An eponymous disease is a disease, disorder, condition, or syndrome named after a person, usually the physician or other health care professional who first identified the disease; less commonly, a patient who had the disease; rarely, a fictional character who exhibited signs of the disease; and, in some few instances, after an actor or the subject of a literary allusion, because characteristics associated with them were suggestive of symptoms observed in a particular disorder.

Naming systems
Eponyms are a longstanding tradition in Western science and medicine. Being awarded an eponym is regarded as an honor: "Eponymity, not anonymity, is the standard." The scientific and medical communities regard it as bad form to attempt to eponymise oneself.

Ideally, to discuss something, it should have a name. When medicine lacked diagnostic tools to investigate and definitively pinpoint the underlying causes of many diseases, assigning an eponym afforded physicians a concise label for a symptom cluster versus cataloguing the multiple systemic features that characterized the patient.

Some diseases are named for the person, most often a physician, but occasionally another health care professional, who first described the condition—typically by publishing an article in a respected medical journal. Less frequently, an eponymous disease is named after a patient, examples being Lou Gehrig disease, Hartnup disease, and Mortimer disease. In one instance, Machado–Joseph disease, the eponym is derived from the surnames of two families in which the condition was initially described. Examples also exist of eponyms named for fictional persons who displayed characteristics attributed to the syndrome; these include Miss Havisham syndrome, named for a Dickens character, and  Plyushkin syndrome, named for a Gogol character (the two also happen to be alternative names for the same symptom complex). At least two eponymous disorders follow none of the foregoing conventions: Fregoli delusion draws its name from an actor whose character shifts mimicked the type of delusion it now describes; Munchausen syndrome derives from a literary allusion to Baron von Munchausen, whose personal habits were suggestive of the symptom cluster associated with it.

Disease naming structures which reference place names (such as Bornholm disease, Lyme disease, and Ebola virus disease) are properly termed toponymic, although an NLM/NIH online publication described them as eponymic. Diseases named for animals with which they are associated, usually as a vector, are properly styled as zoonymic; cat scratch fever and monkeypox are examples.  Those named for association with a particular occupation or trade, examples of which include nun's knee, tennis elbow, and mad hatter's disease, are properly described as occupational diseases.

In May 2015, the World Health Organization, in collaboration with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), released a statement on the Best Practices for the Naming of New Human Infectious Diseases "with the aim to minimize unnecessary negative impact of disease names on trade, travel, tourism or animal welfare, and avoid causing offence to any cultural, social, national, regional, professional or ethnic groups." These guidelines emerged in response to backlash against people and places, based on the vernacular names of infectious diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome, and the 2009 swine flu pandemic. These naming conventions are not intended to replace the International Classification of Diseases, but rather, are guidelines for scientists, national authorities, the national and international media and other stakeholders who may be the first to discuss a disease publicly.

Punctuation
In 1975, the Canadian National Institutes of Health held a conference that discussed the naming of diseases and conditions. This was reported in The Lancet where the conclusion was summarized as: "The possessive use of an eponym should be discontinued, since the author neither had nor owned the disorder." Medical journals, dictionaries and style guides remain divided on this issue. European journals tend towards continued use of the possessive, while US journals are largely discontinuing its use. The trend in possessive usage varies between countries, journals, and diseases.

The problem is, in fact, that the possessive case was given its misleading name for historical reasons and that now even educated people, if they are not linguists, often make incorrect assumptions and decisions based on this misleading name. Nevertheless, no native speakers would accept the ungrammatical "men department" as a possible way of saying "men's department" nor claim that this "possessive" and obligatory apostrophe in any way imply that men possess the department.

This case was called the genitive until the 18th century and (like the genitive case in other languages) in fact expresses much more than possession. For example, in the expressions "the school's headmaster", "the men's department", and "tomorrow's weather", the school does not own/possess the headmaster, men don't own/possess the department, and tomorrow does not/will not own the weather. Most disagreements about the use of possessive forms of nouns and of the apostrophe are due to the erroneous opinion that a term should not use an apostrophe if it does not express possession.

In the words of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage:

This dictionary also cites a study that found that only 40% of the possessive forms were used to indicate actual possession.

Autoeponym
Associating an individual's name with a disease merely based on describing it confers only an eponymic; the individual must have been either affected by the disease or have died from it for the name to be termed autoeponymic. Thus, an 'autoeponym' is a medical condition named in honor of: a physician or other health care professional who was affected by or died as a result of the disease which he had described or identified; or, a patient, who was not a health care professional, but suffered from or died as a result of the disease. Autoeponyms may use either the possessive or non-possessive form, with the preference to use the non-possessive form for a disease named for a physician or health care professional who first described it and the possessive form in cases of a disease named for a patient (commonly, but not always, the first patient) in whom the particular disease was identified. Autoeponyms listed in this entry conform to those conventions with regard to the possessive and non-possessive forms.

Examples of autoeponyms include:
 Rickettsiosis: in 1906, Howard Taylor Ricketts discovered that the bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is carried by a tick. He injected himself with the pathogen. Ricketts died in 1909 while investigating typhus (Rickettsia prowazakii) in Mexico City.
 Thomsen's disease: an autosomal dominant myotonia of voluntary muscles described by Julius Thomsen about himself and his family members.
 Carrion disease: Peruvian medical student Daniel Alcides Carrión inoculated himself with Bartonella bacilliformis in 1885 to prove the link to this disease, characterized by "Oroya fever." He is now regarded as a national hero.
 Lou Gehrig's disease: although Gehrig, a New York Yankees player of the early twentieth century, was not the first patient described as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the association of such a prominent individual with the then little-known disease resulted in his name becoming eponymous with it.

Eponyms and trends
The current trend is away from the use of eponymous disease names and towards a medical name that describes either the cause or primary signs. Reasons for this include:

 A national or ethnic bias attaches to the eponym chosen;
 Credit should have gone to a different person;
 An eponym may be applied to different diseases, which creates confusion;
 Several eponyms refer to one disease (e.g., amyloid degeneration is variously called Abercrombie disease, Abercrombie syndrome, and Virchow syndrome);
 An eponym proves invalid (e.g., Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl syndrome, in which findings in the patients of Laurence and Moon were later found to differ from those of Bardet and Biedl).
 An eponym honors an individual who has been otherwise discredited (e.g., Wegener's Granulomatosis is named for Friedrich Wegener, a Nazi physician). It was renamed to granulomatosis with polyangiitis when Dr. Wegener's Nazi ties were discovered.
 Its referent varies by country (e.g., sideropenic dysphagia is Plummer–Vinson syndrome in the US and Australia, Patterson–Kelly syndrome in the UK, and Waldenstrom–Kjellberg syndrome in Scandinavia).

Arguments for maintaining eponyms include:
 The eponym may be shorter and more memorable than the medical name (the latter requiring abbreviation to its acronym);
 The medical name proves to be incorrect;
 The syndrome may have more than one cause, yet it remains useful to consider it as a whole.
 It continues to respect a person who may otherwise be forgotten.

The usage of the genitive apostrophe in disease eponyms has followed different trends. While it remains common for some diseases, it has dwindled for others.

Alphabetical list

Explanation of listing sequence
As described above, multiple eponyms can exist for the same disease. In these instances, each is listed individually (except as described below), followed by an in-line parenthetical entry beginning 'aka' ('also known as') that lists all alternative eponyms. This facilitates use of the list for a reader who knows a particular disease only by one of its eponyms, without the necessity of cross-linking entries.

It sometimes happens that an alternative eponym, if listed separately, would immediately alphabetically precede or succeed another eponymous entry for the same disease. There are three conventions that have been applied to these instances:

1. No separate entry appears for the alternative eponym. It is listed only in the parenthetical 'aka' entry (e.g., Aarskog syndrome appears only as a parenthetical entry to Aarskog–Scott syndrome).
2. If eponymous names subsequent to the first are sequenced differently or the eponym is differentiated by another term (e.g., disease versus syndrome), alphabetical sequence dictates which is the linked version versus which is listed as the alternative (e.g., Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac is the linked entry and Abderhalden–Lignac–Kaufmann is the parenthetical alternative entry).
3. If the number of names included in two or more eponyms varies, the linked entry is the one which includes the most individual surnames (e.g., Alpers–Huttenlocher syndrome is the linked entry for the disease also known as Alpers disease or Alpers syndrome).

A
 Aarskog–Scott syndrome (a.k.a. Aarskog syndrome) – Dagfinn Aarskog, Charles I. Scott Jr.
 Aase–Smith syndrome (a.k.a. Aase syndrome) – Jon Morton Aase, David Weyhe Smith
 Abdallat–Davis–Farrage syndrome – Adnan Al Abdallat, S.M. Davis, James Robert Farrage
 Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome (a.k.a. Abderhalden–Lignac–Kaufmann disease) – Emil Abderhalden, Eduard Kauffman, George Lignac
 Abercrombie disease (a.k.a. Abercrombie syndrome) – John Abercrombie
 Achard–Thiers syndrome – Emile Achard, Joseph Thiers
 Ackerman tumor – Lauren Ackerman
 Adams–Oliver syndrome – Robert Adams, William Oliver
 Adams–Stokes syndrome (a.k.a. Gerbec–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome, Gerbezius–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome, Stokes–Adams syndrome) – Robert Adams, William Stokes
 Addison disease – Thomas Addison
 Adson–Caffey syndrome – Alfred Washington Adson, I. R. Caffey
 Ahumada–Del Castillo syndrome – Juan Carlos Ahumada Sotomayor, Enrique Benjamin Del Castillo
 Aicardi syndrome – Jean Aicardi
 Aicardi–Goutières syndrome – Jean Aicardi, Francoise Goutieres
 Alagille syndrome – Daniel Alagille
 Albers-Schönberg disease – Heinrich Albers-Schönberg
 Albright disease (a.k.a. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, Albright syndrome, McCune–Albight syndrome) – Fuller Albright
 Albright–Butler–Bloomberg disease – Fuller Albright, Allan Macy Butler, Esther Bloomberg
 Albright–Hadorn syndrome – Fuller Albright, Walter Hadorn
 Albright IV syndrome (a.k.a. Martin–Albright syndrome) – Fuller Albright
 Alexander disease – William Stuart Alexander
 Alibert–Bazin syndrome – Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert, Pierre-Antoine-Ernest Bazin
 Alice in Wonderland syndrome (a.k.a. Todd syndrome) – Alice, a fictional character in works of Lewis Carroll
 Alpers–Huttenlocher syndrome (a.k.a. Alpers disease, Alpers syndrome) – Bernard Jacob Alpers, Peter Huttenlocher
 Alport syndrome – Arthur Cecil Alport
 Alström syndrome – Carl Henry Alström
 Alvarez syndrome – Walter C. Alvarez
 Alzheimer disease – Alois Alzheimer
 Anders disease – James Meschter Anders
 Andersen disease – Dorothy Hansine Andersen
 Andersen–Tawil syndrome (a.k.a. Andersen syndrome) – Ellen Andersen, Al-Rabi Tawil
 Anderson–Fabry disease – William Anderson, Johannes Fabry
 Angelman syndrome – Harry Angelman
 Angelucci syndrome – Arnaldo Angelucci
 Anton–Babinski syndrome (a.k.a. Anton syndrome) – Gabriel Anton, Joseph Babinski
 Apert syndrome – Eugène Apert
 Aran–Duchenne disease (a.k.a. Aran–Duchenne spinal muscular atrophy) – François-Amilcar Aran, Guillaume Duchenne
 Arnold–Chiari malformation – Julius Arnold, Hans Chiari
 Asherman syndrome – Joseph G. Asherman
 Asperger syndrome (a.k.a. Asperger disorder) – Hans Asperger
 Avellis syndrome – Georg Avellis
 Ayerza–Arrillaga syndrome (a.k.a. Ayerza–Arrillaga disease, Ayerza syndrome, Ayerza disease) – Abel Ayerza, Francisco Arrillaga

