Sidney George Reilly  (;  – 5 November 1925), known as the "Ace of Spies", was a Ukrainian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard's Special Branch and later by the Foreign Section of the British Secret Service Bureau, the precursor to the modern British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6/SIS). He is alleged to have spied for at least four different great powers, and documentary evidence indicates that he was involved in espionage activities in 1890s London among Russian émigré circles, in Manchuria on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), and in an abortive 1918 coup d'état against Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik government in Moscow.

Reilly disappeared in Soviet Russia in the mid-1920s, lured by Cheka's Operation Trust. British diplomat and journalist R. H. Bruce Lockhart publicised his and Reilly's 1918 exploits to overthrow the Bolshevik regime in Lockhart's 1932 book Memoirs of a British Agent. This became an international best-seller and garnered global fame for Reilly. The memoirs retold the efforts by Reilly, Lockhart, and other conspirators to sabotage the Bolshevik revolution while still in its infancy.

The world press made Reilly into a household name within five years of his execution by Soviet agents in 1925, lauding him as a peerless spy and recounting his many espionage adventures. Newspapers dubbed him "the greatest spy in history" and "the Scarlet Pimpernel of Red Russia". The London Evening Standard described his exploits in an illustrated serial in May 1931 headlined "Master Spy". Ian Fleming used him as a model for James Bond in his novels (set in the early Cold War). Reilly is considered to be "the dominating figure in the mythology of modern British espionage".

Birth and youth
The true details about Reilly's origin, identity, and exploits have eluded researchers and intelligence agencies for more than a century. Reilly himself told several versions of his background to confuse and mislead investigators. At different times in his life, he claimed to be the son of an Irish merchant seaman, an Irish clergyman, and an aristocratic landowner connected to the court of Emperor Alexander III of Russia. According to a Soviet secret police dossier compiled in 1925, he was perhaps born Zigmund Markovich Rozenblum on 24 March 1874 in Odessa, a Black Sea port of Emperor Alexander II's Russian Empire. His father Markus was a doctor and shipping agent, according to this dossier, while his mother came from an impoverished noble family.

Other sources claim that Reilly was born Georgy Rosenblum in Odessa on 24 March 1873. In one account, his birth name is given as Salomon Rosenblum in Kherson Gubernia of the Russian Empire, the illegitimate son of Polina (or "Perla") and Dr. Mikhail Abramovich Rosenblum, the cousin of Reilly's father Grigory Rosenblum. There is also speculation that he was the son of a merchant marine captain and Polina.

Yet another source states that he was born Sigmund Georgievich Rosenblum on 24 March 1874, the only son of Pauline and Gregory Rosenblum, a wealthy Polish-Jewish family with an estate at Bielsk in the Grodno Province of Imperial Russia. His father was known locally as George rather than Gregory, hence Sigmund's patronymic Georgievich. The family seems to have been well-connected in Polish nationalist circles through Pauline's intimate friendship with Ignacy Jan Paderewski, the Polish statesman who became Prime Minister of Poland and also Poland's foreign minister in 1919.

Travels abroad

According to reports of the tsarist political police the Okhrana, Rosenblum was arrested in 1892 for political activities and for being a courier for a revolutionary group known as the Friends of Enlightenment. He escaped judicial punishment, and he later was friends with Okhrana agents such as Alexander Nikolayevich Grammatikov, and these details might indicate that he was a police informant even at this young age.

After Reilly's release, his father told him that his mother was dead and that his biological father was her Jewish doctor Mikhail A. Rosenblum. Distraught by this news, he faked his death in Odessa harbor and stowed away aboard a British ship bound for South America. In Brazil, he adopted the name Pedro and worked odd jobs as a dock worker, a road mender, a plantation laborer, and a cook for a British intelligence expedition in 1895. He allegedly saved both the expedition and the life of Major Charles Fothergill when hostile natives attacked them. Rosenblum seized a British officer's pistol and killed the attackers with expert marksmanship. Fothergill rewarded his bravery with 1,500 pounds sterling, a British passport, and passage to Britain, where Pedro became Sidney Rosenblum.

However, the record of evidence contradicts this tale of Brazil. Evidence indicates that Rosenblum arrived in London from France in December 1895, prompted by his unscrupulous acquisition of a large sum of money and a hasty departure from Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, a residential suburb of Paris. According to this account, Rosenblum and his Polish accomplice Yan Voitek waylaid two Italian anarchists on 25 December 1895 and robbed them of a substantial amount of revolutionary funds. One anarchist's throat was cut; the other, named Constant Della Cassa, died from knife wounds in Fontainebleau Hospital three days later. The French newspaper L'Union Républicaine de Saône-et-Loire reported the incident on 27 December 1895:

Police learned that the physical description of one assailant matched Rosenblum's, but he was already en route to Britain. His accomplice Voitek later told British intelligence officers about this incident and other dealings with Rosenblum. Several months prior to this murder, Rosenblum had met Ethel Lilian Boole, a young Englishwoman who was a budding writer and active in Russian émigré circles. The couple developed a rapport and began a sexual liaison, and he told her about his past in Russia. After the affair concluded, they continued to correspond. In 1897, Boole published The Gadfly, a critically acclaimed novel whose central character was allegedly based on Reilly's life as Rosenblum. In the novel, the protagonist is a bastard who feigns his suicide to escape his illegitimate past, and then voyages to South America. He later returns to Europe and becomes involved with Italian anarchists and other revolutionaries.

For decades, certain biographers had dismissed the Reilly-Boole liaison as unsubstantiated. However, evidence was found in 2016 among archived correspondence in the extended Boole-Hinton family confirming that a relationship transpired between Reilly and Boole around 1895 in Florence. There is some question of whether he was truly smitten with Boole and sincerely returned her affections, as he might have been a paid police informant reporting on her activities and those of other radicals.

In London: 1890s

Reilly continued to go by the name Rosenblum, living at the Albert Mansions, an apartment block in Rosetta Street, Waterloo, London in early 1896. He created the Ozone Preparations Company, which peddled patent medicines, and he became a paid informant for the émigré intelligence network of William Melville, superintendent of Scotland Yard's Special Branch. (Melville later oversaw a special section of the British Secret Service Bureau founded in 1909.)

In 1897, Rosenblum began an affair with Margaret Thomas (née Callaghan), the youthful wife of Reverend Hugh Thomas, shortly before her husband's death. Rosenblum met Rev. Thomas in London through his Ozone Preparations Company because Thomas had a kidney inflammation and was intrigued by the miracle cures peddled by Rosenblum. Rev. Thomas introduced Rosenblum to his wife at his manor house, and they began having an affair. On 4 March 1898, Hugh Thomas altered his will and appointed Margaret as an executrix; he was found dead in his room on 12 March 1898, just a week after the new will was made. A mysterious Dr. T. W. Andrew, whose physical description matched that of Rosenblum, appeared to certify Thomas's death as generic influenza and proclaimed that there was no need for an inquest. Records indicate that there was no one by the name of Dr. T. W. Andrew in Great Britain circa 1897.

Margaret Thomas insisted that her husband's body be ready for burial 36 hours after his death. She inherited roughly £800,000. The Metropolitan Police did not investigate Dr. T. W. Andrew, nor did they investigate the nurse whom Margaret had hired, who was previously linked to the arsenic poisoning of a former employer. Four months later, on 22 August 1898, Rosenblum married Margaret Thomas at Holborn Registry Office in London. The two witnesses at the ceremony were Charles Richard Cross, a government official, and Joseph Bell, an Admiralty clerk. Both would eventually marry daughters of Henry Freeman Pannett, an associate of William Melville. The marriage not only brought the wealth which Rosenblum desired but provided a pretext to discard his identity of Sigmund Rosenblum; with Melville's assistance, he crafted a new identity: "Sidney George Reilly". This new identity was key to achieving his desire to return to the Russian Empire and voyage to the Far East. Reilly "obtained his new identity and nationality without taking any legal steps to change his name and without making an official application for British citizenship, all of which suggests some type of official intervention." This intervention likely occurred to facilitate his upcoming work in Russia on behalf of British intelligence.

Russia and the Far East

In June 1899, the newly endowed Reilly and his wife Margaret travelled to Emperor Nicholas II's Russian Empire using Reilly's (forged) British passport—a travel document and a cover identity both purportedly created by William Melville. While in St. Petersburg he was approached by Japanese General Akashi Motojiro (1864–1919) to work for the Japanese Secret Intelligence Services. A keen judge of character, Motojiro believed the most reliable spies were those who were motivated by profit instead of by feelings of sympathy towards Japan and, accordingly, he believed Reilly to be such a person.

As tensions between Russia and Japan were escalating towards war, Motojiro had at his disposal a budget of ¥1,000,000 provided by the Japanese Ministry of War to obtain information on the movements of Russian troops and naval developments. Motojiro instructed Reilly to offer financial aid to Russian revolutionaries in exchange for information about the Russian Intelligence Services and, more importantly, to determine the strength of the Russian armed forces, particularly in the Far East. Accepting Motojiro's recruitment overtures, Reilly now became simultaneously an agent for both the British War Office and the Japanese Empire. While his wife Margaret remained in St. Petersburg, Reilly allegedly reconnoitred the Caucasus for its oil deposits and compiled a resource prospectus as part of "The Great Game". He reported his findings to the British Government, which paid him for the assignment.

Shortly before the Russo-Japanese War, Reilly appeared in Port Arthur, Manchuria, in the guise of a timber company owner. Here he remained for four years, familiarising himself with political conditions in the Far East and obtaining a degree of personal influence in the ongoing espionage activities in the region. At the time he was still a double agent for the British and the Japanese governments. The Russian-controlled Port Arthur lay under the ever-darkening spectre of a Japanese invasion, and Reilly and his business partner Moisei Akimovich Ginsburg turned the precarious situation to their benefit. By purchasing and reselling enormous amounts of foodstuffs, raw materials, medicine, and coal, they made a small fortune as war profiteers.

Reilly would have an even greater success in January 1904, when he and Chinese engineer acquaintance Ho Liang Shung allegedly stole the Port Arthur harbour defence plans for the Japanese Navy. Guided by these stolen plans, the Japanese Navy navigated by night through the Russian minefield protecting the harbour and launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur on the night of 8–9 February 1904 (Monday 8 February – Tuesday 9 February). However, the stolen plans did not help the Japanese much. Despite ideal conditions for a surprise attack, their combat results were relatively poor. Although more than 31,000 Russians ultimately perished defending Port Arthur, Japanese losses were much higher, and these losses nearly undermined their war effort.

According to writer Winfried Lüdecke (de), Reilly quickly became an obvious target of suspicion by Russian authorities at Port Arthur. Thereafter, he discovered one of his business subordinates was an agent of Russian counter-espionage and chose to leave the region. Upon departing Port Arthur, Reilly travelled to Imperial Japan in the company of an unidentified woman where he was handsomely paid by the Japanese government for his prior intelligence services. If he made a detour to Japan, presumably to be paid for his espionage, he could not have stayed very long, for by February 1905 he appeared in Paris. By the time he had returned to Europe from the Far East, Reilly "had become a self-confident international adventurer" who was "fluent in several languages" and whose intelligence services were highly desired by various great powers. At the same time, he was described as possessing "a foolhardy adventurous nature" prone to taking unnecessary risks. This latter trait would later result in him being nicknamed "reckless" by other British agents.

