A cancelled to order (also called and abbreviated CTO) postage stamp, philatelic symbol , is a stamp the issuing postal service has cancelled (marked as used), but has not traveled through the post, but instead gets handed back to a stamp collector or dealer. They can come from withdrawn stocks of stamps cancelled in sheets and sold as remainders or from new sheets for sale at reduced rates to the stamp trade. Postal services of various countries do this in response to collector demand, or to preclude stamps issued for the collector market being used on mail. Some of the history of CTOs is from stamps being given to collectors on an approval basis, in person or through mailings; the first CTOs began in the late 19th century.

Background
While some collectors value mint postage stamps, others prefer to collect stamps that have been used. In practice, it is slow and difficult to build a comprehensive collection by removing stamps from mailed envelopes, so modern postal administrations accommodate collectors by offering new stamps already cancelled. The advantage for collectors is that the stamps count as officially used without being subjected to the stress of actually going through the mail. Also, the postal service can arrange a relatively light and unobtrusive cancellation mark.

Postmarked to order
Similar to cancel to order is postmarked to order which occurs when the stamps are purchased at full value, placed on a piece of mail, and then cancelled by the clerk on request. The mail then is handed back to the customer instead of traveling through the post. This is sometimes called favour cancellation, or hand-back,. Some countries' postal regulations permit this and others forbid it. It is misleading because the cancelled envelope appears to have gone through the mails though it has not. For instance, it is missing additional postal markings typically applied to real mail.

Misuse of cancellations
An illegitimate practice related to CTOs involves deliberate misuse of cancellation devices to make a stamp appear used. This typically happens for stamps from remote places, or that were in use for only short periods. Used stamps can be more valuable than unused, sometimes by an order of magnitude. This form of philatelic forgery may involve use of rare types of canceling devices, unusual dates in postmarks, and so forth.

Topical issues
Another form of CTO is especially common in countries that try to make money from collectors by issuing large numbers of topical stamps. To make more sales, the stamps must be inexpensive, but if the issuing postal service prices them below face value, commercial mailers could use them to save money by routing their mail through the issuing country, financially hurting the issuer. So these countries issue most of their collector stamps as CTOs. It is easy to recognize such stamps. The cancellation is neat, usually in one corner without a town name, and the gum is still present.

Some countries, such as the emirates that later joined the United Arab Emirates, went further and printed the cancellation directly onto the stamp with the rest of the design. Many collectors do not consider these authentic stamps, and some catalogs categorize them separately.

Modern issues
Many modern stamp issues are hard to find genuinely postally used. Due to this, catalogs such as Stanley Gibbons only list modern issues of some countries as cancelled-to-order.

References

Postal markings
Philatelic terminology

Cancelled-to-order


An Fimbristylis tetragona in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Fimbristylis tetragona in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis tetragona


Dado Coletti, poznat i pod umjetničkim imenom Riccardo Broccoletti (Rim, 27. kolovoza 1974.), talijanski je filmski glumac, glasovni glumac te radijski i televizijski voditelj.

Biografija
Upisan je u školu Enzo Garinei, debitira u Teatro Sistina, a studij je nastavio pohađajući tečajeve mimike i sinkronizacije.

Kao protagonist dječje televizije 1991. je radio za Disney Club, gdje je ostao do 1994., a zatim mu se vratio godinu dana poslije do 1999. u paru s Francescom Barberini. Te godine također je na programu Rai Uno vodio televizijsku emisiju Big!.

Godine 1999. prvi se put pojavio kao televizijski glumac u seriji Morte di una ragazza perbene: (smrt ugledne djevojke), u režiji Luigija Perellija. Trenutno je radijski voditelj na radijskoj stanici Rai Isoradio.

Filmografija

Kino
 I laureati (1995.)
 South Kensington (2001.)
 Moj život sa zvijezdama i prugama (2003.)

Talijanski filmski glumci
Talijanski umjetnici

Dado Coletti


An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working. The most common organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. Occupational injuries can result from exposure to occupational hazards (physical, chemical, biological, or psychosocial), such as temperature, noise, insect or animal bites, blood-borne pathogens, aerosols, hazardous chemicals, radiation, and occupational burnout.

While many prevention methods are set in place, injuries may still occur due to poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, and inadequate safety training.

Worldwide
It has been estimated that worldwide there are more than 350,000 workplace fatalities and more than 270 million workplace injuries annually. In 2000 there were approximately 2.9 billion workers worldwide. Occupational injuries resulted in the loss of 3.5 years of healthy life for every 1,000 workers. 300,000 of the occupational injuries resulted in a fatality.

The most common occupations associated with these hazards vary throughout the world depending on the major industries in a particular country. Overall, the most hazardous occupations are in farming, fishing, and forestry. In more developed countries, construction  and manufacturing  occupations are associated with high rates of spine, hand, and wrist injuries.