B
 Baastrup sign – Christian Ingerslev Baastrup
 Babesiosis – Victor Babeş
 Babington disease – Benjamin Babington
 Babinski–Fröhlich syndrome – Joseph Babinski, Alfred Fröhlich
 Babinski–Froment syndrome – Joseph Babinski, Jules Froment
 Babinski–Nageotte syndrome – Joseph Babinski, Jean Nageotte
 Baker cyst – William Morrant Baker
 Baller–Gerold syndrome – Friedrich Baller, M Gerold
 Balo concentric sclerosis (a.k.a. Balo disease) – József Mátyás Baló
 Bamberger disease – Heinrich von Bamberger
 Bamberger–Marie disease – Eugen von Bamberger, Pierre Marie
 Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome - J Steven Bamforth, John Lazarus
 Bancroft filariasis – Joseph Bancroft
 Bang disease – Bernhard Bang
 Bankart lesion – Arthur Sidney Blundell Bankart
 Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome – George A. Bannayan, Harris D. Riley Jr., Rogelio H. A. Ruvalcaba
 Bannayan–Zonana syndrome – George A. Bannayan, Jonathan X. Zonana
 Banti syndrome – Guido Banti
 Bárány syndrome – Robert Bárány
 Bardet–Biedl syndrome (formerly, a.k.a. Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl syndrome, but that construct is now deemed invalid) – Georges Bardet, Arthur Biedl
 Barlow disease – Thomas Barlow
 Barlow syndrome – John Barlow
 Barraquer–Simons syndrome – Luis Barraquer Roviralta, Arthur Simons
 Barré–Liéou syndrome – Jean Alexandre Barré, Yang-Choen Liéou
 Barrett ulcer – Norman Barrett
 Bart–Pumphrey syndrome – R. S. Bart, R. E. Pumphrey
 Barth syndrome – Peter Barth
 Bartholin cyst – Caspar Bartholin
 Bartter syndrome – Frederic Bartter
 Basedow coma – Karl Adolph von Basedow
 Basedow disease (a.k.a. Basedow syndrome, Begbie disease, Flajan disease, Flajani–Basedow syndrome, Graves disease, Graves–Basedow disease, Marsh disease, Morbus Basedow – Karl Adolph von Basedow
 Basedow ocular syndrome – Karl Adolph von Basedow
 Bassen–Kornzweig syndrome – Frank Bassen, Abraham Kornzweig
 Batten disease – Frederick Batten
 Bazin disease – Pierre-Antoine-Ernest Bazin
 Becker muscular dystrophy – Peter Emil Becker
 Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome – John Bruce Beckwith, Hans-Rudolf Wiedemann
 Behçet disease – Hulusi Behçet
 Bekhterev disease – Vladimir Bekhterev
 Bell palsy – Charles Bell
 Benedikt syndrome – Moritz Benedikt
 Benjamin syndrome – Erich Benjamin
 Berardinelli–Seip congenital lipodystrophy – Waldemar Berardinelli, Martin Seip
 Berdon syndrome – Walter Berdon
 Berger disease – Jean Berger
 Bergeron disease – Etienne-Jules Bergeron
 Bernard syndrome – Claude Bernard
 Bernard–Soulier syndrome – Jean Bernard, Jean Pierre Soulier
 Bernhardt–Roth paraesthesia – Martin Bernhardt, Vladimir Karlovich Roth
 Bernheim syndrome – P. I. Bernheim
 Besnier prurigo – Ernest Henri Besnier
 Besnier–Boeck–Schaumann disease – Ernest Henri Besnier, Cæsar Peter Møller Boeck, Jörgen Nilsen Schaumann
 Biermer anaemia – Michael Anton Biermer
 Bietti crystalline dystrophy – G. Bietti
 Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis – Edwin Bickerstaff
 Bilharzia – Theodor Maximilian Bilharz
 Binder syndrome – K.H. Binder
 Bing–Horton syndrome – Paul Robert Bing, Bayard Taylor Horton
 Bing–Neel syndrome – Jens Bing, Axel Valdemar Neel
 Binswanger dementia – Otto Binswanger
 Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome – Arthur Birt, Georgina Hogg, William Dubé
 Bland–White–Garland syndrome – Edward Franklin Bland, Paul Dudley White, Joseph Garland
 Bloch–Sulzberger syndrome – Bruno Bloch, Marion Baldur Sulzberger
 Bloom syndrome – David Bloom
 Blount syndrome – Walter Putnam Blount
 Boerhaave syndrome – Herman Boerhaave
 Bogorad syndrome – F. A. Bogorad
 Bonnevie–Ullrich syndrome – Kristine Bonnevie, Otto Ullrich
 Bourneville–Pringle disease – Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, John James Pringle
 Bowen disease – John T. Bowen
 Brachman de Lange syndrome – Winfried Robert Clemens Brachmann, Cornelia Catharina de Lange
 Brailsford–Morquio syndrome – James Frederick Brailsford, Luís Morquio
 Brandt syndrome – Thore Edvard Brandt
 Brenner tumour – Fritz Brenner
 Brewer kidney – George Emerson Brewer
 Bright disease – Richard Bright
 Brill–Symmers disease – Nathan Brill, Douglas Symmers
 Brill–Zinsser disease – Nathan Brill, Hans Zinsser
 Briquet syndrome – Paul Briquet
 Brissaud disease – Édouard Brissaud
 Brissaud–Sicard syndrome – Édouard Brissaud, Jean-Athanase Sicard
 Broadbent apoplexy – William Broadbent
 Brock syndrome – Russell Claude Brock
 Brodie abscess – Benjamin Collins Brodie
 Brodie syndrome – Benjamin Collins Brodie
 Brooke epithelioma – Henry Ambrose Grundy Brooke
 Brown-Séquard syndrome – Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
 Brucellosis – David Bruce
 Bruck–de Lange disease – Franz Bruck, Cornelia Catharina de Lange
 Brugada syndrome – Pedro Brugada, Josep Brugada
 Bruns–Garland syndrome – Ludwig Bruns
 Bruns syndrome – Ludwig Bruns
 Bruton–Gitlin syndrome – Ogden Carr Bruton, David Gitlin
 Budd–Chiari syndrome – George Budd, Hans Chiari
 Buerger disease – Leo Buerger
 Bumke syndrome – Oswald Conrad Edouard Bumke
 Bürger–Grütz syndrome – Max Burger, Otto Grutz
 Burkitt lymphoma – Denis Parsons Burkitt
 Burnett syndrome – Charles Hoyt Burnett
 Bywaters syndrome – Eric Bywaters

C
 Caffey–Silverman syndrome – John Patrick Caffey, William Silverman
 Calvé disease – Jacques Calvé
 Camurati–Engelmann disease (a.k.a. Camurati–Engelmann syndrome, Engelmann disease, Engelmann syndrome) – M. Camurati, G. Engelmann
 Canavan disease – Myrtelle Canavan
 Cannon disease – Abernathy Benson Cannon
 Cantú syndrome – José María Cantú
 Capgras delusion (a.k.a. Capgras syndrome) – Joseph Capgras
 Caplan syndrome – Anthony Caplan
 Carney complex – J. Aidan Carney
 Carney triad – J. Aidan Carney
 Carney–Stratakis syndrome – J. Aidan Carney, C. A. Stratakis
 Caroli syndrome – Jacques Caroli
 Carrion disease – Daniel Alcides Carrión
 Castleman disease – Benjamin Castleman
 Céstan–Chenais syndrome – Étienne Jacques Marie Raymond Céstan, Louis Jean Chennais
 Chagas disease – Carlos Chagas
 Charcot disease – Jean-Martin Charcot
 Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease – Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Marie, Howard Henry Tooth
 Charles Bonnet syndrome – Charles Bonnet
 Cheadle disease – Walter Butler Cheadle
 Chédiak–Higashi syndrome – Alexander Chédiak, Otokata Higashi
 Chiari malformation – Hans Chiari
 Chiari–Frommel syndrome – Johann Baptist Chiari, Richard Frommel
 Chilaiditi syndrome – Demetrius Chilaiditi
 Christ–Siemens–Touraine syndrome – Josef Christ, Hermann Werner Siemens, Albert Touraine
 Christensen–Krabbe disease – Erna Christensen, Knud Krabbe
 Christmas disease – Stephen Christmas
 Churg–Strauss syndrome – Jacob Churg, Lotte Strauss
 Claude syndrome – Henri Claude
 Claude Bernard–Horner syndrome – Claude Bernard, Johann Friedrich Horner
 Clerambault syndrome – Gaëtan Gatian de Clerambault
 Clerambault–Kandinsky syndrome – Gaëtan Gatian de Clerambault, Victor Khrisanfovich Kandinsky
 Coats disease – George Coats
 Cock peculiar tumor – Edward Cock
 Cockayne syndrome – Edward Alfred Cockayne
 Coffin–Lowry syndrome – Grange Coffin, Robert Lowry
 Coffin–Siris syndrome – Grange Coffin, Evelyn Siris
 Cogan syndrome – David Glendenning Cogan
 Cohen syndrome – Michael Cohen
 Collet–Sicard syndrome – Frédéric Justin Collet, Jean-Athanase Sicard
 Concato disease – Luigi Maria Concato
 Conn syndrome – Jerome Conn
 Cooley anemia – Thomas Benton Cooley
 Cori Disease – Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Cori
 Cornelia de Lange syndrome – Cornelia Catharina de Lange
 Costello syndrome – Jack Costello
 Costen syndrome – James Bray Costen
 Cotard delusion (a.k.a. Cotard syndrome) – Jules Cotard
 Cowden syndrome (a.k.a. Cowden disease) – Rachel Cowden
 Crigler–Najjar syndrome – John Fielding Crigler, Victor Assad Najjar
 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease – Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, Alfons Maria Jakob
 Crocq–Cassirer syndrome – Jean Crocq, Richard Cassirer
 Crohn disease – Burrill Bernard Crohn
 Cronkhite–Canada syndrome – L. W. Cronkhite, Wilma Canada
 Crouzon syndrome – Octave Crouzon
 Cruveilhier–Baumgarten disease – Jean Cruveilhier, Paul Clemens von Baumgarten
 Cruz disease – Osvaldo Gonçalves Cruz
 Cryer syndrome – Philip E. Cryer
 Curling ulcer – Thomas Blizard Curling
 Curschmann–Batten–Steinert syndrome – Hans Curschmann, Frederick Batten, Hans Gustav Steinert
 Cushing disease – Harvey Cushing
 Cushing ulcer – Harvey Cushing

D
 Da Costa syndrome – Jacob Mendez Da Costa
 Dalrymple disease – John Dalrymple
 Danbolt–Closs syndrome – Niels Christian Gauslaa Danbolt, Karl Philipp Closs
 Dandy–Walker syndrome – Walter Dandy, Arthur Earl Walker
 De Clérambault syndrome – Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault
 de Quervain disease – Fritz de Quervain
 de Quervain thyroiditis – Fritz de Quervain
 Dejerine–Sottas disease – Joseph Jules Dejerine, Jules Sottas
 Dennie–Marfan syndrome – Charles Clayton Dennie, Antoine Marfan
 Dent disease – Charles Enrique Dent
 Denys–Drash syndrome – Pierre Denys, Allan L. Drash
 Dercum disease – Francis Xavier Dercum
 Devic disease (a.k.a. Devic syndrome) – Eugène Devic
 Diamond–Blackfan anemia – Louis Diamond, Kenneth Blackfan
 DiGeorge syndrome – Angelo DiGeorge
 Di Guglielmo disease – Giovanni di Gugliemo
 Diogenes syndrome (a.k.a. Havisham syndrome, Miss Havisham syndrome, Plyushkin syndrome)– Diogenes of Sinope (the particular usage, Diogenes syndrome, is deemed to be a misnomer)
 Doege–Potter syndrome – Karl W. Doege, Roy P. Potter
 Donnai–Barrow syndrome – Dian Donnai, Margaret Barrow
 Donovanosis – Charles Donovan
 Down syndrome – John Langdon Down
 Dravet syndrome – Charlotte Dravet
 Dressler syndrome – William Dressler
 Duane syndrome – Alexander Duane
 Dubin–Johnson syndrome
 Duchenne–Aran disease – Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne de Boulogne, François-Amilcar Aran
 Duchenne muscular dystrophy – Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne de Boulogne
 Dukes disease – Clement Dukes
 Duncan disease (a.k.a. Duncan syndrome, Purtilo syndrome) – David Theodore Purtilo
 Dupuytren contracture (a.k.a. Dupuytren disease) – Baron Guillaume Dupuytren
 Duroziez disease – Paul Louis Duroziez

E
 Eales disease – Henry Eales
 Early-onset Alzheimer disease – Alois Alzheimer
 Ebstein's anomaly – Wilhelm Ebstein
 Edwards syndrome – John H. Edwards
 Ehlers–Danlos syndrome – Edvard Ehlers, Henri-Alexandre Danlos
 Ehrlichiosis – Paul Ehrlich
 Eisenmenger's syndrome – Victor Eisenmenger
 Ekbom's Syndrome – Karl-Axel Ekbom
 Emanuel syndrome – Beverly Emanuel
 Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy – Alan Eglin H. Emery, Fritz E. Dreifuss
 Erb–Duchenne palsy (a.k.a. Erb palsy) – Wilhelm Heinrich Erb, Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne de Boulogne
 Erdheim–Chester disease – Jakob Erdheim, William Chester
 Evans syndrome – R. S. Evans
 Extramammary Paget's disease – Sir James Paget

F
 Fabry disease – Johannes Fabry
 Fanconi anemia – Guido Fanconi
 Fanconi syndrome – Guido Fanconi
 Farber disease – Sidney Farber
 Felty's syndrome – Augustus Roi Felty
 Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome – Thomas Fitz-Hugh Jr., Arthur Hale Curtis
 Foix–Alajouanine syndrome – Charles Foix, Théophile Alajouanine
 Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome - Charles Foix, Jean Alfred Émile Chavany, Julien Marie
 Fournier gangrene – Jean Alfred Fournier
 Forbes–Albright syndrome – Anne Pappenheimer Forbes, Fuller Albright
 Forbes disease – Gilbert Burnett Forbes
 Fregoli delusion – Leopoldo Fregoli, an Italian actor
 Frey's syndrome - Lucja Frey-Gottesman, Jewish neurosurgeon
 Friedreich's ataxia – Nikolaus Friedreich
 Fritsch–Asherman syndrome (a.k.a. Fritsch syndrome) – Heinrich Fritsch, Joseph Asherman
 Fryns syndrome – Jean-Pierre Fryns
 Fuchs' dystrophy – Ernst Fuchs

G
 Ganser syndrome – Sigbert Ganser
 Gaucher's disease – Philippe Gaucher
 Gerbec–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome (a.k.a. Adams–Stokes syndrome, Gerbezius–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome, Stokes–Adams syndrome) – Marko Gerbec, Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Robert Adams, William Stokes
 Gerbezius–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome (a.k.a. Adams–Stokes syndrome, Gerbec–Morgagni–Adams–Stokes syndrome, Stokes–Adams syndrome) – Marko Gerbec (Latinized as Gerbezius), Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Robert Adams, William Stokes
 Ghon's complex – Anton Ghon
 Ghon focus – Anton Ghon
 Gilbert's syndrome – Augustin Nicolas Gilbert
 Gitelman syndrome – Hillel J. Gitelman
 Glanzmann's thrombasthenia – Eduard Glanzmann
 Goodpasture's syndrome – Ernest Goodpasture
 Goldenhar syndrome – Maurice Goldenhar
 Gorlin–Goltz syndrome – Robert J. Gorlin, Robert W. Goltz
 Gouverneur's syndrome – R. Gouverneur
 Graves' disease – Robert James Graves
 Graves–Basedow disease – Robert James Graves, Karl Adolph von Basedow
 Grawitz tumor – Paul Albert Grawitz
 Grinker myelinopathy – Roy R. Grinker, Sr.
 Gruber syndrome – Georg Gruber
 Guillain–Barré syndrome – Georges Guillain, Jean Alexandre Barré
 Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndrome – Georges Guillain, Jean Alexandre Barré, André Strohl
 Gunther's disease – Hans Gunther

