Michael Thomas Hancock  (born 9 July 1946) is a British politician. He was most recently an independent Member of Parliament (MP) for Portsmouth South.

Hancock formally resigned from the Liberal Democrat whip in early June 2014 until a civil court action brought against him by a female constituent alleging improper conduct was resolved. An out-of-court settlement with the woman, known only as 'Annie', was reached later in June 2014 in which Hancock admitted that he "crossed the line" into inappropriate behaviour. Hancock's resignation was announced on 18 September 2014.

He stood as an independent candidate in the 2014 Portsmouth City Council elections and lost his seat in Fratton Ward to UKIP candidate Julie Swan. The Liberal Democrats lost overall control of the council.
While still an MP, Hancock stood again as an independent candidate for Fratton Ward in the 2015 Portsmouth City Council elections this time coming 6th, with the Liberal Democrat candidate Dave Ashmore taking the seat.

Hancock was previously the Member of Parliament for Portsmouth South for the SDP following a by-election in 1984 until 1987.

Early life
Hancock was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, the son of a Portsmouth naval stoker, growing up on a Portsmouth council estate. He was educated at comprehensive schools in Portsmouth. He worked as an engineer until he was first elected to Parliament, and in the years between his parliamentary career he worked as both a director of the Daytime Club at the BBC and as a district officer for Mencap.

Political career
Hancock joined the Labour Party in 1968, and was elected as a councillor to Portsmouth City Council in 1971. He left the Labour Party and joined the new Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981, becoming the leader of the council in 1989. He continued in this role until his second election to the House of Commons, and remained a member for Fratton on the city council until 22 May 2014, when he was defeated. He was also elected to Hampshire County Council in 1973, becoming the leader of the Labour group on the council in 1977 until he left the party, leading the council as a Liberal Democrat between 1993 and 1997, when the creation of Portsmouth Unitary Authority meant that he was no longer eligible to stand.

He contested Portsmouth South for the SDP at the 1983 general election but lost to the sitting Conservative MP Bonner Pink by 12,335 votes. Pink died on 6 May 1984, and Hancock was elected after being a candidate, again for the SDP, at the by-election by 1,341 votes. In his book Time To Declare, the SDP leader David Owen claimed that Hancock's victory prevented a Liberal attempt to subsume the SDP before the 1987 general election. However, Hancock later lost his seat in the 1987 general election to the Conservative David Martin by just 205 votes. He narrowly lost the seat to Martin again at the 1992 general election, this time by just 242 votes. He also contested the European Parliament seat of Wight and Hampshire South in 1994. He returned to parliament at the 1997 general election, defeating Martin by 4,327 votes and held the seat for the Liberal Democrats at each subsequent general election.

He was promoted to the frontbench by Paddy Ashdown in 1997 as the spokesman on foreign and commonwealth affairs until 2000, when he was moved by Charles Kennedy to speak on the environment, transport and the regions, but following the 2001 general election, Hancock returned to the backbenches.

It was reported that he signed nomination forms for more than one candidate in the 2006 Liberal Democrat leadership election, in order to ensure a 'proper contest'.

On 29 March 2015, Hancock announced he would run again in Portsmouth South, this time as an independent candidate. Hancock failed to win the election, as did the official Liberal Democrat candidate; the constituency was gained by the Conservative Party.

Committee membership
He was member of both the defence select committee from 1999 to 2011 and has been on the Speaker's panel of chairmen since 1999. He is the vice-chairman of the all party groups on Croatia, and Russia.

He was previously chair of the Russia group, until being succeeded by Labour's Chris Bryant, because he was felt to be too lenient towards Moscow: "We were concerned by Mike Hancock's pro-Putin and pro-Medvedev position. That is why I stood against him and ousted him. His research assistant, who provided secretarial support to the group, was incensed and walked out."

Hancock holds various positions on the Council of Europe, including a committee position on the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee).

On 18 October 2011, amidst espionage allegations relating to his aide and mistress Katia Zatuliveter, Hancock resigned from his post on the defence select committee. (See below)

Political views and stances

Hancock has said that he will act to defend the government of Azerbaijan in the British Parliament. He says that he disapproves of criticism of President Ilham Aliyev's regime, and has stated that, in particular, he disapproves of the democratic opposition movement within Azerbaijan. In 2013, he voted against a critical report on political prisoners in Azerbaijan.

Hancock has stated that he does not believe the Armenian genocide actually happened, describing it as a "so-called genocide" based on "dubious historical" claims; in March 2010, he said: "Armenia is like a headless chicken that runs around in circles. They really do not know where to run."

Hancock is a patron of the Captive Animals Protection Society, a charity campaigning for an end to the use of animals in entertainment, including circuses, zoos, the exotic pet trade and the audio-visual industry.

Hancock is a notable supporter of homoeopathy, having signed several early day motions in support of its continued funding on the National Health Service.

Russian aide's arrest, espionage allegation and extra-marital affair

On 8 August 2010, one of Hancock's parliamentary aides, Russian national Katia Zatuliveter, and her friend were questioned at Gatwick Airport on returning from celebrating her 25th birthday in Croatia. Hancock had met Zatuliveter in Strasbourg where she worked for the Council of Europe. She started working as an aide to Hancock in 2008, after having been an intern at the House of Commons for a while and undergoing security vetting. Until Hancock was ousted as chairman of the All-Party Group on Russia in June 2010, Zatuliveter had been the group's secretary, giving her direct access to all MPs with the greatest interest in Russia and legitimate reason to liaise with the Russian authorities; according to sources at Westminster, Zatuliveter had access to Hancock's private emails, and virtually ran the UK-Russia group.

Reportedly, Zatuliveter had been identified by MI5 (UK Security Service) when surveillance linked her to another person with close links to the Russian embassy in London; the latter was suspected of working for the SVR, Russia's foreign intelligence service.

On 4 December 2010, it was reported that Zatuliveter was facing deportation in Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre, after she was arrested by the Metropolitan Police Service on behalf of MI5 and the Border and Immigration Agency on 2 December 2010, on suspicion of espionage, the police action having been approved by Home Secretary Theresa May. The incident happened in the wake of the uncovering and expulsion of ten Russian sleeper agents in the US in June 2010, including a young woman who had British citizenship, Anna Chapman.

On 5 December 2010, Hancock confirmed the detention of Zatuliveter and advised the media that she was appealing against her potential deportation. In subsequent interviews on the same day, he called the espionage accusations "absolutely ludicrous" commenting further: "I have no reason to believe she did anything but act honourably during the time she was working for me. She is determined to fight her corner and she genuinely believes, and I back her 100%, that she has nothing to hide and has done nothing wrong. If she has, the (security) services are right. But they need to prove their point now."

The media quoted some of Hancock's former Council of Europe's liberal group colleagues as saying that in the 2000s Hancock would usually come to their regular private gatherings alongside a series of young Russian and Ukrainian women – in spite of protests by some of those; Hancock's former colleagues said they had witnessed his assistants using the computers of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, the liberal group secretariat, which were supposed to be protected by a password; apparently his assistants knew the password. Hancock denied claims by Mátyás Eörsi that he had failed to declare all of his visits to Russia, saying that he did not know exactly how many trips he had made to Russia, as his passport had "fallen into the sea". It was also reported that Hancock had allegedly agreed to help another Russian national, 25-year-old Ekaterina Paderina, stay in Britain after she ran into visa problems in the late 1990s.

On 7 December 2010 Russia's Foreign Ministry described the affair as "vaudeville based on a threadbare spy plot" being whipped up by the UK media, which could "only be regarded with pity".

On 9 December 2010, Katerina Zatuliveter filed an appeal against arrest and deportation to Russia; in a statement released by her lawyer Tessa Gregory, Zatuliveter said British authorities had failed to provide evidence of her work not being "conducive to national security"; of MI5 she said: "I fully cooperated with them when they questioned me. I have nothing to hide and was only doing my job as a parliamentary researcher." Also on that day, Alexander Sternik, Russia's chargé d'affaires said of Hancock: "Mike Hancock is one of those people who are known to have a balanced objective and sympathetic approach towards the modern Russia and its foreign policy." Sternik also said that the Russian view of the affair was that Hancock was being targeted because he was a parliamentarian who "showed sympathy and understanding for the modern Russian state"; of Zatuliver's detention he said: "We have not received, although we insisted on this, any clarification as to the motives and the reasons that this detention was made."

At a Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) hearing on her case begun on 18 October 2011, Zatuliveter admitted to having had a four-year affair with Hancock. She also admitted that she had had affairs with a NATO official, a Dutch diplomat and a senior UN official.

On 29 November 2011, the SIAC delivered its ruling that allowed the appeal; the SIAC's Open Judgment concluded: "Our conclusion, at least on the balance of probabilities, is that she was and is not a Russian agent. [...]" The 2011 SIAC's ruling on Zatuliveter's appeal noted of her relationship with him: "The relationship with Mr Hancock was enduring and genuine on both sides."

Indecent assault claim
In October 2010 a complaint was made against Hancock of indecent assault, which Hampshire Police announced would not be pursued in December 2010 due to insufficient evidence.

In February 2013, a civil suit against Hancock over the same complaint was filed.

In September 2013 the police reopened their investigation, asking that a report for Portsmouth City Council, be handed over. Hancock was then still a Portsmouth councillor, as well as an MP for the city. The report was an investigation into whether Hancock had breached the Councillors Code of Conduct for Portsmouth City Council, the council suspended any action as a result of the report until all other proceedings have concluded. The Police decided after considering the report that Hancock would face no charges in relation to the complaint.

In January 2014, Hancock was suspended from the Liberal Democrats after the party nationally reviewed the report commissioned by Liberal Democrat run Portsmouth City Council which had found "prima facie evidence of his unwelcome sexual approaches" to his constituent. The report, which has not been officially published, had become available to The Guardian in December 2013.

The civil case was scheduled to come to trial in mid-June 2014, but a settlement between the parties emerged on 11 June. A week later, when details of the out of court settlement became public knowledge, Hancock apologised to his constituent (known only under the pseudonym of Annie) via a statement issued by the complainant's solicitors at the High Court in London. Any compensation paid to the complainant was not made publicly known. In part, his statement says: "I understand that you felt degraded. I did not treat you with sufficient respect. I made you feel deeply uncomfortable and discriminated against, and I crossed the line." A psychiatric report on Hancock, who was undergoing treatment at the Priory Hospital in Southampton, confirmed that he was freely able to make such a statement. Hancock resigned from the Liberal Democrats in September 2014 before a disciplinary hearing. The news was disclosed in The Independent on 18 September.

Personal life and other activities
Hancock has been married to Jacqueline Elliott (also a former member of Portsmouth City Council until losing her seat in the 2014 elections) since 1967, and has a son and a daughter.

He has been the chairman of the southern region of the NSPCC since 1989 and has been the vice-chairman of Portsmouth Dock since 1992. He was awarded the Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the same year.

References

External links
 Mike Hancock MP official constituency website
 Mike Hancock MP Liberal Democrats profile

1946 births
BBC people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Councillors in Hampshire
Espionage scandals and incidents
Living people
People from Portchester
Politicians from Portsmouth
Politics of Portsmouth
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of Hampshire County Council
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children people
Russia intelligence operations
Russia–United Kingdom relations
Social Democratic Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Leaders of local authorities of England
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors

Mike Hancock (British politician)


Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes RHEED from other materials characterization methods that also rely on diffraction of high-energy electrons. Transmission electron microscopy, another common electron diffraction method samples mainly the bulk of the sample due to the geometry of the system, although in special cases it can provide surface information. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is also surface sensitive, but LEED achieves surface sensitivity through the use of low energy electrons.

Introduction

A RHEED system requires an electron source (gun), photoluminescent detector screen and a sample with a clean surface, although modern RHEED systems have additional parts to optimize the technique. The electron gun generates a beam of electrons which strike the sample at a very small angle relative to the sample surface. Incident electrons diffract from atoms at the surface of the sample, and a small fraction of the diffracted electrons interfere constructively at specific angles and form regular patterns on the detector. The electrons interfere according to the position of atoms on the sample surface, so the diffraction pattern at the detector is a function of the sample surface. Figure 1 shows the most basic setup of a RHEED system.

Surface diffraction

In the RHEED setup, only atoms at the sample surface contribute to the RHEED pattern. The glancing angle of incident electrons allows them to escape the bulk of the sample and to reach the detector. Atoms at the sample surface diffract (scatter) the incident electrons due to the wavelike properties of electrons.

