Kay Toinette Oslin (May 15, 1942 – December 21, 2020) was an American country music singer-songwriter. She had several years of major commercial success in the late 1980s after signing a record deal at age 45. Oslin had four number one hits and placed additional singles on the Billboard country chart during that timespan; in addition, she won three Grammy Awards and is an inductee of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Oslin moved to Alabama after the death of her father, then to Texas. She developed an appreciation for folk music while studying theater in college and later started a folk trio. In 1966, she returned to theater after being cast in the touring production of Hello, Dolly! She then moved to New York City, where she continued acting in Broadway musicals and television commercials. At the same time, she began songwriting as a hobby. After a demo recording was made of her music, Oslin briefly signed to Elektra Records in 1981 without much success. She later signed to RCA Records in 1986 and had her first major hit the following year with "80's Ladies". Her 1987 debut album of the same name would sell over one million copies and produce three additional hits, including the number one single "Do Ya".

Oslin released This Woman (1988) and Love in a Small Town (1990), which reached the top ten of the Billboard charts. The albums spawned hit singles including "Hold Me", "Hey Bobby" and "Come Next Monday". In the early 1990s, she left her recording contract and went into a hiatus following several personal setbacks. In 1996, she returned with the studio album "My Roots Are Showing..." and then in 2001 with Live Close By, Visit Often. Oslin released her final album in 2015 titled Simply.

Early years
Oslin was born in Crossett, Arkansas, in 1942 to Larry and Kathleen Oslin. When Oslin was 5, her father died from leukemia, leaving her mother widowed. His death resulted in her becoming shy and withdrawn. The family moved to Mobile, Alabama, following her father's death, which is where Oslin spent her childhood. When she was a teenager, her mother moved her family to Houston, Texas, where she would eventually graduate from high school. She became fond of music during her formative years in music inspired from her mother. Oslin's mother had once performed Swing music on local radio and also was offered a job singing in the Les Brown orchestra. She studied drama at Lon Morris College in Texas, where she also drew a deep appreciation for folk music.

While in college, Oslin formed a folk trio with David Jones and singer-songwriter Guy Clark. Together, they performed in local cubs, restaurants and other venues in Texas. The trio eventually recorded a song for a 1963 folk compilation titled Look, It's Us! On lead vocals, Oslin performed the tune "Brave Young Soldier". She would later form a folk duo with Frank Davis. In Hollywood, California, the pair—billed as "Frankie and Johnny"—recorded an album, which was not released. Oslin returned to Houston following the stint. In 1966, a touring production of the Broadway musical Hello, Dolly! came to the Houston area in search of "chorus girls" for their ensemble cast. Oslin auditioned, got the part and began touring the same year.

Career

1966–1986: Broadway, commercials and beginnings in Nashville
In 1966, Hello, Dolly!s national tour ended and Oslin moved to New York City to pursue acting. She remained in the city for 20 years where she got several small stage role parts. Oslin appeared as part of the ensemble in the Broadway shows Promises, Promises and West Side Story. She also found work singing commercial jingles. She was often cast in hygiene-product commercials. In an interview with the Chicago Tribune, Oslin recalled being cast in a hemorrhoid commercial: "Hemorrhoids! Lord! I had a hemorrhoid commercial that had people I knew from the 3d grade calling me up saying, 'Is that you?'" Oslin also developed an interest in songwriting after being given a piano. She taught herself chord patterns and wrote music that went along with it. Her interest in country music also developed after New York started their first country radio station. She found the music to be more sophisticated than what it previously had been and began writing country songs after that. While performing as part of a synthesizer troupe, Oslin was inspired to write her first country song from writing she saw on a bathroom wall. Written on the wall were the words, "I ain't gonna love nobody but Cornell Crawford." Oslin wrote the song with friend Joe Miller and she would later record it in 1990.

Oslin eventually made a demonstration tape of her compositions and brought them to the attention of the performance rights group SESAC. From there, it was brought to the attention of their Nashville executive, Dianne Petty. Petty encouraged Oslin's musical talent and helped bring her music to the attention of Nashville record executives. At the same time, Oslin also found work singing with Guy Clark on his 1978 self-titled album. Through Petty's assistance, Oslin acquired a "singles-only" recording contract with Elektra Records. Only two singles were issued on the label, "Younger Men" and "Clean Your Own Tables", the latter of which became a minor hit on the country chart. "My first record, 'Clean Your Own Tables,' managed to get on the charts for about 15 minutes," she recalled in 1987. Elektra ultimately dropped her from their label in 1982. She returned to New York where she went into a depressive period and gained 40 pounds. She continued commercial work, but found it unsatisfying. Yet Petty continued advocating for Oslin and her original compositions were recorded by Judy Rodman, Dottie West, Gail Davies and The Judds.

In 1986, Oslin decided to make a final effort to regain a recording contract. She borrowed seven thousand dollars from her aunt, lost 40 pounds, rented a Nashville nightclub and invited record executives to a one-time music showcase. "The next morning, I sat waiting for the phone to ring. It did not," she recounted. Yet, through her connections, Oslin contacted Nashville producer Harold Shedd, who had recently been successful recording Alabama. Shedd convinced Oslin to record three of her original tunes and he eventually became her full-time production collaborator. She also met RCA Records executive Joe Galante in 1986. Galante believed Oslin had potential and signed her to RCA in 1986 when Oslin was 45 years old.

1986–1993: 80's Ladies and commercial breakout
In December 1986, RCA released Oslin's first label single, titled "Wall of Tears". Despite breaking into the top 40, the song failed to become a major hit. In 1987, the label issued the self-penned "80's Ladies", which became her first major hit. Oslin had written the tune several years prior in small chunks over time. "I thought it was one of those show pieces. I never dreamed or thought it would be a single," she stated in 2011. The single peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in July and went to number four on the RPM Country Singles chart in Canada. It would later win the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and Song of the Year at the Country Music Association Awards. Oslin became the CMA's first female artist to win the Song of the Year accolade. "80's Ladies" also received a positive response from critics. Steve Huey of Allmusic called the track "anthemic," while Mary Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann called it "the anthem of a generation." Bill Friskics-Warren of The New York Times compared its piano sound to that of Jackson Browne. In July 1987, Oslin's debut studio album of the same name was released on RCA. It became the highest-charting album by a female country artist in 20 years, topping the Billboard Top Country Albums chart in February 1988. It was also her highest-charting release on the Billboard 200 reaching a peak of 68 in March 1988. It would later certify platinum in the United States for selling over one million copies. Both of the follow-up singles to "80's Ladies" ("Do Ya" and "I'll Always Come Back") reached number one on the country chart.

Oslin's musical success allowed her to become more financially stable. By 1988, she purchased her first house, but was rarely home due to a demanding tour schedule. That year, she toured with Alabama and George Strait, and recorded her second album for RCA. In August 1988, This Woman was released. Oslin wrote (or co-wrote) all ten of the album's tracks. According to Oslin, This Woman reflected the modern thinking of middle-aged women of the eighties.  The project received critical acclaim from various publications. Alex Henderson of Allmusic gave it a three-star rating, calling it "a generally appealing release that successfully balances commercial and artistic considerations." Rolling Stone named it one of their "12 Classic Albums" in 2018 and found it to define female independence. Rock critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "B" rating, praising the album's defiance of gender roles in the Nashville establishment. It produced the number one hit, "Hold Me", which would also win her a second Grammy award. It was followed by the top five hits, "Hey Bobby" and its title track.

Oslin had continued success into the 1990s. That year, she performed at Carnegie Hall alongside new singer Clint Black, who also served as the opening act of her newly established headlining tour. However, her constant road schedule was negatively affecting her mental health. She took several months off from appearances to refocus and readjust her mental health. "It took me months to become a human," she told the Chicago Tribune in 1990. Oslin also took time to write and record her third studio album. In late 1990, Love in a Small Town was released on RCA Records. The project peaked at number five on the Billboard country albums chart and spent 71 weeks there. Despite the album's first single becoming only a minor hit, the second single, "Come Next Monday", would be her fourth number one single on the country chart. It was followed by the top 40 hit, "Mary and Willie", and the charting singles "You Call Everybody Darling" and "Cornell Crawford".

Oslin spent more time away from music as the decade progressed. Her last album project for RCA would be the 1993 compilation, Greatest Hits: Songs from an Aging Sex Bomb. The compilation peaked at number 28 on the Top Country Albums list and number 126 on the Billboard 200. Along with eight of her major hits, Greatest Hits also included three new songs. Notably included was a re-recording of "New Way Home". It was later released as single and spent three weeks on the Billboard country chart. Jack Hurst of The Chicago Tribune found its new tracks to be "pop sounding" but also found it to blend effectively with her previous hits. Allmusic's Rick Anderson rated it four out of five stars, yet also observed it to have pop inflections. However, he found the quality of the writing and sound to be quite high: "This is great pop music, no matter what bin you find it in."

1993–2015: Acting transition, hiatus and return to the spotlight
Oslin began turning her career towards acting by 1994. This began with a guest appearance on the television western, Paradise. Oslin portrayed a mother living in rural America and performed the song, "Down in the Valley". She would also appear on a television special with Carol Burnett where she performed a duet version of her song, "New Way Home". In 1993, Oslin made her first appearance in a film called The Thing Called Love. She starred alongside Hollywood actors Sandra Bullock and River Phoenix. Directed by Peter Bogdanovich, the film's plot focused on Nashville and the main character's dream of becoming a country music songwriter. Oslin portrayed Lucy, a fictional owner of the Bluebird Café. Reviewers, including The Austin Chronicle, disliked the movie, but praised Oslin's performance. "She's so country and so good in her role, she reveals the rest of the movie to be as artificial as it is," Louis Black wrote in 1993. Also in 1993, Oslin appeared in the television movie, Poisoned by Love: The Kern County Murders. In 1994, she guest-starred in the Arkansas-themed series Evening Shade. Oslin portrayed one of three sisters headed to audition for the Grand Ole Opry.

Oslin would also take several years away from music during the mid 1990s. She faced several personal setbacks including a severe depression, side effects from menopause and quadruple bypass surgery. Following her recovery, Oslin was coaxed back into recording from former label-head chief, Joe Galante. Teaming up with sound engineer, Rick Will, she produced and recorded 1996's "My Roots Are Showing...", which was released on BNA Records. The album contained cover versions of lesser-known country and pop recordings. It was received unfavorably by Allmusic, who only rated it 2.5 stars. Carpented commented that "The only issue is that this was marketed as a country album when the Nashville element isn't terribly conspicuous."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carpenter |first1=Bill |title=My Roots Are Showing...": K.T. Oslin: Songs, Reviews, Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/my-roots-are-showing-mw0000187114 |website=Allmusic |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> However, Robert K. Oermann of Music Row commented that the album showcased how Oslin was an example of the "emerging Americana music movement." "My Roots Are Showing..." reached number 45 on the Billboard country albums chart and spawned the charting single, "Silver Tongue and Gold Plated Lies".

After another hiatus, Oslin released her fifth studio album titled, Live Close By, Visit Often, in 2001. She co-produced the album with The Mavericks' lead vocalist Raul Malo. The album included a range of musical styles, such as country, electronic dance and Latin. Live Close By, Visit Often received mixed reviews. Allmusic's Maria Konicki Dinoia commented that the project was "too eclectic to call country [and] too divergent to call pop." Alanna Nash found the album to be "schizophrenic" in its musical diversity, but did praise Oslin's vocal performance throughout. Live Close By, Visit Often spent 11 weeks on the Billboard country albums list and peaked at number 35, becoming her final charting album. Its title track was released as the first single and reached a minor chart position on the country songs list. Its second single, a cover of Rosemary Clooney's "Come on-a My House" would make the Billboard dance music chart.

Oslin went into a third career hiatus after 2001. Speaking to Country Music Television in 2011, she explained that the decision to stop performing was conscious. "I asked my people, 'Do I have enough money to quit right now?' and they said, 'Yeah.' I said, 'Well, then, I quit!'" She spent frequent time at home and enjoying hobbies, such as painting. In 2008, she performed a one-woman show, which included a music and words. In 2013, she returned to the stage to perform at the Franklin Theater for the twenty fifth anniversary of her studio album, 80's Ladies. In 2014, Oslin performed a live cabaret show, which would inspire the recording of her final studio album. In 2015, Simply was released on Red River Entertainment. The album contained re-recordings of her previous material and one new track titled, "Do You Think About Me". Simply contained a session band that consisted of only four players. According to a 2015 interview, Oslin stated she decided to make the album so that fans could buy new music at her shows. Oslin went into her final retirement following the record's release.

Musical styles
In a 1988 interview, Oslin described her own musical style as stemming from country, southern blues and R&B: "It's a mishmash of stuff. I'm surprised people like it. They should be asking: 'What is this stuff?' I ask that myself all the time." Oslin's musical style is rooted in country, but also incorporates elements of country pop, pop rock and adult contemporary. Examples of pop and "anthemic rock" can be found in her first two RCA albums, as noted by Steve Huey of Allmusic. When reviewing 1988's This Woman, Allmusic's Alex Henderson also drew similar comparisons, calling her sound "far from a honky tonker." Oslin  incorporated more dance, traditional pop, Latin and Americana into her musical style after leaving RCA.