H
 Hailey–Hailey disease – Hugh Edward Hailey, William Howard Hailey
 Hallervorden–Spatz disease – Julius Hallervorden, Hugo Spatz This disorder is now preferred to be called Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) given that the genetics are now known but mainly due to the unethical research practices of Hallervorden and Spatz as they were Nazis. See List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
 Hand–Schüller–Christian disease – Alfred Hand, Artur Schüller, Henry Asbury Christian
 Hansen's disease – Gerhard Armauer Hansen
 Hardikar Syndrome – Winita Hardikar
 Hartnup disease (a.k.a. Hartnup disorder) – Hartnup family of London, U.K.
 Hashimoto thyroiditis – Hakaru Hashimoto
 Havisham syndrome (a.k.a. Diogenes syndrome, Miss Havisham syndrome, and Plyushkin syndrome) – Miss Havisham, a fictional character in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations
 Hecht–Scott syndrome – Jacqueline T. Hecht, Charles I. Scott, Jr
 Henoch–Schönlein purpura – Eduard Heinrich Henoch, Johann Lukas Schönlein
 Heyde's syndrome – Edward C. Heyde
 Hirschsprung disease – Harald Hirschsprung
 Hodgkin disease – Thomas Hodgkin
 Holt–Oram syndrome – Mary Clayton Holt, Samuel Oram
 Horner syndrome – Johann Friedrich Horner
 Horton headache – Bayard Taylor Horton
 Huntington's disease – George Huntington
 Hurler syndrome – Gertrud Hurler
 Hurler–Scheie syndrome – Gertrud Hurler, Harold Glendon Scheie
 Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome – Jonathan Hutchinson, Hastings Gilford

I
 Illig syndrome – Ruth Illig
 Irvine–Gass syndrome – S. Rodman Irvine, J. Donald M. Gass

J
 Jaeken's disease – Jaak Jaeken
 Jakob–Creutzfeldt disease – Alfons Maria Jakob, Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt
 Jalili syndrome – I.K. Jalili
 Jarvi–Nasu–Hakola disease – O. Jarvi, T. Nasu, P. Hakola
 Johanson–Blizzard syndrome – Ann Johanson, Robert M. Blizzard
 Jones-Smith Syndrome – Kenneth Lyons Jones, David Weyhe Smith

K
 Kahler's disease – Otto Kahler
 Kallmann syndrome – Franz Josef Kallmann
 Kanner syndrome – Leo Kanner
 Kaposi sarcoma – Moritz Kaposi
 Kartagener syndrome – Manes Kartagener
 Kasabach–Merritt syndrome – Haig Haigouni Kasabach, Katharine Krom Merritt
 Kashin–Beck disease – Nicolai Ivanowich Kashin, Evgeny Vladimirovich Bek
 Kawasaki disease – Tomisaku Kawasaki
 Kearns–Sayre syndrome – Thomas P. Kearns, George Pomeroy Sayre
 Kennedy's disease – William R. Kennedy
 Kennedy's syndrome – Robert Foster Kennedy
 Kenny-Caffey syndrome – Frederic Marshal Kenny, John Patrick Caffey
 Kienbock's disease – Robert Kienböck
 Kikuchi's disease – Masahiro Kikuchi, Y.Fujimoto
 Kimmelstiel–Wilson disease – Paul Kimmelstiel, Clifford Wilson
 Kimura's disease – T. Kimura
 King–Kopetzky syndrome – P. F. King, Samuel J. Kopetzky
 Kinsbourne syndrome – Marcel Kinsbourne
 Kjer's optic neuropathy – Poul Kjer
 Klatskin's tumor – Gerald Klatskin
 Klinefelter syndrome – Harry Klinefelter
 Klüver–Bucy syndrome – Heinrich Klüver, Paul Bucy
 Köhler disease – Alban Köhler
 Korsakoff syndrome – Sergei Korsakoff
 Kounis syndrome – Nicholas Kounis
 Krabbe's disease – Knud Haraldsen Krabbe
 Krukenberg tumor – Friedrich Ernst Krukenberg
 Kugelberg–Welander disease – Erik Klas Henrik Kugelberg, Lisa Welander
 Kuttner's tumor – Hermann Küttner

L
 Lafora's disease – Gonzalo Rodriguez Lafora
 Laron syndrome – Zvi Laron
 Laurence–Moon syndrome – John Zachariah Laurence, Robert Charles Moon
 Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl syndrome (a.k.a. Laurence–Moon–Biedl–Bardet syndrome, a.k.a. Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome - both now deemed invalid constructs, see instead Bardet–Biedl syndrome) – John Zachariah Laurence, Robert Charles Moon, Georges Bardet, Arthur Biedl
 Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome – Arthur Legg, Jacques Calvé, Georg Perthes
 Leigh's disease – Denis Archibald Leigh
 Leiner syndrome – Karl Leiner, André Moussous
 Leishmaniasis – Sir William Boog Leishman
 Lejeune's syndrome – Jérôme Lejeune
 Lemierre's syndrome – André Lemierre
 Lenègre's disease – Jean Lenègre
 Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (a.k.a. Lennox syndrome) – William Gordon Lennox, Henri Jean Pascal Gastaut
 Lesch–Nyhan syndrome – Michael Lesch, William Leo Nyhan
 Letterer–Siwe disease – Erich Letterer, Sture Siwe
 Lev disease – Maurice Lev
 Lewandowsky–Lutz dysplasia – Felix Lewandowsky, Wilhelm Lutz
 Li–Fraumeni syndrome – Frederick Pei Li, Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr.
 Libman–Sacks disease – Emanuel Libman, Benjamin Sacks
 Liddle's syndrome – Grant Liddle
 Lisfranc injury (a.k.a. Lisfranc dislocation, a.k.a. Lisfranc fracture) – Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin
 Listeriosis – Joseph Lister
 Lobomycosis – Jorge Lobo
 Loeys-Dietz Syndrome - Bart Loeys, Hal Dietz
 Löffler's eosinophilic endocarditis – Wilhelm Löffler
 Löfgren syndrome – Sven Halvar Löfgren
 Lou Gehrig's disease – Lou Gehrig
 Lowe Syndrome – Charles Upton Lowe
 Ludwig's angina – Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig
 Lujan-Fryns syndrome - J. Enrique Lujan, Jean-Pierre Fryns
 Lynch syndrome – Henry T. Lynch

M
 Machado–Joseph Azorean disease (a.k.a. Machado–Joseph disease, Machado disease, Joseph disease) – named for William Machado and Antone Joseph, patriarchs of families in which it was first identified
 Marie–Foix–Alajouanine syndrome – Pierre Marie, Charles Foix, Théophile Alajouanine
 Maladie de Charcot – Jean-Martin Charcot
 Mallory–Weiss syndrome – G. Kenneth Mallory, Soma Weiss
 Mansonelliasis – Sir Patrick Manson
 Marburg multiple sclerosis – Otto Marburg
 Marfan syndrome – Antoine Marfan
 Marshall syndrome – Richard E. Marshall
 Marshall–Smith–Weaver syndrome (a.k.a. Marshall–Smith syndrome, Greig syndrome) – Richard E. Marshall, David Weyhe Smith
 Martin–Albright syndrome (a.k.a. Albright IV syndrome) – August E. Martin, Fuller Albright
 May–Hegglin anomaly – Richard May, Robert Hegglin
 Maydl's hernia—Karel Maydl
 Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome (MRKH) - August Franz Josef Karl Mayer, Carl von Rokitansky, Hermann Küster, Georges Andre Hauser
 Mazzotti reaction – Luigi Mazzotti
 McArdle's Disease – Brian McArdle
 McCune–Albright syndrome – (a.k.a. Albright disease, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, Albright syndrome) – Donovan James McCune, Fuller Albright
 Meckel–Gruber syndrome (a.k.a. Meckel syndrome) – Johann Meckel, Georg Gruber
 Meigs' syndrome – Joe Vincent Meigs
 Ménétrier's disease – Pierre Eugène Ménétrier
 Ménière's disease – Prosper Ménière
 Menkes disease – John Hans Menkes
 Middleton syndrome – Stephen John Middleton
 Mirizzi syndrome
 Mikulicz's disease – Jan Mikulicz-Radecki
 Miss Havisham syndrome (a.k.a. Diogenes syndrome, Havisham syndrome, and Plyushkin syndrome) – Miss Havisham, a fictional character in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations
 Mondor's disease – Henri Mondor
 Monge's disease – Carlos Monge
 Mortimer's disease – First documented by Jonathan Hutchinson, named for his patient Mrs. Mortimer
 Morton's neuroma
 Moschcowitz syndrome – Eli Moschcowitz
 Mowat–Wilson syndrome – David Mowat, Meredith Wilson
 Mucha–Habermann disease – Viktor Mucha, Rudolf Habermann
 Mulvihill–Smith syndrome – John J. Mulvihill, David Weyhe Smith
 Munchausen syndrome – Baron Munchausen
 Munchausen syndrome by proxy – Baron Munchausen
 Myhre–Riley–Smith syndrome – S. Myhre, Harris D. Riley Jr.

N
 Nasu–Hakola disease – T. Nasu, P. Hakola
 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Thomas Hodgkin
 Noonan syndrome – Jacqueline Noonan

O
 Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome – John M. Opitz, Elisabeth G. Kaveggia
 Ormond's disease – John Kelso Ormond
 Osgood–Schlatter disease – Robert Bayley Osgood, Carl B. Schlatter
 Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome – William Osler, Frederick Parkes Weber, Henri Jules Louis Marie Rendu
 Othello Syndrome – Delusional or pathological jealousy

P
 Paget's disease of bone (a.k.a. Paget's disease) – James Paget
 Paget's disease of the breast (a.k.a. Paget's disease of the nipple) – James Paget
 Paget's disease of the penis – James Paget
 Paget's disease of the vulva – James Paget
 Paget–Schroetter disease (a.k.a. Paget–Schroetter syndrome and Paget–von Schrötter disease) – James Paget, Leopold von Schrötter
 Parkinson's disease – James Parkinson
 Patau syndrome – Klaus Patau
 Pearson syndrome – Howard Pearson
 Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease – Friedrich Christoph Pelizaeus, Ludwig Merzbacher
 Pendred syndrome - Vaughan Pendred - a British doctor (1869–1946)
 Perthes syndrome – Arthur Legg, Jacques Calvé, Georg Perthes
 Peutz–Jeghers syndrome – Jan Peutz, Harold Jeghers
 Peyronie's disease – François Gigot de la Peyronie
 Pfaundler–Hurler syndrome – Meinhard von Pfaundler, Gertrud Hurler
 Pick's disease – Arnold Pick
 Pickardt syndrome – Renate Pickardt
 Plummer's disease – Henry Stanley Plummer
 Plummer–Vinson syndrome (a.k.a. Kelly–Patterson syndrome, Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome, and Waldenstrom–Kjellberg syndrome) – Henry Stanley Plummer and Porter Paisley Vinson
 Plyushkin syndrome (a.k.a. Diogenes syndrome, Havisham syndrome, and Miss Havisham syndrome)– Stepan Plyushkin, a fictional character in Nikolai Gogol's Dead Souls
 Poland's syndrome – Alfred Poland
 Pompe's disease – Johann Cassianius Pompe
 Pott's disease – Percivall Pott
 Pott's puffy tumor – Percivall Pott
 Potocki–Lupski syndrome – Lorraine Potocki, James R. Lupski
 Potocki–Shaffer syndrome – Lorraine Potocki, Lisa G. Shaffer
 Potter sequence – Edith Potter
 Prader–Willi syndrome – Andrea Prader, Heinrich Willi
 Prasad's Syndrome – Ashok Prasad
 Primrose syndrome – D. A. Primrose
 Prinzmetal angina – Myron Prinzmetal
 Purtilo syndrome (a.k.a. Duncan disease and Duncan syndrome) –

Q
 Quarelli syndrome – G.Quarelli
 Quervain syndrome

R
 Ramsay Hunt syndromes – James Ramsay Hunt
 Ranke complex – Karl Ernst Ranke
 Raymond Céstan syndrome – Étienne Jacques Marie Raymond Céstan
 Raynaud disease – Maurice Raynaud
 Refsum disease – Sigvald Bernhard Refsum
 Reiter syndrome – Hans Conrad Julius Reiter (This is now a strongly discouraged eponym due to Dr. Reiter's Nazi party ties. The disease is now known as reactive arthritis.)
 Rett syndrome – Andreas Rett
 Reye syndrome – Douglas Reye
 Rickettsiosis – Howard Taylor Ricketts
 Riddoch syndrome – George Riddoch
 Riedel thyroiditis – Bernhard Riedel
 Riggs disease – John M. Riggs (dentist)
 Riley–Day syndrome – Conrad Milton Riley, Richard Lawrence Day
 Riley–Smith syndrome – Harris D. Riley Jr., William R. Smith
 Ritter disease – Baron Gottfried Ritter von Rittershain
 Robles disease – Rodolfo Robles
 Roger disease – Henri Louis Roger
 Rolandic epilepsy – Luigi Rolando
 Rotor syndrome – Arturo Belleza Rotor
 Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome – Jack Herbert Rubinstein, Hooshang Taybi
 Russell–Silver syndrome – Alexander Russell, Henry Silver
 Ruvalcaba–Myhre syndrome – Rogelio H. A. Ruvalcaba, S. Myhre
 Ruvalcaba–Myhre–Smith syndrome – Rogelio H. A. Ruvalcaba, S. Myhre, David Weyhe Smith
 Ruzicka–Goerz–Anton syndrome – T. Ruzicka, G. Goerz, I. Anton-Lamprecht

S
 Saint's triad – C. F. M. Saint
 Sandhoff disease – Konrad Sandhoff
 Sandifer syndrome – Paul Sandifer
 Sanjad-Sakati syndrome (a.k.a Sanjad-Sakati-Richardson-Kirk syndrome, Hypoparathyroidism-retardation-dysmophic (HRD)) - Sami A. Sanjad, Nadia Awni Sakati, Ricky J Richardson, Jeremy MW Kirk
 Schamberg disease – Jay Frank Schamberg
 Scheie syndrome – Harold Glendon Scheie
 Scheuermann's disease – Holger Scheuermann
 Schilder's disease – Paul Ferdinand Schilder
 Schinzel–Giedion syndrome – Albert Schinzel, Andreas Giedion
 Schnitzler syndrome – Liliane Schnitzler
 Seaver Cassidy syndrome – Laurie Seaver, Suzanne Cassidy
 Seligmann's disease – Maxime Seligmann
 Sever's disease – J. W. Sever
 Shabbir syndrome – G. Shabbir
 Sheehan's syndrome – Harold Leeming Sheehan
 Shprintzen's syndrome – Robert Shprintzen
 Shwachman–Bodian–Diamond syndrome – Harry Shwachman, Martin Bodian, Louis Klein Diamond
 Silver–Russell syndrome (a.k.a. Silver–Russell dwarfism) – Henry Silver, Alexander Russell
 Simmonds' syndrome – Moritz Simmonds
 Sipple's syndrome – John H. Sipple
 Sjögren syndrome – Henrik Sjögren
 Sjögren–Larsson syndrome – Torsten Sjögren, Tage Konrad Leopold Larsson
 Skumin syndrome - Victor Skumin
 Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome – David Weyhe Smith
 Stargardt disease – Karl Stargardt
 Steele–Richardson–Olszewski syndrome –
 Stevens–Johnson syndrome – Albert Mason Stevens, Frank Chambliss Johnson
 Sturge–Weber syndrome – William Allen Sturge, Frederick Parkes Weber
 Still's disease – Sir George Frederic Still
 Susac's syndrome – John Susac
 Sutton's disease – Richard Lightburn Sutton