The diffracted electrons interfere constructively at specific angles according to the crystal structure and spacing of the atoms at the sample surface and the wavelength of the incident electrons. Some of the electron waves created by constructive interference collide with the detector, creating specific diffraction patterns according to the surface features of the sample. Users characterize the crystallography of the sample surface through analysis of the diffraction patterns. Figure 2 shows a RHEED pattern. Video 1 depicts a metrology instrument recording the RHEED intensity oscillations and deposition rate for process control and analysis.

Two types of diffraction contribute to RHEED patterns. Some incident electrons undergo a single, elastic scattering event at the crystal surface, a process termed kinematic scattering. Dynamic scattering occurs when electrons undergo multiple diffraction events in the crystal and lose some of their energy due to interactions with the sample. Users extract non-qualitative data from the kinematically diffracted electrons. These electrons account for the high intensity spots or rings common to RHEED patterns. RHEED users also analyze dynamically scattered electrons with complex techniques and models to gather quantitative information from RHEED patterns.

Kinematic scattering analysis
RHEED users construct Ewald's spheres to find the crystallographic properties of the sample surface. Ewald's spheres show the allowed diffraction conditions for kinematically scattered electrons in a given RHEED setup. The diffraction pattern at the screen relates to the Ewald's sphere geometry, so RHEED users can directly calculate the reciprocal lattice of the sample with a RHEED pattern, the energy of the incident electrons and the distance from the detector to the sample. The user must relate the geometry and spacing of the spots of a perfect pattern to the Ewald's sphere in order to determine the reciprocal lattice of the sample surface.

The Ewald's sphere analysis is similar to that for bulk crystals, however the reciprocal lattice for the sample differs from that for a 3D material due to the surface sensitivity of the RHEED process. The reciprocal lattices of bulk crystals consist of a set of points in 3D space. However, only the first few layers of the material contribute to the diffraction in RHEED, so there are no diffraction conditions in the dimension perpendicular to the sample surface. Due to the lack of a third diffracting condition, the reciprocal lattice of a crystal surface is a series of infinite rods extending perpendicular to the sample's surface. These rods originate at the conventional 2D reciprocal lattice points of the sample's surface.

The Ewald's sphere is centered on the sample surface with a radius equal to the magnitude of the wavevector of the incident electrons,

where λ is the electrons' de Broglie wavelength.

Diffraction conditions are satisfied where the rods of reciprocal lattice intersect the Ewald's sphere. Therefore, the magnitude of a vector from the origin of the Ewald's sphere to the intersection of any reciprocal lattice rods is equal in magnitude to that of the incident beam. This is expressed as

 (2)

Here, khl is the wave vector of the elastically diffracted electrons of the order (hl) at any intersection of reciprocal lattice rods with Ewald's sphere

The projections of the two vectors onto the plane of the sample's surface differ by a reciprocal lattice vector Ghl,

 (3)

Figure 3 shows the construction of the Ewald's sphere and provides examples of the G, khl and ki vectors.

Many of the reciprocal lattice rods meet the diffraction condition, however the RHEED system is designed such that only the low orders of diffraction are incident on the detector. The RHEED pattern at the detector is a projection only of the k vectors that are within the angular range that contains the detector. The size and position of the detector determine which of the diffracted electrons are within the angular range that reaches the detector, so the geometry of the RHEED pattern can be related back to the geometry of the reciprocal lattice of the sample surface through use of trigonometric relations and the distance from the sample to detector.

The k vectors are labeled such that the vector k00 that forms the smallest angle with the sample surface is called the 0th order beam. The 0th order beam is also known as the specular beam. Each successive intersection of a rod and the sphere further from the sample surface is labeled as a higher order reflection.
Because of the way the center of the Ewald's sphere is positioned, the specular beam forms the same angle with the substrate as the incident electron beam. The specular point has the greatest intensity on a RHEED pattern and is labeled as the (00) point by convention. The other points on the RHEED pattern are indexed according to the reflection order they project.

The radius of the Ewald's sphere is much larger than the spacing between reciprocal lattice rods because the incident beam has a very short wavelength due to its high-energy electrons. Rows of reciprocal lattice rods actually intersect the Ewald's sphere as an approximate plane because identical rows of parallel reciprocal lattice rods sit directly in front and behind the single row shown. Figure 3 shows a cross sectional view of a single row of reciprocal lattice rods filling of the diffraction conditions. The reciprocal lattice rods in Figure 3 show the end on view of these planes, which are perpendicular to the computer screen in the figure.

The intersections of these effective planes with the Ewald's sphere forms circles, called Laue circles. The RHEED pattern is a collection of points on the perimeters of concentric Laue circles around the center point. However, interference effects between the diffracted electrons still yield strong intensities at single points on each Laue circle. Figure 4 shows the intersection of one of these planes with the Ewald's Sphere.

The azimuthal angle affects the geometry and intensity of RHEED patterns. The azimuthal angle is the angle at which the incident electrons intersect the ordered crystal lattice on the surface of the sample. Most RHEED systems are equipped with a sample holder that can rotate the crystal around an axis perpendicular to the sample surface. RHEED users rotate the sample to optimize the intensity profiles of patterns. Users generally index at least 2 RHEED scans at different azimuth angles for reliable characterization of the crystal's surface structure. Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of an electron beam incident on the sample at different azimuth angles.

Users sometimes rotate the sample around an axis perpendicular to the sampling surface during RHEED experiments to create a RHEED pattern called the azimuthal plot. Rotating the sample changes the intensity of the diffracted beams due to their dependence on the azimuth angle. RHEED specialists characterize film morphologies by measuring the changes in beam intensity and comparing these changes to theoretical calculations, which can effectively model the dependence of the intensity of diffracted beams on the azimuth angle.

Dynamic scattering analysis

The dynamically, or inelastically, scattered electrons provide several types of information about the sample as well. The brightness or intensity at a point on the detector depends on dynamic scattering, so all analysis involving the intensity must account for dynamic scattering. Some inelastically scattered electrons penetrate the bulk crystal and fulfill Bragg diffraction conditions. These inelastically scattered electrons can reach the detector to yield Kikuchi diffraction patterns, which are useful for calculating diffraction conditions. Kikuchi patterns are characterized by lines connecting the intense diffraction points on a RHEED pattern. Figure 6 shows a RHEED pattern with visible Kikuchi lines.

RHEED system requirements

Electron gun

The electron gun is one of the most important piece of equipment in a RHEED system. The gun limits the resolution and testing limits of the system. Tungsten filaments are the primary electron source for the electron gun of most RHEED systems due to the low work function of tungsten. In the typical setup, the tungsten filament is the cathode and a positively biased anode draws electrons from the tip of the tungsten filament.

The magnitude of the anode bias determines the energy of the incident electrons. The optimal anode bias is dependent upon the type of information desired. At large incident angles, electrons with high energy can penetrate the surface of the sample and degrade the surface sensitivity of the instrument. However, the dimensions of the Laue zones are proportional to the inverse square of the electron energy meaning that more information is recorded at the detector at higher incident electron energies. For general surface characterization, the electron gun is operated the range of 10-30 keV.

In a typical RHEED setup, one magnetic and one electric field focus the incident beam of electrons. A negatively biased Wehnelt electrode positioned between the cathode filament and anode applies a small electric field, which focuses the electrons as they pass through the anode. An adjustable magnetic lens focuses the electrons onto the sample surface after they pass through the anode. A typical RHEED source has a focal length around 50 cm. The beam is focused to the smallest possible point at the detector rather than the sample surface so that the diffraction pattern has the best resolution.

Phosphor screens that exhibit photoluminescence are widely used as detectors. These detectors emit green light from areas where electrons hit their surface and are common to TEM as well. The detector screen is useful for aligning the pattern to an optimal position and intensity. CCD cameras capture the patterns to allow for digital analysis.

Sample surface

The sample surface must be extremely clean for effective RHEED experiments. Contaminants on the sample surface interfere with the electron beam and degrade the quality of the RHEED pattern. RHEED users employ two main techniques to create clean sample surfaces. Small samples can be cleaved in the vacuum chamber prior to RHEED analysis. The newly exposed, cleaved surface is analyzed. Large samples, or those that are not able to be cleaved prior to RHEED analysis can be coated with a passive oxide layer prior to analysis. Subsequent heat treatment under the vacuum of the RHEED chamber removes the oxide layer and exposes the clean sample surface.

Vacuum requirements

Because gas molecules diffract electrons and affect the quality of the electron gun, RHEED experiments are performed under vacuum. The RHEED system must operate at a pressure low enough to prevent significant scattering of the electron beams by gas molecules in the chamber. At electron energies of 10keV, a chamber pressure of 10−5 mbar or lower is necessary to prevent significant scattering of electrons by the background gas. In practice, RHEED systems are operated under ultra high vacuums. The chamber pressure is minimized as much as possible in order to optimize the process. The vacuum conditions limit the types of materials and processes that can be monitored in situ with RHEED.

RHEED patterns of real surfaces

Previous analysis focused only on diffraction from a perfectly flat surface of a crystal surface. However, non-flat surfaces add additional diffraction conditions to RHEED analysis.

Streaked or elongated spots are common to RHEED patterns. As Fig 3 shows, the reciprocal lattice rods with the lowest orders intersect the Ewald sphere at very small angles, so the intersection between the rods and sphere is not a singular point if the sphere and rods have thickness. The incident electron beam diverges and electrons in the beam have a range of energies, so in practice, the Ewald sphere is not infinitely thin as it is theoretically modeled. The reciprocal lattice rods have a finite thickness as well, with their diameters dependent on the quality of the sample surface. Streaks appear in the place of perfect points when broadened rods intersect the Ewald sphere. Diffraction conditions are fulfilled over the entire intersection of the rods with the sphere, yielding elongated points or 'streaks' along the vertical axis of the RHEED pattern. In real cases, streaky RHEED patterns indicate a flat sample surface while the broadening of the streaks indicate small area of coherence on the surface.

Surface features and polycrystalline surfaces add complexity or change RHEED patterns from those from perfectly flat surfaces. Growing films, nucleating particles, crystal twinning, grains of varying size and adsorbed species add complicated diffraction conditions to those of a perfect surface. Superimposed patterns of the substrate and heterogeneous materials, complex interference patterns and degradation of the resolution are characteristic of complex surfaces or those partially covered with heterogeneous materials.

Specialized RHEED techniques

Film growth

RHEED is an extremely popular technique for monitoring the growth of thin films. In particular, RHEED is well suited for use with molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), a process used to form high quality, ultrapure thin films under ultrahigh vacuum growth conditions. The intensities of individual spots on the RHEED pattern fluctuate in a periodic manner as a result of the relative surface coverage of the growing thin film. Figure 8 shows an example of the intensity fluctuating at a single RHEED point during MBE growth.

Each full period corresponds to formation of a single atomic layer thin film. The oscillation period is highly dependent on the material system, electron energy and incident angle, so researchers obtain empirical data to correlate the intensity oscillations and film coverage before using RHEED for monitoring film growth.

Video 1 depicts a metrology instrument recording the RHEED intensity oscillations and deposition rate for process control and analysis.

RHEED-TRAXS
Reflection high energy electron diffraction - total reflection angle X-ray spectroscopy is a technique for monitoring the chemical composition of crystals. RHEED-TRAXS analyzes X-ray spectral lines emitted from a crystal as a result of electrons from a RHEED gun colliding with the surface.

RHEED-TRAXS is preferential to X-ray microanalysis (XMA)(such as EDS and WDS) because the incidence angle of the electrons on the surface is very small, typically less than 5°. As a result, the electrons do not penetrate deeply into the crystal, meaning the X-ray emission is restricted to the top of the crystal, allowing for real-time, in-situ monitoring of surface stoichiometry.

The experimental setup is fairly simple. Electrons are fired onto a sample causing X-ray emission. These X-rays are then detected using a silicon-lithium Si-Li crystal placed behind beryllium windows, used to maintain vacuum.

MCP-RHEED
MCP-RHEED is a system in which an electron beam is amplified by a micro-channel plate (MCP). This system consists of an electron gun and an MCP equipped with a fluorescent screen opposite to the electron gun. Because of the amplification, the intensity of the electron beam can be decreased by several orders of magnitude and the damage to the samples is diminished. This method is used to observe the growth of insulator crystals such as organic films and alkali halide films, which are easily damaged by electron beams.