Her musical style can also be identified with her songwriting. As a musical artist, Oslin wrote most of her material. Many of her compositions centered on characters going through the trials and tribulations of middle age. According to Oslin, she developed songwriting inspiration from her friends who were going through martial difficulties. "I learn from watching people and try to put it in terms that music fans would find interesting," she explained in 1988. Bill Friskics-Warren of The New York Times wrote that Oslin "gave voice to the desires and trials of female baby boomers on the cusp of middle age." In Finding Her Voice: The History of Women in Country Music, Oslin "became the beacon of inspiration for every middle-aged woman who felt vibrant yet overlooked." Dennis Hunt of The Los Angeles Times called her writing "penetrating, vivid tales of women in turmoil."

Oslin was largely influenced as a child by traditional pop and country performers, notably Patsy Cline and Kay Starr. As she started performing folk music in the 1960s, Oslin's musical inspiration drew away from country and pop. Yet, once writing her own music, Oslin began finding connections back into country music despite not necessarily looking for it: "I was writing songs--country songs for some weird reason--even though I didn't want to be a songwriter," she commented.

Legacy and honors
Oslin's success helped give identity to strong, female women in their middle-aged years, according to several publications. Sarah Trahern, CEO of the Country Music Association remarked on her legacy in 2020: "K.T. Oslin had one of the most soulful voices in country music and was a strong influence for women with her hit '80's Ladies'...She truly had one of the best voices in the history of our format." Lorrie Morgan made a similar comment in 2020: "She was a big inspiration to me and her writing about the strength of women." Her artistry helped influence other female country singer–songwriters that followed such as Brandy Clark and Chely Wright. Mary Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann commented on her musical legacy in 2003: "K. T. was part of a 1980s invasion of female songwriting talent into Nashville. Today, virtually every major song publisher in [Music City] has female staff writers."

Oslin was part of a group of country artists who helped shift its musical sound in the late 1980s. Writers and critics have cited her as innovator of Nashville's musical shift, along with Steve Earle, k. d. lang and Lyle Lovett. Bill Friskics-Warren of The New York Times commented that Oslin was "among a distinguished circle of thoughtful, independent female songwriting contemporaries that included Pam Tillis, Gretchen Peters and Matraca Berg." Oslin also received several honors for her legacy. In 2014, she was inducted into the Texas Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2018, she was inducted Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Personal life and death
Oslin never married. However, she did have several long-term relationships through middle age. This included a several-year relationship in the 1970s with Alan Rubin, a musician and former member of The Blues Brothers. The couple lived for two years in upstate New York in a rural community. The relationship dissolved after two years and Oslin moved back to New York City. It was Rubin who gave Oslin her first piano following their separation. Oslin would dive into songwriting following her breakup: "That pulling back period is when I started to write." Oslin later dated record producer Steve Buckingham and drummer Owen Hale. However, these relationships eventually ended. "I'm alone, but I like my own company," she told People magazine in 1993.

In the early 1990s, Oslin revealed a battle with menopausal depression. This caused her to lose interest in creating music, including songwriting and performing. According to Oslin, she returned to normalcy after she stopped taking hormones prescribed by her doctor. Oslin's mother died around the same period, which caused further depressive episodes. In 1995, she began suffering from chest pain after spending a summer mowing her lawn. It was discovered that she needed to have quadruple bypass surgery after going to several exams. Although making a full recovery, she had a permanent triangular scar that she refused to remove from promotional photographs.

In June 2015, Oslin was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and subsequently moved into an assisted-living facility the following year. She died on December 21, 2020, in Nashville a week after being diagnosed with COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee. She was 78 years old. She was interred at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Nashville adjacent to fellow country music star Tammy Wynette.

Discography

Studio albums
 1987: 80's Ladies 1988: This Woman 1990: Love in a Small Town 1996: "My Roots Are Showing..." 2001: Live Close By, Visit Often 2015: SimplyFilmography

Awards and nominations

!
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| 1982
| SESAC
| Most Promising Country Music Writer
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| rowspan="5"| 1987
| rowspan="2"| Grammy Awards
| Best Female Country Vocal Performance – "80's Ladies"
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| Best Country Song – "80's Ladies"
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| rowspan="3"| Academy of Country Music Awards
| Song of the Year – "80's Ladies"
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| Country Music Video of the Year – "80's Ladies"
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| Top New Female Vocalist
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|
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| rowspan="12"| 1988
| rowspan="2"| Grammy Awards
| Best Country Song – "Hold Me"
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|
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| Best Female Country Vocal Performance – "Hold Me"
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|
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| rowspan="5"| Academy of Country Music Awards
| Album of the Year – This Woman|
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| Country Music Video of the Year – "Hold Me"
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|
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| Country Music Video of the Year – "I'll Always Come Back"
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| Single Record of the Year – "I'll Always Come Back"
|
|
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| Top Female Vocalist
|
|
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| rowspan="5"| Country Music Association Awards
| Horizon Award
|
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| Female Vocalist of the Year
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| Single of the Year – "Do Ya"
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| Song of the Year – "80's Ladies"
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|
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| Song of the Year – "Do Ya"
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|
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| rowspan="3"| 1990
| rowspan="2"| Grammy Awards
| Best Country Song – "Come Next Monday"
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| Best Female Country Vocal Performance – "Come Next Monday"
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|
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| rowspan="2"| Academy of Country Music Awards
| Country Music Video of the Year – "Come Next Monday"
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| rowspan="6"| 1991
| Country Music Video of the Year – "Mary and Willie"
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| Country Music Association Awards
| Music Video of the Year – "Come Next Monday'
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| rowspan="4"| SESAC
| Writer of the Year
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| National Performance Activity – "Come Next Monday"
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| National Performance Activity – "Mary and Willie"
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| National Performance Activity – "Younger Men"
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| 2014
| Texas Songwriters Hall of Fame
| Inducted as a member
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| 2018
| Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame
| Inducted as a member
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|}

References
Footnotes

Books

Further reading
Millard, Bob. (1998). "K.T. Oslin". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music''. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 396–7.

External links
 KT Oslin memorial tribute at CMT.com

1942 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
American country keyboardists
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
BNA Records artists
Country musicians from Arkansas
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee
Elektra Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Lon Morris College alumni
People from Crossett, Arkansas
Singers from Houston
People with Parkinson's disease
RCA Records Nashville artists
Singer-songwriters from Arkansas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery (Nashville, Tennessee)

K. T. Oslin


نادي الاتحاد الرياضي أحد أعرق الأندية الفلسطينية ومقره نابلس.

تأسس النادي عام 1932 م في مدينة نابلس. توقف نشاطه في أوقات متقطعة ولفترات طويلة بسبب الظروف التي سادت فلسطين أثناء الانتداب البريطاني وبسبب النكبة. تجدد النشاط بتاريخ 25-5-1962م حيث عقدت الهيئة التأسيسية الجديدة لنادي الاتحاد الرياضي جلسة أولى رسمية بعد النكبة وذلك بحديقة المنشية في نابلس لإعادة النشاط الرياضي والثقافي.

تاريخ النادي

كان الهدف من التأسيس هو اعتباره مؤسسة وطنية قادرة على تحمل أعباء المرحلة لتكريس العمل الاجتماعي الثقافي والرياضي والكشفي على أرض الواقع وتكون منارة يهتدي بها كل أبناء المدينة بل والمحافظة، يعطونها من جهدهم وانتمائهم وتعطيهم من روح العمل الجماعي الهادف بريق الأمل في مستقبل زاهر مسلحين بروح التربية الوطنية الصادقة ومؤمنين بحتمية النصر والاستقلال، والجميع متفق على العمل الوطني وعلى ذات الفكر القومي وفي نفس المسار فقرر الجميع تأسيس نادي رياضي تحت اسم نادي الاتحاد الرياضي.

وكان ممن أسس هذه الفكرة السيد واصف كمال والسيد ممدوح السخن ورستم الماضي ورفعت النمر وأكرم زعيتر ود صلاح العنبتاوي وكثير من أبناء هذه البلد.
لقد تطور النادي عبر سنوات عطاءه فأصبح العنوان الأول لكافة الأنشطة رياضيا وثقافيا وكشفيا واجتماعيا ونشطت لجانه في كل المجالات وتوجت ببروز أبطال النادي على الصعيد الرياضي ونشط العمل الاجتماعي فشكل النادي نقطة الالتقاء لكافة أبناء المدينة من المسلمين والمسيحيين حتى الاحتلال الإسرائيلي عام 1948 وتوقف الأنشطة في النادي حتى عام 1952 عندما استؤنفت الأنشطة من جديد.

وفي عام 1962 م وبتاريخ 25-5-1962 م عقدت الهيئة التأسيسية لنادي الاتحاد الرياضي جلسة أولى وذلك بحديقة المنشية في نابلس وبحضور كل من السادة:جواد كمال والدكتور فيصل كنعان- رماء جود الله- نهاد كمال-مدحت كنعان- داوود الطويل والدكتور فؤاد الطاهر-وضاح طوقان ظاهر عرفات- شريف حلاوة- محمد أسعد وخالد العبوة - الدكتور فيصل كمال- وشوكت كمال
وكان للنادي في ذلك الوقت نشاط قوي في معظم الألعاب الرياضية مثل كرة القدم، كرة السلة، كرة اليد، كرة الطاولة، العب القوى، المصارعة والملاكمة (من أهم الأبطال عبد الكريم سعد بطل الأردن للوزن الثقيل وكامل عيران بطل وزن الريشة) واستمرت هذه الأنشطة بعد النكبة.

وقد تم انتخاب لجنة تحضيرية من اجل إعادة نشاطات النادي وانتخاب هيئة إدارية جديدة وقد تم ذلك في 15-7-1967 وقد تكونت هذه الهيئة الإدارية من:
نهاد كمال- أمين للسر -
كمال الزاغة - نائب أمين السر-
مدحت كنعان- أمين للصندوق-
-وليد استيتية- نائب أمين الصندوق
- فائق المصري، فؤاد الطاهر، وفيصل كمال - أعضاء

أعضاء الهيئة التأسيسية التاريخية عام 1932 م
 واصف كمال
 ممدوح السخن
 رستم الماضي
 رفعت النمر
 أكرم زعيتر
 صلاح العنبتاوي

أعضاء الهيئة التأسيسية - بعد النكبة 1948 م
 جواد كمال
 د. فيصل كنعان
 رماء جود الله
 نهاد كمال
 مدحت كنعان
 داوود الطويل
 الدكتور فؤاد الطاهر
 وضاح طوقان
 ظاهر عرفات
 شريف حلاوة
 محمد أسعد
 خالد العبوة
 د. فيصل كمال
 شوكت كمال

أعضاء الهيئة الادارية - بعد النكسة 1967 م
 نهاد كمال- أمين للسر
 كمال الزاغة - نائب أمين السر
 مدحت كنعان- أمين للصندوق
 وليد استيتية- نائب أمين الصندوق
 فائق المصري - عضو
 فؤاد الطاهر - عضو
 فيصل كمال - عضو

الهيئة الإدارية الحالية

رؤساء نادي الاتحاد
قائمة رؤساء النادي على مر التاريخ منذ 1959

اهداف النادي

1. نشر الثقافة والوعي الوطني الفلسطيني.

2. تاهيل وتمكين الإنسان الفلسطيني للصمود في فلسطين.

3. توجيه الشاب الفلسطيني نحو الانتماء لفلسطين والارتباط بها.

4. غرس روح العمل التطوعي

5. نشر الوعي الرياضي والثقافي

6. تاهيل وتدريب الكوادر الرياضية والكشفية والفنية.

7. مساعدة المجتمع المحلي بكافة مكوناته من عائلات، مؤسسات، وافراد في مختلف المجالات الإنسانية.

8. تنشيط الرياضة في مدينة نابلس بكافة اشكالها

انجازات النادي

1- استئناف النشاط الرياضي عام 1952 بعد توقفه قسرا.

2- وفي عام1962 م وبتاريخ 25-5-1962 م عقدت الهيئة التأسيسية لنادي الاتحاد الرياضي جلسة أولى وذلك بحديقة المنشية في نابلس وبحضور كل من السادة:جواد كمال والدكتور فيصل كنعان- رماء جود الله- نهاد كمال-مدحت كنعان- داوود الطويل والدكتور فؤاد الطاهر-وضاح طوقان ظاهر عرفات- شريف حلاوة- محمد أسعد وخالد العبوة - الدكتور فيصل كمال- وشوكت كمال

وكان للنادي في ذلك الوقت نشاط قوي في معظم الألعاب الرياضية مثل كرة القدم، كرة السلة، كرة اليد، كرة الطاولة، العب القوى، المصارعة والملاكمة (من أهم الأبطال عبد الكريم سعد بطل الأردن للوزن الثقيل وكامل عيران بطل وزن الريشة) واستمرت هذه الأنشطة بعد النكبة.