By country

United States
In the United States in 2012, 4,383 workers died from job injuries, 92% of which were men, and nearly 3 million nonfatal workplace injuries & illness were reported which cost businesses a collective loss of $198.2 billion and 60 million workdays. In 2007, 5,488 workers died from job injuries, 92% of which were men, and 49,000 died from work-related injuries. NIOSH estimates that 4 million workers in the U.S. in 2007 sustained non-fatal work related injuries or illnesses.

According to data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an average of 15 workers die from traumatic injuries each day in the United States, and an additional 200 workers are hospitalized.

In a study in the state of Washington, injured workers were followed for 14 years to determine the long term effects of work injury on employment. The work injuries resulted in an average of 1.06 years of lost productivity for each of the 31,588 allowed claims.

In 2010, 25% of occupational injuries and illnesses that were not fatal but caused work absences were related to injuries to the upper limb.

Dangerous sectors
In the U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics makes available extensive statistics on workplace accidents and injuries. For example:

Common injuries
As in the United Kingdom, slips, trips and falls (STF) are common and account for 20-40% of disabling occupational injuries. Often these accidents result in a back injury that can persist to a permanent disability. In the United States, a high risk of back injuries occurs in the health care industry. 25% of reported injuries in health care workers in the state of Pennsylvania are for back pain. Among nurses, the prevalence of lower back pain may be as high as 72% mostly as a result of transferring patients. Some of these injuries can be prevented with the availability of patient lifts, improved worker training, and allocation of more time to perform work procedures. Another common type of injury is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with overuse of the hands and wrists. Studies on a cohort of newly hired workers have thus far identified forceful gripping, repetitive lifting of > 1 kg, and using vibrating power tools as high risk work activities.

Additionally, noise exposure in the workplace can cause hearing loss, which accounted for 14% of reported occupational illnesses in 2007. Many initiatives have been created to prevent this common workplace injury. For example, the Buy Quiet program encourages employers to purchase tools and machines that produce less noise and the Safe-In-Sound Award was created to recognize companies and program that excel in the area of hearing loss prevention.

Accidental injection or needlestick injuries are a common injury that plague agriculture workers and veterinarians. The majority of these injuries are located to the hands or legs, and can result in mild to severe reactions, including possible hospitalization. Due to the wide variety of biologics used in animal agriculture, needlestick injuries can result in bacterial or fungal infections, lacerations, local inflammation, vaccine/antibiotic reactions, amputations, miscarriage, and death. Due to daily human-animal interactions, livestock related injuries are also a prevalent injury of agriculture workers, and are responsible for the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on dairy farms. Additionally, approximately 30 people die of cattle and horse-related deaths in the United States annually.

Employees at risk

Perhaps the most important personal factor that predisposes to an increased risk is age. In the United States in 1998 17 million workers were over age 55 and by 2018 this population is expected to more than double. Workers in this age group are more likely to develop lower back pain that may be worsened by work conditions that normally do not affect a younger worker. Older workers are also more likely by be killed in a construction related fall. They are also at higher risk for injury due to age-related hearing loss, visual impairment, and use of multiple prescription medications that has been linked to higher rates of work injuries.  In addition to age, other personal risk factors for injury include obesity  particularly its associated risk with back injury, and depression.

Lack of proper education or training can also predispose an individual to an occupational injury. For example, there is limited needlestick injury awareness among agriculture workers, and there is a need for comprehensive programs to prevent needlestick injuries on livestock operations. Proper animal handling techniques and training, or stockmanship, can also decrease the risk of livestock injury. A handler's timing, positioning, speed, direction of movement, and sounds made will affect the behavior of an animal and consequently the safety of the handler. The agriculture industry has begun to focus more on proper education and training, and has made a variety of resources available to producers. For example, organizations like the Upper Midwest Agriculture Safety and Health Center (UMASH) have a variety of informational fact sheets and training videos easily accessible online. Additionally, organizations like Beef Quality Assurance offers stockmanship training seminars and demonstrations.

Regulation
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets and enforces national standards for occupational safety across all sectors.

United Kingdom
In the UK, a total of 111 fatal injuries happened in a single year. According to the HSE, a total of 111 workers died in work related injuries in the UK during 2019–20. The biggest cause for these fatal injuries was falling from heights that alone was responsible for 29 deaths during the same year. Other causes include injuries from moving vehicles and other objects, and contact with the moving machinery.

In the United Kingdom in 2013–2014, 133 people were killed at work. Of those 133 people, 89 were employed, while 44 were self-employed. In 2013–2014, an estimated 629,000 injuries occurred at work. Of these injuries 629,000 injuries, 203,000 led to more than 3 days absence from work. Of these, over 148,000 resulted in them being absent from work for more than 7 days. In the UK, there are workplace injury advice guides online offering support on dealing with occupational injuries.

Dangerous sectors
 Construction: 42 deaths
 Agriculture: 27 deaths
 Waste and Recycling: four deaths
 Other: 60 deaths

Of all the workplace accidents that resulted in death, the most common were falls from height, contact with moving machinery and being struck by a vehicle. These types of accidents resulted in over half of all recorded deaths.

