Henry Appleton (fl. 1650–1654) foi um capitão inglês da marinha e comodoro.

Biografia
Ele era um citadino e presumivelmente natural de Hull; mas seu nome não aparece em nenhuma lista de oficiais navais durante a guerra civil ou até 26 de setembro de 1650, quando uma ordem foi enviada pelo parlamento ao conselho de estado para nomeá-lo 'como comandante do navio agora a ser construído em Woolwich, ou qualquer outro navio que eles considerem adequado.' Esta é a primeira menção dele até agora conhecida. Que a sua nomeação foi irregular e ofendeu os seus subordinados, oficiais de alguma experiência no mar, e que não teve nem o conhecimento nem a capacidade de fazer cumprir as suas ordens, aparece em toda a sua correspondência, que dá conta da sua navegação em o Leopard de 50 canhões, de sua chegada a Esmirna com o comboio, de sua partida dali em abril de 1651, e de suas sucessivas chegadas a Zante, Messina, Nápoles e Gênova. Em novembro de 1651 ele foi para Leghorn, e imediatamente ao largo daquele porto capturou, ou permitiu que os navios com ele capturassem, um navio francês; assim, ao princípio, ofendendo ao Grão-Duque da Toscana. Depois de ficar um mês em Leghorn, ele partiu para Nápoles e, com o comércio do Levante, navegou novamente para Esmirna, retornando a Leghorn no final de junho de 1652.

A guerra com a República Holandesa havia acabado de estourar, e um esquadrão de quatorze navios de guerra holandeses impossibilitava a saída dos ingleses. A força que Appleton tinha com ele não era mais da metade da dos holandeses, e durante o resto do verão ele não tentou nada além de despachar o Constant Warwick para reforçar o comodoro Richard Badiley, que era esperado em breve na costa da Itália. Em 27 de agosto de 1652, os holandeses souberam que Badiley estava ao largo da ilha de Elba; e escapando com seu esquadrão, agora de dez navios, eles o colocaram em ação, quando, após uma luta que durou daquele dia e no seguinte, eles conseguiram capturar a Fênix. Appleton não fez nenhuma tentativa de ajudar Badiley, alegando depois 'que o Senhor o havia visitado naquela época com uma doença violenta;' ao que Badiley respondeu que ninguém mais sabia disso e que, mesmo que estivesse doente, deveria ter enviado seus navios.

Badiley, após sua derrota, retirou-se para Porto Longone, onde foi bloqueado por parte do esquadrão holandês, a outra parte assistindo Appleton em Leghorn e reequipando o Phoenix. Em 2 de novembro Badiley veio por terra para se comunicar com Appleton, tendo recebido instruções de casa para assumir todo o comando. Parece ter sido então combinado entre eles que, desafiando a neutralidade do porto, deveria ser feita uma tentativa de retomar o Phoenix, que foi executado com sucesso pelo capitão Cox na noite de 20 de novembro, ou, de acordo com New Style, 30 de novembro, quando os holandeses estavam realizando folia bêbada em homenagem a Santo André. O grão-duque ficou ainda mais irritado com a apreensão de Appleton no dia seguinte de um prisioneiro holandês que havia escapado e se colocado sob a proteção de uma sentinela toscana. O duque mandou chamar Appleton, fez dele um prisioneiro próximo em circunstâncias de muita indignidade, e dois dias depois o enviou, ainda prisioneiro, ao comodoro Badiley em Porto Longone, que, realizando um conselho de guerra, o substituiu do comando do Leopardo; tudo o que foi aprovado pelo governo em casa, e foram enviadas ordens para que Appleton retornasse à Inglaterra por terra. Foi, no entanto, decidido por Badiley deixar Appleton no comando do Leopard enquanto os dois esquadrões se combinavam para forçar a passagem pelos holandeses, que haviam convencido o grão-duque a dar aos ingleses uma ordem peremptória para restaurar o Phoenix ou desistir. o Porto.

Appleton foi enviado de volta ao seu navio em Leghorn, e em 1º de março de 1653 Badiley escreveu-lhe para estar pronto para sair para encontrá-lo assim que ele aparecesse no porto. A ideia de Badiley era que os holandeses atacariam qualquer esquadrão que estivesse a sotavento deles, e que o esquadrão de barlavento pudesse apoiá-lo. Eles não o fizeram; mas estando o vento da costa, assim que Appleton estava bem longe do porto em 4 de março, eles caíram sobre ele, e antes que Badiley, que estava a uma distância considerável a sotavento, pudesse se aproximar, o esmagou completamente. Dos seis navios que formavam seu esquadrão, apenas um escapou. O Leopardo defendeu-se vigorosamente, até que finalmente a companhia do navio se recusou a lutar mais e não permitiu que a popa, que o inimigo havia conquistado, fosse explodida; eles apreenderam e desarmaram Appleton, e chamado para trimestre. Ele foi mantido prisioneiro por alguns meses, mas sendo libertado com uma segurança de 5 000 peças de oito, ele voltou para a Inglaterra, queixando-se amargamente de ter sido abandonado e traído. A investigação mostrou que essas queixas eram infundadas e que sua derrota para os holandeses se devia, não a qualquer timidez por parte de Badiley, mas à sua própria pressa imprudente de deixar o porto antes que Badiley estivesse envolvido com os holandeses. Appleton nunca mais foi empregado e desapareceu do registro histórico. mas para sua imprudente pressa em deixar o porto antes que Badiley estivesse envolvido com os holandeses. Appleton nunca mais foi empregado e desapareceu do registro histórico. mas para sua imprudente pressa em deixar o porto antes que Badiley estivesse envolvido com os holandeses. Appleton nunca mais foi empregado e desapareceu do registro histórico.

Referências

Militares do Reino Unido

Henry Appleton


Audacity, Windows, Mac OS X, Linux gibi birçok platformda çalışabilen özgür ve ücretsiz bir sayısal ses düzenleme ve ses kaydetme yazılımıdır.

Audacity, şu anda Google'da çalışmakta olan Dominic Mazzoni tarafından, Carnegie Mellon Üniversitesi'nde yüksek lisans eğitimi sırasında geliştirildi. Mazzoni Google'da çalışmasına rağmen halen dünyanın dört bir yanından katkıcılar ile yazılımın ana geliştirici ve bakıcılarındandır.

Audacity'nin öntanımlı dosya biçimi AUP olup, üzerinde çalışılan ses kaydını tüm katmanları ve efektleriyle saklama özelliğine sahip bir çalışma biçimidir.

Kullanıcı arayüzünde wxWidgets kütüphaneleri kullanılmıştır.

Özellikler
Audacity'nin başlıca özellikleri şunlardır:

 Ses dosyaları üzerinde kes, yapıştır, birleştir gibi düzenleme işlemleri yapılabilme
 Ogg Vorbis, MP3, WAV dosya biçimleri desteği (MP3 biçiminde dışa verme için LAME, WAV biçiminde dışa verme için FFmpeg kütüphanesi ya da eklentileri yüklenmelidir)
 Mikrofondan ve diğer kaynaklardan canlı ses kaydı yapabilme
 Kasetlerdeki ve plaklardaki ses kayıtlarını sayısal kayıtlara ya da CD'lere dönüştürebilme
 Bazı ses kartları ve Windows Vista, 7, 8 işletim sistemi kullanarak, bilgisayarda oynatılmakta olan sesleri de kaydedebilir
 Yapılan işlemleri sınırsız sayıda geriye ve ileriye alabilme
 Ses dosyaları üzerinde çok çeşitli etkiler (efekt) gerçekleştirebilirsiniz. Bunlardan birkaçı;
 Çıtırtı, vızıltı ve parazit gibi sabit artalan gürültüleri kaldırılabilir
 Sıkıştırma, Yükseltme, Normalleştirme ve Artarak Giriş/Azalarak Çıkış etkileri ile ses düzeyi ayarlanabilir
 Hızı (tempoyu) değiştirmeden ton değiştirilebilir ya da tersi yapılabilir
 Dengeleme, Bas Güçlendirme, Alçak/Yüksek Geçiren ve Çentik Süzgeç etkileri kullanılarak frekanslar değiştirilebilir
 Eklenti desteği

Tartışmalar
Audacity programını, rus bir şirket olan Muse Group satın almış ve gizlilik sözleşmesini değiştirmiştir. Yeni sözleşmeye göre belli bir yaşın altındakiler bu programı kullanamayacaktır, bu maddenin gizlilik sözleşmesine eklenmesi programın Rus Hükûmetine casusluk yaptığı tartışmalarına neden olmuş ve DarkAudacity, Audacium, Tenacity gibi Audacity forklarının çoğalmasına neden olmuştur, ancak bunun muhtemel sebebi rus hükûmetinin şirketlere gizlilik politikalarına yaş sınırı ekleme zorunluluğu olabiliceği söylense de, Muse Group herhangi bir şekilde kişinin gerçek kimliğini ele verecek bilgi toplamadığına dair açıklama yapmıştır. Sonradan gizlilik sözleşmesi tekrar değişmiş ve yaş zorunluluğu kaldırılmıştır. Ancak bu endişeleri dindirmeye yetmemiştir.

Kazandığı ödüller
Yazılımın kazandığı ödüller şunlardır:
 2004 Temmuz tarihinde SourceForge sitesi "Ayın Projesi" ödülü
 2007 "SourceForge Topluluğu Seçimi Ödülleri" yarışmasında "En İyi Çoklu ortam Projesi" ödülü
 2007 yılında "LinuxQuestions.org Yılın Ses Yazma Uygulaması" ödülü
 2008 PC Magazine dergisi, en iyi özgür yazılımların "Onur Listesi"
 2008 PC Worlds dergisi, "Yılın En İyi 100 Ürünü" içerisinden birtanesi
 2008 InfoWorld'ün "En İyi Açık Kaynak Yazılım" yarışmasında "En İyi Ses Düzenleme Yazılımı" ödülü
 2008 yılında üst üste ikinci kez "LinuxQuestions.org Yılın Ses Yazma Uygulaması" ödülü
 2009 "Linux Journal Okur Seçimleri" yarışmasında "Favori Ses Aracı" ödülü
 2009 yılında üst üste üçüncü kez "LinuxQuestions.org Yılın Ses Yazma Uygulaması" ödülü
 2009 "SourceForge Topluluğu Seçimi Ödülleri" yarışmasında "En İyi Çoklu ortam Projesi" ödülü
 2010 yılında üst üste dördüncü kez "LinuxQuestions.org Yılın Ses Yazma Uygulaması" ödülü

Dış bağlantılar

 Detaylı özellikler listesi
 Audacity ile temel ses düzenleme işlemleri
 Audacity kullanımı ve görsel eğitim
 İnceleme yazısı (Özgürlükİçin.org)
 Audacity tanıtımı ve temel kullanımı (Enixma e-dergi)
 Audacity Wiki

Kaynakça

Özgür müzik yazılımları
Ses düzenleme yazılımları
Podcast yazılımı
2000 yazılımları
C ile programlanmış ücretsiz yazılımlar
C++ ile programlanmış ücretsiz yazılımlar
GPL lisansı kullanan yazılımlar

Audacity


කොතලාවල කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය යනු,  1953 සිට 1956 දක්වා අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ජෝන් කොතලාවල විසින් නායකත්වය සැපයුනු ලංකාවෙහි මධ්‍යම රජය විය. 1953 ඔක්තොම්බර් මාසයෙහිදී කොතලාවල මහතාගේ පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක මහතාගේ ඉල්ලා අස්වීම හා සමගින් පිහිටුවුනු එය විසුරුවා හැරුණේ 1956 අප්‍රේල් මාසයෙහිදී පැවති පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහිදී විපක්ෂය ලද ජයග්‍රහණය හා සමගිනි.

කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරු

පාර්ලිමේන්තු ලේකම්වරු

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය
දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිණගේ අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩල
1953 වසරෙහිදී ලංකාවෙහි වූ  සංස්ථාපිතයන්
1956 වසරෙහිදී ලංකාවෙහිවූ විසංස්ථාපිතයන්
 1953 වසරෙහිදී සංස්ථාපිත කැබිනට් මණ්ඩල
 1956 වසරෙහිදී විසංස්ථාපිත කැබිනට් මණ්ඩල

කොතලාවල කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය


Talimoro ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Ermera (Gemeinde Ermera).

Geographie

Talimoro liegt im Norden des Verwaltungsamtes Ermera. Im Westen, Süden und Osten wird er von den Sucos Poetete und Leguimea umschlossen, die sich aufgrund der verschiedenen Exklaven als Nachbarn Talmoros mehrmals abwechseln. Im Nordosten grenzt Talimoro an die Sucos Riheu und Lauala und im Norden an die Sucos Tocoluli und Fatuquero, die zum Verwaltungsamt Railaco gehören. Die Nordgrenze bildet der Fluss Gleno, wobei Tocoluli eine kleine Exklave am Südufer hat. Der Goumeca und der Roumetalena, Zuflüsse des Gleno, durchqueren bis zu ihrer Mündung den Nordosten Talimoros. Die Flüsse gehören zum System des Lóis. Der Suco teilt sich in die fünf Aldeias Bura, Leberti, Lima Mesac (Lima Mesak), Moris Foun und Nunusua.

Bei der Gebietsreform 2015 wurde das Territorium von Talimoro bis zum Gleno nach Norden ausgedehnt, wodurch die Fläche von 4,52 km². auf 6,30 km² zunahm. Unter anderem kam der gesamte Westen der Gemeindehauptstadt Gleno zu Talimoro.

Das Zentrum und den Süden Talimoros durchqueren nur kleine Straßen. Entlang der Ost-West-Straße durch den Süden des Sucos liegen die Dörfer Talimoro, Raibiute und Saheu. In Saheu gibt es eine Grundschule.

Einwohner
In Talimoro leben 7.842 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 3.984 Männer und 3.858 Frauen. 5.372 von ihnen wohnen in einer urbanen Umgebung, 2.470 im ländlichen Teil des Sucos. Im Suco gibt es 1.276 Haushalte. Der Suco ist als urban definiert. Über 82 % der Einwohner geben Tetum Prasa als ihre Muttersprache an. Über 6 % sprechen Mambai und eine kleine Minderheit Tetum Terik.

Politik

Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Martinho Soares Martins zum Chefe de Suco gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 2009 gewann Luís dos Santos und wurde 2016 in seinem Amt bestätigt.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Talimoro (tetum; PDF; 8,5 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Talimoro (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Ermera (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Ermera (Gemeinde)
Ort in Ermera (Gemeinde)

Talimoro


Prijevor je selo u općini Ravnom, u Federaciji BiH. Nalazi se na putu između Trnčine i Ravnog, podno Velikog vrha.

Prijevor je u prošlosti bilježen ikavskim izgovorom.

1629. godine posjetio je Donju Hercegovinu biskup fra Dominik Andrijašević. Tada je bila sva Donja Hercegovina katolička, gusto načičkana župama i crkvama. Prigodom posjeta Donjoj Hercegovini, zabilježio je župe u Popovu polju i među njima župu Ravno i Privor u kojoj su 2 crkve, 60 katoličkih i 5 pravoslav. obitelji.

Izvori

Naselja u Hercegovačko-neretvanskoj županiji

Prijevor (Ravno, BiH)


Ponerinae, the ponerine ants, is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group, with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera, including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world's largest species of ant. Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants. In such queenless species, the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections.

Description and identification
They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by possessing a single-node petiole with a constriction before the second gastral segment. They are rare examples of stinging ants. In addition to the sting, they can also be characterized by a single segmented petiole and the constriction of the first and second segment of the gaster. They can also be identified by the shape of their head. Female workers have twelve segmented antennae, whereas male workers have 13 segmented antennae.

Behavior
These ants typically nest in soil, forest litter, or rotting logs, and are predacious. They primarily prey on isopods. They mostly live in small colonies of up to 200 workers. They can be found mostly in tropical environments, but have been found in southeastern Canada and New York.

Genera
Platythyreini Emery, 1901
Platythyrea Roger, 1863
Ponerini Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835
Anochetus Mayr, 1861
†Archiponera Carpenter, 1930
Asphinctopone Santschi, 1914
Austroponera Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014
Belonopelta Mayr, 1870
Boloponera Fisher, 2006
Bothroponera Mayr, 1862
Brachyponera Emery, 1900
Buniapone Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014
Centromyrmex Mayr, 1866
†Cephalopone Dlussky & Wedmann, 2012
Cryptopone Emery, 1893
†Cyrtopone Dlussky & Wedmann, 2012
Diacamma Mayr, 1862
Dinoponera Roger, 186
Dolioponera Brown, 1974
Ectomomyrmex Mayr, 1867
Emeryopone Forel, 1912
Euponera Forel, 1891
Feroponera Bolton & Fisher, 2008
Fisheropone Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014
Hagensia Forel, 1901
Harpegnathos Jerdon, 1851
Hypoponera Santschi, 1938
Iroponera Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014
Leptogenys Roger, 1861
Loboponera Bolton & Brown, 2002
Mayaponera Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014
Megaponera Mayr, 1862
Mesoponera Emery, 1900
†Messelepone Dlussky & Wedmann, 2012
Myopias Roger, 1861
Neoponera Emery, 1901
Odontomachus Latreille, 1804
Odontoponera Mayr, 1862
Ophthalmopone Forel, 1890
Pachycondyla Smith, 1858
Paltothyreus Mayr, 1862
Parvaponera Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014
Phrynoponera Wheeler, 1920
Plectroctena Smith, 1858
Ponera Latreille, 1804
Promyopias Santschi, 1914
†Protopone Dlussky, 1988
Psalidomyrmex André, 1890
Pseudoneoponera Donisthorpe, 1943
Pseudoponera Emery, 1900
Rasopone Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014
Simopelta Mann, 1922
Streblognathus Mayr, 1862
Thaumatomyrmex Mayr, 1887
incertae sedis
†Afropone Dlussky, Brothers & Rasnitsyn, 2004
†Eogorgites Hong, 2002
†Eoponerites Hong, 2002
†Furcisutura Hong, 2002
†Longicapitia Hong, 2002
†Ponerites Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003
†Taphopone Dlussky & Perfilieva, 2014

References

External links

Ant subfamilies
Turonian first appearances
Taxa named by Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier
Extant Turonian first appearances

Ponerinae


Harold Pinter (d. 10 Ekim 1930 - ö. 24 Aralık 2008), 2005 Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi İngiliz oyun yazarı, senarist, şair, tiyatro yönetmeni, aktör. İngiliz Tiyatrosunun 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısındaki temsilcisi olarak görülür.

Hayatı
10 Ekim 1930'da Londra'da Yahudi bir terzinin oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi. II. Dünya Savaşı'nın başlaması üzerine 9 yaşında terk ettiği Londra'ya 12 yaşında geri dönebildi. Savaş dönemindeki bombalamaların etkisini üzerinden hiçbir zaman atamadı. Okulda özellikle Franz Kafka ve Ernest Hemingway'in kitaplarını okudu. Londra'da Hackney Downs Dil Okulu'ndaki eğitimi sırasında okul tiyatrosunda Joseph ve Romeo gibi karakterleri canlandırma olanağı buldu ve kariyer olarak oyunculuğu seçti. 1948'de Kraliyet Akademi Dramatik Sanatlar Okulu'na burslu olarak girdi ancak 2 sene sonra okulu bıraktı. Askere gitmeyi reddettiği gerekçesiyle para cezasına çarptırıldı. 1950'de ilk şiirlerini Harold Pinta takma adıyla yayınladı. 1951'de Drama Okulu'na girdi.  Çeşitli tiyatro gruplarında oyuncu olarak çalıştıktan sonra oyun yazarlığına başladı. 1957'de Bristol Üniversitesi'nin Tiyatro bölümü için Oda adlı oyununu dört günde tamamladı. Bunu, aynı yıl yine Bristol Üniversitesi Tiyatro bölümü tarafından sahnelenen Doğum Günü Partisi adlı oyunu izledi. Kapıcı (1957), Git Gel Dolap (1960), Yuvaya Dönüş (1965), Eski Günler (1971), Issız Topraklarda (1975), İhanet (1978) oyunları  ile tanındı.

Oyunlarında genelde insanların gündelik konuşmalarının çözümlemesini yaptı. İnsanlar üzerindeki baskıyı işledi. İlk eserlerinde işçi sınıfına mensup insanların içinde bulundukları olumsuz koşullara, maddi zorluklara ve bunun ruhlarına yansımasına ve onların hayal kırıklıklarına değindi.

Pinter'ın oyunları soyadına atıfla Pinteresque (Pintervari) denilen kendine özgü bir tarz yarattı. Genellikle bir odada geçen oyunlarında sessizliği, gizemi ve kısa konuşmaları kullanarak bir gerilim ve tehdit havası oluşturuyordu. Erotik fanteziler, takıntılar, kıskançlık ve nefretten örülü diyaloglar kuruyordu.

Pinter, 29 tane oyun yazdım, artık diğer yazın türleri üzerine çalışacağım diyerek 74 yaşında oyun yazmayı bırakmıştır.

Pinter, film senaryosu da yazmış ve bazı edebi eserleri filme uyarlamıştır. Genç Hizmetçiler (The Servant), Kaza (Accident), Arabulucu filmlerinin senaryosunu yazdı. John Fowles'ın Fransız Teğmenin Karısı adlı romanını (1982) ve kendi yazdığı İhaneti sinemaya uyarladı. 1999 yapımlı Mansfield Park filminde rol aldı.

1978'de bir şiir kitabı yayınladı. Son olarak, 2003'te savaş karşıtı şiirlerinden oluşan derlemesini yayımladı. Irak'a karşı girişilen müdahaleyi eleştiren bu şiir seçkisi ile Wilfred Owen Şiir Ödülü''''ne değer bulunmuştu.

1973'te Şili Devlet Başkanı Allende'nin devrilmesinden sonra insan hakları konusunda aktif olmuştur. 1999'da Kosova krizinden Nato'nun müdahalelerini ülkedeki korku ve karışıklığı arttıracağı gerekçesiyle eleştirdi ve "Miloseviç'i Serbest Bırakın" kampanyasına katıldı. Amerika'ya karşı Küba Dayanışma Partisi'nin üyesi oldu. Amerika ve İngiltere'nin Irak'ı işgalini eleştirdi ve 2004'te İngiltere Başbakanı Tony Blair'e karşı başlatılan kampanyaya katıldı.

Harold Pinter, 1985 yılında meslektaşı Arthur Miller ile 12 Eylül baskısı altındaki aydınlara destek olmak için Türkiye'ye gelmiştir.Türkiye ziyaretinin ardından bu coğrafyaya ait 'Bir Tek Daha' ve 'Dağ Dili' adlı iki oyun yazmıştır. Sanatçı, 2004 yılında Hasankeyf'i korumak için Ilısu Barajı'na karşı bir kampanya da başlatmıştı.

Nobel ödülü alana kadar birçok ödülün sahibi olan Pinter, on dört üniversiteden onur derecesi almıştır.

Pinter iki defa evlendi. İkinci eşi, roman ve tarih yazarı Lady Antonia Fraser'dir.

Pinter, 24 Aralık 2008 günü, uzun süre mücadele ettiği gırtlak kanseri nedeniyle yaşamını yitirdi.