وقد تم انتخاب لجنة تحضيرية من اجل إعادة نشاطات النادي وانتخاب هيئة إدارية جديدة وقد تم ذلك في 15-7-1967

كرة القدم

- المشاركة في الدوري الممتاز الأردني بكرة القدم للأعوام 1962-1967

- من الاندية المتميزة على مستوى محافظة نابلس وكذلك الضفة الغربية في السبعينيات

- برز من النادي العديد من اللاعبين عل مر التاريخ ومنهم نهاد كمال، تيسير النابلسي، منير عبدة، وضاح طوقان,
زاهي كمال، زياد الحبش، رياض الحبش، محمد العارضة، رشدي أبو غزالة، سليم طة، غسان طة، حسين جابر، منير ملحس، يوسف الريشة، علي أبو رعد، محمد سعيد جبر، محمد حنو، مطيع طوقان، علام كمال، حيدر سبع العيش، عقان سويدان، شاهر السرميطي حمودة إسماعيل حمودة وإبراهيم حمودة واخرون.

- عودة الفريق إلى دوري الاضواء عام 1996

- مشاركة في دوري 2008-2009 وهبوط ظالم إلى دوري الدرجة الولى أ مع الحصول على كاس الفريق المثالي

- مشاركة في دوري الأولى أ ضمن المجموعة الأولى (2009-2010)

- مشاركة في دوري الممتازة أ+ب (2010-2011)

- مشاركة في دوري الدرجة الثانية (2011-2012)(بعد إعادة تسمية الدرجات - وهي أعلى درجة هواة في الدوري الفلسطيني)والحصول على المركز الثاني

-حصول فريق الناشئين «مواليد 1997» على لقب بطل فلسطين لموسم 2011-2012 بعد أن لعب الفريق 14 مباراة بدون أي هزيمة.

تشكيلة الفريق الحالية (موسم 2012-2013)

كرة السلة

- بطولة الضفة الغربية لعام 73-74
- بطولة نابلس لعشرة سنوات متتالية من عام 1970 حتى عام 1980

كرة اليد

- بطولة الضفة الغربية لعام 73-74

كرة الطاولة

- وصيف بطل الضفة الغربية لعام 73-74
- بطولة الضفة الغربية لعام 98-99
- من اللاعبين الذين تميزوا في هذة اللعبة:خالد العبوة، فواز مساعيد، محمد طبيلة، فيصل أبو خرمة وجواد ضمرة

الشطرنج

هنالك نشاط متميز في لعبة الشطرنج بقيادة اللاعب المخضرعمار السالم الحائز على العديد من البطولات ومن
أهمها المرتبة السادسة في بطولة العرب للشطرنج التي أقيمت في دبي

التايكواندو

تم إضافة هذا النشاط في السنوات القليلة الماضية حيث أن النادي يعتبر من الأندية الرائدة في هذا المجال في المحافظات الشمالية بقيادة المدرب القدير الأستاذ أحمد أبو حطب، وقد مثل العديد من لاعبي النادي منتخب فلسطين في العديد من البطولات. وقد حصل إبطال النادي على سبعة ميداليات في بطولة الحسين الدولية التي أقيمت في عمان في شهر آب- 2008 واحتلوا بذلك المركز الخامس من بين 26 فريق شاركوا في البطولة.
كما حصل اللاعب أحمد جلال على الميدالية البرونزية في دورة الألعاب العربية في الدوحة لعام 2011.

المدربين السابقين
قائمة بأبرز المدربين الذين مروا بتاريخ نادي الاتحاد :-

  يوسف الريشة
  رشاد الهندي
  محمد حنو

أبرز النجوم تاريخيا - كرة القدم

قائمة بأبرز نجوم كرة القدم الذين مروا بتاريخ نادي الاتحاد :-

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للاتحاد الفلسطيني لكرة القدم

اتحاد
اتحاد
اتحاد
اتحاد
اتحاد
الرياضة في فلسطين
اتحاد
تأسيسات سنة 1932 في الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين
نابلس

نادي الاتحاد (فلسطين)


Tuncay Özilhan (d. 9 Temmuz 1947), Türk iş insanıdır. Anadolu Grubu Yönetim Kurulu Başkanıdır.

Hayatı
Kayseri'de doğan Tuncay Özilhan, Saint Joseph Fransız Lisesi ve İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi'ni bitirdikten sonra ABD'de Long Island Üniversitesi'nde işletme alanında yüksek lisans (MBA) yaptı. 1977 yılında Erciyas Biracılık Genel Müdürlüğü ile başlayan iş yaşamı, Anadolu Endüstri Holding Bira Grubu Koordinatörlüğü ve Anadolu Endüstri Holding Genel Koordinatörlüğü ile devam etti. 2007 yılı Mayıs ayında devraldığı Anadolu Grubu Yönetim Kurulu Başkanlığı görevini yürüten Tuncay Özilhan, 1984 yılında atandığı Anadolu Grubu İcra Başkanlığı görevini, Şubat 2017 tarihine kadar sürdürdü. Anadolu Grubu Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı Tuncay Özilhan aynı zamanda Anadolu Vakfı ve çeşitli Anadolu Grubu şirketlerinin de Yönetim Kurulu Başkanıdır.

2001 – 2003 yılları arasında TÜSİAD Başkanlığı görevini yürüten Tuncay Özilhan halen; TÜSİAD Yüksek İstişare Konseyi Başkanı, DEİK Yönetim Kurulu Üyeliği, Estonya Fahri Konsolosluğu ve Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü Başkanlığı görevlerini de sürdürmektedir Ayrıca, DEİK Türk–Rus İş Konseyi Yürütme Kurulu Başkanlığı da yaptı. Tuncay Özilhan, Japon hükûmetince takdim edilen en önemli nişanlardan olan,  The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star (Altın ve Gümüş Yıldız, Yükselen Güneş Nişanı)" ve Estonya Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı nişanlarına sahiptir.

Eleştiriler
Anadolu Grubu üzerinden sahip olduğu Migros (Türkiye) işçilerinin hakları için Esenyurt Deposunda başlattıkları direnişe karşı depo içinde düzenlenen polis baskını ve gözaltılar sonrasında Tuncay Özilhan işçiler tarafından eleştirilmiştir.

18 Şubat 2022'de Tuncay Özilhan'ın evinin önünde sendika yöneticileri ve 100'den fazla işçinin ters kelepçe takılıp gözaltına alınması kamuoyunda uzun bir süre tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

1947 doğumlular
Kayseri doğumlu iş insanları
20. yüzyıl Türk iş insanları
21. yüzyıl Türk iş insanları
Saint Joseph Fransız Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
TÜSİAD Yönetim Kurulu Başkanları
Yaşayan insanlar
Yükselen Güneş Nişanı sahipleri

Tuncay Özilhan


Fynsgade i Aarhus er ligesom Falstersgade anlagt ad to gange. Det første gadestykke - strækningen fra Høegh-Guldbergs Gade - anlagdes i 1886 på et område, der oprindeligt var udlagt til fattighaver.

En del af fattighaverne - arealet mellem Fynsgade og Kaserneboulevarden - forblev ubebygget helt frem til 1935. På arealerne blev der i årene 1935-37 opført en 5½ etages randbebyggelse efter en samlet bebyggelsesplan. Bygningerne, som er relativt ensartede, danner en delvis lukket karrébebyggelse omkranset af gaderne Fynsgade, Ny Munkegade, Kaserneboulevarden og Høegh-Guldbergs Gade. Karréen - kaldet Bakkegården - blev tegnet af arkitekten Peder Møller for en række forskellige bygherrer.

Byrådet vedtog i 1891 gadens navn. Dernæst, nemlig i 1897, fulgte etableringen af en linjeføring for gadens forløb fra Falstersgade til Ny Munkegade.

Kilder og henvisninger

Gader i Aarhus

Fynsgade


Francis Moncreiff (Midlothian,  - Édimbourg, ) est un joueur international écossais de rugby.

Il est le capitaine de l'équipe d'Écosse de rugby qui affronte l'Angleterre dans ce qui constitue le tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire, en 1871. Il joue en tout trois matchs pour son pays.

Biographie
Francis Jeffrey Moncreiff naît dans le Midlothian le  et est le fils de James Moncreiff,  baron Moncreiff de Tulliebole et d'Isabella Bell.

Il fréquente l'Edinburgh Academy et joue au rugby au sein du Edinburgh Academical F.C..

Le , il est l'un des cinq capitaines écossais  signataires d'un défi publié sous forme de lettre ouverte dans l'hebdomadaire sportif Bell's Weekly, invitant toute équipe « sélectionnée dans toute l'Angleterre » à un match à 20 joueurs qui serait joué selon les règles du rugby. Il fait suite à une première rencontre prétendue internationale s'étant tenue à The Oval trois semaines plus tôt, mais contestée par les Écossais qui ne s'estimaient pas représentés.

Francis Moncreiff est ainsi non seulement sélectionné mais désigné capitaine pour mener la toute première équipe d'Écosse de rugby lors du tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire. L'Écosse remporte ce premier match international sur le score final de .

Moncreiff joue les trois premiers matchs de l'histoire de l'Écosse, enchaînant avec deux autres matchs contres l'Angleterre : le  à The Oval de Londres, où l'Angleterre l'emporte , et le  au Hamilton Crescent de Glasgow, où les deux équipes se séparent sur un score nul et vierge.

Il mène une carrière d'expert-comptable agréé.

Moncreiff épouse Frances Ramsay Lawson, le  avec qui il a deux fils : James Hamilton (1872-1923) et Frederick Charles (1873-1877), puis Mildred Fitzherbert le  avec qui il a quatre autres garçons : Richard Henry (1882-1966), Francis Beresford (1883-1928), Adrian Wellwood (1885-1968) et Norman Halliday (1886-1916).

Francis Moncreiff meurt à Édimbourg le .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Naissance dans le Midlothian
Naissance en août 1849
Décès à Glasgow
Décès en mai 1900
Décès à 50 ans
Joueur international écossais de rugby à XV

Francis Moncreiff


À nos enfants est un drame romantique brésilien réalisé par Maria de Medeiros, et sorti en 2019.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : À nos enfants
 Réalisation : Maria de Medeiros
 Scénario : Maria de Medeiros et Laura Castro
 Photographie : Edgar Moura
 Décors :
 Costumes : Reneta Russo
 Montage : Manuel De Sousa
 Musique :
 Production : Laura Castro, Marta Nobrega, Thierry Lenouvel, Paula Cosenza et Denise Gomes
 Producteur associé : Carlos Diegues
 Coproducteur : Gustavo Angel Olaya
 Producteur exécutif : Gisela Camara
 Société de production : Ciné-Sud Promotion, AG Studios, Bossa Nova Films, Cria Producoes Artisticas et BRDE
 Société de distribution : Epicentre Films
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur — 2,35:1
 Genre : Drame romantique
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Brésil :  (Rio de Janeiro)
 France :
  (Paris)
  (en salles)
 Canada :

Distribution
 Marieta Severo : Vera
 José de Abreu : Fernando
 Laura Castro : Tânia
 Marta Nobrega : Vanessa
 Andrei Cardoso : Caique
 Claudio Lins : Sergio
 Antonio Pitanga : Rodrigo
 Denise Crispim : Clarisse
 Ricardo Pereira : Antonio

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Film brésilien sorti en 2019
Film brésilien sur le lesbianisme
Film dramatique brésilien
Film romantique brésilien
Film tourné à Rio de Janeiro

À nos enfants


Olaylar
 Nisan - Kudüs'ün Fethi gerçekleşti.
 Temmuz-Ekim - Halep Kuşatması gerçekleşti.
 Ekim - Demirköprü Savaşı gerçekleşti.
 Kadisiye Savaşı sonrasında Tizpon, Dört büyük halife ordusu tarafından ele geçirildi.

Doğumlar
 Said bin el-Müseyyeb, hadis, tefsir ve fıkıh alanında tabiin'in önde gelen müçtehidlerinden biri (ö. 715)

Ölümler

637


El cobre (III) es un estado de oxidación poco frecuente en el que se encuentra el cobre en algunos compuestos. No existe como catión libre en solución, ni aun a pH muy ácidos, debido a su alto potencial oxidante.

Compuestos

Se conocen muy pocos compuestos en los que el cobre se encuentra con estado de oxidación +3. Algunos de ellos son:

Cu2O3, trióxido de dicobre.
Cs[CuF4], tetraflorocuprato(III) de cesio.
KCuO2, cuprato de potasio.
K7Cu(IO6)2, ''bis[hexaoxoyodato(VII)]cuprato(III) de heptapotasio.