Common injuries

Slips, trips and falls account for over a third of all injuries that happen at work. Incorrect handling of items was the most common cause of injuries that led to absences from work of more than 7 days. In 2010–2011, injuries to the upper limb injuries made up 47% of non-fatal injuries at work in the UK.

In all, over 1,900,000 working days were lost in 2013–2014 due to slips, trips and falls.

Employees at risk

Unsurprisingly, occupation is the biggest influence on the risk of workplace injuries. Workers new to the job are at a much higher risk of injury than more experienced staff, while shift workers and part-time staff also have a greater risk of being injured at work.

Employer prosecutions
The Health & Safety Executive (HSE) prosecuted 582 cases in 2013–2014, with at least one conviction secured in 547 cases (94%).

Local authorities prosecuted a total of 92 cases during the same period, with at least one conviction achieved in 89 cases (97%).

A total of 13,790 notices were issued by the HSE and local authorities, with over £16,700,000 issued in fines.

Taiwan
Traumatic injuries to the upper limbs are the most frequent type of injury at work in Taiwan. In 2010, there were 14,261 occupational injuries recorded in 2010 and 45% of these involved trauma to the upper limbs.

Prevention

There are many methods of preventing or reducing industrial injuries, including anticipation of problems by risk assessment, safety training, control banding, personal protective equipment safety guards, mechanisms on machinery, and safety barriers. In addition, past problems can be analyzed to find their root causes by using a technique called root cause analysis. A 2013 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence showing that inspections, especially focused inspections, can reduce work-related injuries in the long term.

See also
 Occupational safety and health
 Occupational disease
 Occupational exposure banding
 Safety culture
 Work accident

References

External links
 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Charts, 1992-2012
 NIOSH Publications on Traumatic Occupational Injury Topics (2008-2009), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational diseases
Injuries

Occupational injury


Brajići  su naseljeno mjesto u općini Travnik, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Nalazi se istočno od općinskog središta, u dolini Bile, pritoke Lašve.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 625

 Muslimani - 578
 Hrvati - 43
 Jugoslaveni - 2
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 2

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 628

 Bošnjaci - 600
 Hrvati - 24
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 4

Izvori

Naselja u županiji Središnja Bosna
Travnik

Brajići (Travnik, BiH)


Santino Marella () este un fost luptător , care și-a început cariera în RAW în anul 2000 , acesta a luptat cu diverși luptători precum , John Cena , Batista , Kane , The Miz , etc . Acesta și-a încheiat cariera în anul 2014 , după ce a anunțat că se retrage .

Note

Legături externe

 Anthony Carelli at TV.com

Nașteri pe 14 martie
Nașteri în 1974
Wrestleri canadieni
Romano-catolici canadieni
Oameni în viață

Santino Marella


Der Unterhof Gilsa ist ein Gutshof mit Herrenhaus in Gilsa, einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Neuental im nordhessischen Schwalm-Eder-Kreis.

Bau
Die Anlage befindet sich unmittelbar östlich der Patronatskirche am Nordrand des Dorfes. Sie war Stammsitz des Astes "Gilsa-Unterhof" des örtlichen Adelsgeschlechts derer von und zu Gilsa, das sich im 16. Jahrhundert in zwei große Äste, "Gilsa-Oberhof" und "Gilsa-Unterhof", teilte und neben der alten Wasserburg der Familie, heute Mittelhof genannt, die beiden benachbarten Hofsitze Oberhof und Unterhof erbaute.

Der Unterhof ist eine weitläufige und an allen vier Seiten umbaute Hofanlage, mit Herrenhaus und Wirtschaftsgebäuden, und wird noch heute als landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb im Besitz der Familie von und zu Gilsa betrieben. Das Fachwerk-Herrenhaus mit Zwerchhaus in der Mittelachse wurde um 1700 errichtet; bemerkenswert ist die quergeteilte und repräsentativ geschnitzte Haustür von 1809.

Privatfriedhof
Am bewaldeten Hang nördlich des Unterhofes richteten die Freiherren von und zu Gilsa um 1920 einen Privatfriedhof ein, mit monumentalem Treppenaufgang und Friedhofsportal.

Literatur
 Werner Ide: Von Adorf bis Zwesten. Ortsgeschichtliches Taschenbuch für den Kreis Fritzlar-Homberg. A. Bernecker Verlag, Melsungen 1971, S. 138

Weblinks
 Familienbezogene Häuser, bei Gilsa-online.de
 Gilsa im Bild, bei gilsa-online.de

Gilsa
Neuental
Unternehmen (Schwalm-Eder-Kreis)
Gilsa (Adelsgeschlecht)

Unterhof Gilsa


Bélgica participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022, realizados em Pequim, na China.

Foi a 22.ª aparição do país em Olimpíadas de Inverno. Foi representado por 19 atletas, sendo 11 homens e oito mulheres.