 Sivil Faaliyetler ve Siyasi Aktivizm
1948-49'da, 18 yaşındayken Pinter, Soğuk Savaş siyasetine karşı çıkarak vicdani retçi olma ve İngiliz ordusunda Ulusal Hizmete uymayı reddetme kararına yol açtı. Ancak görüşmecilere, o zamanlar yeterince yaşlı olsaydı, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazilere karşı savaşacağını söyledi. 1966 sonbaharında Lawrence M. Bensky tarafından yapılan Paris Review röportajında siyasi yapılara ve politikacılara karşı hem kayıtsızlık hem de düşmanlık gibi kararsızlığı ifade ediyor gibiydi. Yine de, Nükleer Silahsızlanma Kampanyasının erken bir üyesiydi ve aynı zamanda ingiliz sanatçıların 1963'te Güney Afrika'daki çalışmalarının profesyonel yapımlarına izin vermeyi reddetmelerine ve ardından ilgili kampanyalara katılarak İngiliz Apartheid Karşıtı Hareketini (1959-1994) desteklemişti. 1985 Yılında Nicholas Hern ile yaptığı "Bir Oyun ve Siyaseti" adlı röportajda Pinter, daha önceki oyunlarını iktidar siyaseti ve baskı dinamikleri açısından geriye dönük olarak anlattı.

Pinter, son 25 yılında denemelerine, röportajlarına ve halka açık konuşmalarına giderek daha fazla doğrudan siyasi konulara odaklandı. Tutuklu yazarlara yapılan işkenceleri araştırmak ve protesto etmek için Helsinki İzleme komitesi'nin ortak sponsorluğunda 1985 yılında Amerikalı oyun yazarı Arthur Miller ile birlikte Türkiye'ye seyahat eden International Pen'de subay olarak çalıştı. Orada siyasi baskı kurbanları ve aileleriyle tanıştı. Pinter'in Türkiye'deki deneyimleri ve Türkçenin Kürtçeyi bastırması konusundaki bilgisi 1988'de yazdığı Dağ Dili oyununa ilham kaynağı oldu. Aynı zamanda "Birleşik Krallık'ta ABD'nin Küba ablukasına karşı kampanya yürüten" bir örgüt olan Küba Dayanışma Kampanyasının aktif bir üyesiydi. 2001 Yılında Pinter, Slobodan Milošević'in adil yargılanması ve özgürlüğü için temyiz başvurusunda bulunan Slobodan Milošević'i (ICDSM) Savunmak için Uluslararası Komite'ye katıldı ve 2004 yılında ilgili bir "Sanatçıların Milošević'e Temyiz Başvurusu" imzaladı.

Pinter, 1991 Körfez Savaşı'na, Kosova Savaşı sırasında Yugoslavya'daki 1999 NATO bombalama kampanyasına, ABD'nin Afganistan'daki 2001 Savaşına ve 2003 Irak İşgaline şiddetle karşı çıktı. Kışkırtıcı siyasi açıklamaları arasında Pinter, Başbakan Tony Blair'i "kandırılmış bir aptal" olarak nitelendirdi ve Başkan George W'nin yönetimini karşılaştırdı. Bush'tan Nazi Almanyası'na. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin "Amerikan halkı ve İngiltere'nin 'kitlesel öldürme' başbakanı arkanıza yaslanıp izlerken dünya egemenliğine doğru ilerlediğini" belirtti."Birleşik Krallık'taki savaş karşıtı harekette çok aktifti, Savaşı Durdur Koalisyonunun düzenlediği mitinglerde konuştu  ve 18 Mart 2007'de Wilfred Owen Şiir Ödülü'nü kabul konuşmasında retorik olarak sorduğu gibi Amerikan saldırganlığını sık sık eleştirdi: "Ne Wilfred Owen Irak'ı işgal eder mi? Uluslararası hukuk anlayışına mutlak saygısızlık gösteren bir haydut eylemi, bariz bir devlet terörizmi eylemi."

Pinter hırçın, esrarengiz, suskun, özlü, dikenli, patlayıcı ve yasaklayıcı olduğu için ün kazandı.  Pinter'in açık sözlü siyasi ifadeleri ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nün verilmesi, güçlü eleştirilere neden oldu ve hatta zaman zaman alay ve kişisel saldırılara neden oldu.Hackney Downs Okulu'nun resmi tarihi'nin yazarı tarihçi Geoffrey Alderman, Harold Pinter hakkında kendi "Yahudi Görüşünü" dile getirdi: "Yazar, aktör ve yönetmen olarak liyakati ne olursa olsun, etik bir düzlemde Harold Pinter bana çok kusurlu görünüyor, ve ahlaki pusulası derinden kırıldı." The Guardian'da yazan David Edgar, Pinter'i Nobel Ödülü'nü kazanmayı "hak etmediğini" düşünen Johann Hari gibi Pinter'in "savaşçı tarafından azarlanması" olarak adlandırdığı şeye karşı savundu. Daha sonra Pinter, Irak Savaşı'na ve desteklediği diğer siyasi nedenler adına kampanya yürütmeye devam etti.

Pinter, 2005 yılında Yahudilerin Filistinliler için Adalet misyon bildirisi'ni ve tam sayfa ilanını imzaladı: "İsrail Ne Yapıyor? İngiltere'deki Yahudilerin Çağrısı", 6 Temmuz 2006'da Times'da yayınlandı ve Filistin Edebiyat Festivali'nin hamisi oldu. Nisan 2008'de Pinter, "İsrail'in yıldönümünü kutlamıyoruz" ifadesini imzaladı. Açıklamada, "Terörizm, katliamlar ve başka bir halkın topraklarından mülksüzleştirilmesi üzerine kurulmuş bir devletin doğum gününü kutlayamayız.", "Arap ve Yahudilerin barışçıl bir Ortadoğu'da eşit olarak yaşadıklarını kutlayacağız"

 Bazı oyunları
 Git Gel Dolap (The Dumb Waiter 1957)
 Doğumgünü Partisi (The Birthday Party, 1957)
 Kapıcı (oyuncu) (The Dumb Waiter, 1957)
 İnce Sızı (A Slight Ache, 1958)
 Eve Dönüş (oyun) (The Homecoming 1965)
 Eski Zamanlar (Old Times, 1970)
 Issız Topraklar (No Man's Land, 1974)
 Aldatma (Betrayal, 1978)
 Alaska Diyarı (A Kind of Alaska, 1982)
 Dağ Dili (Mountain Language, 1988)
 Ay Işığı (Moonlight, 1993), ISBN 975-7468-57-6
 Küller Küllere Bir Tek Daha Kutlama (Celebration'')

Film adaptasyonları
2007, Sleuth (Ölümcül Oyun)

2000, The Tragedy of King Lear

1997, The Dreaming Child

1990, The Comfort of Strangers (Yabancı Kucak)

1989, The Trial (Dava)

1988, Heat of the Day

1988, Reunion (Anılar)

1987, The Handmaid's Tale (Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü)

1984, Turtle Diary (Kaplumbağa Günlüğü)

1982, Victory

1981, Betrayal (Aldatma)

1980, The French Lieutenant's Woman (Fransız Teğmenin Kadını)

1974, The Last Tycoon (Son Patron)

1972, The Proust Screenplay (Proust Senaryosu)

1970, Langrishe Go Down (TV adaptasyonu 1978)

1969, The Homecoming (Eve Dönüş)

1969, The Go-Between (Arabulucu)

1967, The Birthday Party (Doğum Günü Partisi)

1966, Accident (Kaza Gecesi)

1965, The Quiller Memorandum

1963, The Pumpkin Eater

1963, The Servant (Genç Hizmetçiler)

1963, The Caretaker

Rol aldığı filmler
Mansfield Park, Sir Thomas Bertram

Sleuth (Ölümcül Oyun), TV'deki adam

The Tailor of Panama (Panama Terzisi), Benny amca

Wit (Zekâ), Bay Bearing (Vivian'nın babası)

The Servant (Genç Hizmetçiler), Toplum adamı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

haroldpinter.org

1930 doğumlular
Hackney (Londra'nın semti) doğumlular
2008 yılında ölenler
İngiliz yazarlar
İngiliz oyun yazarları
İngiliz insan hakları aktivistleri
İngiliz sosyalistler
Yahudi asıllı Britanyalılar
Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahipleri
Franz Kafka Ödülü sahipleri
Laurence Olivier Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri
Tony Ödülü sahipleri
Irak Savaşı karşıtı aktivistler
İngiltere'de kanserden ölenler
Londra'da ölenler
Gırtlak kanserinden ölenler
İngiltere'de ölenler
Royal Society of Literature üyeleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Senaryo Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA En İyi Senaryo Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA Akademi Bağlılık Ödülü sahipleri

Harold Pinter


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Seaham é uma cidade litorânea no Condado de Durham, Nordeste da Inglaterra. Situa-se a 10 quilômetros ao sul de Sunderland e a 21 quilômetros a leste da cidade de Durham. Cresceu a partir do final do século XIX como resultado de investimentos em seu porto e da mineração de carvão. Seaham é geminada com a cidade alemã de Gerlingen.

História

A vila original de Seaham praticamente desapareceu; ficava entre a Igreja de Santa Maria (St Mary Church) e Seaham Hall (ou seja, um pouco ao norte do atual centro da cidade). A igreja paroquial de Santa Maria, a Virgem (St Mary The Virgin), data do final do século VII. A nave anglicana assemelha-se à igreja de Escomb em muitos aspectos, e é uma das 20 igrejas sobreviventes mais antigas do Reino Unido.

Até os primeiros anos do século XIX, Seaham era uma pequena comunidade agrícola rural cuja única fama era que Anne Isabella Milbanke, filha do proprietário local, havia se casado com Lord Byron em Seaham Hall (hoje transformado em um hotel e spa de luxo), em 2 de janeiro de 1815. Byron começou a escrever suas Hebrew Melodies em Seaham, e elas foram publicadas em abril de 1815. Parece que Byron estava entediado no inverno da cidade, embora o mar o fascinasse. Como ele escreveu em uma carta a um amigo:

O casamento foi de curta duração, produzindo como sua única filha a matemática Ada Lovelace, mas foi longo o suficiente para esgotar a propriedade de Milbanke. A sorte da área mudou quando os Milbankes a venderam, em 1821, para o 3º Marquês de Londonderry, que construiu um porto, em 1828, para facilitar o transporte de mercadorias das indústrias locais (a primeira mina de carvão foi iniciada em 1845). No entanto, este porto mais tarde provou ser inadequado para lidar com os milhões de toneladas de carvão, e os engenheiros Patrick Meik e Charles Meik, foram comissionados pelo 6º Marquês para recuperar a terra e estender e aprofundar o cais. As obras foram inauguradas oficialmente em 1905. O porto é de particular interesse porque consiste em uma série de eclusas interligadas, em vez da construção mais típica de duas paredes.

Já em 1823, o 3º Marquês tinha contactado o arquiteto John Dobson com vista a elaborar os planos para uma cidade a ser construída em torno do porto. Dobson fez isso, mas a abordagem planejada naufragou por falta de fundos, e a região cresceu de forma mais fragmentada. A princípio, a cidade se chamava Seaham Harbor (para diferenciá-la da antiga vila); com o tempo, porém, o assentamento como um todo passou a ser conhecido como Seaham.

O poço de Seaham Colliery sofreu uma explosão subterrânea em 1880, que resultou na perda de mais de 160 vidas, incluindo trabalhadores de superfície e equipes de resgate.

Em 1928, a produção começou em Vane Tempest, a última mina de carvão da cidade a ser inaugurada. Em 1992, no entanto, todos os três poços (Dawdon Colliery, Vane Tempest Colliery e Seaham Colliery - conhecido localmente como "the Knack") haviam fechado, um processo acelerado pela greve dos mineiros britânicos. O fechamento dos poços atingiu a economia local de forma extremamente dura.

Muitas famílias locais foram afetadas pela trágica perda de oito homens e um menino no naufrágio de um barco salva-vidas da Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI), o George Elmy, em 17 de novembro de 1962. Para lembrar o evento, a nova estrada costeira foi nomeada George Elmy Lifeboat Way. Um memorial também foi construído.

Governança e Política

Existe um ward eleitoral com o mesmo nome da cidade. A população deste ward, de acordo com o Censo de 2011 era de 8.419.