Referencias

 3

Cobre (III)


Le Denier Franc  (    ;  . ré. ) ou penny était une pièce de monnaie médiévale qui tire son nom de la pièce de monnaie franque émise  à la fin du  . En anglais, il est parfois appelé penny en argent. Son apparition représente la fin de la monnaie d'or qui, au début de la domination franque, était soit romaine (byzantine) soit "pseudo-impériale" (frappée par les Francs à l'imitation de la monnaie byzantine). L'argent devient la base de la monnaie franque. Le denier a été frappé en France et dans certaines parties de la péninsule italienne pendant  le Moyen Âge, dans des États tels que le patriarcat d'Aquilée, le royaume de Sicile, la république de Gênes, la république de Sienne et l'État croisé royaume de Jérusalem, entre autres.

Histoire

Pièce de monnaie
Autour de l'année 755, lors des réformes carolingiennes, Pépin le Bref a introduit un nouveau système monétaire qui a  été ajusté de sorte que 12 pence (    ;    ) équivalent à un shilling (  ;  ou  ) et 20 shillings équivalaient à une livre (  ,  , ou  ;  ). Par la suite trois deniers équivalaient à un liard. Seul le denier était une véritable pièce de monnaie; le reste étant de l'argent de compte. Ce système et le denier ont servi de modèle à d'autres monnaies européennes, notamment la livre sterling, la lire italienne, le dinero espagnol et le dinheiro portugais.

Taux d'intérêt
Dans la France de l'Ancien Régime, le denier était utilisé comme mesure théorique des taux d'intérêt sur les prêts. Ainsi, un taux de 4 % (1/25) serait exprimé en « denier 25 » ; un taux de 5% (1/20) en « denier 20 » ; et ainsi de suite.

Articles connexes
 denier
 dinar or
 pfennig
 Cagliarese

Notes et références

Monnaie du Moyen Âge
Ancienne unité monétaire
Pièce en argent
Dinar
Histoire économique de la France
Pièce de monnaie française

Denier franc


Avni Arbaş (1919, İstanbul  - 16 Ekim 2003, İzmir), Türk ressamdır.

İlköğrenimine babasının görevi nedeniyle bulunduğu Aydın'da başladı. İlk resim öğretmeni sayılabilecek babasının 1929 yılında Sivas'ta ölümü üzerine annesi ile birlikte geldiği İstanbul'da Galatasaray Lisesi'ne kayıt oldu. O günün Galatasaray Lisesi öğrencileri ve günümüz ressamları Cihat Burak ile Selim Turan'la birlikte asker ressamlardan Mehmet Ali Bey'in öğrencisi oldu. Dönemin Akademi hocaları İbrahim Safi ile Naci Kalmukoğlu'nun atölyelerinde çalıştı. 1937 yılında şimdiki adıyla Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi olan dönemin Devlet Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi orta kısmına girmek üzere Galatasaray Lisesi'nden ayrıldı. İbrahim Çallı ve Leopold Levy'nin atölyelerinde çalışan Arbaş, Akademi'de kaldığı dokuz yılın son dönemlerinde Devlet Resim ve Heykel Sergilerine katıldı. 1946 yılında okulu bitirdikten sonra; dönemin Maarif Vekili (Millî Eğitim Bakanı) Hasan Ali Yücel'in çabalarıyla düzenlenen "Yurt Gezileri"ne katılarak Siirt'e gitti.

Fransız Hükûmeti'nin bursu ile Paris'e giden sanatçı 1951 yılında Türkiye'de Maya Galerisi'nde, 1954 yılında ise Paris'te Mahmut Makal'ın "Bizim Köy" adlı kitabından esinlenerek yaptığı çalışmaları ile ilk sergilerini açtı. 1943 yılında evlendiği eşi Zerrin'in ölümü üzerine 1958 yılında Henriette Lapouge ile ikinci evliliğini yaptı. 1966 yılında Henri Montherlant'ın 3. cildini onbeş Litho (Taş baskı) çalışmasıyla resimledi.

Fikret Mualla, Hakkı Anlı, Abidin Dino, Selim Turan, Remzi Raşa, Nejad Melih Devrim, Mübin Orhon ve Albert Bitran ile beraber Paris Türk Ekolü pentür sanatçılarındandır.

1977 yılında Türkiye'ye döndü, ancak; askerliğini yapmadığı gerekçesiyle vatandaşlığını kaybettiğini öğrenince sıkıntılar yaşadı. Verdiği mücadele sonunda vatandaşlığını yeniden elde etti. Bu dönemde ağırlıklı olarak Mustafa Kemal portrelerinin yanı sıra, "İstanbul" ve "Boğaz" konulu yapıtlar üretti. Paris'te iken zaman zaman Paris'e uğrayan Nâzım Hikmet'in karakalem portrelerini de çalışan sanatçı, 2003 yılında kansere bağlı olarak yaşamını sürdürdüğü İzmir'in Foça ilçesinde 84 yaşında öldü.

Ferit Edgü'nün gözü ile Avni Arbaş
Modern resmin ustaları arasında Avni Arbaş'a en yakın sanatçının Picasso olduğunu belirten Edgü, 'Resim, benden daha güçlü, ne isterse yaptırıyor bana" diyen Picasso'nun tam tersine, Arbaş'ın "Resme söz geçirmeye çalıştığını" söylüyor. Sanatçının, öğrencilik döneminden yıllar sonra gerçekleştirdiği gerek desenlerinde, gerek yağlıboyalarında beli bir ustalığın izlerini taşıdığını ekleyen Edgü, Arbaş'ın sanat çizgisini ise şöyle değerlendiriyor...". Bu resimlerde gördüğüm bir şey var ki, o, pek o kadar olağan değil. Avni'nin Türkiye'de, daha sonra Fransa'da, daha sonra yine Türkiye'de geçen, uzun sanat yaşamı boyunca, Akademi'deki gençlik yıllarında tuttuğu yoldan ayrılmamış olması. Kuşkusuz, aradan geçen yıllar boyunca hep aynı resmi yaptı demiyorum. Ama, her zaman, aynı anlayışta resimler yaptı, diyorum.

Ölümünden sonraki online sergiler
 2008 Arda Sanat Galerisi
 2008 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2008 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2008 Derinlikler Sanat Merkezi
 2008 Olcay Art
 2008 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2008 Pınar Art
 2008 Antik Park Fine Art and Antiques
 2007 Evin Sanat Galerisi
 2007 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2007 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2006 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
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 2006 Cumalı Sanat Galerisi
 2006 Galeri D
 2006 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2005 Artı Mezat
 2005 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2005 Maçka Mezat
 2005 Alif ART
 2005 İstanbul Grafik Sanatlar Müzesi
 2004 Krişna Sanat Merkezi
 2004 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2004 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2004 Artium Sanatevi
 2003 Artı Mezat
 2003 dem-art Sanat Galerisi
 2003 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2002 Artisan Sanat Galerisi
 2002 dem-art Sanat Galerisi
 2001 dem-art Sanat Galerisi

Kişisel Sergiler
 1998 Millî Reasürans Sanat Galerisi/Retrospektif, İst.
 1995 Artisan Sanat Galerisi, İstanbul
 1992 Garanti Sanat Gal./Küçük Retrospektif, İstanbul
 1991 Artisan Sanat Galerisi, İstanbul
 1987 Artisan Sanat Galerisi, İstanbul
 1987 Artisan Sanat Galerisi, Ankara
 1983 Artisan Sanat Galerisi, Ankara
 1982 Urart Sanat Galerisi, İstanbul
 1981 Artisan Sanat Galerisi, Ankara
 1979 Artisan Sanat Galerisi, Ankara
 1978 Bedri Rahmi Galerisi, İstanbul
 1977 Vakko Sanat Galerisi, Ankara
 1975 Galerie Esteve, Paris
 1972 Gallery Herbert Benevy,New York
 1970 The Vernon Manor, Ohio
 1965 Galerie Dina Vierny, Paris
 1962 Galerie Dina Vierny, Paris
 1961 Gallery Nicole, New York
 1958 Musée Grimaldi, Antibes (Abidin Dino'yla birlikte)
 1956 Galerie Dina Vierny, Paris
 1954 Galerie Octobon, Paris
 1953 Galerie La Roue, Paris
 1951 Maya Sanat Galerisi, İstanbul (Türkiye'deki ilk sergisi)

Karma sergilerden seçmeler
 1986 "İstanbul'da Bahar" Edpa Sanat galerisi İstanbul
 1968 Galerie La Muraille, Besançon
 1965 "Paris'te Yaşayan Türk Ressamları "Alman Kül. İstanbul
 1956 Ecole de Paris 56 Galeri Carpentier, Paris
 1940 Liman Sr., Yeniler Grubuy'la Matbuat Müdürlüğü Salonu, İstanbul

Hakkında yazılanlar
 Başkaldıran Atların Ressamı, Yaşar Yılmaz ISBN 9789753902007
 Avni Arbaş, Ferit Edgü ISBN 9754583161

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Avni Arbaş Retrospektifi

1919 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu ressamlar
2003 yılında ölenler
Arbaş ailesi
20. yüzyıl Türk ressamları
21. yüzyıl Türk ressamları
Abaza asıllı Türkler
Ubıh asıllı Türkler
Lenfomadan ölenler
İzmir'de ölenler
Aşiyan Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Avni Arbaş


دائرة المنصورة، وهي دائرة بولاية تلمسان بالجزائر.

  دائرة المنصورة، وهي دائرة بولاية غرداية بالجزائر.
  دائرة المنصورة، وهي دائرة بولاية برج بوعريريج بالجزائر.

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

دائرة المنصورة (توضيح)


Lokalna samouprava Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine organizirana je i ostvaruje se u općinama i gradovima kao jedinicama lokalne samouprave, a izvršavaju je tijela lokalne samouprave i građani, u skladu s Ustavom, zakonima i statutom jedinice lokalne samouprave. Općine, odnosno gradovi u Federaciji BiH su monotipskog karaktera, s jednakim ovlaštenjima.

Općina je jedinica lokalne samouprave koja je na osnovi ispunjavanja propisanih uvjeta uspostavljena zakonom. Ona je osnovna jedinica lokalne samouprave u Federaciji BiH. Grad je jedinica lokalne samouprave koja predstavlja urbanu, infrastrukturnu cjelinu povezanu svakodnevnim potrebama stanovništva. Grad se, osim ustavom, uspostavlja federalnim zakonom na osnovi sporazuma o udruživanju dviju ili više općina, odnosno odluke općinskog vijeća općine koja ispunjava propisane uvjete iz zakona, a koja ima najmanje 30 000 stanovnika, odnosno u čijem gradskom središtu kao zaokruženom urbanom području živi najmanje 10 000 stanovnika. Grad u smislu ovog zakona predstavlja sjedište županije i u slučaju neispunjavanja drugih uvjeta iz zakona.

Ustavom iz 1994., općina je bila određena kao jedini oblik samouprave. Amandmanom iz 1996., među oblicima lokalne samouprave navedeni su općina i grad. Dodatnim amandmanom od 1997., posebno je uređen status Grada Sarajeva kao glavnog grada i Grada Mostara. Na snazi je između 1995. i 2006. bio Zakon o lokalnoj samoupravi Federacije BiH. Zakone o lokalnoj samoupravi usvojile su i županije, dok je Federacija BiH usvojila novi Zakon o principima lokalne samouprave. Novim zakonskim promjenama prihvaćeno je moderno shvaćanje lokalne samouprave kao prava lokalnih tijela da upravljaju dijelom lokalnih poslova u interesu lokalnog stanovništva; u monotipnu strukturu, pored općine, uveden je i grad kao jedinica lokalne samouprave; proširene su nadležnosti općine; i promijenjen je način izbora načelnika, koji se od usvajanja novog zakona bira neposredno, a ne posredno putem općinskog vijeća.

Popis općina i gradova po županijama

Unsko-sanska županija

Unsko-sanska županija ima tri grada i pet općina.

Županija Posavska

Županija Posavska ima jedan grad i dvije općine.

Tuzlanska županija

Tuzlanska županija ima šest gradova i sedam općina.

Zeničko-dobojska županija

Zeničko-dobojska županija ima tri grada i devet općina.

Bosansko-podrinjska županija Goražde

Bosansko-podrinjska županija Goražde ima jedan grad i dvije općine.

Županija Središnja Bosna

Županija Središnja Bosna ima dvanaest općina.

Hercegovačko-neretvanska županija

Hercegovačko-neretvanska županija ima četiri grada i pet općina.

Županija Zapadnohercegovačka

Županija Zapadnohercegovačka ima dva grada i dvije općine.

Sarajevska županija

Sarajevska županija ima jedan grad i pet općina. Grad Sarajevo, međutim, ima četiri općine - Centar, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo i Stari Grad.

Hercegbosanska županija

Hercegbosanska županija ima jedan grad i pet općina.

Izvori

Bilješke

Bibliografija

 Mujakić, Muhamed: "Lokalna samouprava u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine - koncept, nadležnosti i organi", u: Hrvatska javna uprava, god 10 (2010.), br. 4, str. 1045. – 1058.

Politika Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine


Les élections législatives de 1898 ont eu lieu les 8 et 22 mai 1898.