Competidores

Medalhas
Estes foram os medalhistas desta edição:

Desempenho

Masculino

Feminino

Feminino

Masculino

Masculino

Feminino

Masculino

Feminino

Masculino

Feminino

Feminino

Feminino

Ligações externas

Belgica
2022
Desporto na Bélgica em 2022

Bélgica nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022


El marquesado de Moyá de la Torre es un título nobiliario español creado el 11 de febrero de 1703  por el rey Felipe V a favor de Ramón Dalmau de Copons y de Grimau.

Marqueses de Moyá de la Torre

Historia de los marqueses de Moyá de la Torre

 Ramón Dalmau de Copons y de Grimau, I marqués de Moyá de la Torre. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Agustín de Copons y Copons de Berardo, II marqués de Moyá de la Torre y gentilhombre de cámara del rey. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Gaietá de Copons y Oms Santa Pau, III marqués de Moyá de la Torre. Le sucedió su hermano:

 José de Copons y Oms, IV marqués de Moyá de la Torre. Le sucedió su hija:

 María Josefa de Copons y Cartellá, V marquesa de Moyá de la Torre. Le sucedió su hija:

 María de Sarriera y de Copons, VI marquesa de Moyá de la Torre.

 Rehabilitado en 1924 por

 María del Pilar de Ponsich y de Sarriera (Barcelona, 9 de septiembre de 1887-6 de diciembre de 1952), VII marquesa de Moyá de la Torre, hija de José María de Ponsich y Castells y María del Milagro de Sarriera y de Milans.
 Casó el 29 de mayo de 1909, en Barcelona, con Bernardo Ignacio de Olives y Olives (Ciudadela 8 de febrero de 1881-Barcelona, 30 de marzo de 1966), V conde de Torre Saura. Le sucedió, en 1954, su hijo:

 Gabriel de Olives y de Ponsich (m. 21 de noviembre de 1954), VIII marqués de Moyá de la Torre y VI conde de Torre Saura. Soltero, sin descendientes, le sucedió, en 1956, su hermano:

 José María de Olives y de Ponsich (Barcelona, 7 de junio de 1914-Barcelona, 17 de enero de 1995), IX marqués de Moyá de la Torre, VII conde de Torre Saura, caballero de la Real Maestranza de Caballería de Valencia  y caballero de honor y devoción de la Orden de Malta.

 María de las Mercedes de Foncuberta y Samá (1936-Barcelona, 1 de octubre de 2021), X marquesa de Moyá de la Torre.
 Casó con José Ramón Pérez Domingo (m. 14 de agosto de 2022). Sucedió su hijo:

 José Luis Pérez de Fontcuberta, XI marqués de Moyá de la Torre.

Referencias

Moyá de la Torre

Marquesado de Moyá de la Torre


En pilespids er en spids for enden af en pil, der sættes på for at gøre den dødelig eller til at opfylde særlige formål. De tidligste pilespidser var lavet af sten og af organisk materiale. I takt med at civilisationerne udviklede ny teknologi blev pilespidserne fremstillet i andet materiale som bronze, jern og stål. Pilespidser er vigtige arkæologiske genstande; de er en underklasse af projektilspidser. Moderne entusiaster "producerer over enmillion nye spyd- og pilespidser om året".

Historie

De ældste pilespidser der er fundet er fremstillet af sten, og de kan dateres mere end 64.000 år tilbage, og blev udgravet i lag af gamle sedimenter i Sibuduhulen i Sydafrika. Undersøgelser fandt rester af blod og benrester, samt lim lavet af en plantebaseret harpils, der blev brugt til at fastgøre pilespidserne på et træskaft. Dette indikerer kognitivt krævende tænkning, for at fremstille lim til dette formål.

Over hele kloden har man fund fra stenalderen af pilespidser i sten. Typerne flint, obsidian eller chert er de mest fremherskende, med lokale præferencer alt efter hvilken type undergrund der har været i området. Spidserne er fremstillet ved flinthugning, hvor der hugges stykke eller flager af en større sten, for at forme den til en pilespids. Formen og tilhugningen af disse pilespidser har udviklet sig igennem stenalderen, og kan derfor bruges til datering af andre fund fra samme område. I stenalderen har man også benyttet spidser af ben som man har skåret og slebet i form til en spids. Disse er ligeledes blevet bevaret, da det er svært nedbrydeligt materiale. "Jagt med bue og pil kræver kompliceret planlægning på flere niveauer i indsamling af materialer og fremstilling af værktøj der indikerer innovative sociale færdigheder og avanceret kommunikation."

Da bronze begyndte at bliver udvundet, gik man over til også at støbe pilespidser i dette materiale. Dette gjorde det muligt at udvikle formen på spidserne yderligere, og fremstille mere specialiserede pile til særlige formål. I bronzealderen brugte man stadig spidser af sten, da bronze var et dyrt materiale som ikke var bredt tilgængeligt.