T
 TAN syndrome – Tan Aik Kah
 Takayasu's arteritis – Mikito Takayasu
 Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome - Kate Tatton Brown, Nazneen Rahman
 Tay–Sachs disease – Warren Tay, Bernard Sachs
 Theileriosis – Sir Arnold Theiler
 Thomsen's disease – Julius Thomsen
 Tietz syndrome – Walter Tietz
 Tietze syndrome – Alexander Tietze
 Temple–Baraitser syndrome - Karin Temple and Michael Baraitser
 Todd syndrome (a.k.a. Alice in Wonderland syndrome) - John Todd
 Tourette syndrome – Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette
 Treacher Collins syndrome – Edward Treacher Collins
 Turcot syndrome – Jacques Turcot
 Turner syndrome – Henry Turner

U
 Unverricht–Lundborg disease – Heinrich Unverricht, Herman Bernhard Lundborg
 Usher syndrome – Charles Usher

V
 Valentino syndrome – Rudolph Valentino
 Verner Morrison syndrome – J. V. Verner, A. B. Morrison
 Vincent's angina – Henri Vincent
 Virchow's syndrome – Rudolf Virchow
 Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease - Alfred Vogt, Yoshizo Koyanagi, Einosuke Harada
 Von Gierke's disease – Edgar von Gierke
 Von Hippel–Lindau disease – Eugen von Hippel, Arvid Vilhelm Lindau
 Von Recklinghausen's disease – Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
 Von Willebrand's disease – Erik Adolf von Willebrand
 Von Zumbusch (acute) generalized pustular psoriasis) – (a.k.a. Zumbusch psoriasis) Leo Ritter von Zumbusch
 Von Zumbusch syndrome (a.k.a. Csillag disease, Hallopeau disease, Zumbusch syndrome) – Leo Ritter von Zumbusch

W
 Waardenburg syndrome – Petrus Johannes Waardenburg
 Waldenstrom–Kjellberg syndrome – Jan G. Waldenström, S. R. Kjellberg
 Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia – Jan G. Waldenström
 Warkany syndrome 1 – Joseph Warkany
 Warkany syndrome 2 – Joseph Warkany
 Warthin's tumor – Aldred Scott Warthin
 Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome – Rupert Waterhouse, Carl Friderichsen
 Watson syndrome – G.H.Watson
 Weber–Christian disease – Frederick Parkes Weber, Henry Asbury Christian
 Wegener's granulomatosis – Friedrich Wegener (This usage is now formally discouraged by professional medical societies due to the Nazi associations of the eponymous physician. The disease is now known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis.)
 Weil's disease – Adolf Weil
 Welander distal myopathy – Lisa Welander
 Wells syndrome – George Crichton Wells
 Werdnig–Hoffmann disease – Guido Werdnig, Johann Hoffmann
 Wermer's syndrome – Paul Wermer
 Werner's syndrome – Otto Werner
 Wernicke's encephalopathy – Karl Wernicke
 Westerhof syndrome – Wiete Westerhof
 Westerhof–Beemer–Cormane syndrome – Wiete Westerhof, Frederikus Antonius Beemer, R. H.Cormane
 Whipple's disease – George Hoyt Whipple
 Williams syndrome – J. C. P. Williams
 Wilms tumor – Max Wilms
 Wilson's disease – Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson
 Willis–Ekbom syndrome – Thomas Willis, Karl-Axel Ekbom
 Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome – Alfred Wiskott, Robert Aldrich
 Wittmaack–Ekbom syndrome – Theodur Wittmaack, Karl-Axel Ekbom
 Wohlfart–Kugelberg–Welander disease – Karl Gunnar Vilhelm Wohlfart, Erik Klas Henrik Kugelberg, Lisa Welander
 Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome – Louis Wolff, John Parkinson, Paul Dudley White
 Wolman disease – Moshe Wolman
 Wernicke encephalopathy - Carl Wernicke
 Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome - (Named for the combination of Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome which were discovered separately, unlike usual naming this disease was not discovered by Carl Wernicke and Sergei Korsakoff)

X

Y
 Yesudian syndrome – Paul Yesudian

Z
 Zahorsky syndrome I – John Zahorsky
 Zahorsky syndrome II (a.k.a. Mikulicz' Aphthae, Mikulicz' Disease, Sutton disease 2, Mikulicz' Aphthae, Zahorsky disease) – John Zahorsky
 Zellweger syndrome – Hans Ulrich Zellweger
 Zenker diverticulum – Friedrich Albert von Zenker
 Zenker paralysis – Friedrich Albert von Zenker
 Zieve syndrome – Leslie Zieve
 Zimmermann–Laband syndrome (a.k.a. Laband syndrome, Laband–Zimmermann syndrome) – Karl Wilhelm Zimmermann
 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome – Robert Zollinger, Edwin Ellison
 Zondek–Bromberg–Rozin syndrome (a.k.a. Zondek syndrome) – Bernhard Zondek, Yehuda M. Bromberg, R.Rozin
 Zuelzer syndrome – Wolf William Zuelzer
 Zuelzer–Kaplan syndrome II (a.k.a. Crosby syndrome) – Wolf William Zuelzer, E. Kaplan
 Zuelzer–Ogden syndrome – Wolf William Zuelzer, Frank Nevin Ogden
 Zumbusch psoriasis (a.k.a. von Zumbusch (acute) generalized pustular psoriasis) – Leo Ritter von Zumbusch
 Zumbusch syndrome (a.k.a. Csillag disease, Hallopeau disease, von Zumbusch syndrome) – Leo Ritter von Zumbusch

See also
 List of eponymous medical signs, a list of medical signs named after people

References

External links
 Whonamedit?, a site dedicated to medical eponyms and their namesakes.

Diseases
Eponymous diseases

List of eponymous diseases


Pembrokeshire Coast National Park () is a national park along the Pembrokeshire coast in west Wales.

It was established as a National Park in 1952. It is one of the three National parks of Wales, the others being the Brecon Beacons () and Snowdonia (). It is the only national park in the United Kingdom to consist largely of coastal landscapes.

Landscape

See also Geology of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park

The National Park has a varied landscape of rugged cliffs, sandy beaches, wooded estuaries, wild inland hills, the moorland of the Preseli Hills and the wooded  valley. The total area is . There are four distinct sections: clockwise these are the south Pembrokeshire coast, including Caldey Island; the  estuary; the St Bride's Bay coast, including the coastal islands; and the Preseli Hills.

The geology of the area is of particular interest with many good exposures both inland and along the coast, exhibiting a variety of rock types and structural features such as natural arches, stacks, rock folding and sea caves. A stack of note is Elegug Stacks (), two large detached pillars of limestone which in the spring provide valued nesting sites for razorbills and guillemots. In the north, the rocks of ,  and , together with the extensive moorland on  and , give an exposed and mountainous feel to the landscape, cut through by the wooded valleys of the  and Nevern. In the west, the National Park is dominated by the broad sweep of St Bride's Bay, bounded at its northern end by Ramsey Island, near St David's peninsula, and at its southern end by Skomer. The southern coast is another contrast, with the limestone plateau and cliffs of the Castlemartin peninsula, the steep-sided wooded valleys inland from Amroth; the Bosherston lakes — now, like much of the coastal strip, in the care of the National Trust — and the tourist resorts of Tenby and Saundersfoot. Between the western and southern areas of the National Park lies the Milford Haven waterway, where the tranquil  estuary feeds into one of the finest natural deep water harbours in the world.

The National Park includes many sites (such as ) of historic and archaeological importance and areas which are of national or international nature conservation significance in their own right, including 7 Special Areas of Conservation, a Marine Nature Reserve, 6 national nature reserves and 75 Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

In 2011, National Geographic Traveler magazine voted Pembrokeshire the second best coastal destination in the world for sustainable tourism.

In January 2016 the Authority launched the "Changing Coasts" project to document the way the coastline has changed as a result of recent winter storms; the project invites visitors to submit photographs taken (at any time of day) from fixed points; a pilot study will be carried out at .

Pembrokeshire Coast Path

The Pembrokeshire Coast Path is a designated National Trail.  It was established in 1970, and is  long, much of it at cliff-top level, with a total of  of ascent and descent.

The southern end of the path is at Amroth. The northern end was regarded as being at Poppit Sands, near St. Dogmaels, where the official plaque was sited; however, the path now continues to St. Dogmaels, where a new marker was unveiled in July 2009, and links with the Ceredigion Coast Path to continue northwards as part of the Wales Coast Path, the  long-distance walking route around the whole coast of Wales from Chepstow to Queensferry, which was officially opened in 2012.

Administration
The Park is managed by Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority, which has around 150 staff and a committee of 18 members. The Authority's purposes are to conserve and enhance the National Park, and encourage the public to enjoy and understand it. In pursuing these purposes, the authority has a duty to foster the social and economic well-being of the communities within its boundaries. Its offices are in Pembroke Dock. The Chief Executive is Tegryn Jones.

The Authority also manages the entire length of the Pembrokeshire Coast Path, a  national trail which lies almost entirely within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

In light of renaming of the other two Welsh national parks, the authority stated it plans to retains both its English and Welsh name in April 2023.

Beaches

Over the years Pembrokeshire's beaches, all of which lie in the National Park, have been awarded many International Blue Flag Awards (10 in 2014), 47 Green Coast Awards (15 in 2011) and 106 Seaside Awards (31 in 2011).  In 2011 it also had 39 beaches recommended by the Marine Conservation Society.

Beaches in the park include:

 Amroth
 Barafundle Bay
 Broad Haven
 Broad Haven South
 Freshwater East
 Freshwater West
 Manorbier
 Marloes
 Newgale
 Newport
 Poppit Sands
 Sandy Haven
 Saundersfoot
 Tenby
 Whitesands Bay

See also

 UK coastline
 Castlemartin Training Area

References

External links

National parks in Wales
Geography of Pembrokeshire
Coast of Pembrokeshire
Protected areas established in 1952
Tourist attractions in Pembrokeshire
Nature reserves in Pembrokeshire

Pembrokeshire Coast National Park


Os refugiados da Guerra Civil da Somália ou refugiados somalis são pessoas que habitam principalmente o Chifre da África, na região conhecida como península Somali. Milhões de somalis fugiram de seu país ou de suas regiões atacadas por grupos terroristas como o Al-Shabaab, situação agravada por invasões de países vizinhos, como a Etiópia e o Quênia, ou da crise política e econômica na região, gerando assim um fluxo imenso de refugiados e deslocados internos. Há também uma grande concentração de refugiados somalis em países vizinhos como, Iêmen e a Etiópia. Embora o Iêmen tenha seu próprio deslocamento interno e crise de refugiados, países como esses citados têm uma longa história de acolhimento de refugiados da Somália.

Há também uma comunidade somali histórica na área geral do Sudão. Concentrada principalmente no norte do país e em Cartum, a comunidade de expatriados é formada principalmente por estudantes, além de alguns empresários. Recentemente muitos empresários somalis também se estabeleceram na África do Sul, onde lá fornecem a maior parte do comércio varejista em assentamentos informais ao redor da província de Cabo Ocidental ao sul do país.

Esse cenário faz da Somália o sétimo país que mais gera refugiados no mundo, atrás apenas da Síria, Venezuela, Afeganistão, Sudão do Sul, Myanmar e República Democrática do Congo. São 1,1 milhão ao todo e apenas no ano de 2020, 4,3 mil novos somalis chegaram à Etiópia. Mais de 270 mil pessoas que fugiram da guerra estão enfrentando a alarmante falta de comida, água e abrigo adequados em acampamentos superlotados no norte do Quênia. Devido às péssimas condições de vida, muitos estão pensando em voltar para a zona de guerra somali, afirmou a organização não governamental humanitária internacional Médicos Sem Fronteiras (MSF). O complexo de campos de refugiados de Dadaab, no Quênia, é o maior do mundo atualmente (cerca de 350 mil pessoas) e em operação desde 1991, tem sua origem atrelada justamente ao conflito em curso na Somália.

Situação na Europa
A situação dos refugiados somalis na Europa ainda é de abandono e perseguição xenofóbica, como o caso dos campos de refugiados de Moria e Kara Tepe II na ilha de Lesbos, ao leste da Grécia, onde esses refugiados são submetidos a condições degradantes de saúde. Situação essa agravada por alguns entraves jurídicos, como o caso de 928 somalis residentes na Dinamarca que perderam sua autorização de residência em 2018, após decisões do Serviço de Imigração dinamarquês, sob afirmações de que seu país natal é seguro o suficiente para se morar, até o ano de 2018 todas as autorizações revogadas pelo Serviço de Imigração foram questionadas pelos somalis no órgão de recurso dinamarquês The Refugee Board, mas apenas 18% das reclamações foram aceitas.

COVID-19
Ainda no ano de 2020 uma grande maioria dos refugiados e solicitantes de asilo que necessitavam de ajuda para comprar comida e pagar o aluguel ocuparam a linha gratuita de ajuda do ACNUR, a Agência da ONU para Refugiados, na primeira semana de lockdown da pandemia de COVID 19. Mais de 3.000 pessoas ligaram para a central, sendo que 95% delas perderam sua fonte de renda e enfrentavam a fome e o despejo. A recente pesquisa conduzida por MSF no acampamento de Dagahaley, localizado no campo de refugiados de Dadaab no Quênia, revelou uma prevalência de 22,3% de desnutrição aguda entre a população, bem acima do mínimo que caracteriza uma emergência. O baixo nível no estoque de comida do Programa Mundial de Alimentação em Dadaab levou a uma redução de 30% das rações nos acampamentos.