References

Further reading
Introduction to RHEED, A.S. Arrot, Ultrathin Magnetic Structures I, Springer-Verlag, 1994, pp. 177–220
A Review of the Geometrical Fundamentals of RHEED with Application to Silicon Surfaces, John E. Mahan, Kent M. Geib, G.Y. Robinson, and Robert G. Long, J.V.S.T., A 8, 1990, pp. 3692–3700

Crystallography
Electron spectroscopy
Diffraction
Measuring instruments
X-ray spectroscopy


الحديقة الألفية  تقع في مدينة شيكاغو بولاية ألينوي الأمريكية. افتتحت سنة 2004 وكلفت ما يقارب 500 مليون دولار . تعتبر من أهم المعالم في شيكاغو وتعد مركز ترفيهي وسياحي مشهور يحتوي على العديد من المعالم الفنية ك Cloud Gate و نافورة التاج ومسرح Jay Pritzker Pavilion الذي قام بتصميمه المعماري العالمي الشهير فرانك غيري .

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 2004
تأسيسات سنة 2004 في إلينوي
حدائق
ريتشارد دالي
شيكاغو
متنزهات في شيكاغو
مناطق محمية أسست في 2004

الحديقة الألفية


Dale Archer este doctor în medicină, psihiatru, membru al Asociației Psihiatrice Americane. S-a născut la New Orleans, Louisiana, Statele Unite ale Americii.

Cariera
În 1988, Dr. Dale Archer a fondat Institutul de Neuropsihiatrie din Lake Charles, Louisiana. Clinică ce acum are în componență șase psihiatri și un număr mare de psihologi și terapeuți, care tratează o gamă variată de probleme mentale. Este directorul Departamentului de Psihiatrie al Spitalului Memorial Lake Charles (Lake Charles Memorial Hospital). De asemenea, este consultant psihiatric într-un program care antrenează ofițeri de poliție pentru ca aceștia să își dea seama când au de a face cu persoane ce prezintă disfuncții mentale. Are peste 20 de ani experiență în media, timp în care a fost moderatorul a trei emisiuni de succes la radio și al unui talk-show difuzat pe internet (The Dr. Dale Archer Show). A apărut în majoritatea emisiunilor de știri naționale, discutând pe teme legate de probleme psihice asociate cu evenimente actuale, infracțiuni, politică sau probleme economice.

În anul 2013 a publicat "Better Than Normal: How What Makes You Different Can Make You Exceptional"(Cine a zis să fii normal? Află cum ceea ce te face diferit te poate face excepțional), carte care a devenit un bestseller New York Times. "Cine a zis să fii normal?" este publicată și în limba română.

Linkuri externe
 DrDaleArcher.com, site-ul oficial al Dr. Dale Archer
 Institutul de Neuropsihiatrie din Lake Charles, Louisiana

References

Psihiatri americani
Oameni de televiziune americani
Americani în viață

Dale Archer


Beira Interior Sul alt bölgesi, Portekiz'in Avrupa kıtasında bulunan istatistiki alt bölgelerinden biridir. Centro bölgesinde bulunur.

Belediyeler
Bölgede 4 belediye (Portekizce: concelho) yer almaktadır.

 Castelo Branco
 Idanha-a-Nova
 Penamacor
 Vila Velha de Ródão

Beira Interior Sul


{| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" width="300" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse"
|+
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" |  B12 Vitamini
|- style="border-top: 3px solid gray"
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffddaa" | Genel özellikleri
|-
| bgcolor="#ffeedd" | Kimyasal formülü
C63H88Co1N14O14P1
|-
| bgcolor="#ffeedd" | Moleküler ağırlığı
| 1,355,388 g/mol
|-

B12 vitamini veya kobalamin suda çözünen ve metabolik süreçlerde kullanılan bir vitamindir. B12 vitamini bir hidrojen alıcısı olarak koenzim görevi yapar ve çeşitli metabolizma faaliyetlerini yürütür. En önemli işlevlerinden biri gen kopyalanmasında koenzim olarak görev yapmasıdır. Ayrıca protein sentezi, aneminin önlenmesi, karbonhidrat ve yağ metabolizması için de gereklidir. En büyük ve kompleks yapıya sahip vitaminlerden biri olan B12 8 adet B vitamininden biridir. Siyanür zehirlenmelerinde bir antidot olarak kullanılabilir.

Üretimi
Hiçbir ökaryotik canlı bu maddeyi kendi üretemez. Bu yüzden günümüzde B12'nin endüstriyel üretimi çeşitli bakteriler kullanarak gerçekleştirilir.

Biyosentezi
B12 vitamini aminolevulinic asitini porphobilinogen ve hydroxymethylbilane yoluyla uroporphyrinogen III'e dönüştüren deaminase ve cosynthetase enzimleri ile yaratılan tetrapirrolik yapısal çerçeveden elde edilir. İkincisi heme, klorofil, siroheme ve B12 için ortak olan ilk makrosiklik ara maddedir. Daha sonraki adımlar özellikle yapısına ilave metil gruplarının dahil edilmesi 13C metil etiketli S-adenosil metiyonin kullanılarak araştırıldı. Metilasyonun tam dizisinin ve diğer aşamalarının belirlenebileceği ve böylece yoldaki tüm ara ürünlerin tam kurulabileceği vitaminin biyosentezindeki sekiz genin gen açılımı aşırı ifade edilerek genetik mühendisliği yapılmış Pseudomonas denitrificans şuşu kullanılana kadar gerçekleşmedi.

Aşağıdaki cins ve türlerin B12 sentezlediği bilinmektedir: Propionibacterium shermanii, Pseudomonas denitrificans, Streptomyces griseus, Acetobacterium, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Lactobacillus, Mikromonospora, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Proteus,
Rhizobium, Salmonella, Serratia, Streptococcus ve Xanthomonas.

Endüstriyel üretimi
B12'nin endüstriyel üretimi seçilen mikroorganizmaların fermantasyonuyla yapılır. Bir zamanlar mantar olduğu düşünülen Streptomyces griseus bakterisi uzun yıllar B12 vitamininin ticari kaynağıydı. Pseudomonas denitrificans ve Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. türleri günümüzde daha yaygın olarak "shermanii" kullanılır. Bunlar verimi artırmak için özel koşullar altında yetiştirilir. Rhone-Poulenc genetik mühendisliği  P. denitrificans yoluyla verimi artırdı. Propionibacterium diğer yaygın olarak kullanılan bakteriler ekzotoksin veya endotoksin üretmez ve genellikle güvenli kabul edilirler ki bunlara Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi tarafından GRAS statüsü verilmiştir.
2008 yılında toplam B12 vitamini dünya üretimi 35,000 kg (77.175 lb) idi.

Laboratuvarda üretimi
Tam laboratuvar ortamında vitamin B12 sentezi 1972'de Robert Burns Woodward ve Albert Eschenmoser tarafından sağlandı ve organik sentezin klasik başarılarından biri olmaya devam etmekte olup ve doktora sonrası 91 arkadaşının (çoğunlukla Harvard'da) ve 19 ülkeden 12 doktora öğrencisinin (ETH Zurich ile) çabasını gerektirdi. Araştırma grupları yalnızca kimyasal dönüşümü B12 vitaminine önceden bildirilmiş olan bilinen ara kobirik asidi hazırladığından sentez resmi bir toplam sentez oluşturur. Çok entelektüel bir başarı oluştursa da Eschenmoser-Woodward B12 vitamini sentezinin uzunluğu 72 kimyasal adım atması ve 0.01%'in çok altında kimyasal verimi nedeniyle pratik bir sonucu yoktur. Ve 1972'den beri düzensiz sentetik çabalar olmasına rağmen Eschenmoser-Woodward sentezi tek tamamlanmış (biçimsel) toplam sentez olmaya devam etmektedir.

Kaynakları
Bakteriler ve arkeler bu vitamini üretirler. İnsanların bağırsak florasında bulunan bazı bakteriler de bunu gerçekleştirir, ancak bu işlem kalın bağırsakta, bu vitaminin emildiği ince bağırsaktan uzak bir bölgede yapılır. Bu yüzden insanlar bu vitamini dışarıdan almak zorundadır. İnek gibi gevişgetiren hayvanlar ile diğer hayvanlarda ise emilim gerçekleştirilebilir.

Hayvansal
Hayvanlar B12'yi kas ve karaciğer dokularında depolarlar ve bazıları bu vitamini yumurtalarına ve sütlerine de geçirir. Bu yüzden et, sakatat, yumurta ve süt genellikle insanlar ve diğer hayvanlar için en temel B12 kaynaklarından biri olarak görülür. Böcek tüketimi de B12 ihtiyacını karşılayabilir. Karaciğer, midye, dana, kuzu, tavuk ve hindi eti, balık ve yengeçler, en yüksek oranda B12 ihtiva eden besin kaynaklarıdır.

Bitkisel

Bitkiler ve algler de B12 içerebilir. Tempeh gibi fermente bitkisel ürünlerin ve nori gibi deniz yosunlarınin B12 içerdiği bulunmuştur. Buna rağmen tıp literatürünce B12 takviyesi olarak pazarlanan Spirulina gibi ürünlerin ve bazı bitkilerin insanlarda bu vitamin ihtiyacını karşılamak için kullanılamayacağı düşünülmektedir. Bunun en büyük nedeni bu maddelerin ya B12 vitaminin aktif olmayan bir formunu içermesi, ya da işleme sürecinde vitaminin kaybolmasıdır. Chlorella vulgaris insanlar tarafından kullanılabilen metilkobalamin içeren sayılı bitkisel kaynaktan biridir.

Bu vitamini kendi üretebilen tek kaynak bakteriler olduğu için tüm bitkisel kaynaklar aslında bakteri ve bitkinin simbiyotik bir ilişkisi sonucu veya fermantasyon yolu ile B12'ye sahiptir.

Takviyeler
Günümüzde pek çok ürün çeşitli formlarda B12 takviyesi olarak pazarlanır. Multivitamin hapları ve bazı özel durumlarda B12 enjeksiyonları buna bir örnektir. Ayrıca enerji içecekleri, kahvaltılık gevrekler, maya takviyeleri ve soya ürünleri genellikle bu vitamin ile zenginleştirilir. Yüksek oranda B12 alımının, özellikle sigara içen erkek bireylerde akciğer kanseri riskini arttırdığı bulunmuştur ancak bunun yüksek alım yerine kanserin B12 metobolizması üzerindeki etkileri sonucu oluştuğu düşünülmektedir.

B12 eksikliği

Nedenler

Diyet, bu vitaminin eksikliğine neden olan başlıca nedenlerden biridir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde yaşayan hepçil bireylerde B12 eksikliği sık görülmeyen bir durumdur. Buna rağmen B12 takviyesi kullanmayan vejetaryenlerin %40 ila %80'inde B12 eksikliği yaşadığı bulunmuştur. Bu yüzden çoğunlukla bitkisel kaynaklarla beslenen vegan veya vejetaryen kişilerin B12 vitamini içeren takviyeler kullanmaları gerekebilir ve önerilir.

B12 eksikliğinde mide parietal hücrelerinin "intrinsik faktör" adı verilen glikoproteini sentezleyememesi de önemli bir neden olabilir. İntrensek faktör, B12 vitaminine bağlanarak bağırsaktan emilimini sağlar.

Semptomlar
B12 vitamini megaloblastik anemiyi önlemek için gereklidir, alyuvar üretiminde folik asitin (B9) düzenlenmesine yardım eder ve demir kullanımına yardımcı olur. B12 vitamini sinir tahribatını önler, doğurganlığı sağlar, hücre oluşumunu ve uzun yaşamasını sağlar, sinir uçlarının normal gelişimini kolaylaştırır, hafızanın güçlenmesine ve öğrenmeye yardım eder.

Bu vitaminin eksikliğinde yürüme bozukluğu, kronik yorgunluk, depresyon, sindirim bozuklukları, bayılmalar, mide bulantısı, kusma, fazla gaz çıkarma, baş dönmesi, uyku hali, karaciğer büyümesi, göz bozuklukları, halüsinasyonlar, baş ağrıları, dil enfeksiyonu, huzursuzluk, zor nefes alma, hafıza kaybı, sinirsel bozulmalar, kalp çarpıntısı, kansızlık, kulaklarda çınlama, omurilik yıpranması gibi rahatsızlıklar görülebilir. B12 vitamini eksikliği çoğu kez kalın sinir liflerinin miyelin kaybına neden olur. Bunun bir sonucu olarak birçok insanda dış duyu kaybı fazladır ve şiddetli vakalarda felç olması bile olasıdır.

Laboratuvar teşhisleri
B12 vitamini eksikliği için altın standart bir test olmadığından, şüphelenilen tanıyı doğrulamak için birkaç farklı laboratuvar testi yapılır.