Élus

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par arrondissement

Arrondissement d'Aix

1ère circonscription

2ème circonscription

Arrondissement d'Arles

Arrondissement de Marseille

1ère circonscription

2ème circonscription

3ème circonscription

4ème circonscription

5ème circonscription

Sources

Législatives, 1898
Bouches-du-Rhône

Élections législatives de 1898 dans les Bouches-du-Rhône


Scytodoidea es una superfamilia de arañas araneomorfas. Está constituida por cuatro familias de arañas con seis ojos:
Drymusidae: 1 género, 15 especies
Periegopidae: 1 género, 2 especies
Scytodidae: 5 géneros, 228 especies
Sicariidae: 2 géneros, 124 especies

Referencias
 Platnick, Norman I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology - Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World.

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Drymusidae
 Anexo:Especies de Periegopidae
 Anexo:Especies de Scytodidae
 Anexo:Especies de Sicariidae
 Taxonomía de las arañas

Enlaces externos

Scytodoidea

Scytodoidea


Sofijski filmski festival (bugarski: Международен София Филм Фест, София Филм Фест), poznatiji i kao Sofija Film Fest, međunarodni je filmski festival koji se održava svake godine početkom ožujka u Sofiji, glavnom gradu Bugarske. Jedan je od najpoznatijih europskih filmskih festivala na području Istočne i Jugoistočne Europe, a američki filmski tjednik »Variety« uvrstio ga je među 50 međunarodnih filmskih fesitvala koje se ne smije propustiti. Na festivalu se prikazuju filmovi svih rodova i žanrova, gostuju poznati glumce te se održavaju dramske radionice za djecu i mlade.

Festival se održava pod pokroviteljstvom bugarskog Ministarstva kulture, Nacionalne palače kulture, Nacionalnog filmskog centra i Bugarske nacionalne televizije.

Prvo izdanje festivala održano je 1997., a od tada je prikazano preko 1.600 filmskih uradaka uz gostovanja 1.000 dramskih umjetnika iz cijele Europe i svijeta.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice festivala
 Ministarstvo kulture Bugarske
 Nacionalna palača kulture
 Nacionalni filmski centar Bugarske

Sofija
Filmski festivali
Bugarska kultura

Sofijski filmski festival


Va Mişkunan (Lazca: Bilmiyoruz), Zuğaşi Berepe'nin 1995 yılında çıkardığı ilk albümüdür.

Kadro
Mehmedali Barış Beşli: Vokal
Kazım Koyuncu: Akustik gitar, vokal
İlhan Karahan: Elektro Gitar, gitar partisyonları ve soloları
Metin Kalaç: Bas Gitar
Cengiz Eyvazov: Davul
Mahmut Turan: Guda/tulum

Ayrıca:

Serhat Ersöz: Golaş Empula Yulun, Bozo, Ben, Bererttaşa'da klavye çaldı.
Vaxtang "Vaxo" Makalatia: Va Mişkunan, Ernesto, Oxoşkva Do Oropa Şeni, ve Avlaskani Cuneli'de klavye çaldı.
Oya Ergün: Bererttaşa'da vokal yaptı.

Parçalar
 Avlaskani Cuneli - 06.05
 Golas Empula Yulun/Yeşili Kamiyoni - 05.15
 Bozo - 05.53 (Söz: Mehmedali Barış Beşli, Müzik: Kazım Koyuncu)
 Bererttaşa - 05.10 (Söz ve Müzik: Mehmedali Barış Beşli)
 Va Mişkunan - 06.40
 Ernesto - 03.52 (Söz: Mehmedali Barış Beşli, Müzik: Kazım Koyuncu)
 Ben - 04.20 (Söz ve Müzik: İrfan Ünsal-İlhan)
 Oxoşkva do Oropa Şeni - 06.05 (Söz: Mehmedali Barış Beşli, Müzik: Kazım Koyuncu)

1995 albümleri
Zuğaşi Berepe albümleri
Lazca albümler

Va Mişkunan


Súmy er borg í norðaustur-Úkraínu og höfuðborg Súmy-oblast . Íbúar voru um 260.000 árið 2021.

Í innrás Rússa í Úkraínu 2022 héldu Rússar borginni í rúman mánuð en hörfuðu í byrjun apríl.

Borgir í Úkraínu

Súmy


Argus Motoren a fost un producător german de motoare de avioane fondat la Berlin în 1901. Înainte și după Primul Război Mondial, compania a produs motoare pentru automobile și motoare pentru ambarcațiuni, iar din 1926 a reluat proiectarea și producția motoarelor pentru aeronave.

Argus Motoren și-a încetat activitatea după cel de-al doilea război mondial.

Motoare de avioane produse
Argus 1908- 4 cilindri
Argus As I- 4 cilindrii, 100 CP,  produs în 1913
Argus As II- 6 cilindrii, 120 CP, produs în 1914
Argus As III- 6 cilindrii, în linie inversat, folosit pe avioane în primul război mondial
Argus As 5-  radial, 24 cilindrii în linie
Argus As 7- 9R 700 CP
Argus As 8- 4 cilindrii,  în linie inversat
Argus As 8A- 4 cilindrii în V, răcit cu aer,  inversat, 150 CP
Argus As 10- 8 cilindrii, inversat, inversat, în V, 240 CP
Argus As 10C- 8 cilindrii răcit cu aer, inversat, în V, 240 CP
Argus As 10P- 8 cilindrii, răcit cu aer, inversat în V, 236 CP
Argus As 12 16H- 550 CP
Argus As 014- pulsoreactor pentru rachetele V-1 și bărcile Sprengboot Tornado
Argus As 044
Argus As 16- 4 cilindrii, în linie inversat, 40 CP
Argus As 17- 6 cilindrii în linie inversat, 225 CP/285 CP
Argus As 17A- 6 cilindrii, în linie inversat, 225 CP
Argus As 401- similar cu As 10
Argus As 402
Argus As 403- radial, prototip
 Argus As 410- 12 cilindrii, inversat, în V
Argus As 410A-1- 12 cilindrii, inversat, în V, răcit cu aer, 465 CP
Argus As 410C- 12 cilindrii, răcit cu aer, inversat, în V, 450 CP
Argus As 411- 12 cilindrii  inversat, în V
Argus As 411 A-1- 12 cilindrii, răcit cu aer, inversat, în V, 592 CP
Argus As 411MA- 12 cilindrii, răcit cu aer, inversat, în V, 592 CP
Argus As 412- 24 cilindrii, în H, prototip
Argus As 413 similar cu As 412, prototip
Argus As 109-014- pulsoreactor pentru rachetele V-1 Fieseler Fi 103
Argus As 109-044- pusoreactor, 500 CP, pentru avioanele Junkers Ef 126
Argus As 292
Argus Fernfeuer

Galerie de imagini

Vezi și

 Fieseler

Note

Legături externe

  axis.classicwings.com: Argus Motoren Geselschaft m.b.H
 Download Aircraft Engines Manuals - Argus Motoren-gesellschaft

Companii înființate în anul 1901
Companii desființate din Germania
Companii din Germania
Motoare de avion
Producători de motoare de avioane din Germania
Producători de componente pentru aeronave

Argus Motoren


Birleşik Arap Devletleri (BAD, Arapça: الدول العربية الموحدة) 1958'den 1961'e kadar Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti (Mısır ve Suriye) ve Kuzey Yemen arasında kısa ömürlü bir konfederasyondu.

Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti, 1958'de Mısır ve Suriye'nin birleşmesi ile kurulan egemen bir devletti. Aynı yıl, Mısır ile bir savunma paktı imzalamış olan Yemen Mütevekkili Krallığı (Kuzey Yemen), 1958'de yeni devlete Birleşik Arap Devletleri adı verilen gevşek bir konfederasyon şeklinde katıldı. Bu kararın bir nedeni, Yemen'in uzun zamandır oldukça büyük ve daha güçlü kuzey komşusu Suudi Arabistan tarafından tehdit altında hissetmesiydi (ikisi 1934'te savaşmıştı ve hala kısmen belirsiz bir sınırı paylaşıyordu) ve böylece konfederasyonu bir güvenlik kaynağı olarak gördü. Bununla birlikte, Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti'nin üye ülkelerinin aksine, Yemen bağımsız bir egemen devlet olarak kaldı. Konfederasyon dönemi boyunca BM üyeliğini ve ayrı elçiliklerini sürdürdü.

Ne birlik ne de konfederasyon, 1961'de feshedildikleri için pan-Arabizm veya Arap milliyetçiliğinin araçları olarak rollerini yerine getirmediler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti, Mısır ve Suriye'nin birliği (1958–1961).
 Arap Federasyonu, Irak ve Ürdün arasında bir konfederasyon (1958).
 Arap Cumhuriyetleri Federasyonu (1972–1977).
 Arap İslam Cumhuriyeti (1974).

Dış bağlantılar
 The Charter of the United Arab States. Basic Documents of the Arab Unifications. s. 21.

Kaynakça

Arap milliyetçiliği
Eski konfederasyonlar
Suriye'de Arap milliyetçiliği

Birleşik Arap Devletleri


«Nocturne» (en español: "Nocturno") es una canción del dúo Secret Garden que ganó el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1995 representando a Noruega. La canción fue interpretada en el concurso por Secret Garden acompañados de dos músicos invitados; la vocalista noruega Gunnhild Tvinnereim y la sueca Åsa Jinder con la nyckelharpa.

Se trata de una canción de estilo new age, principalmente instrumental. La letra suma en total 24 palabras, y la vocalista interviene brevemente solo al principio y al final de la canción. El intermezzo de violín interpretado por la irlandesa Fionnuala Sherry toma el protagonismo en la mayor parte.

Eurovisión 1995
En la noche del festival celebrada en Dublín, la canción fue interpretada en 5º lugar de 23 canciones. Al final de la votación había recibido 148 puntos, siendo declarada ganadora.

Fue la segunda victoria para el autor de la canción y miembro del dúo Rolf Løvland, quien ya había compuesto la canción ganadora de Eurovisión 1985, "La det swinge", del dúo pop Bobbysocks, la única ganadora noruega hasta ese momento.

«Nocturne» destaca entre las canciones ganadoras de Eurovisión por ser la única principalmente instrumental.

Recorrido comercial
«Nocturne» nunca fue publicada como sencillo en la propia Noruega. La primera publicación como sencillo sería una versión paródica por parte de la banda Dusty Cowshit, la cual llegó al puesto #16 en la lista de ventas noruega en 1996. Sin embargo sí que fue lanzada como sencillo en el resto de Escandinavia y Europa en una versión en inglés, llegando al número #26 en Suecia, #6 en Bélgica (Flandes), #24 en Bélgica (Valonia) y #20 en los Países Bajos.

«Nocturne» fue incluida en el primer álbum de Secret Garden, Songs from a Secret Garden, que obtuvo diferentes certificaciones de oro y platino en varios países, y permaneció casi dos años en la lista New Age de Estados Unidos. El nóveno álbum de Secret Garden Inside I'm Singing (2007) incluye una nueva versión.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Letra de la Canción

Ganadores de Eurovisión
Canciones en noruego
Canciones de 1995
Canciones de Eurovisión 1995
Canciones de Eurovisión de Noruega
Ganadores del Melodi Grand Prix

Nocturne (canción)


An Zantedeschia rehmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Zantedeschia rehmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zantedeschia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Zantedeschia

Zantedeschia rehmannii


Guarani'nin birkaç anlamı vardır:

 Guaraníler, Güney Amerika'da yaşayan bir yerli halk
 Guaraní dili, yerlilerince konuşulan dil
 Guaraní alfabesi, bahsi geçen dilin alfabesi
 Paraguay guaranísi, Paraguay devletinin ulusal para birimi
 Guaraní Aquifer, Dünyadaki en büyük potansiyel yer altı suyu rezervi
 Guarani, Minas Gerais, Birezilya'mın Minas Gerais eyaletine bağlı bir kent
 Guarani de Goiás, Brezilya'nın Goiás eyaletine bağlı bir kasaba
 Guarani das Missões, Brezilya'nın Rio Grande do Sul eyaletime bağlı Missões ilinde bir kent
 Guarani Futebol Clube, Brezilya'nın Campinas ilinde bir futbol takımı
 Guarany Futebol Clube, Brezilya'nın Bagé ilinde bir futbol takımı
 Guaraní, Paraguay'da bir futbol takımı
 Guarini, Bir İtalyan ismi

Guaraní


Pancrazio De Pasquale, né à Giardini (province de Messine) le , mort à Rome le , est un homme politique italien.

Secrétaire fédéral du Parti communiste italien à Palerme puis à Messine entre 1949 et 1957, il est député national, puis membre de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne qu'il préside de 1976 à 1979, et député européen.

Biographie
Vivant à Messine avec sa famille à partir de 1936, il milite aux Jeunesses communistes et étudie la littérature à l'université. Après la libération de l'île, en 1943, il poursuit ses études à Palerme, où il est secrétaire des Jeunes communistes siciliens.

Docteur en philosophie en 1948, Pancrazio De Pasquale est influencé par le penseur marxiste Galvano della Volpe.