Entre 1929 e 1935, o Membro do Parlamento (MP) para Seaham (o distrito eleitoral extinto que cobria a área agora renomeada Easington) foi o primeiro-ministro Ramsay MacDonald, o primeiro Trabalhista a se tornar Chefe de Governo do Reino Unido. Easington sempre elegeu candidatos Trabalhistas ao Parlamento Britânico,, sendo que nas eleições gerais de 2010 Grahame Morris foi eleito com uma maioria de 14.982 votos, mantendo-se no cargo até os dias atuais.

Hoje

Seaham tem belas praias, fazendo parte da costa de Durham cuja maior parte foi, à partir de 2001, designada como "costa histórica" (heritage coast). Em 2002, o projeto Turning the Tide ganhou, juntamente com o Projeto Éden, o prêmio de "Realização Excepcional em Renovação" (Outstanding Achievement in Regeneration) nos prêmios anuais do Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS).

Em 2006, uma pesquisa realizada por Halifax revelou que Seaham era, na época, o principal ponto de aumento de preços de imóveis na Inglaterra e País de Gales, pois os preços médios aumentaram 172% desde 2003, embora permanecessem bem abaixo da média nacional. Acredita-se que esse aumento tenha sido muito ajudado pelo trabalho de renovação na área e, em particular, no novo conjunto habitacional East Shore Village.

O centro comercial "Byron Place" (nomeado a partir da associação de Seaham com a figura de Lord Byron) foi inaugurado em 2007 e inclui lojas como Asda e Wilko.

Hoje, a cidade tem uma população de cerca de 22.000 habitantes e é servida pela estação ferroviária de Seaham, que serve a Durham Coast Line, que vai de Middlesbrough a Newcastle, via Hartlepool, Stockton-on-Tees e Sunderland. Os serviços de ônibus locais operados pela Arriva North East e Go North East também fornecem acesso às cidades vizinhas de Murton, Peterlee e Houghton-le-Spring, bem como a Sunderland, Newcastle, Durham, Darlington, Stockton-on-Tees e Middlesbrough .

Seaham tem uma escola secundária, sem o sistema sixth form, chamada Seaham High School que, antes de 2016, era conhecida como Seaham School of Technology.

Esportes
O principal clube de futebol de Seaham é o Seaham Red Star FC, anteriormente Seaham Colliery Welfare Red Star, sediado próximo ao parque Red Star. O clube, atualmente, disputa a Northern League Division One. Seaham também produziu vários jogadores de futebol importantes, alguns dos quais passaram a jogar pelo , como Richie Pitt. Terry Fenwick e Brian Marwood jogaram pela Seleção Inglesa, com este último atualmente trabalhando como comentarista da Sky Sports. Paul Gascoigne também morou em Seaham no final dos anos 1990, enquanto jogava pelo .

Seaham possui dois clubes de críquete, o Seaham Harbour Cricket Club e Seaham Park Cricket Club. Ambas as equipes jogam na Durham & Northeast Cricket League.

Há também o Seaham RUFC, clube de rugby que disputa a liga Durham/Northumberland 2'.

Seaham na Mídia

 A cena final do filme Get Carter, de 1971, foi filmada na praia de Blackhall Rocks, em Seaham.

 A rica história da mineração na cidade foi destacada no filme Billy Elliot (2000), ambientado durante a greve dos mineiros do Reino Unido de 1984-85, um evento real que, na produção, se passa na cidade fictícia de Everington, condado de Durham. O Filme exibe característica particulares às comunidades da região de East Durham, como Seaham e Easington Colliery. Ambas as cidades aparecem como locações no filme, notavelmente o Dawdon Miners' Club, para o qual o pai de Elliot corre quando descobre que seu filho ganhou uma audição na escola de dança. A cena da "dança com raiva" de Elliot ocorre em Dawdon, entre Embleton Street e Stavordale Street West.

 A cena de abertura de Alien 3 (1992) foi filmada em Blast Beach, em Dawdon.

 Seaham serviu como locação para o filme nomeado ao BAFTA Life For Ruth (1962), estrelado por Janet Munro e Patrick McGoohan.

 A cidade aparece na sitcom da BBC Live!Girls! present Dogtown, que estreou no outono de 2006.

 De acordo com o jornal Sunderland Echo, em sua edição de 11 de fevereiro de 1999, cenas de O Resgate do Soldado Ryan (1998) também seriam filmadas em Seaham, mas a intervenção do governo mudou a produção para outro lugar.

 De acordo com o retrato da cidade traçado por Tom McNee, em 1992, em seu livro The Changing Face of Seaham: 1928–1992, a igreja paroquial de St. John foi usada como cenário de um serviço de 1985 gravado para a BBC Radio 3. Além disso, um documentário de duas partes do Channel 4 apresentou o perfil da cidade em 1991.

Pontos de Interesse

Ao sul, ao lado da estrada para Dalton-le-Dale, estão os restos da Dalden Tower, composta pelas ruínas de uma torre do século XVI e fragmentos de edifícios posteriores.

O próprio porto pode ser considerado o principal marco da cidade do século XIX; embora o Londonderry Institute, em Tempest Road (1853-55, por Thomas Oliver) com seu monumental pórtico em estilo grego forneça uma espécie de vislumbre da visão original do Marquês de Londonderry para a cidade. De uma data um pouco posterior, os antigos escritórios de Londonderry à beira-mar serviram como sede para a mineração e outros negócios da família. Uma estátua do 6º Marquês encontra-se no pátio. Também datando de um estágio inicial no desenvolvimento de Seaham é a igreja de St John, no centro da cidade.

Por pouco mais de cem anos, o porto foi cercado por um farol de  em Red Acre Point, imediatamente ao norte, projetado por William Chapman. Erguido em 1835, exibia uma luz branca fixa acima de uma luz vermelha giratória (uma configuração incomum, fornecida para distingui-la da luz do cais norte, em Sunderland); ambas as luzes eram exibidas da mesma torre, sendo a superior  e a inferior  acima do nível do mar. O farol era iluminado a gás, com um arranjo de lentes catadióptricas de terceira ordem fornecidas pela Chance Brothers & Co. Foi desativado em 1905, quando o porto foi ampliado e a atual luz de píer listrada em preto e branco foi construída. O farol de Red Acre Point ficou de pé, no entanto, para servir de marco diurno até 1940, quando toda a estrutura foi rapidamente demolida para o caso de servir para auxiliar os navegadores inimigos na Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Uma estátua de aço batizada 1101 (localmente conhecida como Tommy) criada por Ray Lonsdale, lembrando a Primeira Guerra Mundial e, inicialmente, erguida temporariamente por três meses, foi objeto de uma campanha de arrecadação de fundos local em 2014 para mantê-la na orla marítima da cidade.

Pessoas Notáveis
Alguns dos residentes notáveis de Seaham incluem:

 Sir Thomas Allen, barítono operístico, nasceu em Seaham em 1944;
 Martin Brammer, cantor e compositor, mais conhecido como o vocalista principal e letrista do trio pop Kane Gang;
 Terry Fenwick, ex-jogador da Seleção Inglesa de Futebol;
 Bob Fox, violonista e cantor folk;
 Paul Gascoigne, lendário ex-futebolista inglês, com passagens por equipes como , , , , entre outros clubes, além da Seleção Inglesa, morou em Seaham quando defendeu o , no final dos anos 90;
 Janie Jones, ex-cantora, conhecida por suas festas sexuais nos anos 70;
 Ramsay MacDonald, ex-Primeiro-Ministro do Reino Unido por três mandatos, representou o antigo distrito eleitoral de Seaham entre 1929 e 1935;
 Brian Marwood, ex-futebolista da Seleção Inglesa e, atualmente, comentarista da Sky Sports;
 William McNally (1894-1976), militar britânico que recebeu a Cruz Vitória por seus atos de bravura durante a Batalha do rio Piave, em 1918, na Primeira Guerra Mundial;
 Ian Pattinson, jogador de críquete;
 Richie Pitt, ex-futebolista do ;
 Denise Robertson (1932-2016), escritora e apresentadora de televisão, viveu na cidade por muitos anos;
 Gary Rowell, outro ex-futebolista que representou a equipe do Sunderland;
 Peter Willey, ex-jogador da Seleção Inglesa de Críquete, estudou na Seaham Secondary School''.

Cidades de Durham (condado)

Seaham


السوافير وهي اسم لثلاث قرى: السوافير الشرقي، والسوافير الغربي، والسوافير الشمالي، تقع جميعها على بعد 6 كم إلى الجنوب الشرقي من أسدود، ذكرها الرومان باسم (شافير)، وفي الحروب الصليبية كانت تقوم مكانها قلعة زيوفير، في كل قرية من قرى السوافير جامع، ولهم جميعا مدرسة أنشئت عام 1922م، وتحيط بأراضيها أراضي قرى بيت دراس، وبيارتعبية، وعبدس، وجولس، وبيت عفا، وتل الترمس، والجلدية، وجسير، وكرتيا، وحتا، والقسطينة ،وتشكل هذه القرى زوايا مثلث قائم الزاوية في السوافير الغربي، وتقع السوافير الشرقي والغربي على طريق المجدل – يافا. بنيت القرى الثلاث فوق أرض السهل الساحلي على ارتفاع يناهز 50م عن سطح البحر، وفي أرض تنحدر من الجنوب الشرقي نحو الشمال الغربي انحداراً تدريجياً ،وتقع السوافير الشرقي على الضفة الشرقية لوادي قريقع الذي يرفد وادي صقرير في حين تقع السوافير الغربي على الجانب العربي من النوادي على بعد 500م. وأما السوافير الشمالي فتقع على الجانب الشمالي لوادي الجلدية الذي يرفد وادي قريقع، وتبعد عن كل من القريتين الأخريين مسافة 1000م.

قرى السوافير
تقسم السوافير إلى قرى ثلاث هي:

1.السوافير الشرقية :

تبلغ مساحتها حوالي (13831)دونم (الأملاك العربية 13200دونم أي 95% الأملاك اليهودية 103دونم أي 1% أراضي مشاع 528دونم أي 4%) تبلغ مساحة القرية حوالي 40دونم وذلك عام 1922م .

أما عدد سكانها في سنة 1945 فيبلغ 970 نسمة جميعهم من المسلمين يملكون 147 بيتا، ومن أهم عائلاتها (حمدان، البحيصي، بدوان، عثمان، العمصي) وكان المختار حرب أحمد حمدان يمثل عائلة حمدان، والمختار أحمد أبو خضرة العمصي يمثل عائلة العمصي، والمختار زيدان جاد الله محمد البحيصي يمثل عائلة البحيصي .

وبالقرية مسجد تبرعت به عائلة إخميس، وبها بيارة الشوا بمساحة 103 دونم ، وبها كذلك بابور طحين ببيارة أبو رمضان، وبها الجسر ذو الأقواس .

2.السوافير الغربية :

تقع في جنوبي السوافير الشمالي وعلى نحو كيلو متر للغرب من السوافير الشرقية، وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي (7523) دونم (الأملاك العربية 7307دونم مشاع 216دونم) أما مساحة القرية فيبلغ حوالي 25دونم .

أما عدد سكانها سنة 1945م حوالي 1030 نسمة ، جميعهم من العرب المسلمين ، ومن عائلاتها (عفانة ، عطا الله ، الأعرج ، دبور) أما المختار فكان الحاج حسن محمد عفانة، ومحمد عطا الله .

وعدد منازلها 134 منزل مبنية من الطين والطوب وبعضها من الحجارة ، وتحتوي القرية على قطع رخامية، وأعمدة في مقام الشيخ محمد الباز، المدفون في جامع القرية، وأساسات وقطع أثرية ويمر بها خط السكة الحديدية المتجه إلى غزة، وبها أيضا مركز الشرطة.