Ver também
Guerra Civil da Somália
Al-Shabaab

Guerra Civil Somali
Refugiados

Refugiados da Somália


Silvestre de Maria Santíssima  (Minde, 24 de abril de 1745 - Ilha de São Nicolau, 22 de novembro de 1813 ) foi um frei franciscano e prelado português da Igreja Católica, que serviu como bispo de Santiago de Cabo Verde.

Biografia
Nascido em Minde, uma povoação de interesse por conta do seu comércio e indústria, D. Fr. Silvestre foi ordenado por seu pai ao Hospício de Sant'Ana, hospício esse que, de forma ulterior, viria a sofrer um "pavoroso incêndio" que levou à sua extinção (e posterior aquisição por António Carreira Chavinha). Neste convento, dentre um grupo de três irmãos, foi o que mais se destacou, sendo levado para outra instituição religiosa - o Convento da Arrábida. As suas virtudes ficaram de tal modo conhecidas que D. Maria I ordenou que este fosse nomeado Bispo da Diocese de Santiago na Província Ultramarina de Cabo Verde. O processo correu com tanta rapidez que em 1803 já tinha tomado posse oficial do cargo religioso.  Habitou sempre na Ilha de São Nicolau, onde jaz.

Igreja Matriz de São Roque
Em 1806, D. Frei Silvestre de Maria Santíssima construiu a Igreja Matriz de São Roque em Rabil, que é a mais antiga construção sacra da ilha da Boavista.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Minde
Franciscanos de Portugal
Bispos católicos de Cabo Verde
Bispos católicos de Portugal

Silvestre de Maria Santíssima


Robinne Lee (* 16. Juli 1974 in Mount Vernon, New York) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin.

Leben
Lee wurde in Mount Vernon, New York geboren. Ihre Vorfahren stammen aus Jamaika und China. Sie spielte mit in Das Hundehotel neben Don Cheadle und Emma Roberts und mit Will Smith in Sieben Leben.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1997: Hav Plenty (Fernsehfilm)
 2000: The Runaway (Fernsehfilm)
 2000: Mut zur Liebe (Cupid & Cate, Fernsehfilm)
 2002: Buffy – Im Bann der Dämonen (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Fernsehserie, Folge 7x08)
 2003: National Security
 2003: Deliver Us from Eva
 2004: 30 über Nacht (13 Going on 30)
 2005: Hitch – Der Date Doktor (Hitch)
 2005: Numbers – Die Logik des Verbrechens (Numb3rs, Fernsehserie, 2 Folgen)
 2007: House of Payne (Fernsehserie, 11 Folgen)
 2008: This Is Not a Test
 2008: Sieben Leben (Seven Pounds)
 2009: Das Hundehotel (Hotel for Dogs)
 2012: Divorce Invitation
 2013: Miss Dial
 2013–2014: Being Mary Jane (Fernsehserie, 6 Folgen)
 2014: Mind Games (Fernsehserie, Folge 1x06)
 2014: Echo Park
 2014: Second Chance Christmas
 2015: Almost 30 (Fernsehserie, Folge 1x05)
 2015: Forgiveness
 2016: 9 Rides
 2016: The Bounce Back
 2017: Fifty Shades of Grey – Gefährliche Liebe (Fifty Shades Darker)
 2017: Navy CIS (NCIS, Fernsehserie, Folge 14x23)
 2017–2018: Superstition (Fernsehserie, 11 Folgen)
 2018: Fifty Shades of Grey – Befreite Lust (Fifty Shades Freed)
 2018: Holly Day
 2019: Rattlesnakes
 2019: Paper Friends
 2019:  Nick für ungut (No Good Nick, Fernsehserie, Folge 2x01)

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1974
Frau

Robinne Lee


A Exposição Nacional Americana (25 de julho a 4 de setembro de 1959) foi uma exposição de arte, moda, carros, capitalismo, casas modelo e cozinhas futuristas norte-americanas que atraiu 3 milhões de visitantes ao Parque Sokolniki, em Moscou, durante suas seis semanas de funcionamento. O evento da Guerra Fria é histórico para o "debate da cozinha" Nixon-Khrushchev realizado primeiro na mesa da cozinha modelo, equipada pela General Electric, e depois continuou no estúdio de televisão em cores onde foi transmitido para ambos os países, com cada líder discutindo os méritos de seu sistema, e uma conversa que "escalou máquinas de lavar para guerra nuclear".

Mas o evento é igualmente conhecido por sua exposição de arte, que incluiu artistas consagrados como os escultores Robert Laurent, Ibram Lassaw e Isamu Noguchi e os pintores Hyman Bloom, Jackson Pollock e Edward Hopper em uma mostra de arte coordenada pela United States Information Agency (USIA). Antes da exposição, o Comitê de Atividades Antiamericanas da Câmara (HUAC) ameaçou remover muitos dos artistas que foram acusados de ligações com atividades comunistas. Depois que o presidente Eisenhower interveio, no entanto, a exposição continuou conforme o planejado.

As interpretações do evento são mistas. Alguns chamaram o evento de sucesso porque humanizou os dois países, levando a melhores relações entre eles. Alguns também observam que o evento resultou em "um contrato histórico para a fabricação em massa da Pepsi na União Soviética", criando novas oportunidades de negócios, bem como um melhor relacionamento. Mas outros argumentam que "[um] ano depois, a crise dos mísseis cubanos levou os dois lados à beira de uma guerra nuclear, e os laços não começaram a melhorar até a década de 1970". Enquanto isso, críticos liberais caracterizaram a exposição como uma "estratégia de propaganda americana" da Guerra Fria.

Legado
A Exposição Nacional Americana tornou-se a primeira de uma série de exposições itinerantes da Embaixada dos EUA em Moscou que continuou pelas cinco décadas seguintes, até o início da década de 1990.  No total, houve 87 exibições separadas de 19 exposições em 25 cidades diferentes, em 12 fusos horários, exibindo tecnologia americana, das artes gráficas à agricultura, da recreação ao ar livre à medicina.  A conferência do 50º aniversário da Exposição Nacional Americana foi celebrada "um dia depois que o presidente dos EUA, Barack Obama, esteve na Rússia para tentar relançar as relações. Com os laços entre Washington e Moscou novamente no ponto mais baixo da Guerra Fria, houve nostalgia pesada pelos dias inebriantes de distensão".

Bibliografia

Relações entre Estados Unidos e União Soviética
1959 na União Soviética
Guerra Fria

Exposição Nacional Americana


Olivier Bloch (Paris, 1 de maio de 1930 - 18 de novembro de 2021, Orléans.) foi um filósofo francês e professor emérito de história da filosofia na Universidade Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.

Biografia
Nascido em uma família de advogados, Olivier Bloch estudou em Paris no liceu Carnot e no Janson-de-Sailly. Estudante do hypokhâgne e do khâgne no lycée Louis-le-Grand (1947-1949), ele foi também estudante em ENS-Ulm (1949-1954), e obteve sua agregação em 1954. Foi assistente de 1962 à 1967, mestre assistente de filosofia na Sorbonne, e logo após na Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne de 1967 à 1971.

Bloch obteve seu doutorado em 1970. Sua tese foi orientada por Henri Gouhier e tinha como título La Philosophie de Gassendi – Nominalisme, matérialisme et métaphysique (A filosofia de Gassendi: Nominalismo, materialismo e metafísica).
Ocupou em seguida as funções de diretor do UER de filosofia na Paris-1 de 1980 à 1983, e de diretor do CHSPM de 1983 e 1995.

Foi professor na Universidade de Sorbonne em Paris, e depois na Universidade Paris 12-Val de Marne, em Créteil, e por fim na Universidade Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Tornou-se professor emérito em 1995.

Bloch foi membro fundador do Comité internacional de iniciativa para o inventário de manuscritos filosóficos clandstinos do século XVII e XVIII. Foi também fundador da revista La Lettre Clandestine.

Pesquisa
Sua pesquisa se ocupava da história do pensamento materialista na Antiguidade e na Modernidade, como também da tradição libertina e clandestina nos séculos XVII e XVIII.

Publicações
 Un bouquet de fleurs du mal. Anthologie de textes matérialistes d'Aristote à Marx, Pocket, 2019.
 Molière : comique et communication, Le Temps des cerises, 2009 .
 L'Idée de révolution : quelle place lui faire au XXIe siècle ?, sous la direction d'Olivier Bloch, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2009.
 Lettres à Sophie - Lettres sur la Religion, Sur l'âme humaine, et Sur l'existence de Dieu, (éd. critique), Honoré Champion, 2004.
 Molière/Philosophie, Albin Michel, 2000.
 Matière à Histoires, Vrin, 1997.
 Le Matérialisme, PUF, "Que sais-je ?", 1995.
 Parité de la vie et de la mort – La Réponse du médecin Gaultier, Voltaire Foundation et Universitas, 1993.
 Spinoza au XVIII, Les Méridiens-Klincksieck, 1990.
 Le Matérialisme du XVIII et la littérature clandestine, Vrin, 1982.
 Images au XIX du matérialisme du XVIII, Desclée, 1979.
 La Philosophie de Gassendi - Nominalisme, matérialisme et métaphysique, Nijhoff, 1971.

Franceses
Historiadores da filosofia
Materialistas

Olivier Bloch


Bajany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 462 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu , Pavlovce nad Uhom, Vysoká nad Uhom și Maťovské Vojkovce.

Istoric
Localitatea Bajany este atestată documentar din 1370.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Bajany


Johann Daniel Köppel, auch Keppel und Koppel (* um 1700; † zweite Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts), war ein Baumeister des Barock. Er wird in den Quellen als Hannoveraner bezeichnet. Sein Wirkungsbereich war das nördliche Harzvorland, besonders die Hildesheimer Feldklöster.

Köppel war ein Schüler von Francesco Mitta. 1729 heiratete er in Grauhof dessen zweite Tochter Maria Agnes. 1732 wurde er Dombaumeister in Hildesheim.

Im Goslarer Ortsteil Ohlhof ist der Daniel-Köppel-Weg nach ihm benannt.

Werke

 St.-Stephani-Kirche in Goslar (1728–34)
 Pfarrkirche St. Cosmas und Damian in Groß Düngen (1733)
 Klosterkirche Derneburg (1735–1749)
 Brauhaus des Klosters Wöltingerode (1738)
 Sakristei- und Kapellenanbau an der Ostseite der Stiftskirche St. Georg in Goslar-Grauhof (1741)

Literatur
 Friedrich Bleibaum: Bildschnitzerfamilien des Hannoverschen und Hildesheimschen Barock. Heitz, Strassburg 1924, S. 228.

Einzelnachweise

Baumeister des Barock
Architekt (Deutschland)
Person (Niedersachsen)
Deutscher
Geboren im 17. oder 18. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 18. Jahrhundert
Mann

Johann Daniel Köppel


රංගනය
ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා
ජෝ අබේවික්‍රම
ජීවරාණි කුරුකුලසූරිය
ශේන් ගුණරත්න
රොඩ්නි ජොන්ක්ලාස්
ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා
ඔස්ටින් අබේසේකර
තිලකසිරි ප්‍රනාන්දු
වින්සන්ට් වාස්
ශේෂා පලිහක්කාර
ලක්ෂ්මී බායි

ගීතයන්
සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූයේ ඩබ්. ඩී. අමරදේව ශූරින් විසිනි, ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය ශ්‍රී චන්ද්‍රරත්න මානවසිංහයි,ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව 03කි
පාරමිතා බල පූජිත පූරිත – ඩබ්. ඩී. අමරදේව / නන්දා මාලිනී සහ පිරිස
පිපී පිපී රේණු නටන - නාරද දිසාසේකර සහ පිරිස
ගලන ගඟකි ජීවිතේ – නාරද දිසාසේකර / නන්දා මාලිනී

ගීත පොත් - එම්. කේ. පොන්නයියා පිල්ලේ, ග්‍රැමෆෝන් තැටි – හිස් මාස්ටර් වොයිස් එච්. එම්. වී.

විශේෂත්වයන්
මි. මී. 35 සම්පූර්ණ වර්ණයෙන් නිපද වූ ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපටය වීම.
දිය යට දර්ශන සහිත ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපටය වීම.
පණ්ඩිත් අමරදේවයන් සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපටය වීම.
නන්දා මාලිනී / නාරද දිසාසේකර ගී ගැයූ ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපටය වීම.
යුරෝපීය ජාතිකයකු විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය, කැමරා අධ්‍යක්ෂණ, තිර රචනය කළ මුල්ම සිංහල චිත්‍රපටය වීම.
විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ ලේඛක ආතර් සී. ක්ලාක් මහතා නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් දායක වූ පළමු සිංහල චිත්‍රපටය
පළමු සරසවිය සිනමා සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී හොඳම ගීත රචනය (පාරමිතා බල), හොඳම පසුබිම් ගායකයා (නාරද දිසාසේකර), හොඳම පසුබිම් ගායිකාව නන්දා මාලනී සම්මානයට පාත්‍ර වීම.

නිෂ්පාදනය
සහය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සිංහල පරිවර්තනය – කතා පිටපත – තිස්ස ලියනසූරිය
සහය කැමරා - සුමිත්ත අමරසිංහ,වී. වාමදේවන්, එම්. එස්. ආනන්දන්
කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ජේ. ඒ. වින්සන්ට්

රන්මුතු දූව


El Niño es una ópera-oratorio del compositor contemporáneo estadounidense John Adams. Se estrenó el 15 de diciembre de 2000 en el Théâtre du Châtelet de París por la Orquesta Sinfónica Alemana, el coro London Voices, el Theater of Voices, La Maîtrise de Paris y los solistas Dawn Upshaw, Lorraine Hunt Lieberson y Willard White, con Kent Nagano dirigiendo.  Se ha representado una serie de ocasiones desde entonces y se ha retransmitido por la televisión BBC. En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con solo 1 representación en el período 2005-2010.