Continental exploits

D'Arcy affair

During the brief time Reilly spent in Paris he renewed his close acquaintance with William Melville whom Reilly had last seen just prior to his 1899 departure from London.  While Reilly had been abroad in the Far East, Melville had resigned in November 1903 as Superintendent of Scotland Yard's Special Branch and had become chief of a new intelligence section in the War Office. Working under commercial cover from an unassuming flat in London, Melville now ran both counter-intelligence and foreign intelligence operations using his foreign contacts which he had accumulated during his years running Special Branch. Reilly's meeting with Melville in Paris is most significant, for within a matter of weeks Melville was to use Reilly's expertise in what would later become known as the D'Arcy Affair.

In 1904 the Board of the Admiralty projected that petroleum would supplant coal as the primary source of fuel for the Royal Navy.  As petroleum was not abundant in Britain, it would be necessary to find—and secure—sufficient supplies overseas. During their investigation the British Admiralty learned that an Australian mining engineer William Knox D'Arcy—who founded the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC)—had obtained a valuable concession from Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar regarding oil rights in southern Persia. D'Arcy was negotiating a similar concession from the Ottoman Empire for oil rights in Mesopotamia. The Admiralty initiated efforts to entice D'Arcy to sell his newly acquired oil rights to the British Government rather than to the French de Rothschilds.

Reilly, at the British Admiralty's request, located William D'Arcy at Cannes in the south of France and approached him in disguise. Dressed as a Catholic priest, Reilly gate-crashed the private discussions on board the Rothschild yacht on the pretext of collecting donations for a religious charity. He then secretly informed D'Arcy that the British could give him a better financial deal. D'Arcy promptly terminated negotiations with the Rothschilds and returned to London to meet with the British Admiralty. However, biographer Andrew Cook has questioned Reilly's involvement in the D'Arcy Affair since, in February 1904, Reilly might still have been in Port Arthur. Cook speculates that it was Reilly's intelligence chief, William Melville, and a British intelligence officer, Henry Curtis Bennett, who undertook the D'Arcy assignment. Yet another possibility advanced in The Prize by writer Daniel Yergin has the British Admiralty creating a "syndicate of patriots" to keep D'Arcy's concession in British hands, apparently with the full and eager co-operation of D'Arcy himself.

Although the extent of Reilly's involvement in this particular incident is uncertain, it has been verified that he stayed after the incident in the French Riviera on the Côte d'Azur, a location very near the Rothschild yacht. At the conclusion of the D'Arcy Affair, Reilly journeyed to Brussels, and, in January 1905, he returned to St. Petersburg, Russia.

Frankfurt Air Show
In Ace of Spies, biographer Robin Bruce Lockhart recounts Reilly's alleged involvement in obtaining a newly developed German magneto at the first Frankfurt International Air Show () in 1909. According to Lockhart, on the fifth day of the air show in Frankfurt am Main, a German plane lost control and crashed, killing the pilot. The plane's engine was alleged to have used a new type of magneto that was far ahead of other designs.

Reilly and a British SIS agent posing as one of the exhibition pilots diverted the attention of spectators while they removed the magneto from the wreck and substituted another. The SIS agent quickly made detailed drawings of the German magneto, and when the airplane had been removed to a hangar, the agent and Reilly managed to restore the original magneto. However, later biographers such as Spence and Cook have countered that this incident is unsubstantiated. There is no documentary evidence of any plane crashes occurring during the event.

Stealing weapon plans

In 1909, when the German Kaiser was expanding the war machine of Imperial Germany, British intelligence had scant knowledge regarding the types of weapons being forged inside Germany's war plants. At the behest of British intelligence, Reilly was sent to obtain the plans for the weapons. Reilly arrived in Essen, Germany, disguised as a Baltic shipyard worker by the name of Karl Hahn. Having prepared his cover identity by learning to weld at a Sheffield engineering firm, Reilly obtained a low-level position as a welder at the Krupp Gun Works plant in Essen. Soon he joined the plant fire brigade and persuaded its foreman that a set of plant schematics were needed to indicate the position of fire extinguishers and hydrants. These schematics were soon lodged in the foreman's office for members of the fire brigade to consult, and Reilly set about using them to locate the plans.

In the early morning hours, Reilly picked the lock of the office where the plans were kept and was discovered by the foreman whom he then strangled before completing the theft. From Essen, Reilly took a train to a safe house in Dortmund. Tearing the plans into four pieces, he mailed each separately so that if one were lost, the other three would still reveal the essence of the plans. Biographer Cook questions the veracity of this incident but concedes that German factory records show a Karl Hahn was indeed employed by the Essen plant during this time and that a plant fire brigade existed.

In fact, before the First World War, he is alleged to have operated in Russia (from September 1905 to April 1914, assistant naval attaché of Great Britain), then in Europe. By April 1912 Reilly returned to St. Petersburg where he assumed the role of a wealthy businessman and helped to form the Wings Aviation Club.  In the reference book "All Petersburg" he was listed as "antique dealer, collector". Here he took a new wife, Nadezhda, without dissolving his marriage to Margaret. He resumed his friendship with Alexander Grammatikov who was an Okhrana agent and a fellow member of the club. Writers Richard Deacon and Edward Van Der Rhoer assert that Reilly actually was an Ochrana double agent at this point. Deacon claims he was tasked with befriending and profiling Sir Basil Zaharoff, the international arms salesman and representative of Vickers-Armstrong Munitions Ltd. Another Reilly biographer, Richard B. Spence, claims that during this assignment Reilly learned "le systeme" from Zaharoff — the strategy of playing all sides against each other to maximise financial profit. However, biographer Andrew Cook asserts there is scant evidence of any relationship between Reilly and Zaharoff.

First World War activity

In earlier biographies by Winfried Lüdecke and Pepita Bobadilla, Reilly is described as living as a spy in Wilhelmine Germany from 1917 to 1918. Drawing upon the latter sources, Richard Deacon likewise asserted that Reilly had operated behind German lines on a number of occasions and once spent weeks inside the German Empire gathering information about the next planned thrust against the Allies. (In one version by Lockhart Reilly he is alleged to have been a part of a German War meeting involving Kaiser Wilhelm II). However, most later biographies concur that Reilly's activities in the United States between 1915 and 1918 precluded any such escapades on the European Front. Later biographers believe that Reilly, while lucratively engaged in the munitions business in New York City, was covertly employed in British intelligence in which role he may well have participated in several acts of so-called "German sabotage" deliberately calculated to provoke the United States to enter the war against the Central Powers.

Historian Christopher Andrew notes that "Reilly spent most of the first two and a half years of the war in the United States". Likewise, author Richard B. Spence states that Reilly lived in New York City for at least a year, 1914–15, where he engaged in arranging munitions sales to the Imperial German Army and its enemy the Imperial Russian Army. However, when the United States entered the war in April 1917, Reilly's business became less profitable since his company was now prohibited from selling ammunition to the Germans and, after the Russian revolution occurred in October 1917, the Russians were no longer buying munitions. Faced with unexpected financial hardship, Reilly sought to resume his paid intelligence work for the British government while in New York City.

This is confirmed by papers of Norman Thwaites, MI1(c) Head of Station in New York, which contain evidence that Reilly approached Thwaites seeking espionage-related work in 1917–1918. Formerly a private secretary to newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer and a police reporter for Pulitzer's The New York World, Thwaites was keen on obtaining information concerning radical activities in the United States; in particular, any connections between American socialists with Soviet Russia. Consequently, under Thwaites' direction, Reilly presumably worked alongside a dozen other British intelligence operatives attached to the British mission at 44 Whitehall Street in New York City. Although their ostensible mission was to coordinate with the U.S. government in regards to intelligence about the German Empire and Soviet Russia, the British agents also focused upon obtaining trade secrets and other commercial information related to American industrial companies for their British rivals.

Thwaites was sufficiently impressed with Reilly's intelligence work in New York that he wrote a letter of recommendation to Mansfield Cumming, head of MI1(c). It was also Thwaites who recommended that Reilly first visit Toronto to obtain a military commission which is why Reilly enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps Canada. On 19 October 1917, Reilly received a commission as a temporary second lieutenant on probation. After receiving this commission, Reilly voyaged to London in 1918 where Cumming formally swore Lieutenant Reilly into service as a staff Case Officer in His Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), prior to dispatching Reilly on counter-Bolshevik operations in Germany and Russia. According to Reilly's wife Pepita Bobadilla, Reilly was sent to Russia to "counter the work being done there by German agents" who were supporting radical factions and "to discover and report on the general feeling".

Thus Reilly arrived on Russian soil via Murmansk prior to 5 April 1918 where he contacted the former Okhrana agent Alexander Grammatikov, who believed the Soviet government "was in the hands of the criminal classes and of lunatics released from the asylums". Grammatikov arranged for Reilly to receive a private interview with either Reilly's longtime friend General Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich or Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich, secretary of the Council of People's Commissars. With the clandestine aid of Bonch-Bruyevich, he assumed the role of a Bolshevik sympathizer. Grammatikov further instructed his niece Dagmara Karozus—a dancer in the Moscow Art Theatre—to allow Reilly to use her apartment as a "safe house", and through Vladimir Orlov, a former Okhrana associate turned Cheka official, Reilly obtained travel permits as a Cheka agent.

Ambassadors' plot

The attempt to assassinate Vladimir Lenin and to depose the Bolshevik government is considered by biographers to be Reilly's most daring exploit. The Ambassadors' Plot, later misnamed in the press as the Lockhart-Reilly Plot, has sparked considerable debate over the years: did the Allies launch a clandestine operation to overthrow the Bolsheviks in the later summer of 1918 and, if so, did Felix Dzerzhinsky's Cheka uncover the plot at the eleventh hour or did they know of the conspiracy from the outset? At the time, the dissembling American Consul-General DeWitt Clinton Poole publicly insisted the Cheka orchestrated the conspiracy from beginning to end and that Reilly was a Bolshevik agent provocateur. Later, Robert Bruce Lockhart would state that he was "not to this day sure of the extent of Reilly's responsibility for the disastrous turn of events."

In January 1918, the youthful Lockhart—a mere junior member of the British Foreign office—had been personally handpicked by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George to undertake a sensitive diplomatic mission to Soviet Russia. Lockhart's assigned objectives were: to liaise with the Soviet authorities, to subvert Soviet-German relations, to bolster Soviet resistance to German peace overtures, and to push Soviet authorities into recreating the Eastern Theater. By April, however, Lockhart had hopelessly failed to achieve any of these objectives. He began to agitate in diplomatic cables for an immediate full-scale Allied military intervention in Russia. Concurrently, Lockhart ordered Reilly to pursue contacts within anti-Bolshevik circles to sow the seeds for an armed uprising in Moscow.