B12 vitamini serum değeri oldukça uygun değildir çünkü geç değişir ve ayrıca nispeten duyarsız ve spesifik değildir.

İdrar veya kan plazmasındaki metilmalonik asit, B12 vitamini depoları tükendiğinde artan fonksiyonel bir B12 vitamini belirteci olarak kabul edilir.  Bununla birlikte, yüksek metilmalonik asit seviyeleri, sıklıkla gözden kaçan metabolik bozukluk olan kombine malonik ve metilmalonik asidüriyi (CMAMMA) de gösterebilir.

B12 vitamini eksikliğinin en erken belirteci, B12 vitamini ve taşıma proteininden oluşan bir kompleks olan holotranskobalamin (holoTC) seviyelerinin düşük olmasıdır.

Kaynakça

B vitaminleri
Koenzimler

B12 vitamini


Les bibliothèques clandestines, aussi appelées bibliothèques fantômes ou librairies clandestines sont des bases de données en ligne mettant à disposition du contenu normalement difficilement disponible, en raison de son coût, de droits d'auteurs, ou de limitations telles que des paywalls. Ces bibliothèques parallèles sont généralement constituées d'informations textuelles comme dans les livres numériques, mais peuvent également inclure d'autres médias numériques, notamment des logiciels, de la musique ou des films. Elles constituent un exemple typique de violation du droit d'auteur à grande échelle.

Parmi les exemples de bibliothèques fantômes, Library Genesis, Z-Library et Sci-Hub sont des bibliothèques fantômes universitaires populaires.

Les bibliothèques clandestines désignent aussi les bibliothèques qui se développent illégalement dans les régimes autoritaires pour lutter contre la censure et l'oppression. Elles constituent une résistance non-violente face au régime autoritaire et permettent, aux usagers, d'apprendre à lire, de s'instruire, de se divertir, de se sociabiliser et de se cultiver.

Principe

L'une des principales motivations de la création de bibliothèques fantômes est de diffuser plus facilement le contenu académique, en particulier les articles des revues universitaires. La littérature académique est devenue de plus en plus chère, car les coûts d'accès à l'information créée par les universitaires ont augmenté de façon spectaculaire, en particulier le coût des livres.

La crise des publications a également donné naissance à un mouvement politique international concerté visant à rendre le savoir académique gratuit ou très bon marché, connu sous le nom de mouvement Open Access. Le mouvement Open Access s'efforce de publier des revues dont l'accès est gratuit (connues sous le nom de revues en libre accès) et des dépôts en libre accès d'articles de revues académiques publiés ailleurs. Cependant, de nombreuses revues en libre accès exigent que les universitaires paient des frais pour être publiés dans une revue en libre accès, ce qui dissuade les universitaires de publier dans de telles revues.

De nombreux universitaires approuvent tacitement le mouvement Open Access : puisque les universitaires sont rarement rémunérés par les éditeurs pour leur travail, que celui-ci soit publié dans une revue en libre accès ou dans une revue à prix conventionnel, ils ne sont guère incités à désavouer les bibliothèques parallèles. Par ailleurs, les bibliothèques parallèles augmentent considérablement l'impact et la visibilité des travaux universitaires : selon une étude de l'université Cornell, les articles qui se trouvent sur Sci-hub reçoivent 1,72 fois plus de citations que les articles de revues de qualité similaire qui ne sont pas disponibles sur Sci-hub.

Légalité
La quasi-totalité du contenu hébergé par les bibliothèques parallèles l'est sans le consentement des propriétaires originaux du matériel. Cela rend la plupart des bibliothèques parallèles illégales ; toutefois, comme les chercheurs ne sont pas tenus de divulguer les moyens par lesquels ils accèdent au matériel universitaire, il est difficile de surveiller l'utilisation de documents universitaires consultés illégalement.

Il n'existe pas de consensus entre les autorités juridiques des États-Unis et d'Europe sur la question de savoir dans quelle mesure la publicité pour les bibliothèques parallèles constitue une infraction pénale, ni pour indiquer s'il est permis aux universitaires de fournir directement des liens vers des bibliothèques parallèles, bien que des menaces d'action en justice par des éditeurs universitaires concernant de telles références se soient produites dans des incidents isolés. Les actions en justice contre les chercheurs restent rares.

Alors que la plupart des universitaires ne sont pas pénalisés pour avoir distribué leurs travaux publiés de manière indépendante et libre (ce qui évite le besoin de bibliothèques parallèles), plusieurs éditeurs universitaires menacent cependant ces universitaires de poursuites judiciaires.

Lutte contre les plateformes de diffusion des contrefaçons
Le , à la suite d'une plainte, initiée en  par le Syndicat national de l'édition – associé à plusieurs groupes et maisons d'édition – la 15ème chambre correctionnelle du tribunal judiciaire de Nanterre condamne des responsables du site Team AlexandriZ pour contrefaçon, en retenant la circonstance aggravante de bande organisée.

Le , à la suite d'une action judiciaire menée au civil, dans le cadre d'une procédure accélérée et initiée le  par le Syndicat national de l'édition – associé aux groupes et maisons d'édition Actes Sud, Albin Michel, Cairn, Editis, Hachette Livre, Humensis, Lefebvre Sarrut, LexisNexis, Madrigall, Maison des Langues, Odile Jacob, et les Presses de Sciences Po – le tribunal judiciaire de Paris ordonne aux fournisseur d'accès à Internet de bloquer l'accès aux sites de Z-Library.

Quelques exemples de bibliothèques clandestines

La bibliothèque clandestine à Daraya en Syrie.
A Daraya, l'un des sièges du berceau de la révolution en Syrie, une bibliothèque clandestine a été créée pendant le siège de la ville par le régime de Bachar el-Assad. Les fondateurs de la bibliothèque choisissent les réseaux sociaux pour démentir  la version officielle du régime qui affirme que la ville de Daraya n'est occupée que par des terroristes. Les fondateurs se réclament de la troisième voie, qui serait, ni celle du terrorisme, ni celle du régime de Bachar el-Assad. Ils aspirent à une Syrie libre et démocratique. Ils publient une photographie de la bibliothèque sur la page Facebook de l'association Humans Of Syria le 21 octobre 2015. À la suite de cette publication, la journaliste Delphine Minoui parvient à contacter les fondateurs de la bibliothèque et à raconter leurs histoires dans le livre Les passeurs de livres de Daraya puis dans le documentaire Daraya, la bibliothèque sous les bombes.

Les fondateurs ont choisi de ne pas prendre les armes pour lutter contre le régime mais de rassembler des livres pour lutter contre la censure. Ils ramassent dans les maisons abandonnées ou détruites plus de 15 000 livres et constituent dans un sous-sol cette bibliothèque clandestine. Les fondateurs ont soigneusement, dans chacun des livres, noté les noms des propriétaires afin de pouvoir leur restituer plus tard. Malgré la ville assiégée et les conditions de vie extrêmement difficiles, les fondateurs ressentent un sentiment de liberté, car, pour la première fois, ils peuvent choisir leurs livres. Ils découvrent de nouveaux auteurs et comptent dans la collection des ouvrages théologiques, de sciences sociales, politiques, littéraires. Parmi les livres, les recueils de poèmes de Mahmoud Darwich, l'Alchimiste de Paulo Coelho ou l'ouvrage sur le développement personnel américain Les Sept habitudes des gens efficaces de Steven Covey .

Cette bibliothèque devient un laboratoire d'expérience démocratique où les usagers apprennent à lire, peuvent prendre des cours d'anglais et découvrent pour la première fois des livres qui étaient jusqu'alors censurés. C'est un espace de débat démocratique où l'on parvient à echanger sur Skype avec les opposants en exil, où on invente des slogans et des journaux. Le fonctionnement de cette bibliothèque clandestine est régi par un règlement à l'entrée : rapporter les livres, ne pas parler trop fort.

À la suite de l'accord du 25 août 2016, les assiégés acceptent de quitter la ville, la bibliothèque est alors saccagée par les soldats du régime de Bachar el-Assad.

La bibliothèque clandestine à Kaboul en Afghanistan
Des militantes activistes afghanes ont ouvert le 24 août 2022 la bibliothèque Zan (pour femmes) pour s'opposer aux lois du régime taliban qui prive les femmes de scolarisation à l'école secondaire. L'idée d'ouvrir cette bibliothèque est née sur les réseaux sociaux, Zholia Parsi, dirigeante du Mouvement spontané des femmes , est l'une de ces fondatrices. Cette bibliothèque clandestine est un lieu de refuge, de sociabilisation et d'éducation pour les femmes qui ne sont plus scolarisées et celles qui ont perdu leur emploi. La bibliothèque contient de 1000 livres à 2100 livres : romans, ouvrages politiques, sociaux, documentaires. Ces livres proviennent de dons d'enseignants, de poètes, d'auteurs à la fondation Crystal Bayat qui lutte pour défendre les droits des femmes afghanes.

La bibliothèque clandestine à Auschwitz-Birkenau de 1943 à 1944
Une bibliothèque clandestine s'est développée dans le camp d'Auschwitz-Birkenau au Bloc 31 dirigé par Fredy Hirsch. Il nomme Dita Kraus, alors âgée de 15 ans, et un garçon, bibliothécaires, afin de cacher et de gérer la collection. Cette collection provient des bagages des prisonniers, elle est composée de 12 à 14 livres dont Une courte histoire du monde de H.G. Wells. Les personnes chargées de s'occuper des enfants leur apprennent l'alphabet grâce aux livres prêtés par Dita Kraus. Cette bibliothèque clandestine et la vie de Dita Kraus ont inspiré le roman d'Antonio Iturbe La Bibliothécaire d'Auschwitz. Dita Kraus publie en 2020 ses mémoires dans son ouvrage : Moi, Dita Kraus, la bibliothécaire d'Auschwitz.

La bibliothèque clandestine à Mauthausen en 1943
La bibliothèque clandestine du camp de concentration de Mauthausen est fondée en 1943  par Joan Tarrago qui rassemble dans un placard près de 200 ouvrages dont des œuvres de Émile Zola, Victor Hugo, Fyodor Dostoyevsky et Maxim Gorky.

En septembre 2019, le documentaire Joan Tarragó : le bibliothécaire de Mauthausen, produit par Fernando García Blottiere, a été diffusé sur TVE.

Articles connexes
 ICanHazPDF
 Library Genesis
 Sci-Hub
 Z-Library

Références

Libre accès en science
Science ouverte
Sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques
Base de données bibliographiques en libre accès
Base de données bibliographiques
Base de données bibliographiques sur Internet
Édition électronique

Bibliothèque clandestine


عبد العزيز بن الطاهر بن الحاج عمر الزغلامي (1918-2008)، قاضي ورجل دين تونسي.

ولد صبيحة الأربعاء الفاتح من ربيع الثاني 1338 هجري الموافق له 24 ديسمبر 1918 بسيدي أحمد الصالح معتمدية القلعة الخصباء من ولاية الكاف. توفي يوم الخميس 13 ذو الحجة 1429 الموافق له 11 ديسمبر 2008 بتونس العاصمة. نشأ في أسرة عريقة عرفت بالورع والوطنية. حفظ القرآن الكريم والتحق بجامع الزيتونة المعمور بالعاصمة فنال بامتياز شهادات الأهلية والتحصيل والعالمية في أصول الدين، كما زاول تعلمه بالمدرسة العليا للحقوق التونسية.

تولى التدريس بالفرع الزيتوني بالكاف ثم خطة الافتاء بها ليباشر بعدها القضاء الشرعي بكل من عين دراهم والكاف. درس بجامع الزيتونة المعمور منذ إعادة فتحه بعد 1980 كما دعي للتدريس كأستاذ محاضر بصفة معاون خارجي بكل من المعهد الأعلى للشريعة والمعهد الأعلى لأصول الدين، وذلك طيلة سبع سنوات متتالية كلف خلالها بإلقاء محاضرات في عدد من المواد الأساسية لطلبتي المرحلة الثانية والثالثة. تدرج في مختلف الخطط والوظائف العدلية منها مستشار بتونس فقاض باللجنة الجهوية لتصفية الأحباس بولاية تونس والأحواز فوكيل لرئيس المحكمة العقارية فمستشار بمحكمة التعقيب إلى أن عين رئيس دائرة بها حتى إحالته على الراحة في موفى ديسمبر 1989.