Descrita por Adams como un "oratorio de Navidad", la pieza está diseñada para ser representada igualmente bien tanto en concierto como en escenario. Vuelve a contar la historia de la Navidad, con la primera mitad centrada en los pensamientos de la Virgen María antes del nacimiento y la segunda mitad en lo que ocurre después del nacimiento en el establo de Belén, la matanza que hace Herodes de los Santos Inocentes y los primeros años de Jesús. El texto sigue la historia bíblica tradicional del nacimiento de Jesús pero también incorpora poesía de una amplia variedad de fuentes. Incluye poemas de Rosario Castellanos, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Gabriela Mistral, y Rubén Darío. La obra incluye asimismo pasajes de la Wakefield Mystery Play, el sermón de Navidad de Martín Lutero, el Evangelio de Lucas, y varios evangelios "gnósticos" de los Apócrifos. John Adams también cita "La estrella de Navidad" de Gabriela Mistral y un conjunto coral de "O quam preciosa" por Hildegarda von Bingen.

Intérpretes
La obra tiene partitura para solistas soprano, mezzosoprano y barítono, un trío de contratenores y orquesta de cuarenta y cinco piezas (que incluye dos guitarras y un sampler), coro SATB y coro de niños. La obra puede representarse como una producción plenamente escenificada o como oratorio de concierto. La producción plenamente escenificada incluye elementos de baile y película creados por Peter Sellars.

Secciones musicales
El Niño está formada por dos secciones y dura aproximadamente dos horas, y se subdividide a su vez en 13 secciones tal como sigue:

Parte 1

 I Sing Of A Maiden
 Hail, Mary, Gracious!
 La Anunciación
 For With God No Thing Shall Be Impossible
 The Babe Leaped In Her Womb
 Magnificat
 Now She Was Sixteen Years Old
 Joseph's Dream
 Shake The Heavens
 Se Habla De Gabriel
 The Christmas Star

Parte 2

 Pues Mi Dios Ha Nacido A Penar
 When Herod Heard
 Woe Unto Them That Call Evil Good
 And The Star Went Before Them
 The Three Kings
 And When They Were Departed
 Dawn Air
 And He Slew All The Children
 Memorial De Tlatelolco
 In The Day Of The great Slaughter
 Pues Está Tritando
 Jesus And The Dragons
 A Palm Tree

Grabaciones
Hay un DVD de la producción de París de Sellars. Y una grabación de dos cedés con el reparto original del Théâtre du Châtelet en París, lanzado por Nonesuch (79634-2)

Véase también
Masacre de Tlatelolco

Enlaces externos
La muerte y la doncella: El Niño de John Adams vuelve a representar la Navidad, Josh Kun, The Phoenix, 15 - 22 de noviembre de 2001
Crítica en la BBC
Libreto (inglés / español) en Kareol

Oratorios
Óperas de John Adams
Óperas en inglés
Óperas en español
Óperas de 2000
Óperas estrenadas en París

El Niño (oratorio)


الفور (الفوراوية: fòòrà)(بالإنجليزية: Fūr)، هي مجموعة عرقية تقطن في الغالب غرب السودان. ويتركزون في منطقة دارفور و يشكلون أكبر مجموعة عرقية. يتحدثون لغة الفور، التي تنتمي إلى عائلة نيلو الصحراء. و يتواجدون في غرب السودان يقطنون منطقة دارفور ويعيشون على الزراعة لغتهم الأم هي لغة الفور كما أنهم يتقنون اللغة العربية. يدين الفور الدين الإسلامي. وقد سميت منطقة دارفور بهذا الاسم نسبة لهم وتعني دار الفور. يبلغ عددهم حوالي نصف مليون نسمة بحسب تقديرات سنة 1983. بحلول عام 2004 بلغ عددهم 774 ألف نسمة.

ملخص

الفور هم أكبر جماعة عرقية في إقليم دارفور بغرب السودان . يشار إليهم أحيانًا بأسماء فورا أو فرودنوجا أو فوراوي أو كونجارا. إنهم شعب زراعي نشط ويمكنهم أيضًا رعي الماشية. طورت بعض عائلات الفور التي جمعت قطيعًا كبيرًا من الماشية أسلوب حياة أكثر بدوية مثل أسلوب حياة جيرانهم الرعاة، عرب البقارة. ثقافيًا، يُعتبر رعاة الماشية الفور من البقارة. الفور هم من المسلمين السنة اسميا يتبعون المذهب المالكي للشريعة الإسلامية.

هم من سكان غرب السودان يمارسون الرعي والزراعة المستقرة، وخاصة زراعة الدخن. مجتمعهم مجتمع تقليدي يحكمه شيوخ القرية. يتحدثون الفور، وهي لغة نيلية صحراوية، وهم مسلمون، بعد أن تبنوا الدين بعد غزو المنطقة من قبل إمبراطورية كانم-برنو خلال العصور الوسطى . بعضهم أتى ليتحدث اللغة العربية في السنوات الأخيرة.

يأتي اسم دارفور من اسم هذه المجموعة العرقية ويعني «موطن الفور». معظم حكام معروفة دارفور مثل ديرياج والتيجاني سيسي الأعضاء في الفراء. أسس الفور سلطنة دارفور التاريخية التي حكمت دارفور حتى عام 1916 (انظر تاريخ دارفور ).

أسس عبد الواحد النور، أحد قادة الفور، حركة تحرير السودان والجيش. زعيم آخر من الفور،  هو احمد عبد الشافي (طوبا).

تعتبر المنطقة الجبلية المحيطة بجبل سو وجبل مرة وادي صالح و زالنجى او زالنجقا معقل الفور التقليدي. اليوم، ومع ذلك، يعيش معظمهم في البلد السفلي غرب وجنوب غرب تلك المنطقة، بين 11-14 شمالًا و 23-26 هـ. يعيش بعض الفور عبر الحدود في تشاد، وكثير منهم من اللاجئين.

أدى أسلوب حياة الفور إلى صراع مع البدو الرحل البقارة، رعاة الماشية في المنطقة، فيما يتعلق بالحصول على المياه والمراعي، لا سيما في جبال مرة وسط دارفور حيث توجد أفضل الأراضي الزراعية. لقد كان هذا مصدر توترات عرقية لسنوات عديدة، وبلغت ذروتها في نزاع دارفور الذي بدأ في عام 2003.

تم ذبح العديد من القرويين الفور في القتال العرقي مثل المهرية وترجم وقسمت القبائل حتى الأراضي التي احتلت من الفور، في 3 سبتمبر 2007 ووفقا لنيويورك تايمز نقلا عن مسؤولين في الأمم المتحدة والناجين الفور.

لغة
يتكلم الفور لغة الفور التي تنتمي إلى عائلة نيلو الصحراء. كما يتحدثون العربية كلغة مشتركة.

لا يوجد نص مكتوب أو رمزي للغة الفور. لقد استخدموا مؤخرًا الأحرف العربية أو اللاتينية لوضع اللغة في شكل مكتوب.

تشمل التحيات الشائعة ما يلي:
 أفيلاكوا: صباح الخير
 أفيلاكونو: مساء الخير

غالبًا ما تستخدم الطبول الثقيلة أثناء إلقاء الخطب والعناوين العامة الأخرى.

فن

الفن اليدوي
يصنع أهل الفور الفن والأواني اليدوية الخاصة بهم. ومنها التلك الذي يستخدم في تنظيف الأواني ( يشبه التلك الإسفنج) البتولا، وهي سجادة للجلوس ؛ والجادة وهي صحن أو سلطانية خشبية تستخدم للمناسبات الهامة.والبرتال وهو اغطيه دائريه الشكل تصنع من السعف الملون لتغطيه اواني الطعام ويصنع باحجام مختلفه

الموسيقى والقصص والترفيه
بين أفراد الفور، تُروى القصص للحفاظ على الأطفال في مأمن من العالم الخارجي. تم تصميم هذه القصص لإبقاء الأطفال بالقرب من المنزل. في بعض القصص، يُقال للأطفال أنهم إذا خرجوا في الصباح سيموتون من حرارة الشمس، وفي الليل يُقال لهم إذا خرجوا، فإن حيوانًا يُدعى نياما سيأكلهم .

تحظى موسيقى الفور بشعبية كبيرة في ثقافتهم. الآلات الرئيسية هي الطبول. تُعزف الموسيقى بقرع طبول ثقيل يصاحب احتفالاتهم. بعض موسيقيي الفور المشهورين هم ؛ عبد الله كيوكا وماريوم عمو.

البناء
يستعملون نوع شائع من العمارة في المنازل والمباني يسمى العمارة الطينية. إنهم يحفرون الطين من الأرض، ويفككونه، ويخلطونه بالماء، ويخلطون معه مواد أخرى مثل القش وسيتراكم الخليط بعد ذلك، أو يتم ضغطه على السقالات المصنوعة من الخشب، أو يُصب في قوالب بأحجام مختلفة في قوالب من الطوب. عندما يجف الطين، تبدأ عملية البناء. يتم تطبيق هذه التقنية على معظم العمارة في غرب السودان مثل البيوت الزراعية والحظائر والجدران الخارجية والقصور وحتى المساجد. لكن بسبب الرياح والأمطار، هناك حاجة مستمرة لإصلاح المباني. لذلك، لم تعد العمارة الطينية عملية بسبب هشاشتها.

الملابس والجسم
الملابس بين أهل الفور تشبه ما يلبس في السودان. يرتدون ملابس سودانية غير رسمية مثل الجلابية. منذ زمن بعيد، عندما تم تعريب قبيلة الفور، اعتادت نساء الفور على وخز شفتهن السفلية عدة مرات حتى تبدأ الشفاه في الانتفاخ. كانت هذه الخدوش تعتبر علامة على الجمال.

الطعام
القمح والذرة الرفيعة هي النشويات الأساسية وأيضا الخبز الخبز العربي، والكسرة، وهي فطيرة تشبه العجة وهي جزء من العشاء السوداني.
في الجنوب، يتم تقديم العشاء على طاولة منخفضة. يرافق هذه الأطباق سلطة وشطة، وهي عبارة عن مزيج بهار أحمر حار يقدم في أطباق صغيرة. بعد الوجبة تقدم الحلوى ثم الشاي. يشعل البخور في المناسبات الخاصة.

المؤسسات
الإسلام هو الدين الرئيسي بين أهل الفور، على الرغم من أن البعض لا يزال يمارس دينه. المدارس التي تسمى (خلوة) في هذه المنطقة تقوم بتدريس القرآن . تبدأ الفصول الدراسية في عمر 6-7 سنوات ويستمرون في تعلم القرآن (وإن لم يكن في المدرسة بالكامل) لبقية حياتهم. يُمارس التعليم العادي أيضًا في هذه المدارس.

المهنة الرئيسية هي الزراعة. يزرعون القمح والأعشاب والتوابل وما إلى ذلك.

الوضع السياسي
كانت الفور تحكمها سلطنة مستقلة. بعد الاستيلاء البريطاني في عام 1899، وافق البريطانيون على إعادة إنشاء سلطنة الفور، على يد علي دينار عندما انهارت حركة المهديين.

في الحرب العالمية الأولى، تقدمت دارفور بمحاولة الاستقلال بالتحالف مع العثمانيين ضد البريطانيين. احتل البريطانيون دارفور عام 1916.أعلن علي دينار ولاءه للإمبراطورية العثمانية ونتج عن ذلك، إلغاء البريطانيين سلطنة الفور عام 1916 بعد وفاة دينار في معركة.

كانت الحرب هي الواقع في العقود الماضية في منطقة دارفور. استمرت الحرب الأهلية حوالي 20 عامًا حتى نهاية القرن العشرين. نشأ صراع جديد في عام 2003، بمشاركة ميليشيا تُدعى الجنجويد.

علم الوراثة
وجد تحليل الواسمات الجينية الكلاسيكية وتعدد أشكال الحمض النووي بواسطة تاي وساها (1988) أن الفور أكثر ارتباطًا بحوازمة السودان. كلا المجموعتين لهما ترددات جينية وسيطة بين تلك الخاصة بالسكان الأفرو آسيويين - البجا والغالين والخليج العربي وتلك الخاصة بالسكان المحليين من النوبة والصحراء - النوبة والنيلوتس.

وفقًا لحسن وآخرون. (2008)، حوالي 59.4٪ من الفراء هم من حاملي مجموعة هابلوغروب الأبوية E1b1b. من بين هؤلاء، 68.4٪ تحمل الفئة الفرعية V32. ما يقرب من 6.3 ٪ ينتمون أيضًا إلى مجموعة هابلوغروب J1 . يشير هذا إلى تدفق كبير للجينات الأبوية من السكان الناطقين الأفرو آسيويين المجاورين. الأفراد المتبقون من الفور هم حاملو سلالة A3b2 (31.3 ٪)، وهو أمر شائع بين النيليون.

من الناحية الأمومية، ينتمي الفور بالكامل إلى المشتقات الأفريقية من المجموعة الكبيرة ماكرو هابلوغروب L (mtDNA) وفقًا لحسن (2010). من بين هذه هابلوغروب L0، وبنسبة (15.3٪) تكون سلالات هابلوغروب L0a1 وهابلوغروب L1 الميتوكوندرية بنسبة (11.5٪) هي الأكثر شيوعًا. يشير هذا تمامًا إلى أن الإدخال الجيني إلى أجداد الفور كان غير متماثل، ويحدث بشكل أساسي من خلال الذكور الناطقين باللغة الأفرو آسيوية بدلاً من الإناث.

انظر أيضًا

المراجع

روابط خارجية

دارفور
شتات إفريقي
مجتمع سوداني
مجتمعات إسلامية في إفريقيا
مجموعات عرقية في السودان
مجموعات عرقية في تشاد

فور


Vinegar Joe may mean:

nickname for Joseph Stilwell, US general
Vinegar Joe (band)

Vinegar Joe


O salta-rochas-do-cabo (Chaetops frenatus) é uma espécie de ave passeriforme da família Chaetopidae. endémica do fynbos das montanhas do sul da África do Sul.

É uma ave insetívora que nidifica no solo e procura alimento entre as encostas e vertentes rochosas. Com frequência permanece pousada nas rochas. Cria em grupos ocupando territórios entre 4 e 11 ha, geralmente compostos por um casal reprodutor e um ou dois indivíduos adicionais, normalmente crias do par da temporada anterior. Estes ajudantes participam na defesa do território com cantos de alarme, e alimentam a prole do par reprodutor. As fêmeas também participam na construção do ninho e na incubação.