3.السوافير الشمالية :

وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي (5861) دونم (الأملاك العربية 5166دونم الأملاك اليهودية 450دونم أراضي مشاع 245دونم) أما مساحة القرية فهو 21 دونم وكان مختارهم هو بهجت محمود إسماعيل، وشاكر يوسف عوض الله، وعدد سكانها سنة 1945 حوالي 680 نسمة جميعهم من المسلمين وبها مسجد خاص بها ومن أهم عائلاتها (إسماعيل، ناجي، عبد الجواد) وفي القرية مقبرة الأربعون شهيد (من الصالحين والأولياء) وبها أيضا 15 بئر .

جذور وحياة سكان السوافير
ينحدر أهالي السوافير من أبيهم قحطان ثم كهلان ثم قضاعة ثم بلي ثم بكر ثم معمر ثم أحمد ، وبعض سكان السوافير هم من سيناء بمصر، والغور بالأردن، والبعض الآخر هم من مهاجري شبه الجزيرة العربية من مدينة ذمار شرق مدينة صنعاء بحوالي 80 كيلو مترا، ثم انتقلوا بعد ذمار إلى شمال الجزيرة العربية ثم إلى الأردن في الفحيص وماحص ثم إلى فلسطين في الخليل (في صميل) ثم إلى السوافير حيث انتشروا في أراضيها التي قسموها إلى 18 بلوك.

أما حياة السكان المعيشية واليومية فكانت بسيطة، إذ كانوا يقضون نهارهم في المزارع، يحرثون بالفأس ويبذرون البذور ويغرسون الاشتال، ثم يحصدون الحبوب والثمار، أما لياليهم فكانوا يقضونها على نور السراج (السولار أو الزيت) وكانت عملية البيع والشراء تتم عن طريق المقايضة، إذ كانت تندر العملات والنقود لديهم، وكانت الحمير هي وسيلة المواصلات الرئيسية لأهل القرية، والأكلة الشعبية الفتة والمفتول، والدبكة والسامر للأفراح الذي يستمر 15 يوم متواصلة، ومن ذريات السوافير عائلات كل من آل الكرد وعواد من بيت طيمة، والكرابلية من ترقوميا، وخميس من بيت نتيف، وطينة من بيت يعقوب.

زراعة
تشتهر السوافير بزراعة الخضار والفاكهة بسبب خصوبة التربة وغزارة المياه وعذوبتها (عمق الآبار فيها حوالي 36-40 مترا) وكذلك بسبب غزارة الندى صيفًا.

ومن هذه الخضار والفواكه : الحنطة والشعير والعدس والكرسنة والفول والحمص والذرة والسمسم والزيتون والبطيخ والعنب والمشمش والتوت والتين واللوز والجميز والخضراوات والقطن، وكانت الزراعة البعلية هي عماد القرية في الزراعة.

أما الحيوانات والطيور التي تشتهر بها السوافير فهي الجمال والمواشي والجاموس والغنم والماعز والحمير.

احتلال القرية
احتل الإنجليز قرية السوافير من أيدي العثمانيين عند منتصف ليلة 10 من تشرين ثاني عام 1917 أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى بعد هزيمة العثمانيين.

أثناء الاحتلال البريطاني  شارك أهالي السوافير في الجهاد ضد البريطانيين واليهود، حيث شاركوا في ثورة سنة 1929، كما شاركوا في إضراب سنة 1936 الذي امتد 173 يوما .
وفي حين زود الإنجليز أهل القرية ثلاثة بنادق لحماية القرية، فقد زودوا اليهود بجميع أنواع الأسلحة والذخائر، فما كان من أهل القرية إلا أن اشتروا بعض قطع الأسلحة من أموالهم الخاصة ومن ذهب نسائهم، وهكذا شارك رجال السوافير في حماية أراضيهم من هجمات المستوطنين اليهود وكذلك من اللصوص المسلحين الذين هاجموا البلدة مرتين وردوهم على أعقابهم.

وفي فجر يوم 9 أيار 1948 قام مؤذن القرية للمسجد لآذان الفجر، فانطلقت الدبابات والمدافع الرشاشة ومدافع المورتر والهاون في كل اتجاه، تحصد كل من يقف بطريقها من الرجال والنساء والمساجد والمنازل، ثم اقتحم اللواء غفعاتي القرية خلال عملية باراك، وتم احتلال قرى السوافير الثلاثة في 18  أيار 1948 بعد أن استشهد الكثير من أهلها ومنهم أحمد عبد الهادي إبراهيم حمدان، ومحمد فارس صلاح حمدان، أحمد محمد أبو عيشة، وقد فر أهلها جهة الجنوب إلى بلدة حتا وبلدة الفالوجة المجاورتين للسوافير.
وفي 9 تموز 1948 صدرت الأوامر العربية إلى الكتيبة المصرية السادسة بقيادة جمال عبد الناصر لاستعادة القرية، نظم عبد الناصر مناورة استكشافية لموقع قرى السوافير، فاخترق صفوف العدو لهذه الغاية.

وبعد مهاجمة اليهود لقرية حتا والفالوجة وطرد أهلها، فر أهالي السوافير إلى الجنوب حتى وصلوا إلى جباليا وخانيونس ودير البلح، وبعد أن ضاق بهم العيش، رحل بعضهم إلى شرق الأردن للبحث عن لقمة العيش إلا أن معظمهم بقي في خانيونس ودير البلح.

لقد أقام اليهود على أنقاض قرية السوافير مستعمرات لهم منها: مستعمرة دغانيم ومركاز شابيرا سنة 1948م وعين تسوريم، وشافير ومسؤت يتسحاق سنة 1949م ، زراحيا سنة 1950م، نير بنيم سنة 1954م .
أما الآن فلم يبق أي أثر لمنازل القرية الأصلية حيث أقام اليهود أبنيتهم الجديدة بدلا من أبنيتها ومساجد أهلها الأصليين، ولم يبق من الآثار سوى مضخة مياه إسماعيل السوافيري وشجرة تين أبو وضحة وبستان البحيصي وجميزة البحيصي.

مراجع

قرى فلسطين
قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء غزة

السوافير


Polly Celine Eveline Matzinger (born July 21, 1947, in La Seyne, France) is a French-born immunologist who proposed the danger model theory of how the immune system works.

Early years
Polly Matzinger was born on July 21, 1947, in France, to a French mother (Simone) and a Dutch father (Hans). In 1954, she immigrated to the US with her sister, Marjolaine, and parents. Her prior jobs included being a bass jazz musician, carpenter, dog trainer, waitress, and Playboy Bunny. Although it took her eleven years to finish her undergraduate degree, she finished her BS in biology at the University of California, Irvine, in 1976. She was talked into going to graduate school by Professor Robert Schwab of UC Davis and finished her PhD in biology at the University of California, San Diego in 1979. She then did four years of postdoctoral work at the University of Cambridge and was a scientist at the Basel Institute for Immunology for six years, before heading to the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.

Ghost Lab at NIAID
Matzinger is chief of the T-Cell Tolerance and Memory Section at the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The lab has been referred to as the "Ghost Lab" for Matzinger's choice to conduct the first nine months of her research alone with a focus on chaos theory. In 2013, while reorganizing the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, NIAID transferred Matzinger's section to the Laboratory of Immunogenetics.

In 2015, Matzinger recorded an eight-part series on the danger model of the immune system, covering transplant rejection, tumors, autoimmunity, T cells, parasites, and alarmins.

Research

The danger model
The Self/Non-self Model proposed by Macfarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner in 1949 faced challenges in the late 1980s as immunologists recognized that T cells depend on antigen-presenting cells showcasing materials and sending co-stimulatory signals. Driven by the writings of Thomas Kuhn on paradigm shifts in science, Charles Janeway made a 1989 proposal that the innate immune system was the real gatekeeper of immune system responses. He also theorized that the innate immune system used ancient pattern-recognition receptors to make these decisions, recognizing a pathogen by its unchanging characteristics.

Danger signals
In her 1994 article "Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended Family", Matzinger extended the danger model, arguing that antigen-presenting cells respond to "danger signals" released from cells undergoing unprogrammed cell death when injured or stressed, as opposed to apoptosis (controlled cell death). The alarm signals released by these cells let the immune system know that there is a problem requiring an immune response. She argued that T cells and the immune response they orchestrate occurs not because of a neonatal definition of "self", as in the previous model, nor because of ancient definitions of pathogens, as in Janeway's argument, but because of a dynamic and constantly updated response to danger as defined by cellular damage.

Scope
The danger model is broad, covering topics as diverse as transplantation, maternal/fetal immunity, autoimmunity, cancer treatments, and vaccines. Matzinger argues that prior models failed to explain why immune system responses vary based on the specific threat's location and severity. Prior models also fail to explain how the immune system rejects tumors, induces autoimmune diseases, or generates allergic responses.

Some immunologists still maintain Janeway's ideas, believing that the immune response is mainly fueled by innate evolutionarily conserved "pattern recognition receptors" that recognize similarities between microorganisms, minimizing the effects of unprogrammed cell death.

Pattern recognition and a tissue-driven immune system
Seung-Yong Seong and Matzinger have proposed exposed hydrophobic regions on biological compounds as among the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of the danger model. Facing stressors, cells misfold and denature their proteins, exposing hydrophobic regions that aggregate into clumps to avoid exposure to the water-filled environment.

In a 2013 article in Nature Immunology, Matzinger highlighted the danger model's primary implication that bodily tissues drive immune responses. As research continues to show the bacteria of each organ's microbiome guiding its function and outputs, Matzinger theorizes that microbes may be shown as driving immune system responses. Matzinger argues that DAMPs may explain why toll-like receptors respond to both external and endogenous ligand signals with her danger model suggesting a multitude of signalling pathways determining the extent and nature of each immune system response.

Challenges to Matzinger's theories
Regulatory T cells have been shown suppressing immune responses, exemplified by the autoimmune IPEX syndrome occurring when the master regulator of these Treg cells is dysfunctional. Matzinger has incorporated Treg cells into her danger model, arguing that their regulation activity is not absolute, based on transplant organs being rejected at higher rates if infected, showing that danger signals continue to dictate the immune response.

Criticisms of the danger model focus on two key points: First, Matzinger argued that tumors persist to cause cancer because their cells undergo programmed cell death, failing to release danger signals for an immune response. However, recent research has shown the immune system detecting and destroying some tumors. Second, the danger model explains transplant rejection as the result of surgery-induced damage, but this explanation fails to account for greater tolerance of autotransplantation, the movement of tissue between parts of the same body.

Terms coined by Matzinger, such as "professional antigen-presenting-cell", "danger signal", and "DAMPs", are frequently repurposed for explanations of the self/non-self model of the immune system. The immunologist Russell E. Vance has argued that immunological paradigms like the danger model are inevitably inaccurate representations of distinct mechanisms generated under evolutionary pressure.

Dog co-author controversy
In 1978, Matzinger published her fourth paper in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, listing her Afghan Hound, Galadriel Mirkwood, as a coauthor to write in a third-person active voice. Upon identifying the misconduct, she was banned from publishing in the journal.

Awards
At the 1986 Köln Film Festival, Polly Matzinger won the Award for Special Excellence in Educational Films for the German translation of Immunity: The Inside Story. In 1996, she was inducted as an honorary lifetime member of the Scandinavian Society of Immunology. In 2002, Discover magazine recognized Matzinger as one of the fifty most important women in science. In 2003, she received an honorary doctorate from Hasselt University. In 2008, she was listed as a "Highly Cited" research among the top 1% of citations for her field on the Web of Science.

Since 2009, the biotechnology company EpiVax has funded the Polly Matzinger Fearless Scientist Scholarship for women scientists at the University of Rhode Island's Institute for Immunology & Informatics that overcome challenges.