تولى خطة إمام خطيب بالجامع الكبير بالكاف ثم بداية من ماي 1960 انتقل بنفس الخطة إلى جامع الزيتونة الصغير المعروف بالزرارعية وهو لا زال إلى حد اليوم يشغل هذه الخطة. اختير في 9 حانفي 1989 عضوا بالمجلس الإسلامي الأعلى. في 26 جويلية 1993 عينه رئيس الجمهورية رئيسا شرفيا بمحكمة التعقيب. مثّل تونس في عدة ملتقيات دولية وفقهية وشرعية. كما شارك بصفة فعلية في عدة ملتقيات علمية دولية بمختلف العواصم العربية مثل المدينة المنورة، مكة المكرمة، القاهرة، مدينة الجزائر، أبوظبي، بغداد، والمدن الأوروبية مثل باريس، ليون، قرطبة، غرناطة، وذلك بإلقاء المحاضرات والمداخلات بطلب من منظميها.كلف من قبل وزارة الحج والأوقاف (وزارة الحج والعمرة حاليا) بالمملكة العربية السعودية بإلقاء محاضرة نيابة عن تونس في موضوع تحدي الفقر وذلك خلال موسم الحج لعام 1409 هـ الموافق لـ1989م. اختير لتمثيل تونس في أعمال اللجنة التحضيرية للاجتماع الإسلامي الثاني المكلف بإنهاء الحرب بين العراق وإيران والتي انعقدت ببغداد من 22 إلى 25 أفريل 1985.

نضاله في تونس
انضم منذ شبابه بالحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد وساهم في الحركة الوطنية إذ رغم توليه القضاء لم يتوان عن تلبية نداء الواجب فحوّل بمعية رفاقه منطقة الكاف إلى أحد أكبر معاقل الحركة الوطنية إذ زيادة على المحاضرات والدروس الوطنية التي كان يلقيها بصفة دورية في مختلف مناطق الجمهورية بتكليف من القيادة المركزية للحزب فقد شارك في تنظيم الاجتماعات الوطنية والدعوة إلى المقاومة وجمع التبرعات والأسلحة ونقلها إلى المقاومين المجاهدين وكان يتولى ربط الصلة بينهم وبين القيادة المركزية بالعاصمة مستغلا في ذلك الحصانة التي تمنحها له صفته كقاض فسخر سيارته الوظيفية لنقل المفرقعات والأسلحة والادوية إلى المقاومين كما شارك ضمن الوفد السري الذي قابل محمد الأمين بأي إثر حوادث تازركة علما أن هذه الواقعة ثابتة جميعها بالشهادات المكتوبة الصادرة عن كبار قادة الحزب والمقاومة المسلحة والمودعة بالمركز الوطني للحركة الوطنية. أسند إليه وساما الاستقلال والجمهورية من الصنف الثالث: جزاء لجليل أعماله من أجل تحرير الوطن واسترجاع عزته وكرامته (كما جاء ذلك في خاتمة وسام الاستقلال)

نضاله خارج تونس
قام بجولة عامة في كامل القطر الجزائري. كان يمد المجاهدين بالعون المادي وتحريض الشعب التونسي على المقاومة مع الحركة الجزائرية وذهب إلى فرنسا في ذي الحجة 1375 هـ الموافق له جويلية 1956م لإزالة الخلاف بين جماعة مصالي الحاج وجبهة التحرير كما كان يحرض الشعب التونسي في كل خطبة جمعة في الجامع الكبير بالكاف وبجامع الزرارعية بالعاصمة وكان في مسيرته النضالية دائم الاحتكاك بالعلماء والمناضلين ومن بينهم المشائخ الأجلاء عبد الحميد بن باديس ومحمد البشير الإبراهيمي والعربي التبسي وبلقاسم الزغداني وعبد الرحمان شيبان والنعيمي وأحمد خير الدين والطاهر الحراث والشاذلي المكي ومحمد الأكحل شرفاء وبيوض وغيرهم.

المغرب
سافر إلى المغرب حيث قام بزيارة معظم مدنها كفاس ومكناس والدار البيضاء والرباط وغيرها، وكان له صلة بعلال الفاسي زعيم حزب الاستقلال والحاج إبراهيم الكتاني من علماء المغرب وزعمائها الذي قاد مظاهرة يوم اغتيال فرحات حشاد بالرباط وحكم عليه بالسجن سنة 1952 م.

ليبيا
قام بزيارة الشقيقة ليبيا وكان يدعو في جميع الاجتماعات والمؤتمرات إلى تحرير ليبيا من الفاشية.

قضية فلسطين
كانت هذه القضية شغله الشاغل حيث شارك إلى جانب الشعب التونسي في المظاهرات التي نظمت سنة 1355 هـ 1936م ضد الانتداب الانقليزي، بالإضافة إلى دعوته المتواصلة للدفاع عن هذه القضية من خلال الخطب الجمعية وفي الندوات والمؤتمرات سواء بالشرق أو الغرب. زار فلسطين سنة 1383 هـ 1963م والأردن ولبنان وسوريا وله علاقات بأهل سوريا وعلمائها أبرزهم الدكتور مصطفى السباعي رئيس قسم الفقه الإسلامي ومذاهبه في جامعة دمشق.

حاصلون على الصنف الثالث من وسام الاستقلال (تونس)
زيتونيون
فقهاء تونسيون
قضاة تونسيون
مواليد 1338 هـ
مواليد 1918
وفيات 2008

عبد العزيز الزغلامي


En gravitationel bindingsenergi  er den minimale energi som skal tilføres til et system for, at systemet ophører med at eksistere i et gravitationelt bundet tilstand. Et gravitationelt bundet system har en lavere (fx, mere negativ) gravitationspotential energi, end summen af dets dele - det er hvad som holder systemet bundet (aggregeret) i overensstemmelse med princippet om minimum total potential energi.

De størst kendte strukturer i det observerbare univers, der er bundet via gravitation, er superhobe.

Eksempel med kugle
For en kugleformet masse med ensartet massefylde, er den gravitationelle bindingsenergi U i Joule givet ved formlen

hvor G den universelle gravitationskonstant, M er massen af kuglen i kg, og R er kuglens radius i meter.

Se også
Nordtvedt-effekt

Kilder/referencer

Bindingsenergi
Vekselvirkning
Bindingsenergi

Gravitationel bindingsenergi


Toponimicul Goru se poate referi la una din denumirile geografice de mai jos,

Denumiri geografice

Africa de Sud
 Goru (râu, Africa de Sud), Limpopoprovinsen, coordonate .

România
 Râul Goru, curs de apă, afluent al râului Zăbala.
 Muntele Goru, arie protejată de interes național ce corespunde categoriei a IV-a IUCN (rezervație naturală de tip mixt) situată în județul Vrancea, pe teritoriul administrativ al comunei Năruja.
 Vârful Goru, Munții Vrancei — — vârful cel mai înalt din Munții Vrancei, cu altitudinea de 1.785 metri.

Sudanul de Sud
 Goru sau Ghoru (munte), masiv montan din statul (vilaietul) Equatoria de Est, coordonate  .

Alte variațiuni ale numelui
 Gorun (dezambiguizare)
 Goruni (dezambiguizare)
 Gorunești (dezambiguizare)
 Goruna
 Gorunaka

Nume proprii

Goru (dezambiguizare)


A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.

Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Shewanella oneidensis and Yersinia pestis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes.

It has been observed that in mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that underwent mutations to be either obligate aerobes or anaerobes, there were varying levels of chromatin-remodeling proteins. The obligate aerobes were later found to have a defective DNA gyrase subunit A gene (gyrA), while obligate anaerobes were defective in topoisomerase I (topI). This indicates that topoisomerase I and its associated relaxation of chromosomal DNA is required for transcription of genes required for aerobic growth, while the opposite is true for DNA gyrase. Additionally, in Escherichia coli K-12 it has been noted that phosphofructokinase (PFK) exists as a dimer under aerobic conditions and as a tetramer under anaerobic conditions. Given PFK's role in glycolysis, this has implications for the effect of oxygen on the glucose metabolism of E. coli K-12 in relation to the mechanism of the Pasteur effect.

There may exist a core network of transcription factors (TFs) that includes the major oxygen-responsive ArcA and FNR control the adaptation of Escherichia coli to changes in oxygen availability. Activities of these two regulators are indicative of spatial effects that may affect gene expression in the microaerobic range. It has also been observed that these oxygen-sensitive proteins are protected within the cytoplasm by oxygen consumers within the cell membrane, known as terminal oxidases.

Functions
Facultative anaerobes are able to grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen due to the expression of both aerobic and anaerobic respiratory chains using either oxygen or an alternative electron acceptor. For example, in the absence of oxygen, E. coli can use fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, dimethyl sulfoxide, or trimethylamine oxide as an electron acceptor. This flexibility allows facultative anaerobes to survive in a number of environments, and in environments with frequently changing conditions.

Several species of protists use a facultative anaerobic metabolism to enhance their ATP production, and some can produce dihydrogen through this process.

As pathogens
Since facultative anaerobes are able to grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen, they can survive in many different environments, adapt easily to changing conditions, and thus have a selective advantage over other bacteria. As a result, most life-threatening pathogens are facultative anaerobes.

The ability of facultative anaerobic pathogens to survive without oxygen is important since their infection is shown to reduce oxygen levels in their host's gut tissue. Moreover, the ability of facultative anaerobes to limit oxygen levels at infection sites is beneficial to them and other bacteria, as dioxygen can form reactive oxygen species (ROS). These species are toxic to bacteria and can damage their DNA, among other constituents.

See also
 Aerobic respiration
 Anaerobic respiration
 Fermentation
 Obligate aerobe
 Obligate anaerobe
 Microaerophile

References

External links
 Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria
 Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
 Anaerobic Bacteria and Anaerobic Bacteria in the decomposition (stabilization) of organic matter.

Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration

Facultative anaerobic organism


Epacridoideae (sin. Styphelioideae), biljna potporodica, dio porodice vrjesovki. Opisana je 1829. godine. Tipični rod je epakris (Epacris) čijih pedesetak vrsta rastu po Australiji i Novom Zelandu

Vrste u potporodici Epacridoideae prvobitno su smještene u potporodicu Styphelioideae. Međutim, promjena botaničkih pravila nomenklature iz 2012. godine učinila je ovu klasifikaciju nevažećom, a naziv potporodicee promijenjen je u Epacridoideae.

Tribusi
 Archerieae Crayn & Quinn
 Cosmelieae Crayn & Quinn
 Epacrideae Dumort.
 Oligarrheneae Crayn & Quinn
 Prionoteae Drude
 Richeeae Crayn & Quinn
 Styphelieae Bartl.

Sinonimi
 Styphelioideae Sweet

Izvori

Vrjesovke

Epacridoideae


Caity Marie Lotz, (født den 30. december 1986 i San Diego, Californien), er en amerikansk skuedespiller, danser, sanger og model.

Caity Lotz begyndte sin karriere som danser og har deltaget i turnéer sammen med Avril Lavigne og Lady Gaga. 2005 gik hun med i musikgruppen Soccx, som i 2006–2008 havde en betydelig succes.

Hendes skuespiller debut gjorde hun 2006 i Bring It On: All or Nothing, en cheerleader-film. Senere kan nævnes Horror FilmThe Pact fra 2012, og rollen som Sara Lance i tv-serien Arrow (2012-) og i serien Legends of tomorrow (2016-).

Filmografi
 Battle Of The Year (2013)
 Arrow
 Legends of Tomorrow (2016)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA

Caity Lotz


Jean-Baptiste Gomont Diagou (?-2012), un homme politique ivoirien ;
 Maurice-Augustin Gomont (1839-1909), un botaniste et un peintre français ;
 Pierre-Henry Gomont (1978-), un auteur de bande dessinée français.

 Gomont, une commune française située dans le département des Ardennes, en région Grand Est.

Voir aussi
 Marly-Gomont, une commune française située dans le département de l'Aisne, en région Hauts-de-France
 Marly-Gomont, une chanson du rappeur et humoriste français Kamini, sortie le 24 novembre 2006

Gomont (homonymie)


Singlefjorden er en omkring 25 kilometer lang fjord i Viken  fylke i Norge, nær grænsen til Sverige. Den ligger hovedsagelig øst for Hvaler. Helt ved rigsgrænsen strækker den smalle Ringdalsfjorden sig østover mod Halden og så videre mod syd  langs rigsgrænsen som Iddefjorden. Singlefjorden strækker sig mod Oslofjorden i vest og modtager en del vand fra elven  Glomma, som munder ud ved Fredrikstad.

Bortset fra Iddefjorden er andre mindre fjordarme Skjebergkilen, som går nordover til Skjeberg, Røsneskilen og Tosekilen.

Fjorde i Viken
Hvaler kommune
Sarpsborg
Fredrikstad
Vikens geografi

Singlefjorden


Stjepan Đukić Pišta (Lozan, 5. prosinca 1949.) hrvatski portretist, slikar, kipar, scenarist, ilustrator – akademski umjetnik.

Već od najranije dobi, na početcima svojega slikarskog puta i sazrijevanja Stjepan Đukić Pišta spontano otkrivao svoje stvaralačke izvore, njihovu harmoniju koja humanizira svijet, dajući mu ljepotu našeg i njegovoga osobnog postojanja. Sa 16 godina odlazi u Zagreb sa željom da nastavi usavršavanje u likovnoj umjetnosti. Nakon dvije godine hrabrenja i priprema, 1971. upisuje studij slikarstva na Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu.

Na žalost iste godine dogodila se prometna nesreća s teškim posljedicama koje su ga udaljile od studija. Nakon ozdravljenja, nastavlja studij na Akademiji gdje upoznaje izuzetne profesore i pedagoge Ferdinanda Kulmera, Šimu Perića, Nikolu Reisera i Miljenka Stančića kod kojega boravi u slikarskoj klasi na trećoj godini studija. Tijekom studija Stjepan spoznaje svoju snažnu unutarnju imaginaciju i svijet koji ga okružuje, njegove poveznice i suprotnosti koje se prepliću, izbijajući na površinu kao snažni eho emotivnih sadržaja koje želi likovno realizirati. Godine 1974. prekida studij i odlazi na studijsko putovanje u Tawongu u Australiji.

Sljedeće godine vraća se u Zagreb, gdje se vraća studiju i uz nekoliko prekida zbog životnih okolnosti, završava akademsko obrazovanje 1985. godine.

S velikom strašču i energijom započinje rad na nekoliko ciklusa slika i sliko-reljefa velikih formata, kao originalne tehnike. Od 1986. do danas profesionalno se bavi likovnim radom. Član je Hrvatskog društva likovnih umjetnika (HDLU). Intenzivno izlaže na mnogobrojnim samostalnim i skupnim izložbama u zemlji i svijetu, te izvodi vrlo zahtjevne likovne kompozicije u sakralnim objektima diljem Hrvatske. Posebnost Đukićevog likovog rada su portreti, gdje se potvrdio uvjerljivošću i slikarskom ekspresivnošću, spontanošću i likovnom gestualnošću kao jedan od najzanimljivijih hrvatskih portretista.

Likovna kritika i poznati svjetski galeristi brzo ga otkrivaju, pa mu poznata Agora Gallery iz New Yorka 1997. godine, kao svome specijalnom gostu, priređuje samostalnu izložbu odabranih radova.

Godine 2000. dobitnik je "Zlatne arene" Silvestri Art Directory za ciklus "Bezvremena obzorja" kao najuspješniji virtualni debitant za 2001. godinu, izabran među deset tisuća autora. Nakon "Zlatne arene" uslijedile su stotine ponuda iz svijeta raznih ponudbenih paketa, festivala i galerija, što je za njega, kao slobodnog umjetnika bilo veliko priznanje.

U Australiji postaje članom WAG udruge koja okuplja oko tisuću tristo umjetnika iz cijelog svijeta. Izlaže svoje radove u prestižnim svjetskim galerijama (Tawonga, Brisbane, Milano, New York, Sydney, Melbourne, Cousy Le Chateau, Gold Coast, Pech, ... ) kao i mnogobrojnim zagrebačkim i hrvatskim galerijama. Danas živi i radi u Velikom Trgovišću.

Rad ukratko

 Pišta je autor preko 1.500 portreta domaćih i stranih ličnosti iz različitih društvenih sfera
 Izradio je 13 likovnih ciklusa
 Naslikao je više od 100 pejzaža
 Njegova djela nalaze se i u sakralnim objektima diljem Hrvatske
 Publici u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj poznat je i kao voditelj iznimno uspješne emisije "Paleta portreta" koja se emitirala na VTV-u (Varaždinskoj televiziji), te kao voditelj radijske emisije "Zeleno u boji" koja se emitira na RHZK (Radio Hrvatsko zagorje Krapina)

Izvori
 Životopis
 Hrvatsko društvo likovnih umjetnika

Hrvatski slikari

Stjepan Đukić Pišta


عبد الله أحمد ممثل سعودي، خريج قانون من جامعة الملك سعود، بدايته كممثل في مسلسل 37 درجة مئوية عام 2009  كما سبق له العمل في إخراج الأفلام القصيرة ومازال يعمل كممثل ومخرج وكاتب سيناريو.

التمثيل

المسلسلات التلفزيونية
 37 درجة مئوية - جزئين.
 كوميدو.
 أم الحالة 2
 النشرة ال... (2013)
 هذا حنا. (2013)
 فايف جي - جزئين
 عالفرن (2015)
 المدينة الفاصلة (2017)
 وصية بدر (2020)
 الديك الأزرق (2021)
 كروموسوم (2021)
 سكر سادة (2022)

المسلسلات الإذاعية
 العزبة - جزئين
 فرقة عطالله

الأفلام
مثل في عدد من الأفلام السعودية القصيرة :
 طريقة صعبة - فيلم قصير
 مطر - فيلم قصير
 عايش - فيلم قصير
 كورة.. حبيبتي ؟ - فيلم قصير
 وينك ؟ - فيلم قصير
 فاصلة ونقطة - فيلم قصير
 مفاجئة لينا - فيلم قصير
 جناح الضيافة - فيلم قصير

الإخراج

أفلام قصيرة
 الهامس للقمر (2008)
 الموعد (2009)
 المغزى أو كيف نظرت إلى نفسي في المرآة (2010)
 كورة... حبيبتي؟! (2011)
 نص دجاجة (2013)

أعمال تلفزيونية
 فايف جي 2 (2014)
 بدون فلتر 2 (2019)

السيناريو

أفلام قصيرة
 الهامس للقمر (2008)
 الموعد (2009)
 المغزى أو كيف نظرت إلى نفسي في المرآة (2010)
 كورة... حبيبتي؟! (2011)
 نص دجاجة (2013)

أعمال تلفزيونية
 شارع المرح (2012)
عالفرن (2015)
 بدون فلتر 2 (2019)

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون وممثلات سعوديون
مواليد 1406 هـ

عبد الله أحمد (ممثل سعودي)


NGC 7548 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7548
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7548 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7548 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7500 - 7549

7548

NGC 7548


Allogonium, rod crvenih algi još nepoznatog taksonomskog statusa, pa su potrebna daljnja istraživanja. Postoje tri priznate vrste

Vrste
 Allogonium kochianum (Kützing) Kützing
 Allogonium coeruleum (Nägeli) Hansgirg
 Allogonium confervaceum Kützing

Izvori

Crvene alge

Allogonium


Gen Getsu (jap. , eigentl. Gen Minehide (), kor. Hangeul: , revidiert: Hyeon Bong-ho; * 10. Februar 1965 in Osaka) ist ein japanischer Schriftsteller koreanischer Abstammung (Zainichi).

Gen gewann 1998 mit Ikyō no otoshigo einen Literaturpreis und wurde im gleichen Jahr für den Akutagawa-Preis nominiert. Diesen erhielt er im Folgejahr für das Buch Kage no sumika. 2003 erschien Oshaberina inu.

Quellen

Autor
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Japanisch)
Japaner
Geboren 1965
Mann

Gen Getsu


GJ 3877 (LHS 3003) es una estrella cercana al sistema solar.
Medidas precisas de su paralaje (152,49 ± 2,402 milisegundos de arco) la sitúan a una distancia de 21,4 años luz.
Se localiza en la constelación de Hidra entre las estrellas 58 Hydrae y 59 Hydrae, a 40 minutos de arco de esta última.
Es extremadamente tenue, siendo su magnitud aparente +17,05.

GJ 3877 es una enana roja de tipo espectral M7.0V.
Entre las enanas rojas —que suponen el 73 % de las estrellas de nuestro entrono más cercano—, GJ 3877 es una de las menos masivas y luminosas; así, su masa de 0,08 masas solares es de las menores para una estrella —los objetos menos masivos reciben el nombre de enanas marrones.
Su temperatura efectiva es de solo 2393 K y, consecuentemente, es muy poco luminosa; su luminosidad bolométrica —que incluye una importante cantidad de energía emitida como luz infrarroja— es igual al 0,05 % de la luminosidad solar.
Gira sobre sí misma con una velocidad de rotación proyectada de 8 km/s.
Sus características son semejantes a las de DX Cancri o a las de la estrella de Teegarden.

Las estrellas conocidas más cercanas a GJ 3877 son Gliese 570, a 2,5 años luz, y Gliese 588, a 5,4 años luz.

Referencias

Enanas rojas
Constelación de Hidra

GJ 3877


Baron Stafford, referring to the town of Stafford, is a title that has been created several times in the Peerage of England. In the 14th century, the barons of the first creation were made earls. Those of the fifth creation, in the 17th century, became first viscounts and then earls. Since 1913, the title has been held by the Fitzherbert family.

History of the title
The first creation was by writ in 1299 for Edmond de Stafford. His successor, the second baron, was made Earl of Stafford in 1351, and the sixth earl was made Duke of Buckingham in 1444. The sixth earl was the son of Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Buckingham, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham (later Duke of Gloucester), youngest son of King Edward III of England. Stafford was an important supporter of the House of Lancaster in the Wars of the Roses, and was killed at the Battle of Northampton in July 1460. The 1st Duke of Buckingham was succeeded in his titles by his grandson Henry, who aided Richard III in his claiming the throne in 1483 (Edward IV of England's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville having been declared null and void and Edward's sons illegitimate by Act of Parliament Titulus Regius), but who then led a revolt against Richard. He was executed for treason in 1483 and his titles were declared forfeit. His son Edward was restored as 3rd Duke upon Henry VII's accession to the throne in 1485, but he was ultimately executed in 1521 due to his opposition to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Henry VIII's chief advisor. When he was executed for treason, his titles were declared forfeit.

The second creation, again by writ, was for Richard Stafford, who was created Baron Stafford of Clifton. At the death of the fourth baron, that title fell into abeyance.

The third creation was in 1411 for Sir Hugh Stafford, a son of Hugh Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford; he had married Elizabeth Bourchier, 4th Baroness Bourchier (c. 1399 – 1433), only child and sole heiress of Bartholomew Bourchier, 3rd Baron Bourchier (d.1409). Hugh was summoned to Parliament in lieu of his wife, as Baron Stafford. At his death, this title became extinct since he left no heirs.

The fourth creation was in 1547 for Henry Stafford. In 1558, his title was recognized as carrying precedence from 1299, so he is in fact the 10th Baron.

The fifth creation of the title came in 1640 in favour of William Howard. He was the third and youngest son of Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, grandson of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (see the Duke of Norfolk). He married Mary Stafford, only sister of Henry Stafford, 5th Baron de Stafford (of the 1547 creation, which is considered to have become extinct upon the death of Mary's uncle, the sixth Baron, sometime around 1640). On 12 September 1640 William Howard was created Baron Stafford, with remainder, in default of heirs male of the body, to the heirs of his body by his wife Mary and with the precedence of the 1547 barony. The same day Mary was made Baroness Stafford in her own right. This title was for life only. Two months later, on 11 November, William Howard was created Viscount Stafford, with remainder to his issue male.

Lord Stafford later became implicated in the Titus Oates plot, where fabricated evidence was used to prove an alleged Catholic plot against Charles II. He was attainted in 1678, with his titles forfeited. In 1680, he was impeached by the House of Commons and executed. After the accession of the Catholic James II, Mary, Baroness Stafford, was created Countess of Stafford for life in 1688. On the same day, her eldest son by Lord Stafford, Henry Stafford-Howard, was created Earl of Stafford, with remainder to his brothers John and Francis. However, he was not allowed to succeed in the barony or viscountcy of Stafford as these titles were still under attainder.

Henry was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second Earl (the eldest son of John). He was succeeded by his son, the third Earl. When he died childless, the title passed to his uncle, the fourth Earl. He was also childless and on his death in 1762 the earldom became extinct (the viscountcy of Stafford also formally became extinct, although the title was then under attainder). The claim to the barony of Stafford passed to the late Earl's niece, Anastasia, the de jure sixth Baroness Stafford. She was the daughter of the second Earl of Stafford. However, Anastasia was childless and on her death in 1807 the claim passed to her first cousin once removed, Sir William Jerningham, 6th Baronet, of Cossey (see Jerningham Baronets for earlier history of this title). He was the son of Sir George Jerningham, 5th Baronet, and his wife Mary, Lady Jerningham, only daughter of Mary Plowden, sister of the fourth Earl of Stafford.

Jerningham died in 1809, when the claim passed to his son Sir George William Jerningham, 7th Baronet. He petitioned the House of Lords for a reversal of the attainder and for a writ of summons of Parliament. In 1824 the attainder of the first Baron was completely reversed, and on 6 July 1825, the House of Lords decided that Jerningham had been successful in his claim to the barony. He was summoned to Parliament the same year as the eighth Baron Stafford. In 1826 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname and arms of Stafford. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the ninth Baron. He had earlier represented Pontefract in the House of Commons. When he died the titles passed to his nephew, the tenth Baron, and then to the latter's brother, the eleventh Baron. On the eleventh Baron's death in 1913 the barony and baronetcy separated. The baronetcy was passed on to Sir Henry William Stafford Jerningham, 11th Baronet (on whose death in 1935 the title became extinct; see Jerningham Baronets).

The barony, which could be inherited through female lines, was passed on to the late Baron's nephew Francis Edward Fitzherbert, the twelfth Baron. He was the son of Emily Charlotte (sister of both the tenth and eleventh Baron) and her husband, Basil Thomas Fitzherbert. He assumed in 1913 by Royal licence the additional surname and arms of Stafford. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the thirteenth Baron. He was an admiral in the Royal Navy. On his death, the title passed to his nephew, the fourteenth Baron. , the barony is held by the latter's son, the fifteenth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1986.

The seat of the Jerningham family, who held the title from 1825 to 1913, was Costessey Hall in Norfolk (demolished in 1925). The seat of the Fitzherbert family is Swynnerton Hall in Swynnerton, near Stone, Staffordshire

Barons Stafford, first creation (1299)

Edmund de Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford (d. 1308)
Ralph Stafford, 2nd Baron Stafford (1301–1372),  created Earl of Stafford in 1351

Earls of Stafford (1351)
Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, 2nd Baron Stafford (1301–1372), a notable soldier in the Hundred Years' War
Hugh Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford (c. 1342–1386), eldest son of the 1st Earl
Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford, 4th Baron Stafford (c. 1368–1392), second son of the 2nd Earl
William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford, 5th Baron Stafford (1375–1395), third son of the 2nd Earl
Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, 6th Baron Stafford (1378–1403), fourth son of the 2nd Earl

Dukes of Buckingham (1444)
Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, 6th Earl of Stafford, 7th Baron Stafford (1402–1460), eldest son of the 5th Earl, created Duke of Buckingham in 1444
Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, 7th Earl of Stafford, 8th Baron Stafford (1455–1483), grandson of the 1st Duke (forfeit 1483)
Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, 8th Earl of Stafford, 9th Baron Stafford (1477–1521), eldest son of the 2nd Duke (restored 1485; forfeit 1521)

Barons Stafford of Clifton, second creation (1371)
A second barony of Stafford, with the modifier "of Clifton", was created by writ of summons on 8 January 1371:
Richard Stafford (d. 1380), the younger son of Edmund de Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford, married Maud de Camville, daughter and heir of Richard de Camville of Clifton. Richard fought in the French wars of Edward III and was also appointed seneschal of Gascony. Their son, also Richard, was summoned to Parliament by Edward III and regularly participated through to 1379. He was appointed 1st Baron Stafford of Clifton. The barony then passed through:

Edmund Stafford, 2nd Baron Stafford of Clifton (d. 1419), Richard's son. Edmund was also the Bishop of Exeter and named Keeper of the Privy Seal, 1396–1399 and again 1401–1403.
Thomas Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford of Clifton (d. 1425), the second son of Richard's. Was succeeded by his son.
Thomas Stafford, 4th Baron Stafford of Clifton (d. 1445). He died issueless, leaving the Barony in abeyance. His heir was his sister, Katherine Stafford, who married Sir John Arden, Knt. Their daughter, Maud Arden, married Sir Thomas Stanley, and the barony is still invested in that line.

Barons Stafford, third creation (1411)
Hugh Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford (d. 1420) Extinct on his death

Barons Stafford, fourth creation (1547)
 Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford (1501–1563). In 1558, his title was recognized as carrying precedence from 1299.
 Henry Stafford, 2nd Baron Stafford (d. 1566)
 Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford (1536–1603)
 Edward Stafford, 4th Baron Stafford (1572–1625)
 Henry Stafford, 5th Baron Stafford (1621–1637)
 Roger Stafford, 6th Baron Stafford (c. 1573–1640) Title surrendered due to poverty in 1637; line extinct in 1640

Barons Stafford, fifth creation (1640) and Viscount Stafford (1640)

William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford (1614–1680), second surviving son of Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel; peerage created jointly with wife (attainted 7 December 1680);
Mary Howard, 1st Baroness Stafford (1619–1694), sister of Henry Stafford, 5th Baron Stafford and wife of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford; peerage created jointly with husband; created Countess of Stafford for life in 1688.

Earls of Stafford (1688)
Mary Howard, Countess of Stafford (life peerage)
Henry Stafford Howard, 1st Earl of Stafford, de jure 2nd Baron Stafford (c. 1648–1719). Married Claude-Charlotte, daughter of Philibert, Count de Gramont and Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George Hamilton. Died without issue and was succeeded by his nephew William, the son of his brother John. His widow survived him by 20 years.
William Stafford-Howard, 2nd Earl of Stafford, de jure 3rd Baron Stafford (c. 1690–1734). Married his first cousin Anne, daughter of Anastasia Stafford and George Holman. They had 4 children, William-Matthias, Mary (married French Count de Chabot), Anastasia and Anne.
William Matthias Stafford-Howard, 3rd Earl of Stafford, de jure 4th Baron Stafford (1718–1751) Married Henrietta, daughter of Richard Cantillon and left only female issue. He was succeeded by his uncle.
John Paul Stafford-Howard, 4th Earl of Stafford, de jure 5th Baron Stafford, (1700–1762) (younger brother of William). Married Elizabeth Ewan and died without issue. The Earldom became extinct.

Baron Stafford (1640; reverted)
Anastasia Stafford-Howard (1722–1807) (assumed the title Baroness Stafford upon the death of her uncle, John, as senior heir general of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford and his wife Mary Howard, Countess of Stafford

Sir William Jerningham, 6th Baronet (d. 1809), de jure 7th Baron Stafford (first cousin once removed);
George William Stafford-Jerningham, 8th Baron Stafford (1771–1851) (son, who succeeded in having the 1680 attainder reversed in 1824). George was the great-grandson of Mary Stafford, sister of John Paul and daughter of John (second son of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford) and the heir-general to the Stafford Barony, and the four-times great-grandson of the 1st Baroness and Baron Stafford (1640 creation)
Henry Valentine Stafford-Jerningham, 9th Baron Stafford (1802–1884)
Augustus Frederick FitzHerbert Stafford-Jerningham, 10th Baron Stafford (1830–1892)
Fitzherbert Edward Stafford-Jerningham, 11th Baron Stafford (1833–1913)
Francis Edward Fitzherbert-Stafford, 12th Baron Stafford (1859–1932)
Edward Stafford Fitzherbert, 13th Baron Stafford (1864–1941)
Basil Francis Nicholas Fitzherbert, 14th Baron Stafford (1926–1986)
Francis Melfort William Fitzherbert, 15th Baron Stafford (b. 1954)

The heir apparent is the present holder's elder son, the Hon. Benjamin John Basil Fitzherbert (b. 1983).

Further reading

Battle Abbey Roll, under Toesni, p.174

See also
Duke of Buckingham (1444 creation)
Duke of Norfolk
Duke of Sutherland (as Marquess of Stafford)
Earl of Arundel
Earl of Wiltshire
Earl of Devon
Baron Stafford of Southwick
Jerningham Baronets

References

1299 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1299
Baronies in the Peerage of England
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of England
Stafford

Abeyant baronies in the Peerage of England
Forfeited baronies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1411
Noble titles created in 1547
Noble titles created in 1640
Peerages created with special remainders

Baron Stafford


Fjärdhundraland (también Fjädrundaland) o la tierra de los cuatro hundreds, fue un antiguo reino vikingo de Suecia. Su nombre se refiere a la costumbre de proporcionar un leidang de 400 guerreros y 16 naves para los reyes de Gamla Uppsala. Snorri Sturluson menciona que Tiundaland era el más rico y fértil territorio de Suecia donde se encontraba el trono de los reyes de Upsala y del cual deriva y procede el nombre Uppsala öd. Fjärdhundraland tenía su propio thing pero todos los lagman estaban subordinados al titular de Tiundaland.

Posteriormente también fue sede del arzobispado y en 1296 se integró a la provincia de Uppland.

Véase también
Folkland
Attundaland
Roslagen
Piedra de Mora
Suiones
Tiundaland

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.
 Sturluson, Snorri. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trad. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6

Reinos vikingos de Suecia
Geografía histórica de Suecia

Fjärdhundraland


Trnovac je rijeka-potok u središnjoj Bosni, jedna od mnogih desnih pritoka Vrbanje. Izvire na uzvisini Selačkoj, iznad sela Hajdarovića, ispod lokaliteta Velikog Poljanka (1240 m), na 1120 m n/v.

Do sela Hajdarovića prima vodu šest desnih pritoka/vrela, a u selu još dva lijeva. U Vrbanju se ulijeva na izletištu Trnovcz, na nadmorskoj visini od 546 m.

Veći dio toka Trnovac teče u pravcu istok – zapad, usporedno s gornjim tokom Crkvenice i Lopačom (također desnim pritokama Vrbanje). Teče između Šipraškog brda i sela Kurušića (sjever) i Orahove ravni sa selom Gelićima (jug).

Oko 1960-ih godina na Trnovcu je bilo 12 vodenica, po šest kod Hajdarovića i ušća.

Izvori

Rijeke u Bosni i Hercegovini
Pritoke Vrbanje

Trnovac (pritoka Vrbanje)


Turcykling betyder selvstændige cykelture eller rejser med oplevelser, eventyr, og frihed på en cykel i stedet for sport, pendling, eller motion. Turcykling kan variere fra dagsture til ture over mange dage, uger, måneder eller endda år. Turen kan planlægges af deltageren eller være organiseret af en ferievirksomhed, en klub eller en velgørende organisation som en velgørenhedsindsamling. Personer, der rejser på deres cykler kaldes gerne rejsecyklister eller langturscyklister.

Historie
Dankere begyndte at cykle ud i verden allerede i begyndelsen af 1900-tallet. I 1920'erne cyklede bl.a. Holger Jansen lange ture rundt i Europa, og i 1925 satte Kai Thorenfeldt ud for at cykle jorden rundt. Det klarede han på 2 år og 8 måneder og blev den første danske - samt europæer - og blev kendt som "århundredets jordbetvinger" i danske medier, da han vendte hjem igen. Thorenfeldt beskrev sig selv som "verdenscyklist" og flere unge mænd satte ud for at gøre ham turen efter. En af dem var Jacob Jensen, og da han kom hjem efter en tur på 52.000 kilometer, var han den i verden, der havde foretaget den længste cykeltur nogensinde.

Polycarpus Lindqvist forsøgte sig også med en tur jorden rundt, men bukkede under for dysenteri i indisk Himalaya.

I 1930'erne var der mange danskere, der hjulede ud i Europa og verden, men med Anden Verdenskrig, blev der for en stund sat en stopper for det.

I 1979 blev
Ivar Tønnesen og Mai-Brit Johansson det første par i verden til at cykle jorden rundt.

Rejsemåde
Turcykling er en måde at rejse, hvor det kan være i et land eller gennem lande. Man kan være på en weekendtur eller cykle verden rundt på flere år. En vigtig egenskab ved at flytte sig selv på cykel er, at man selv sætter tempoet og afstanden og bruger sin krop som motor. Man er uafhængig, så længe der er mad og vand at finde.

Typer af Turcykling

Traditionel turcykling
Turcykling kendes på en tungt pakket cykel med tasker til bagage. Som gerne har alt med sig til flere sæsoner og campingudstyr.

Minimalistisk
Den lette og hurtige som holder sig til en sæson og eller sender udstyr frem til punkter undervejs.

Danske Langturscyklister og Rejsecyklister
 Polycarpus Lindqvist - Rejsen til Indien på cykel
 Kai Thorenfeldt - Jorden rundt på Cykel
 Lars Nielsen - Guinness Rekord-indehaver på flere ture.
 Nicolai Bangsgaard - Solo Jorden rundt på cykel

Turcyklen
Turcyklen kan være en blanding af en mountainbike og af en normal cykel. Den kendes på sin kraftige og lidt længere ramme. Der findes skruehuller til flere flaskeholdere og til baggagebærere for og bag. Nogle langturscyklister anvender racercykler.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Gode råd om turcykling
 Cykeltur på 25000 km. fra Holland til Nepal
 Jorden rundt på cykel
 Hvad er turcykling?
 RejseCyklisten
 VELO – De Danske Verdenscyklister

Kilder

Rejser
Cykling
Friluftsliv
Camping
Cykelarrangementer

Turcykling


Lime Pictures (anteriormente Mersey Television y North West Television) es una productora audiovisual británica de  televisión, fundada por el productor y guionista Phil Redmond en 1982.

Su primera producción fue el serial televisivo Brookside para Channel 4, que se emitió desde la fundación del canal hasta 2003, cuando fue cancelada por no tener suficiente nivel de audiencia.

Oferta de franquicia de ITV en contra de Granada Television
En la subasta de franquicias de 1991 de ITV, Lime Pictures (bajo el nombre de North West Television) hizo una audaz oferta en contra de Granada Television, que había ocupado la franquicia noroeste desde los inicios de la televisión independiente en 1950, era una de las mayores y mejor establecidas empresas de ITV y ocupaba el segundo puesto en las empresas de producción de televisión más respetadas por el público, únicamente debajo de BBC.

La oferta fue apoyada financieramente por Yorkshire Television y Tyne Tees Television, dirigiéndose a proveer un servicio de televisión equilibrado para el noroeste, en particular con más contenido de Liverpool en lugar de Mánchester. Sin embargo, aunque la oferta fue la que más dinero propuso sumando un total de £35.000.000 frente a los £9.000.000 de Granada Television, la franquicia se quedó con Granada como ITC, ya que North West Television no alcanzó el umbral de calidad requerido. Además, Granada Television estaba al tanto de los intentos de North West de ganar la franquicia, y construyó defensas para evitar perder lo que había tenido por muchos años. Nuevas franquicias sin experiencia de tener parte de ITV debieron pasar un "obstáculo de calidad", que Granada Television ayudó a ITC para que lo tuviera. Granada también tenía un conocido catálogo de producciones, entre ellas Prime Suspect, Cracker, World in Action y Coronation Street; producciones que, si North West Television hubiera ganado la franquicia, Granada Television hubiera vendido a la televisión por satélite.

Hollyoaks y Grange Hill
En 1995, la compañía inició un nuevo serial televisivo para Channel 4 que sigue emitiéndose hasta la actualidad: Hollyoaks.

En 2003 la compañía produjo el drama infantil Grange Hill, anteriormente producido por BBC One. La producción se movió a la base central de la compañía en Liverpool.

Venta y cambio de nombre
Mersey Television fue comprado por All3Media en junio de 2005, y fue renombrado como Lime Pictures en 2006.

Producciones recientes
En 2007, produjo una serie de 8 partes: Living on the Edge, que fue transmitida por MTV, además de Bonkers, transmitido por ITV.

En 2008, produjo la primera (y posteriormente, última) temporada de Apparitions.

En 2009, produjo el drama The Season, filmado en Val-d'Isère.

En 2010, produjo el episodio piloto de la comedia de situación para E4, Sex and the Chippy, escrito por Heather Robson y Neil Jones, y comenzó a producir The Only Way is Essex para ITV2.

En 2011, junto a Nickelodeon y Studio 100 comenzó a producir House of Anubis, emitido por Nickelodeon.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio oficial

Empresas de televisión
Productoras de televisión de Reino Unido
Empresas de Reino Unido
Empresas fundadas en 1982

Lime Pictures


Section paloise est un nom de club sportif notamment porté par :
 Section paloise, club de rugby à XV en catégorie masculine ;
 Lons Section paloise rugby féminin, club de rugby à XV en catégorie féminine ;
 Section paloise escrime, club d'escrime ;
 Section paloise omnisports, club omnisports.

Section paloise


Milena Jesenská (10 Ağustos 1896, Prag – 17 Mayıs 1944, Ravensbrück), Çek asıllı gazeteci, yazar ve çevirmen.

Milena Jesenská, Praglı aristokrat bir ailenin kızı olarak dünyaya gelmiştir. İçinde bulunduğu seçkin sınıfın aksine Milena, kendisine dayatılan yaşamı reddettiği için uzun yıllar boyunca önce babasıyla sonra da tüm elitlerle bir anlaşmazlığın içine girmiştir. Çok genç yaşta bir Yahudi-Alman'a aşık olur ve babasının şiddetle karşı çıkmasına rağmen bu tutkulu aşkından vazgeçmez. Bunun üzerine öz babası tarafından hayatında çok büyük sarsıntılar yaşamasına sebep olan sinir hastalıkları kliniğine kapatılır. Burada bir yıl kalır. Çıktığında dibe vurmuş, karanlığa gömülmüş bir ruhla baş başa kaldığının farkına varır. Milena, bu ağır buhranlardan kurtulmak için zaman zaman uyuşturucu maddelere başvurur ve bu dönemi, hayatının en karanlık zamanı olarak ifade eder. Bu dönemde babasıyla olan tüm bağını koparır, ardından para kazanmak için çeviriler yapmaya başlar. İşte Kafka'yla olan ilişkisi de bu çevirilerle başlar. Kendisi de aslen bir Çek olan Kafka'nın, orijinali Almanca olan hikâyelerinin çevirilerini yaparken ona karşı içsel bir bağlılığa yönelir. Kafka da hikâyelerin çevirilerindeki ustalık ve içtenlikten etkilenerek ona bir mektup yollar. Yaklaşık iki yıl sürecek mektuplaşmalar ve hastalık haline gelecek bu aşkın ilk adımları da bu mektupla atılır. Bu iki insan birbirlerine duydukları arzuyu zihinsel bir yolculuk olarak yaşarlar. Aşk o kadar yoğun bir hâl alır ki, Kafka dönem dönem geçirdiği ağır öksürük nöbetlerinden, içini kaplayan bu aşkı sorumlu tutar ve bir süre sonra da bu ilişkiyi sonlandırır.

Kafka, Milena'nın hayatında çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Belki de bu büyük bağlılığın odağında her iki karakterin de hayatlarındaki "baba" figürü etkili olmuştur. Bitmek bilmeyen öfkeleri, ama içlerinin bir yerlerinde kalan ve kurtulamadıkları sevgileriyle, en eksik yanlarında birbirlerini buldukları fikri işten bile değildir. Bunun dışında yeraltından çıkardıkları bir gazetede yazdığı yazılar ve sosyalistlerle yaptığı iş birliği sebebiyle ismi arananlar listesinden hiç eksik olmaz. Ancak o kalıp savaşmayı tercih etmiştir. En sonunda Naziler tarafından yakalanıp bir toplama kampına götürüldüğünde, halindeki asalet ve duruşundaki dirayetle, hep farklı bir yerde kalmayı başarmıştır. Fakat kampın ağır koşullarına dayanamayarak böbrek yetmezliğinden ölmüştür.

1896 doğumlular
1944 yılında ölenler
Çek yazarlar
Prag doğumlu yazarlar

Milena Jesenská


නිරන්ජණී ශණ්මුගරාජා (), () යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සම්මානලාභී නිළියකි. එමෙන් ම ඇය ශ්‍රී ලංකා රූපවාහිනී සංස්ථාවේ නිවේදිකාවක් ලෙස ද කටයුතු කරයි.

වෘත්තීය
ප්‍රථමයෙන් ම 2009 වසරේ දී නිරන්ජනී ශන්මුගරාජා රූපවාහිනී සංස්ථාවේ නිවේදිකාවක් ලෙස තම ගමන ආරම්භ කරයි. ඒ අතරතුර ඇය Young Asiaහී සිංහල හා දමිළ භාෂාවලින් හඬකැවීම් ශිල්පිනියක් ලෙස ද කටයුතු කරයි. පසුව ඇය දකුණු පළාත් යොවුන් නාට්‍ය උළෙලේ වේදිකා නාට්‍යයක තම රංගන කුසලතා එළිදක්වා දකුණු පළාත් යොවුන් නාට්‍ය උළෙලේ සම්මාන ප්‍රදාන උත්සවයේදී හොඳම නිළියට හිමි සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තා ය.

ඇය සිනමා දිවියට පා තබන්නේ  සම්මානලාභී චිත්‍රපටයක් වන දර්ශන් ධර්මරාජ් සහ සුබාශිනී බාලසුබ්‍රමනියම් රංගනයෙන් දායක වූ ඉනිඅවන් චිත්‍රපටයේ සහය නිළිය ලෙසයි. ඇය එහි රංගනය වෙනුවෙන් 2014 වසරේ පැවතී Hiru Golden Film Award සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී හොඳම සහය නිළියට හිමි සම්මානය දිනාගත්තා ය. පසුව ඇය විසින් Red Butterfly Dream චිත්‍රපටයේ රාජිණී චරිතයට පණ පොවන ලදි. අනතුරුව ඇය 2018 වසරේ තිරගත වූ කෝමාලි කිංග්ස් චිත්‍රපටය තුළ ප්‍රධාන චරිතයට රංගනයෙන් දායක වූයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා දමිළ සිනමාවේ නව සංධිස්ථානයකට හිමිකම් කියමිනි. 2020 වසරේ දී සෝමරත්න දිසානායකයන් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂනය කරන ලද සුனாමි චිත්‍රපටය තුළ ඇය අති විශිෂ්ට රංගනයක යෙදුණා ය. එමෙන්ම ඇය විසින් රංගනයෙන් දායක වූ ගිරිවැසිපුර චිත්‍රපටය තිරගත වීමට නියමිත ය. එමෙන්ම ඇය විසින් රංගනයෙන් දායක වන සොප්න සුන්දරී චිත්‍රපටයේ රූගත කිරීම් සිදුවෙමින් පවතී.

චිත්‍රපට නාමාවලිය

බාහිර සබැඳි

නිරන්ජණි ශණ්මුගරාජා


Diabolicele se poate referi la:

Film
 Diabolicele (film din 1955) (Les Diaboliques), film franțuzesc din 1955 regizat de Henri-Georges Clouzot
 Diabolicele (film din 1996) (Diabolique), film american din 1996 regizat de Jeremiah S. Chechik, refacere a filmului franțuzesc din 1955
 Diabolicele II (Reflections of Murder ), film din 1974 regizat de John Badham

Literatură
 Diabolicele (antologie) (Les Diaboliques), culegere de nuvele și povestiri de Jules-Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly

Diabolicele


مافيا قد تشير إلى:

 مافيا كمصلح عام.
 المافيا عصابات نشأت في صقلية وانتشرت في جميع أنحاء العالم.
 مافيا أمريكية
 مافيا تركية
 مافيا فيلم روائي مصري من إنتاج 2002.

مافيا (توضيح)


Sigma Octantis (σ Octantis, abreviat în σ Oct) este o stea de magnitudine aparentă 5,42 situată în constelatia Octantul. Este steaua vizibilă cu ochiul liber cea mai aproape de Polul Sud ceresc.

Stea polară
Poziția stelei Sigma Octantis este la 1° 2' 24" de Polul Sud ceresc, în fapt pandantul austral al stelei Alpha Ursae Minoris, steaua polară a locuitorilor din emisfera  nordică. Pentru un observator din emisfera sudică, Sigma Octantis apare cvasiimobilă în timp ce bolta cerească se rotește în jurul ei. Uneori desemnată sub numele de Polaris Australis sau Steaua Sudului, Sigma Octantis nu are totuși decât o strălucire foarte slabă, fiind aproape invizibilă cu ochiul liber, ceea ce limitează utilizarea ei pentru determinarea Sudului (constelația Crucea Sudului îndeplinește mai bine această funcție).

Caracteristici
Sigma Octantis este o stea gigantă galben-albă. Este și o stea variabilă de tip Delta Scuti.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Crucea Sudului
 α Ursae Minoris
 Octantul

Constelația Octantul
Stele polare
Stele variabile Delta Scuti
Stele de tip spectral FIII
Obiecte Bayer
Obiecte HD și HDE
Obiecte HIP
Obiecte HR

Sigma Octantis