Erin Jackson, née le  à Ocala (Floride), est une patineuse de vitesse américaine. Après une  place en 2018, elle remporte le titre olympique sur le  en 2022.

Biographie
Née en Floride, elle débute le sport d'abord par le patinage artistique sur roulettes puis au roller de vitesse où elle remporte les championnats du monde jeunes en 2008. Elle commence le patinage de vitesse en 2016 sous l'impulsion de l'Union internationale de patinage.

Moins de deux ans plus tard, elle se qualifie pour les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018 alors qu'elle pratique depuis seulement . Elle termine  du  et devient la premiière Afro-Américaine à concourir en patinage de vitesse aux Jeux. Erin Jackson obtient son premier titre lors d'un étape de la Coupe du monde en 2021.

En janvier 2022, elle rate sa qualification aux Jeux sur le  en chutant pendant sa course et termine seulement  de la course mais Brittany Bowe  lui offre son ticket pour Pékin sur la distance. Lors des Jeux en février, Erin Jackson remporte l'or sur la distance, devançant la Japonaise Miho Takagi pour sept centièmes de secondes devenant la première Afro-Américaine médaillée d'or aux Jeux d'hiver.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques

  médaille d'or sur le  aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022

Références

Liens externes

Patineuse de vitesse américaine
Personnalité féminine afro-américaine
Personnalité afro-américaine du XXIe siècle
Championne olympique américaine
Championne olympique de patinage de vitesse
Médaillée aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Patineuse de vitesse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en septembre 1992
Naissance à Ocala

Erin Jackson


41206 Sciannameo este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
41206 Sciannameo este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Polino la Observatorul Polino. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,63 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 14,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 41001-42000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

41206 Sciannameo


Vai na Fé é uma telenovela brasileira produzida pela TV Globo e exibida de 16 de janeiro a 11 de agosto de 2023, em 179 capítulos. Substituiu Cara e Coragem e foi substituída por Fuzuê, sendo a 98.ª "novela das sete" exibida pela emissora.

Escrita por Rosane Svartman, com colaboração de Mário Viana, Renata Corrêa, Pedro Alvarenga, Renata Sofia, Fabrício Santiago e Sabrina Rosa, tem direção de Isabella Teixeira, Juh Almeida, Augusto Lana e Matheus Senra, com direção geral de Cristiano Marques e direção artística de Paulo Silvestrini.

Contou com as atuações de Sheron Menezzes, Samuel de Assis, Carolina Dieckmann, Emilio Dantas, José Loreto, Regiane Alves, Renata Sorrah e Bella Campos nos papeis principais.

Enredo
No passado, Sol (Sheron Menezzes) precisou abandonar o sonho de ser cantora para se converter ao protestantismo e constituir uma família com Carlão (Che Moais). Vinte anos depois, Sol se tornou uma mulher batalhadora e dedicada, que ganha a vida vendendo marmitas caseiras no centro do Rio de Janeiro com sua amiga fiel da adolescência Bruna (Carla Cristina Cardoso). Por coincidência do destino, acaba entregando marmitas em um local de ensaio do cantor decadente Lui Lorenzo (José Loreto), e reencontra o parceiro da época que frequentava os bailes funk, Vitinho (Luis Lobianco), que atualmente é assistente de Lui e lhe oferece a oportunidade de realizar o seu sonho sendo backing vocal e dançarina do cantor. Devido a problemas financeiros, com duas filhas para criar e o desemprego do marido em consequência da pandemia, ela aceita, porém a decisão vira sua vida do avesso. Sol se torna famosa e passa a ser hostilizada na igreja pelo comportamento considerado "mundano". Junto com a fama, ela passa a ter que lidar com a cômica paixão de Lui, um cafajeste que se "regenera" para tentar conquistá-la, e o reencontro com Ben (Samuel de Assis), um advogado e seu grande amor de juventude que nunca a esqueceu. Esse reencontro coloca em xeque o casamento de Ben com Lumiar (Carolina Dieckmann), uma advogada séria e controladora, que nunca teve uma boa relação com os pais Dora (Cláudia Ohana) e Fábio (Zé Carlos Machado), casal neo-hippie que administra uma pousada para retiros espirituais.

Quem separou Sol e Ben no passado, com uma série de mentiras, foi o empresário Theo (Emilio Dantas), melhor amigo do advogado, que sempre foi apaixonado pela cantora e se torna obcecado em tê-la quando a reencontra, mesmo que precise destruir uma amizade de anos e passar por cima de todos. Ele trata com abuso psicológico a esposa Clara (Regiane Alves), o que afeta também o quadro depressivo do filho Rafa (Caio Manhente). Como backing vocal, Sol substituiu Érika (Letícia Salles), que nutre um ódio por Lui e se junta ao jornalista de fofoca Anthony Verão (Orlando Caldeira) para plantar fake news sobre a rival e o cantor. Ela também entra em embate com a mãe de Lui, Wilma Campos (Renata Sorrah), uma grande atriz do passado que caiu no esquecimento do público e teve que se contentar em empresariar o filho.

Na família de Sol, também há mudanças na vida de Jenifer (Bella Campos), sua filha mais velha, e a primeira da família a ingressar na faculdade particular. Neste espaço, ela e seus amigos Yuri (Jean Paulo Campos) e Bela (Clara Serrão) são hostilizados pela arrogante Guiga (Mel Maia), uma influenciadora digital, por serem bolsistas. Paralelamente, Jenifer terá que lidar com diversos conflitos da juventude, como romances e intrigas, contando com o apoio da espevitada Kate (Clara Moneke), filha de Bruna e sua melhor amiga, que por sua vez se envolve com Theo, sem saber do seu verdadeiro caráter.

Elenco

Participações especiais

Produção

Em outubro de 2021, uma nova sinopse desenvolvida por Rosane Svartman foi aprovada pela TV Globo, inicialmente com o título provisório de Tente Outra Vez e com sua estreia prevista para novembro de 2022. Entretanto, para evitar o atrapalhamento dos índices de audiência devido a cobertura da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022, o lançamento sob o título Vai na Fé, foi adiado para janeiro de 2023. Vai na Fé é a primeira novela solo de Rosane Svartman, anteriormente a autora dividiu algumas produções com Paulo Halm, entre elas Malhação Intensa como a Vida (2012), Malhação Sonhos (2014), Totalmente Demais (2015) e Bom Sucesso (2019). Para ajudar no desenvolvimento do núcleo evangélico da trama, a autora conta com a consultoria do pastor Cesar Belieny.

A pré-produção começou em setembro de 2022, e as gravações sob comando de Paulo Silvestrini, começaram em outubro, em Nova Friburgo, Lumiar e São Pedro da Serra. Envolvendo os atores Carolina Dieckmann, Cláudia Ohana, Zé Carlos Machado, Samuel de Assis e Mel Maia. Também ocorreram gravações com Sheron Menezzes, Che Moais, Elisa Lucinda, Bella Campos, Clara Moneke, Manu Estevão e Carla Cristina Cardoso, no bairro de Piedade, no Rio de Janeiro. A autora Rosane Svartman se inspirou na cantora e atriz Negra Li para criar a protagonista Sol, além disso, a cantora chegou a fazer teste para atuar como a protagonista e gravou o tema de abertura da trama, "Vai Dar Certo", com MC Liro. Para viver o cantor decadente Lui Lorenzo, José Loreto se inspirou no músico Latino, além de buscar referências em Ricky Martin e Sidney Magal. Para compor a personagem Clara, uma mulher que sofre abusos do marido, a atriz Regiane Alves se inspirou na personagem Celeste Wright (Nicole Kidman) da série de televisão norte-americana Big Little Lies, da HBO. Clara Moneke revelou que a personagem Kate, foi originalmente inspirada na atriz americana Zendaya e na cantora britânica Jorja Smith. A atriz achou que não seria aprovada por ser uma mulher negra de pele retinta pois a prancheta da Kate era outro tipo de mulheres negras, mais claras, e com cabelo e a mesma estava careca na época, mas colocou uma peruca durante os testes e conquistou o papel. Mel Maia se inspirou na personagem Lucrécia (Danna Paola) da série de televisão espanhola Élite, da Netflix, para interpretar a arrogante influenciadora digital Guiga.

Escolha do elenco
Juliana Paes foi cogitada para interpretar a protagonista Sol, porém a direção desistiu devido as semelhanças com sua personagem em A Dona do Pedaço e ao desejo da autora de ter uma atriz negra no papel central. Sheron Menezzes, Cris Vianna e Jéssica Ellen fizeram os testes e a primeira atriz foi a escolhida, esta como sua primeira protagonista nas novelas. Armando Babaioff interpretaria o marido da protagonista, Carlão, mas foi substituído pelo estreante em novelas Che Moais. Evandro Mesquita foi pensado para viver Fábio, mas as negociações não avançaram e Zé Carlos Machado ficou com o papel. Diego Montez foi convidado para reviver o seu papel Willian de Bom Sucesso e Deborah Secco sua personagem Alexia Máximo de Salve-se Quem Puder em participações especiais.

Depois de suas boas interpretações em Pantanal, Letícia Salles, Bella Campos e José Loreto foram escalados para interpretarem a vilã Érica, a universitária Jenifer e o pop star Lui Lorenzo, respectivamente, na trama das sete. Rafa Kalimann interpretaria Gisela, chegando a gravar algumas cenas da personagem, mas foi impedida de atuar pelo sindicato dos atores por não possuir registro de DRT sendo substituída por Sofia Starling que regravou todas as suas cenas. A novela marca a estreia na Globo de Jean Paulo Campos, após passar pelo SBT e RecordTV. A personagem Kate foi a última a ser escalada após mais de 100 testes Clara Moneke foi escolhida para viver a personagem. A atriz foi a última a ser escolhida para integrar o elenco, marcando assim sua estreia na televisão. A atriz recebeu o convite para fazer o teste por meio de uma mensagem no Instagram, da produtora de elenco Patrícia Rache.

Exibição

Divulgação
O primeiro teaser da novela, foi exibido em 13 de dezembro de 2022, durante o intervalo da partida da semifinal entre Argentina x Croácia pela Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022.

Como forma de promover a novela, o ator José Loreto, caracterizado de Lui Lorenzo, participou do trio Pipoca da Ivete, no carnaval de Salvador, que foi transmitido pela TV Globo, Globoplay e Rede Bahia no dia 16 de fevereiro de 2023.

Horário alternativo
Assim como a sua antecessora, a novela também foi reapresentada nas madrugadas de segunda a sábado – inicialmente após o Jornal da Globo e, posteriormente, mudando o horário com o retorno do Conversa com Bial e aos sábados após o Supercine.

Exibição Internacional

Está sendo exibida pela Globo Portugal desde 27 de fevereiro de 2023, às 20h30.

Música
Compõem a trilha sonora de Vai na Fé as seguintes canções:

 "Apenas Mais Uma de Amor", Lulu Santos (tema de Sol e Lui)
 "Cabeça Erguida", Drik Barbosa part. Cynthia Luz e Lourena (tema de Jenifer)
 "Despechá", Rosalía
 "Deus Cuida de Mim", Kleber Lucas part. Caetano Veloso
 "Se Organize", Preto no Branco (tema de Carlão)
 "Garota Nota 100 (Te Cuida, Meu Bem)", MC Marcinho part. DJ Marlboro (tema de Sol e Ben)
 "Garota Nota 100 (Te Cuida, Meu Bem)", Ludmilla (tema de Sol)
 "Fico Assim Sem Você", Claudinho & Buchecha (tema de Sol e Carlão)
 "Glamurosa", MC Marcinho (tema de Sol)
 "Boladona", Tati Quebra Barraco (tema de Kate)
 "Hello Sunshine", Aretha Franklin (tema de Sol)
 "Hope", Arlo Parks
 "Lumiar", Roberta Campos (tema de Lumiar)
 "Romance With a Memory", Oliver Sim (tema de Theo)
 "Se Você Não Vem", TH4I part. MC Tha
 "TE AMO (Em Caixa Alta)", Kiaz part. Anitta
 "Mal Nenhum", Cazuza (tema de Theo e Rafa)
 "Tudo Teu", Sandy e Vitor Kley
 "Aposta", Mahmundi e Rubel (tema de Simas)
 "Proposta", Gilsons (tema de Kate e Rafa)
 "Vai Dar Certo (Vai na Fé)", Negra Li part. MC Liro (tema de abertura)
 "Just the Two of Us", RÁAE part. Rafael dos Anjos (tema de Ben e Lumiar)
 "X1", MC Cabelinho (tema de Hugo)

Lui Lorenzo - Vai na Fé

Um álbum completo gravado pelo cantor Lui Lorenzo, interpretado por José Loreto, foi lançado antes da estreia de Vai na Fé como forma de divulgação da mesma, em 10 de janeiro de 2023. Nele estão presentes quatro canções posteriormente incluídas na trilha sonora da novela, em versões originais e karaokê.