En 1949, il devient secrétaire fédéral du Parti communiste italien pour la province de Palerme et participe au mouvement paysan d'occupation des terres incultes. Critique avec Pio La Torre du secrétaire régional Girolamo Li Causi, qui ne soutient pas la lutte paysanne et l'accuse de fractionnalisme il doit faire son autocritique et est écarté de ses fonctions, devant quitter la Sicile pendant deux ans pour une . En 1952, il épouse Simona Mafai, engagée comme lui dans une carrière au sein du PCI.

Revenu en Sicile fin 1952, il succède en juin 1953 à  Emanuele Tuccari. comme secrétaire fédéral pour la province de Messine jusqu'en 1957 et est élu au conseil municipal de Messine. Il entre à la Chambre des députés lors des élections de 1958 et est réélu en 1963.

Le 6 mars 1967, à la demande des instances du parti, il démissionne du parlement national au profit de Giuseppe Antonio Bottaro afin de remettre de l'ordre dans le groupe parlementaire communiste dont il prend la présidence après son élection par le collège de Messine. Il soutient les initiatives de moralisation de la vie politique régionale, comme l'abrogation du vote secret sur le budget, cause dans les décennies précédentes de plusieurs marchandages partisans et de chutes inattendus de gouvernements.

Réélu en 1971 pour les collèges de Messine et de Palerme, et laissant le second siège à Mario Barcellona, il accepte la mise en œuvre d'un gouvernement de  réunissant les partis de centre-gauche avec le soutien du PCI. Dirigé à partir de mars 1974 par Angelo Bonfiglio, le gouvernement ne comprend cependant pas de ministres communistes. En revanche, en application de l'accord signé entre le DC et le PCI, il est élu président de l'ARS après les élections régionales de 1976. Il est le premier communiste à ce poste depuis la création de l'Assemblée, et premier président qui ne soit pas issue de la Démocratie chrétienne depuis 1951. Il démissionne le 3 mai 1979 mais n'est pas remplacé par un démocrate chrétien comme initialement convenu lors de son élection, mais par son camarade de parti, Michelangelo Russo.

Il laisse l'Assemblée régionale pour être élu lors des élections européennes de 1979. Il prend la présidence de la Commission des affaires régionales du Parlement européen où il est réélu en 1984. Il tente de convaincre de faire de la lutte contre la mafia une cause européenne et promeut l'ouverture en 1985 d'une enquête sur les détournements de crédits communautaires en Sicile.

Mais, entré en opposition avec la nouvelle direction du parti, il n'est pas sur la liste communiste pour les élections de 1989 et adhère en 1991 au Parti de la refondation communiste après un bref passage par le Parti démocrate de la gauche, successeur officiel du PCI. Sous ces couleurs, il retrouve les bancs de la Chambre des députés en avril 1992 mais meurt en septembre alors qu'il se rend à une réunion de son parti.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Président de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Député de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Naissance en août 1925
Naissance dans la province de Messine
Décès à Rome
Décès en septembre 1992
Personnalité du Parti communiste italien
Personnalité du Parti démocrate de la gauche
Personnalité du Parti de la refondation communiste
Député de la troisième législature de la République italienne
Député de la quatrième législature de la République italienne
Député de la onzième législature de la République italienne
Député européen du groupe communiste et apparentés 1984-1989
Député européen élu en Italie 1984-1989
Député européen du groupe communiste et apparentés 1979-1984
Député européen élu en Italie 1979-1984
Décès à 67 ans
Conjoint de personnalité politique

Pancrazio De Pasquale


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 14 Nisan - İbn Rüşd, Endülüslü-Arap felsefeci, hekim, fıkıhçı, matematikçi ve tıpçı (ö. 1198)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 İoannis Dukas, Theodora Komnini Angelina ile Sicilya Amirali Konstantinos Angelos'un oğlu (ö. y. 1200)
 Hakanî, Azerbaycanlı şair ve mütefekkir (ö. 1199)
 I. Hasan, Elemûtlar-Nizârî Devleti hükümdarı (ö. 1162)

Ölümler
 30 Temmuz - Normandiyalı Cecilia, İngiliz prenses ve rahibe
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Aksungur el-Porsuki, Musul emiri
 Edgar Atheling, ya da Edgar II, İngiltere kralı (d. 1051)

1126


الناقل 2 و(بالإنجليزية Transporter 2) هو فيلم أكشن إنتاج فرنسي تم عرضه عام 2005 كجزء الثاني لفيلم الناقل من إخراج لويس ليترير وبطولة الممثل الإنجليزي جيسون ستاثام وأمبير فاليتا وماثيو مودين واليساندرو جاسمان ومن توزيع تونتيث سينتشوري فوكس وتوتشستون بيكشرز وأيروباكورب ويدور حول فرانك مارتين (جيسون ستاثام) -السائق المحترف - الذي يقاوم اختطاف الطفل (هنتر كلارى) المكلف بتسليمه من قبل مجموعة مسلحة تستخدم الطفل لنقل فيرس مميت الي والده(ماثيو مودين).

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة وحركة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة وحركة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة وحركة فرنسية
أفلام إثارة وحركة في 2005
أفلام إنتاج 2005
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإيطالية
أفلام باللغة الفرنسية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في ميامي (فلوريدا)
أفلام توينتيث سينتشيري فوكس
أفلام عن أمراض معدية
أفلام عن السيارات
أفلام فرنسية
أفلام فرنسية في عقد 2000
أفلام متممة
أفلام متممة فرنسية
أفلام مصورة في فرنسا
أفلام مصورة في ميامي
أفلام مطاردة في عقد 2000
أفلام مغامرات أمريكية
أفلام مغامرة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام من إخراج لويس ليترير
أفلام من إنتاج لوك بيسون
الناقل
نصوص سينمائية كتبها لوك بيسون

الناقل 2 (فيلم)


Germencik, Ege Bölgesi'nde Aydın ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Aydın'a 25 km uzaklıktaki ilçe, verimli Büyük Menderes ovasının ortasında yer alır. Aydın-İzmir kara yolunun üzerinde olmasının yanı sıra, İzmir-Aydın-Afyon ve Ortaklar-Söke gibi iki demiryolunun da kavşağında yer alır.

Germencik'in içinde yerleşim, Aydın-İzmir kara yolunun iki yanında yoğunlaşmıştır.

Nüfus
İlçede 36 mahalle bulunmaktadır.

Ekonomi
Tarıma dayalı ekonomisinde incir başlıca üründür. Bunun yanı sıra zeytin, pamuk, susam meyan kökü de üretilir. İlçenin toplam arazi varlığı 37.439 hektar, ekili dikili alan 25.580 hektardır. Geri kalan alanın 10.623 hektarı orman, 665 hektarı çayır-mera, 519 hektarı kullanılmaz arazi ve 52 hektarı göl ve bataklıktır.

İlçede tahin, helva, zeytinyağı, tuğla, un üretimevleri ile çırçır fabrikaları bulunur. Yetiştirilen önemli tarımsal ürünlerin ekilişi ve 1998 yılı yaklaşık üretimi oranları aşağıdaki gibidir.

Kültür Bitkisinin Adı ....................Ekilişi (Hektar).......................1998 Üretimi

Pamuk.........................................5650........................................16950 ton

Tahıl ...........................................1340....................................... 4407 ton

İncir ............................................8722........................................7500 ton

Zeytin ..........................................9292.......................................44170 ton

İlçede 92 dekar domates, 16 dekar süs bitkisi ve kalanı çeşitli sebzeler ekilen 107 dekar alanda sera sebzeciliği yapılmaktadır.

İlçede 7140 adet büyük ve 7560 adet küçükbaş olmak üzere toplam 14.700 baş hayvan bulunmakta olup, yılda 28.600 ton süt elde edilmektedir. İlçede 2470 adet arı kovanı bulunmakta ve 27.200 kg bal, 670 kg balmumu elde edilmektedir. İlçede Et tavukçuluğu yetiştirmeciliği yapan 3 işletme bulunmakta olup, kesim yapılmaktadır.

Sanayi kuruluşu olarak; 6 çırçır fabrikası, 1 adet nbitkisel yağ üretimevi, 1 soğuk hava deposu, 1 yapı gereçleri üretim yeri, 1 kiremit üretim yeri, 12 tarımsal kooperatif, 15 ekmek fırını, 145 incir işletmesi bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, işleme sığası 4.200 ton olan salamura işletmesinde, 3.000 ton sofralık zeytin salamurası yapılmaktadır.

Ören yerleri

Magnesia Antik Kenti
(Menderes Magnesiası)Ortaklar bel. antik kentine ait ören yeri, Germencik ilçesi Ortaklar belediyesini bağlı Tekin köy sınırları içinde Ortaklar-Söke kara yolu üzerindedir.

Kaplıcalar
İlçenin 12 km kuzeyinde Alangüllü, 10 km kuzeyinde Çamur, Germencik ilçesi ortaklar kasabasına bağlı Gümüş köyünde de Gümüş kaplıcaları bulunur.

Coğrafi yapı
İlçe toprakları ülkenin en verimli bölgesinde olmasına rağmen yanlış bir şekilde ve diğer büyük menderes ovasında bulunan kentlerdeki gibi ovaya doğru yapılaşmaktadır. Yapıların büyük kısmı müstakil evlerden oluşmakta ve dolayısı ile büyük kentlerde yüz bin insanın yaşayacağı alanda ilçe nüfusu yaşamaktadır. Bu alanda çalışma yapılması beklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 T.C. Germencik Belediyesi
 T.C. Germencik Kaymakamlığı

Germencik


Valencia Street Circuit var en gade motorsportsbane, beliggende ved havnen i den spanske provinshovedstad Valencia. Banen var fra åbningen i 2008 til 2012 vært for Europas Grand Prix i Formel 1.

Historie
Formel 1-chefen Bernie Ecclestone underskrev 1. juni 2007 en kontrakt syvårig kontrakt med Valmor Sport-gruppen, om afholdelse af et årligt Formel 1 Grand Prix i Valencia, gældende fra 2008-sæsonen.

Det officielle bane layout blev afsløret 19. juli 2007 af Valencias byrådsmedlem og transportrådgiver Mario Flores. Banen blev første gang brugt i den sidste weekend i juli 2008, da banen var vært for en runde af den spanske F3 mesterskab, og International GT Open. 24. august 2008 blev der kørt det første Formel 1-løb i Valencia, med Felipe Massa som en senere vinder. Der blev kørt Formel 1 på banen til og med 2012-sæsonen

I januar 2013 blev det offentliggjort, at Valencia Street Circuit var nedlagt. Tyve har nu taget alt af værdi, og banen ligner en spøgelsesby.

Banen
Banen benyttede vejene ved byens havn og America's Cup havneområdet, herunder et afsnit over en 140 meter lang svingbro, og omfatter også nogle veje der udelukkende er beregnet til racerløb, som blev designet af den tyske arkitekt Hermann Tilke, som også designede infrastrukturen og bygninger til hele baneanlægget.

Den var i alt 5,419 kilometer lang, med 25 sving, hvor de 11 var til højre, mens 14 sving gik til venstre.

Vindere af Formel 1 i Valencia

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Formel 1-baner
Etableret i 2008
Ophørt i 2013
Valencia
Motorsportsanlæg i Spanien

Valencia Street Circuit


Matanzas () is one of the provinces of Cuba.  Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Colón, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province.

Among Cuban provinces, Matanzas is one of the most industrialized, with petroleum wells, refineries, supertanker facilities, and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province.

Geography
The second largest in Cuba, Matanzas province is largely flat, with its highest point (Pan de Matanzas) at only 380m above sea level.

The north-western coast is largely rocky, with a few beaches, while the north-eastern coast has numerous small cays of its coast (part of Sabana-Camaguey Archipelago), and scrubland and mangroves near the shoreline. Cuba's northernmost point is located in on Hicacos Peninsula.

The southern coast has one of Cuba's most distinctive features: an enormous marsh, Ciénaga de Zapata that covers both the southern part of the province and the Zapata Peninsula. East of the peninsula lies the Bay of Pigs, the site of the failed US backed invasion.

Municipalities
From 1976 to 2010 Matanzas was sub-divided into 14 municipalities.
Starting from 2011, the municipality of Varadero was abolished and merged to Cárdenas. Thus Matanzas now has 13 municipalities.

Source: Population from 2004 Census. Area from 1976 municipal re-distribution.

Demographics
In 2004, the province of Matanzas  had a population of 675,980. With a total area of , the province had a population density of .

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Provincial portal

Provinces of Cuba

Matanzas Province


Bent este o dramă britanică din 1997 regizată de Sean Mathias, având la bază piesa omonimă a lui Martin Sherman din 1979, care este de altfel și scenaristul filmului. Filmul gravitează în jurul persecuției homosexualilor în timpul Germaniei naziste imediat după asasinarea liderului SS Ernst Röhm în "Noaptea cuțitelor lungi".

Ecranizat în doar câteva cinematografe din Statele Unite și vestul Europei, Bent s-a bucurat de un real succes în rândul criticilor de film, obținând, printre altele, premiul Prix de la jeunesse în cadrul celei de-a 50-a ediții a Festivalului de Film de la Cannes.