I jernalderen begyndte man at bruge jern til pilespidser, og disse blev smedet, frem for at støbe dem som man gjorde med bronze. Jern blev det primære materiale til pilespidser i de følgende mange hundrede år i det omfang at stål ikke blev brugt. Der findes derfor pilespidser i jern fra jernalderen og helt op til moderne tid. I moderne tid har man også fremstillet pilespidser i højkvalitets stål samt af messing.

Design
Pilespidser bliver fastgjort til et pileskaft, og bliver skudt afsted med en bue. Spidser i lignende form kan sættes på spyd og enten kastes direkte med hånden, eller ved hjælp af en atlatl.

Pilespidsen er den primære funktionelle del på en pil, og den spiller den største rolle i henhold til anvendelsen af pilen. På nogle pile kan blot være skaftet, der er spidset til i den ene ende, mens der for andre kan bliver fremstillet pilespidser i metal, horn, sten eller andre hårde materialer.

Pilespidser kan enten sættes på skaftet som en hætte (også kaldet en dølle) eller en tang, der går ned i skaftet selve skaftet. Der findes også typer, hvor skaftet splittes og spidsen sættes ned og fastgøres. Pilespidser med dølle sætte over enden af skaftet og kan blive sat fast med lim. I middelalderens Europa blev pilespidser ofte sat fast med smeltet voks fra et lys, kort inden de blev affyret. Dette gjorde at spidsen nemt ville hevet af skaftet, hvis en fjende der var ramt, forsøgte at hive pile ud igen. Splittede skafter kræver at spidsen bliver sat fast med sene, snor eller lignende.

Moderne pilespidser til jagt findes i mage forskellige størrelser og typer. Mange nutidige bueskytter benytter moderne stål med højt carbonindhold til spidser af mere traditionelle typer, som man bruge i stenalderen eller middelalderen.

Varianter

Pilespidser bliver normalt kategoriseret som følger:
 Bodkinspidser er korte kraftige pilespidser med et lille tværsnit. De blev fremstillet i uhærdet jern, og blev brugt på både lang og kort afstand. Tidligere er det blevet foreslået, at bodkinspidser blev brugt for at kunne penetrere rustning, men nyere forskning viser, at der ikke var hærdede bodkinspidser, så de er sandsynligvis blevet designet med denne form for at øge rækkeviden, eller for at gøre dem simplere og billigere at producere i forhold til broadhead-spidser. I moderne test har direkte skud med hærdede bodkinspidser i stål penetreret ringbrynje i damasceret stål. Buer havde dog ganske lille effekt på pladerustning, som blev udbredt bland riddere i slutningen af 1300-tallet.
 Bluntspidser er ikke spidse pilespidser, der bruges til forskellige typer bueskydning, heriblandt jagt på mindre dyr, hvor man ikke ønsker at ødelægge pelsen eller forsøger at lamslå dyret frem for at slå de ihjel. I moderne tid bliver bluntspidser typisk lavet af metal eller hård gummi, men tidligere har man også lavet dem i træ.
 Judospidser har små stykke metaltråd der går ud fra siden af spidsen. De er beregnet til at skyde efter mål tæt ved jorden, da metaltrådene vil fange i græsset eller jorden og gør at pilen ikke forsvinder ned i underlaget. Disse bruges til træning og mindre vildt.

 Broadheadspidser blev brugt til krig, og benyttes stadig til jagt. De findes med både to, tre og fire skarpe blade. Middelalderlige broadheadspidser blev både fremstillet i jern og i stål, og nogle gange med hærdede kanter. De havde normalt to til fire skarpe blade der var designet til at lave stor skade, så offeret ville bløde så meget som muligt. Deres funktion var at lave et bredt sår der blev skåret op for at dræbe så hurtigt som muligt. Broadheads med tre blade " der er sat med 120° graders mellemrum. de er blev brugt både i Europa og i Mellemøsten, men har været mindre udbredte i Sydøstasien. De er dyre, idet fremstillingen er vanskelig, og de ødelægger typisk målet, så de bruges sjældent til træning. I moderne tid benyttes to forskellige typer broadheads af jægere; "fikserede broadheads" og "mekaniske broadheads". På fikserede broadheads sidder bladene fast, og kan ikke flyttes, mens de mekaniske slår bladene ud, når målet rammes.

De mekaniske spidser flyver bedre, da de er mere strømlinede og aerodynamiske, men penetrerer mindre, da noget af den kinetiske energi bliver brugt til at slå bladene ud.
 Targetspidser er projektilformede spidser, der er designet til konkurrencer uden at gøre stor skade på målet.
 Feltspidser (field head) minder om targetspidser men har en "skulder", der gør at de ikke penetrerer målet særlig dybt, hvilket gør dem nemmere at trække ud efterfølgende. De bruges også til træning af jægere, da de har nogenlunde samme flyveegenskaber og vægt som broadheads, men uden sætte sig meget fast i træer eller lignende hvis målet ikke rammes, såldes at de er nemmere at fjerne igen.
 Sikkerhedspile fremstilles i forskellige former til reenactmentkampe og liverollespil så de laver så lidt skade som muligt på personer. Disse pile kan være meget store og/eller polstrede. I kombination med buer med begrænset trækvægt og disse spidser giver de færre skader ved brug under kampe. Størrelsen og materialet kan variere alt efter deltagere, og hvilke risici deltagerne kan acceptere. Eksempelvis foreskriver SCA's regler at man bruger mindst 1,25" i diameter, med buer der ikke må have en trækvægt på over   ved et træk på  mod personer med rustning.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Bueskydning