Publications

 Lassila, O., Vainio, O. and Matzinger, P. (1988). Can B cells turn on virgin T cells? Nature, 334, 253–255. (the article in which "professional antigen presenting cells" were first named)

Films
Immunity: the inside story. Matzinger P and André Trauneker (1986) (video, 13 min). Award-winning animated film for lay people describing the events involved in clearing an influenza infection. Translated into German, French, Spanish. Hoffmann-La Roche studio, Basel, Switzerland
A quick look at tissue rejection. Matzinger P. (1991) (Video, 2 min). Animated film for lay people describing the events that result in rejection of a skin graft. Commissioned by the National Association of Science Writers for a meeting of television producers. NIH special events department and Capitol Studios
Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times. Peter Friedman and Jean-François Brunet (1995) (Film, 73 minutes). Award-winning film on apoptotic cell death that features the work of six scientists. P Matzinger, R Levy-Montalcini, M Raff, P Golstein, KM Debatin, R Horowitz among others
Turned on by Danger. Michael Mosley (1997) (Film, 60 minutes). A BBC Horizon program made for public television featuring and delineating the Danger model.
Microbe Invasion. David Green (2001) (Film, 60 minutes). A program describing the interrelationship between human bodies and the multitude of organisms that live on and within them. The film features the Danger model as the model of immunity that best allows for symbiotic relationships within the body. The Learning Channel

References

External links
 Matzinger's farm homepage, (Ambling Brook Farm)
 Matzinger profile in the British Journal of Ophthalmology

 Matzinger profile in Arthritis Today

NIAID profile

American immunologists
Women immunologists
American women biologists
Living people
1947 births
University of California, San Diego alumni
Humour in science
French emigrants to the United States
American people of Dutch descent
University of California, Irvine alumni
National Institutes of Health people
21st-century American women

Polly Matzinger


Andréi Konstantínovich Vorontsévich (en ruso: Андрей Константинович Воронцевич;  17 de julio de 1987 en Omsk, Rusia) es un jugador ruso de baloncesto profesional que pertenece a la plantilla del UNICS Kazan de la VTB. Con 2 metros y 7 centímetros juega en la posición de ala-pívot.

Carrera
Vorontsévich hizo su debut profesional jugando para el Lokomotiv Novosibirsk durante la temporada 2005-2006. También fue parte de la selección de baloncesto de Rusia y jugó en el EuroBasket 2009.

Desde 2006 a 2020, formaría parte de las filas del PBC CSKA Moscú con el que lograría infinidad de títulos.

En la temporada 2020-21, abandona el club moscovita y firma por el BC Nizhny Novgorod.

En la temporada 2021-22, firma por el UNICS Kazan de la VTB United League.

Palmarés
Equipo
Liga de Rusia: 10
CSKA Moscú: 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16
Copa de Rusia: 1
CSKA Moscú: 2010
Euroliga: 3
CSKA Moscú: 2008, 2016, 2019
VTB United League: 9
CSKA Moscú: 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019.
Individual
 MVP de los Playoffs de la VTB United League (2015)
 Jugador Defensivo del Año de la VTB United League (2015)

Enlaces externos

 Perfil en Euroleague.net

 Perfil en CSKA Moscow

Nacidos en Omsk
Baloncestistas de Rusia
Baloncestistas de la selección de Rusia
Baloncestistas del CSKA Moscú

Andréi Vorontsévich


An Anthoxanthum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Anthoxanthum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Anthoxanthum

Anthoxanthum


Pavlovian fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events. It is a form of learning in which an aversive stimulus (e.g. an electrical shock) is associated with a particular neutral context (e.g., a room) or neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone), resulting in the expression of fear responses to the originally neutral stimulus or context. This can be done by pairing the neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus (e.g., an electric shock, loud noise, or unpleasant odor). Eventually, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the state of fear. In the vocabulary of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus or context is the "conditional stimulus" (CS), the aversive stimulus is the "unconditional stimulus" (US), and the fear is the "conditional response" (CR).

Fear conditioning has been studied in numerous species, from snails to humans. In humans, conditioned fear is often measured with verbal report and galvanic skin response. In other animals, conditioned fear is often measured with freezing (a period of watchful immobility) or fear potentiated startle (the augmentation of the startle reflex by a fearful stimulus). Changes in heart rate, breathing, and muscle responses via electromyography can also be used to measure conditioned fear. A number of theorists have argued that conditioned fear coincides substantially with the mechanisms, both functional and neural, of clinical anxiety disorders. Research into the acquisition, consolidation and extinction of conditioned fear promises to inform new drug based and psychotherapeutic treatments for an array of pathological conditions such as dissociation, phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Scientists have discovered that there is a set of brain connections that determine how fear memories are stored and recalled. While studying rats' ability to recall fear memories, researchers found a newly identified brain circuit is involved. Initially, the pre-limbic prefrontal cortex (PL) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) were identified in memory recall. A week later, the central amygdala (CeA) and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) were identified in memory recall, which are responsible for maintaining fear memories. This study shows how there are shifting circuits between short term recall and long term recall of fear memories. There is no change in behavior or response, only change in where the memory was recalled from.

In addition to the amygdala, the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex are important in fear conditioning.  Fear conditioning in the rat is stored at early times in the hippocampus, with alterations in hippocampal gene expression observed at 1 hour and 24 hours after the event.  In the mouse, changed gene expression is also seen in the hippocampus at one hour and 24 hours after fear conditioning.  These changes are transient in the hippocampal neurons, and almost none are present in the hippocampus after four weeks.  By 4 weeks after the event, the memory of the fear conditioning event is more permanently stored in the anterior cingulate cortex.

Neurobiology

Neuronal gene expression
As shown in the rodent brain, neuronal gene expression is dynamically changed in response to fear conditioning. In particular, the expressions of immediate early genes (IEGs) such as Egr1, c-Fos, and Arc are rapidly and selectively up-regulated in subsets of neurons in specific brain regions associated with learning and memory formation.

A review in 2022 describes multiple steps in up-regulating the IEGs in neurons in the hippocampus during fear conditioning.  IEGs are similarly up-regulated in the amygdala during fear conditioning.  The multiple steps in up-regulating IEGs include activation of transcription factors, formation of chromatin loops, interaction of enhancers with promoters in chromatin loops and topoisomerase II beta-initiated temporary DNA double-strand breaks.

At least two IEGs up-regulated by fear conditioning, Egr1 and Dnmt3A2 (shown to be an IEG by Oliveira et al.) affect DNA methylation, and thus expression, of many genes.  Up-regulated EGR1 proteins associate with pre-existing nuclear TET1 proteins, and the EGR1 proteins bring TET1 proteins to hundreds of genes, allowing TET1 to initiate DNA demethylation of those genes.  DNMT3A2 protein is a de novo DNA methyltransferase, adding methylation to cytosines in DNA.  Expression of DNMT3A2 proteins in hippocampus neurons in culture preferentially targeted the addition of new methylation to more than 200 genes involved in synaptic plasticity.  Expressions of IEGs are a source of the dynamic changes in subsequent neuronal gene expression in response to fear conditioning.

Amygdala
Fear conditioning is thought to depend upon an area of the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala is involved in acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear memory. Lesion studies have revealed that lesions drilled into the amygdala before fear conditioning prevent the acquisition of the conditioned response of fear, and lesions drilled in the amygdala after conditioning cause conditioned responses to be forgotten. Electrophysiological recordings from the amygdala have demonstrated that cells in that region undergo long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity believed to underlie learning. Pharmacological studies, synaptic studies, and human studies also implicate the amygdala as chiefly responsible for fear learning and memory. Additionally, inhibition of neurons in the amygdala disrupts fear acquisition, while stimulation of those neurons can drive fear-related behaviors, such as freezing behavior in rodents. This indicates that proper function of the amygdala is both necessary for fear conditioning and sufficient to drive fear behaviors. The amygdala is not exclusively the fear center, but also an area for responding to various environmental stimuli. Several studies have shown that when faced with unpredictable neutral stimuli, amygdala activity increases. Therefore, even in situations of uncertainty and not necessarily fear, the amygdala plays a role in alerting other brain regions that encourage safety and survival responses.

In the mid-1950s Lawrence Weiskrantz  demonstrated that monkeys with lesions of amygdala failed to avoid an aversive shock while the normal monkeys learned to avoid them. He concluded that a key function of the amygdala was to connect external stimuli with aversive consequences. Following Weiskrantz's discovery many researchers used avoidance conditioning to study neural mechanisms of fear.

Joseph E. LeDoux has been instrumental in elucidating the amygdala's role in fear conditioning. He was one of the first to show that the amygdala undergoes long-term potentiation during fear conditioning, and that ablation of amygdala cells disrupts both learning and expression of fear.

Hippocampus
Some types of fear conditioning (e.g. contextual and trace) also involve the hippocampus, an area of the brain believed to receive affective impulses from the amygdala and to integrate those impulses with previously existing information to make it meaningful. Some theoretical accounts of traumatic experiences suggest that amygdala-based fear bypasses the hippocampus during intense stress and can be stored somatically or as images that can return as physical symptoms or flashbacks without cognitive meaning.

The hippocampus is one of the brain regions that undergoes major alterations in gene expression after contextual rear conditioning.  Contextual fear conditioning applied to a rat causes about 500 genes to be up-regulated (possibly due to DNA demethylation of CpG sites) and about 1,000 genes to be down-regulated (observed to be correlated with DNA methylation at CpG sites in promoter regions) (see Regulation of transcription in learning and memory).  By 24 hours after the event, 9.17% of the genes in the genomes of rat hippocampus neurons are differentially methylated.  The pattern of induced and repressed genes within hippocampal neurons appears to provide a molecular basis for forming the early transient memory of contextual fear conditioning in the hippocampus.  When similar contextual fear conditioning was applied to a mouse, one hour after contextual fear conditioning there were 675 demethylated genes and 613 hypermethylated genes in the hippocampus region of the mouse brain.  These changes were transient in the hippocampal neurons, and almost none of these DNA methylation alterations were present in the hippocampus after four weeks. However, in mice subjected to contextual fear conditioning, after four weeks there were more than 1,000 differentially methylated genes and more than 1,000 differentially expressed genes in the mouse anterior cingulate cortex where long-term memories are stored.

Molecular mechanisms

Double-strand breaks
More than 100 DNA double-strand breaks occur, both in the hippocampus and in the medial prefrontal cortec (mPFC), in two peaks, at 10 minutes and at 30 minutes after contextual fear conditioning.   This appears to be earlier than the DNA methylations and demethylations of neuron DNA in the hippocampus that were measured at one hour and 24 hours after contextual fear conditioning (described above in the section Hippocampus).

The double strand breaks occur at known memory-related immediate early genes (among other genes) in neurons after neuron activation.  These double-strand breaks allow the genes to be transcribed and then translated into active proteins.

One immediate early gene newly transcribed after a double-strand break is EGR1.  EGR1 is an important transcription factor in memory formation.  It has an essential role in brain neuron epigenetic reprogramming.  EGR1 recruits the TET1 protein that initiates a pathway of DNA demethylation.  Removing DNA methylation marks allows the activation of downstream genes (see Regulation of gene expression#Regulation of transcription in learning and memory.  EGR1 brings TET1 to promoter sites of genes that need to be demethylated and activated (transcribed) during memory formation.  EGR-1, together with TET1, is employed in programming the distribution of DNA demethylation sites on brain DNA during memory formation and in long-term neuronal plasticity.

DNMT3A2 is another immediate early gene whose expression in neurons can be induced by sustained synaptic activity. DNMTs bind to DNA and methylate cytosines at particular locations in the genome.   If this methylation is prevented by DNMT inhibitors, then memories do not form.  If DNMT3A2 is over-expressed in the hippocampus of young adult mice it converts a weak learning experience into long-term memory and also enhances fear memory formation.

Intra-amygdala circuit
Neurons in the basolateral amygdala are responsible for the formation of conditioned fear memory. These neurons project to neurons in the central amygdala for the expression of a conditioned fear response. Damage to these areas in the amygdala would result in disruption of the expression of conditioned fear responses. Lesions in the basolateral amygdala have shown severe deficits in the expression of conditioned fear responses. Lesions in the central amygdala have shown mild deficits in the expression of conditioned fear responses.