Subiect

Max (Clive Owen) este un promiscuu bărbat homosexual din Berlinul anilor '30. El este certat cu familia sa înstărită din cauza orientării sexuale. Într-o seară, la resentimentele partenerului său Rudy (Brian Webber), Max aduce acasă un chipeș ofițer SA, Wolf (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau). Din nefericire, aceasta are loc în "Noaptea cuțitelor lungi", când Hitler ordonă asasinarea trupelor eșalon SA. Wolf este descoperit și ucis de ofițerii SS în apartamentul lui Max și Rudy, în timp ce aceștia fug din Berlin.

Unchiul lui Max, Freddie (Ian McKellen), îi falsifică actele de identitate, însă Max refuză să-și lase partenerul în urmă. În cele din urmă, Max și Rudy sunt găsiți și arestați de Gestapo și puși într-un tren cu direcția Dachau. Pe tren, Rudy este bătut până la moarte de gardieni. Confruntat de gardieni, Max spune că nu-l cunoaște pe Rudy și își neagă homosexualitatea. Acesta refuză purtarea triunghiului roz (destinat prizonierilor homosexuali) și admite că este evreu. În lagărul de concentrare, Max se îndrăgostește de Horst (Lothaire Bluteau), cel care îi arată demnitatea ce rezidă din recunoașterea propriilor convingeri. După ce Horst este împușcat mortal, Max găsește curajul de a fi cinstit cu el însuși și se sinucide.

Casting

 Mick Jagger – Greta
 Clive Owen – Max
 Brian Webber – Rudy
 Nikolaj Coster-Waldau – Wolf
 Jude Law – ofițer SS
 Ian McKellen – unchiul Freddie
 Lothaire Bluteau – Horst
 Rupert Graves – ofițerul de pe tren
 Paul Bettany – căpitanul
 Rachel Weisz – prostituată
 Sadie Frost – prietena lui Max

Premii

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Filme dramatice
Filme istorice
Filme de dragoste
Filme din 1997
Filme regizate de Sean Mathias
Filme britanice

Bent (film)


La rivière Big () (Grosse rivière) est un fleuve de plus de  de long situé au nord-est de la péninsule du Québec-Labrador, au Labrador dans la province canadienne de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador.

Toponymie
Le nom Big a été donné à la rivière par la province de Terre-Neuve en 1954.

Description
La rivière Big est une importante rivière de la partie centrale du Labrador traversant le plateau peu accidenté situé au nord du lac Melville.

La source la plus lointaine se trouve dans des tourbières à environ  d'altitude
(). Le ruisseau puis la petite rivière grossie de plusieurs affluents traverse une zone de tourbières puis plusieurs lacs avant de rejoindre l'extrémité sud-ouest du vaste lac Michinappi à  après un peu plus de  ().
L'abondant émissaire sort du lac au nord-est par des rapides et une cascade (), s'écoule sur près de  avant de se jeter par une embouchure dans le vaste lac Little Michinappi situé à environ 250 mètres d'altitude.

La Rivière Big proprement dite débute comme émissaire du lac Little Michinappi (anciennement lac White Bear) sur sa rive est. Le lac fait partie d'un système lacustre plus vaste qui comprend le lac Michinappi à l'ouest, le lac White Bear au nord-ouest et plusieurs autres lacs sans nom. La rivière Big coule dans une direction principalement nord-nord-est sur  avant de tourner vers l'est sur ses  inférieurs.
Un kilomètre en aval du lac Little Michinappi, la rivière Standsford rejoint la rivière Big en rive droite. L'abondante rivière Standsford, quasiment équivalente, sort d'un vaste lac sans nom () à environ  d'altitude draine le plateau lacustre au sud-est dans une zone où se trouve de longs eskers. La réunion des deux rivières engendre un large cours d'eau renforcé  en aval par une abondante rivière sans nom en rive droite ().

Après environ  de cours large parfois de plus de 100 mètres entrecoupé plusieurs rapides, la rivière Big s'engage à environ  d'altitude dans des gorges avec de nombreux rapides () et des cascades sur plus de  pour parvenir à environ  d'altitude.
La rivière retrouve en aval un cours plus large entrecoupé de quelques rapides sur environ  en recevant plusieurs modeste affluents dont en rive gauche la rivière Micmac
() puis le ruisseau Otter Lake
().

La rivière atteint ensuite sa partie terminale longue d'environ  s'élargissant progressivement pour se jeter à l'est dans la Mer du Labrador par un large estuaire à  environ  au sud du ruisseau Adlavik et de la baie Adlavik, à  au sud-sud-est de la municipalité de Makkovik.

<mapframe
text="Embouchure de la rivière Big dans la mer du Labrador."
width=250
height=250
zoom=10
latitude=54.8376
longitude=-58.935879/>

Cascades
Le cours de la rivière Big est entrecoupé par de nombreux rapides et plusieurs cascades.

Les chutes aux km 38,6 () et 43,5 () sont considérées comme des barrières partielles aux poissons migrateurs.

Hydrologie
La rivière Big draine un bassin versant de  avec 17 affluents significatifs. Le débit moyen de la rivière n'a pas été mesuré. Les débits mensuels les plus élevés se produisent généralement pendant la fonte des neiges en juin.

Faune piscicole
Les espèces de poissons suivantes sont présentes dans le système fluvial : meunier rouge, omble de fontaine (forme anadrome et non anadrome), meunier noir et saumon atlantique (forme anadrome et forme d'eau douce non anadrome ouananiche).

Le saumon et la truite commencent généralement leur voyage dans la rivière au début de juillet et continuent en grand nombre jusqu'à la fin d'août ou au début de septembre. L'omble chevalier n'entre pas dans le fleuve avant la mi-août.

Flore
À l'exception des terres nues du cours supérieur, le bassin versant de la rivière Big est densément boisé d'épinettes noires. Le sommet des collines rocheuses sont nues avec un climat subarctique engendré par le courant du Labrador.

Activités humaines
L'embouchure de la rivière Big est située à environ  au nord-est de Happy Valley-Goose Bay, dans une région sauvage vraiment éloignée du Labrador, accessible uniquement par hydravion ou hélicoptère.

Un campement de pêche est situé aux premiers rapides de la rivière, à environ  de l'embouchure ().
Le camp de pêche originel de Big River a été établi pour la première fois en 1967.

Il n'y a pas d'habitants permanents dans la zone du bassin versant bien que les résidents de Makkovik visitent l'embouchure de la rivière pour chasser les phoques.

Un gisement d'uranium fut découvert à proximité d'un petit affluent sur le cours supérieur de la rivière
(), connu sous le nom de gisement Michelin.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Lac Melville
 Rivière Kaipokok
 Makkovik
 Labrador

Liens externes

 The Hydrology of Labrador

Bibliographie
 .

Cours d'eau à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador

Rivière Big (Labrador)


An Panicum viscidellum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner. An Panicum viscidellum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum viscidellum


El Estadio Dino Manuzzi es un estadio de fútbol ubicado en Cesena (Italia), más precisamente en La Fiorita, al este de la ciudad. Se inauguró en 1957 y es sede del club Cesena FC.

El 10 de septiembre de 2011, fue el primer estadio en albergar un juego en la Serie A de Italia de césped sintético. Tiene capacidad para 23 860 espectadores.

Véase también
 Anexo:Estadios de fútbol de Italia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Dino Manuzzi
Instalaciones deportivas de Emilia-Romaña
Estadios de fútbol inaugurados en 1957
Italia en 1957
Cesena
Estadios del Campeonato Femenino de la UEFA de 1993
Cesena Football Club

Estadio Dino Manuzzi


Les abus sexuels sur mineurs dans l'Église catholique en Espagne désignent des agressions sexuelles de mineurs, commises au sein de l'Église catholique en Espagne par certains de ses clercs et agents pastoraux.

Historique
En 2010, plus d'une dizaine de prêtres condamnés pour abus sexuels sont dénombrés.

En 2018, les jésuites décident une enquête dans huit écoles en Catalogne, il s'agit d'.

En 2021, conformément aux directives du Vatican, la Conférence épiscopale espagnole (CEE) signale 220 prêtres espagnols faisant l'objet de plaintes. Mais son porte parole Francisco Argüello indique . Toutefois deux congrégations religieuses, les Jésuites et les Marianistes, ont passé outre cette omerta. En janvier 2021, la Compagnie de Jésus signale 81 victimes de religieux jésuites. De même des marianistes admettent avoir indemnisé 25 plaignants à hauteur de . Dans les deux cas les identités des victimes et de leurs agresseurs ne sont pas rendues publiques. En échange de ces indemnités les victimes doivent signer un document de confidentialité qui les oblige à taire cette transaction.

En décembre 2021, alors que la CEE indique toujours qu'il existe peu de cas d'abus sexuel  dans l'Église catholique en Espagne, un journaliste du quotidien El País remet directement au pape François un dossier mettant en cause 251 membres de l'Église catholique espagnole et quelques laïcs de congrégations religieuses. François fait suivre ce dossier pour enquête à la Congrégation pour la Doctrine de la Foi, chargée des délits de mœurs dont les abus sexuels d'un prêtre et dirigée par le jésuite espagnol Luis Ladaria Ferrer et au cardinal Juan José Omella, président de la Conférence épiscopale espagnole.

En mars 2022, les députés espagnols décident la création d'une commission parlementaire pour enquéter sur la pédocriminalité dans l'Église catholique espagnole. En juillet, la commission chargée d'établir un rapport sur les violences sexuelles contre des mineurs dans l'Église catholique a tenu sa première réunion. L'Église espagnole refuse d'y siéger regrettant que ces investigations ne visent que l'institution ecclésiastique et non l'ensemble de la société espagnole. Toutefois elle promet qu'elle va coopérer dans la limite de la loi espagnole. Pour sa part, elle a engagé un audit externe par un cabinet d'avocats pour traiter ces agressions sexuelles.

L'Église a recueilli, en , les témoignages de 927 victimes qui accusent 728 membres de l'Eglise, essentiellement des prêtres. Ce chiffre est bien inférieur aux  comptabiliséés par le média El País qui tient sa propre base de données .

Chronologies des affaires

 Cesáreo Gabaráin, proche de Jean-Paul II, fait  l'objet de plusieurs plaintes pour agressions sexuelles, il est expulsé de différents collèges à Madrid . José Luis Martín Vigil est un prêtre jésuite et célèbre écrivain espagnol dans les années 1960 et 1970. Plusieurs victimes alléguées d'agressions sexuelles de sa part se sont fait connaitre .
 2010
 À la fin des années 2010, le moine bénédictin Andreu Soler, de l'abbaye de Montserrat, est reconnu comme un « prédateur sexuel » et un « pédophile ». Pendant 30 ans, il a abusé de jeunes scouts dont il était le directeur. Une fois ces agressions révélées, il a été déplacé par l'Église espagnole dans un autre monastère. Il est mort en 2008. En 2019, un autre moine bénédictin est, cette fois-ci, demis de ses fonctions pour pédophilie.
 2019
 En avril, à Barcelone, Joaquin Benitez, ancien professeur d'éducation physique d'une école catholique dirigée par les Frères maristes, est condamné à 21 ans et 9 mois de prison pour agressions sexuelles sur mineurs. Les quatre victimes doivent par ailleurs recevoir   d'indemnité qui seront réglés par l'assureur des Frères mariste si le condamné est insolvable. Toutefois 17 anciens élèves avaient dénoncé des agressions sexuelles mais celles-ci étaient généralement prescrites. Il s'agit du premier jugement parmi les 12 professeurs des écoles Maristes de Barcelone, poursuivis avec plus de 40 plaintes en 2016.
 Des centaines de manifestants à Bilbao ont contesté la prescription des agressions sur des dizaines d'enfants âgés de 6 à 12 ans, entre 1975 et 1990, d'un ancien professeur de l'école des Salésiens .
 2023
Le quotidien El País révèle l'affaire du jésuite espagnol, , qui indique dans son journal intime l'abus de 80 mineurs en Bolivie. Huit plaintes ont été déposées contre des prêtres de la Compagnie de Jésus, dont Alfonso Pedrajas et trois autres religieux espagnols : Luis Maria Roma, Alejandro Mestre et Antonio Gausset, tous décédés.

Références

À voir

Bibliographie
 .

Documentaire
  d'Albert Solé sur Netflix, 2019

Lien externe
 La primera base de datos de referencia sobre los abusos en la Iglesia católica española, clasificada de forma exhaustiva (Traduction : La première base de données de référence sur les abus dans l'Église catholique espagnole, classée de manière exhaustive), mise à jour et publiée par El País.

Abus sexuels sur mineurs dans l'Église catholique en Espagne


COTAIR -  acrónimo de Côte Atlantique Inter Régional - es una aerolínea con base en Cotonú, Benín. Fue fundada en 2008 y opera vuelos regulares en Benín y vuelos chárter en el Oeste de África. Su base de operaciones es el aeropuerto Cadjehoun (COO).