Pilespids


Çeşme, borularla gelen suyun bir oluk ya da musluktan aktığı düzenek. Evin mutfak, banyo, tuvalet gibi kısımlarında bulunduğu gibi umumi çeşmeler de vardır. Genellikle yol kenarlarında herkesin yararlanması için yapılan çeşmelerin yanı sıra bazen mahalle, köy meydanı, yayla gibi ortak yaşam alanlarında da bulunur.

Farsça kökenli gözyaşı anlamına gelen çeşm kelimesinden türemiştir.

Tarihî çeşmeler

Osmanlı kentinin fiziki yapısında çeşmeler önemli bir yere sahiptir. Kentte hemen her mahallede en az bir çeşmenin bulunması gerekiyordu. Mahalle dokusunun oluşumunda ve gelişiminde çeşmeler belirleyici unsurlardan birisidir. Çoğunlukla düz kenar ve saçak silmeleriyle kuşatılan çeşme cepheleri, sâde görünümlü, düz-masif tasarımlara sahiptir. Sokak çeşmeleri tek, iki ve üç cepheli tasarımlar sergilerler. Mevcut çeşmeler arasında; bağımsız, bir duvarın yüzeyine ya da
iki sokağın kesiştiği köşeye yerleştirilmiş örnekler bulunmaktadır. Çeşmelerin büyük bir bölümünde su haznesi bulunmaktadır.

Malzeme ve teknik
Selçuklu ve Osmanlı devri yapılarında; taş, mermer, tuğla, kiremit, kerpiç, alçı, harç, ahşap, demir ve kurşun türündeki yapı malzemeleri kullanılmıştır. Günümüzde ise daha çok demir, paslanmaz çelik, pirinç ve daha değişik metaller kullanılmaktadır. Kulplu, kulpsuz gibi farklı tasarımları mevcuttur.

Çoban çeşmeleri

Çoban çeşmeleri yerleşim alanlarından uzakta bulunan ve gelen geçen yolcuların, çobanların ve hayvanların su içmeleri için yapılmış basit yapılardır. Anadolu'nun köylerinde bir simge haline gelmiş çeşmeler birçok olaya da özellikle de efsaneleşmiş sevda hikâyelerinde ve şiirlerde geçmektedir. Genellikle su akan, ve suyu biriktiren iki kısımdan oluşan bu yapılarda: su akan kısımı genelde taş yapı, suyu biriktiren ve hayvanların sulanmasına yarayan yalak kısmı ise beton veya gövdesi oyulmuş tomruk'tan yapılmıştır.

Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel'in "Çoban çeşmesi" adlı bir şiiri de vardır. Bu şiir bestelenmiş ve şarkı yapılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Zehri Çeşmesi
 Derecik (coğrafya)
 Kaynak (coğrafya)
 Nymphaeum
 Sebil
 Artezyen

Kaynakça

Su

Peyzaj bahçe özellikleri
Farsçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler
Açık hava heykelleri
Peyzaj mimarlığı
Kamu sanatı
Mimari öğeler

Çeşme


Petrus Wesseling (auch: Peter Wesselingius, Weßeling; * 7. Januar 1692 in Burgsteinfurt; † 9. November 1764 in Utrecht) war ein deutscher Philologe und Rechtswissenschaftler.

Leben
Der Sohn des wohlhabenden Bürgers Gerhard Wesseling und der Anna Reiners hatte bereits in seinem zehnten Lebensjahr seinen Vater verloren. Er kam daher zu seinem Onkel nach Emden, wo er die Lateinschule besuchte und später das Gymnasium Arnoldinum in Steinfurt frequentierte. Hier widmete er sich bereits einem intensiven Studium der Sprachen und setzte sich mit theologischen Themen auseinander. Seine bedeutendsten Lehrer waren zu jener Zeit August Houck (1677/79–1716), Werner Justinus Pagenstecher (1671–1742) und Arnold Visch (auch: Fischer, –1717). Nachdem er seine Abschlussdisputation theologica de petra in Matthaei evang. XVI. 18 abgehalten hatte, immatrikulierte er sich am 27. Oktober 1712 an der Universität Leiden, wo er zwei Jahre lang die Vorlesungen von Jakob Gronovius, Jacobus Perizonius, Johannes van Marck (1656–1731), Salomon van Til (1643–1713) und Franciscus Fabricius (1663–1738) besuchte.

