie von Ministerpräsident Kjell Magne Bondevik als Kulturministerin in dessen erste Regierung berufen und bekleidete dieses Amt bis zum 8. Oktober 1999. Als Ministerpräsident Bondevik sich aufgrund einer Depression vom 31. August 1998 bis zum 24. September 1998 in Behandlung befand, übernahm sie kommissarisch das Amt des Ministerpräsidenten. Darüber hinaus war sie von März bis August 1999 kommissarisch Ministerin für Öl und Energie.

Anne Enger, die 1999 mit dem Trollkjerringprisen geehrt wurde, übergab 1999 das Amt der Vorsitzenden der Senterpartiet an Odd Roger Enoksen.

Rückzug aus der aktiven Politik
Danach war sie zwischen 1999 und 2001 Vorstandsmitglied von Norsk kulturarv A/S, ehe sie nach ihrem Ausscheiden aus dem Storting von 2001 bis 2003 Generalsekretärin der Seenotrettungsgesellschaft Redningsselskapet war. Daneben war sie von 2001 bis 2005 Vorstandsmitglied der Stiftung O. Kavli og Knut Kavlis Allmennyttige Fond sowie von 2001 bis 2006 Vorstandsvorsitzende der Stiftung Opplysningsvesenets Fond. Außerdem engagierte sie sich zwischen 2001 und 2005 als Vorstandsmitglied von Den Norske Opera & Ballett, des größten Musiktheaters von Norwegen.

2004 bis 2015 diente Anne Enger als Fylkesmann im Fylke Østfold.

Außerdem wurde sie 2005 Vorstandsmitglied und dann 2009 Vorstandsvorsitzende des Nationaltheatret, des größten norwegischen Schauspielhauses. Zwischen 2006 und 2008 war sie Vorsitzende der sogenannten Likelønnskommisjonen, einer aufgrund eines königlichen Dekrets zur Untersuchung und Beseitigung von Verdienstunterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern, und ist seit 2008 Vorstandsvorsitzende des Instituts für Wasserforschung (Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning).

Aus der Ehe mit Geir Lahnstein stammt der gemeinsame Sohn Erik Lahnstein, der 2010 bis 2012 Staatssekretär im Außenministerium war. Anne Engers ältere Schwester ist die Politikerin Inger S. Enger, die einige Jahre Bürgermeisterin von Gausdal und zwischen 2001 und 2009 ebenfalls Abgeordnete des Storting war.

Veröffentlichungen
 EF og Grunnloven, Oslo 1993
 Den lille forskjellen: om likestilling og likelønn i Norge, Mitautorin Kristina Jullum, Aschehoug, Oslo 2009
 Grønn dame, rød klut, Aschehoug, Oslo 2001

Literatur
 Niels Chr. Geelmuyden: Trykket stemning: 26 portetter, Cappelen, Oslo 1991
 Bjørg Jønsson: Bak masken: seks politiker-portretter, Gyldendal, Oslo 1993
 Trond A. Enger: Anne, Gyldendal Oslo 1994

Weblinks

 Biografie in Store norske leksikon (Onlineversion)
 Kurzbiografie Homepage des Storting

Einzelnachweise

Energieminister (Norwegen)
Kulturminister (Norwegen)
Mitglied des norwegischen Nobelkomitees
Storting-Abgeordneter (Akershus)
Fylkesmann (Østfold)
Parteivorsitzender der Senterpartiet
Norweger
Geboren 1949
Frau

Anne Enger


Lemmerer:

  (né en 1970)
 Günther Lemmerer (né en 1952), lugeur autrichien
 Harald Lemmerer (né en 1991), coureur autrichien du combiné nordique

Lemmerer


was a village located in Yame District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,707 and a density of 45.61 persons per km². The total area was 81.28 km².

On February 1, 2010, Hoshino, along with the towns of Kurogi and Tachibana, and the village of Yabe (all from Yame District), was merged into the expanded city of Yame.

See also
The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan

External links
 Yame official website

Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2010

Hoshino, Fukuoka