NMDA receptors and glutamate
One of the major neurotransmitters involved in conditioned fear learning is glutamate. It has been suggested that NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in the amygdala are necessary for fear memory acquisition, because disruption of NMDAR function disrupts development of fear responses in rodents. In addition, the associative nature of fear conditioning is reflected in the role of NMDARs as coincident detectors, where NMDAR activation requires simultaneous depolarization by US inputs combined with concurrent CS activation.

Epigenetics
Conditioned fear may be inherited transgenerationally. In one experiment, mice were conditioned to fear an acetophenone odor and then set up to breed subsequent generations of mice. Those subsequent generations of mice also showed a behavioral sensitivity to acetophenone, which was accompanied by neuroanatomical and epigenetic changes that are believed to have been inherited from the parents' gametes.

Across development
The learning involved in conditioned fear, as well as the underlying neurobiology, changes dramatically from infancy, across childhood and adolescence, into adulthood and aging. Specifically, infant animals show an inability to develop fear associations, whereas their adult counterparts develop fear memories much more readily.

Previous research has indicated that adolescents show hampered fear extinction learning compared to children and adults. This finding may have clinical implications, as one of the most widely used treatments for anxiety disorders is exposure based therapy, which builds on the principles of fear extinction. The exact mechanisms underlying the developmental differences in fear extinction learning have not yet been discovered, although it has been suggested that age related differences in connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex can be one of the biological mechanisms underpinning the developmental change in fear extinction learning.

Prior experience with stress
A history of stressors preceding a traumatic event increases the effect of fear conditioning in rodents. This phenomenon, named Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning (SEFL), has been demonstrated in both young (e.g. Poulos et al. 2014) and adult (e.g. Rau et al. 2009) rodents. Biological mechanisms underpinning SEFL have not yet been made clear, though it has been associated with a rise in corticosterone, the stress hormone, following the initial stressor.

See also
 Classical conditioning
 Extinction (psychology)
 Eyeblink conditioning
 Fear processing in the brain
 Infralimbic cortex
 Ivan Pavlov
 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

References

Behavioral concepts
Behaviorism
Fear

Fear conditioning


Kennington é uma estação do Metropolitano de Londres na Kennington Park Road em Kennington dentro do borough londrino de Southwark. A estação está na junção das ramificações de Charing Cross e Bank da Northern line ao norte e Morden e Battersea Power Station ao sul. Suas estações vizinhas ao norte são Waterloo no ramal de Charing Cross e Elephant & Castle no ramal Bank; as próximas estações ao sul são Oval e Nine Elms. A estação está em Zonas 1 do Travelcard e 2.

A estação foi inaugurada em 1890 como parte da primeira ferrovia elétrica subterrânea do mundo e sua construção de superfície permanece praticamente inalterada. Na década de 1920, as partes subterrâneas da estação foram reconstruídas para que a linha pudesse ser estendida e trens maiores pudessem ser usados. Duas plataformas adicionais e posteriormente várias passagens transversais foram fornecidas para intercâmbios entre os ramais.

História

Conexões
As linhas de ônibus de Londres 133, 155, 333 e 415 com as rotas noturnas N133 e N155 servem a estação.

Ligações externas
 Arquivo Fotográfico do Museu dos Transportes de Londres
 Station in original condition, 1916
 Station after 1920s changes

Estações do Metro de Londres

Kennington (Metropolitano de Londres)


Pianengo ist eine norditalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Cremona in der Lombardei. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 40 Kilometer nordwestlich von Cremona und etwa fünf Kilometer nördlich von Crema. Pianengo ist Teil des Parco del Serio. Der Serio fließt durch die Gemeinde bzw. bildet die östliche Gemeindegrenze.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die frühere Strada statale 591 Cremasca (heute eine Provinzstraße) von Bergamo nach Codogno.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in der Lombardei

Pianengo


චන්ද්‍ර දිනදසුන් වලට අනුව මැදින් මාසයේ 22වන තිථියයි. මැදින් මාසයේ අව පක්‍ෂයේ 7වන තිථියයි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 චන්ද්‍ර මාස
 පෝය

මැදින්
චන්ද්‍ර දිනදසුනේ අව පක්‍ෂයේ දින

මැදින් අව සතවක


التمثل هو استخدام الأغذية المهضومة أو مواد أولية أخرى صالحة من أجل إعادة بناء الخلايا.

أمثلة على التمثل الحيوي
 التركيب الضوئي الذي يتم من خلاله تحويل الماء وثاني أكسيد الكربون إلى جزيئات عضوية في النبات
 تثبيت النيتروجين من التربة في جزيئات عضوية تقوم به بكتيريا معايِشة تعيش في جذور بعض النباتات كالبقول
 امتصاص المغذيات (المواد المغذية) بعد هضم الطعام في الأمعاء وتحويلها إلى نسج الجسم وسوائله

مراجع

أيض
عمليات حيوية

تمثل (أحياء)


Das Biwaknest oder Biwak ist ein mobiles Freinest oder Erdnest von Ameisenarten ohne dauerhaften Neststandort. Freinister sind Treiberameisen (der Unterfamilie Ecitoninae) sowie aus der Ponerinen-Gattung Leptogenys. Dorylinae und Aenictinae sind erdnistend, bilden aber innerhalb der Erdnester biwak-artige Aggregationen. Biwaknester sind Zusammenballungen von Arbeiterinnen, die sich aneinander klammern. Außer den Tierkörpern wird kein Baumaterial verwendet.
 Das Nest befindet sich in Bodennähe zwischen Blättern oder in Boden- oder Holzhöhlungen, aber auch frei zwischen Ästen hängende Nester kommen vor. Im Biwaknest werden Brut und eventuell vorhandene Trophobionten (z. B. Schmierläuse) von den Körpern der Arbeiterinnen, die sich gegenseitig an den Tarsalklauen (Prätarsus) festklammern, schützend umhüllt. Da die Konstruktion des Nestes kein Material erfordert, kann es sehr rasch eingerichtet und wieder aufgelöst werden, was die Mobilität von Treiber- und Wanderameisen erst ermöglicht. Aber nicht nur anlässlich von Wanderungen, auch im Tageswechsel, wenn die Arbeiterinnen ausschwärmen, scheint sich das Nest aufzulösen, um am Abend wieder an Volumen zu gewinnen.

Staatengröße
Bis zu 700.000 Arbeiterinnen können ein Biwak von etwa 1 m Durchmesser bevölkern.

Auszählungen mehrerer faust- bis kindskopfgroßer Biwaks von Dolichoderus cuspidatus ergaben einen Bestand von mindestens 10.000 Wanderhirtenameisen-Arbeiterinnen, etwa 4000 Larven und verpuppten Ameisen, über 5000 Schmierläusen und einer (d. h. monogyner) Ergatogyne (d. h. arbeiterinähnlichen Königin). Männliche geflügelte Ameisen konnten in großer Zahl während der Trockenperiode (Januar–Februar) und während der Monsunperiode (September–Oktober) beobachtet werden. Die Kolonien vermehren sich durch Teilung.

Biwak als Floß

Rote Feuerameisen (Solenopsis invicta) überleben Überschwemmungen, indem sich die weiblichen Einzeltiere und Larven mit ihren Körpern zu einem Floß verketten. Dieses Floß ist eine Konstruktion, die stabil und tragfähig genug ist, einen ganzen Staat auf einem Strom wie dem Amazonas zu transportieren. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass die Überwindung von Wasserflächen für landlebende Insekten allgemein eine große Herausforderung darstellt. Das ebenfalls Biwak genannte Floß (auch: "Ameisentrauben") wirkt für den menschlichen Betrachter chaotisch und besteht aus einer "Matte" lebender Körper älterer Arbeiter. Sie wird gebildet, indem sich die Tiere mit ihren Nachbarn – im Schnitt 4,8 Nachbartiere – über Füße und Mundwerkzeuge fest verbinden, woraus durchschnittlich 14 Verknüpfungspunkte pro Tier resultieren, große Individuen haben bis zu 21. Kleine und große Tiere nehmen bevorzugt alternierende Stellungen in dem Netzwerk ein. Die Schwimmfähigkeit resultiert zum einen daraus, dass die Körperoberfläche der Tiere aus einer wasserabweisenden Cuticula besteht, die als Oberflächenkomponente viel hydrophobes Chitin enthält, zum anderen halten die Tierkörper unter Wasser mit Hilfe ihrer Cuticulaborsten Luftblasen. Von Zeit zu Zeit müssen untergetauchte Tiere ihre äußeren Luftvorräte wieder füllen. Dazu lösen sie sich aus dem Verband, werden durch nachrückende ersetzt und krabbeln durch Kanäle zwischen den anderen Tieren an die Luftoberfläche. Larven können mehr Luftblasen binden, weshalb Flöße mit höherer Larvenzahl stabiler schwimmen.

Die Flöße können einen Durchmesser bis 45 cm annehmen. Das Floß reagiert unempfindlich auf große Wellen.

Auf der Matte befinden sich frei beweglich, aber auf engstem Raum, mit freien Durchgangstunnels, die restlichen Tiere. Die Flöße können ausschließlich aus Arbeiterinnen bestehen, was eine fragwürdige Überlebensstrategie darstellt. Meist beherbergen sie aber auch Brut und Königinnen, oft auch Symbionten und männliche Ameisen. Es wurde aber auch beobachtet, dass männliche Ameisen daran gehindert wurden, Platz auf dem Floß einzunehmen. Einzelameisen ertrinken.

Die Fähigkeit, Biwakfloße zu bilden, besitzen mehrere Ameisenarten verschiedener Kontinente: Solenopsis geminata (Brasilien – Pantanal, Kolumbien, Venezuela – Llanos), Rote Feuerameise (Solenopsis invicta in südlichen USA und Südamerika), Camponotus compressus (Indien), Gelbe Schattenameise (Lasius umbratus in Europa, Asien, Nordamerika), Myrmica gallienii (Deutschland), Rote Gartenameise (Myrmica rubra, erstmals 1997 in Ostösterreich beobachtet), Dorylus arcens (Westafrika) sowie möglicherweise weitere.

Die Bildung des Biwakfloßes wird bei Feuerameisen ausgelöst durch permanentes leichtes Trommeln, wie durch unablässigen Regen. Auch bei anderen Ameisen, beispielsweise bei Lasius oder Camponotus, lösen Vibrationen wie durch Regen Aktivitäten aus.

Weblinks
 Video der Woche: Das Ameisen-Floß. Bild der Wissenschaft, 12. Juni 2014; abgerufen 17. Juni 2014.

Einzelbelege

Tierbehausung
Myrmekologie

Biwaknest


A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined. The actual trial has as its only goal the presentation of both the accusation and the verdict to the public so they will serve as both an impressive example and a warning to other would-be dissidents or transgressors.

Show trials tend to be retributive rather than corrective, and they are also conducted for propagandistic purposes. When aimed at individuals on the basis of protected classes or characteristics, such trials are examples of political persecution. The term was first recorded in 1928.

A similar concept is "kangaroo court".

China
During the Land Reform Movement, between 1 and 2 million landlords were executed as counter-revolutionaries during the early years of Communist China. After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, show trials were given to "rioters and counter-revolutionaries" involved in the protests and the subsequent military massacre.

Chinese Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo was given a show trial in 2009. Chinese writer and dissident Ma Jian argued that Gu Kailai, the wife of purged Communist Chinese leader Bo Xilai, was given a show trial in 2012.

Soviet Union

As early as 1922, Lenin advocated staging several "model trials" ("показательный процесс", literally "demonstrative trial", "a process showing an example") in Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine.

Show trials became common during Joseph Stalin's political repressions, such as the Moscow Trials of the Great Purge period (1937–38). Such trials paralleled the institution of self-criticism within Communist Party cadres and Soviet society.