O salta-rochas-do-cabo tem entre 23 e 25 cm de comprimento, tem uma longa cauda negra e patas robustas. O macho tem a cabeça de cor cinzenta-escura com uma fina lista supraciliar branca e uma longa bigoteira branca. O dorso e asas são grisalhas escuras e suas partes inferiores e rabadilha são de cor avermelhada. A fêmea e os juvenis têm cabeça, asas e demais partes superiores de um cinzento mais claro, um padrão de cor na cabeça mais discreto, a rabadilha laranja, e as partes inferiores anteadas. O seu canto consiste num alto wiioo.

Não sobrepõe a sua área de distribuição com a do seu parente próximo, o salta-rochas-de-drakensberg (Chaetops aurantius). O macho desta última espécie tem a parte inferior alaranjada, e a fêmea e as crias exibem partes inferiores mais claras que as do salta-rochas-do-cabo.

Bibliografia

Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa (Struik 2002) ISBN 1-86872-721-1
Richard T. Holmes, Bernhard D. Frauenknecht, Morné A. Du Plessis Breeding system of the Cape Rockjumper, a South African fynbos endemic, The Condor volume 104, fev. 2002

Ligações externas
 Cape rockjumper - Ficha da espécie no Atlas of Southern African Birds.

Chaetopidae
Aves da África do Sul
Aves descritas em 1826
Fauna endémica da África do Sul

Chaetops frenatus


Klasik kemençe, Klasik Türk müziğinde kullanılan, tırnak ile çalınan, yaylı çalgılardan biridir.

Diğer isimleri
 Osmanlı kemençesi
 İstanbul kemençesi (bu tabir Yunanistan'da kullanılır)
 tırnak kemençesi (tırnak ile çalındığı için)
 armudî kemençe (yarım armut şeklinde olduğu için)

Karadeniz kemençesiyle karıştırılmalıdır. Hepsinin geldiği yer aynıdır. Karadenizliler Rum kökenli kendisinin Türk olduğunu düşünen vatandaşlardır.

Fiziksel özellikleri
Boyu 40–41 cm kadardır. Tekne, sap, göğüs, klavye, burgu, yay gibi parçalardan oluşur.

Kemençede sırası ile tizden peste doğru neva, rast ve yegâh perdelerine akortlu olan üç tel bulunur. Bu tellerden neva ve yegâh tellerinin boyları eşit olup rast teli bunlara göre daha uzuncadır ve daha yüksekte bulunmaktadır. Kemençenin ilk iki teli (rast ve neva) genellikle bağırsak teldir. Üçüncü tel (yegâh teli) ise kemanın sol-G telidir. Bu telde genellikle, içi bağırsak, dışı gümüş kaplama olanı tercih edilir. Kemençede burguya yaklaştıkça klavye ile tel arasındaki mesafe azalır, eşiğe doğru yaklaştıkça artar. Ses sahası yaklaşık olarak iki - iki buçuk oktav kadardır. Genellikle iki oktav aşağısındaki tiz seslere çıkabilmek için çok çalışmak gerekmektedir. Perde yerleri asimetriktir.

Dördüncü tel denemelerinde ise teller, tizden peste doğru muhayyer, neva, rast ve kaba çargâh perdelerine akortludur. Genelde bütün teller için keman teli kullanılmaktadır. Bu tür kemençeyi ilk tasarlayan Saadettin Arel olduğu için Arel denemesi de denilir. Tel boyları, klasik kemençe gibi olmayıp boyları eşittir. Ayrıca klavye ile tel arasındaki mesafe sabittir ve değişmez. Ses sahası üç buçuk oktavdır. Perde yerleri simetriktir. Fakat sesi kemençe tınısından uzaktır.

Tamburi Cemil Bey'in de dördüncü tel denemesi olmuştur. Fakat dördüncü teli ahenk teli olarak kullandığı bilinmektedir. Akademik anlamda dördüncü tel denemesini ilk tasarlayan Saadettin Arel'dir.

İcrası
Perdesiz ve tırnak ile çalınan bir çalgıdır. Tırnaklar, tellere soldan değdirilerek notalara ulaşılabilir. Perdelere sol el ile basılır, yay sağ el ile tutulur. Diz üstünde ya da iki diz arasına alınarak çalınır. Diz üstünde çalındığında yay tellere göre inip kalkmaz, aksine yayın açısı değişmeden kemençe yaya döndürülerek tel ile temas sağlanır. Diz arasında çalındığında ise kemençe sabit kalıp, yay açısı değiştirilerek teller ile teması sağlanır. İcrası çok zordur ve uzun yıllar çalışmayı gerektirir.

Tarihi
Eskiden Türklerin kullandığı ıklığ denilen çalgının bir çeşidi olduğu iddia edilse de esasında bu çalgı ile bir ilgisi yoktur. Klasik kemençe, Bizans İmparatorluğu'nda iki telli olarak çalınmaktaydı. Sonraları üçüncü tel takılsa da bu tel ahenk amaçlı ve süsleme için kullanılıyordu. Bugünkü manada üçüncü telin yegâh perdesine akortlanışı, sazın bugünkü hâline gelişi Osmanlı'da Sultan Mecid dönemine rastlamaktadır. Bu yüzden üç telli olan günümüzdeki çalgıya Osmanlı kemençesi de denilmektedir. Önemli icracıları ve yapımcıları ise Osmanlı'da ve özellikle İstanbul'da yaşamış olan Türkler ve Rumlardır. Bundan dolayı Yunanistan'da bu çalgı, İstanbul kemençesi olarak da anılmaktadır. Ve son yıllara kadar da Yunanistan'da bu çalgı unutulmuş durumda idi. Son yıllarda İhsan Özgen ve Derya Türkan'ın Yunanistan'da verdiği konserler ile burada da bu çalgı yeniden tanınmaya başlanmıştır.

Kemençenin icrasının zorluğu, tel boylarının ve yüksekliklerinin eşit olmayışı ve oktav aralığının sınırlı olmasının verdiği sıkıntılardan dolayı 1933 yılında Saadettin Arel dördüncü bir tel eklemeyi denemiştir. Bu tel muhayyer perdesine akortlanıyordu ve tel boyları eşit olmakla birlikte tel yükseklikleri de eşitti. Fakat bu tel ekleme denemeleri tını açısından sonuç vermediği için kemençe virtüözleri tarafından kabul görmemiştir.

Klasik kemençe  metotları
Tamburi Cemil Bey bir kemençe  metodu yazmaya başlamış ancak yarım bırakmıştır. Yılmaz Öztuna'nın verdiği bilgiye göre, Dr. Zühdü Rıza'nın yazdığı basılmamış kemençe  metodu (1926) Arel Kütüphanesi'ndedir.

Yayımlanmış klasik kemençe metotları şunlardır:

 Beril Çakmakoğlu & Mehmet Yalgın, Kemençe  metodu 1. Kendi yayını. İzmir 2006. 148 sayfa.
 Hasan Esen, Klasik Kemençe  metodu. Eyüp Mûsıki Vakfı yayını. İstanbul 2006. 301 sayfa.

Kemençe

Klasik kemençe


Termodinamica cuantică este studiul relațiilor dintre două teorii fizice independente: termodinamica și mecanica cuantică. Cele două teorii independente abordează fenomenele fizice ale luminii și materiei. În 1905, Einstein a susținut că cerința de coerență între termodinamică și electromagnetism conduce la concluzia că lumina este cuantificată obținând relația  . Această lucrare este zorii teoriei Cuantă . În câteva decenii teoria cuantică a devenit stabilită cu un set independent de reguli. În prezent, termodinamica cuantică abordează apariția legilor termodinamice din mecanica cuantică. Se deosebește de mecanica statistică cuantică în accentul pus pe procesele dinamice din echilibru. În plus, există o căutare pentru ca teoria să fie relevantă pentru un singur sistem cuantic individual.

Referințe

Legături externe
Go to "Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light" to read an English translation of Einstein's 1905 paper. (Retrieved: 2014 Apr 11)

Mecanică cuantică
Termodinamică
Termodinamică fără echilibru
Filozofia fizicii termice și statistice

Termodinamica cuantică


Conrad Jaden Egan-Riley, né le  à Manchester en Angleterre, est un footballeur anglais qui évolue au poste de défenseur central au Burnley FC.

Biographie

Manchester City
Né à Manchester en Angleterre, CJ Egan-Riley est formé par Manchester City. Il est titularisé en  lors de la finale de la FA Youth Cup contre les jeunes du Chelsea FC, remportée par son équipe sur le score de trois buts à deux.

Le , CJ Egan-Riley joue son premier match en professionnel lors d'une rencontre de coupe de la Ligue anglaise face au Wycome Wanderers FC. Il est titularisé lors de cette rencontre remportée par son équipe sur le score large de six buts à zéro.

Il joue son premier match de Ligue des champions le  face au Sporting CP (0-0 score final). Titularisé au poste d'arrière droit, sa prestation est saluée par son entraîneur, Pep Guardiola, après la rencontre.

Burnley FC
Le , CJ Egan-Riley s'engage en faveur du Burnley FC.

Egan-Riley joue son premier match pour Burnley le 23 août 2022, à l'occasion d'une rencontre de coupe de la Ligue anglaise face à Shrewsbury Town. Il est titularisé en défense centrale ce jour-là et son équipe s'impose par un but à zéro.

Le , il est prêté à Hibernian.

En sélection
Avec l'équipe d'Angleterre des moins de 17 ans il joue un total de cinq matchs en 2019, tous en tant que titulaire.

Il joue avec les moins de 19 ans depuis , et un match remportée face à l'Italie (2-0).

Statistiques

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur anglais
Joueur du Manchester City FC
Joueur du Burnley FC
Joueur du Hibernian FC
Naissance en janvier 2003
Naissance à Manchester

CJ Egan-Riley


Sphagesaurus es un género extinto de crocodilomorfo notosuquio de la familia de los esfagesáuridos del Cretácico Superior de Brasil.

Especies y descubrimiento
La especie tipo S. huenei, fue descubierta en 1950 por Price, siendo nombrados tanto el género como la especie de dos dientes aislados. Más recientemente un cráneo casi completo de S. huenei fue descubierto y descrito, ayudando a dilucidar las relaciones evolutivas de Sphagesaurus con otros notosuquios. Una segunda especie, S. montealtensis ha sido también descrita de finales del Cretácico de Brasil.

Referencias

Notosuchia
Crocodilomorfos del Cretácico
Crocodilomorfos extintos de América del Sur

Sphagesaurus


සිම්බාබ්වේ ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 2001 දෙසැම්බර් 21 සිට 2002 ජනවාරි 15 දක්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංචාරය කළේය. මෙම සංචාරය ටෙස්ට් තරග තුනකින් සමන්විත විය.

සංචිත

පුහුණු තරග

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් මණ්ඩල XI එ සිම්බාබ්වේ එක්දින තරගය

ශ්‍රී ලංකා 'ඒ' එ සිම්බාබ්වේ එක්දින තරගය

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් මණ්ඩල XI එ සිම්බාබ්වේ තෙදින තරගය

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වැනි ටෙස්ට් තරගය

3 වැනි ටෙස්ට් තරගය

බාහිර සබැඳි

 espncricinfo හි තරගමාලාවේ පිටුව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

සිම්බාබ්වේ ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා තරග සංචාරය 2001–02


The year 1723 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Geophysics
 George Graham discovers diurnal variation in Earth's magnetic field.
 Antoine de Jussieu publishes De l'Origine et des usages de la Pierre de Foudre on the origins of fossils, prehistoric stone tools and meteorites.

Optics
 Giacomo F. Maraldi makes the first observation of the Arago spot, unrecognized at this time.

Births
 January 5 – Nicole-Reine Lepaute, French astronomer (died 1788)
 January 31 – Petronella Johanna de Timmerman, Dutch scientist (died 1786)
 February 17 – Tobias Mayer, German cartographer, astronomer and physicist (died 1762)
 April 30 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French zoologist (died 1806)
 November 12 – Saverio Manetti, Italian natural historian (died 1785)

Deaths
 August 26 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch pioneer of the microscope (born 1632)

References

18th century in science
1720s in science

1723 in science


Hall Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Hall Township (Illinois)
 Hall Township (Indiana)
 Hall Township (North Carolina)
 Hall Township (North Dakota)
 Hall Township (South Dakota)

Hall Township


عين الديوك الفوقا  قرية تقع على بعد 8 كم إلى الشمال الغربي من مدينة أريحا، على الطريق بين أريحا والنويعمة. وتنخفض عن سطح البحر 140م، يعتقد أن ديوك تحريفاً لكلمة دوك السريانية بمعنى المكان والموقع، ويطلق عليها أيضا اسم (الديوك الفوقا) حيث توجد ضاحية تسمى الديوك التحتا، وهي تابعة لمحافظة أريحا. القرية صغيرة الحجم حيث تبلغ مساحة أراضيها 21300 دونم، وبلغ عدد سكانها عام 2004 حوالي 800 نسمة.القرية ممتدة طوليا على شارع واحد رئيسي (غير معبد) وتقع على سفح جبل مطلة على واد، كما توجد أجزاء من القرية في الوادي، وفي القرية عين ماء تسمى عين الديوك، وهي نقطة جذب سياحية مهمة.

معلومات حول القرية
 معظم أراضي القرية مزروعة، حيث تكثر فيها زراعة الموز والبرتقال وبعض المحاصيل الأخرى.
 بحسب البحث الميداني تم تسجيل 27 بيتاً قديماً، 85 % منها بني بشكل منفرد غير متصل بغيره. تتراوح الحالة الإنشائية لتلك البيوت بين متوسطة وجيدة جدا باستثناء جميع هذه البيوت مكونة من طابق واحد، أما فتحات الأبنية فهي مستطيلة الشكل، والأبواب بسيطة بعتب خشبية بارزة أو مغطاة باللبن. في حين تكون الأرضيات في الغالب مدة طين أو مدة إسمنتية.