Destinos
COTAIR opera vuelos de cabotaje desde Cotonú a Parakou. Además ofrece vuelos chárter al oeste de África.

COTAIR está en la Lista de aerolíneas prohibidas en la Unión Europea.

Flota
La flota de COTAIR se compone de las siguientes aeronaves (a 20 de junio de 2010):

2 Let L-410 UVP

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página web oficial de COTAIR  (en francés)
Let L-410 UVP (TY-TBG) en planes.cz

Aerolíneas de Benín
Aerolíneas fundadas en 2008
Benín en 2008

COTAIR


The doctrine of privity of contract is a common law principle which provides that a contract cannot confer rights or impose obligations upon anyone who is not a party to that contract. It is related to, but distinct from, the doctrine of consideration, according to which a promise is legally enforceable only if valid consideration has been provided for it, and a plaintiff is legally entitled to enforce such a promise only if they are a promisee from whom the consideration has moved.

A principal consequence of the doctrine of privity is that, at common law, a third party generally has no right to enforce a contract to which they are not a party, even where that contract was entered into by the contracting parties specifically for their benefit and with a common intention among all of them that they should be able to enforce it.  In England & Wales and Northern Ireland, the doctrine has been substantially weakened by the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, which created a statutory exception to privity, providing, in certain circumstances, third parties the right to enforce terms of contracts to which they are not privy.

Third party rights

Privity of contract occurs only between the parties to the contract, most commonly
contract of sale of goods or services. Horizontal privity arises when the benefits from a contract are to be given to a third party. Vertical privity involves a contract between two parties, with an independent contract between one of the parties and another individual or corporation.

If a third party gets a benefit under a contract, it does not have the right to go against the parties to the contract beyond its entitlement to a benefit. An example of this occurs when a manufacturer sells a product to a distributor and the distributor sells the product to a retailer. The retailer then sells the product to a consumer. There is no privity of contract between the manufacturer and the consumer.

This, however, does not mean that the parties do not have another form of action: for instance, in  Donoghue v. Stevenson a friend of Ms. Donoghue bought her a bottle of ginger beer, which contained the partially decomposed remains of a snail. Since the contract was between her friend and the shop owner, Mrs. Donoghue could not sue under the contract, but it was established that the manufacturer was in breach of a duty of care owed to her. Accordingly, she was awarded damages in the tort of negligence for having suffered gastroenteritis and "nervous shock".

History
Prior to 1861 there existed decisions in English Law allowing provisions of a contract to be enforced by persons not party to it, usually relatives of a promisee, and decisions disallowing third party rights. The doctrine of privity emerged alongside the doctrine of consideration, the rules of which state that consideration must move from the promise, that is to say that if nothing is given for the promise of something to be given in return, that promise is not legally binding unless promised as a deed. 1833 saw the case of Price v. Easton, where a contract was made for work to be done in exchange for payment to a third party. When the third party attempted to sue for the payment, he was held to be not privy to the contract, and so his claim failed. This was fully linked to the doctrine of consideration, and established as such, with the more famous case of Tweddle v. Atkinson. In this case the plaintiff was unable to sue the executor of his father-in-law, who had promised to the plaintiff's father to make payment to the plaintiff, because he had not provided any consideration to the contract.

The doctrine was developed further in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre v. Selfridge and Co. Ltd. through the judgment of Lord Haldane.

Privity of Contract played a key role in the development of negligence as well. In the first case of Winterbottom v. Wright (1842), in which Winterbottom, a postal service wagon driver, was injured due to a faulty wheel, attempted to sue the manufacturer Wright for his injuries. The courts however decided that there was no privity of contract between manufacturer and consumer.

This issue appeared repeatedly until MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. (1916), a case analogous to Winterbottom v Wright involving a car's defective wheel. Judge Cardozo, writing for the New York Court of Appeals, decided that no privity is required when the manufacturer knows the product is probably dangerous if defective, third parties (e.g. consumers) will be harmed because of said defect, and there was no further testing after initial sale. Foreseeable injuries occurred from foreseeable uses. Cardozo's innovation was to decide that the basis for the claim was that it was a tort not a breach of contract. In this way he finessed the problems caused by the doctrine of privity in a modern industrial society. Although his opinion was only law in New York State, the solution he advanced was widely accepted elsewhere and formed the basis of the doctrine of product liability.

Exceptions

Common law exceptions
There are exceptions to the general rule, allowing rights to third parties and some impositions of obligations. These are:
Collateral Contracts (between the third party and one of the contracting parties)
Trusts (the beneficiary of a trust may sue the trustee to carry out the contract)
Land Law (restrictive covenants on land are imposed upon subsequent purchasers if the covenant benefits neighbouring land)
Agency and the assignment of contractual rights are permitted.
Third-party insurance - A third party may claim under an insurance policy made for their benefit, even though that party did not pay the premiums.
Contracts for the benefit of a group, where a contract to supply a service is made in one person's name but is intended  to sue at common law if the contract is breached; there is no privity of contract between them and the supplier of the service.

Attempts have been made to evade the doctrine by implying trusts (with varying success), constructing the Law of Property Act 1925 s. 56(1) to read the words "other property" as including contractual rights, and applying the concept of restrictive covenants to property other than real property (without success).

 in case of trust/beneficiary
 in case of family arrangement
 in case of acknowledgment of debts
 in case of assignment of contract.

Statutory exceptions
In England and Wales, the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 provided some reform for this area of law which has been criticised by judges such as Lord Denning and academics as unfair in places. The act states:

 1. - (1) Subject to the provisions of this act, a person who is not a party to a contract (a "third party") may in his own right enforce a term of the contract if-
 (a) the contract expressly provides that he may, or
 (b) subject to subsection (2), the term purports to confer a benefit on him.
 (2) Subsection (1)(b) does not apply if on a proper construction of the contract it appears that the parties did not intend the term to be enforceable by the third party.

This means that a person who is named in the contract as a person authorised to enforce the contract or a person receiving a benefit from the contract may enforce the contract unless it appears that the parties intended that he may not.

The Act enables the aim of the parties to be fully adhered to. In Beswick v Beswick, the agreement was that Peter Beswick assign his business to his nephew in consideration of the nephew employing him for the rest of his life and then paying a weekly annuity to Mrs. Beswick. Since the latter term was for the benefit of someone not party to the contract, the nephew did not believe it was enforceable and so did not perform it, making only one payment of the agreed weekly amount. Yet the only reason why Mr. Beswick contracted with his nephew was for the benefit of Mrs. Beswick. Under the Act, Mrs. Beswick would be able to enforce the performance of the contract in her own right. Therefore, the Act realises the intentions of the parties.

The law has been welcomed by many as a relief from the strictness of the doctrine, however it may still prove ineffective in professionally drafted documents, as the provisions of this statute may be expressly excluded by the draftsmen.

In Hong Kong, the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Ordinance provided for a similar legal effect as the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.

Third-party beneficiaries
In Australia, it has been held that third-party beneficiaries may uphold a promise made for its benefit in a contract of insurance to which it is not a party (Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v. McNiece Bros Pty Ltd (1988) 165 CLR 107). It is important to note that the decision in Trident had no clear ratio, and did not create a general exemption to the doctrine of privity in Australia.

Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia have all enacted statutory provisions to enable third party beneficiaries to enforce contracts, and limited the ability of contracting parties to vary the contract after the third party has relied on it. In addition, section 48 of the Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Cth) allows third-party beneficiaries to enforce contracts of insurance.

Although damages are the usual remedy for the breach of a contract for the benefit of a third party, if damages are inadequate, specific performance may be granted (Beswick v. Beswick [1968] AC 59).

The issue of third-party beneficiaries has appeared in cases where a stevedore has claimed it is covered under the exclusion clauses in a bill of lading. In order for this to succeed, three factors must be made out:
 The bill of lading must clearly intend to benefit the third party.
 It is clear that when the carrier contracts with the consignor, it also contracts as an agent of the stevedore. That is, either the carrier must have had authority by the stevedore to act on its behalf, or the stevedore must later ratify (endorse) the actions of the carrier.
 Any difficulties with consideration moving from the stevedores must be made out.

The last issue was explored in New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v. A M Satterthwaite & Co Ltd [1975] AC 154, where it was held that the stevedores had provided consideration for the benefit of the exclusion clause by the discharge of goods from the ship.

New Zealand has enacted the Contracts Privity Act 1982, which enables third parties to sue if they are sufficiently identified as beneficiaries by the contract, and in the contract it is expressed or implied they should be able to enforce this benefit. An example case of not being "sufficiently identified" is that of Field v Fitton (1988).

See also
 Contract law
 Consumer protection
 Privity
 Privity of estate
 Privity in English law

References

Beatson, J, Q.C. (1998). Anson's Law of Contract (27th Ed.). Oxford University Press

Common law
Contract law
English law
Legal doctrines and principles

Privity of contract


es una ciudad localizada en la prefectura de Shiga, Japón. En junio de 2019 tenía una población de 113.011 habitantes y una densidad de población de 291 personas por km². Su área total es de 388,37 km².

Historia
Higashiōmi se fundó el 11 de febrero de 2005, tras la fusión de la antigua ciudad de Yōkaichi con los pueblos de Eigenji y Gokashō, ambos del distrito de Kanzaki, y los pueblos de Aitō Y Kotō, ambos del distrito de Echi.

El 1 de enero de 2006, los pueblos de Notogawa (distrito de Kanzaki) y Gamō (distrito de Gamō) se unieron con Higashiōmi.

Geografía
 Montañas
 Monte Oike, Monte Gozaisho
 Ríos
 Río Echi, Río Hino, Río Sakura, Río Ibanai
 Lagos
 Lago Biwa

Localidades circundantes
 Prefectura de Shiga
 Ōmihachiman
 Hikone
 Kōka
 Ryūō
 Hino
 Aishō
 Taga
 Prefectura de Mie
 Inabe
 Komono

Demografía
Según datos del censo japonés, la población de Higashiōmi se ha mantenido estable en los últimos años.

Transporte

Ferrocarril
 Estación Principal: Estación de Yōkaichi
 West Japan Railway Company (JR West)
 Línea Biwako
 Estación de Notogawa
 Ohmi Railway
 Línea Principal

 Línea Yōkaichi
 Estación de Yōkaichi
 Estación de Shin-Yōkaichi
 Estación de Tarōbōgū-mae
 Estación de Ichinobe
 Estación de Hirata

Carretera

 Autovías Nacionales
 Autovía de Meishin
 Rutas Nacionales
 Ruta Nacional 8
 Ruta Nacional 307
 Ruta Nacional 421
 Ruta Nacional 477

Lugares de interés

 Parque Cuasi-Nacional de Suzuka Kokutei

Templos
 Eigen-ji
 Hyakusai-ji
 Ishitō-ji
 Bonjaku-ji
 Aga-jinja

Ciudades hermanas
Higashiōmi mantiene las siguientes ciudades hermanas.
  Marquette, Míchigan, Estados Unidos (13 de agosto de 1979)
  Taber, Alberta, Canadá (27 de marzo de 1981)
  Jangam-myeon, Chungcheong del Sur, Corea del Sur (2 de noviembre de 1992)
  Changde, Hunan, China (15 de agosto de 1994)
  Rättvik, Dalecarlia, Suecia (1 de noviembre de 1994)
  Tongyeong, Gyeongsang del Sur, Corea del Sur (26 de mayo de 2001)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial
 Web de la Asociación de Turismo

Localidades de Shiga

Higashiōmi


Yaprak Dökümü, Reşat Nuri Güntekin'in ilk baskısı 1930 yılında yapılan toplumsal romanı.

Konusu
Osmanlı Devleti'nin batılılaşma çabasına girdiği bir dönemdeki toplumsal bunalımları aile düzeyinde irdeleyen bir roman. Eser, 33 bölüm ve bir "Netice" bölümünden oluşur. Toplumsal değişimler, romanın başkişisi olan eski mutasarrıf Ali Rıza Bey ve ailesi model alınarak yansıtılır. Olaylar, II. Meşrutiyet ve I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında başlar; hâkim bakış açısı ile üçüncü tekil şahısla anlatılır.

Yazar, eseri tiyatro oyununa dönüştürmüş ve tiyatro eseri olarak da yayımlamıştır.

Yayım
İkinci baskısı 1941 yılında Muallim Ahmet Halit Kitabevi tarafından yapılan eserin üçüncü ve dördüncü baskıları da aynı yayınevi tarafından; 5. baskısı ise Semih Lütfi Kitabevi tarafından yapıldı. Daha sonra eserin yayın haklarını İnkılâp Kitabevi satın almış ve 2008 yılında 56. baskısını gerçekleştirmiştir.

Televizyon uyarlaması
Eser, 1957 ve 1967'de sinema filmi,  1988'de ve 2006'da televizyon dizisi olarak uyarlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

1930 romanları
Reşat Nuri Güntekin romanları
Klasik Türk romanları
Sinemaya uyarlanmış Türk romanları

Yaprak Dökümü