Lista de faixas:

Outros singles de Lui Lorenzo
No decorrer da trama, o personagem Lui Lorenzo gravou e lançou mais quatro novos singles, os quais também passaram a fazer parte da trilha sonora original da história, e estão disponíveis nas plataformas digitais do cantor fictício.

Lista em ordem de lançamento:

Joaninha

A Vida Continua (Full Mix)

Vem Que Vem

Todo Seu

Recepção

Audiência
O primeiro capítulo registrou 22,4 pontos no horário principal e 5,4 no alternativo, segundo dados consolidados do Kantar IBOPE Media, referentes a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Apesar de ter elevado os baixos índices deixados pela sua antecessora, a trama teve a segunda pior estreia do horário das sete. A partir do segundo capítulo, a novela foi perdendo audiência, até registrar 17,2 pontos em seu sexto capítulo. Sua primeira semana acumulou uma média de apenas 20 pontos, sendo até então o pior desempenho de uma semana inaugural desde o início da faixa em 1970, se igualando com Quanto Mais Vida, Melhor! (2021–22). No caso da última, a mesma registrou 13,9 pontos pelo mesmo capítulo, mas foi prejudicada pela cobertura jornalística da festa do título do Palmeiras pela Final da Copa Libertadores da América de 2021, transmitida pelo SBT naquela ocasião.

Em 24 de janeiro de 2023, a reapresentação na madrugada bateu seu único recorde com 6,9 pontos.

Em suas três primeiras semanas, oscilava com médias entre 20 e 22 pontos, começando a apresentar crescimento no dia 6 de fevereiro de 2023, quando bateu seu primeiro recorde com 23,7 pontos e picos de 24,9. No dia seguinte, bate seu segundo recorde com 24,4 pontos e pico de 26,3. Após a sequência de recordes, a novela começou a se estabilizar com médias na casa dos 22 e 23 pontos, superando as duas últimas antecessoras do horário, apresentando assim, o melhor desempenho desde a segunda parte de Salve-se Quem Puder (2020–21), considerando as tramas inéditas. No dia 27 de fevereiro, bate seu terceiro recorde com 24,9 pontos e picos de 25,8.

Um mês depois, no dia 27 de março, bate seu quarto recorde com 25,8 pontos e picos de 28,2 apresentando o melhor desempenho do horário das 19h em dois anos. Em 15 de maio bate novo recorde com 26,1 pontos, se tornando inclusive a maior audiência do dia, superando o Jornal Nacional e a novela das nove, no caso, Terra e Paixão (2023–24). No dia 30, supera seu recorde anterior e registra 26,3 pontos, sendo a segunda atração mais assistida do dia, perdendo apenas para o Jornal Nacional. No dia 20 de junho, quebra novamente seu recorde anterior e registra 26,7 pontos. Em 3 de julho, bate novo recorde com 27,6 pontos, picos de 30 e share de 39,3%. Em sua última semana, no dia 8 de agosto, alcançou seu maior recorde com 27,8 pontos, pico de 29,2 e share de 40,6%.

O último capítulo registrou 26,7 pontos, pico de 29,3 e share de 43,2% no horário principal, sendo a maior média de um desfecho desde Salve-se Quem Puder, com a reprise no dia seguinte consolidando 20,4 pontos. As reapresentações na madrugada registraram 5,3 e 5,9 pontos, respectivamente. Fechou com a média geral de 23,3 pontos, elevando em 88% os índices da faixa das sete, mas se tornou uma das sete menores médias comparadas com alguns títulos já exibidos. No entanto, obteve o maior faturamento da história do horário desde o fenômeno Cheias de Charme (2012).

Repercussão da mídia e do público
A colunista do jornal O Globo, Patrícia Kogut, destacou a leveza do texto, trazendo um olhar otimista e positivo, além da boa sintonia do elenco em boa parte das cenas, principalmente de Sheron Menezzes, que chegou a ser bastante elogiada pela colunista.

A colunista Paula Rosa Ferreira, do jornal Folha de S.Paulo, trouxe em pauta a tentativa da TV Globo em se aproximar do público protestante, ao trazer de maneira inédita um texto evangélico no horário das sete, abordando os costumes de quem segue a doutrina. Além disso, a personagem Sol é tratada como uma mulher empoderada, que também pode ser independente, mas sem deixar de seguir a sua fé. Além do protestantismo, outra religião abordada na novela foi o candomblé, fazendo parte de uma ação contra a intolerância religiosa.

A trama também foi muito elogiada ao trazer como texto principal a representatividade, principalmente sobre uma boa participação de atores negros em papeis principais numa novela, sendo os mais elogiados a própria Sheron Menezzes, o ator Jean Paulo Campos, que faz a sua estreia na Globo depois de sua passagem no SBT e na RecordTV, Samuel de Assis, vindo de um bom desempenho em Rensga Hits! e Alan Oliveira, no caso deste, por fazer sua estreia em novelas.

Logo no início da trama, um crossover surpreendeu e repercutiu entre o público: as participações especiais de Alexia Máximo, personagem de Deborah Secco em Salve-se Quem Puder, e Willian Carneiro, personagem de Diego Montez em Bom Sucesso. A cena exibida no primeiro capítulo, em 16 de janeiro, mostrou Alexia e Willian (agora seu assessor particular) comparecendo ao escritório de Ben (Samuel de Assis) e Lumiar (Carolina Dieckmann), uma vez que a primeira desejava pedir à advogada que a auxiliasse em um suposto laboratório para interpretar uma profissional da mesma área em uma telenovela; Lumiar não acreditou na história e, ao questionar Alexia com seriedade, fez com que esta confessasse que havia se separado de Zezinho (João Baldasserini) e que, em novo relacionamento com outro homem chamado Guto (ator não revelado), estava sofrendo violência doméstica, necessitando então de ajuda para denunciá-lo. Nas redes sociais, alguns espectadores se assustaram e se indignaram com a situação vivida por Alexia (uma vez que imaginaram que o casamento com Zezinho ocorrido no final de Salve-se Quem Puder havia sido bem sucedido e ainda existia); entretanto, com tal abordagem, a autora e a TV Globo mostraram que casos assim são bastante comuns e, de certa forma, reiteraram o pedido para que as denúncias contra este tipo de violência sejam encorajadas e prossigam.

A novela também conquistou boa parte do público, uma vez que o horário da sete vivia um período de crise com a repercussão morna de Quanto Mais Vida, Melhor! e Cara e Coragem, com um crescimento na procura pelos personagens nas redes sociais, além de se figurar entre os cinco títulos mais acessados do Globoplay, superando Travessia e Mar do Sertão. A personagem Wilma (Renata Sorrah) chegou a se tornar destaque na internet ao utilizar como referências as personagens interpretadas por Susana Vieira, com quem contracenou em Senhora do Destino (2004) e Duas Caras (2007). Entre as personagens citadas pela atriz, estão a babá Nice da primeira versão de Anjo Mau (1976) e a maquiavélica Branca de Por Amor (1997). Além de Susana, outra referência usada por Renata foi a atriz venezuelana Gabriela Spanic, ao citar a novela mexicana A Usurpadora, quando supostamente fez os testes para interpretar as gêmeas Paola Bracho e Paulina Martins. Após a citação no texto, Gabriela elogiou a atriz brasileira e agradeceu o seu carinho e dos fãs brasileiros.

Abordagem LGBTQIAP+
Os personagens Yuri (Jean Paulo Campos) e Fred (Henrique Barreira) chegaram a ganhar a torcida de parte do público para se tornarem um casal, ao mesmo tempo que a ideia dividia opiniões porque o personagem de Henrique na novela é um bad boy, chegando a aprontar alguns planos contra o personagem de Jean. Tal ideia foi reprovada por uma das roteiristas do texto da novela, criando uma polêmica acerca dos personagens. Posteriormente, houve a entrada de Vini (Guthierry Sotero) na trama como o par romântico verdadeiro de Yuri.

Outro casal LGBTQIAP+ abordado na trama foram as personagens Clara (Regiane Alves) e Helena (Priscila Szteinman), mas que fizeram parte de uma polêmica após a exibição do capítulo 99 no dia 10 de maio de 2023, quando a esperada cena de um beijo acabou sendo cortada na edição, o que gerou protestos do público e até mesmo de Regiane Alves. Pelo Twitter, fãs da trama e perfis voltados à comunidade LGBTQIAP+ subiram tags como "Vai na Fé Sem Censura" e "Globo apoia Censura", demonstrando a indignação de uma cena previamente divulgada para ir ao ar, simplesmente ser suprimida. Em nota, a TV Globo informou que as cenas de todas as telenovelas estão sujeitas à alterações, atendendo as estratégias da direção artística e de programação, mas sem especificar o motivo do tão esperado beijo entre as duas personagens não ir ao ar. Logo depois, um veículo divulgou que a edição da cena das duas personagens foi feita com o objetivo de evitar uma campanha de rejeição contra a novela, assim como houve em Babilônia (2015), já que o texto da trama é voltado ao público protestante, além de que a personagem Clara ainda é casada com Theo (Emilio Dantas), que é um dos principais vilões da novela, apesar do casamento destes estar em crise e um novo romance poderia escandalizar o público visto como conservador. Seis dias depois, em 16 de maio, uma cena de um beijo entre as personagens Olga (Camila Pitanga) e Ivona (Elisa Volpatto) também foi eliminada durante a exibição da segunda temporada da série Aruanas, que é transmitida num horário superior ao de Vai na Fé, enquanto que o mesmo é exibido pela edição do Globoplay, causando um protesto de Camila, que postou um vídeo da cena em seu instagram. Um segundo beijo entre as personagens Clara e Helena chegou a ser gravado, porém, a sua exibição dependeria da aprovação da alta cúpula da Globo e se fosse aprovada, iria ao ar no capítulo 111, exibido em 24 de maio, o que não aconteceu e só foi transmitida apenas uma demonstração de carinho entre as duas. A decisão do novo corte na cena do beijo mais uma vez foi reprovada pelo público, sendo reforçada pela própria Regiane Alves e até mesmo pela colunista do O Globo, Patrícia Kogut, que deu nota zero pela atitude da edição, o qual classificou como "demora". Outro corte na cena de um beijo das personagens aconteceu no dia 31 de maio, durante a exibição do capítulo 117. No dia 3 de junho, durante a transmissão do capítulo 120, uma cena de um selinho entre Yuri e Vini foi eliminada na edição, indo ao ar apenas um diálogo entre os dois.

Em uma reportagem publicada no dia 12 de junho pela colunista Carla Bittencourt, do portal Notícias da TV, pertencente ao UOL, a ordem para eliminar as cenas de beijos homoafetivos partiu do diretor de novelas, Amauri Soares, afetando também as tramas Amor Perfeito e Terra e Paixão, que contém personagens homossexuais, alterando drasticamente as suas abordagens. Após protestos do público, sendo reforçado até mesmo pelas próprias atrizes, a TV Globo anunciou para o dia 21 de junho a exibição do beijo entre as personagens Clara e Helena, durante o capítulo 135 da novela. Depois de algumas cenas sugestivas em outros capítulos, porém sem beijo explícito, um beijo entre os personagens Yuri e Vini foi finalmente mostrado pelo capítulo 132 no dia 17 de junho, um sábado.

Telenovelas da TV Globo da década de 2020
Telenovelas ambientadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Telenovelas em português
Telenovelas com temática LGBT do Brasil
Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 2023

Vai na Fé


ويليام بالدوين  هو ممثل سينمائي أمريكي، ولد في 21 فبراير 1963 بماسابيكوا (ولاية نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة)، هو أحد أفراد الأخوة بالدوين الذين يعملون جميعم في المجال الفني ومنهم شقيقه الممثل أليك بالدوين.

أدواره في الرسوم المتحركة
 داني الشبح - عوني

 الأمريكية}}

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ماسابيكوا
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل فرنسي
أمريكيون من أصل كندي فرنسي
خريجو جامعة بينغامتون
ديمقراطيون من ولاية نيويورك
عارضو أزياء أمريكيون
عارضو أزياء من ولاية نيويورك
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون ذكور من أصل أيرلندي
ممثلون من أصل ألماني
ممثلون من ولاية نيويورك
مواليد 1963
مواليد في ماسابيكوا

ويليام بالدوين


Symbel del inglés antiguo o sumbl en nórdico antiguo son términos germánicos para "festejo o banquete".