Als Student der Theologie wechselte er am 8. September 1714 an die Universität Franeker. Hier wurden Campegius Vitringa der Ältere, Ruardus Andala (1665–1727) und Albert Schultens (1686–1750) seine prägenden Lehrer. Nach absolvierter Ausbildung hatte er eine Hofmeisterstelle inne und wurde unter die Kandidaten des Predigtamts in Seeland aufgenommen. 1718 ging er als Konrektor an das Gymnasium in Middelburg und 1720 übernahm er das Rektorat der Schule in Deventer. Am 12. März 1723 beriefen ihn die Kuratoren der Franeker Hochschule zum Professor der Geschichte und Rhetorik, welches Amt er am 22. März 1724 mit der Rede de origine pontoficiae dominationis antrat. 1732/33 hatte er sich in Franeker als Rektor der Alma Mater auch an den organisatorischen Aufgaben der Hochschule beteiligt, wozu er bei der Niederlegung des Rektorats die Rede de vitiis et defectibus historiae ecclesiasticae verfasste. Am 7. März 1735 beriefen ihn die Kuratoren der Universität Utrecht zum Professor der Rhetorik, der Geschichte und der griechischen Sprache, welche Stelle er am 13. Juni 1735 mit der Rede pro historiis übernahm.

Weitere Versuche, ihn nach Franeker und nach Leiden zu ziehen, unterblieben jedoch. Stattdessen erhielt er am 27. Juni 1746 eine weitere Berufung zum Professor des natürlichen Rechts und des römischen Rechts in Utrecht. Hierzu promovierte er hier unter Jacobus Voorda am 13. September 1746 zum Doktor der Rechte und trat die ihm übertragene Professur am 26. September 1746 mit der Rede De vera civitas an. Nach dem Tod von Arnold Drakenborch übernahm er 1749 zudem die Aufgabe des Universitätsbibliothekars. Außerdem beteiligte er sich 1736/37 und 1749/50 als Rektor der Alma Mater auch an den organisatorischen Aufgaben der Utrechter Hochschule. Wesseling galt als einer der bedeutendsten Philologen und Kritiker seiner Zeit, der eine Vielzahl geachteter Werke hervorgebracht hat und in vielen Gelehrtengesellschaften Mitglied war.

Aus seiner Ehe mit Anna Apollonia († 1757), Tochter des Hermann Bonnet, stammt ein Sohn Johannes († 7. Februar 1750 in Franeker) und die zwei Töchter Cornelia Elizabeth († 1792) und Anna Apollonia verh. Gisbert Bonnet.

Werke
 Oratio habita a.d. IV Non. Mai 1726 ad seren. principem Wilhelmum Carolum, Henricum Frisonem cum studiorum causa Leovardia Franequeram migrasset. Franeker 1726
 Observationum variarum libri duo. Amsterdam 1727
 Ed. Simsonii chronicon historiam catholicam complectens ex recensione et cum animado. P.W. Leiden 1729. Amsterdam 1752
 Probabilium liber singularis, in quo praeter alia, insunt vindiciae verborum Johannis, et Deus erat verbum. Franeker 1731
 Oratio funebris in memoriam Sicconis a Goslinga Kal. Nov. a 1751 dicta. Franeker 1732
 Wilhelmus Car. Henr. Friso Sponsus. Carmen recitatum et editum. Franeker 1734
 Diatribe de Judaeorum archontibus ad inscriptionem Berenicensem et dissertatio de evangeliis iussu Imp. Anastasii non emendatis in Victorem Tunnunensem. Utrecht 1758
 Sam. Petiti leges Atticae cum animadvers. et praefat. P. Wesselingii in Jurisprudentiae Rom. et Att. Tomo III. Leiden 1741
 Diodori Siculi Bibliotheca historica. Amsterdam 1745
 Oratio in natalem Wilhelmi comitis Burani. Utrecht 1748
 Episiola ad v. cl. Venemam de Aquilae in scriptis Philonis Judaei fragmentis et Platonis epistola. XIII cet. Utrecht 1748
 Oratio in obitum seren. principis Wilhelmi C.H. Frisonis. Utrecht 1752
 Dissertatio Herodotea ad Tib. Hemsterhusium. Utrecht 1758
 Oratio in obitum celsiss. principis Annae, faeder. Belg. gubernatricis. Utrecht 1759
 Herodoti Histor. libri IX. Editionem curavit et suas itemque L.C. Valckenaerii notas adi. P.W. Amsterdam 1763