The Soviet authorities staged the actual trials meticulously. If defendants refused to "cooperate"—i.e., to admit guilt for their alleged and mostly fabricated crimes—they did not go on public trial, but suffered execution nonetheless. This happened, for example during the prosecution of the so-called , a "party" invented in the late 1920s by the OGPU, which, in particular, assigned the notable economist Alexander Chayanov (1888–1937, arrested in 1930) to it.

Some public evidence of actual events during the Moscow Trials came to the West through the Dewey Commission (1937). After the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), more information became available. This discredited the New York Times reporter Walter Duranty, who claimed at the time that these trials were actually fair.

Eastern Europe

Following some dissent within ruling communist parties throughout the Eastern Bloc, especially after the 1948 Tito–Stalin split, several party purges occurred, with several hundred thousand members purged in several countries.  In addition to rank-and-file member purges, prominent communists were purged, with some subjected to public show trials.  These were more likely to be instigated, and sometimes orchestrated, by the Kremlin or even Stalin himself, as he had done in the earlier Moscow Trials.

Such high-ranking party show trials included those of Koçi Xoxe in Albania and Traicho Kostov in Bulgaria, who were purged and arrested. After Kostov was executed, Bulgarian leaders sent Stalin a telegram thanking him for the help. In Romania, Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, Ana Pauker and Vasile Luca were arrested, with Pătrășcanu being executed. The Soviets generally directed show trial methods throughout the Eastern Bloc, including a procedure in which confessions and evidence from leading witnesses could be extracted by any means, including threatening to torture the witnesses' wives and children. The higher-ranking the party member, generally the more harsh the torture that was inflicted upon him. For the show trial of Hungarian Interior Minister János Kádár, who one year earlier had attempted to force a confession of Rajk in his show trial, regarding "Vladimir" the questioner of Kádár:

The evidence was often not just non-existent but absurd, with Hungarian George Paloczi-Horváth's party interrogators claiming "We knew all the time—we have it here in writing—that you met professor Szentgyörgyi not in Istanbul, but in Constantinople." In another case, the Hungarian ÁVH secret police also condemned another party member as a Nazi accomplice with a document that had been previously displayed in a glass cabinet at the Institute of the Working Class Movement as an example of a Gestapo forgery. The trials themselves were "shows", with each participant having to learn a script and conduct repeated rehearsals before the performance.  In the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia, when the judge skipped one of the scripted questions, the better-rehearsed Slánský answered the one which should have been asked.

Yugoslavia
In 1946, Draža Mihailović and a number of other prominent figures of the Chetnik movement during World War II were tried for high treason and war crimes committed during WWII. The trial opened in the presence of about 60 foreign journalists. Mihailović and ten others were sentenced to death by a firing squad (two in absentia); the others in the process were convicted to penalties ranging from 18 months to 20 years in prison. In 2015, a Serbian court invalidated Mihailović's conviction. The court held that it had been a Communist political show trial that was controlled by the government. The court concluded that Mihailović had not received a fair trial. Mihailović was, therefore, fully rehabilitated.

During 1946-1949, several well publicized show trials were held in the People's Republic of Slovenia. First was the Nagode Trial in which 32 non-communist intellectuals were tried as spies, three of them sentenced to death. Second was a series of so-called Dachau trials in which 37 members of the Communist Party were sentenced, 15 of them to death.

Hungary
Stalin's NKVD emissary coordinated with Hungarian General Secretary Mátyás Rákosi and his ÁVH head the way the show trial of Hungarian Minister of Interior László Rajk should go, and he was later executed.

Czechoslovakia
The Rajk trials in Hungary led Moscow to warn Czechoslovakia's parties that enemy agents had penetrated even high into party ranks, and when a puzzled Rudolf Slánský and Klement Gottwald inquired what they could do, Stalin's NKVD agents arrived to help prepare subsequent trials.

First, these trials focused on people outside the Czechoslovak Communist party. General Heliodor Píka was arrested without a warrant in early May 1948 and accused of espionage and high treason, damaging the interests of the Czechoslovak Republic and the Soviet Union, and undermining the ability of the state to defend itself, Píka was not allowed to present a defence, and no witnesses were called. He was sentenced to death and hanged. During the Prague Spring of 1968, Píka's case was reopened at the request of Milan Píka (son of Heliodor) and the elder Píka's lawyer, and a military tribunal declared Heliodor Píka innocent of all charges.

Milada Horáková, a Czech politician focused on social issues and women's rights, who was jailed during the German occupation for her political activity, was accused of leading a conspiracy to commit treason and espionage at the behest of the United States, Great Britain, France and Yugoslavia. Evidence of the alleged conspiracy included Horáková's presence at a meeting of political figures from the National Socialist, Social Democrat and People's parties, in September 1948, held to discuss their response to the new political situation in Czechoslovakia. She was also accused of maintaining contacts with Czechoslovak political figures in exile in the West. The trial of Horáková and twelve of her colleagues began on 31 May 1950 and he State's prosecutors were led by Dr. Josef Urválek and included Ludmila Brožová-Polednová. The trial proceedings were carefully orchestrated with confessions of guilt secured from the accused, though a recording of the event, discovered in 2005, revealed Horáková's defence of her political ideals. Horáková was sentenced to death, along with three co-defendants (Jan Buchal, Oldřich Pecl, and Záviš Kalandra), on 8 June 1950. Many prominent figures in the West, notably Albert Einstein, Winston Churchill and Eleanor Roosevelt, petitioned for her life, but the sentences were confirmed. She was executed by hanging in Prague's Pankrác Prison on 27 June 1950.

The trials then turned to the communist party itself (Slánský trial). In November 1952 Rudolf Slánský and 13 other high-ranking Communist bureaucrats (Bedřich Geminder, Ludvík Frejka, Josef Frank, Vladimír Clementis, Bedřich Reicin, Karel Šváb, Rudolf Margolius, Otto Šling, André Simone, Artur London, Vavro Hajdů and Evžen Löbl), 10 of whom were Jews, were arrested and charged with being Titoists and Zionists, official USSR rhetoric having turned against Zionism. Party rhetoric asserted that Slánský was spying as part of an international western capitalist conspiracy to undermine socialism and that punishing him would avenge the Nazi murders of Czech communists Jan Šverma and Julius Fučík during World War II. The trial of the 14 national leaders began on 20 November 1952, in the Senate of the State Court, with the prosecutor being Josef Urválek. It lasted eight days. It was notable for its strong anti-Semitic overtones. All were found guilty, with three being sentenced to life imprisonment while the rest were sentenced to death. Slánský was hanged at Pankrác Prison on 3 December 1952. His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered on an icy road outside of Prague.

Western Europe

Nazi Germany

Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany established a large number of Sondergerichte that were frequently used to prosecute those hostile to the regime. The People's Court was a kangaroo court established in 1934 to handle political crimes after several of the defendants at the Reichstag fire Trial were acquitted. Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 12,000 Germans were killed on the orders of the "special courts" set up by the Nazi regime.

See also

 1301 trial of Bernard Saisset, Paris.
 1415 trial of Jan Hus, Konstanz
 1431 trial of Joan of Arc, Rouen
 1649 trial of Charles I of England
 1792 trial of Louis XVI during the French Revolution
 1894 Trial of the Thirty, Paris
 1897 Trial and execution of Haymarket riots anarchist leaders, Chicago
 1927 Trial and execution of Sacco and Vanzetti, Massachusetts
 1946 Trial of Mihailović et al and execution, Belgrade
 1948 trial and execution of Shafiq Ades, Iraq
 1953 Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia, Poland
 1963 trial of premier  Abdul Karim Qassim of Iraq
 1981 trial of the Gang of Four in China
 1984 televised trial and execution of Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy in Libya
 1989 Trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu and execution
 2009 Iran poll protests trial of over 140 defendants
 The Trial of Saddam Hussein
 2013 trial of the Jang Song-thaek in North Korea
 Eastern Bloc politics
 NKVD troika, sentencing by extrajudicial commission
 Political trial, a criminal trial with political implications.
 Posthumous trial
 Victor's justice, prosecution of the defeated party's acts in a conflict by the victorious party, typically in public tribunal
 Witch-hunt, hunting down people of a certain race/trait/profession/political conviction for doing or saying something sinful

Notes

References

 Hodos, George H. Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948–1954. New York, Westport (Conn.), and London: Praeger, 1987.
 Showtrials Website  of the European Union
 Balázs Szalontai, Show trials. In: Ruud van Dijk et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Cold War (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), pp. 783–786. Downloadable at academia.edu

External links

1920s neologisms
Informal legal terminology
Types of trials
Propaganda techniques
Abuse of the legal system
Trials of political people

Show trial


محاكم دبي الحديثة تنقسم إلى ثلاث درجات هي محكمة البداية أولى درجات التقاضي ومحكمة الاستئناف ثاني درجات التقاضي ومحكمة التمييز أعلى درجات التقاضي. وتحرص الحكومة أن تُفعل أداء هذه المحاكم بأن تحرص على حداثة وسائلها وأساليب تعاملها وتطور قوانينها وذلك لمواكبة النهضة الشاملة التي تشهدها دبي. والقضاء في إمارة دبي كما في جميع إمارات الدولة تابع للحكومة المحلية، حيث يسمح الدستور الاتحادي بذلك. مديرها العام هو طارش عيد المنصوري.

القانون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
حكومة دبي

محاكم دبي


Crkva sv. Marka (Sv. Marak) sa zvonikom nalazi se u gradu Hvaru, na adresa Sveti Marak 16.

Opis dobra
Samostan sagrađen u 13. – 14. stoljeću, na zapadnom rubu grada. Ukinut od napoleonske uprave, a srušen dijelom u prvoj polovini 19. stoljeća kada se na njegovom mjestu trebalo smjestiti gradsko groblje. Poslije zadarskog, najveći dominikanski samostan mletačke Dalmacije. Sačuvan je donji dio renesansno-barokne crkve bez svodova i krova, dio klaustra i zgrada samostanske kuhinje sa stubištem do mora. Apsida je u 19. stoljeću pregrađena u kapelu. Zvonik je restaurirao A. Hauser krajem 19. stoljeća.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6773 zavedena je pod vrstom "nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Marko

Crkva sv. Marka sa zvonikom u Hvaru


Mousehouse var Danmarks første multimediecenter og siden et af landets førende internetbureauer, stiftet i 1992 af Caroline Søeborg Ahlefeldt.

Historie
Mousehouse blev oprindeligt startet som en forening under kultur- og iværksætterprojektet Frontløberne i Århus. Efterfølgende startede man selskabet mousehouseProduction ApS som var ejet af Foreningen Mousehouse. I 1997 blev foreningen opløst og et nyt selskab stiftet i navnet MouseHouse A/S med ledelse, nøglemedarbejdere og bestyrelse som aktionærer. Mousehouse A/S overtog alle medarbejdere fra mousehouseProduction ApS og betalte den gæld som foreningen Mousehouse havde oparbejdet. Caroline Søeborg Ahlefeldt kontrollerede sammen med ledelsen i det nye selskab, David Junge og Thomas Adamsen, majoriteten i det nye selskab. Virksomheden var førende i Danmark indenfor design og udvikling af Internetsider og CD-rom produktion for større danske firmaer såsom Codan, BG Bank, Tivoli med flere.

Salg
I 1999 blev Mousehouse solgt til den tidligere SAS-chef Jan Carlzon fra svenske Linné Group, for et større to-cifret millionbeløb. Herefter ændredes navnet til Cell Network. Samme år opkøbte Cell Network også det norske bureau New Media Science og i 2000 fusionerede Cell Network med Mandator, og fortsatte sit opkøb af internetbureauer i bl.a. Tyskland og Frankrig.

Konkurs
Den danske del af Cell Network gik konkurs i 2003. Den internationale del af Cell Network skiftede umiddelbart herefter sit navn (tilbage) til Mandator. I 2007 købte Fujitsu Services Mandator, som på dette tidspunkt beskæftigede ca. 560 medarbejdere.

Referencer

Etableret i 1992
Ophørt i 2003
It-virksomheder i Danmark
Konsulentbureauer

Mousehouse