In May 1918, Lockhart, Reilly, and various agents of the Allied Powers repeatedly met with Boris Savinkov, head of the counter-revolutionary Union for the Defence of the Motherland and Freedom (UDMF). Savinkov had been Deputy War Minister in the Provisional Government of Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, and a key opponent of the Bolsheviks. A former Socialist Revolutionary Party member, Savinkov had formed the UDMF consisting of several thousand Russian fighters, and he was receptive to Allied overtures to depose the Soviet government. Lockhart, Reilly, and others then contacted anti-Bolshevik groups linked to Savinkov and Socialist Revolutionary Party cells affiliated with Savinkov's friend Maximilian Filonenko. Lockhart and Reilly supported these factions with SIS funds. They also liaised with DeWitt Clinton Poole and Fernand Grenard, the Consuls-General of the United States and France respectively. They also coordinated their activities with intelligence operatives affiliated with the French and U.S. consuls in Moscow.

Planning a coup

In June, disillusioned elements of Colonel Eduard Berzin's Latvian Rifle Division (Latdiviziya) began appearing in anti-Bolshevik circles in Petrograd and were eventually directed to a British naval attaché Captain Francis Cromie and his assistant Mr. Constantine, a Turkish merchant who was actually Reilly. In contrast to his previous espionage operations which had been independent of other agents, Reilly worked closely while in Petrograd with Cromie in joint efforts to recruit Berzin's Latvians and to equip anti-Bolshevik armed forces. At the time, Cromie purportedly represented the British Naval Intelligence Division and oversaw its operations in northern Russia. Cromie operated in loose coordination with the ineffectual Commander Ernest Boyce, the MI1(c) station chief in Petrograd.

As Berzin's Latvians were deemed the Praetorian Guard of the Bolsheviks and entrusted with the security of both Lenin and the Kremlin, the Allied plotters believed their participation in the pending coup to be vital. With the aid of the Latvian Riflemen, the Allied agents hoped to "seize both Lenin and Trotsky at a meeting to take place in the first week of September".

Reilly arranged a meeting between Lockhart and the Latvians at the British mission in Moscow while purportedly expending "over a million rubles" to bribe the Red Army troops guarding the Kremlin. At this stage, Cromie, Boyce, Reilly, Lockhart, and other Allied agents allegedly planned a full-scale coup against the Bolshevik government and drew up a list of Soviet military leaders ready to assume responsibilities on its demise. Their objective was to capture or kill Lenin and Trotsky, to establish a provisional government, and to extinguish Bolshevism. Lenin and Trotsky, they reasoned, "were Bolshevism", and nothing else in their movement had "substance or permanence". Consequently, "if he could get them into [their] hands there would be nothing of consequence left of Sovietism".

As Lockhart's diplomatic status hindered his open engagement in clandestine activities, he chose to supervise such activities from afar and to delegate the actual direction of the coup to Reilly. To facilitate this work, Reilly allegedly obtained a position as a sinecure within the criminal branch of the Petrograd Cheka. It was during this chaotic time of plots and counter-plots that Reilly and Lockhart became further acquainted. Lockhart later posthumously described him as "a man of great energy and personal charm, very attractive to women and very ambitious. I had not a very high opinion of his intelligence. His knowledge covered many subjects, from politics to art, but it was superficial. On the other hand, his courage and indifference to danger were superb." Throughout their backroom intrigues in Moscow, Lockhart never openly questioned Reilly's loyalty to the Allies, although he privately wondered if Reilly had made a secret bargain with Colonel Berzin and his Latvian Riflemen to later seize power for themselves.

In Lockhart's estimation, Reilly was a limitless "man cast in the Napoleonic mould" and, if their counter-revolutionary coup had succeeded, "the prospect of playing a lone hand [using Berzin's Latvian Riflemen] may have inspired him with a Napoleonic design" to become the head of any new government. However, unbeknownst to the Allied conspirators, Berzin was "an honest commander" and "devoted to the Soviet government". Although not a Chekist, he nonetheless informed Dzerzhinsky's Cheka that he had been approached by Reilly and that Allied agents had attempted to recruit him into a possible coup. This information did not surprise Dzerzhinsky as the Cheka had gained access to the British diplomatic codes in May and were closely monitoring the anti-Bolshevik activities. Dzerzhinsky instructed Berzin and other Latvian officers to pretend to be receptive to the Allied plotters and to meticuously report on every detail of their pending operation.

The plot unravels

While Allied agents militated against the Soviet regime in Petrograd and Moscow, persistent rumors swirled of an impending Allied military intervention in Russia which would overthrow the fledgling Soviet government in favor of a new regime willing to rejoin the ongoing war against the Central Powers. On 4 August 1918, an Allied force landed at Arkhangelsk, Russia, beginning a famous military expedition dubbed Operation Archangel. Its professed objective was to prevent the German Empire from obtaining Allied military supplies stored in the region. In retaliation for this incursion, the Bolsheviks raided the British diplomatic mission on 5 August, disrupting a meeting Reilly had arranged between the anti-Bolshevik Latvians, UDMF officials, and Lockhart. Unperturbed by these raids, Reilly conducted meetings on 17 August 1918 between Latvian regimental leaders and liaised with Captain George Alexander Hill, a multilingual British agent operating in Russia on behalf of the Military Intelligence Directorate.

Hill later described Reilly as "a dark, well-groomed, very foreign-looking man" who had "an amazing grasp of the actualities of the situation" and was "a man of action". They agreed the coup would occur in the first week of September during a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars and the Moscow Soviet at the Bolshoi Theatre. On 25 August, yet another meeting of Allied conspirators allegedly occurred at DeWitt C. Poole's American Consulate in Moscow. By this time, the Allied conspirators had organized a broad network of agents and saboteurs throughout Soviet Russia whose overarching ambition was to disrupt the nation's food supplies. Coupled with the planned military uprising in Moscow, they believed a chronic food shortage would trigger popular unrest and further undermine the Soviet authorities. In turn, the Soviets would be overthrown by a new government friendly to the Allied Powers which would renew hostilities against Kaiser Wilhelm II's German Reich. On 28 August, Reilly informed Hill that he was immediately leaving Moscow for Petrograd where he would discuss final details related to the coup with Commander Francis Cromie at the British consulate. That night, Reilly had no difficulty in traveling through picket lines between Moscow and Petrograd due to his identification as a member of the Petrograd Cheka and his possession of Cheka travel permits.

On 30 August, Boris Savinkov and Maximilian Filonenko ordered a military cadet named Leonid Kannegisser—Filonenko's cousin—to shoot and kill Moisei Uritsky, head of the Petrograd Cheka. Uritsky had been the second most powerful man in the city after Grigory Zinoviev, the leader of the Petrograd Soviet, and his murder was seen as a blow to both the Cheka and the entire Bolshevik leadership. After killing Uritsky, a panicked Kannegisser sought refuge either at the English Club or at the British mission where Cromie resided and where Savinkov and Filonenko may have been temporarily in hiding. Regardless of whether he fled to the English Club or to the British consulate, Kannegisser was compelled to leave the premises. After donning a long overcoat, he fled into the city streets where he was apprehended by Red Guards after a violent shootout.

On the same day, Fanya Kaplan—a former anarchist who was now a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party—shot and wounded Lenin as he departed the Michelson arms factory in Moscow. As Lenin exited the building and before he entered his motor car, Kaplan called out to him. When Lenin turned towards her, she fired three shots with a Browning pistol. One bullet narrowly missed Lenin's heart and penetrated his lung, while the other bullet lodged in his neck near the jugular vein. Due to the severity of these wounds, Lenin was not expected to survive. The attack was widely covered in the Russian press, generating much sympathy for Lenin and boosting his popularity. As a consequence of this assassination attempt, however, the meeting between Lenin and Trotsky—where the bribed soldiery would seize them on behalf of the Allies—was postponed. At this point, Reilly was notified by fellow conspirator Alexander Grammatikov that "the [Socialist Revolutionary Party] fools have struck too early".

Chekist reprisal

Although it is unknown if Kaplan either was part of the Ambassadors' Plot or was even responsible for the assassination attempt on Lenin, the murder of Uritsky and the failed assassination of Lenin were used by Dzerzhinsky's Cheka to implicate any malcontents and foreigners in a grand conspiracy that warranted a full-scale reprisal campaign: the "Red Terror". Thousands of political opponents were seized and "mass executions took place across the city, at Khodynskoe field, Petrovsky Park and the Butyrki prison, all in the north of the city, as well as in the Cheka headquarters at Lubyanka". The extent of the Chekist reprisal likely foiled much of the inchoate plans by Cromie, Boyce, Lockhart, Reilly, Savinkov, Filonenko, and other conspirators.

Using lists supplied by undercover agents, the Cheka proceeded to clear out the "nests of conspirators" in the foreign embassies and, in doing so, they arrested key figures vital to the impending coup. On 31 August 1918, believing Savinkov and Filonenko were hiding in the British consulate, a Cheka detachment raided the British consulate in Petrograd and killed Cromie who put up an armed resistance. Immediately prior to his death, it is possible that Cromie may have been trying to communicate with other conspirators and to give instructions to accelerate their planned coup. Before the Cheka detachment stormed the consulate, Cromie burned key correspondence pertaining to the coup.

According to press reports, he made a valiant last stand on the first floor of the consulate armed only with a revolver. In close quarters combat, he dispatched three Chekist soldiers before he was in turn killed and his corpse mutilated. Eyewitnesses, such as the sister-in-law of Red Cross nurse Mary Britnieva, asserted that Cromie was shot by the Cheka while retreating down the consulate's grand staircase. The Cheka detachment searched the building and, with their rifle butts, repelled the diplomatic staff from getting close to the corpse of Captain Cromie which the Chekist soldiers had looted and trampled. The Cheka detachment then arrested over forty persons who had sought refuge within the British consulate, as well as seizing weapon caches and compromising documents which they claimed implicated the consular staff in the forthcoming coup attempt. Cromie's death was publicly "depicted as a measure of self-defence by the Bolshevik agents, who had been forced to return his fire".

Meanwhile, Lockhart was arrested by Dzerzhinsky's Cheka and transported under guard to Lubyanka Prison. During a tense interview with a pistol-wielding Cheka officer, he was asked "Do you know the Kaplan woman?" and "Where is Reilly?" When queried about the coup, Lockhart and other British nationals dismissed the mere idea as nonsense. Afterwards, Lockhart was placed in the same holding cell as Fanya Kaplan whom their watchful Chekist jailers hoped might betray some sign of recognizing Lockhart or other British agents. However, while confined together, Kaplan showed no sign of recognition towards Lockhart or anyone else. When it became clear that Kaplan would not implicate any accomplices, she was executed in the Kremlin's Alexander Garden on 3 September 1918, with a bullet to the back of the head. Her corpse was bundled into a rusted iron barrel and set alight. Lockhart was later released and deported in exchange for Maxim Litvinov, an unofficial Soviet attaché in London who had been arrested by the British government as a form of diplomatic reprisal. In stark contrast to Lockhart's good fortune, "imprisonment, torture to compel confession, [and] death were the swift rewards of many who had been implicated" in the prospective coup against Lenin's government. Yelizaveta Otten, Reilly's chief courier "with whom he was romantically involved," was arrested as well as his other mistress Olga Starzheskaya. After interrogation, Starzheskaya was imprisoned for five years. Yet another courier, Mariya Fride, likewise was arrested at Otten's flat with an intelligence communiqué that she was carrying for Reilly.

Escape from Russia
On 3 September 1918 the Pravda and Izvestiya newspapers sensationalised the aborted coup on their front pages. Outraged headlines denounced the Allied representatives and other foreigners in Moscow as "Anglo-French Bandits". The papers arrogated credit for the coup to Reilly and, when he was identified as a key suspect, a dragnet ensued. Reilly "was hunted through days and nights as he had never been hunted before," and "his photograph with a full description and a reward was placarded" throughout the area. The Cheka raided his assumed refuge, but the elusive Reilly avoided capture and met Captain Hill while in hiding. Hill later wrote that Reilly, despite narrowly escaping his pursuers in both Moscow and Petrograd, "was absolutely cool, calm and collected, not in the least downhearted and only concerned in gathering together the broken threads and starting afresh".

Hill proposed that Reilly escape from Russia via Ukraine to Baku using their network of British agents for safe houses and assistance. However, Reilly instead chose a shorter, more dangerous route north through Petrograd and the Baltic Provinces to Finland to get their reports to London as early as possible. With the Cheka closing in, Reilly, carrying a Baltic German passport supplied by Hill, posed as a legation secretary and departed the region in a railway car reserved for the German Embassy. In Kronstadt, Reilly sailed by ship to Helsinki and reached Stockholm with the aid of local Baltic smugglers. He arrived unscathed in London on 8 November.

While safely in England, Reilly, Lockhart and other agents were tried in absentia before the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal in a proceeding which opened 25 November 1918. Approximately twenty defendants faced charges in the trial, most of whom had worked for the Americans or the British in Moscow. The case was prosecuted by Nikolai Krylenko, an exponent of the theory that political considerations rather than criminal guilt should decide a case's outcome.

Krylenko's case concluded on 3 December 1918, with two defendants sentenced to be shot and various others sentenced to terms of prison or forced labour for terms up to five years. Thus, the day before Reilly met Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming ("C") in London for debriefing, the Russian Izvestia newspaper reported that both Reilly and Lockhart had been sentenced to death in absentia by a Revolutionary Tribunal for their roles in the attempted coup of the Bolshevik government. The sentence was to be carried out immediately should either of them be apprehended on Soviet soil. This sentence would later be served on Reilly when he was caught by Dzerzhinsky's OGPU in 1925.

Activities from 1919 to 1924

Russian Civil War

Within a week of their return debriefing, the British Secret Intelligence Service and the Foreign Office again sent Reilly and Hill to South Russia under the cover of British trade delegates. Their assignment was to uncover information about the Black Sea coast needed for the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. At that time the region was home to a variety of anti-Bolsheviks. They travelled in the guise of British merchants, with appropriate credentials provided by the Department of Overseas Trade. Over the next six weeks or so Reilly prepared twelve dispatches which reported on various aspects of the situation in South Russia and were delivered personally by Hill to the Foreign Office in London.

Reilly identified four principal factors in the affairs of South Russia at this time: the Volunteer Army; the territorial or provincial governments in the Kuban, Don, and Crimea; the Petlyura movement in Ukraine; and the economic situation. In his opinion, the future course of events in this region would depend not only on the interaction of these factors with each other, but "above all upon Allied attitude towards them". Reilly advocated Allied assistance to organise South Russia into a suitable place d'armes for decisive advance against Petlurism and Bolshevism. In his opinion: "The military Allied assistance required for this would be comparatively small as proved by recent events in Odessa. Landing parties in the ports and detachments assisting Volunteer Army on lines of communication would probably be sufficient."

Reilly's reference to events in Odessa concerned the successful landing there on 18 December 1918 of troops from the French 156th Division commanded by General Borius, who managed to wrest control of the city from the Petlyurists with the assistance of a small contingent of Volunteers.

Urgent as the need for Allied military assistance to the Volunteer Army was in Reilly's estimation, he regarded economic assistance for South Russia as "even more pressing". Manufactured goods were so scarce in this region that he considered any moderate contribution from the Allies would have a most beneficial effect. Otherwise, apart from echoing a certain General Poole's suggestion for a British or Anglo-French Commission to control merchant shipping engaged in trading activities in the Black Sea, Reilly did not offer any solutions to what he called a state of "general economic chaos" in South Russia. Reilly found White officials, who had been given the job of helping the Russian economy get better, "helpless" in coming to terms with "the colossal disaster which has overtaken Russia's finances, ... and unable to frame anything, approaching even an outline, of a financial policy". But he supported their request for the Allies to print "500 Million roubles of Nicholas money of all denominations" for the Special Council as a matter of urgency, with the justification that "although one realises the fundamental futility of this remedy, one must agree with them that for the moment this is the only remedy". Lack of funds was one reason offered by Reilly to explain the Whites' blatant inactivity in the propaganda field. They were also said to be lacking paper and printing presses needed for the preparation of propaganda material. Reilly claimed that the Special Council had come to appreciate fully the benefits of propaganda.

Final marriage
While on a visit to postwar Berlin in December 1922, Reilly met a charming young actress named Pepita Bobadilla in the Hotel Adlon. Bobadilla was an attractive blonde who falsely claimed to be from South America. Her real name was Nelly Burton, and she was the widow of Charles Haddon Chambers, a well-known British playwright. For the past several years Bobadilla had gained notoriety both as Chambers' wife and for her stage career as a dancer. On 18 May 1923, after a whirlwind romance, Bobadilla married Reilly at a civil Registry Office on Henrietta Street, in Covent Garden, Central London, with Captain Hill acting as a witness. As Reilly was already married at the time, their union was bigamous. Bobadilla later described Reilly as a sombre individual and found it strange that he never entertained guests at their home. Except for two or three acquaintances, hardly anyone could boast of being his friend. Nevertheless, their marriage was reportedly happy as Bobadilla believed Reilly to be "romantic", "a good companion", "a man of infinite courage", and "the ideal husband". Their union would last merely 30 months before Reilly's disappearance in Russia and his execution by the Soviet OGPU.

Zinoviev scandal

One year later Reilly was involved—possibly alongside Sir Stewart Graham Menzies—in the Zinoviev letter scandal. Four days before the British general election on 8 October 1924, a Tory newspaper printed a letter purporting to originate from Grigory Zinoviev, head of the Third Communist International. The letter claimed that the planned resumption of diplomatic and trade relations by the Labour party with Soviet Russia would indirectly hasten the overthrow of the British government. Hours later, the British Foreign Office responded to the letter with a note of protest to the Soviet government. Soviet Russia and British Communists denounced the letter as a forgery by British intelligence agents, while Conservative politicians and newspapers maintained that it was genuine. Recent scholarship argues that the letter was indeed a forgery.

Amid the uproar following the printing of the letter and the Foreign Office protest, Ramsay MacDonald's Labour Government lost the general election. According to Samuel T. Williamson, writing in The New York Times in 1926, Reilly may have served as a courier to transport the forged Zinoviev letter into the United Kingdom. Reflecting upon these events, the journalist Winfried Lüdecke posited in 1929 that Reilly's role in "the famous Zinoviev letter assumed a world-wide political importance, for its publication in the British press brought about the fall of the [Ramsay] Macdonald ministry, frustrated the realization of the proposed Anglo-Russian commercial treaty, and, as a final result, led to the signing of the treaties of Locarno, in virtue of which the other states of Europe presented, under the leadership of Britain, a united front against Soviet Russia".

Career with British intelligence

Throughout his life, Reilly maintained a close yet tempestuous relationship with the British intelligence community. In 1896, he was recruited by Superintendent William Melville for the émigré intelligence network of Scotland Yard's Special Branch. Through his close relationship with Melville, Reilly would be employed as a secret agent for the Secret Service Bureau, which the Foreign Office created in October 1909. In 1918, Reilly began to work for MI1(c), an early designation for the British Secret Intelligence Service, under Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming. He was allegedly trained by the latter organization and sent to Moscow in March 1918 to assassinate Vladimir Ilyich Lenin or attempt to overthrow the Bolsheviks. He had to escape after the Cheka unraveled the so-called Lockhart Plot against the Bolshevik government. Later biographies contain numerous tales about his espionage deeds. It has been claimed that:

 In the Boer War he masqueraded as a Russian arms merchant to spy on Dutch weapons shipments to the Boers.
 He obtained intelligence on Russian military defences in Manchuria for the Kempeitai, the Japanese secret police.
 He procured Persian oil concessions for the British Admiralty in events surrounding the D'Arcy Concession.
 He infiltrated a Krupp armaments plant in prewar Germany and stole weapon plans for the Entente Powers.
 He seduced the wife of a Russian minister to glean information about German weapons shipments to Russia.
 He participated in missions of so-called "German sabotage" designed to draw the United States into World War I.
 He attempted to overthrow the Russian Bolshevik government and to rescue the imprisoned Romanov family.
 Prior to his demise, he served as a courier to transport the forged Zinoviev letter into the United Kingdom.

British intelligence adhered to its policy of publicly saying nothing about anything. Yet Reilly's espionage successes did garner indirect recognition. After a formal recommendation by Sir Mansfield "C" Smith-Cumming, Reilly, who had received a military commission in 1917, was awarded the Military Cross on 22 January 1919, "for distinguished services rendered in connection with military operations in the field". This vaguely-worded citation misled later biographers such as Richard Deacon to wrongly conclude that Reilly's medal was bestowed for valorous military feats against the Imperial German Army during the Great War of 1914–1918 however most later biographers agree the medal was bestowed due to Reilly's anti-Bolshevik operations in southern Russia.

Reilly's most skeptical biographer, Andrew Cook, asserts that Reilly's SIS-specific career has been greatly embellished as he wasn't accepted as an agent until 15 March 1918. He was then discharged in 1921 because of his tendency to be a rogue operative. Nevertheless, Cook concedes that Reilly previously had been a renowned operative for Scotland Yard's Special Branch and the Secret Service Bureau which were the early forerunners of the British intelligence community. Historian Christopher Andrew, a professor at the University of Cambridge with a focus on the history of the intelligence services, described Reilly's secret service career overall as "remarkable, though largely ineffective".

Execution

According to Reilly's wife Pepita Bobadilla, Reilly was perpetually determined "to return to Russia to see if he could not find and succor some of his friends whom he believed to be still alive. This he did in 1925—and never came back." In September 1925 in Paris, Reilly met Alexander Grammatikov, White Russian General Alexander Kutepov, counter-espionage expert Vladimir Burtsev, and Commander Ernest Boyce from British Intelligence. This assembly discussed how they could make contact with a supposedly pro-Monarchist, anti-Bolshevik organisation  known as "The Trust" in Moscow. The assembly agreed that Reilly should journey to Finland to explore the feasibility of yet another uprising in Russia using The Trust apparatus. However, in reality The Trust was an elaborate counter-espionage deception created by the OGPU, the intelligence successor of the Cheka.

Thus, undercover agents of the OGPU lured Reilly into Bolshevik Russia, ostensibly to meet with supposed anti-Communist revolutionaries. At the Soviet-Finnish border Reilly was introduced to undercover OGPU agents posing as senior Trust representatives from Moscow. One of these undercover Soviet agents, Alexander Alexandrovich Yakushev, later recalled the meeting:

Reilly was brought across the border by Toivo Vähä, a former Finnish Red Guard fighter who now served the OGPU. Vähä took Reilly over the Sestra River to the Soviet side and handed him to the OGPU officers. (In the 1973 book The Gulag Archipelago, Russian novelist and historian Alexandr Solzhenitsyn states that Richard Ohola, a Finnish Red Guard, was "a participant in the capture of British agent Sidney Reilly". In the biographical glossary appended to the latter work, Solzhenitsyn incorrectly speculates that Reilly was "killed while crossing the Soviet-Finnish border.")

After Reilly crossed the Finnish border, the Soviets captured, transported and interrogated him at Lubyanka Prison. On arrival Reilly was taken to the office of Roman Pilar, a Soviet official who had arrested and ordered the execution of a close friend of Reilly, Boris Savinkov, the previous year; Reilly was reminded of his own death sentence by a 1918 Soviet tribunal for participation in a counter-revolutionary plot against the Bolshevik government. While Reilly was being interrogated, the Soviets publicly claimed that he had been shot trying to cross the Finnish border. Whether Reilly was tortured while in OGPU custody is a matter of debate by historians; Cook contends that Reilly was not tortured other than psychologically, through mock executions designed to shake the resolve of prisoners.

During OGPU interrogation Reilly prevaricated about his personal background and maintained his charade of being a British subject born in Clonmel, Ireland. Although he did not abjure his allegiance to the United Kingdom, he also did not reveal any intelligence matters. While facing such daily interrogation, Reilly kept a diary in his cell of tiny handwritten notes on cigarette papers which he hid in the plasterwork of a cell wall. While his Soviet captors were interrogating Reilly he in turn was analysing and documenting their techniques. The diary was a detailed record of OGPU interrogation techniques, and Reilly was understandably confident that such unique documentation would, if he escaped, be of interest to the British SIS. After Reilly's death, Soviet guards discovered the diary in Reilly's cell, and photographic enhancements were made by OGPU technicians.

Reilly was executed in a forest near Moscow on Thursday, 5 November 1925. Eyewitness Boris Gudz claimed the execution was supervised by an OGPU officer, Grigory Feduleev, while another OGPU officer, Grigory Syroezhkin, fired the final shot into Reilly's chest. Gudz also confirmed that the order to kill Reilly came from Stalin directly. Within months after his execution, various outlets of the British and American press carried an obituary notice: "REILLY—On the 28th of September, killed near the village of Allekul, Russia, by S. R. U. Troops. Captain Sidney George Reilly, M. C., beloved husband of Pepita Reilly." Two months later, on 17 January 1926, The New York Times reprinted this obituary notice and, citing unnamed sources in the intelligence community, the paper asserted that Reilly had been somehow involved in the still ongoing scandal of the Zinoviev letter, a fraudulent document published by the British Daily Mail newspaper a year prior during the general election in 1924.

After Reilly's death there were various rumours about his survival; Reilly's wife Pepita Bobadilla claimed to possess evidence indicating that Reilly was still alive as late as 1932. Others speculated that the unscrupulous Reilly had defected to the opposition, becoming an adviser to Soviet intelligence. Despite such unfavourable rumours the international press quickly turned Reilly into a household name, lauding him as a masterful spy and chronicling his many espionage adventures with numerous embellishments. Contemporary newspapers dubbed him "the greatest spy in history" and "the Scarlet Pimpernel of Red Russia". In May 1931, The London Evening Standard published an illustrated serial headlined "Master Spy" which sensationalised his many exploits as well as outright invented others.

Fictional portrayals

Soviet cinema
As one of the principal suspects in the Ambassador's Plot and a key figure in the counter-revolutionary activities of White Russian émigrés, Reilly accordingly became a recurring villain in Soviet cinema. In the latter half of the 20th century, he frequently appeared as a historical character in films and television shows produced by the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries. He was portrayed by many different actors of various nationalities including: Vadim Medvedev in The Conspiracy of Ambassadors (Zagovor Poslov) (1966); Vsevolod Yakut in Operation Trust (Operatsiya Trest) (1968); Aleksandr Shirvindt in Crash (Krakh) (1969); Vladimir Tatosov in Trust (1976), Sergei Yursky in Coasts in the Mist (Mglistye Berega) (1986), and Harijs Liepins in Syndicate II (Sindikat-2) (1981).

Reilly: Ace of Spies

In 1983, a Thames Television miniseries, Reilly, Ace of Spies, dramatised the historical adventures of Reilly. Directed by Martin Campbell and Jim Goddard, the series was based on Robin Bruce Lockhart's book, Ace of Spies, which was adapted by Troy Kennedy Martin. The programme won the 1984 BAFTA TV Award. Reilly was portrayed by actor Sam Neill who was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance. Leo McKern portrayed Sir Basil Zaharoff.

In a review of the programme, Michael Billington of The New York Times noted that "pinning Reilly down in 12 hours of television is difficult precisely because he was such an enigma: an alleged radical, yet one who helped to bring down Britain's first Labour government in 1924 by means of a forged letter, supposedly from the Bolshevik leader Grigory Zinoviev, instructing the British Communists to form cells in the armed forces; a Lothario and two-time bigamist who was yet never betrayed by any of the women he was involved with; an avid collector of Napoleona who wanted to be the power behind the throne rather than to rule himself."

James Bond
In Ian Fleming, The Man Behind James Bond by Andrew Lycett, Reilly is listed as an inspiration for James Bond. Reilly's friend, former diplomat and journalist Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, was a close acquaintance of Ian Fleming for many years and recounted to Fleming many of Reilly's espionage adventures. Lockhart had worked with Reilly in Russia in 1918, where they became embroiled in an SIS-backed plot to overthrow Lenin's Bolshevik government.

Within five years of his disappearance in Soviet Russia in 1925, the press had turned Reilly into a household name, lauding him as a master spy and recounting his many espionage adventures. Fleming had therefore long been aware of Reilly's mythical reputation and had listened to Lockhart's recollections. Like Fleming's fictional creation, Reilly was multi-lingual, fascinated by the Far East, fond of fine living, and a compulsive gambler. When queried on whether Reilly's colourful life had directly inspired Bond, Ian Fleming replied: "James Bond is just a piece of nonsense I dreamed up. He's not a Sidney Reilly, you know."

The Gadfly
In 1895, Reilly encountered author Ethel Lilian Voynich, née Boole. Boole was a well-known figure in the late Victorian literary scene and later married to Polish revolutionary Wilfrid Voynich. She and Reilly had a sexual liaison in Italy together. During their affair, Reilly supposedly "bared his soul" to Ethel and revealed to her the peculiar story of his revolutionary past in the Russian Empire. After their affair had concluded, Voynich published in 1897 The Gadfly, a critically acclaimed historical novel set in Italy under Austrian rule in the 1840s, whose central character is allegedly based on Reilly's early life. Alternatively, Reilly modelled himself on the revolutionary hero of Voynich's novel, although historian Mark Mazower observed "separating fact from fantasy in the case of Reilly is difficult". For years, the existence of this purported relationship was doubted by sceptical historians until confirmed by new evidence in 2016. Archived communication between Anne Fremantle—who attempted a biography of Ethel Voynich—and a relative of Ethel's on the Hinton side demonstrates that a liaison did occur. The theme music for the 1983 television mini-series is based on the "Romance" movement of The Gadfly Suite (Op. 97a), Levon Atovmian's arrangement of Dmitri Shostakovich's music for the 1955 Soviet film adaptation of the novel.

See also
 List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990
 Xenophon Kalamatiano

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Print sources

  (2nd edition published as: )

Online sources

External links

 Sidney Reilly – Ace of Spies | J-Grit.com

1870s births
1920s missing person cases
1925 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
British anti-communists
British people of Russian-Jewish descent
British people of Russian descent
British people of Jewish descent
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Double agents
Executed spies
Interwar-period spies
James Bond
Bigamists
Confidence tricksters
Male murderers
Okhrana informants
Odesa Jews
People murdered in the Soviet Union
Pre–World War I spies
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Scotland Yard informants
MI6 personnel
World War I spies
World War I spies for the United Kingdom
Jewish anti-communists
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army General List officers
Royal Air Force personnel of the Russian Civil War

Sidney Reilly


Peter Rowan Williams, né le 20 juin 1968 à Port Elizabeth, est un nageur sud-africain.

Carrière
Peter Williams bat le record du monde de natation messieurs du 50 mètres nage libre à Indianapolis le 10 avril 1988, mais, parce qu'il était originaire d'Afrique du Sud, un pays banni par le Comité international olympique à cause de l'apartheid, la Fédération internationale de natation ne reconnait pas le temps comme un record du monde officiel. Après la fin de l'apartheid, il peut enfin participer à des compétitions internationales ; il dispute les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992, terminant notamment quatrième de la finale du 50 mètres nage libre.

Il est médaillé de bronze du 50 mètres nage libre aux Jeux du Commonwealth de 1994 à Victoria. Il remporte ensuite la médaille d'or du 50 mètres nage libre aux Jeux africains de 1995 à Harare.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Nageur sud-africain
Nageur de nage libre
Nageur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992
Médaillé d'or aux Jeux africains
Naissance en juin 1968
Naissance à Port Elizabeth
Étudiant de l'université du Nebraska à Lincoln

Peter Williams (natation)


بلدية فونولوسا (بالكاتالانية: Fonollosa) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.279 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة
بلديات في باجس

فونولوسا


Snob (S.N.O.B. ?), hrvatski punk rock sastav iz Koprivnice. Četvorica su članova. Aktivni su od 2002. godine. Svirali su hardcore/punk kvarteta pod imenom Pillow Pack. Promijenili su stil glazbe te od 2008. skupa time su odlučili promijeniti i ime, te su se prozvali Snob. Sviraju metalizirani hardcore pod utjecajem sastava kao što su Thrice, Propagandhi, Shai Hulud, boysetsfire, Integrity i Mastodon. 2012. godine im je za koprivničku nezavisnu etiketu RockLive izašao album prvijenac Earn Your Spine, koji se može besplatno skinuti s njihove web stranice. Snimili su spotove za nekoliko pjesama.

Diskografija
 Earn Your Spine, studijski album, RockLive, 2012.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Facebook
Facebook
SoundCloud
YouTube

Koprivnički glazbeni sastavi
Hrvatski punk sastavi

Snob (glazbeni sastav)


Cyprien Xavier Léonard Godebski dit Cipa Godebski, né le  à Varsovie et mort en  à Vulaines-sur-Seine, est un salonnier français d'origine polonaise, appartenant à la famille Godebski.

Biographie

Fils du sculpteur Cyprien Godebski et de Mathilde Marie Madeleine Rosen (1837-1887), Cipa est le demi-frère de Misia Sert.

Il épouse Ida Caroline Philippine Kasparek, fille de Franciszek Kasparek, le 16 juillet 1898 à Cracovie. D'abord seul, puis avec Ida, Cipa va participer à toutes les batailles menées par Misia pour défendre Ubu roi en 1896, Le Sacre du printemps en 1913, et Parade en 1917.

Installé à Paris, le couple tient un salon fréquenté par les artistes, dont le cercle des Apaches, où on a vite surnommé Cipa « Père Ubu », et celui de la Revue Blanche dirigée par les frères Natanson (Alexandre, Thadée et Louis-Alfred).

Cipa compte parmi ses amis les plus proches les peintres Vuillard et Bonnard, le musicien Maurice Ravel, le poète Paul Valéry. Ils se retrouvent dans son salon parisien rue Saint-Florentin, puis rue de Chartres à Neuilly, et enfin rue d'Athènes. Les mêmes profitent aux beaux jours de sa maison de campagne des bords de Seine à Valvins, la Grangette, où Vuillard et Bonnard ont peint de nombreux tableaux, où Toulouse-Lautrec fait de longs séjours et où Ravel a composé. À deux pas se trouve la maison de leur grand ami Stéphane Mallarmé, depuis transformée en musée.

Il fréquente les Natanson lors de leurs villégiatures à Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, du temps où Misia vivait avec Thadée ; là se retrouvent également des Nabis, dont Félix Vallotton, et l'écrivain Romain Coolus. Après son divorce avec Thadée, Misia se remarie début 1905 avec le magnat de la presse Alfred Edwards. Il fait construire pour elle un yacht conçu pour la navigation sur les canaux, baptisé L'Aimée. Misia y invite sa famille et ses amis pour une croisière de deux mois au cours de l'été. Sont à bord Cipa (voir photo) et Ida, Pierre Bonnard, qui peint et photographie avec ardeur, Renoir, Pierre Laprade et Maurice Ravel, que Misia veut consoler de son échec au prix de Rome et qui dispose d'un piano.

Pendant la guerre, le salon évolue : le groupe des Apaches s'est quelque peu disloqué (son dernier haut fait est le soutien inconditionnel apporté à Igor Stravinsky lors des premières auditions de L'Oiseau de feu et du Sacre du printemps). De nouveaux invités apparaissent : Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie et Jean Hugo (qui deviendra plus tard un ami proche de Jean Godebski en Camargue). Et surtout, Cipa accueille de jeunes musiciens qui vont former le Groupe des Six, dont Francis Poulenc qui dédiera une mélodie à Ida.

En villégiature estivale à Carantec (Finistère) de 1908 à 1915 puis de 1918 à 1923, les Godebski reçoivent André Gide, Paul Valéry, Alexandre Benois, Florent Schmitt et y sont rejoints par Igor Stravinsky et sa famille à l'été 1920, tandis que l'ami Pablo Picasso vient lui à Dinard à partir de 1922.

Cipa est le père de Jean et Mimi, dédicataires de Ma mère l'Oye de Maurice Ravel, qui dédicace également à Ida et Cipa sa Sonatine pour piano (1905). Il faut savoir que pour Maurice Ravel, les Godebski étaient véritablement devenus sa famille d'adoption. Mimi, qui a épousé d'Aimery Blacque-Belair en 1925, explique que Ravel et Cipa se sont tout de suite entendus à merveille : « Les deux hommes avaient l'un pour l'autre une amitié rare, faite d'admiration réciproque et d'entente profonde ». Et c'est toute la famille que Ravel a adoptée. Mimi et son frère Jean jouent avec lui et l'écoutent raconter des histoires : « C'était Laideronnette, la Belle et la Bête, et surtout les aventures d'une pauvre souris qu'il avait inventées pour moi », écrit Mimi. Seule déception : les deux enfants ont dû renoncer à créer la version pour piano à quatre mains de Ma mère l'Oye, trop difficile pour eux. Continuation des liens établis : en 1934, le beau-frère de Mimi, Hubert Blacque-Belair, épouse la fille de l'apache Déodat de Séverac, qui avait lui-même dédié une œuvre à Cipa et une autre à Mimi.

La crise de 1929 a contraint les Godebski à fermer leur salon parisien. Ils se sont alors retirés à Valvins où ils ont fini leurs jours.

Œuvres dédiées ou liées

Musique
Maurice Ravel, Sonatine pour piano (1905), dédiée à Cipa et Ida
 Maurice Ravel, Ma mère l'Oye (1910), pour piano à quatre mains, dédiée à Jean et Mimi
 Maurice Ravel, À la manière de (Chabrier et Borodine), pour piano (1912), dédié à Cipa et Ida
 Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht, Quatre mélodies russes (1905), la troisième dédiée à Ida
 Maurice Delage, Trois mélodies (1909), une est dédiée à Ida
 Déodat de Séverac, Pippermint-Get (1907), valse brillante pour piano, dédiée à Cipa
 Déodat de Séverac, En vacances (1911), huit petites pièces enfantines pour piano à quatre mains, dont une dédiée à Mimi (Mimi se déguise en marquise)
 Manuel de Falla, Sept chansons populaires espagnoles (1922), dédiées à Ida
 Erik Satie, Trois mélodies (1916), dont Daphénéo écrite sur un texte de Mimi
 Francis Poulenc, Huit chansons polonaises (1934), la première dédiée à Ida, la deuxième à Misia

Arts plastiques
 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Portait de Cipa fumant la pipe, huile sur carton, 1896, collection privée
 Édouard Vuillard, La Grangette à Valvins, huile sur toile, 1896
 Édouard Vuillard, Le grenier de la Grangette, huile sur toile, 1897
 Édouard Vuillard, Le Passeur : Cipa Godebski dans une barque sur l'Yonne, huile sur toile, 1897, musée d'Orsay).
 Édouard Vuillard, Cipa Godebski, 1897-99, collection privée.
 Édouard Vuillard, Le petit restaurant (portrait de famille), huile sur carton, 1902, Musée d'art de Dallas
 Pierre Bonnard, Cipa Godebski, huile sur carton, 1895, musée d'Orsay
 Pierre Bonnard, La famille de Cipa Godebski, huile, 1902
 Pierre Bonnard, Ida et Mimi, huile sur toile, 1903
 Pierre Bonnard, Cipa Godebski, mine de plomb, c. 1905
 Félix Vallotton, Portrait de Cipa Godebski, huile sur carton, 1902, collection privée.
 Georges d'Espagnat, Réunion de musiciens chez M. Godebski, huile, 1910, Bibliothèque-musée de l'Opéra. Au 22 rue d'Athènes, Cipa Godebski et son fils Jean sont entourés de musiciens du cercle des Apaches, Florent Schmitt, Déodat de Séverac, Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi, Albert Roussel, Ricardo Viñes (au piano) et Maurice Ravel.

Bibliographie (ordre chronologique)

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Notice Cipa Godebski dans la base de données Dezède

Écrivain français du XXe siècle
La Revue blanche
Naissance en novembre 1875
Naissance à Varsovie
Décès en avril 1937
Décès en Seine-et-Marne
Décès à 61 ans

Cipa Godebski


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção aos bens culturais do mundo, através do Comité sobre a Proteção do Património Mundial Cultural e Natural, aprovado em 1972. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Mundial existente na Ásia Oriental, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO e elaborada de acordo com dez principais critérios cujos pontos são julgados por especialistas na área. A Ásia Oriental, formada por cinco Estados-parte, é uma das sub-regiões classificadas pela UNESCO, sendo parte integrante da região Ásia e Pacífico.

Para a definição da UNESCO, a Ásia Oriental é composta pelos Estados-parte: China, Coreia do Norte, Coreia do Sul, Japão e Mongólia. Apesar de constituída pelo menor número de Estados-parte, a a sub-região abriga uma grande concentração de sítios classificados, sendo um total de 103 sítios listados no Patrimônio Mundial. A República Popular da China é o país da sub-região com maior quantidade de sítios classificados (total de 55 sítios), seguida pelo Japão (com 25 sítios), Coreia do Sul (com 15 sítios) e Mongólia (com 5 sítios, incluindo um deles compartilhado com a Rússia). A Coreia do Norte, em contrapartida, possui 2 sítios classificados pela UNESCO de interesse Cultural. Os primeiros sítios da sub-região (todos localizados na China) foram inscritos na 11ª Sessão do Comité do Património Mundial, realizada em Paris (França) em 1987. O sítio da sub-região mais recentemente inscrito é Getbol, planícies de maré coreanas (na Coreia do Sul), inscrito na 44ª sessão do Comité do Patrimônio Mundial em Fuzhou (China), em julho de 2021.

Sítios do Patrimônio Mundial
A sub-região da Ásia Oriental conta atualmente com os seguintes lugares declarados como Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO:

Ver também
 Lista do Patrimônio Mundial na Ásia Central
 Lista do Patrimônio Mundial no Sudeste Asiático

Ásia Oriental

Lista do Patrimônio Mundial na Ásia Oriental


was a Japanese poet and creator of the "floating world" genre of Japanese prose (ukiyo-zōshi).

Born as Hirayama Tōgo (平山藤五), the son of a wealthy merchant in Osaka, he first studied haikai poetry under Matsunaga Teitoku and later studied under Nishiyama Sōin of the Danrin school of poetry, which emphasized comic linked verse. Scholars have described numerous extraordinary feats of solo haikai composition at one sitting; most famously, over the course of a single day and night in 1677, Saikaku is reported to have composed at least 16,000 haikai stanzas, with some sources placing the number at over 23,500 stanzas.

Later in life he began writing racy accounts of the financial and amorous affairs of the merchant class and the demimonde. These stories catered to the whims of the newly prominent merchant class, whose tastes of entertainment leaned toward the arts and pleasure districts.

Biography

Ihara Saikaku was born in 1642 into a well-off merchant family in Osaka. From the age of fifteen he composed haikai no renga (linked verse). In 1662 at the age of twenty he became a haikai master. Under the pen name Ihara Kakuei, he began to establish himself as a popular haikai poet. By 1670 he had developed his own distinctive style, using colloquial language to depict contemporary chōnin life. During this time he owned and ran a medium-sized business in Osaka.

In 1673 he changed his pen name to Saikaku. However, the death of his dearly beloved wife in 1675 had an extremely profound impact on him. A few days after her death, in an act of grief and true love, Saikaku started to compose a thousand-verse haikai poem over twelve hours. When this work was published it was called Haikai Single Day Thousand Verse (Haikai Dokugin Ichinichi). It was the first time that Saikaku had attempted to compose such a lengthy piece of literature. The overall experience and success that Saikaku received from composing such a mammoth exercise has been credited with sparking the writer's interest in writing novels.

Shortly after his wife's death, the grief-stricken Saikaku decided to become a lay monk and began to travel all across Japan, thus leaving behind his three children (one of whom was blind) to be cared for by his extended family and his business by his employees. He started his travels after the death of his blind daughter.

In 1677 Saikaku returned to Osaka and had learned of the success his thousand-verse haikai poem had received. From then on he pursued a career as a professional writer. Initially Saikaku continued to produce haikai poetry, but by 1682 he had published The Life of an Amorous Man, the first of his many works of prose fiction.

As Saikaku's popularity and readership began to increase and expand across Japan, so did the amount of literature he published. When he died in 1693, at the age of fifty-one, Saikaku was one of the most popular writers of the entire Tokugawa period. At the time his work was never considered "high" literature because it had been aimed towards and popularised by the chōnin. Nevertheless, Saikaku's work is now celebrated for its significance in the development of Japanese fiction.

Works

Amorous or erotic stories

  (made into the 1952 movie The Life of Oharu by Kenji Mizoguchi)

Townspeople (町人 chōnin) stories

Warrior stories

Sample prose
"Men take their misfortunes to heart, and keep them there.  A gambler does not talk about his losses; the frequenter of brothels, who finds his favorite engaged by another, pretends to be just as well off without her; the professional street-brawler is quiet about the fights he has lost; and a merchant who speculates on goods will conceal the losses he may suffer.  All act as one who steps on dog dung in the dark." —Ihara Saikaku, What the Seasons Brought to the Almanac-Maker (1686)

"In view of our years of intimacy, I am deeply hurt that you should hesitate to die with me. Lest it prove to be a barrier to my salvation in the next life, I decided to include in this final testament all of the grudges against you that have accumulated in me since we first met. First: I made my way at night to your distant residence a total of 327 times over the past three years. Not once did I fail to encounter trouble of some kind. To avoid detection by patrols making their nightly rounds, I disguised myself as a servant and hid my face behind my sleeve, or hobbled along with a cane and lantern dressed like a priest. No one knows the lengths I went to in order to meet you!"  —Ihara Saikaku, Love Letter Sent in a Sea Bass (1687)

Selected translations into English
 de Bary, William Theodore, Five Women Who Loved Love
 Mathers, E. Powys, Comrade Loves of the Samurai (a selection of stories by Ihara translated into English via French)
 Morris, Ivan, The Life of an Amorous Woman and Other Writings
 Schalow, Paul Gordon, The Great Mirror of Male Love
 Stubbs, David C. and Takatsuka, Masanori, This Scheming World

Sources
Encyclopædia Britannica

References

See also

Shudo
The Great Mirror of Male Love

1642 births
1693 deaths
Japanese writers of the Edo period
Writers from Osaka
Japanese novelists
17th-century Japanese novelists
17th-century Japanese poets
17th-century Japanese people

Ihara Saikaku


Leslie Pearce ( - ) est un joueur de rugby gallois et un entraîneur. Il joue pour Swansea RFC et Halifax.

Biographie
Les Pearce naît à Swansea.

Il est l'entraîneur du pays de Galles lors de la Coupe du monde de rugby de 1975. Les Pearce est l'entraîneur d'Halifax lors de la saison 1971-1972 et de Leigh lors de la saison 1972-1973.

Références

Liens externes

 Battle Of Brisbane Players Reunite 40 Years On
 The Welshman who kicked an amazing 535 goals for Halifax
 Dragons and All Blacks: Wales v. New Zealand - 1953 and a Century of Rivalry
 Canterbury's Bid For Mills
 You've Never Had It So Good!: Recollections of Life in the 1950s
 Les joueurs de la bataille de Brisbane se réunissent 40 ans plus tard
 Blast From The Past de Dave Fleming
 A reunion to remember

Joueur gallois de rugby à XV
Joueur gallois de rugby à XIII
Joueur du Swansea RFC
Deuxième ligne (rugby à XV)
Naissance en octobre 1923
Naissance à Swansea
Décès en avril 2018
Décès à 94 ans

Les Pearce


Agrilus subconsularis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1900.

Referências

subconsularis

Agrilus subconsularis


الزبربر بلدية بدائرة الأخضرية ولاية البويرة.

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية البويرة
 دوائر ولاية البويرة

مراجع

زبربر

زبربر


Tinnegrend Station (Tinnegrend stasjon eller Tinnegrend stoppested) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Tinnosbanen, der ligger i området Tinnegrend i Notodden kommune i Norge. Stationen blev oprettet som holdeplads 20. juni 1918 men blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. februar 1954, til trods for at der stadig var et læssespor indtil november 1962. Persontogene ophørte med at betjene stationen 13. juni 2004, men den fremgår dog stadig af Bane Nors stationsoversigt..

Stationsbygningen, der var opført i træ efter tegninger af NSB Arkitektkontor, nedbrændte 2. juli 2012. Bygningen havde i de sidste år været i privat eje men var ubeboet, da branden fandt sted. Bygningens ejer og en bekendt blev efterfølgende dømt i to retsinstanser for ildspåsættelse med henblik på forsikringssvindel.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Tinnosbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1918
Ophørt i 2004

Tinnegrend Station


Enrique Pérez Colman (Paraná, 15 de julio de 1886 - Buenos Aires, 4 de agosto de 1957) fue un abogado, periodista, escritor y político argentino, que ejerció como ministro de Hacienda entre 1928 y 1930, durante la segunda presidencia de Hipólito Yrigoyen.

Biografía

Afiliado en su juventud a la Unión Cívica Radical, fue presidente del Comité de la Juventud de su provincia. Desempeñó brevemente cargos en el Poder Judicial de la misma. En 1912 nació el diario La Libertad, fruto del entusiasmo del radicalismo joven; sus principales redactores fueron Enrique Pérez Colman y el radical Eduardo F. Lemos.

En 1913 graduó de la facultad de derecho. En 1914 fue nombrado al frente de los Registros Civiles de la Provincia. Fue elegido diputado provincial en 1915, colaborando con los primeros gobiernos radicales de su provincia. Fue nombrado presidente del Departamento Provincial del Trabajo.

Como periodista, fue director de El Diario de Paraná (1920-1922) y de la Revista Universitaria de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral. También colaboró con el Diario Santa Fé. Además ayudó eficazmente a Luis David Bonaparte y a las instituciones culturales de la provincia de Santa Fe en las gestiones realizadas para concretar la creación de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Como docente, fue profesor y consejero de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de esa universidad. Fue también miembro correspondiente de la Academia Nacional de la Historia de la República Argentina, en cuyo boletín contribuyó, por ejemplo con un artículo llamado "Reflexiones al margen de las actas históricas del congreso de Entre Ríos de 1821", publicado en 1927.

En 1922 fue elegido vicegobernador de la provincia de Entre Ríos, acompañando al gobernador Ramón Mihura, asumiendo su cargo el 4 de julio de ese año.  Cuando el partido radical se escindió, el gobernador se alineó con la Unión Cívica Radical Antipersonalista, mientras que el vicegobernador permaneció leal al expresidente Hipólito Yrigoyen. Esto ocasionó numerosos enfrentamientos entre partidarios de las dos fracciones, llegando al enfrentamiento electoral directo, en que resultó triunfante el antipersonalismo.

 En 1928, al ser electo Yrigoyen por segunda vez, nombró a Pérez Colman ministro de Hacienda de la Nación. Su mandato coincidió con los efectos mundiales de la Gran Depresión, iniciada en 1929. El estilo político de Yrigoyen, que intentabe centrar toda la estructura gubernamental en su persona, combinado con la avanzada edad del presidente, dieron la impresión de que el gobierno no era capaz de articular ningún tipo de respuesta ante la crisis económica. Esa fue una de las causas del golpe de Estado de 1930, que terminó con el mandato de Yrigoyen.

Algunos sectores (golpistas) de la sociedad no apoyaron a las políticas educativas de Hipólito Yrigoyen. Uno de ellos era Juan Carulla, crítico del comunismo como también del reformismo. Él era partidario de reinstalar los estudios clásicos en el claustro universitario. Contrastante con esta posición, el reformismo yrigoyenista, representado por Enrique Pérez Colman, defendía la reforma universitaria con visión latinoamericanista. En septiembre de 1926 Pérez Colman dio una conferencia en la facultad de derecho de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral, ahí otra vez más expuso su visión latinoamericanista: se refirió a la participación de los universitarios en la tarea constructiva del país, en quienes depositaba sus esperanzas. También se refirió a la civilización de los pueblos, poniendo su esperanza en las naciones sudamericanas, presagiándoles un destino glorioso.

Luego del golpe de Estado el gobierno de Uriburu trató de denunciar ante la justicia argentina a varios miembros importantes del radicalismo. Uriburu inició un proceso por defraudación al fisco contra Pérez Colman. El primero de septiembre de 1933 el juez del fuero federal, Miguel Juntus, dictó su sentencia. El magistrado absolvió de culpa y cargo a Pérez Colman como asimismo a Dardo Pérez Colman.

Pérez Colman se radicó en Buenos Aires, retirándose de la vida política. Tras la revolución de 1943 ingresó a la Justicia Federal, donde ejerció como organizador de los Tribunales del Trabajo; se desempeñó como presidente de la Cámara de Apelaciones de la Justicia del Trabajo de la Capital Federal. Cuatro años más tarde se le ofreció formar parte de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación Argentina, pero no aceptó.

Falleció en Buenos Aires en 1957.

Obras literarias

Véase también
 Golpes de estado en Argentina

Referencias

Abogados de Argentina
Académicos correspondientes de la Academia Nacional de la Historia de la República Argentina
Políticos de la Unión Cívica Radical
Ministros de Economía de Argentina
Economistas de Argentina
Periodistas de Argentina
Escritores de Argentina del siglo XX
Escritores de género masculino de Argentina
Escritores de la provincia de Entre Ríos
Fallecidos en Buenos Aires
Nacidos en Paraná (Argentina)
Vicegobernadores de la provincia de Entre Ríos

Enrique Pérez Colman


An Paspalum cultratum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni S.Denham. An Paspalum cultratum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum cultratum


Seyyid Hasan Nasrallah (d. 30 Ağustos 1960, Arapça: حسن نصرالله) Lübnan'daki Hizbullah örgütünün genel sekreteridir.

Hasan Nasrallah, 31 Ağustos 1960'ta başkent Beyrut'un kuzeydoğusundaki Burç Hamud'da doğdu. 1975 yılında Lübnan İç Savaşı sırasında ailesinin memleketi olan Güney Lübnan'daki El Bazuriye köyüne kaçtı. Orada Şiî Emel Hareketi'ne katıldı. Irak'ta Şiî eğitimi gördü. Daha sonra Lübnan'a dönerek Emel Hareketi'nin lideri Abbas Musavi'nin kurduğu okulda öğrenim gördü. 1982 yılında İsrail'in Lübnan'ı işgal etmesinden sonra Hizbullah örgütüne katıldı ve hayatını İsrail'i Lübnan'dan atma amacına adadı. 1992 yılında Abbas Musavi'nin İsrail tarafından öldürülmesinden sonra Hizbullah'ın genel sekreteri seçildi.

14 Temmuz 2006 tarihinde 2006 Lübnan Savaşı sırasında Hasan Nasrallah'ın birkaç saat önce ziyaret ettiği büro İsrail'in attığı bombalarla imha edildi. Ancak Hasan Nasrallah sağ olarak kurtulmayı başardı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Nasrallah: Hizbullah'ı Yok Etmek Bir Hayaldir

1960 doğumlular
Lübnanlı siyasetçiler
Lübnanlı Şiiler
2006 Lübnan Savaşı
İslamî örgüt liderleri
Yaşayan insanlar

Hasan Nasrallah


Lake Bemidji is a small glacially-formed lake, approximately  in area, in northern Minnesota in the United States. Located less than  downstream from the source of the Mississippi River, it both receives and is drained by the Mississippi, and is the northernmost point on the river.

Name
Lake Bemidji got its name because "Bemidji" refers to the Mississippi River, and how it flows across the lake from west to east. The word Bemidji means "Lake with crossing waters" and in its native Ojibwe it is Bemidjigamaag.

Geography

The lake is located in southern Beltrami County, near the city of Bemidji, which sits on its southwestern shore.  Due to the shape of Lakes Bemidji and Irving, according to folk legends, Lakes Bemidji and Irving were formed in Paul Bunyan's footprint.  The Ojibwe described the Lakes Bemidji and Irving collectively as a single lake being a bimijigamaa (lake that traverses another body of water), thus the Ojibwe name the lake as Bemijigamaag-zaaga'igan (Traversing Lake), since the lake is considered to traverse the Mississippi River.

On occasion in Ojibwe, the city of Bemidji is called Wabigamaang (at the lake channel/narrows), since part of the city is situated on the Lakes Bemidji-Irving narrows, located on the south end of Lake Bemidji.

Lake Bemidji resides in the upper Mississippi River drainage basin. Over  of the Upper Mississippi watershed drain into Lake Bemidji. The lake has roughly 15 miles of shoreline.

Ecology
The littoral zone of Lake Bemidji covers roughly 28% of the total lake area.  There are no invasive species known in the lake as of 2017.

The water clarity (assessed using a Secchi disk) ranges from 2.5 to 21.0, with a maximum reading usually obtained in early summer. Transparency is high in May and June and declines through August. The transparency then rebounds in October after fall turnover. This transparency dynamic is typical of a northern Minnesota lake. The lake has been classified as eutrophic by the Beltrami County Soil and Water Conservation District.

There are many fish species that inhabit Lake Bemidji, including: black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, brown bullhead, burbot, green sunfish, hybrid sunfish, lake whitefish, largemouth bass, Lepomis sp., muskellunge, northern pike, pumpkinseed, rock bass, tullibee (cisco), walleye, yellow bullhead, yellow perch, bowfin (dogfish), greater redhorse, redhorse, shorthead redhorse, white sucker, banded killifish, blackchin shiner, blacknose shiner, bluntnose minnow, brassy minnow, brook stickleback, central mudminnow, common shiner, fathead minnow, finescale dace, golden shiner, Iowa darter, Johnny darter, logperch, longnose dace, mimic shiner, spottail shiner, tadpole madtom.

Early history
The Beltrami County Historical Society documents that "The first residents of the Bemidji area in recorded history were Native Americans who settled Northern Minnesota following the retreat of the glaciers around 10,000 years ago." Evidence of the retreating glaciers exists today in Bemidji's lush wilderness, Lake Bemidji, and other bodies of water found within Beltrami County. As time progressed, the Bemidji area (as well as Lake Bemidji) became inhabited by different Native American tribes.  First, the Dakota (who settled in the 1600s) followed by the Ojibwe in the 1700s. The Ojibwe would ultimately become the presiding tribe throughout the 1700s and into the 1800s.

Chief Shaynowishkung
Historical leader Chief Shaynowishkung (Chief Bemidji) of the Ojibwe was born in 1834 and died in 1904. The Beltrami County Historical Society documents that "Shaynowishkung's people came from Madeline Island originally, moving to Sandy Lake, then Winnibigoshish, finally settling along the shore of Bemijigamaag." According to the plaques which are engraved near Shaynowishkung's Honorary Statue (located near the south side of Lake Bemidji), the chief moved to Lake Bemidji in 1882 after the death of his wife. In 1888, he was first reported to have contact with neighboring white settlers. During their first meeting, the local namesake "Chief Bemidji" was wrongfully given by European immigrants due to what the Beltrami Historical Society documents as "early miscommunication" as when "Shaynowishkung told them the name of the lake [Bemijigamaag], which they at first took to be his name". As a result, he became known "throughout his life as Chief Bemidji."

Logging Mills

As time progressed, the main economic source of the Bemidji area became logging mills. The Crookston Sawmill opened in 1903 and was located along the south shore of Lake Bemidji. The sawmill was one of the first prominent logging industries within the Bemidji area and soon expanded tremendously. In the year 1910, Crookston Sawmill had become the second largest sawmill in the country, expanding Bemidji's economy (volume of business) to 18th within the state. Unfortunately, timber production made the sawmill prone to fire. The fires which took place at the sawmill during the 1910s and early 1920s which burned the mills to the ground twice foreshadowed the final fire of the newly rebuilt Crookston mill #1. According to Historian Rosemary Given-Amble, "on November 8, 1924, 24 million board feet of select white pine, valued at $750,000, was destroyed at the second Crookston #1 fire. Heat was so intense it caused whirlwinds that tossed burning lumber across the lake."

Drought

According to historian Rosemary Given Amble, "The era between 1907-1910 brought years of drought and local forest fires to northern Minnesota. Because of that dryness the south and north basins of Lake Bemidji were often separated by a sandbar extending from Diamond Point to the east lakeshore, making it difficult to move log booms from the north end of the lake to the mill."

Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox
The Beltrami Historical society accounts that "Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox were commissioned to be built in 1936 and were unveiled January 15th 1937."  Ever since, the 18 foot lumberjack and his faithful ox have christened the south shore of Lake Bemidji with their presence.

The Bemidji Chamber of Commerce documents that "As some stories go, the idea of building a giant statue of the town's lumberjack son was conceived over sharing a pint (or two). 737 man hours, and 2.5 tons later, a national tourism legend was proudly born. After more than 50 years of towering Lake Bemidji, the statues were officially honored by the National Park Service as a cultural resource worthy of preservation, adding them to the National Register of Historic Places. Today, the statues of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox are recognized as the second most photographed roadside attraction in the nation."

Recreation
The lake is a popular recreational and resort destination. Activities to do on and near the lake include fishing, boating, swimming, water-skiing, tubing, and hiking. Lake Bemidji State Park is along its northern shore. The north trailhead of Paul Bunyan State Trail is located at the state park and adjoins with 16.6 miles of paved trail which runs along the shores of the lake. Historian Rosemary Given-Amble also accounts that the lake is home to some of the largest parks in Bemidji including Diamond Point Park, Cameron Park, Library Park, and South Shore Park. Today, the lake is home to two resorts, a bed and breakfast, Lake Bemidji State Park campground, and multiple hotels situated along the south shore development. The south shore development is a growing infrastructure which is home to multiple businesses, housing complexes, South Shore park, and the Sanford Center.

See also
Bemidji, Minnesota
Lake Itasca
Mississippi River
Schoolcraft River
List of Minnesota lakes
Paul Bunyan
Lake Bemidji State Park

References

External links

Bemidji
Bemidji
Bemidji
Minnesota folklore

Lake Bemidji


Cornelia Kernbach-Tatușescu, cunoscută și drept "Cornelia din Moldova" () a fost o poetă și doctor român.

Date biografice
A fost fiica lui Iosif Kernbach, funcționar la primărie, și a Oliviei, și soră mai mică a poetului George Kernbach (Gheorghe din Moldova). A absolvit liceul Național din Iași iar apoi a urmat Facultatea de Medicină din București, obținându-și doctoratul în 1893 cu teza de doctorat Convulsiuni infantile. Studiu experimental și clinic.

Este una dintre primele femei care lucrează ca medic în România, ea profesând la Eforia Spitalelor Civile din București. Ca profesoară de igienă a publicat în 1912 manualul Noțiuni de medicină și farmacie populară.

Activitate literară
Debutează cu versuri la "Revista nouă" cu care avea să colaboreze între 1891 și 1893. Publică și în revistele literare ale vremii: "Litere și arte", "Curierul român", "Revista literară", "Familia", "Universul", "Viața românească", "Dochia", "Arhiva", "Literatură și artă română". Este una dintre fondatorele revistei "Altițe și bibiluri".

Publică, sub pseudonimul "Cornelia din Moldova", în 1916 singurul volum de versuri, Câte au fost, ilustrat de Alexandru Satmari și Jean Alexandru Steriadi.

Note

Bibliografie
 Sasu, Aurel (ed.) - Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, vol. I, editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 2004
 Stănuța, Crețu - Dicționarul literaturii române de la origini pînă la 1900, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, București, 1979

Nașteri în 1866
Decese în 1933
Poeți români din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori români din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitoare din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitoare române
Medici-femei din România
Femei de știință din secolul al XX-lea

Cornelia Kernbach-Tatușescu


Julie Top-Nørgaard (født 1974) er en dansk forfatter og klummeskribent.

Hun har skrevet for Politiken og Information.

Udgivelser
 Kroppen er en si (2018)
 Jeg går i min fars støvler (2016)
 Så forbandet klog (2016)

Selvbiografer fra Danmark
Romanforfattere fra Danmark
Kvindelige forfattere i det 21. århundrede
Journalister fra Danmark

Julie Top-Nørgaard


Aflorimentul Chetrosu este un monument al naturii de tip geologic sau paleontologic în raionul Drochia, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat la vest de satul Chetrosu, lângă autostrada Drochia-Soroca. Are o suprafață de 25 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Primăria satului Chetrosu.

Referințe

Chetrosu, Aflorimentul
Raionul Drochia

Aflorimentul Chetrosu


Dembowski ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite östlich des Sinus Medii, südöstlich des Kraters Triesnecker und nordöstlich von Godin. Der Kraterrand ist stark erodiert, der nordöstliche Teil und das Innere ist von einem Lavafluss überdeckt.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem italienischen Astronomen Ercole Dembowski offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Dembowski auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Dembowski (Mondkrater)