المراجع

بلدات الضفة الغربية
بلديات فلسطين
تحويلات متصلة بعنصر ويكي بيانات
قرى الضفة الغربية
محافظة أريحا
قرى وبلدات محافظة أريحا
بلديات دولة فلسطين

عين الديوك الفوقا


Derek Branning, es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica EastEnders interpretado por el actor Jamie Foreman del 24 de noviembre de 2011, hasta el 26 de diciembre de 2012. Anteriormente Derek fue interpretado por el actor Terence Beesley el 26 de abril de 1996.

Biografía

Notas
 Entre sus historias más importantes se encuentran: por no aceptar a Alan Jackson el novio de su hermana Carol y hacer comentarios racistas acerca de él, por haber pasado 10 meses en la cárcel por robo a mano armada y por tener enfrentamientos con Michael Moon.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 EastEnders Official Website :: Character :: Derek Branning

Personajes de EastEnders
Gánsteres ficticios
Empresarios ficticios

Derek Branning


Ras Lanuf, Libya'nın 5 rafinerisinden biridir. Sirte Körfezi'ndedir.

1984 yılında tamamlanan rafineri, ihracat rafinerisi olarak çalışıyor. İşleme kapasitesi 220.000 varil ham petroldür.

Trablusgarp Bölgesi
Petrol rafinerileri
Libya merkezli kuruluşlar

Ra's Lanuf Rafinerisi


Marco Valerio Mesala Apiano (en latín, Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus; f. 12 a. C.) fue un senador y político romano del

Familia
Probablemente fue hijo de Apio Claudio Pulcro , cónsul en 38 a. C., con una mujer desconocida. Se especula que fue adoptado o bien por Marco Valerio Mesala Rufo, cónsul en 53 a. C., o por Marco Valerio Mesala Corvino, cónsul sufecto en 32 a. C. y en 31 a. C.; por ello, cambió su nombre a Marco Valerio Mesala Apiano.

En algún momento, probablemente a fines de los años 20 a. C., Apiano se casó con Marcela la Menor, la hija menor de Octavia la Menor con su primer esposo Cayo Claudio Marcelo. La pareja tuvo dos hijos: Marco Valerio Mesala Barbato y Claudia Pulcra. Por medio de su hijo, Apiano fue abuelo de Valerina Mesalina, la tercera esposa de Claudio; mientras que Claudia Pulcra fue la última esposa de Publio Quintilio Varo.

Carrera
Se conoce muy poco sobre la carrera de Marco Valerio, excepto que alcanzó el consulado en 12 a. C. y falleció poco tiempo después.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Syme, Ronald (1989). Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford University Press.

Mesala, Marco Valerio Barbato Apiano
Senadores de la Antigua Roma del siglo I a. C.
Cónsules del Imperio romano
Patricios

Marco Valerio Mesala Apiano


"Dos Oruguitas" ("duas lagartinhas", em tradução livre para o português) é uma canção presente no filme de animação Encanto (2021), da Disney. Composta por Lin-Manuel Miranda, a música é interpretada pelo cantor e compositor colombiano Sebastián Yatra. Foi lançada pela Walt Disney Records como parte da trilha sonora do filme em 19 de novembro de 2021.

A canção é tocada no filme durante uma sequência de flashback que descreve a vida e a morte de Pedro Madrigal, avô da protagonista Mirabel. A letra foi escrita em espanhol e uma versão em inglês, intitulada "Two Oruguitas", toca nos créditos finais. A obra recebeu elogios dos críticos musicais, que destacaram seu sentimento, produção, letra e o desempenho vocal de Yatra. Frequentemente descrita como a melhor música de Encanto, "Dos Oruguitas" entrou no Top 40 da Billboard Hot 100 nos Estados Unidos e marcou a primeira aparição de Yatra na parada. Foi indicada ao Oscar de melhor canção original na edição de 2022.

Antecedentes e lançamento

Encanto é um filme de fantasia musical animado digitalmente, o 60.º longa-metragem da Walt Disney Animation Studios. A canção é apresentada como a sexta faixa da trilha sonora do filme. Foi escrita e composta pelo cantor e compositor norte-americano Lin-Manuel Miranda, que também escreveu as outras sete canções da trilha sonora. Ele trabalhou anteriormente com a Disney no filme de animação Moana (2016). A música é cantada por Sebastián Yatra, que cresceu nos Estados Unidos, mas nasceu na Colômbia. Ele foi convidado para participar da trilha sonora de Encanto e cantar o tema depois que sua canção "Adiós" chamou a atenção de Miranda.

A sequência em que a canção é usada foi reproduzida em espanhol em todas as dublagens da animação. Durante os créditos de encerramento, é executada uma versão em inglês, "Two Oruguitas", também composta por Miranda e cantada por Yatra. Para os créditos finais da dublagem lançada no Brasil, o cantor de sertanejo Felipe Araújo interpretou uma versão da música em português brasileiro, a qual foi acompanhada por um videoclipe divulgado em dezembro de 2021; Araújo também dublou o personagem Mariano no filme.

Composição e desenvolvimento

"Dos Oruguitas" foi a primeira música que Miranda escreveu completamente em espanhol, algo que ele afirmou estar "muito fora de sua zona de conforto". O músico disse: "Foi importante para mim que eu escrevesse em espanhol, em vez de escrever em inglês e traduzi-la, pois você sempre percebe [quando se trata de uma] tradução". O objetivo de Miranda era compor uma canção folclórica colombiana que "parecesse sempre ter existido". Para o autor, o número musical no qual a obra é tocada, com a revelação da história de origem da família Madrigal, seria algo tão doloroso que a música tornaria o momento mais fácil de ser assistido. Ele inspirou-se principalmente nos compositores Tom Jobim e Joan Manuel Serrat.

Segundo o codiretor Byron Howard, outra importante influência para Miranda foram os visuais da sequência animada, escrita pela corroteirista e codiretora Charise Castro Smith. Ela relatou que ao escrever a cena, pensou na imigração de seus próprios avós de Cuba para os Estados Unidos, comentando: "De fato, até me tornar adulta, não havia parado para pensar sobre como eles tiveram que deixar o que sabiam para trás, chegar a um lugar onde não falavam a língua e começar completamente do zero com duas crianças pequenas. Quando me coloquei naquele lugar como adulta, imaginei a história totalmente diferente".

A canção e a sequência que a acompanha foram originalmente planejadas para estar no prólogo do filme, porém, a equipe de produção decidiu descartar essa ideia. Howard concluiu que a música deveria tocar no final ao perceber que seria mais impactante deixar a revelação da trágica jornada dos avós de Maribel para o último ato, revelando que a personagem Alma não havia falado pessoalmente sobre a verdadeira história da família até então.

Letra e contexto

"Dos Oruguitas" é uma canção não-diegética, tocada durante o clímax numa sequência de flashback em que Mirabel descobre detalhes do passado de sua avó, Alma, e as dificuldades que esta enfrentou. Após algumas cenas que mostram o romance de Alma e seu marido Pedro, revela-se que, ao fugirem de uma guerra, ele se sacrificou para permitir que ela sobrevivesse. Essa história contribui para a reconciliação de Mirabel e a avó. Howard comentou sobre a música: "É provavelmente a parte mais crítica da narrativa musical em todo o filme, porque tem a ver com a história da família e Mirabel entendendo a avó dela". A letra em si é sobre duas pequenas lagartas que se apaixonam e precisam separar-se após transformarem-se em borboletas, o que é uma metáfora para os eventos na vida de Pedro e Alma.

Recepção

Resposta da crítica
Embora tenham considerado "We Don't Talk About Bruno" como a faixa mais memorável de Encanto, os críticos da Billboard escolheram "Dos Oruguitas" como a melhor faixa por ser uma balada sincera com "ressonância emocional e belo sentimentalismo". Drew Taylor, do website TheWrap, também a classificou como a melhor música, afirmando que, mesmo que tocada sem os recursos visuais que a acompanham, "a música ainda fará você chorar, quer você saiba espanhol ou não". Caroline Cao, crítica de cinema da SlashFilm, classificou a obra como a segunda melhor canção do longa, descrevendo-a como "uma elegia que honra o que foi perdido, ao mesmo tempo em que encoraja os sobreviventes a encontrar o caminho a seguir, carregando essas memórias".

Desempenho comercial
"Dos Oruguitas" estreou na Billboard Hot 100 dos Estados Unidos no número 83, marcando a primeira aparição de Yatra na parada. Posteriormente, a obra subiu para o número 36. A música alcançou o número 2 na tabela norte-americana Hot Latin Songs.

Prêmios e indicações

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais

Canções de 2021
Canções de filmes
Músicas da Disney
Singles lançados pela Walt Disney Records
Canções em castelhano
Canções em inglês

Dos Oruguitas


A Puebla de Vícar é uma localidade espanhola pertencente ao município de Vícar, na província de Almeria, comunidade autónoma de Andaluzia. Está situada na parte oriental da comarca do Poente Almeriense. Encontra-se situada a uma altitude de 78 metros e a uns 22 quilómetros da capital de província, Almeria.

Geografia
A localidade de Puebla de Vícar encontra-se próxima ao mar Mediterrâneo, limita ao norte com a Serra de Gádor, ao sul com o termo municipal de Roquetas de Mar, ao este com El Parador e Aguadulce; e ao oeste com La Venda del Viso.

Puebla de Vícarr (com 5.082 habitantes e onde se encontra a sede administrativa municipal do município) junto com La Gangosa (com quase 10.000 habitantes) conformam quase as duas terceiras partes da população de Vícar que ascende a 24.233 habitantes segundo o INE em 2013.

Cabe destacar também a Villa de Vícar (chamada Vícar Pueblo), destacada por ser um assentamento típico da Alpujarra, pela sua história, e por manter a capitalidade do município e La Envia Golfe, zona turística do município, que conta com campo de golfe e o primeiro hotel-balneário de 5 estrelas da província de Almeria.

Educação
A localidade de Puebla de Vícar conta com o instituto de educação segundaria plurilíngue inglês e francês, de formação profissional presidencial no que se dispõe de educação para adultos IES La puebla na rua Platón e o centro de educação infantil e primária Virgen de la Paz na rua Escolas S/N.

Transportes
Quanto à rede de estradas a localidade conta com um fácil acesso à autovia do Mediterrâneo (A-7) situada ao norte a que comunica Puebla de Vícar com o resto e a província. Cabe destacar também a N-340a que atravessa a localidade comunicando pelo oeste com El Ejido e pelo este com a capital passando pela La Gangosa e Aguadulce entre outras. Ademais, a localidade encontra-se 25 km do Aeroporto de Almeria, a 15 km do porto da capital e a 16 km da Estação de caminho-de-ferro de Almeria.

Referências

Localidades de Almeria (província)

Puebla de Vícar


RKC Waalwijk (izgovor ˌɛrkaːˈseː ˈʋaːlʋɛi̯k) je nizozemski profesionalni nogometni klub iz Waalwijka. Osnovan je 1940. godine. U sezoni 2019./20. se natječe u Eredivisie, najvišem rangu nizozemskog nogometa.

Povijest
Nastao je spajanjem triju klubova: HEC, WVB i Herculesa 26. kolovoza 1940. godine. Utakmice je igrao na stadionu Sportpark Olympia. U profesionalni nogomet uključili su se 1984. godine. Novi stadion na kojem igraju utakmice Mandemakers otvoren je 1996. godine utakmicom protiv Rode. RKC-a se smatra jednim od malih klubova Eredivisie, ali ipak je održao status u najvišem razredu natjecanja mnogih godina. Domaći dres je žuti i plavi.

Krajem sezone 2006./07. došao je u zonu ispadanje te je igrao doigravanje za mjesto u protiv VVV-Venlo gdje je izgubio te je ispao iz lige. 3. lipnja 2009. godine vratili su se u Eredivisie pobjedom u doigravanju protiv De Graafschapa. Te sezone u najvišem razredu bili su zadnji s 15 osvojenih bodova te su ispali. Naredne sezone bili su pobjednici Eerste Divisie te su se vratili u najviši razred. Opet su ispali završetkom sezone 2013./14. Ali, sljedeće sezone, 2014./15. nisu se borili za vrh i povratak u Eredivisie kao inače, nego su završili na zadnjem, 20. mjestu. Od ispadanja u treći razred Topklasse, koji je već amaterski razred natjecanja, spasili su se zato što su oba prvaka Topklasse te sezone otklonile prelazak u profesionalizam. Sezone 2016./17. RKC je došao do doigravanja unutar Eerste Divisie, izgubivši ukupno 5:2 od FC Emmena.

Sezone 2017./18. bili su 16. od 20 momčadi u Eerste Divisie. Odigravši sezonu 2018./2019., plasirali su se opet u najviši razred, Eredivisie nakon pet godina izbivanja. U završnici doigravanja pobijedili su Go Ahead Eagles. Prva utakmica bila je 0:0 na domaćem terenu, a u uzvratu u gostima RKC je pobijedio 4:5.

Sezone 2019./20. nalazili su se na posljednjem mjestu nekoliko kola prije kraja, ali nisu ispali zato što je sezona proglašena nedovršenom zbog pandeije COVID-19.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Waalwijk, RKC

RKC Waalwijk


العدد المتسع هو عدد مضلعي يمثل شكل متسع. تعطى صيغة العدد المتسعي للعدد n بالعلاقة:

من أوائل الأعداد المتسعة:
1، 9، 24، 46، 75، 111، 154، 204

مراجع

أعداد شكلية

عدد متسع


Aethesolithon, fosilni rod crvenih algi iz porodice Hapalidiaceae, dio reda Hapalidiales. Postoje četiri priznatre vrste, a tipična je A. problematicum iz Guama.

Vrste
 Aethesolithon cutchensis A.K.Pal & Ghosh
 Aethesolithon grande J.H.Johnson
 Aethesolithon guatemalaensum J.H.Johnson & Kaska
 Aethesolithon problematicum J.H.Johnson

Izvori

Hapalidiaceae

Aethesolithon


La resolución 121 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, fue aprobada por unanimidad el 12 de diciembre de 1956, tras haber examinado la petición de membresía por parte del Estado de Japón para poder ser miembro de las Naciones Unidas. En esta resolución, el Consejo recomendó a la Asamblea General la aceptación de Japón como miembro.

Véase también

Japón
Anexo:Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas

Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobadas en 1956
0121
Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas referentes a Japón

Resolución 121 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas