El último rey é uma série de televisão biográfica mexicana produzida por Juan Osorio e para TelevisaUnivision e exibida pelo Las Estrellas desde 14 de março a 10 de junho de 2022. Baseia-se no livro El último rey escrito por Olga Wornat e na vida do cantor Vicente Fernández.

A primeira parte da trama foi exibida de 14 de março a 25 de março de 2022, substituindo Mi fortuna es amarte e sendo substituída por La herencia, no horário das 20h30 p.m. mx. A segunda temporada será exibida a partir no dia 16 de maio a 10 de junho de 2022 substituindo Los ricos también lloran e sendo substituida por Mujer de nadie, às 21h30 p.m mx.

Protagonizado por Pablo Montero como Vicente Fernández junto com Angelica Aragón e um elenco coral.

Sinopse
Baseado no livro de Wornat, O Último Rei trata da vida de Vicente Fernández —mais conhecido como "El Charro de Huentitán"—, que, através de entrevistas, depoimentos e revelações inéditas, conta como antes de vir cantar no Estádio Azteca pintava casas , de um casamento estável a vários amores tempestuosos e para compensar sua ausência como pai quando se entregou a Deus para salvar a vida de um de seus filhos.

Elenco
 Angelica Aragón - Dalia Muñoz
 Pablo Montero - Vicente Fernández Gómez (adulto)
 Salvador Sánchez - Vicente Fernández Gómez (velho)
 Eduardo Barajas - Vicente Fernández Gómez (jovem)
 Moisés Habib Buchard - Vicente Fernández Gómez (menino)
 Ilana Fox - María del Refugio "Cuquita" Abarca Villaseñor de Fernández (adulta)
 Jade Fraser - María del Refugio "Cuquita" Abarca Villaseñor de Fernández (jovem)
 Paloma Woolrich - María del Refugio "Doña Cuquita" Abarca Villaseñor de Fernández (velha)
 Jesús More - Gerardo Fernández Abarca (adulto)
Paolo Vargas - Gerardo Fernández Abarca (jovem)
 Iván Arana - Vicente Fernández Abarca Jr. (adulto)
Alonso Meza - Vicente Fernández Abarca Jr. (jovem)
 Emilio Osorio - Alejandro Fernández Abarca / Alex Fernández Abarca (jovem)
 Vince Miranda - Alejandro Fernández Abarca (adulto)
 César Évora - Francisco Manjarrez
 Sara Corrales - Patricia Rivera
 Alejandra Ambrosi - María Paula Gómez Ponce de Fernández
 Ligia Uriarte - Sissi Fernández
 Antonio López - Ramón
 Eva Daniela - Chicotita
 José Daniel Figuero - Felipe (adulto)
 Alejandro Sandi - Federico Méndez
 Rossana de León - Lucía "Lucha" Villa
 Karla Garrido - La India María
 José Alfredo Jiménez Jr.
 Flor Yáñez - Alicia Juárez
 Ana Tena - Alejandra Fernández
 Carlos Balderrama
 Waldo Franco
 Carlos Kapistrán
 Naomi Hernández - Camila Fernández
 Anahí Fraser - Gloria
 Sofía Marcel - María
 Alejandra Maldonado - Casilda
 Rous Esparza - Madema

Produção
Um mês após a morte de Fernández em dezembro de 2021, a série foi anunciada pela TelevisaUnivision em 13 de janeiro de 2022, depois de chegar a um acordo com a Editorial Planeta para adquirir os direitos do livro. Dias depois, foi anunciado que Juan Osorio foi escolhido para produzir a série. A produção da série começou a ser filmada no final de janeiro de 2022, revelando as primeiras imagens de Pablo Montero caracterizado como o Charro de Huentitán. O primeiro teaser da série, foi revelado em 17 de fevereiro de 2022, como comemoração do aniversário de Fernández.

Audiência

Problemas judiciais

Incialmente programada para estrear em 14 de março de 2022, no horário das 20h30, substituindo a telenovela Mi fortuna es amarte, a série teve sua exibição vetada por uma ordem judicial, uma vez que a família de Vicente Fernández entrou com uma ação contra a Televisa sob a alegação de direitos extracontratuais; direito de marca; uso indevido de nome artístico reservado perante o Instituto Nacional de direito de autor (Indautor); concorrência desleal, entre outros, impedindo a transmissão da produção até segunda ordem.

!Artigos novos
Telenovelas do México
Telenovelas em espanhol
Telenovelas da Televisa da década de 2020
Programas de televisão do México que estrearam em 2022
Programas de televisão do México encerrados em 2022

El último rey


Riquet () is a station of the Paris Métro and located in the 19th arrondissement of Paris.

History

Riquet opened on 5 November 1910 with the commissioning of the first section of line 7 between Opéra and Porte de la Villette with service provided by all trains on the line until 18 January 1911, when a branch opened from Louis Blanc to Pré-Saint-Gervais, resulting in 1 of every 2 trains serving this branch. It was once again served by all trains on the line when the branch from Louis Blanc to Pré-Saint-Gervais was split to form an independent line, line 7bis, on 3 December 1967. As part of the Un métro + beau programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 28 January 2003.

It was named after French engineer Pierre-Paul Riquet (born Béziers, 1609; died Toulouse, 1680), who conceived and carried out the construction of the Canal du Midi from 1666. This work was completed by his sons in 1681.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,312,581 passengers, making it the 223rd busiest of the Métro network, out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,226,397 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 210th busiest of the Métro network, out of 305 stations.

Passenger services

Access
The station has 2 entrances:
 Entrance 1: Rue Riquet
 Entrance 2: Avenue de Flandre

Station layout

Platforms
Riquet has a standard configuration with two tracks surrounded by two side platforms, although the lower part of the walls are vertical instead of a typical elliptical shape. The decoration is in the Andreu-Motte style with two red luminous lighting canopies and Motte seats whose colour, changed from red to blue, breaking the colorimetric uniformity of said style. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the wall, vault, tunnel exits and outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates.

Other connections
The station is also served by line 45 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by line N42 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby
 la Villette Basin
 Canal de l'Ourcq.

Gallery

References

Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro line 7
Paris Métro stations in the 19th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1910

Riquet station


Lybidska () est une station de la ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située en limite des raïon de Holossiïv et de Petchersk de la ville de Kiev en Ukraine.

Mise en service en 1984, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne M2. Le service est arrêté ou perturbé depuis l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, la station Lybidska, est une station, de passage, de la Ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située, entre la station Palats « Oukraïna », en direction du terminus nord Heroïv Dnipra, et la station Demiïvska, en direction du terminus sud, Teremky.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire
La station Lybidska, alors dénommée Dzerjynska, est mise en service le , lors de l'ouverture à l'exploitation du prolongement de Olimpiiska à Lybidska, nouveau terminus de la ligne.  Elle est réalisée par les architectes A. T. Ejov, A. Krouchinski et T. Tselikovskaïa.

Elle devient une station de passage le , lors du prolongement jusqu'à Vassylkivska.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte
Lybidska, est desservie par les rames de la ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2).

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Kiev
 Ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2)

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station de la ligne M2 du métro de Kiev
Station de métro mise en service en 1984

Lybidska (métro de Kiev)


සංවර්ධන රටාව පෙන්නුම් කරන එක් ආකාරයක් නම් ' උතුර - දකුණ බෙදීම්' වේ. මෙමගින් පොහොසත් උතුරත් දුපත් දකුණත් පෙන්නුම් කරයි. මෙය තෙලිම් විහිදෙන රේඛාවක් නොව්න‍ඓය පොළෝ තලය වෙන් කරන්නා සේ පෙනෙන නිසාය.

	මේ අනුව උතුර කොයසේ, උතුරැ ඇමරිකාව, යුරෝපය,රැසියාව, ජපානය ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව හා නවසීලන්තයයි. මෙම රටවල් වල ආර්ථිකමය වර්ධනයක් දැකිය හැක. දකුණු කොටසේ බොහෝ දියුණු වෙමින් පවතින රටවල් ඇත. මෙම කර්කටක නිවර්තනය (tropic of cancer) මගින්ද වෙන් කල හැක. නමුත් නවතම කාර්මිකරණය වු රටවල් (newly industrialized countries) වන තායිලන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය, මැලයාවථ මෙක්සිකෝව නිසා එය අපහසු වේ.

සංවර්ධනය - සංවර්ධනයේදී භූගෝලීය වෙනස්වීම්


Nusse Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı bölge. 6,22 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1024 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Jutta Siebcke-Kley tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-nusse.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Nusse


قد يكون المقصود بـ"كورسك" أحد التالية:
 كورسك: مدينة كورسك الروسية
 كورسك (فيلم) فيلم فرنسي إنتاج 2018
 كورسك (غواصة): غواصة روسية
 كورسك أوبلاست: مقاطعة في روسيا

كورسك (توضيح)


පළමු පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජු (ක්‍රි.ව. 1153-1186)විසින් කරවන ලද දැනට නාගදීප දුපතෙහි නාගපූෂණී අම්මාන්  හින්දු කෝවිල ඇතුලත ගර්භයේ වම්පස දොරටුව අසල තැන්පත් කර ඇති උසින් අඩි 3 අඟල් 8 සහ පළලින් අඩි 3 අඟලක් වූ දෙමළ බසින් රචිත නයිනතිව් සෙල් ලිපිය නොහොත් '"පරාක්‍රම බාහු රජතුමාගේ නාගදීප පුවරු ලිපිය"' වචන පේලි 23 කින් සමන්විත වේ. ලංකාවේ උතුරු ප්‍රදේශය මෙම වකවානුවේදී සිංහල රාජධානිය යටතේ පාලනය වු බව මෙම සෙල් ලිපියෙන් ගම්‍ය වේ. තවද විදේශීය රටවල සමග වාණිජ සබඳතා පැවති වරායන් මෙන්ම නාවික යාත්‍රා සහ ආම්පන්න භාවිතයට දියුණු ශිල්පීය ඥානයකින් යුක්ත නාවිකයින් මෙන්ම එයට අවශ්‍ය යටිතල පහසුකම් තිබු බවටද මෙම සෙල්ලිපිය මගින් පැහැදිලි වේ.

අන්තර්ගතය
"විදේශිකයින් උර්කාවට්ටුරේ (කයිට්ස්) නම් ස්ථානයට ගොඩබැස, රාජ්‍යයේ ආරක්ෂාව යටතේ එහි නැවතිය යුතුයි. වෙන අළුත් වරායවලින් ගොඩබට විදේශිකයෝ උර්කාවට්ටුරේ (කයිට්ස්) නම් ස්ථානයේදී හමුවිය යුතුයි. ඇතුන් හා අශ්වයින් ගෙනෙන නැවු කැඩී බිදී ගියහොත් වටිනාකමින් හතරෙන් එක් පංගුවක් භාණ්ඩාගාරයේ ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගෙන අනික් පංගු තුන අයිතිකරුට දෙනු ලැබේ. මෙම අණ ගල්වල සහ තඹ පත්තිරුවලද සටහන් කර තිබේ.ඉරහඳ පවතින තුරු මේ අණ බලපායි.මේ පනත දෙවා වදාළේ ශත්‍රැ රාජ වංශයට ලැව් ගින්නක් වූ සකල සිංහල චක්‍රවර්තී පරාක්‍රම භුජ දේවයන් වහන්සේ විසිනි."

මුලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශිලා ලිපි
නාගදීපය

නාගදීප සෙල් ලිපිය


لويس مانويل فيلا  (مواليد 3 يوليو 1989 في نوخا - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ريسينغ سانتاندر الإسباني منذ 2007 في مركز الجناح الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في الهند
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري الوطني (كرة القدم الإنجليزية)
لاعبو أريناس غوتكسو
لاعبو بطولة الدرجة الخامسة الإسبانية لكرة القدم
لاعبو بونفيرادينا
لاعبو دوري السوبر الهندي
لاعبو ديبورتيفو ألافيس
لاعبو راسينغ سانتاندير
لاعبو رايو كانتابريا
لاعبو ريال يونيون
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من منطقة كانتابريا
لاعبو نادي أموريبايتا
لاعبو نادي بارنيت
لاعبو نادي بنغالورو
لاعبو نادي لايايوا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1989
مواليد في نوخا

لويس مانويل فيلا


Escândalos políticos no Brasil
Artur Bernardes
Epitácio Pessoa

A Crise das cartas foi como ficou conhecido um escândalo político em 1921 envolvendo duas cartas publicadas, contendo ofensas aos militares e a Nilo Peçanha, e atribuídas a Artur Bernardes, candidato à presidência da República.

O escândalo que se seguiu acirrou a oposição dos militares a Bernardes, que ainda assim foi eleito em março de 1922, mas enfrentou em seu governo o movimento tenentista, início de um processo de ruptura política que iria culminar na Revolução de 1930.

O caso
A primeira carta estava datada de 3 de junho de 1921 e se referia ao marechal Hermes da Fonseca como "esse sargentão sem compostura". Classificava o banquete em que sua candidatura à presidência fora lançada por numerosos oficiais como uma "orgia", e dizia, a respeito dos militares: "essa canalha precisa de uma reprimenda para entrar na disciplina". E prosseguia: "Veja se o Epitácio mostra sua apregoada energia, punindo severamente esses ousados, prendendo os que saíram da disciplina e removendo para bem longe esses generais anarquizadores". A segunda carta, de 6 de junho de 1921, referia-se a uma prorrogação da Convenção, "porque ela deveria ter sido realizada antes da chegada do Nilo, pois com V. disse, esse moleque é capaz de tudo. Remova toda dificuldade como bem entender, não olhando despesas".

A partir da publicação dos documentos pelo Correio da Manhã, outros jornais passaram a dar grande espaço ao assunto. Os debates na Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro, na Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado, assim como os pronunciamentos de políticos, militares e juristas sobre a autenticidade ou não das cartas foram divulgados com destaque na imprensa.

As cartas publicadas pelo Correio da Manhã saíram na verdade, como depois se constatou, das mãos de Pedro Burlamaqui, Oldemar Lacerda e Jacinto Cardoso de Oliveira Guimarães. Oldemar obtivera o papel com o timbre do governo de Minas Gerais na Imprensa Oficial do Estado. Burlamaqui trouxe o papel para o Rio de Janeiro, e nele Jacinto escrevera as duas cartas, imitando rigorosamente a caligrafia de Artur Bernardes. Prontas as cartas, Burlamaqui e Oldemar procuraram amigos e parentes do marechal Hermes da Fonseca para vendê-las, o que não aconteceu. Dirigiram-se então ao próprio Artur Bernardes, propondo vendê-las por 30 contos de réis, mas receberam outra negativa. Oldemar procurou em seguida Irineu Machado, senador pelo Distrito Federal, adversário de Artur Bernardes. As cartas chegaram ao Correio da Manhã através do senador, que colocou o redator político do jornal, Mário Rodrigues. O cartório recusou o reconhecimento, porque achou as assinaturas "díspares", mas ainda assim o Correio da Manhã insistiu com veemência em sua autenticidade.

Investigações

Artur Bernardes negou o tempo todo com veemência a autoria das cartas. Em novembro de 1921, formou-se no clube uma comissão para o exame pericial dos documentos. O Correio da Manhã indicou como perito junto à comissão o general Augusto Ximeno. Artur Bernardes indicou Afonso Pena Júnior, Afrânio de Melo e Raul Soares para prestar os esclarecimentos solicitados pela comissão, e estes indicaram os peritos Simões Correia e general Alexandre Barbosa Lima para analisar a carta ofensiva às forças armadas. A comissão do Clube Militar encarregou o dr. Antônio Augusto de Serpa Pinto para fazer a perícia na carta.

Simões Correia publicou o seu laudo, onde classificava os documentos como uma burla, "na circunstância de que o papel empregado na primeira carta não existia ainda a 3 de junho, data que traz a carta em questão, porque fora encomendado à Imprensa Oficial a 8 do mesmo mês, conforme certidão"; afirmava ainda que, segundo o exame da grafia e seus caracteres técnicos, tratava-se de uma "falsificação por decalque". Um dos indícios levantados de que as cartas eram falsas estava na assinatura de Artur Bernardes, pois o "t" não apresentava corte nas cartas, e todos os documentos indicavam que ele cortava o "t". Outro indício era o tipo de papel utilizado, sem pauta. Segundo Bernardes, ele nunca usou em suas cartas esse tipo de papel.

Em janeiro de 1922, Edmundo Bittencourt, proprietário do Correio da Manhã, foi para a Europa para conversar com peritos. Na França, o perito Locard deu parecer atestando a autenticidade da assinatura. Foi ainda ouvido o diretor do Instituto de Ciência Política de Lausanne, Bischoff, que opinou pela falsidade. No Brasil, em 4 de fevereiro de 1922 Rui Barbosa declarou em parecer sua convicção de que as cartas eram falsas.

Pouco depois das eleições, em 24 de março de 1922, Oldemar Lacerda e Jacinto Guimarães, confessaram que haviam falsificado as cartas. Diante dos presentes justificaram a falsificação tinha um fim apenas político, mesmo tentando cobrar por elas, para eleger Hermes da Fonseca como presidente. Somente em 31 de maio Oldemar Lacerda publicou na imprensa a história da falsificação.

Consequências
Apesar de toda a polêmica das "cartas falsas" provocaram, Bernardes foi eleito. A Reação Republicana, movimento em defesa da candidatura de Nilo Peçanha, não aceitou o resultado e procurou acirrar a oposição contra Bernardes, conclamando os militares a contestá-lo.

Referências

1921 no Brasil
Nilo Peçanha

Crise das cartas falsas


Kittamaquindi (Kittamaqueink, 'mjesto starog velikog dabra' - Hewitt). Glavno selo Conoy (Piscataway) Indijanaca u Marylandu 1639. Te su godine isusovci ondje osnovali misiju, koja je 1642. preseljena u Potapaco zbog prodora Conestoga i njihovih saveznika. Prema Brintonu, selo je bilo na spoju Tinkers creeka s Piscatawayom, nekoliko milja iznad Potomaca, u okrugu  Prince George, Maryland.

Izvori

Conoy

Kittamaquindi


نطاق الانسياب أو غلاف الانسياب أو الغلاف اللدن أو الغلاف المائع أو  أو   هي المنطقة من الأرض ما بين 100 إلى 200 كم تحت سطح الأرض، ولكنها من الممكن أن تمتد إلى أكثر من عمق 400 كم، وهي تعتبر الطبقة الأضعف في وشاح الأرض.

أصل التسمية
البادئة  أصلها من اليونانية القديمة ἀσθενός التي تعني "بلا قوة".

مراجع

بنية الأرض
تكتونيات الصفائح

نطاق الانسياب


دوري الدرجة الأولى للمحترفين السعودي، أو دوري يلو لأسباب الرعاية، هي بطولة الدوري الثانية من حيث الأهمّية لكرة القدم السعودية بعد دوري المحترفين السعودي في السعودية. في كل عام، يتم تصعيد أفضل الفرق في جدول الترتيب النهائي إلى دوري المحترفين السعودي، ويتم تهبيط أقل الفرق في جدول الترتيب النهائي إلى دوري الدرجة الثانية. يحمل نادي الخليج لقب آخر بطولة للمسابقة لموسم 2021–2022. هجر والوحدة هما الفريقان الأكثر نجاحًا برصيد 4 ألقاب لكل منهما.

الأندية
 نادي العدالة
 نادي الباطن
 نادي الفيصلي
 نادي العربي
 نادي الخلود
 نادي هجر
 نادي أحد
 نادي الجبلين
 نادي القادسية
 نادي العروبة
 نادي القيصومة
 نادي العين
 نادي جدة
 نادي النجمة
 نادي الترجي
 نادي الصفا
 نادي البكيرية
 نادي الجندل

الإحصائيات

سجل الأبطال

الأداء حسب النادي

قائمة الهدافين حسب الموسم

الملاحظات
 1 تم دمج دوري الدرجة الأولى والدوري الممتاز في 1981–82.

انظر أيضًا
 الاتحاد العربي السعودي لكرة القدم
 دوري المحترفين السعودي
 دوري الدرجة الثانية السعودي
 دوري الدرجة الثالثة السعودي

وصلات خارجية

 Saudi Arabia Football Federation
 Saudi Arabia First Division - Hailoosport.com (Arabic)
 Saudi Arabia First Division - Hailoosport.com

المراجع

دوري ركاء للمحترفين
دوريات رياضية أسست سنة 1976
دوريات كرة قدم في السعودية
دوريات كرة قدم وطنية من المستوى الثاني في آسيا

دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي


مرض البياض الزغبي أو فطر العفونة  من أنواع الأمراض الفطرية.
يصيب مرض البياض الزغبي عددا كبيرا من النباتات تشمل الخضراوات وأشجار الفاكهة ونباتات الزينة.

أماكن الإصابة:

تظهر الإصابة غالبا على الأوراق والثمار.

وصف المرض
تتميز أمراض البياض الزغبي بان الأعراض تبدأ على شكل بقع بيضاء لامعة على السطح العلوي للأوراق تتحول تدريجيا إلى اللون البني والبقع ذات أشكال وحجوم مختلفة ومحدودة غالبا بين عروق الورقة، يقابل البقع على السطح السفلي نمو زغبي أبيض اللون أو رمادي وعند اشتداد الإصابة تمتد البقع وتتحد مع بعضها فتصغر الأوراق وتجف وتسقط ويموت النبات في حالة الإصابة الشديدة وعند إصابة الثمار الصغيرة كما في ثمار العنب يتوقف نموها وتجف، وفي حالة إصابة الثمار وهي على وشك النضج تصبح ضامرة صغيرة الحجم قليلة العصير وذات لون بني.
الظروف المناسبة للمرض
يتطور مرض البياض الزغبي في جو تسوده درجات حرارة منخفضة ورطوبة عالية

أنواع البياض الزغبي

من أنواع البياض الزغبي البياض الزغبي على الخيار والبصل والعنب والخس والبطاطس.

الوقاية والمكافحة
 جمع المخلفات النباتية المصابة وحرقها
 زراعة اصناف مقاومpopo
 رش النباتات المصابة بالمبيدات الفطرية (كاستخدام المركبات النحاسية)

المصادر والمراجع

كتاب العلوم الزراعية الخاصة / الإنتاج النباتي / المرحلة الثانوية سوريا / تأليف :د-مصطفى محمد قرنفلة، د-حسن أحمد زيادة، م-هاني عبد الله مراد، م-ماجد حسني الشروف.

أمراض وممرضات النباتات
زراعة
فطريات

بياض زغبي


Mark Edward Smith (5 March 1957 – 24 January 2018) was the lead singer, lyricist and only constant member of the post-punk group the Fall. Smith formed the band after attending the June 1976 Sex Pistols gig at the Lesser Free Trade Hall in Manchester and was its leader until his death. During their 42-year existence, the Fall's line-up included some sixty musicians, with whom Smith released 32 studio albums and numerous singles and EPs.

Smith had a difficult and complex personality and was a long-term alcoholic. He was known for his biting and targeted wit, evident in interviews, for which he was much in demand by music journalists throughout his career. He was suspicious of the trappings of fame and largely avoided socialising with people associated with the music scene, including other Fall members. The dark and sardonic aspect of his personality often appears in his lyrics; he especially derided music industry people. Smith's approach to music was unconventional and he did not have high regard for musicianship, stating that "rock & roll isn't even music really. It's a mistreating of instruments to get feelings over."

The Fall are regarded as one of the most important and influential post-punk bands of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Although Smith was difficult to work with, he was revered by fans and critics, and on his death was described as a "strange kind of antimatter national treasure."

Life and career

Early life
Smith was born to working-class parents Irene (née Brownhill) and Jack Smith, in Broughton, Salford, the eldest of four siblings. He had three sisters: Suzanne (who later painted the front sleeve for the 1980 Fall album Grotesque (After the Gramme)), Caroline, and Barbara.  His grandfather, James Brownhill, had been involved at the Dunkirk evacuation and fought in France during the Second World War. Jack was too young to have fought in the war, but joined the army as soon as he was old enough. Smith's parents had moved to nearby Sedgley Park, Prestwich after their marriage in 1955. Smith's father died suddenly in 1989 of a heart attack.

According to Simon Ford, Smith did not become interested in music until he was about 14, when his father "allowed a record player into the house." The first single he bought was Paranoid by Black Sabbath, and his first gig was the Groundhogs at Manchester's Free Trade Hall. He attended Sedgley Park Primary School, and later Stand Grammar School for Boys before quitting aged 16. That year, he left home and moved in with his girlfriend and future Fall keyboardist, Una Baines, later of the Blue Orchids. He subsequently took an evening class in A-level Literature. His first job was in a meat factory before he became a shipping clerk on Salford docks.

The Fall

The Fall were named after the novel by Albert Camus, and initially consisted of Smith and his friends Martin Bramah, Una Baines and Tony Friel. By this time, Smith was unemployed, having dropped out of college at the age of 19. He gave up his job as a shipping clerk at Salford docks shortly afterward to focus on the band. Their early line-up was formed from early members of the punk rock movement. However, their music underwent numerous stylistic changes, often concurrently with changes in the group's line-up. The Fall's 40-year career can be broken into five broad periods, based on the band's membership. These include their early late 1970s line-up, the classic Fall period of Riley/Scanlon/Hanley, the Brix years of 1984-89, their early 1990s revival, and everything after the on-stage fight in New York, after which Hanley quit and Smith was arrested (see below).

He married American guitarist and Fall member Brix Smith on 19 July 1983, after they met in April 1983 in Chicago during a Fall American tour. She joined the group on guitar and vocals for the album Perverted by Language and co-wrote some of the best-regarded Fall tracks from the period, and is widely credited for introducing a  more mainstream, pop-oriented element to the group's sound. She remained with the Fall until the couple divorced in 1989.

Smith remarried twice after this. His second marriage to Saffron Prior, who had worked for The Fall's fan club, ended in divorce in 1995. He married Eleni Poulou, also called Elenor or Elena, in 2001. Poulou joined the band in September 2002 and left in July 2016. Smith and Poulou divorced in 2016, and Smith's partner at the time of his death was his manager Pamela Vander.

Referring to the Fall's 60-odd former members, Smith claimed that he had "only" fired around half the number of people he is said to have dismissed, and that some left of their own free will. He would fire musicians for seemingly trivial reasons; he once dismissed a sound engineer for eating a salad, later explaining that "the salad was the last straw." Marc Riley was fired for dancing to Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water" during their Australian tour, although the two had had many arguments beforehand. Smith said that he often changed musicians so that they would not become lazy or complacent.

After the influential British DJ and Fall supporter John Peel died in 2004, Smith made a notorious appearance on the BBC's Newsnight show in which he seemed stunned and incoherent, which he afterwards put down to a rare incidence of stage fright.

While The Fall never achieved widespread success beyond minor hit singles in the mid-1980s, they have had a loyal cult following throughout their career. Steve Hanley is regarded by many as one of the most talented bassists of his generation, equal to Peter Hook, Andy Rourke or Gary Mounfield.

Solo work and collaboration
Alongside his work with The Fall, Smith released two spoken-word solo albums, The Post-Nearly Man (1998) and Pander! Panda! Panzer! (2002). Both feature readings of Fall lyrics set to electronic sound collages and samples of Fall songs, as well as contributions from members of The Fall. Smith appeared as a guest vocalist for Edwyn Collins, Elastica, Gorillaz, Long Fin Killie, Mouse on Mars, Coldcut and Ghostigital. His contribution to Inspiral Carpets' 1994 song "I Want You" won UK top 20 recognition, topped John Peel's influential Festive Fifty and resulted in Smith's first appearance on the UK TV show Top of the Pops. He worked with Mouse on Mars on the project Von Südenfed, whose first album, Tromatic Reflexxions, was released in May 2007. Smith provided guest vocals on the song "Glitter Freeze" from the 2010 Gorillaz album Plastic Beach, and joined the group Shuttleworth to record the World Cup song "England's Heartbeat."

In 1986, he wrote the play Hey, Luciani, based on the short reign of Pope John Paul I. Smith made a cameo appearance in the Michael Winterbottom film 24 Hour Party People (2002), while his younger self was portrayed by Sam Riley in a section that did not make the final cut of the film, but appears as a deleted scene on the DVD. Smith made an appearance in the BBC Three sitcom Ideal in May 2007, playing a foulmouthed, chain-smoking Jesus. A fuzzy, muted version of Fall song "Hip Priest" (1982) appeared in the 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs.

Lyrical and vocal style
Smith sang with a heavy Mancunian accent, and wrote in a cryptic style. His abstruse song titles, often derived from cutting out words and phrases from books and newspapers,  reflect the same tendency, with a notable example being "To Nkroachment: Yarbles" (1985). His vocal style was similarly unusual, and his delivery is known for his tendency to end phrases with an "ah"-sound. He often speak-sang or sing-slurred his lyrics, especially from the mid-1990s. His singing voice, particularly when playing live, has been described as "rambling", and he often interjected improvised rants between verses. He tended to write lyrics as free-form prose into one of his many notebooks, and only later set them to pieces of music composed by Fall musicians. He was a prolific writer who often wrote in dense continuous prose, which he would later edit down into lyrics.

A number of his vocal tracks were recorded spontaneously at his home, when he sang into a dictaphone or cassette recorder, most notably sections of "Paintwork" from the Fall's 1985 album This Nation's Saving Grace, which also includes the voice of Alan Cooper discussing main sequence stars, from a documentary Smith happened to be watching at the time. He later adapted the resulting sound effect in the studio; examples include for the intro to "Bad News Girl" (1988).

His ability as a prose writer is evident in songs that abandon the verse/chorus format in favour of a long continuous narrative. Examples include "Spectre Vs Rector" (1979), "The North Will Rise Again" (1980), "Winter (Hostel-Maxi)" and "Winter 2" (1982), and "Wings" (1983). Fall songs written in this style are often not concerned with character or story development, establishing a sense of place and atmosphere instead. By the late 1980s, Smith had largely given up this format. Some early songs concern one of his assumed alter-egos, though always from a third-person point of view. Examples include Roman Totale XVII, "the bastard offspring of Charles I and the Great God Pan",  who appears in "The N.W.R.A" (1980), the live album Totale's Turns, "2nd Dark Age" (one of the b-sides to the "Fiery Jack" single), and the sleeve credits for Dragnet, as well as the characters in "Fiery Jack" (1980), "Hip Priest" (1982), "The Man Whose Head Expanded" (1983), and "Riddler" (1986). Rare first person narratives include "Frenz", "Carry Bag Man", and "The Steak Place" from 1988's The Frenz Experiment, as well as "Bill Is Dead" (1990) and "Edinburgh Man" (1991). He did not respond to requests to explain the meaning or sources behind his lyrics. When asked by a journalist as to how much of his self could be found in the song's characters, he replied "dunno, you're the one sitting there in your round glasses and leather jacket. You tell me what you think it's an extension of...for every bloke pulling a pint, there's about ten thousand journalists writing an article about it."

Fragments of his lyrics often appeared as handwritten scribbles on early Fall album and single covers, coupled with collages he had put together. In a 1983 interview with Sounds, Smith said that he liked artwork to reflect the album content and explained how his graphic choices reflected his attitude to music. He mentioned how he was drawn to cheap and misspelled posters, amateur layouts of local papers and printed cash and carry signs with "inverted commas where you don't need them." His technique was often imitated, for example on Pavement's early releases, which heavily resemble the artwork for Hex Enduction Hour (1982), and whom Smith described as "mere Fall copyists."

His lyrics were described by critic Simon Reynolds as "a kind of Northern English magic realism that mixed industrial grime with the unearthly and uncanny, voiced through a unique, one-note delivery somewhere between amphetamine-spiked rant and alcohol-addled yarn." He described his approach as wanting to combine "primitive music with intelligent lyrics." Thematically, his frequently densely layered words often centre around descriptions of urban grotesques, gloomy landscapes, "crackpot history", and are infused with regional slang. In interviews, Smith cited Colin Wilson, Arthur Machen, Wyndham Lewis, Thomas Hardy, M. R. James, Algernon Blackwood, Clark Ashton Smith, and Philip K. Dick as influences, as well as Edgar Allan Poe, Ezra Pound, Raymond Chandler, and H. P. Lovecraft.

Personality

Smith had a difficult and often reactionary personality, and was defiantly Northern English in outlook. Brix said that he carried "a chip on both shoulders. I remember him talking about fucking southern bastards a lot and not wanting to come to London. He hated London intensely. He's quite contrarian as a person and as a writer, which is what gives him his edge." Throughout his career, he clashed with musicians, record producers, sound engineers, record label heads and fellow Manchester scene alumni such as Tony Wilson, Peter Hook, Shaun Ryder and Morrissey, whom he disparagingly referred to as "Steven." Smith had a working class and anti-intellectual outlook, but a strong interest in literature. As the journalist Andrew Harrison observed, although he wished that a majority of his audience were miners and postmen, a great many were students or Guardian readers.

According to biographer Simon Ford, Smith often treated musicians as would "[a] bad-tempered despot." He was highly charismatic and cultivated a wry and misanthropic personality during interviews and live performances. As an interviewee, his dry and caustic wit was very quotable, especially when he was critiquing other contemporary bands and "music personalities", a favoured pastime. He became a mainstay of the English music press throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and his sharp tongue often turned on the journalists themselves; many reported being nervous before meeting him, and published "war stories" afterwards.

During his later performances, he often walked off stage in frustration, or maliciously interfered with the musicians' instruments. This behavior culminated during a 1998 gig at Brownies in New York, at a low point in his life when he was drinking heavily and band morale was at its lowest. During the performance he got into an onstage fight with the other musicians, leading to long-term bassist Steve Hanley and drummer Karl Burns quitting the band. The night ended with Smith's arrest for assaulting his girlfriend and Fall keyboardist Julia Nagle, and is widely considered the band's nadir and Smith's low point. Smith was ordered to undergo treatment for alcohol abuse and anger management. The police charges were dropped after a period of good behaviour.

Smith said that his favourite things in life were "Scottish people, cats, Coronation Street, and Can." He was a passionate football fan and lifelong Manchester City follower: even appearing on the BBC's Final Score to read the classified football results. He admired mavericks such as George Best, whom he met and drank with, and observed how if Best could have drawn a crowd of 40,000 people a week he should have been able to "do what he liked."

Originally a Labour supporter, Smith left the party during the Falklands War (which he supported), then became further disillusioned with Labour during the Tony Blair era. In the 1997 election, he voted for the Conservative Party in opposition to Blair. Asked during a mid-1980s interview with Smash Hits as to what policies he would adopt if he became Prime Minister, he said: "I'd halve the price of cigarettes, double the tax on health food, then I'd declare war on France." In a 2012 interview, Smith jokingly stated he would put the Queen in charge of Britain when asked the same question. Smith also expressed support for Brexit and Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. Although a longstanding member of the Musicians Union, he criticised their political outlook, saying, "all they say is vote Corbyn and stay in the European Union."

Death
Smith died on 24 January 2018 after a long illness with lung and kidney cancer, aged 60 years. His health had been particularly bad during 2017, which led to performances in a wheelchair. A heavy smoker, Smith had long suffered from throat and respiratory problems. His work ethic and output, however, never declined and throughout his illness he continued to release a new album close to once a year.

Tributes to Smith included Brix Smith, Tim Burgess, Liam Gallagher, Andy Bell, Mat Osman, Billy Bragg, Win Butler, Cat Power, Edgar Wright, Pixies, Garbage, Stuart Murdoch, Terry Christian, Graham Coxon, Irvine Welsh and Gorillaz.

Legacy
Smith was both resigned and ambivalent about his legacy, especially in terms of the fad-orientated music industry of which he was often harshly critical in his lyrics. He noted, somewhat bitterly, how "every artist wants credibility. A couple of years ago, I read a poll on the hundred best artists of all time. The Fall was in there between Mozart and Puccini. I was very proud of that. Of course, the next day I can pick up a paper and be the guy with no teeth who beats everybody up." Despite this, he was widely influential and critically acclaimed throughout his career, in part because he did not seek to capitalise on current trends which might have dated the band. He was particularly dismissive of the Madchester scene, as well as the post-punk revival bands of the 2000s who cited him and The Fall as an influence, whom he personally felt owed more to Talking Heads.

Similarly, he refused to look backwards; when recording, he was adamant that the Fall not repeat themselves stylistically, and when playing live, he refused to play old songs. The approach is further seen in his strategy of frequently replacing band members. Long-term fan John Peel said that "The Fall are the group against which all others must measure themselves", and when asked which Fall albums he would recommend to newcomers, he replied, "all of them." In January 2005, Smith was the subject of The Fall: The Wonderful and Frightening World of Mark E. Smith, a BBC Four television documentary.

A number of alternative rock artists have mentioned Smith in their songs. The Jazz Butcher released "Southern Mark Smith" in 1983. German rock band Tocotronic mentioned him in their song "Ich habe geträumt, ich wäre Pizza essen mit Mark E. Smith" ("I dreamt I went to eat pizza with Mark E. Smith") on their 1996 album Wir kommen um uns zu beschweren (We come to complain). Elastica released the track "How He Wrote Elastica Man" in 2000, a reference to the 1980 Fall song "How I Wrote 'Elastic Man'", while in 2014 Fat White Family released an EP titled "I Am Mark E Smith." Sonic Youth covered three Fall songs, as well as the Kinks' "Victoria", which they released in 1990 as the 4 Tunna Brix EP. Cedric Bixler-Zavala, singer for the American groups At the Drive-In and The Mars Volta, described Smith as "one of the pillars of influence for me as lyricist and trouble maker."

Discography

The Fall

Solo work and collaborations

Literature
 Mark E. Smith: Renegade: The Lives and Tales of Mark E. Smith, Viking (2008), ISBN 0-670-91674-9

References

Footnotes

Citations

Sources

 .

External links

The Fall online formerly: The Official Fall Website & The Unofficial Fall Website
 The Annotated Fall Lyrics to The Fall's songs, annotated
The Fall "Totally Wired", Reykjavik 1981
The Fall, "Fortress" live in Reykjavik, 1981
Guardian interview (2005)
BBC Collective interview (2005)

1957 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from kidney cancer
English lyricists
English male singers
English punk rock singers
English male songwriters
British post-punk musicians
The Fall (band) members
Music in Salford
Singers from Manchester
People from Broughton, Greater Manchester
Socialist Workers Party (UK) members
People educated at Stand Grammar School

Mark E. Smith


Holmengrå fyr er et kystfyr i Fedje i Vestland fylke i Norge. Fyret ligger nord for Fedje, yderst i Fensfjorden som er indløbet til Statoil olieraffinaderi på Mongstad. Det markerer den sydlige afgrænsning af Sognesjøen, som strækker sig herfra mod nord til mundingen af Sognefjorden.

Fyret blev tændt første gang i 1892. Fyret er et 35,5 meter højt firkantet hvidt tårn med rød hat. Det lyser med karakteristik ISO WRG 6s og har en lysvidde på 13 sømil.

Fyret fik tågesignal i 1954 og blev elektrificeret i 1955. I 1975 blev der monteret radarfyr. Fyret blev automatiseret og fraflyttet i 1989.

I dag er fyrvogterboligen indrettet som ferielejlighed og som kan bookes for fyrferie.

Der har været en række skibsforlis ved Holmengrå Fyr i nyere tid:

 20. september 1982: Fragtskibet «Hico»' af Stavanger sprang læk og sank 10 sømil nordvest for Holmengrå fyr. Ingen omkom.
 9. januar 1983: Fragtskibet «Bebko» i kornfart for Stako havarerede nord for Holmengrå fyr. De syv søfolk blev bjerget i fuld storm.
 4. februar 1989: Fragtskibet «Coast Trader»'' drev på land ved Holmengrå efter skruehavari. Mandskabet på fire blev reddet af losbåd.
 25. september 1989: Smågasstankeren «Melrose» havarerede i storm sydvest for Holmengrå fyr. Alle blev bjerget.

Kilder og henvisninger

 Den norske los, Bind 3. Statens kartverk - Sjøkartverket
 Fedje Kommune
 Bergens Tidende – Tidligere ulykker på Fedje
 Informasjon - Besøk Holmengrå

Fyr i Vestland
Fedje
Sognefjorden

Holmengrå Fyr


El P-700 Granit (en ruso П-700 Гранит, en español granito) es un  misil de crucero  anti-buque ruso. Su designación GRAU es 3M45, la Designación OTAN es SS-N-19 Shipwreck. Fue producido en variantes ASCM y SLCM.

Diseño y construcción
El P-700 fue diseñado en los 1970s para reemplazar al misil SS-N-7 y el SS-N-9, ambos misiles eficaces para atacar a otros barcos de guerra, pero con un alcance demasiado corto ante la mejora de las armas de los grupos de batalla de portaaviones de Marina de Estados Unidos.

El misil fue parcialmente derivado del SS-N-12. El objetivo era poder transportarlo desde un nuevo diseño de portaaviones que sería fabricado para la Armada de la Unión Soviética, el Portaaviones Almirante Kuznetsov y otros cruceros de guerra pesados de gran tamaño Clase Kírov.

Los misiles podían ser utilizados en salvas en rápida sucesión, se mantiene el control de cada misil a través de un enlace de datos por separado desde la base de comando en la nave que los transporta, luego en pleno vuelo el grupo de misiles podrían coordinar sus acciones en forma independiente, utilizando su radar activo para buscar objetivos, la transmisión de estos datos se efectúa a otros misiles en pleno vuelo, los misiles son programados para que la mitad de una salva acometa a un blanco asignado como distracción, el resto de misiles se divide entre otras naves asignados ahora como blancos de oportunidad, si algún misil fuese derribado por los sistemas de defensa enemigos, otro misil de la andanada se ocupará automáticamente para ocupar su lugar, los misiles cambian a radar activo durante la fase terminal del ataque.

El misil sería lanzado en forma vertical desde la cubierta del portaaviones con unas compuertas que se abren como una escotilla de lanzamiento de misiles desde submarinos, las compuertas cerradas permiten el despegue de los aviones transportados en el portaaviones y las maniobras de las aeronaves sobre la cubierta de vuelo, en un diseño único en su tipo que le permite a un portaaviones convertirse en un arma con capacidad para atacar a otros barcos de guerra, los nuevos submarinos de Rusia también podrán transportarlos en los silos de lanzamiento vertical de misiles para atacar a escuadras navales completas. Los misiles pueden ser lanzados juntos al mismo tiempo y cada misil puede seleccionar los blancos enemigos asignados en forma independiente en pleno vuelo a una velocidad supersónica y volando a pocos metros de altura, tiene medidas de protección y puede lanzar bengalas de distracción para los sistemas defensivos de los barcos de guerra enemigos.

Despliegue

El despliegue inicial fue a bordo del  Kírov (ahora el  Admiral Ushakov) en 1980. Actualmente está en servicio con la flota rusa del Norte en los cruceros de Batalla Clase Kirov Almirante Nakhimov y Piotr Velikhy, el crucero de aviación   Kuznetsov y como parte de la Armería de submarinos de misiles guiados más grande (El Kursk llevaba 24 misiles) de la Clase Oscar. Sin embargo, el tamaño del misil limita las plataformas en el que puede funcionar y ser lanzado desde ellas.

Antiguos operadores

Operadores actuales

Véase también
 Almirante Kuznetsov
 Clase Kírov (1980)
 Clase Oscar
 P-500 Bazalt
 BrahMos
 Misil antibuque
 Guerra antisuperficie
 Lista de misiles
 Lista de nombres de la OTAN para misiles tierra-tierra

Bibliografía
 Jane's Underwater Weapon Systems 2006-2007

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 P-700 / 3K45 Granit / SS-N-19 Shipwreck.

Accidente del K-141 Kursk
Introducciones de 1980
Misiles de crucero antibuque de la Unión Soviética
Misiles nucleares de la Unión Soviética
Motores estatorreactor

P-700 Granit


An Arisaema brucei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni H.Li, R.Li ngan Jin Murata. An Arisaema brucei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arisaema

Arisaema brucei


La Barrière des races () est un film américain réalisé par Alan Hale Sr., produit par Cecil B. DeMille et sorti en 1925.

C'est un remake du film de 1914  réalisé par James Kirkwood Sr. et produit par la Biograph Company.

Synopsis
Les membres d'une tribu d'amérindiens sont intimidés par les propriétaires d'une entreprise de conserves, qui cherchent à violer un traité protégeant leurs zones de pêche. Une jeune fille victime d'une chute de cheval, est sauvée par un indien, fils du chef de la tribu.

Fiche technique
 Titre : La Barrière des races
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Alan Hale Sr.
 Scénario : Mary O'Hara
 Producteur : Cecil B. DeMille
 Photographie : Faxon M. Dean
 Distributeur : Producers Distributing Corporation
 Durée : 71 minutes (7 bobines)
 Date de sortie :  (USA)

Distribution

Rod La Rocque : Braveheart
Lillian Rich : Dorothy Nelson
Robert Edeson : Hobart Nelson
Arthur Housman : Frank Nelson
Frank Hagney : Ki-Yote
Tyrone Power Sr. : Standing Rock
Jean Acker : Sky-Arrow
Sally Rand : Sally Vernon
Henry Victor : Sam Harris

Bibliographie
  Idéologies demilliennes, Jean-Loup Bourget, dans Cecil B. DeMille, le gladiateur de Dieu (2013), pages 119 à 174

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1925
Western américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film muet américain
Film produit par Cecil B. DeMille

La Barrière des races


Horrorscope je peti studijski album američkog thrash metal sastava Overkill. Album je 3. rujna 1991. godine objavila diskografska kuća Megaforce Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Overkill

 Bobby "Blitz" Ellsworth – vokali
 D. D. Verni – bas-gitara
 Sid Falck – bubnjevi
 Merritt Gant – gitara
 Rob Cannavino – gitara, akustična gitara

Ostalo osoblje

 Rat Skates – logotip
 Jon Zazula – izvršna produkcija
 Marsha Zazula – izvršna produkcija
 Matt Lane – inženjer zvuka
 Howie Weinberg – mastering
 Bob Defrin – naslovnica
 Michael Paras – fotografija
 Jeff Tisman – fotografija
 Terry Date – produkcija, miksanje, inženjer zvuka

Izvori

Albumi sastava Overkill
Albumi iz 1991.

Horrorscope


Dværgmusen (Micromys minutus), eller havremusen, er en af verdens mindste gnavere, med en kropsvægt omkring 7 gram. Den er især knyttet til det åbne land og lever størstedelen af tiden oppe i vegetationen, hvor den er i stand til at klatre rundt i de tynde græsstrå. Dværgmusen har først i 1900-tallet bredt sig til hele Danmark og er nu almindelig.

Udseende
Længden af krop og hoved er 58-76 millimeter og halen 51-72 millimeter. Pelsen er om sommeren rødbrun, mens den om vinteren og hos de unge dyr er mere gråbrun. Partiet omkring haleroden og lårenes bagsider er rustrødt og ofte meget iøjnefaldende. Undersiden er gråhvid til gulhvid. Der er ingen skarp grænse mellem ryggens og bugens farver. Hovedets form kan minde om studsmusene, f.eks. markmus og rødmus, hvor snuden er kort og afrundet. Både øjne og ører er ret små, og ørerne er hårede og næsten helt skjult af pelsen, når dyret lægger dem tilbage. Benene er korte og spinkle og uegnede til spring. Dog er halen lang og tænderne bygget ligesom hos de andre ægte mus.

Udbredelse
Dværgmusen har en palæarktisk udbredelse som strækker sig fra Spanien i vest til Japan i øst.

Forekomst i Skandinavien
I 1800-tallet var dværgmusen kun kendt fra Jylland syd for Limfjorden og fra Fyn, men spredte sig fra begyndelsen af 1900-tallet til Sjælland og blev i 1939 første gang observeret nord for Limfjorden. I Finland forekommer den op til den svenske grænse. Arten blev ikke observeret i Sverige førend 1985, hvor en population opdagedes i Dalsland. Det har senere vist sig at denne populations udbredelse strækker sig ind i Värmland og Norge. I 2007 opdagedes en ny population i Skåne. Genetiske analyser af mitokondrie-DNA har vist at populationerne i Dalsland og Skåne har forskellig oprindelse, men at begge er nærmest beslægtet med populationer i Danmark.

Levevis
Dværgmusen findes først og fremmest i det åbne land, hvor der er højt græs. Den er især almindelig på fugtige steder, hvor vegetationen er særlig høj og kraftig. Den findes dog også i kornmarker, især af havre, eller i skovlysninger med et højt, tæt græsdække.

Med dens specialiserede fødder og gribehale kan dværgmusen elegant klatre på græsstrå. Den ses både være aktiv dag og nat, men er især nataktiv med den største aktivitet efter skumring og før dæmring.

Som ynglerede bygges mellem stråene en kugleformet rede. Den har en diameter på 5 til 13 centimeter og befinder sig normalt mindst 30 cm over jorden. Redematerialet består næsten udelukkende af græsstrå som spaltes på langs og filtres sammen. Nærstående stængler og blade indflettes i reden uden at de bides itu, så de bevarer deres grønne farve og hjælper til at camouflere reden. Om vinteren indrettes en mindre kunstfærdigt bygget rede ved jorden i en græstue eller i korte gange lige under jordoverfladen. I vinterreden kan musen samle et større forråd af korn og andre frø.

Den lever hovedsageligt af frø, men også andre plantedele og insekter.

Yngletiden varer normalt fra marts til oktober. Drægtighedstiden er cirka 21 dage og hunnen føder 3 til 7 unger per kuld. I Danmark får hver hun gennemsnitligt to til tre kuld. Efter 24 dage har ungerne nået voksenstørrelse og efter fire-fem uger er de kønsmodne. Dværgmusen bliver i naturen kun op til 16-18 måneder gammel.

Referencer

Noter

Trykte kilder
 B. Jensen (2004) Nordens däggdjur, andet oplag, Prisma förlag,

Eksterne henvisninger
 Ivaldi, F. 1999. "Micromys minutus"  (On-line), Animal Diversity Web

Danmarks pattedyr
Ægte mus

Dværgmus


إعادة تأهيل المريخ Terraforming هي عملية افتراضية لتحويل بيئة كوكب المريخ لبيئة صالحة لاحتضان الحياة.

حال المريخ

الضغط الجوي هو 0,75 في المائة من ضغط الأرض.
درجة الحرارة على سطح المريخ تتراوح ما بين -85 درجة مئوية و+20 درجة مئوية.
الغلاف الجوي يتكون بنسبة 95 في المئة من ثاني اكسيد الكربون.
تحت تأثير الرياح الشمسية وبسبب عدم وجود مجال مغناطيسي للمريخ فإنه من الصعب بقاء أي غلاف جوي كثيف.

مستلزمات

من أجل تطوير المريخ إلى ما يسمى بالأرض الثانية يلزم تغيير الامور التالية:
 زيادة معدل درجة حرارة السطح حوالي 60 درجة.
 زيادة كثافة الغلاف الجوي لحد أدنى مقداره 300 ميلليبار وهو ثلث الضغط على الأرض
وحد أقصى (نظرياً) نحو 5 أضعاف الضغط الجوي على الأرض.
 الحد الأقصى لضغط الأكسجين الجزئي هو 1.6 بار (حدود تسمم الأكسجين)
وضغط النيتروجين الجزئي 3.2 بار (تخدير النيتروجين)

ومع ذلك فمن المستبعد جدا إمكانية استحداث غلاف جوي للمريخ بضغط أعلى من 1 بار، بل حتى 1 بار، مقدار الضغط الجوي على الأرض، سيعني ان سمك الغلاف الجوي سيفوق ما يقارب من ثلاثة امثال كثافه الغلاف الجوي على الأرض نتيجة لانخفاض الجاذبية على المريخ
كذلك، فان الاحتياطيات من النيتروجين على المريخ منخفضة جداً، تقديرات تتحدث عن كمية من النيتروجين بضغط 100-300 ميلليبار
إتاحة المياه السائلة
زيادة نسبة الأكسجين والغازات الخامله كالنيتروجين في الغلاف الجوي

أساليب

لإعادة تشكيل المريخ يمكن البدء بثاني اكسيد الكربون، المخزن بكميات كبيرة في الجليد القطبي.
تشمل التقديرات كميات تعطي نحو 50-100 ميلليبار
كميات أكبر موجودة في الريغوليت وهو الغبار السطحي (450-900 ميلليبار)
وهذا من شأنه نظرياً إقامة غلاف جوي كثيف مكون من ثاني اكسيد الكربون السام للبشر.
حتى النباتات لا يمكن أن تتحمل أكثر من حوالي 50 ميلليبار ثاني اكسيد الكربون.
رغم وجود طحالب من المعروف أنها تتحمل العيش في بيئة نقية مكونة من ثاني أكسيد الكربون
حتى أن بعض أنواع الطحالب تزدهر أفضل في ثاني اكسيد الكربون النقي.
لبدء عملية الاحتباس الحراري هنالك أساليب مختلفة ممكنة
جميع الخطط تؤدي لردود فعل مع النتائج التالية :
غلاف جوي أكثر كثافة بفعل إطلاق ثاني اكسيد الكربون. في حال التوصل لغلاف جوي بضغط يعادل ثلث الغلاف الجوي للارض (وهو الضغط الموجود على قمة إفرست) تزول ضرورة ارتداء الثياب الواقية على سطح المريخ.
ارتفاع درجات الحرارة من خلال ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري، مما يزيد من إثراء الغلاف الجوي بصورة ذاتية نتيجة تعزيز ذوبان الجليد القطبي.
الماء السائل نتيجة الزيادة في درجة الحرارة والضغط الجوي.

مرآة الفضاء

طريقة معقدة جدا وبالتالي مكلفة الهدف منها إيصال الطاقة الكافية إلى بيئة المريخ عبر تركيب مرايا عديدة ضخمة في مدارات حول الكوكب.
قطر المرآة الواحدة يجب أن يتراوح بين 100 و200 كلم وكتلة من مئة ألف إلى عدة ملايين من الأطنان. يتم عبر أسطحها إعادة توجيه أشعة الشمس بمساعدة لوائح الألومنيوم المقواة بالبوليميرات نحو المناطق المتجمدة القطبية ودفع جليدها للذوبان. الانبعاثات الغازية لثاني أكسيد الكربون الناتجة عن هذه العملية من شأنها إطلاق احتباس حراري منشود يؤدي إلى ارتفاع درجة حرارة المريخ.

كويكب

قد تبدو فكرة التلاعب بمسار كويكب ما خيالية، لكنها ممكنة من الناحية النظرية على الاقل.
ذلك من خلال التلاعب بمسار كويكب أو مذنب يحوي كمية كبيرة من المواد سريعة التبخر وتغييره نحو المريخ. سيؤدي هذا الأمر إلى إطلاق كميات كبيرة من الغازات في الغلاف الجوي بسبب الاحتكاك لحظة الدخول إلى الأجواء أو بفعل ارتطام الكويكيب على سطح المريخ.
بهذه الطريقة تبدؤ ظاهرة احتباس حراري قادرة على تقوية نفسها بنفسها مع تسرب كميات كبيرة من مياه الكويكب إلى بيئة المريخ إضافة إلى ذوبان كميات كبيرة أخرى من المياه الجوفية المتجمدة.

سخام

أسهل الطرق لتدفئة المريخ تكمن بذرِّ السخام الداكن أو ما شابهه من مواد قادرة على امتصاص اشعة الشمس فوق المساحات الجليدية في القطبين. هذا سيؤدي إلى امتصاص أقوى للضوء وبالتالي ارتفاع درجات الحرارة التي تحمل الجليد على الذوبان.

أحياء دقيقة

بالإضافة إلى ما سبق، يمكن وفي وقت مبكر من مشروع التأهيل توطين أنواع من أحياء دقيقة كالبكتيريا الأرضية على المريخ. هذه الأنواع قادرة على الحياة تحت ضغط منخفض، وتكتفي بقليل من أشعة الشمس وليست بحاجة لكميات كبيرة من الأوكسجين. بل أن بعضها لا يحتاجه على الإطلاق، كما على الأرض في البراكين أو في أعماق المحيطات أو في الينابيع الكبريتية.

تأهيل جزئي

من خلال انصهار الجليد المكون من الماء وثاني أكسيد الكربون، بالإمكان تشكيل غلاف جوي كثيف، إلا أن هذا الغلاف سيتكون بمعظمه من ثاني أكسيد الكربون.

مركبتا فايكينغ 1 وفايكينغ 2 اظهرتا أن مادة الريغوليت المنتشرة على سطح المريخ تصدر غاز الأكسجين تحت تأثير الماء وثاني أكسيد الكربون. هذا الأمر يجعل من الريغوليت منبعا محتملا للأكسجين. يبقى السؤال حول ما إذا كانت كميات الماء على المريخ كافية للمساهمة بهذه العملية وتحرير الأكسجين من قيود الريغوليت.

يعد ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الغازات المسببة للاحتباس الحراري. إلا أن إطلاق كافة ثاني أكسيد الكربون الموجود على المريخ والذي يقدر ضغطه الجوي على سطح المريخ ب 1000 إلى 2000 ميلليبار، لن يكون كافيا لزيادة درجة حرارة المريخ بمقدار الـ 60 درجة مئوية اللازمة لتثبيت الاحتباس الحراري بشكل مستديم.
هنالك غازات أخرى أكثر فعالية، كمركبات الكلوروفلوروكربون (CFCs). واستخدامها سيوصل إلى مناخ دافيء وثابت. كذلك ارتفاع نسبة الرطوبة في الهواء ستساهم بتخطي حاجز ال 60 درجة والسماح بتواجد المياه السائلة.

كذلك يمكن استيراد كويكبات تحتوي بشكل خاص على الميثان والنشادر بنسب عالية ما يساعد عملية الاحتباس.
في نهاية هذا العمل سيكون المريخ كوكباً أكثر دفئاً ورطوبة وذا غلاف جوي كثيف مكون من ثاني أكسيد الكربون. وهو الوضع الذي كان عليه هذا الكوكب قبل 3.5 إلى 4 مليارات سنة.

هذه العملية بمجملها تبقى مجرد عملية كيميائية، لم تدخل العناصر البيولوجية في حساباتها. والتقديرات لإتمامها متفائلة وتتحدث عن 100 إلى 1000 سنة.
في نهاية المطاف ستكون الظروف ملائمة لنمو النبات الأرضي ولتواجد الإنسان على السطح وتحت السماء بدون ثياب ثقيلة واقية، إذ ستكفي حينها كمامات للتزود بالأكسجين.

مصدر
 الكوكب الرابع

مراجع

إعادة تأهيل أرضي
استكشاف المريخ
خيال علمي
مناخ المريخ

إعادة تأهيل المريخ


A Yaranga (Chukchi: Яраӈы, Yarangy) is a tent-like traditional mobile home of some nomadic Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, such as Chukchi and Siberian Yupik.

A Yaranga is a cone-shaped or rounded reindeer-hide tent. It is built of a light wooden frame covered with reindeer skins or canvas sewn together.

The word yaranga comes from the Chukchi word for house: jaraŋə (Cyrillic: яраӈы). In Russian use, the terms chum, yurt and yaranga may be used interchangeably.

Chauchu Chukchi

It is built of a light wooden frame covered with reindeer skins sewn together. A medium-size yaranga requires about 50 skins.

A large yaranga is hard to completely heat up. There is a smaller cabin called a polog built inside it, that can be kept warm and cozy.

Siberian Yupik and Anqallyt Chukchi
The most numerous of the Siberian Yupik peoples, the Chaplino Eskimos (Ungazigmit) had a round, dome-shaped building for winter. Literature refers to it as a "yaranga", the same term which the Chukchi people use, but the term used in the Chaplino Eskimos' language is mengteghaq (, extended Cyrillic: мыӈтыӷаӄ). Its framework was made of posts. Tarpaulins were used for covering the framework. The yaranga was surrounded by sod or planking around the base. There was a smaller cabin within the yaranga at the rear, used for sleeping and living. It was separated from the outer, cooler parts of the yaranga with haired reindeer skins and grass, supported by a cage-like framework. In the language of Chaplino Eskimos, it was called , a word borrowed from the Chukchi language. Household duties were done in the larger outer room of the yaranga in front of this inner building. In winter storms, and also at night, the dogs were there. This room for economical purposes was called .

There were also other types of buildings among Chaplino Eskimos:  was a modernized type, and  was used for summer.

See also

 Tipi
 Lavvu

Notes

References

Latin

Cyrillic

  The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English:

External links

  Rendering in English: Ungazik settlement, Kunstkamera, Russian Academy of Sciences. Old photos about former life of a Siberian Yupik settlement, including those of a various house types, both inside and outside.
 Photographic collection of A.S.Forshtein in the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences

House types
Portable buildings and shelters
Tents
Yupik culture
Siberian Yupik

Yaranga


The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early embryonic development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) also known as the embryoblast which subsequently forms the embryo, and an outer layer of trophoblast cells called the trophectoderm. This layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoel. In the late blastocyst the trophectoderm is known as the trophoblast. The trophoblast gives rise to the chorion and amnion, the two fetal membranes that surround the embryo. The placenta derives from the embryonic chorion (the portion of the chorion that develops villi) and the underlying uterine tissue of the mother.

The name "blastocyst" arises from the Greek   ("a sprout") and   ("bladder, capsule").

In non-mammalian animals this is a structure consisting of an undifferentiated ball of cells and is called a blastula.

In humans, blastocyst formation begins about five days after fertilization when a fluid-filled cavity opens up in the morula, the early embryonic stage of a ball of 16 cells.
The blastocyst has a diameter of about 0.1–0.2 mm and comprises 200–300 cells (32 mitotic divisions ) following rapid cleavage (cell division). About seven days after fertilization, the blastocyst undergoes implantation, embedding into the endometrium of the uterine wall where it will undergo further developmental processes, including gastrulation. Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium requires that it hatches from the zona pellucida, the egg coat that prevents adherence to the fallopian tube as the pre-embryo makes its way to the uterus.

The use of blastocysts in in vitro fertilization (IVF) involves culturing a fertilized egg for five days before transferring it into the uterus. It can be a more viable method of fertility treatment than traditional IVF. The inner cell mass of blastocysts is the source of embryonic stem cells, which are broadly applicable in stem cell therapies including cell repair, replacement and regeneration. Assisted zona hatching may also be used in IVF, and other fertility treatments.

Development cycle
The blastocyst stage occurs between 5 and 9 days after conception. During embryonic development, after fertilization (approximately 5–6 days in the human), the cells of the morula begin to undergo cell differentiation, and the morula changes into the blastocyst. In the uterus the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaks down, allowing it to implant into the uterine wall. Implantation marks the end of the germinal stage of embryogenesis, and the beginning of gestation.

Blastocyst formation

The zygote develops by mitosis, and when it has developed into a compacted ball of 8-16 cells becomes known as the morula. Until this stage in development, all cells (blastomeres) are autonomous and not specified to any particular subsequent functional development. The morula then develops by cavitation to become the blastocyst, or in many other animals the blastula. Cellular differentiation then develops the morula's cells into two types: trophoblast cells that surround the blastocoel and an inner mass of cells (the embryoblast). The inner cell mass consists of embryonic stem cells. The conceptus is then known as the blastocyst.

Before cell differentiation takes place there are two transcription factors, Oct-4 and nanog that are uniformly expressed on all of the cells, but both of these transcription factors are turned off in the trophoblast once it has formed. The side of the blastocyst where the inner cell mass forms is called the embryonic  pole, and the opposite side is the abembryonic pole. The outer layer of trophoblast cells, resulting from compaction, pumps sodium ions into the blastocyst, which causes water to enter through osmosis and form the internal fluid-filled blastocyst cavity (blastocoel). The blastocoel, trophoblast cells, and inner cell mass are hallmarks of the blastocyst.

Implantation

Implantation is critical to the survival and development of the early human embryo. It establishes a connection between the mother and the early embryo which will continue through the remainder of the pregnancy. Implantation is made possible through structural changes in both the blastocyst and endometrial wall. The zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaches, referred to as hatching. This removes the constraint on the physical size of the embryonic mass and exposes the outer cells of the blastocyst to the interior of the uterus. Furthermore, hormonal changes in the mother, specifically a peak in luteinizing hormone (LH), prepare the endometrium to receive and envelop the blastocyst. The immune system is also modulated to allow for the invasion of the foreign embryonic cells. Once bound to the extracellular matrix of the endometrium, trophoblast cells secrete enzymes and other factors to embed the blastocyst into the uterine wall. The enzymes released degrade the endometrial lining, while autocrine growth factors such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) allow the blastocyst to further invade the endometrium.

Implantation in the uterine wall allows for the next step in embryogenesis, gastrulation, which includes the formation of the placenta from trophoblastic cells and differentiation of the inner cell mass into the amniotic sac and epiblast.

Structure
There are two types of blastomere cells:
 The inner cell mass, also known as the embryoblast, gives rise to the primitive endoderm and the embryo proper (epiblast).
 The primitive endoderm develops into the amniotic sac which forms the fluid-filled cavity that the embryo resides in during pregnancy.
 The epiblast gives rise to the three germ layers of the developing embryo during gastrulation (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm).
 The trophoblast is a layer of cells forming the outer ring of the blastocyst that combines with the maternal endometrium to form the placenta. Trophoblast cells also secrete factors to make the blastocoel.
 After implantation, cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast, composed of stem cells which give rise to cells comprising the chorionic villi, placenta, and syncytiotrophoblast.
 After implantation, syncytiotrophoblast is the outermost layer of the trophoblast. These cells secrete proteolytic enzymes to break down the endometrial extracellular matrix to allow for implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.

The blastocoel fluid cavity contains amino acids, growth factors, and other molecules necessary for cellular differentiation.

Cell specification

Multiple processes control cell lineage specification in the blastocyst to produce the trophoblast, epiblast, and primitive endoderm. These processes include gene expression, cell signaling, cell-cell contact and positional relationships, and epigenetics.

Once the inner cell mass has been established within the blastocyst, it prepares for further specification into the epiblast and primitive endoderm. This process of specification known as cell fate determination is carried out in part by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling which generates a MAP kinase pathway to alter cellular genomes. Further segregation of blastomeres into the trophectoderm and inner cell mass are regulated by the homeodomain protein, Cdx2. This transcription factor represses the expression of Oct4 and Nanog transcription factors in the trophoblast. These genomic alterations allow for the progressive specification of both epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages at the end of the blastocyst phase of development preceding gastrulation. Much of the research conducted on these early embryonic stages is on mouse embryos and specific factors may differ between mammals.

During implantation, the trophoblast gives rise to extraembryonic membranes and cell types that will eventually form most of the fetal placenta, the specialized organ through which the embryo obtains maternal nourishment necessary for subsequent exponential growth. The specification of the trophoblast is controlled by the combination of morphological cues arising from cell polarity with differential activity of signaling pathways such as Hippo and Notch, and the restriction to outer cells of lineage specifiers such as CDX2.

In the mouse, primordial germ cells are specified from epiblast cells, a process that is accompanied by extensive genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming. Reprogramming involves global DNA demethylation and chromatin reorganization resulting in cellular totipotency. The process of genome-wide demethylation involves the DNA base excision repair pathway.

Trophoblasts express integrin on their cell surfaces which allow for adhesion to the extracellular matrix of the uterine wall. This interaction allows for implantation and triggers further specification into the three different cell types, preparing the blastocyst for gastrulation.

Clinical implications

Pregnancy tests
The level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the blastocyst during implantation is the factor measured in a pregnancy test. hCG can be measured in both blood and urine to determine whether a woman is pregnant. More hCG is secreted in a multiple pregnancy. Blood tests of hCG can also be used to check for abnormal pregnancies.

In vitro fertilization
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an alternative to traditional in vivo fertilization for fertilizing an egg with sperm and implanting that embryo into a female's womb. For many years the embryo was inserted into the uterus two to three days after fertilization. However at this stage of development it is very difficult to predict which embryos will develop best, and several embryos were typically implanted. Several implanted embryos increased the likelihood of a developing fetus but also led to the development of multiple fetuses. This was a major problem and drawback for using embryos in IVF.

The use of blastocysts for human IVF has proved successful. A blastocyst is implanted five to six days after the eggs have been fertilized. After five or six days it is much easier to determine which embryos will result in healthy live births. Knowing which embryos will succeed allows just one blastocyst to be implanted, cutting down dramatically on the health risk and expense of multiple births. Now that the nutrient requirements for embryonic and blastocyst development have been determined, it is much easier to give embryos the correct nutrients to sustain them into the blastocyst phase.

Embryo transfer following in vitro fertilization is a procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the vagina, guided through the cervix via ultrasound, and into the uterine cavity where the blastocysts are inserted into the womb.

Blastocysts also offer an advantage because they can be used to genetically test the cells to check for genetic problems. There are enough cells in a blastocyst that a few trophectoderm cells can be removed without disturbing the developing blastocyst. These cells can be tested for chromosome aneuploidy using preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), or specific conditions such as cystic fibrosis, often known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).

Embryo transfer process
In an embryo transfer procedure following an initial ultrasound, a speculum is used to open the walls of the vagina, and using a catheter an embryo is passed through the tube for placement into the womb.

See also

Developmental biology

References

External links

Embryology

Blastocyst


Kula Avala je fortifikacijski objekt u Vrgorcu, Hrvatska. Pripada nizu dobro očuvanih materijalnih ostataka osmanske kulturne baštine u gradu, prije svega kulâ.
U gradu je danas osam turskih kula znane pod imenima Kula Avala, Kapetanovića kula (Dizdarevićeva kula), Cukarinovićeva kula, Pakerova kula, Muminova kula, Raosova kula.

Položaj
Smještena je između najviših četvrti Vrgorca i vrgoračke Gradine, pedeset koraka od vrata glavne utvrde. Položajem sa svih strana štiti pristup Gradini, što je čini gotovo neosvojivom. Slična je građevini u Kuli Norinskoj.

Povijest
Vrgorac je istrpio dva stoljeća osmanlijske vlasti. Iz tog vremena ostalo je dosta očuvanih objekata, za razliku od ostatka južnih hrvatskih krajeva. Smatra se da je izgrađena za osmanlijske vlasti, jer oblikom podsjeća na osmanlijski stil građenja i vrlo je slična kuli u Drnišu. Mlečani su zauzeli Vrgorac od Osmanlija 1690. godine. Tim povodom oslikao prvi ju je oslikao i opisao mletački narednik Rubia u izvješću generalnom providuru mletačke provincije Dalmacije i Albanije Alessandru Molinu. Crtež je naslikan brzinski guščjim perom i pridodan izvješću. Nakon oslobođenja od Osmanlija nisu srušene, nego su bili mjesto stanovanja i povremeno obnavljane. Protjek vremena nagrizao je kulu pa je postala ruševina. Novi opis tvrđave datira iz 1749. godine. Opisao ju je mletački vojni inženjer Ivan Frano Rossini, koji ju je i prvi put nazvao Avala (arapski za "uzdignuti položaj"). Iz ovog opisa doznaje se da je ruševina i da je sazidana je od nepravilnih komada kamena. Naše doba dočekala je kao derutna ruševina.

Opis
Iz Rubijevog izvješća imamo crtež Vrgorca iz 1690. gdje vidimo Avalu. Kula je valjkasta, zato što joj je baza krug. Glatki krov kule sukladno bazi je oblika stošca na kojem se vihori zastava. Zid je bio ravan. Krov je bio pričvršćen na zid. Krov je bio vjerojatno od drveta ili kamena. 1749. ulaz u kulu bio je na zapadu, uzdignut visoko i do nj se penjalo preko ljestava. Latinski križ urezan je na južnom dovratniku. Zid kule širine je 130 centimetara. Na zidu su dva reda puškarnica. Justerov crtež Vrgorca s početka 18. stoljeća, potvrđuje da je izgled Avale s krovom ostao isti i za vrijeme mletačke vlasti, jedino što nije imala zastavu na krovu.
Nakon restauracije u 20. stoljeću dodani su kameni zupci, kojih nije bilo u najstarijem prikazu.

Obnova
Budući da su se najviši dijelovi zidova polako urušavali, dio oko ulaza bio potpuno razoren, okolica zarasla u draču te je bila otežana za pristup, prišlo se obnovi. Restauracijom je obnovljena kula i obližnji bunar. Nakon ovih zahvata kula izgleda kao danas. Restauracija nije najbolje sprovedena. Vidljivo je iz dijela kule koji daje najprepoznatljiviji izgled, krov.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Vrgorac Turska kula Avala
Pixsell Vrgorac: Tvrđava Gradina i okrugla kula Avala
TZ Vrgorac  Spomenici

Građevine u Vrgorcu
Utvrde u Hrvatskoj

Avala (kula u Vrgorcu)


Sumaré es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a 22º49'19" de latitud sur y 47º16'01" de longitud oeste, a una altitud de 583 metros. Su población es de 241.437 habitantes. Ocupa un área de 153,44 km². La ciudad es la segunda mayor de la Región Metropolitana de Campinas.

Divisiones regionales
El municipio de Sumaré posee seis divisiones regionales:
 Centro
 Barrio Matão
 Nueva Veneza
 Àrea Cura
 Picerno
 Maria Antônia/Dall'Orto

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Municipios de São Paulo

Sumaré


T73 peut faire référence à :
 Cooper T73, une formule 1 du constructeur britannique Cooper Car Company ;
 Effets d'autres privations, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 Pratt & Whitney T73, un turbomoteur américain.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

T73


As competições de tênis nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 em Santiago, no Chile, foram realizadas de 23 a 29 de outubro de 2023 no Centro Esportivo de Tênis, em Ñuñoa. Um total de cinco eventos estiveram em disputa: simples e duplas para cada gênero e um torneio de duplas mistas.

Os dois melhores em cada torneio individual se qualificaram aos Jogos Olímpicos de 2024, em Paris, caso estejam entre os 400 melhores do ranking de entradas em 10 de junho de 2024 e se o seu Comitê Olímpico Nacional não tiver ultrapassado sua respectiva cota máxima.

Qualificação

Um total de 82 tenistas poderiam se qualificar para competir nos Jogos (41 homens e 41 mulheres). Cada CON poderia inscrever no máximo três homens e três mulheres (com o máximo de uma equipe para cada torneio de duplas). Os torneios de simples consistiram em 41 homens e 41 mulheres, com esses competidores também podendo competir nos torneios de duplas.

O país-anfitrião, Chile, recebeu uma cota máxima de seis tenistas, enquanto as vagas remanescentes foram distribuídas através dos dois Jogos regionais e dos rankings da ATP, da WTA e da Federação Internacional de Tênis. Três convites para homens e três para mulheres também foram atribuídos.

Nações participantes
Um total de 26 CONs qualificaram pelo menos um tenista em um dos eventos por gênero, com o número de competidores representado entre parênteses.

Medalhistas
Masculino

Feminino

Misto

Quadro de medalhas

Ver também
Tênis nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024

2023
Tênis
Pan-Americanos

Tênis nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023


Der Färöische Handballpokal (färöisch Steypakappingin í føroyskum hondbólti) ist der Pokalwettbewerb für Handball-Vereinsmannschaften der Männer und Frauen. Im Gegensatz zur Meisterschaft, die 1943 erstmals ausgetragen wurde, wird dieser erst seit 1985 beziehungsweise 1987 ausgespielt. Von 2012 bis 2017 hieß der Pokal aufgrund eines Sponsorings Coca-Cola Cup, seitdem Faxe Kondi-kappingin. Der Sieger ist für den EHF-Pokal startberechtigt, wobei 2019/20 kein färöischer Verein am europäischen Wettbewerb teilnahm. Der Wettbewerb wird im Januar und Februar ausgetragen.

Frauen

Aktueller Modus

Die sieben Erstligisten werden in zwei Gruppen à drei beziehungsweise vier Mannschaften eingeteilt, wobei Jeder gegen Jeden spielt. Danach spielen jeweils der Gruppenerste und -zweite im Halbfinale mit Hin- und Rückspiel gegeneinander. Die beiden Sieger, bei Torgleichheit entscheidet die Auswärtstorregel, bestreiten das Endspiel um den Pokal.

Endspiele um den Pokal

Siegerliste

Erwähnenswertes

 1987 und 1988 bestritten jeweils die ersten und zweiten Mannschaften von Neistin Tórshavn das Pokalendspiel.
 Neistin Tórshavn konnte den Pokal zwischen 1994 und 1998 fünf Mal in Folge gewinnen.
 Dagegen stand Stjørnan Klaksvík zwischen 2004 und 2012 neun Mal in Folge im Finale, wovon sieben Spiele gewonnen wurden.
 Den höchsten Sieg im Finale erzielte 1989 Neistin Tórshavn gegen Søljan Sandavágur mit einem 29:7.
 Die meisten Tore erzielten mit jeweils 31 Vestmanna ÍF 2001 sowie Stjørnan Klaksvík 2007. Die wenigsten Tore warf Søljan Sandavágur 1989 mit sieben.

Männer

Aktueller Modus

Die sieben Erstligisten werden gemeinsam mit einer zweiten Mannschaft in zwei Gruppen à vier Mannschaften eingeteilt, wobei Jeder gegen Jeden spielt. Danach spielen jeweils der Gruppenerste und -zweite im Halbfinale mit Hin- und Rückspiel gegeneinander. Die beiden Sieger, bei Torgleichheit entscheidet die Auswärtstorregel, bestreiten das Endspiel um den Pokal.

Endspiele um den Pokal

Siegerliste

Erwähnenswertes

 Stranda ÍF konnte den Pokal zwischen 2004 und 2008 vier Mal in Folge gewinnen, dies gelang ebenso Neistin Tórshavn zwischen 2009 und 2012.
 Zwischen 2001 und 2008 stand Stranda ÍF zudem acht Mal in Folge im Finale, wovon sechs Spiele gewonnen wurden.
 Den höchsten Sieg im Finale erzielte 1996 Kyndil Tórshavn gegen Vestmanna ÍF mit einem 29:18.
 Die meisten Tore erzielte mit 35 Kollafjarðar ÍF 2013. Die wenigsten Tore warfen mit jeweils 14 Neistin Tórshavn 1987 sowie Kyndil Tórshavn 1992.

Weblinks
 Kvinnur – Vinnarar hjá kvinnum gjøgnum árini (färöisch)
 Menn – Vinnarar hjá monnum gjøgnum árini (färöisch)

Pokal
Erstveranstaltung 1985

Färöischer Handballpokal


Enfeebled Earth demoalbum je švedskog death metal-sastava Septic Broiler, koji je naknadno promijenio ime u Dark Tranquillity. Objavljen je 1990.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Dark Tranquillity

 Anders Fridén – vokal
 Niklas Sundin – solo-gitara
 Mikael Stanne – ritam gitara
 Martin Henriksson – bas-gitara
 Anders Jivarp – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
 Anders Björler – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi 4.)
 Björn Mankner – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi 4.)
 Tomas Lindberg – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi 4.)

Izvori

Albumi sastava Dark Tranquillity
Albumi iz 1990.

Enfeebled Earth


An Thaumastochloa heteromorpha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bryan Kenneth Simon. An Thaumastochloa heteromorpha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thaumastochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thaumastochloa

Thaumastochloa heteromorpha


Bingsfossen er et vandfald i Glomma ved Sørumsand i Akershus, Norge. Det har et fald på 4 meter, og blev i 1978 udbygget med vandkraftværk og damluger til Bingsfoss kraftverk.

Riksvei 171 går over dæmningen.

Hvis der var en sluse i forbindelse med denne dæmningen og ved Rånåsfoss ville det være mulig at tage med yacht fra Solbergfoss i Askim, til Fåberg nord for Lillehammer i Mjøsa. Sluse i dæmningen ved Funnefoss vil kunne give forbindelse til Storsjøen i Odalen og Glåma til Kongsvinger kraftverk.

Litteratur
 Gjerde, Harald: «Bingsfoss-stranda friluftsområde» , Øyeren informasjonssenter

Eksterne henvisninger
 «Bingsfoss», Akershus Energi
 «Bingfossen» , utdrag fra Søbye, Øystein: Eventyrlige Romerike. Orion forlag 1999.

Vandfald i Norge
Østlandets geografi

Bingsfossen


Schuufke war ein deutsches Gewichtsmaß und galt in Emden. Das Maß war in der Torfgewinnung in Anwendung. Das Maß schwankte je Qualität und reichte bis zu 8 Last Emder Gewicht je ein Schuufke.
 1 Schuufke = 3 bis 4 Last Torf

Literatur
 Cirk Heinrich Stürenburg: Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch. Verlag Carl Otto Seyde, Aurich 1857,  S. 239, 292

Altes Maß oder Gewicht (Deutschland)
Masseneinheit
Maßeinheit (Moorwirtschaft)

Schuufke


Ernesto Pivetti, né à Palerme le , mort le , est un homme politique italien.

Conseiller municipal de Palerme et régional de Sicile monarchiste, il est maire de Palerme par intérim en 1951. Il est président du club de football de Palerme durant la saison 1954-1955.

Biographie
Diplômé en droit, Ernesto Pivetti est avocat.

Officier de réserve des Bersagliers, il a participé à la Première et à la Seconde Guerres mondiales, et a reçu la médaille de la valeur militaire.

Membre du Parti national monarchiste dont il est inspecteur régional, il est soutenu par les clans mafieux dont Francesco Paolo Bontade, chef de Villagrazia, père de Stefano Bontate.

Il est assesseur municipal de Palerme à partir du 10 février 1946 auprès de Gennaro Patricolo. Vice maire auprès de Gaspare Cusenza puis de Gaspare Cusenza, il dirige la municipalité du 1er avril au 12 novembre 1951, après la démission de ce dernier.

Il est élu à l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne le 3 juin 1951 pour la deuxième législature, et est réélu jusqu'en avril 1967. Il est nommé assesseur régional aux travaux publics le 20 juillet 1951 dans la seconde junte du DC Franco Restivo.

Il prend la présidence club de football de Palerme durant la saison 1954-1955, à la suite de Mario Fasino

Lorsque le DC dissident Silvio Milazzo devient président de la région, les monarchistes le soutiennent et Pivetti est nommé le 30 octobre 1958, assesseur adjoint, chargé des logements sociaux dans le premier gouvernement. Après les élections régionales de 1959, il est chargé par Milazzo du portefeuille de l'Hygiène et à la Santé qu'il conserve dans le 3e gouvernement milazziste jusqu'à sa chute, le 22 février 1960. Il est connu pour avoir reçu à cette époque une gifle du parrain Paolo Bontade, mais la raison divise les observateurs : pour certains, comme l'écrivain Pasquale Hamel, il refusait de voter en faveur de Milazzo soutenu par la mafia, alors que selon d'autres, comme Cataldo Grammatico, il ne souhaitait pas rompre l'alliance avec les démocrates-chrétiens dissidents.

Il n'obtient pas suffisamment de voix lors des élections régionales de 1967 pour siéger à l'ARS, mais retrouve son siège, le 13 novembre 1968, après la mort de Paolo Cuttitta, mais meurt à son tour avant la fin de la  législature et est remplacé par Paolino Di Stefano.

Notes et références

Article connexe

 Liste des maires de Palerme

Liens externes

Naissance à Palerme
Naissance en février 1888
Décès en août 1970
Avocat italien
Personnalité politique italienne du XXe siècle
Maire de Palerme
Député de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Dirigeant italien de football
Militaire italien de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Militaire italien de la Première Guerre mondiale
Médaille de la valeur militaire (Italie)
Décès à 82 ans

Ernesto Pivetti


الأنسة حنفي هو فيلم كوميدي مصري تم إنتاجه سنة 1954م، من بطولة إسماعيل ياسين وسليمان نجيب، وماجدة، وزينات صدقي، ومن إخراج فطين عبد الوهاب، تدور أحداث الفيلم حول «حنفي» الأخ الذي يتعامل بمنتهى القسوة مع زوجة أبيه وابنتها لمجرد أنهم إناث، إلى أن يضطر إلى إجراء عملية، تحوله إلى أنثى. ويعتبر أول فيلم عن التحول الجنسي في المجتمع المصري.

أحداث الفيلم
يتناول الفيلم، في مدة ساعة وعشرين دقيقة، قصة شاب متزمت اسمه «حنفي» يحاول أن يفرض سيطرته على ابنة زوجة أبيه «نواعم»، ويمارس سلطته الذكورية، وذلك بمنعها من الخروج والتحكم في طريقة عيشها، وفي ليلة الزفاف يصاب بمغص حاد فينقل على أثره إلى المستشفى، حيث تجرى له عملية جراحية ليتحول بعدها إلى «فيفي»، وبعدا عودتها إلى المنزل تقع في حب أبو سريع العامل في محل جزراة والدها، ثم تهرب معه وتتزوجه، بعد أن تلد أربعة أطفال توائم.

بطاقة الفيلم
قصة وسيناريو وإنتاج: جليل البنداري

الدعاية: شركة النيل للإعلان

التوزيع: شركة النيل للسينما

الموسيقى التصويرية: إبراهيم حجاج

إخراج: فطين عبد الوهاب

شخصيات الفيلم
إسماعيل ياسين يجسد دور حنفي

ماجدة تجسد دور نواعم

رياض القصبجي يجسد دور أبو سريع

زينات صدقي تجسد دور فلة

عمر الحريري يجسد حسن

سليمان نجيب يجسد دور حسونة بيه

وداد حمدي تجسد دور زكية ست أشهر

عبد الفتاح القصري يجسد دور المعلم

جمالات زايد تجسد دور الخاطبة أم السعد

محمد شوقي يجسد دور العريس

عبد الغني النجدي يجسد دور العسكري

محمد غنيم يجسد دور عوض

عثمان أباظة يجسد دور دندراوي

محمد عبد العظيم يجسد دور الطبيب

حسن أبو زيد يجسد دور الماذون

شفيق جلال يجسد دور المغني البلدي

ثريا سالم تجسد دور الراقصة

نعمت مختار تجسد دور الراقصة

ليزو ولين تجسدان الراقصتان

مطاوع عويس يجسد دور رجل الحارة

طوسون معتمد يجسد دور رجل الحارة

سميحة محمد تجسد دور زفة حنفي'

الجانب الواقعي من القصة
يحكى أن بطلة القصة الحقيقية هي فاطمة إبراهيم داوود، سليلة ميت غمر بمحافظة الدقهلية، التي تزوجت والدتها، بعدما توفي والدها، لتتركها وشقيقاتها في رعاية جدها، الذي توفي بعد فترة قصيرة، فخرجت فاطمة للعمل حتى تستطيع كفالة شقيقاتها الصغيرات.
وبعدما نجحت في مختلف الأعمال الشاقة، أعجب بها أهل القرية، وتقدم لخطبتها العديد لكنها دائما ما ترفض فكرة الزواج. وبعد ضغط الأهل، والعديد من الصراعات، قررت أن تعترف لهم أنها تشعر بالنفور تجاه الرجال.

وبعد ذلك تم عرضها على الدكتور جورجي إلياس، بمدينة الزقازيق، والذي أوصى بدوره بعرض حالتها على أطباء قصر العيني في القاهرة، والذين قرروا إبقائها في المستشفى لإجراء عملية جراحية خاصة، تحولت بعدها إلى شاب كامل الرجولة، أطلق على نفسه اسم علي وبعد فترة خطب علي فتاة من قريته تدعى فاطمة.

مقتطف من الفيلم
في مشهد من مشاهد الفيلم حيث يدور حوار بين «نواعم» و«فيفي»، تقول الأولى للثانية: ليسا عيبا أن يتحول الرجل إلى امرأة، أو أن تتحول المرأة إلى رجل، بل العيب أن يكون الرجل أناني ويحرم البنت من التعليم، ويتركها تعيش في سجن، مثل السجن الذي نعيش فيه نحن.

وترد عليها الثانية، أي «فيفي»: ما الذي ينقصك/ يخصك؟ ألا تأكلين؟ ألا تشربين؟ هل تركك أحد بالجوع؟

ترد عيها «نواعم»: الحياو ليست هي الأكل والشرب فقط، لابد أن تكون عند كل واحد منا في الحياة رسالة، ورسالة البنت هي أن تدرس وتتعلم، لكي تستعد جيدا لليوم الذي تصبح فيه أما مسؤولتا عن تربية أبنائها.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام إسماعيل ياسين
أفلام باللغة العربية في عقد 1950
أفلام زينات صدقي
أفلام سليمان نجيب
أفلام عن تحول جنسي
أفلام كوميدية رومانسية عقد 1950
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1954
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام مصرية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
عقد 1950 أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
أفلام رياض القصبجي

الآنسة حنفي (فيلم)


Jacob Munch' (født 9. august 1776 i Kristiansand, død 10. juni 1839 i Kristiania) var en norsk maler. Han var fætter til Johan Storm Munch.

Munch blev officer og var 1812 avanceret til kaptajn. Ved adskillelsen fra Danmark 1814 forblev han i den norske hær. Sin kunstneriske uddannelse fik han ved Kunstakademiet i København 1804—06 og fik derefter stipendium til en udenlandsrejse. På denne rejse malede han 1809 Oehlenschlägers portræt i Paris. Munch kom derefter til Italien, hvor han i Rom gjorde Thorvaldsens bekendtskab og malede hans portræt i ridderdragt, omgivet af hans billedhuggerarbejder. Ved sin tilbagekomst til Norge 1814 levede han væsentlig af at male portrætter og fik af kong Karl Johan i opdrag at male det store kroningsbillede 1818 (Det Kongelige Slott). Han var en af stifterne af Den kongelige Kunst- og Tegneskole, hvor han virkede i flere år som lærer. En stor række kendte nordmænds portrætter fra hans pensel findes endnu i ældre slægter rundt om i Landet. Foruden det figurrige og i historisk henseende interessante kroningsbillede fra 1818 kan også nævnes et portræt af Christian VIII's søn, den senere Frederik VII som barn (i Eidsvoldsbygningen) samt portræt af filosoffen Frederik Christian Sibbern (Frederiksborgmuseet).

Kilder

Portrætmalere
Malere fra Norge
Nordmænd i 1700-tallet
Nordmænd i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Kristiansand

Jacob Munch


Olaylar
 1360 - İlk frank, İngilizlerce esir alınan Fransa Kralı II. Jean'ın fidyesini ödemek üzere Compiègne'de basıldı. Ağırlığı 3.88 gramdı ve bir yüzünde haç diğer yüzünde ise ata binmiş II. Jean tasviri vardı.
 1492 - Kristof Kolomb, Hispanyola adasını keşfetti.
 1904 - Japonlar, Port Arthur'da Rus donanmasını yok etti.
 1920 - TBMM'de "Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaai Hukuk Grubu" kuruldu; Mustafa Kemal Grup Başkanlığına seçildi.
 1927 - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk Vaşington Büyükelçisi, Ahmet Muhtar Mollaoğlu güven mektubunu sundu.
 1927 - Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk kâğıt paraları tedavüle çıkarıldı. 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 ve 1000 liralık olmak üzere 7 ayrı değerde çıkarılan banknotlar eski Türkçe ve Fransızca bastırıldı.
 1932 - Almanya doğumlu İsviçreli fizikçi, Albert Einstein Amerikan vizesi aldı.

 1933 - Birleşik Devletler'de 14 yıldır devam eden içki yasağı kalktı.
 1933 - Eskişehir Şeker Fabrikası açıldı.
 1934 - Türkiye'de kadınlara milletvekili seçme ve seçilme hakkı tanıyan kanun kabul edildi.
 1941 - Birleşik Krallık; Finlandiya, Macaristan ve Romanya'ya savaş ilan etti.
 1942 - Erbaa ve Niksar'da meydana gelen depremde 500 kişi öldü.
 1945 - Bermuda Şeytan Üçgeni'nde bir uçak kayboldu.
 1950 - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Millî Savunma Bakanlığı, Kore'deki askerlerin %10'unun öldüğünü açıkladı. Radyo Gazetesi'ne göre, 150 asker öldü, 150 kayıp, 200 ile 300 yaralı var.
 1951 - Uluslararası Göç Örgütü (IOM) kuruldu. İlk kuruluş adı "Geçici Hükümetlerarası Göçmen Komitesi" idi.
 1953 - Bektaşi Şeyhi Sırrı Baba, Bakanlar Kurulu kararıyla sınır dışı edildi.
 1957 - Sukarno, tüm Hollandalıları Endonezya'dan sınır dışı etti.
 1970 - İstanbul Çapa Yüksek Öğretmen Okulu'nda 2 öğrenci vuruldu.
 1978 - Sovyetler Birliği, Afganistan ile 20 yıllık dostluk anlaşması imzaladı.
 1981 - Türkiye millî basketbol takımı, Sofya'da Yunanistan'ı 93-80 yenerek Balkan Şampiyonu oldu.
 1986 - Pınar Kür'ün "Bitmeyen Aşk" adlı romanı "müstehcenlik" gerekçesiyle toplatıldı.
 1987 - Türkiye İşçi Partisi (TİP) genel Sekreteri Nihat Sargın ve Türkiye Komünist Partisi (TKP) Genel Sekreteri Nabi Yağcı (Haydar Kutlu) tutuklandı.
 1987 - Cibali Tütün Fabrikası yandı.
 1989 - TGV Atlantique, 482,4 km/h sürate erişerek demir yolu hız rekorunu kırdı.
 1995 - MHP Genel Başkanı Alparslan Türkeş, "Cumhuriyetimizin ilk dönemlerinde olduğu gibi ezan Türkçe okunsun" diyen eski Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi başsavcısı Nusret Demiral'ın istifasını istedi.
 2002 - Oslo'da yapılan barış görüşmelerinde Sri Lanka'da 19 yıl süren savaştan sonra Tamil gerillaları ile Hükûmet arasında federal iktidar paylaşımı konusunda gelişme sağlandı.
 2003 - İntihar bombacıları güney Rusya'da bir trene saldırdılar: en az 46 kişi öldü.
 2003 - Türk Telekomünikasyon AŞ hızlı internet uygulaması ADSL'yi, kullanıma açtı.
 2016 - Türkiye'ye ait Göktürk-1 uydusu, Fransız Guyanası'ndan fırlatıldı.

Doğumlar
 1443 - II. Julius, 1503-1513 yılları arasında görev almış olan Papa (ö. 1513)
 1479 - Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, ilk Valide Sultan (ö. 1534)
 1537 - Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Ashikaga şogunluğunun 15. ve son şogunu (ö. 1597)
 1782 - Martin Van Buren, ABD'nin 8. Başkanı (ö. 1862)
 1803 - Fyodor İvanoviç, Rus şair ve diplomat (ö. 1873)
 1830 - Christina Rossetti, İngiliz şair (ö. 1894)
 1839 - George Armstrong Custer, Amerikalı asker ve süvari komutanı (ö. 1876)
 1859 - John Jellicoe, Kraliyet Donanması subayı (ö. 1935)
 1861 - Konstantin Korovin, Rus Empresyonist ressam (ö. 1939)
 1863 - Paul Painlevé, Fransız siyasetçi ve matematikçi (ö. 1933)
 1867 - Józef Piłsudski, İkinci Polonya Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk devlet başkanı (1918-1922) (ö. 1935)
 1868 - Arnold Sommerfeld, Alman fizikçi (ö. 1951)
 1870 - Vítězslav Novák, Çek besteci ve pedagog (ö. 1949)
 1879 - Clyde Vernon Cessna, Amerikalı uçak üreticisi (ö. 1954)
 1890 - Fritz Lang, Avusturyalı yönetmen (Metropolis filminin yaratıcısı) (ö. 1976)
 1894 - Charles Robberts Swart, Güney Afrikalı hukukçu ve siyasetçi (ö. 1982)
 1896 - Carl Ferdinand Cori, Çek biyokimyager ve farmakolog (ö. 1984)
 1897 - Gershom Scholem, Almanya doğumlu İsrailli filozof ve tarihçi (ö. 1982)
 1898 - Grace Moore, Amerikalı opera soprano ve müzikal tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1947)
 1901 - Walt Disney, Amerikalı film yapımcısı (ö. 1966)
 1901 - Werner Heisenberg, Alman fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1976)
 1902 - Vasfi Rıza Zobu, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (ö. 1992)
 1903 - Cecil Frank Powell, İngiliz fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1969)
 1903 - Johannes Heesters, Hollandalı oyuncu, şarkıcı ve komedyen (ö. 2011)
 1905 - Otto Preminger, Avusturya asıllı Amerikalı film yönetmeni (ö. 1986)
 1907 - Lin Biao, Çinli asker ve siyaset adamı (ö. 1971)
 1911 - Władysław Szpilman, Polonyalı piyanist (ö. 2000)
 1912 - Sonny Boy Williamson II, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve besteci (ö. 1965)
 1920 - Muhsin Batur, Türk asker ve siyasetçi (ö. 1999)
 1925 - Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Nikaragua Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1980)
 1927 - Bhumibol Adulyadej, Tayland Kralı (ö. 2016)
 1927 - Erich Probst, Avusturyalı futbolcu (ö. 1988)
 1932 - Sheldon Lee Glashow, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi
 1935 - Bozkurt Kuruç, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı
 1938 - Heidi Schmid, Alman eskrimci
 1939 - Mehmet Akan, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 2006)
 1944 - Lucas Sideras, Yunan müzisyen
 1945 - Moşe Katsav, İsrail'in 8. Cumhurbaşkanı
 1946 - José Carreras, Katalan tenor
 1946 - Andy Kim, Lübnan asıllı Arap-Kanadalı pop şarkıcı ve besteci
 1947 - Bruce Golding, 2007-2011 yılları arası Jamaika Başbakanı olan Jamaikalı politikacı
 1954 - Gülşen Bubikoğlu, Türk sinema oyuncusu
 1955 - Koray Aydın, Türk siyasetçi
 1956 - Klaus Allofs, Alman eski futbolcu
 1962 - Nivek Ogre, Kanadalı müzisyen, performans sanatçısı ve aktör
 1962 - Fred Rutten, Hollandalı teknik direktör ve eski futbolcu
 1963 - Carrie Hamilton, Amerikalı şarkıcı, oyuncu ve yazar (ö. 2002)
 1966 - Demet Sağıroğlu, Türk müzisyen
 1966 - Patricia Kaas, Fransız şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1968 - Margaret Cho, Kore asıllı Amerikalı komedyen, yapımcı, dublaj sanatçısı ve oyuncu
 1970 - Saba Tümer, Türk sunucu
 1975 - Paula Patton, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1975 - Ronnie O'Sullivan, İngiliz profesyonel snooker oyuncusu
 1976 - Amy Acker, Amerikan sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1978 - Neil Druckmann, İsrailli-Amerikalı video oyunu yazarı, yaratıcı yönetmeni ve programcısı
 1978 - Irina Tebenikhina, Rus voleybolcu
 1978 - Marcelo Zalayeta, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1979 - Gareth McAuley, Kuzey İrlanda vatandaşı futbolcu
 1979 - Matteo Ferrari, İtalyan futbolcu
 1979 - Yvonne Englich, Alman kadın güreşçi (ö. 2018)
 1980 - Ibrahim Maalouf, Lübnan asıllı trompet virtüözü ve besteci
 1982 - Keri Hilson, Amerikalı R&B sanatçısı ve söz yazarı
 1985 - Frankie Muniz, Emmy ve Altın Küre ödülleri adaylıkları bulunan Amerikalı oyuncu
 1989 - Kwon Yuri, Güney Koreli şarkıcı ve aktris
 1991 - Jacopo Sala, İtalyan futbolcu
 1992 - Noelia Freire, İspanyol model
 1993 - Ross Barkley, İngiliz millî futbolcu
 1993 - Jessica May, Brezilyalı oyuncu
 1994 - Ondrej Duda, Slovak futbolcu
 1995 - Anthony Martial, Fransız millî futbolcu

Ölümler

 1560 - II. François, 10 Temmuz 1558 - 5 Aralık 1560 döneminde Fransa kralı (d. 1544)
 1791 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Avusturyalı besteci (d. 1756)
 1870 - Alexandre Dumas père, Fransız yazar (d. 1802)
 1891 - II. Pedro, Brezilya İmparatorluğu'nun ikinci ve son hükümdarı (d. 1825)
 1893 - Matsudaira Katamori, Japon daimyō (d. 1836)
 1911 - Valentin Serov, Rus ressam (d. 1865)
 1921 - Said Halim Paşa, Osmanlı devlet adamı (d. 1864)
 1925 - Wladyslaw Reymont, Polonyalı yazar (d. 1867)
 1926 - Claude Monet, Fransız ressam (d. 1840)
 1930 - Musa Kazım Göksu, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1897)
 1934 - Ali Cenani, Türk siyasetçi (Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebûsanı'nda ve TBMM'de milletvekilliği yapan) (d. 1872)
 1945 - Suphi Nuri İleri, Türk gazeteci, iktisatçı ve profesör (d. 1887)
 1955 - Glenn L. Martin, Amerikalı havacılık öncüsü (d. 1886)
 1965 - Joseph Erlanger, Amerikalı fizyolog (d. 1874)
 1967 - Fazıl Ahmet Aykaç, Türk şair, öğretmen ve Milletvekili (d. 1884)
 1971 - Andrey Andreyev, Sovyet siyasetçi ve bakan (d. 1895)
 1977 - Aleksandr Vasilevski, Rus asker Sovyetler Birliği Mareşali (d. 1895)
 1983 - Robert Aldrich, Amerikalı sinema yönetmeni (d. 1918)
 1986 - Nezahat Tanyeri, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (d. 1917)
 1988 - Ağasadık Geraybeyli, Azeri sinemacı (d. 1897)
 2002 - Ne Win, Burmalı diktatör (d. 1910)
 2007 - Tankut Öktem, Türk heykeltıraş (d. 1940)
 2007 - Karlheinz Stockhausen, Alman klasik müzik ve opera bestecisi (d. 1928)
 2008 - II. Aleksi, Rusya Ortodoks Kilisesi Lideri (d. 1929)
 2008 - Nina Foch, Hollanda doğumlu Amerikalı aktris, eğitimci ve film yönetmeni (d. 1924)
 2008 - Beverly Garland, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1926)
 2012 - Dave Brubeck, Amerikalı caz piyanisti ve bestecisi (d. 1920)
 2012 - Oscar Niemeyer, Brezilyalı mimar (d. 1907)
 2013 - Çetin Akcan, Türk tiyatro yönetmeni, oyuncu ve söz yazarı (d. 1949)
 2013 - Fikret Tartan, Türk tiyatro yönetmeni ve oyuncu (d. 1937)
 2013 - Nelson Mandela, Güney Afrikalı siyasetçi ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (d. 1918)
 2014 - Fabiola, Belçika'nın eski kraliçesi (d. 1928)
 2014 - Talât Sait Halman, Türk şair, yazar, çevirmen, akademisyen, diplomat ve siyasetçi (Türkiye'nin ilk Kültür Bakanı) (d. 1931)
 2016 - Adolf Burger, Slovak Yahudisi, tipograf ve anı yazarı (d. 1917)
 2016 - Petros Fyssoun, Yunan tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1933)
 2016 - Jayalalithaa, Hint-Tamil kadın politikacı ve oyuncu (d. 1948)
 2016 - Chonosuke Takagi, Japon judocu (d. 1948)
 2017 - August Ames, Kanadalı porno yıldızı (d. 1994)
 2017 - I. Mihai, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Romanya Kralı (d. 1921)
 2018 - Alex Boraine, Güney Afrikalı politikacı (d. 1931)
 2018 - Thor Hansen, Norveçli profesyonel poker oyuncusu (d. 1947)
 2019 - Jon Comer, Amerikalı profesyonel ampute kaykay sporcusu (d. 1976)
 2020 - Peter Alliss, İngiliz eski profesyonel golfçü, televizyon sunucusu, yorumcu, yazar ve golf sahası tasarımcısı (d. 1931)
 2020 - Sherbaz Khan Mazari, Pakistanlı siyasetçi (d. 1930)
 2020 - Ildikó Pécsi, Macar aktris ve siyasetçi (d. 1940)
 2020 - Viktor Ponedelnik, Sovyet eski millî futbolcu (d. 1937)
 2020 - Theodore Ziolkowski, Alman dili ve edebiyatı ile karşılaştırmalı edebiyat uzmanı (d. 1932)
2021 - Osman Arpacıoğlu, Türk futbolcu ve spor yazarı (d. 1947)
2021 - Bob Dole, eski Amerikalı siyasetçi ve avukat (d. 1923)
2021 - Aurelio Galfetti, İsviçreli mimar (d. 1936)
2021 - Stevan Jelovac, Sırp profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1989)
2021 - Jacques Tits, Belçika doğumlu Fransız matematikçi (d. 1930)
2022 - Kirstie Alley, Amerikalı oyuncu ve Emmy Ödülü sahibi (d. 1951)
2022 - Georges Caudron, Fransız aktör, sanat yönetmeni ve dublaj sanatçısı (d. 1952)
2022 - Mária Kráľovičová, Slovak aktris (d. 1927)

Tatiller ve özel günler

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