En 1976 Paul C. Bauschatz sugirió que el término refleja un ritual del paganismo germánico que tuvo "gran significado religioso en la cultura de los primeros pueblos germánicos". La iniciativa de Bauschatz tiene pocos seguidores entre los historiadores modernos, pero su interpretación ha inspirado mucho a los grupos neopaganos.

Según Bauschatz, el symbel siempre se celebraba en el interior, normalmente en la sala central de la plaza de algún caudillo tribal. El symbel estaba compuesto por una fórmula en forma de ritual que era mucho más solemne y serio que beber durante una mera celebración. Los elementos primarios del symbel era el ale o hidromiel bebidos en un cuerno, acompañados de relatos y citas, a veces en forma jactanciosa, juramentos y ofrendas. La comida y el festejo no estaba incluido en el symbel específicamente, y no se ofrendaba alcohol a las deidades en forma de sacrificio.

Citas sobre el symbel se conservan en el poema anglosajón Beowulf (líneas 489–675 y 1491–1500), también The Dream of the Rood y Judith, en sajón antiguo Heliand, en nórdico antiguo Lokasenna y otros textos de Eddas y sagas nórdicas, como la cita de Heimskringla en el funeral de Svend I de Dinamarca, y Fagrskinna.

Etimología
La forma predominante hoy día procede del inglés antiguo symbel, sajón antiguo symbal, sumbal (alto alemán antiguo *sumbal y nórdico antiguo sumbl, todos traducidos como "festejo, banquete, reunión social", también del protogermánico *sumlan "banquete", que corresponde a una "comida de unidad" o "congregación" (literalmente, symposium o asamblea).

Algunos investigadores argumentan su procedencia del latín symbola, pero en contra se posiciona P.A. Erades, que argumenta que el cognato tiene su origen en *sumil o *sumal "reunión" (el último caso, como sufijo de la apofonía indoeuropea). Erades explica que *sum- es la última derivación del protoindoeuropeo *sṃ o *em "uno, juntos". Es el mismo elemento que evolucionó en el copulativo a del griego antiguo.

Paul Bauschatz aparentemente acepta sum, sam "juntos", pero propone que la palabra representa una composición con alu "ale" como segundo elemento (en lugar del sufijo). Por lo tanto el significado más amplio sería "unirse o reunión del ale". En el islandés sumbl es una composición de sam- y öl.

Inglés antiguo
En inglés antiguo se traduce como "festejo", y existen variantes como symbel-wyn "disfrutar del festejo", symbel-daeg "día del festejo", symbel-niht "noche del festejo", symbel-hus "casa del festejo, sala de huespedes", symbel-tid "tiempo de festejo", etc. Existe un derivado verbal, symblian o symblan, que significa "festejar, pasarlo bien". No hay que confundirlo con la homofonía symbel, symble sin relación alguna, que significa "siempre, alguna vez".

Nórdico antiguo
Bragarfull "copa de la promesa" o bragafull "mejor copa" o "copa del caudillo" era en la cultura nórdica una forma particular de beber de una copa o un cuerno en ceremoniales, a menudo acompañado de juramentos, que lo bebía el caudillo o se compartía con todos los asistentes.

Como el nombre es compuesto, es difícil determinar la traducción exacta. La palabra bragr 'mejor, principal' corresponde al primer elemento. La forma bragafull (pero no bragarfull) puede interpretarse como 'la copa de Bragi', en referencia al dios nórdico de la poesía, pero no existen vínculos especiales en otras fuentes.

Heimskringla
Snorri Sturluson en su Heimskringla, capítulo de la Saga de Hákon el Bueno, describe la costumbre de bragarfull como festejo:

El fuego estaba en medio del suelo del templo, y encima colgaban las calderas, y las copas llenas se pasaban de mano en mano a través del fuego; y aquel que hizo el banquete, era un godi ['jefe'], bendijo las copas llenas, y toda la carne del sacrificio. Y primero fue la copa de Odín en vaciarse para la victoria y poder con su rey; después, las copas de Njordr y Freyja para la paz y buena cosecha. Entonces esto era la costumbre de muchos para vaciar el "bragafull"; y luego los invitados vaciaban una copa a la memoria de amigos difuntos, llamados el "minni".['conmemoración']

Saga Ynglinga
En la saga Ynglinga, Snorri relata:

Esto era la costumbre entonces que quien daba un banquete por el heredero despues de reyes o jarls, y asumía la herencia, debería sentarse sobre el escabel delante del alto asiento, y trajeron el tazón lleno que llamaban bragafull. Entonces él debería levantarse, tomar el "bragafull", hacer votos solemnes para cumplirlos después, y con eso vaciar la taza en alto. Entonces él debería subir al asiento alto que su padre había ocupado; y con eso vino la herencia después de su padre. Ahora fue hecho así en esta ocasión. Cuando el "bragafull" lleno entró, el Rey Ingjald se levantó, agarró el cuerno de un gran toro, e hizo un voto solemne para doblar sus dominios, hacia todas las cuatro esquinas del mundo, o morir; y con eso señalado con el cuerno a los cuatro cuartos.

Fagrskinna
Fagrskinna (una historia del  sobre los reyes de Noruega), tiene citas similares sobre Svend I de Dinamarca, mencionando los primeros brindis ceremoniales dedicados a su kindred, Thor y otras deidades. Entonces el bragarfull se vació en el festejo, tuvo que hacer sus votos que también debieron jurar los que estaban presentes, y fue solo entonces cuando pudo sentarse en el trono del difunto.

Edda poética
Un pasaje en prosa de la Edda poética Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar cita también el bragarfull.

Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks
Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks cita a Hjörvard, hijo de Arngrim, prometió en su bragarfull casarse con Ingeborg la princesa de Suecia, y las leyendas de Ragnar Lodbrok cita que el jarl gauta Herrauðr prometió a su hija a cualquiera que pudiera liberarle del dragón o hablarla en su presencia.

Neopaganismo germánico
En los ceremoniales de ásatrú que celebra McNallen y Stine, el sumbel es un ritual donde se bebe de un cuerno lleno de ale o hidromiel, brindando primero por los dioses Aesir, luego otras formas sobrenaturales, seguidos por héroes o ancestros, y por último el resto. Los participantes pueden hablar o formular sus juramentos y promesas de acciones futuras y esas palabras son consagradas, formando parte del destino de los reunidos. El ritual no es muy conocido como tal por los paganos islandeses de Ásatrúarfélagið, quienes celebran prácticas similares pero siempre como parte de sus blóts.

En el Teodismo o neopaganismo germánico anglosajón, el symbel tiene una gran importancia, "quizás el ritual más alto" o "entre los más altos rituales" de todos los que celebran.

Véase también
 Ásatrú
 Blót

Referencias

Bibliografía
Bauschatz, Paul C. The Well and the Tree: World and Time in Early Germanic Culture. Amhurst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1983. ISBN 0-87023-352-1.
Bjork, Robert E. "Speech as Gift in Beowulf." Speculum (1994).
Conquergood, Dwight, "Boasting in Anglo-Saxon England, Performance and the Heroic Ethos." Literature and Performance I (April 1991).
Enright, M.J., Lady with a Mead Cup: Ritual, Prophecy, and Lordship in the European Warband. Dublin, 1976
Erades, P.A. "A Romance Congener of OE symbel." English Studies 48 (1967): 25-7.

Nelson, Marie. "Beowulf's Boast Words." Neophilologus 89.2 (April 2005): 299-310.

 Vladimir Orel. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden, 2003.
Pollington, Steven. The Mead-Hall: The Feasting Tradition in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon Books. Norfolk, 2003. ISBN 1-898281-30-0.

Enlaces externos
 Anglo-Saxon Symbel

 Symbel
 Symbel en la web de COE-Ásatrú (en español)

Mitología nórdica
Neopaganismo
Asatru
Sacrificio de animales
Vida y costumbres en la Era vikinga

Symbel


U.S. Bancorp (stylized as us bancorp) is an American bank holding company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and incorporated in Delaware. It is the parent company of U.S. Bank National Association, and is the fifth largest banking institution in the United States. The company provides banking, investment, mortgage, trust, and payment services products to individuals, businesses, governmental entities, and other financial institutions. It has 3,106 branches and 4,842 automated teller machines, primarily in the Western and Midwestern United States. It is ranked 117th on the Fortune 500, and it is considered a systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board. The company also owns Elavon, a processor of credit card transactions for merchants, and Elan Financial Services, a credit card issuer that issues credit card products on behalf of small credit unions and banks across the U.S.

U.S. Bancorp operates under the second-oldest continuous national charter, originally Charter #24, granted in 1863 following the passage of the National Bank Act. Earlier charters have expired as banks were closed or acquired, raising U.S. Bank's charter number from #24 to #2. The oldest national charter, originally granted to the First National Bank of Philadelphia, is held by Wells Fargo, which was obtained upon its merger with Wachovia.

History

The U.S. Bank name first appeared as United States National Bank of Portland, established in Portland, Oregon, in 1891. In 1902, it merged with Ainsworth National Bank of Portland, but kept the U.S. National Bank name. It changed its name to the United States National Bank of Oregon in 1964.

The central part of the franchise dates from 1864, with the formation of First National Bank of Minneapolis. In 1929, that bank merged with First National Bank of St. Paul (also formed in 1864) and several smaller Upper Midwest banks to form the First Bank Stock Corporation, which changed its name to First Bank System in 1968.

In the eastern part of the franchise, Farmers and Millers Bank in Milwaukee opened its doors in 1853, growing into the First National Bank of Milwaukee and eventually becoming First Wisconsin and ultimately Firstar Corporation. In Cincinnati, First National Bank of Cincinnati opened for business on July 13, 1863 under National Charter #24—the charter that U.S. Bancorp still operates under today, and one of the oldest active national bank charters in the nation. U.S. Bancorp claims 1863 as its founding date. Despite having started up in the midst of the Civil War, First National Bank of Cincinnati went on to survive many decades to grow into Star Bank.

U.S. Bancorp of Oregon era
In January 1969, the U.S. National Bank of Oregon reorganized as a holding company, U. S. Bancorp, after receiving authorization from its bank directors on September 9, 1968 and subsequently receiving legal approval to proceed from the Comptroller of the Currency on November 28, 1968. LeRoy B. Staver, president, and chief executive officer of the bank, was quickly appointed chairman and chief executive officer for the new holding company while Robert B. Wilson was appointed president of the holding company and also executive vice president for the bank. Wilson later resigned as president in December 1972 and his position was filled eight months later by John A. Elorriaga.

Staver retired in October 1974 and was succeeded by John Elorriaga who was promoted to chairman and chief executive officer while Carl W. Mays Jr was named president in Elorriaga's place.

A major change in the organization of leadership in the U.S. Bancorp of Oregon occurred in August 1983. Although Elorriaga remained as chairman and chief executive officer for the firm, Mays was appointed to the new position of executive assistant to the chairman while Edmund P. Jensen was appointed president as a replacement to Mays, and Roger L. Breezley was appointed to the new post of chief operating officer.

In December 1986, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Forest Grove, Oregon-based Valley National Corporation (not to be confused with the Phoenix, Arizona, company of the same name) with its five-branch Valley National Bank of Forest Grove subsidiary for $13.7 million (~$ in ) in stock.

U.S. Bancorp of Oregon made its first acquisition outside the state of Oregon by announcing in December 1986 the pending acquisition of the Spokane, Washington-based Old National Bancorp with its Old National Bank of Washington and First National Bank of Spokane subsidiaries for $174 million (~$ in ). The acquisition was completed in July 1987 on the first day that the state of Washington had allowed bank acquisitions by out-of-state companies.

In December 1986, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Camas, Washington-based Heritage Bank for $2.8 million (~$ in ).

In May 1987, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Seattle, Washington-based Peoples Bancorp with its Peoples National Bank subsidiary for $275 million (~$ in ) in stock. The acquisition was completed in December 1987. After the acquisition, Peoples and Old National were combined to form U.S. Bank of Washington.

John Elorriaga retired as chairman of the board and chief executive officer in November 1987 and was replaced by Roger L. Breezley while Jensen continued as president.

In December 1987, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Bellingham, Washington-based Mt Baker Bank for $25 million (~$ in ).

U.S. Bancorp of Oregon entered the state of California by announcing in April 1988 the pending acquisition of the Eureka, California-based Bank of Loleta with seven branch offices in Humboldt and Del Norte counties for $15.3 million (~$ in ) in cash. The acquisition was completed in December 1988 and was renamed U.S. Bank of California.

In April 1988, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Bellingham, Washington-based Northwestern Commercial Bank for $15.5 million (~$ in ). The acquisition was completed in November 1988.

In July 1988, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Auburn, Washington-based Western Independent Bancshares with its Auburn Valley Bank subsidiary for $4.25 million (~$ in ) in cash.

In October 1989, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Sacramento, California-based Mother Lode Savings Bank with three branch offices for $5.3 million (~$ in ). The acquisition was completed in August 1990. This acquisition was one of the first of a thrift by a commercial bank in the nation since legislation permitting such takeovers went into effect.

During the late 1980s, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon made several attempts to enter the state of Idaho by the acquisition of an existing Idaho-based bank, the only method then allowed under Idaho law, but failed when the price got too high. In March 1990, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced that they would establish a bank through a loophole in Federal banking law that allows the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to allow the relocation of bank headquarters within 30 miles of their present location without regards to state boundaries and state regulations. So U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced that they plan to transfer the existing branches of the First National Bank of Spokane to the U.S. Bancorp of Washington and then ask permission from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to move the headquarters of First National from Spokane, Washington, to Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. After receiving Federal approval, First National was finally moved in February 1992 and renamed U.S. Bank of Idaho.

In July 1990, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Auburn, California-based HeartFed Financial Corporation with its Heart Federal Savings and Loan subsidiary for $107.8 million (~$ in ) in stock. At the time of the announcement, Heart Federal Savings had 29 branch offices in northern California. The acquisition was completed in March 1991 for $118 million (~$ in ).

In November 1991, Edmund P. Jensen was given the post of chief operating officer in addition to his duties as president, making him a possible successor to Breezley.

In February 1992, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the 20 branch offices in Northern California and 29 branch offices in Nevada for $70 million (~$ in ) that were being divested by Bankamerica Corporation as a result of Bank of America's impending acquisition of Security Pacific Corporation. This acquisition gave U.S. Bancorp of Oregon its first presence in the state of Nevada.

Another major change in the organization of leadership in the U.S. Bancorp of Oregon occurred in January 1993. While retaining his position as chief operating officer, Edmund P. Jensen was appointed vice-chairman while giving his position of president to Kevin R. Kelly. At the same time, Gerry B. Cameron was appointed vice-chairman. Ten months later, Jensen resigned to become president of Visa Inc. In January 1994, Gerry Cameron was first appointed chief operating officer as a replacement to Jensen and later appointed chief executive officer just three weeks later. Kelly submitted his resignation as president in March 1994 and Breezley finally gave up the chairmanship to Cameron in April 1994.

In May 1995, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Boise, Idaho-based West One Bancorp for $1.8 billion (~$ in ). At the time of the announcement, West One had branch offices in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Utah while U.S. Bancorp of Oregon had branch offices in Oregon, Washington, California, Idaho, and Nevada. The acquisition was completed in December 1995 and gave U.S. Bancorp of Oregon its first entry into the state of Utah. As part of the acquisition deal, West One's chairman and chief executive Daniel R. Nelson would become the chief operating officer and president of U.S. Bancorp and he would later be Cameron's successor as chairman and CEO upon Cameron's planned retirement in three years. Since both U.S. Bancorp and West One had overlapping territories in Oregon and Washington, the U.S. Justice Department would only allow the acquisition to proceed if U.S. Bancorp would sell off 27 branch offices in Washington and Oregon. As a result of the regulatory ruling, U.S. Bancorp sold 25 branch offices in Oregon, four in central Washington and one in Idaho to First Hawaiian Bank for $38 million in cash.

In February 1996, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the San Ramon, California-based California Bancshares for $309 million (~$ in ) in stock. California Bancshares had a total of 38 branches in the East San Francisco Bay Area in nine separate banks that included Alameda First National, Community First National, Modesto Banking Co., Commercial Bank of Fremont, Lamorinda National Bank, Bank of San Ramon Valley, Westside Bank, Concord Commercial Bank and Bank of Milpitas. The acquisition was completed in June 1996.

In September 1996, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the St. George, Utah-based Sun Capital Bancorp with its three-branch office Sun Capital Bank subsidiary for $15.5 million (~$ in ). The acquisition was completed in January 1997.

In December 1996, Daniel R. Nelson, president and chief operating officer of U.S. Bancorp of Oregon, unexpectedly announced his early retirement effective on New Year's Day 1997. Nelson was originally in line to be Gerry B. Cameron's successor as chairman and chief executive upon the Cameron's planned retirement on New Year's Day 1999.

In December 1996, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon announced the pending acquisition of the Sacramento, California-based Business & Professional Bank for $35 million (~$ in ) in cash. The acquisition was completed in May 1997.

First Bank System era

In March 1997, the Minneapolis, Minnesota-based First Bank System announced the pending acquisition of U.S. Bancorp of Oregon for $9 billion (~$ in ) in stock. At the time of the announcement, U.S. Bancorp of Oregon had banking offices in Oregon, Washington, California, Idaho and Utah while First Bank System had banking offices in Minnesota, Colorado, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Kansas, and Wyoming.  Under the terms of the acquisition, First Bank System was the nominal survivor, and the newly merged company was headquartered in Minneapolis. However, it took the more recognizable U. S. Bancorp name. John F. Grundhofer, chairman and chief executive of First Bank, was appointed president and chief executive of the new company while Gerry B. Cameron, chairman, and chief executive of U.S. Bancorp of Oregon, was appointed chairman of the new company, which he held until his retirement in 1998. The acquisition was completed in August 1997. Approximately 4000 jobs were eliminated, mostly in Portland.

Brief history of First Bank prior to acquisition

First Bank System can trace its roots to the formation of First National Bank of Minneapolis in 1864. In 1929, the First National Bank of Minneapolis joined with the First National Bank of St. Paul to form a joint holding company for both banks that was called the First Bank Stock Corporation, while keeping both subsidiary banks legally separate. The new holding company quickly grew by acquiring other banks in the four-state region before the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited such actions. First Bank Stock Corporation was renamed First Bank System Inc. in 1968.

U.S. Bancorp after takeover by First Bank System

In September 1997, the new U.S. Bancorp, formerly First Bank System, announced the pending acquisition of the St. Cloud, Minnesota-based Zappco, Inc. with its three banks and six banking locations for an undisclosed amount. At the time of the announcement, U.S. Bancorp had more than 1,000 banking offices in the states of Minnesota, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, California, Idaho, Nebraska, North Dakota, Nevada, South Dakota, Montana, Iowa, Illinois, Utah, Wisconsin, Kansas, and Wyoming. The acquisition was completed in December 1997.

In March 1998, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of the Vancouver, Washington-based Northwest Bancshares with its 10-branch offices Northwest National Bank subsidiary for an undisclosed amount. In October 1998, the U.S. Justice Department agreed to allow the acquisition to proceed on the condition that one of the Northwest National Bank branch offices was to be sold. The acquisition was completed in December 1998 after U.S. Bancorp sold the requested banking office to Centennial Bank of Eugene.

At the end of 1998, Gerry Cameron retired as chairman and handed the position over to John Grundhofer who added the title of chairman to his other positions of president and chief executive officer.

In February 1999, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of the San Diego-based Bank of Commerce with its 10 branch offices for $314 million (~$ in ) in stock. The acquisition was finalized in July 1999.
r
In May 1999, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of the Newport Beach, California-based Western Bancorp with its Santa Monica Bank and Southern California Bank subsidiaries and a total of 31 branch offices for $904 million (~$ in ) in stock. At the time of the announcement, U.S. Bancorp had 98 branch offices within California. The acquisition was finalized in November 1999 for $1.04 billion (~$ in ) in stock.
In July 1999, Philip G. Heasley was appointed president and chief operating officer of U.S. Bancorp. John Grundhofer had handed over the position of president to Heasley while still retaining the titles of chairman and chief executive officer. Heasley had assisted Grundhofer in turning the company around from near insolvency when the company was originally known as First Bank until it became a successful financial institution that became large enough to be absorb other banks, including U.S. Bancorp of Oregon in 1997. Heasley resigned the following year to join Bank One as the head of their First USA credit card unit around the same time Firstar was about to takeover U.S. Bancorp.

In September 1999, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of the San Diego-based Peninsula Bank with its 11 branch offices for $104 million (~$ in ) in stock. In early January 2000, a group of Peninsula Bank stockholders tried to stop the merger because the initial merger agreement was made prior to the huge 27% single-day drop in the value of U.S. Bancorp stock which effectively lowered the purchase price. The acquisition was later completed in January 2000 at a 10% reduction of the original price negotiated.

In June 2000, U.S. Bancorp announced the acquisition of the San Diego-based Scripps Financial Corporation with its nine-branch office Scripps Bank subsidiary for $155 million (~$ in ) in stock. The acquisition was completed in October 2000.

Firstar era
In October 2000, Firstar Corporation of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, announced the pending acquisition of U.S. Bancorp for $21 billion (~$ in ) in stock. The merger was completed on February 27, 2001. While Firstar was the nominal survivor, the merged company took the U.S. Bancorp name and moved to old U.S. Bancorp's headquarters in Minneapolis. Under the merger agreement, Jerry Grundhofer, president and chief executive officer of Firstar, would continue in those positions in the combined company while his older brother, John Grundhofer, chairman, president and chief executive officer of U.S. Bancorp, would serve as chairman of the board in the combined company until his planned retirement on December 31, 2002. The merged company retained some administrative functions in Milwaukee and Cincinnati.

To allow the merger to proceed, the U.S. Department of Justice required Firstar to sell 11 branch offices in the Minneapolis-area and 2 in Council Bluffs, Iowa. Bremer Bank of Saint Paul, Minnesota, purchased the 11 Minneapolis-area Firstar offices while Liberty Bank of West Des Moines, Iowa, purchased the 2 Council Bluffs offices.

Brief history of Firstar prior to acquisition

Firstar Corporation traced its roots to the founding of the Farmer's and Millers Bank in Milwaukee in 1853, which by 1919 evolved into First Wisconsin National Bank. However, the Firstar that took over U.S. Bancorp in 2001 was actually the same company and leadership that acquired Firstar 27 months earlier in 1998, namely Star Banc Corporation. That bank, in turn, traced its roots to the founding of First National Bank of Cincinnati in 1863. Jerry Grundhofer and his team from Star Banc were instrumental in both acquisitions.

Present-day U.S. Bancorp retains Star Banc's pre-1998 stock price history. As mentioned above, it claims 1863 as its founding date, and operates under the charter originally granted to First National Bank of Cincinnati. Additionally, all SEC filings before 1998 are under Star Banc, and all filings from 1998 to 2000 are under Firstar.

U.S. Bancorp after takeover by Firstar

In April 2001, the new U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of all 20 branch offices in California of the Encino-based Pacific Century Bank from its Honolulu-based parent Pacific Century Financial Corporation. The acquisition was completed in September 2001.

In July 2002, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of all 57 retail banking branches of the San Mateo, California-based Bay View Bank from its Bay View Capital Corporation parent for $429 million (~$ in ). The acquisition was completed in November 2002.

On New Years Day 2003, John Grundhofer retired as chairman of U.S. Bancorp and handed the position to his younger brother Jerry Grundhofer, who added the title of chairman to his other positions of president and chief executive officer in the corporation.

In May 2004, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was acquiring the $34 billion (~$ in ) corporate trust bond administration business from National City Corporation.

In October 2004, Richard K. Davis was appointed chief operating officer and president of U.S. Bancorp. Jerry Grundhofer had handed over the position of president to Davis while still retaining the titles of chairman and chief executive officer. Davis had been a protege of Grundhofer since their days together at Star Banc Corporation and had assisted in the takeover of Firstar by Star Banc in 1998 and the later acquisition of U.S. Bancorp by Firstar in 2001.

U.S. Bancorp acquired Genpass along with its MoneyPass ATM network subsidiary for an undisclosed amount in May 2005.

In November 2005, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was acquiring the $410 billion corporate trust and institutional custody businesses of Wachovia Corporation for $720 million in cash.

In July 2006, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was acquiring the $123 billion (~$ in ) municipal and corporate bond trustee business from SunTrust.

In June 2006, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of the Avon, Colorado-based Vail Banks Inc. with its WestStar Bank subsidiary and 23 locations for $98.6 million (~$ in ) in cash. The acquisition was completed in September 2006.

In November 2006, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was acquiring the $30 billion (~$ in ) municipal bond trustee business from LaSalle Bank.

In November 2006, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of the Great Falls, Montana-based United Financial Corporation with its Heritage Bank subsidiary for $71 million (~$ in ) in stock. The acquisition was completed in February 2007 and nearly double the branch presence of U.S. Bank in Montana.

In December 2006, Jerry Grundhofer handed over the position of chief executive officer to president Richard Davis while Grundhofer remained chairman until his retirement the following year in December 2007. After Grundhofer retirement in December 2007, Davis added the position of chairman to his other titles of president and chief executive officer.

In March 2008, the U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of the seven-office Los Angeles-based Mellon 1st Business Bank from the Bank of New York Mellon for an undisclosed amount in cash. The acquisition was completed in June 2008.

On November 14, 2008, the U.S. Treasury invested $6,599,000,000 (~$ in ) in preferred stock and warrants in the company via the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Weeks earlier, U.S. Bancorp has entered into acquisition talks with National City Corp. and had made an offer to buy National City until PNC Financial Services used its portion of TARP funds to outbid U.S. Bancorp and acquire National City instead. Had National City accepted U.S. Bancorp's offer, U.S. Bancorp would have expanded into Florida, Michigan and Pennsylvania (three states that as of 2023 still don't have a retail presence from U.S. Bancorp), but major divestments would've been made in Midwestern states, especially Ohio.

On November 21, 2008, the company acquired the failed Downey Savings & Loan Association and also the failed Pomona First Federal Bancorp in a transaction facilitated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for an undisclosed amount. Downey Savings had 170 branch offices in California and five branch offices in Arizona while PFF Bank had 38 branch offices in Southern California.

In April 2009, U.S. Bancorp acquired the assets and deposits of the failed Ketchum, Idaho-based First Bank of Idaho in a transaction facilitated by the FDIC. First Bank of Idaho had seven offices in Idaho and Wyoming, some of which operated under the name First Bank of the Tetons.

On June 17, 2009, the company redeemed the $6.6 billion of preferred stock and on July 15, 2009, it completed the purchase of a warrant held by the U.S. Treasury Department. This effectively concluded U.S. Bancorp's participation in the Capital Purchase Program. It was the first bank to repay the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds.

On October 5, 2009, the company announced its acquisition of the $8 billion (~$ in ) mutual fund administration and accounting servicing division of Fiduciary Management, Inc. for an undisclosed amount.

On October 7, 2009, the company agreed to buy the bond trustee business of First Citizens Bank, a subsidiary of First Citizens BancShares Inc. for an undisclosed amount.

On October 20, 2009, the company completed a transaction to purchase the failed FBOP Corporation's nine subsidiary banks from the FDIC for an undisclosed amount. The banks included BankUSA, National Association with 2 offices in Arizona, Cal National Bank with 68 offices in California, Citizens National Bank with 1 office in Texas, Community Bank of Lemont with 1 office in Illinois, Madisonville State Bank with 1 office in Texas, North Houston Bank with 1 office in Texas, Pacific National Bank with 17 offices in California, Park National Bank with 31 offices in Illinois, and San Diego National Bank with 28 offices in California.

Since the company did not have a previous presence in Texas nor want one in the near future, the company subsequently sold the three banks in Texas in 2010 to Houston-based Prosperity Bancshares for an undisclosed amount. Each of the banks had one office each.

In October 2009, BB&T Corporation (now Truist Financial) announced the pending sale of its Nevada banking operations to U.S. Bancorp for an undisclosed amount. BB&T had just acquired the 21 offices in Nevada through a transaction facilitated by the FDIC for disposal of the assets and deposits of the failed Alabama-based Colonial BancGroup but BB&T had no desire to expand west of Texas while it wanted to keep the other Colonial former locations in the Southeastern United States. The acquisition was completed in January 2010.

In July 2010, U.S. Bancorp sold its FAF Advisors subsidiary to Nuveen Investments for $80 million (~$ in ) and a 9.5% stake in Nuveen.

In 2010, Huntington Bancshares announced it would take over the leases of bank branches inside Giant Eagle locations in Ohio, largely replacing U.S. Bancorp but also replacing branches from FirstMerit Corporation (which itself would be acquired by Huntington in 2016) and Citizens Financial Group; the deal didn't affect Citizens branches inside Giant Eagle locations in Pennsylvania. The deal mostly didn't affect U.S. Bancorp, but it did lead to the withdrawal from the Youngstown, Ohio market since U.S. Bancorp's only branches in the area were inside Giant Eagle locations; the branches had been a holdover from the Firstar days. By 2020, U.S. Bancorp had organically become Ohio's largest bank by deposits despite not having a presence in the Youngstown and Toledo markets and ahead of major banks based in Ohio (Huntington, Fifth Third Bank & KeyBank), PNC Bank, and Chase Bank.

In January 2011, U.S. Bancorp acquired the assets and deposits of the failed First Community Bank of New Mexico in a transaction facilitated by the FDIC for an asset discount of approximately $380 million (~$ in ). The acquisition had included 35 offices in New Mexico and 3 offices in Arizona.

In January 2012, the company acquired the assets and deposits of the failed Knoxville, Tennessee-based BankEast in a transaction facilitated by the FDIC for an asset discount of approximately $67.5 million (~$ in ). The acquisition had included 10 offices in the Knoxville area.

In March 2013, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was acquiring the $57 billion (~$ in ) municipal bond trustee business from Deutsche Bank.

In January 2014, U.S. Bancorp announced the pending acquisition of 94 branch offices of the Charter One Bank in Chicago from the RBS Citizens Financial Group for $315 million (~$ in ), doubling its market share in Chicago. 13 Charter One branches were closed due to their close proximity to existing U.S. Bank offices. The acquisition was completed in June 2014.

In January 2015, chief financial officer Andrew Cecere was promoted to chief operating officer. A year later, Cecere was given the additional position of president.

In January 2017, U.S. Bancorp announced that chairman and CEO Richard Davis was going to hand over his CEO position to president and COO Andrew Cecere in April 2017 while remaining as chairman. Davis officially retired from the company in April 2018 and Cecere became chairman, president and CEO.

In February 2018, the bank was charged by the Department of Justice with failing to implement measures preventing illegal activities, including one case of abetting. U.S. Bancorp agreed to pay $613 million in fines and implement measures to improve the monitoring of its customer transactions. In September 2018, $505 million was distributed to customers of an illegal payday loan business whose suspicious activities US Bancorp had failed to report.

In September 2018, Fiserv announced that it would acquire MoneyPass from US Bancorp for $690 million (~$ in ). The deal was finalized in March 2019. The sale did not include Elan's credit card division, which issued some of the most prominent cards including Fidelity, BMW and Mercedes Benz. In December 2019, the bank dismissed Emily James, a Portland, Ore., call-center employee, and her supervisor, after James gave $20 (~$ in ) of her own money to Marc Eugenio. On Christmas Eve, Eugenio ran out of gasoline and cash, and he was stranded at a gas station when his U.S. Bank debit card was rejected because funds he had deposited two days earlier had not yet been released into his account. After an unsuccessful attempt to release the funds, James met Eugenio at the gas station during her break and offered him $20 from her own pocket as a Christmas Eve act of kindness. She was fired from her job for violating company policy, but rehired after an investigation prompted by an article from Nicolas Kristof was published in The New York Times.

In May 2020, the US Bancorp Center in downtown Minneapolis was damaged by rioting during the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Two other bank branch locations on East Lake Street in Minneapolis were destroyed by arson. US Bancorp rebuilt the damaged branch location at 919 East Lake Street and donated the property at 2800 East Lake Street for redevelopment as an affordable housing project.

On September 21, 2021, U.S. Bancorp agreed to purchase MUFG Union Bank's consumer business for $8 billion (~$ in ). It is the bank's biggest deal since 2001 when it merged with Milwaukee-based Firstar Corp. for $21 billion (~$ in ). The deal with MUFG Union Bank will add $58 billion in loans to U.S. Bancorp's current base of $294 billion and will give U.S. Bancorp a large presence on the U.S. West Coast, especially California.  The combined bank will have $723 billion in assets. U.S. regulatory approval for the merger was announced on October 16 of 2022, and was completed as of December 1, 2022.

In May 2022, Bancorp announced a five-year community benefits plan, developed in coordination with the NCRC and the CRC as part of the planned acquisition of MUFG Union Bank. The $100 billion community plan is set over five years and is focusing on supporting equitable access to capital for low- and moderate-income communities and communities of color.

In August 2023, Mitsubishi UFG Financial Group Inc, former parent company of MUFG Union Bank it sold 8 months earlier to U.S. Bancorp, announced it would be buying a $936 million stake in U.S. Bancorp. The deal swaps debt with equity, strengthening U.S. Bancorp's alliance with Japan's largest bank.

Notable corporate buildings

U.S. Bank Center in Phoenix, Arizona
U.S. Bank Tower in Sacramento, California
One California in San Francisco, California, sports the U.S. Bank logo and houses bank offices
U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles, California, the third tallest building west of the Mississippi River
U.S. Bank Tower in Denver, Colorado
U.S. Bank Plaza in Boise, Idaho
U.S. Bank Building in Chicago, Illinois
U.S. Bank Building in Davenport, Iowa
U.S. Bank Building in Duluth, Minnesota
U.S. Bancorp Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota
U.S. Bank Plaza in Minneapolis, Minnesota
U.S. Bank Center in St. Paul, Minnesota
One U.S. Bank Plaza in St. Louis, Missouri
U.S. Bank Building in Billings, Montana
U.S. Bank Tower in Lincoln, Nebraska
U.S. Bank Center in Las Vegas, Nevada
U.S. Bank Tower in Cincinnati, Ohio
U.S. Bank Centre in Cleveland, Ohio
U.S. Bancorp Tower in Portland, Oregon ("Big Pink")
U.S. Bank Building in Sioux Falls, South Dakota
U.S. Bank Center in Seattle, Washington
U.S. Bank Building in Spokane, Washington
U.S. Bank Building in La Crosse, Wisconsin
U.S. Bank Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
U.S. Bank Plaza in Madison, Wisconsin
U.S. Bank Building in Sheboygan, Wisconsin

Naming rights and sponsorships
U.S. Bank owns corporate naming rights to the following:
U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota

U.S. Bank is a sponsor of:
 Denver Broncos – Official Bank of the Denver Broncos.
 Minnesota Twins – Official Bank of the Minnesota Twins.
 Minnesota Timberwolves – Official Partner of the Minnesota Timberwolves.
 Minnesota Vikings – Official Bank of the Minnesota Vikings.
 Kansas City Royals – Official Partner of the Kansas City Royals.
 San Diego Padres – Official Partner of the San Diego Padres.
 San Francisco 49ers – Official Bank of the San Francisco 49ers.
 Utah Jazz – Official Bank of the Utah Jazz.
 NHL – Official Partner of the NHL.
 University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point  Pointers – Official Partner of the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Pointers.
 San Diego State University – Official Partner of the San Diego State University.

See also

 John F. Grundhofer
 Richard K. Davis

References

External links

 Map of Locations

Banks based in Minnesota
Minneapolis
American companies established in 1891
Banks established in 1891
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Economy of the Northeastern United States
Economy of the Northwestern United States
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Minneapolis
1891 establishments in Oregon
Online brokerages
Primary dealers
Subprime mortgage lenders
Systemically important financial institutions
Investment banks in the United States
Mortgage lenders of the United States
Rogue trading banks
Subprime mortgage crisis

U.S. Bancorp


نجم الفخذة أو فَخِذُ الدُّبِّ أو «غاما الدب الأكبر» هو سادس ألمع نجوم كوكبة الدب الأكبر وواحد من نجوم «بنات نعش الكبرى» السبعة. وهو جزء من مجموعة الدب الأكبر المتحركة وهي مجموعة من النجوم تتحرك بسبب أنها كانت ضمن عنقود نجمي مفتوح يتفكك الآن. قدره الظاهري 2,4 تقريباً ويبعد 84 سنة ضوئية عنا. كتلته تعادل 2,7 كتلة شمسية ونصف قطره 3 نصف قطر شمسي. وتبلغ حرارته 9500 كلفن وسطوعه 72 سطوع شمسي.

مراجع

أجرام باير
أجرام فهرس هنري درابر
أجرام هيباركوس
أجسام فلامستيد
بنات نعش الكبرى
فهرس النجوم الساطعة
كوكبة الدب الأكبر
مجموعة الدب الأكبر المتحركة
مسح بون الفلكي
نجوم النسق الأساسي نوع-A
نجوم بأسماء خاصة

الفخذة (نجم)


محمد علي عزمت حابشت (سطاس) وُلد الزعيم محمد علي عزمت حابشت (سطاس) في قرية العدنانية التابعة لـ محافظة القنيطرة عام 1900م ودرس الابتدائية في القنيطرة وتخرج بعد ذلك من المدرسة الصلاحية في مدينة القدس بفلسطين السليبة.

العمل
عمل مدرسا لمدة عامين ثم انتسب لمدرسة ضباط الدرك في بيروت عام 1919م وتخرج منها برتبة مرشّح خيال.
وكان له شرف الخدمة في معظم محافظات القطر السوري واستلم قيادة الدرك في عدة محافظات ثم تدرج بالرتب إلى رتبة الزعيم(العميد) وعُيّن قائدا عاما للدرك في الجمهورية العربية السورية وظلّ في منصبه إلى ان استقال منه في عام 1952م.

من مواقفه الوطنية تصدّيه للـالجنرال الفرنسي كونت كلار المرابط في لبنان عندما حاول الدخول من لبنان إلى الساحل السوري ووجّه له إنذارا حازما بصفته قائد درك اللواء الخامس السوري للعودة من حيث اتى وعدم اجتياز الحدودالسورية في عام 1946م.

كما نجح في اطفاء الكثير من الفتن الداخلية التي كانت السلطات الفرنسية تثيرها في منطقة مصياف عامي 1937و1938م ووكذلك في مدينة طرطوس و منطقة الجزيرة.

ويُذكر له أنّه مزّق العلم الفرنسي في ساحة الحكومة في مدينة اللاذقية وتعرض نتيجة ذلك للتهديد من قِبل سلطات الانتداب الفرنسي بتقديمه لمحاكمة عسكرية.

شارك في حرب فلسطين عام 1948م ضد المحتلين الصهاينة حيث عمل على إعداد المجاهدين ومتطلباتهم للجهاد ضد العدو الصهيوني المحتل.

كما أنه قاد قوة الدرك السوري إلى قرية طوبا المحتلة وحررّها في 5 حزيران 1948م كما حرّر مركز الخنزير وقرى المداحل والمنصورة والعابسية بتاريخ 10حزيران 1948 م.

بذل جهودا كبيرة مستمرة في تطوير الدرك السوري وادائه حيث ادخل الرياضة كمتطلب إجباري لتدريب افراد الدرك السوريين مما زاد من كفائتهم واسّس من الدرك السوري فرقا رياضية في كرة القدم والسلة والفروسية والجمباز والجري والملاكمة والسباحة والقفز وغيرها كما اصلح نظام السجون وجعلها مراكز إصلاح وتهذيب.

أمافي مجال الخدمة الاجتماعية فكان الزعيم محمد علي عزمت من أوائل من تنادوا لتأسيس الجمعية الخيرية الشركسية (جمعية المقاصد الخيرية) في دمشق لتكون عونا لأسر مئات الشهداء الشراكسة في حرب فلسطين وذويهم وكان عضوا في أول مجلس إدارة للجمعية بتاريخ 12 ايلول 1948م.

وكان من الروادالمساهمين في عقد الاجتماع الشركسي الشعبي العام في مدرسة قرية العدنانية في حزيران 1950 م للاتفاق على تحديد المهر بين الشراكسة حيث التزم الجميع بهذا الاتفاق مما شجع الشباب للإقبال على الزواج.

وفاته

ارتحل من الجولان إلى مدينة دمشق بعد الاحتلال الإسرائيلي للجولان في عام 1967 م وتوفي في تاريخ 19 تشرين ثاني 1969م.

وصلات داخلية
 شركس

روابط خارجية

مصادر

 مجلة النشرة الثقافية- اصدرتها جمعية المقاصد الخيرية في دمشق

أعلام الشراكسة في سوريا
عسكريون سوريون
مواليد 1900
وفيات 1969

محمد علي عزمت حبشت


Baboi Craic (Baboe Kraik, Boboe Craic, Baboi Kraik, "Unter-Baboi") ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Atsabe (Gemeinde Ermera).

Geographie

Vor der Gebietsreform 2015 hatte Baboi Craic eine Fläche von 16,20 km². Nun sind es 5,99 km². Der Suco liegt im Nordosten des Verwaltungsamts Atsabe. Nördlich liegt der Suco Baboi Leten, nordwestlich der Suco Leimea Leten und südlich die Sucos Malabe, Laclo und Parami. Östlich liegt das zur Gemeinde Ainaro gehörende Verwaltungsamt Ainaro mit seinen Sucos Manutaci und Ainaro. Der Fluss Magapu kommt aus Baboi Leten und folgt dem westlichen Teil der Grenze zwischen den beiden Sucos. Der Fluss gehört zum System des Lóis.

Den Westen von Baboi Craic durchquert die Überlandstraße, die vom Ort Atsabe nach Bobonaro im Süden führt. An ihr liegen die Orte Colimali (Kolimali), Atudose, Cailulic (Cailulik, Kailulik). Nordwestlich der Straße liegen die Dörfer Raibuti, Lelobere (Leloiene, Leloiere) und Lauabe. In Cailulic gibt es eine Grundschule, die Escola Baboi Craic.

Im Suco befinden sich die sechs Aldeias Atudose, Cailulic, Colimali, Lauabe, Lelobere und Raibuti.

Einwohner
Im Suco leben 1.739 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 889 Männer und 850 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 336Haushalte. Über 91 % der Einwohner geben Kemak als ihre Muttersprache an. Knapp 7 % sprechen Tetum Prasa und Minderheiten Mambai oder Bunak.

Politik

Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Angelino Naibili da Silva zum Chefe de Suco gewählt und 2009 in seinem Amt bestätigt. 2016 gewann Luis Fernandes.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Baboi Craic (tetum; PDF; 8,08 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Baboi Craic (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Atsabe (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Ermera (Gemeinde)

Baboi Craic


Orval Abbey (Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Orval) is a Cistercian monastery founded in 1132 in the Gaume region of Belgium and is located in Villers-devant-Orval, part of Florenville, Wallonia in the province of Luxembourg. The abbey is well known for its history and spiritual life but also for its local production of the Trappist beer Orval and a specific cheese.

History

First foundation

The site has been occupied since the Merovingian period, and there is evidence that there was already a chapel here in the 10th century. Around 1070, a group of Benedictine monks from Calabria settled here, at the invitation of Arnold I, Count of Chiny, and Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg, and began construction of a church and a monastery, but after some forty years, possibly because of the death of Count Arnould, they moved away again. They were replaced by a community of Canons Regular, who completed the construction work: the abbey church was consecrated on 30 September 1124.

In 1132, a group of Cistercian monks from Trois-Fontaines Abbey in Champagne arrived, and the two groups formed a single community within the Cistercian Order, under the first abbot, Constantin.

Around 1252, the monastery was destroyed by a fire; the rebuilding took around 100 years. Wenceslaus I was buried here in 1383.

In the literary field the monks of Orval did not much distinguish themselves. The only noteworthy writer was Aegidius or Gilles d'Orval, who lived in the first half of the thirteenth century. He wrote the continuation, to the year 1251, of the "Gesta Pontificum Leodiensium", which had been written up to the year 1048 by Heriger of Lobbes and Anselm of Liège.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the various wars between France and various neighbouring regions (Burgundy, Spain) had an important impact on Orval. At one stage a foundry was established on the site. In 1637, during the Thirty Years' War, the abbey was pillaged and burnt by French mercenaries.

In the 17th century, the abbey converted to the Trappist branch of the Cistercian order, but reverted to the Rule of the main order in around 1785. In 1793, during the French Revolution, the abbey was completely burnt down by French forces, in retaliation for the hospitality it had provided to Austrian troops, and the community forcibly dispersed.

Second foundation
In 1887, the land and ruins were acquired by the Harenne family. They donated the lands to the Cistercian order in 1926 so that monastic life could resume on the site. Between 1926 and 1948, under the direction of the Trappist monk Marie-Albert van der Cruyssen, the new monastery was constructed, and in 1936 Orval regained the rank of abbey. On 8 September 1948, the new church was consecrated. The abbey has many artifacts designed and produced by Camille Colruyt.

The medieval tradition of brewing beer at the Abbey was revived in 1931 to generate funds for the rebuilding. The ruins of the medieval buildings remain on the site and are available to view.

Abbots of Orval Abbey
 1936–1950 : Albert-Marie van der Cruyssen
 1950–1966 : Vincent de Paul Sonthonnax
 1966–1967 : Raphaël Boulet
 1967–1971 : François-Xavier Hanin
 1971–1980 : Étienne Gillard
 1980–1981 : Denis Debusschere
 1982–1984 : Jacques Bernier
 1984–1988 : Paul Barbe
 1988–1999 : Éric Dion
 1999–2003 : Matthieu Cauwe
 2003–2007 : Jean Kremer
 2007–: Lode Van Hecke

The legend of Orval
There is a legend of the abbey's foundation, purporting to explain the name '"Orval" and the coat of arms. According to this, the widowed Mathilda of Tuscany was visiting the site, when she lost her wedding ring in a spring, to her great distress. When she prayed for the return of the ring, a trout appeared on the surface of the water with the ring in its mouth. She exclaimed "Truly this place is a Val d'Or (Golden Valley)", from which the name "Orval" is derived, and in gratitude made available the funds for the foundation of the monastery here. The abbey arms show the trout and ring. The spring still supplies water to the monastery and its brewery.

References

External links

 Orval Abbey website
 Abbey of the Trappists, Orval in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures
 Brewery

Ruined Christian monasteries in Belgium
Christian monasteries in Luxembourg (Belgium)
Wallonia's Major Heritage
Trappist monasteries in Belgium
1132 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1130s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
Ruined abbeys and monasteries
Florenville
Cistercian monasteries in Belgium

Orval Abbey


O defeito do septo atrioventricular (DSAV) ou defeito do canal atrioventricular (DCVA), também conhecido como " canal atrioventricular comum " (CAVC) ou " defeito do coxim endocárdico " (ECD), é caracterizado por uma deficiência do septo atrioventricular do coração . É causada por uma fusão anormal ou inadequada dos coxins endocárdicos superior e inferior com a porção média do septo atrial e a porção muscular do septo ventricular .

Sintomas e sinais
Os sintomas incluem dificuldade em respirar ( dispneia ) e descoloração azulada na pele e nos lábios ( cianose ). Um bebê recém-nascido apresentará sinais de insuficiência cardíaca, como edema, fadiga, respiração ofegante, sudorese e batimento cardíaco irregular.

Complicações
Quando há orifícios no septo que dividem as quatro câmaras do coração, o sangue rico em oxigênio e o sangue pobre em oxigênio se misturam, isso cria mais estresse no coração para bombear o sangue para onde o oxigênio é necessário. Como resultado, você obtém um aumento do coração, insuficiência cardíaca (ser incapaz de fornecer o oxigênio necessário ao corpo), hipertensão pulmonar e pneumonia.

O desenvolvimento de hipertensão pulmonar é muito sério. E isso porque o ventrículo esquerdo está enfraquecido devido ao seu uso excessivo. Quando isso acontece, a pressão sobe para as veias pulmonares e os pulmões. Este tipo de dano é irreversível, razão pela qual o tratamento imediato é recomendado após o diagnóstico.

Condições associadas
A síndrome de Down está frequentemente associada ao DCVA. Outros fatores de risco incluem: pais com defeito cardíaco congênito, uso de álcool durante a gravidez, tratamento não controlado do diabetes durante a gravidez e alguns medicamentos durante a gravidez.

Este tipo de defeito cardíaco congênito está associado a pacientes com síndrome de Down (trissomia do cromossomo 21) ou síndromes de heterotaxia . 45% das crianças com síndrome de Down têm cardiopatia congênita. Destes, 35–40% têm defeitos do septo AV. Da mesma forma, um terço de todas as crianças nascidas com AVSDs também têm síndrome de Down.

Um estudo também mostrou que há um risco aumentado de canal atrioventricular em pacientes que sofrem da síndrome de Noonan . O padrão observado naqueles pacientes com síndrome de Noonan difere daqueles com síndrome de Down em que AVCD "parcial" é mais prevalente naqueles que sofrem de SN, enquanto aqueles que sofrem de síndrome de down apresentam prevalência da forma "completa" de AVCD.

Fisiopatologia
Se houver um defeito no septo, é possível que o sangue flua do lado esquerdo do coração para o lado direito do coração, ou vice-versa. Como o lado direito do coração contém sangue venoso com baixo teor de oxigênio e o lado esquerdo do coração contém sangue arterial com alto teor de oxigênio, é benéfico evitar qualquer comunicação entre os dois lados do coração e evitar o sangue dos dois lados do coração de se misturarem.

Relação genética
TBX2 é um fator de transcrição T-box e geralmente é expresso durante várias áreas da embriogênese . Uma expressão notável é quando é mostrada no desenvolvimento do sistema de fluxo de saída e do canal atrioventricular do coração em desenvolvimento.

Em um estudo, eles usaram mutagênese direcionada em camundongos para excluir o locus Tbx2 em algumas amostras. Os resultados mostraram que os camundongos homozigotos e heterozigotos nulos (+ / + & +/-) para Tbx2 resultaram no desenvolvimento de um coração mais saudável, enquanto aqueles que eram homozigotos nulos (- / -) para Tbx2 morreram precocemente devido à incapacidade do coração para suprir o corpo. Mostrou que havia formação insuficiente do coxim endocárdico . Havia uma clara anormalidade não só no canal atrioventricular, mas também no ventrículo esquerdo. Este estudo apóia o fato de que a expressão de Tbx2 é importante no desenvolvimento da diferenciação da câmara adequada e, por sua vez, não pode ter uma relação direta com o desenvolvimento do defeito do canal atrioventricular.

Diagnóstico

DSAVs podem ser detectados por ausculta cardíaca ; eles causam sopros atípicos e batimentos cardíacos altos. A confirmação dos achados da ausculta cardíaca pode ser obtida com um ultrassom cardíaco ( ecocardiografia - menos invasivo) e cateterismo cardíaco (mais invasivo).

O diagnóstico provisório também pode ser feito no útero por meio de ecocardiograma fetal. Um diagnóstico de AVSD feito antes do nascimento é um marcador para a síndrome de Down, embora outros sinais e testes adicionais sejam necessários antes que qualquer confirmação definitiva de qualquer um possa ser feita.

Classificação
Uma variedade de classificações diferentes tem sido usada, mas os defeitos são divididos de maneira útil em formulários "parciais" e "completos".

 No AVSD parcial, há um defeito na parte primum ou inferior do septo atrial, mas nenhuma comunicação intraventricular direta ( defeito do ostium primum ).
 No AVSD completo (CAVSD), há um grande componente ventricular abaixo de um ou ambos os folhetos de ponte superior ou inferior da válvula AV. O defeito envolve toda a área de junção das câmaras superior e inferior do coração, ou seja, onde os átrios se unem aos ventrículos. Há um grande orifício entre a porção inferior dos átrios e a porção superior ou "de entrada" dos ventrículos e isso está associado a uma anormalidade significativa das válvulas que separam os átrios dos ventrículos. As válvulas de fato tornam-se uma válvula atrioventricular comum, e a gravidade do defeito depende em grande parte das ligações de suporte da válvula aos ventrículos e se a válvula permite fluxo dominante do átrio direito para o ventrículo direito e do átrio esquerdo para o esquerdo ventrículo (fluxo "desequilibrado"). Os problemas gerais são semelhantes aos do VSD, mas são mais complicados. Há um aumento do fluxo sanguíneo para os pulmões através dos componentes ventricular e atrial do defeito. Além disso, a válvula atrioventricular anormal invariavelmente vaza, de modo que, quando os ventrículos se contraem, o sangue flui não apenas para o corpo e os pulmões, mas também para os átrios. O efeito da contrapressão nos átrios causa congestão de sangue no átrio esquerdo em particular, e isso por sua vez causa congestão nas veias que drenam os pulmões. O efeito no bebê é piorar a insuficiência cardíaca associada a uma CIV isolada e acelerar o aparecimento de hipertensão pulmonar. Deve-se mencionar que o CAVSD é encontrado em aproximadamente um terço dos bebês com síndrome de Down, mas também ocorre como uma anormalidade isolada.

Tratamento
O tratamento é cirúrgico e envolve o fechamento dos defeitos do septo atrial e ventricular e a restauração de uma válvula AV esquerda competente, tanto quanto possível. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos abertos requerem uma máquina coração-pulmão e são realizados com uma esternotomia mediana . A mortalidade cirúrgica para defeitos do ostium primum não complicados em centros experientes é de 2%; para casos não complicados de defeito completo do canal atrioventricular, 4% ou menos. Certas complicações, como tetralogia de Fallot ou fluxo altamente desequilibrado na válvula AV comum, podem aumentar o risco significativamente.

Os bebês nascidos com AVSD geralmente têm saúde suficiente para não necessitar de cirurgia corretiva imediata. Se a cirurgia não for necessária imediatamente após o nascimento, o recém-nascido será monitorado de perto durante os próximos meses, e a operação suspensa até os primeiros sinais de distúrbio pulmonar ou insuficiência cardíaca. Isso dá ao bebê tempo para crescer, aumentando o tamanho e, portanto, a facilidade de operação do coração, bem como a facilidade de recuperação. Bebês geralmente precisam de cirurgia dentro de três a seis meses, no entanto, eles podem precisar de até dois anos antes que a operação se torne necessária, dependendo da gravidade do defeito.

Ver também

 Defeito do septo atrial
 Doença cardíaca congênita
 Coração
 Sons do coração
 Hipertensão pulmonar
 Defeito do Septo ventricular

Doenças cardíacas congênitas

Defeito do septo atrioventricular


مطار فيلادلفيا الدولي   هو مطار دولي يقع في مدينة فيلادلفيا في ولاية بنسيلفانيا هو أكبر مطار في منطقة وادي ديلاوير في ولاية بنسلفانيا. ويعتبر الحادي عشر عالميا من ناحية حركة الطائرات في عام 2008. والمطار هو محور رئيسي لخطوط الولايات المتحدة الجوية، ويسير رحلات جوية لجهات في الولايات المتحدة وكندا ومنطقة البحر الكاريبي، وكوستاريكا، وأوروبا، وإسرائيل، والمكسيك.

نبذة تاريخية
منذ عام 1927 خصص موقع باسم «مطار مدينة فيلادلفيا» ضمن حقل التدريب الخاص بطياري الحرس الوطني الأمريكي. ومع ذلك، لم يكن هناك مبان خاصة بالمطار حتى عام 1940، وبسبب ذلك استخدمت شركات الطيران في المطار الحقل المجاور في كامدن، نيوجرسي كبديل حتى اكتمال بناء مبنى صالة الركاب.

استخدام الحرب العالمية الثانية

خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية استخدم المطار لتدريب طياري القوة الجوية الأولى في القوات الجوية الأمريكية.

ابتداء من عام 1940، كانت مقرا للرحلات التدريبية لمدرسة تدريب علوم الطيران بكوتفيل بموجب عقد مع سلاح الجو، وبعد الهجوم على بيرل هاربر، تولى جناح المقاتلات بفيلادلفيا ضمن وحدة قيادة المقاتلات لسلاح الجو الأمريكي مهام الدفاع الجوي في وادي ديلاوير من المطار طوال فترة الحرب، وكانت مقرا لتنظيم الوحدات الجوية المقاتلة ومركزا لتجميع وتدريب هذه الوحدات قبل إرسالها إلى مطارات التدريب المتقدم، أو التي يجري نشرها في الخارج.

في يونيو 1943، انتقلت قيادة المطار إلى اختصاص قيادة الخدمات الفنية الجوية من جيش القوات الجوية المتخصصة في ترميم وإصلاح الطائرات، وإعادتهم إلى الخدمة الفعلية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أنشأت قيادة التدريب في القوات الجوية مدرسة فيلكو للتدريب في 1 يناير 1943 والتي تختص في مجال تصليح الراديو والعمليات.

طوال عام 1945، بدأت القوات الجوية في تقليص استخدام المطار، وعادت إلى السيطرة المدنية الكاملة في أيلول / سبتمبر.

الاستخدام الحديث
أصبح مطار فيلادلفيا المحلي مطارا دوليا في عام 1945، عندما بدأت الخطوط الجوية الأمريكية لما وراء البحار رحلاتها إلى أوروبا.

في عام 1980، استضاف المطار محور عمليات عدة. فيما بعد رفع القيود التنظيمية عن شركات الطيران في عام 1978 حتى عام 1982، أدارت شركة طيران إقليمية صغيرة تسمى خطوط التاير الجوية مركزها الصغير في المطار باستخدام طائرات من طراز فوكر اف 28 من الطائرات النفاثة. بتسيير رحلات جوية إلى وجهات إقليمية مثل روتشستر وهارتفورد، وإلى ولاية فلوريدا. أغلقت شركة الطيران في عام 1982. وفي منتصف عام 1980 افتتحت إيسترن أيرلاينز مركزا في المبنى C. إلا أن الشركة انهارت في اواخر عام 1980 وتم بيع الطائرات وتأجير البوابة إلى شركة ميدواي ايرلاينز ومقرها شيكاغو حتى تصفيتها في عام 1991. خلال عام 1980، أنشأت يو إس إيرويز قاعدة لعملياتها في المطار.

أصبحت يو إس إيرويز الناقل المهيمن في المطار خلال الثمانينات ووالتسعينات وتحولت غالبية عملياتها من مركز بيتسبرغ إلى مطار فيلادلفيا في عام 2003. وفي عام 2004 أعلنت خطوط ساوث ويست الجوية أنها ستبدأ رحلاتها من مطار فيلادلفيا، مما شكل تحديا لبعض الوجهات ليو إس إيرويز المهمة في الساحل الشرقي والأسواق في الوسط الغربي من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وهي أكبر منافس لها في مطار فيلادلفيا.

اليوم، ومطار فيلادلفيا هو واحد من أكثر المطارات ازدحاما في العالم، وبين الأسرع نموا في الولايات المتحدة. وعلى مكانتها باعتبارها مركزا ليو إس إيرويز ونمو خطوط ساوث وست الجوية وغيرها من شركات الطيران منخفضة التكلفة قد ساعدت حركة المسافرين لتصل إلى مستويات قياسية في عام 2004، وبما مجموعه 28.507.420 راكبا عن طريق فيلادلفيا، بزيادة 15.5 ٪ مقارنة مع عام 2003. وفي 2005 31.502.855 راكب، مما يمثل زيادة بنسبة 10 ٪ منذ عام 2004. وفي عام 2006 31.768.272 راكب، مما يمثل زيادة بنسبة 0.9 ٪.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة أزحم مطارات العالم حسب حركة الركاب
 قائمة أزحم مطارات العالم حسب حركة المرور
 مجلس المطارات الدولي
 وكالة الطيران الفدرالية

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 مطار فيلادلفيا الدولي (الموقع الرسمي)
 معلومات الرحلات
 الخريطة وشركات الطيران
 مخطط المطار لوكالة الطيران الفدرالية

النقل في مقاطعة ديلوير (بنسيلفانيا)
تأسيسات سنة 1925 في بنسيلفانيا
تأسيسات سنة 1940
تأسيسات سنة 1940 في بنسيلفانيا
فيلادلفيا (بنسيلفانيا)
مبان ومنشآت للنقل في فيلادلفيا
مبان ومنشآت للنقل في مقاطعة ديلوير (بنسلفانيا)
فيلادلفيا الدولي
مطارات الولايات المتحدة
مطارات أسست في سنة 1925
مطارات في بنسيلفانيا
وسائل نقل في فيلادلفيا

مطار فيلادلفيا الدولي


Flora tropske Azije, florno carstvo tropske Azije, jednog od devet botaničkih kontinenata prema Svjetskos geografskoj shemi za evidentiranje rasprostranjenosti biljaka (WGSRPD). Jedan je od dva botanička kontinenta Azije. Kod ovog kontinenta je 4 i podijeljen je na 4 potkontinentalne regije.

Regije
 40 Indijski potkontinent: ASS Assam; BAN Bangladeš; EHM istočna Himalaja; IND Indija; LDV Lakadivi; MDV Maldivi; NEP Nepal; PAK Pakistan; SRL Šri Lanka; WHM Zapadna Himalaja
 41 Indokina: AND Andamanski otoci, LAO Laos, MYA Mjanmar, NCB Nikobari, SCS Južno kinesko more, THA Tajland, VIE Vijetnam,
 42 Malezija: BOR Borneo, CKI Kokosovi otoci, JAW Java, LSI Mali Sundski otoci, MLY Malaja, MOL Molučki otoci, PHI Filipini, SUL Sulawesi, SUM Sumatra, XMS Božićni Otok
 43 Papuazija: BIS Bismarckov arhipelag, NWG Nova Gvineja, SOL Salomonski Otoci,

Izvori

Biogeografija
Florna carstva

Florno carstvo tropske Azije


Otto Martin Karl Dörge (Müllerdorf, Distrito do Saale,  – Bensberg, Bergisch Gladbach, ) foi um matemático alemão, especialista em álgebra.

Formação e carreira
Em 1919 começou a estudar matemática e física em Berlim na Universidade de Berlim. Em matemática foi aluno de Issai Schur, Richard von Mises, Erhard Schmidt e Ludwig Bieberbach, e em física de Albert Einstein, Max Planck e Heinrich Rubens. Em 1925 obteve um doutorado, orientado por Issai Schur, com a tese (apenas 15 páginas) Über die ganzen rationalen Lösungspaare von algebraischen Gleichungen in zwei Variablen.

Dörge obteve a habilitação em 1926, foi professor associado em 1932 e professor titular em 1936 na Universidade de Colônia. Seu principal foco de pesquisa foi álgebra. Trabalhou de acordo com a tradição de David Hilbert e Emmy Noether (com quem se correspondia). Em seu último período criativo lidou com álgebra universal (estruturas com qualquer número de operações arbitrárias). Aposentou-se em 1968.

Alunos
Klaus Wagner
Egbert Harzheim

Artigos
Ein Beitrag zur Theorie der diophantischen Gleichungen mit zwei Unbekannten, Math. Zeitschrift 24, 1925 (eine straffe Fassung der Dissertation), sowie seine Dissertation hier
Zum Hilbertschen Irreduzibilitätssatz, Math. Annalen Bd.95, 1925
Über die Seltenheit der reduziblen Polynome und der Normalgleichungen, Math. Annalen Bd.95, 1925
Einfacher Beweis des Hilbertschen Irreduzibilitätssatzes, Math. Annalen Bd.96, 1926
Über den Fundamentalsatz der Algebra, Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1928
Bemerkung zum Hilbertschen Irreduzibilitätssatz, Math. Annalen Bd.102, 1929
Zur Verteilung der quadratischen Reste, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, Bd. 38, 1929
Über die Reduzibilität von Polynomen im Körper der reellen Zahlen, Math. Annalen Bd.102, 1930
Zu der von R. von Mises gegebenen Begründung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (erste Mitteilung: Theorie des Glücksspiels), Math. Zeitschrift Bd.32, 1930
Eine Axiomatisierung der von Misesschen Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, Bd. 43, 1933
Zu der von R. von Mises gegebenen Begründung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (zweite Mitteilung: Allgemeine Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie), Math. Zeitschrift Bd.40, 1935
Beweis des Reziprozitätsgesetzes für quadratische Reste, Math. Annalen 118, 1941/1943
Bemerkung über Elimination in beliebigen Mengen mit Operationen (Erhard Schmidt zum 75. Geburtstag), Math. Nachrichten, Band 4, 1950
Entscheidung des algebraischen Charakters von Potenzreihen mit algebraischen Koeffizienten auf Grund ihres Wertevorrats Math. Annalen Bd.122, 1950/1951
Bemerkung über die Grundbegriffe der Infinitesimalrechnung, Math. Annalen 123, 1951 (zusammen mit Klaus Wagner)
Abschätzung der Anzahl der reduziblen Polynome, Math. Annalen 160, 1965
Über die Lösbarkeit allgemeiner algebraischer Gleichungssysteme und einige weitere Fragen, Math. Annalen 171, 1967
Abschließung in Klassen strukturierter Mengen, Math. Annalen 187, 1970 (zusammen mit Heinz Adolf Jung)

Livros-texto
Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung für Nichtmathematiker (com Hans Klein), Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlim 1939 (2. Edição 1947)
Differential- und Integralrechnung, Teil I, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag, Bonn 1948

Algebristas do século XX
Professores da Universidade de Colônia

Karl Dörge


En 1083 el papa Gregorio VII convocó un concilio.

En él habló tan fuertemente de la Fe, de la Moral Cristiana, y de la constancia necesaria en la persecución, que enterneció a toda la Asamblea. No renovó la excomunión contra Enrique pero la pronunció contra cualquiera que impidiese a los que querían ir a Roma a este mismo Concilio. Se declararon por nulas las ordenaciones hechas contra los Cánones. Se declararon también nulas las penitencias que no fueran conformes a las máximas de los Santos Padres. Se ordenó a los Obispos que hicieran enseñar las letras en sus Iglesias y se les prohibió tolerar la incontinencia de los Clérigos.

Entretanto llegó Enrique a Roma el 21 de marzo del año 1084: ya hac siete años que duraba esta división entre el Papa y él. Hizo entronizar al Antipapa Guiberto, con el nombre de Clemente III de quien recibió la Corona Imperial el día de Pascua, mientras Gregorio se había salvado en el Castillo de Sant Angelo.

Referencias
Diccionario portátil de los concilios, Pons-Augustin Alletz, 1782

Concilios de Roma

Concilio de Roma (1083)


La fosse crânienne postérieure (ou étage postérieur de la base du crâne) est une partie de la cavité crânienne qui contient le tronc cérébral et le cervelet

Description

La fosse crânienne postérieure est la plus basse des trois fosses crâniennes.
Elle correspond au plancher occipito-temporal de la base du crâne.

Elle est comprise entre le dos de la selle de l'os sphénoïde, le bord supérieur de la partie pétreuse de l'os temporal et le sillon du sinus transverse.

Le plancher est formé par la partie inférieure endocrânienne de l'écaille de l'os occipital, la face supérieure de sa partie basilaire. Les parois latérales antérieures sont formées par les faces postéro-supérieures endocrâniennes de la partie pétreuse de l'os temporal et des faces endocrâniennes de sa portion mastoïdienne.

Contenus

Foramen magnum

Le  est la plus grande ouverture visible dans le plancher de la fosse. Il transmet le tronc cérébral, les portions ascendantes du nerf spinal accessoire () et les artères vertébrales.

Méat acoustique interne

Le méat acoustique interne se trouve dans la paroi antérieure de la fosse crânienne postérieure. Il permet le passage des nerfs crâniens facial (VII) et vestibulocochléaire (VIII) .

Foramen jugulaire

Le foramen jugulaire se situe entre le bord inférieur de l'os temporal pétreux et l'os occipital adjacent. Il permet le passage la veine jugulaire interne qui débute à cet endroit, les nerfs glossopharyngien (IX), vague (X) et accessoire (XI).

Canal du nerf hypoglosse

Le canal du nerf hypoglosse se trouve sur les marges antéro-latérales du foramen magnum et transmet le nerf hypoglosse (XII).

Sinus veineux

Des sillons sont marqués par la présence des sinus transverses droit et gauche qui se rejoignent à la confluence des sinus.

Aspect clinique
Une fosse crânienne postérieure sous-développée peut provoquer la malformation Arnold-Chiari.

Galerie

Voir aussi
 Fosse crânienne antérieure
 Fosse crânienne moyenne

Crâne

Fosse crânienne postérieure


Zvonko Canjuga (Bjelovar, 1921.
), hrvatski bivši nogometaš. Igrao u napadu na lijevom krilu. Volio je mnogo driblati.

Rođen je u Bjelovaru. Karijeru počeo u mladim momčadima Građanskog i poslije kao senior zaigrao je u prvoj postavi Građanskog, zatim Lokomotive, Partizana i Rijeke. S Građanskim osvojio prvenstvo NDH. Dvaput je osvojio ligu ZNP. Ostavio je veliki trag u Rijeci za koju je u pet sezona postigao 43 pogotka. Bio je ključni napadač u tandemu s Stojanom Osojnakom. Godine 1952. bio je najbolji strijelac Rijeke.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Životopisi, Bjelovar
Nogometaši 1. HŠK Građanskog Zagreb
Nogometaši Partizana
Nogometaši NK Lokomotive
Nogometaši HNK Rijeke

Zvonko Canjuga


An Ponthieva similis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth. An Ponthieva similis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ponthieva, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ponthieva

Ponthieva similis


Molitva na maslinskoj gori je manirističko ulje na platnu koje je naslikao El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) 1590. godine u Toledu. Na njoj je naslikan prizor Isus na Maslinskoj gori događaj je iz Isusova života opisan u Novome zavjetu kojim započinje Isusova muka.

Odlike

Kristova pasija je jedna od najčešćih tema El Grecovih slika. Na ovoj slici on izlaže duboko duhovnu scenu u kojoj je Isus pao u snažnu ekstazu i podigao oči u Nebesa. S lijeve strane je anđeo koji drži kalež, dok oblak ispod njega okružuje špilju s tri apostola Petra, Ivana i Jakova, koji su zaspali, dok se u desnom kutu prepoznaju likovi Jude Iškariota koji vodi vojnike koji će uhititi Mesiju.

Pejzaž je osobito suh i bez vegetacije, teren je brdski i ističe se jedna stijena iza Isusa koja zauzima velik dio slike. Svaki element slike je povezan i slika nema simetriju. Na slici se izdvaja lik Isusa koji je tijelom okrenut prema anđelu koji zajedno s Isusom i trojicom umanjenih likova iza Isusa čini dijagonalnu kompoziciju, no kompozicija je dinamičnija. Glavne osi kompozicije su određene kretanjem svjetlosti koja kao da dolazi od anđela i tvori nekoliko neovisnih kadrova unutar kojih su tonovi drugih boja. Ističu se osnovne boje, crvena, modra i žuta, kao tri svjetlosna akcenta koji se suprotstavljaju prigušenim, tamnim smeđim tonovima okoliša. Kako je opisano da se Isus znojio krvavim znojem, njegova crvena haljina može simbolizirati upravo to. Boje su uglavnom pastelne, ali opet izražene i u međusobnom prepletanju stvaraju oblike koji zbog svoje iskidanosti djeluju gotovo apstraktno. Površina slike se doima meko, kao da je naslikana na svilenim plahtama.

El Greco je želio naglasiti veličinu i moć anđela koji predstavlja božansko, istovremeno smanjivši likove vojnika koji predstavljaju ono ljudsko. Također, likovi učenika s lijeve strane imaju neobično uvijena tijela i umotani su eliptični okvir oblaka, što predstavlja njihovu zbunjenost i strah. Krist je "ukomponiran" u piramidu, a spiralno kretanje njegove haljine nastavlja se i rasprostire u dubinu. Volumen se otvara u prostor raznovrsnim raščlanjenjima i pokretima likova, a prostor se uvlači u volumene zbog oštrog, gotovo metalnog, kontrasta svjetlosti i tame. Svaki oblik ima svoje vlastito kretanje, kao što ima vlastiti prostor, svjetlost i boju, a njihov međusobni odnos rezultira općom pokrenutošću koja se nigdje ne razrješuje. Iskrivljenost crta i izražena dinamika, te kontrast boja, kao i igra svjetla i sjena, povećavaju dramatičnost koja je prisutna u trenutku koji je prikazan. Slika nije plošna, ali također nije strogo trodimenzionalno definirana, te se stvara iluzija dubine i prostora općenito. Zbog svega toga stvara se nadrealan dojam prizora.

Ovo djelo možda ponajbolje predstavlja odlike manirizma. El Greco, unatoč snažnim utjecajima, a mogu se prepoznati utjecaji Tiziana, Tintoretta i Bassana, razvija snažan osobni stil.

El Greco je naslikao i druge, uglavnom vertikalne verzije ove teme:

Izvori

Slike El Greca
Slike iz 1590-ih
Kolekcija Nacionalne galerije u Londonu

Molitva na maslinskoj gori (El Greco)


Þetta er listi yfir hraun á Reykjanesskaga:
 Afstapahraun
 Arnarseturshraun
 Beinavörðuhraun
 Berghraun
 Blettahraun
 Breiðdalshraun
 Bræðrahraun
 Dalahraun
 Eldvarpahraun
 Fagradalshraun
 Gvendarselshraun
 Herdísarvíkurhraun
 Hrútagjárdyngjuhraun
 Hvannahraun
 Hvassahraun
 Illahraun
 Kapelluhraun
 Klofningahraun
 Rjúpnadalshraun
 Rjúpnadyngjuhraun
 Selvogshraun
 Stórabollahraun
 Sundhnúkahraun
 Sýrfellshraun
 Tvíbollahraun
 Þráinsskjaldarhraun
 Ögmundarhraun

 Reykjanesskagi
Suðurnes
Reykjanesskagi
Listar tengdir Íslandi

Listi yfir hraun á Reykjanesskaga