Literatur
 Friedrich Karl Gottlob Hirsching: Historisch-literarisches Handbuch berühmter und denkwürdigen Personen, welche in dem achtzehnten Jahrhundert gelebt haben, oder historische, bio- und bibliographische Nachrichten von berühmten und denkwürdigen Monarchen, Fürsten, Feldherren, Staatsmännern und Gelehrten in allen Wissenschaften, Künstlern jeder Art, Kaufleuten, Mechanikern, und anderen intressanten Personen beyderley Geschlechts. Verlag Schwickert, Leipzig, 1813, 16. Bd., 1. Abt., (Wateau-Whycherley), S. 268 f.
 Johann Georg Meusel: Lexikon der vom Jahr 1750 bis 1800 verstorbenen teutschen Schriftsteller. Verlag Gerhard Fleischer d. J., 1816, Bd. 15, S. 46 (Online)
 Johann Christoph Strodtmann; Ferdinand Stosch: Das neue Gelehrte Europa. Bd. 4, S. 881–909 (Online), Bd. 9 S. 99 (Online) und Bd. 20, S. 1051–1055
 Abraham Jacob van der Aa: Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Verlag J. J. van Brederode, Haarlem, 18, Bd. 20, S. 123 (Online, niederländisch)
 W. B. S. Boeles: Frieslands Hoogeschool en het Rijks Athenaeum te Franeker. Verlag H. Kuipers u. J. G. Wester, Leeuwarden, 1889, Bd. 2, 2. Heft, S. 407

Weblinks
 Catalogus Professorum Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae

Autor
Altphilologe (18. Jahrhundert)
Rechtswissenschaftler (18. Jahrhundert)
Bibliothekar (Niederlande)
Rechtsbibliothekar
Rektor (Universität Utrecht)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Franeker)
Rektor (Universität Franeker)
Deutscher
Geboren 1692
Gestorben 1764
Mann

Petrus Wesseling


La Supercopa de Moldavia (en rumano: Supercupa Moldovei) es una competición de fútbol que se disputa cada año antes del comienzo de la temporada de la Divizia Națională y enfrenta al campeón de Liga y al de la Copa de Moldavia.

La competición se implantó en el fútbol moldavo en 2003 y el formato es partido único. En caso de que el campeón de la Divizia Națională sea también de Copa, el título no se disputa. En la edición de 2006, entre 2008 y 2010 y en 2017, 2022 y 2023, el Sheriff Tiraspol hizo doblete, por lo que no se celebró la Supercopa.

Finales

Títulos por club

 † Equipo desaparecido.

Véase también
 Liga Moldava de fútbol
 Cupa Federației
 Copa de Moldavia
 Fútbol en Moldavia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 RSSSF

Supercupa Moldovei


Orestes "Minnie" Miñoso  (, ; born Saturnino Orestes Armas Miñoso Arrieta; November 29, 1923 – March 1, 2015), nicknamed "The Cuban Comet" and "Mr. White Sox", was a Cuban professional baseball player. He began his baseball career in the Negro leagues in 1946 and became an All-Star third baseman with the New York Cubans. He was signed by the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB) after the 1948 season as baseball's color line fell. Miñoso went on to become an All-Star left fielder with the Indians and Chicago White Sox. The first Afro-Latino in the major leagues and the first black player in White Sox history, as a 1951 rookie he was one of the first Latin Americans to play in an MLB All-Star Game.

Miñoso was an American League (AL) All-Star for seven seasons and a Gold Glove winner for three seasons when he was in his 30s. He batted over .300 for eight seasons. He was the AL leader in triples and stolen bases three times each and in hits, doubles, and total bases once each. Willie Mays (179 steals) and Miñoso (167 steals) have been widely credited with leading the resurgence of speed as an offensive weapon in the 1950s. Miñoso was particularly adept at reaching base, leading the AL in times hit by pitch a record ten times, and holding the league mark for career times hit by pitch from 1959 to 1985. Miñoso, as a defensive standout, led the AL left fielders in assists six times and in putouts and double plays four times each.

Miñoso was one of the most popular and dynamic players in White Sox franchise history. He helped the "Go-Go" White Sox become one of the premier teams of the 1950s and 1960s. A rare power threat on a team known for speed and defense, Miñoso also held the White Sox record for career home runs from 1956 to 1974.

Miñoso left the major leagues following the 1964 season, but went on playing and managing in Mexico through 1973. He rejoined the White Sox as a coach, and made brief but highly publicized player appearances in 1976 and 1980. He became the third player to get a hit after the age of 50 and the second player to appear in the major leagues in five different decades (Nick Altrock is the other). Miñoso's White Sox uniform number 9 was retired in 1983, and a statue of him was unveiled at U.S. Cellular Field in 2004. Miñoso was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in Exile in 1983, and to the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996.

In 2014, Miñoso appeared for the second time as a candidate on the National Baseball Hall of Fame's Golden Era Committee election ballot for possible Hall of Fame consideration in 2015. He and the other candidates including former White Sox teammate Billy Pierce, and two other former players from Cuba, Tony Oliva and Luis Tiant, all missed induction in 2015. He and Oliva were elected to the Hall of Fame in 2021.

Early life

Miñoso was born in Perico, Cuba near Havana, the son of Carlos Arrieta and Cecilia Armas. His date of birth is often cited as being November 29, 1923; however, his Republic of Cuba 1951 driver's license and his first Topps baseball card(s) 1952/195 list his date of birth as November 29, 1925. The Miñoso baseball card that was handed out by his family to visitors who stopped by to pay their respects for Miñoso at a remembrance held for him at a Chicago church before his funeral has printed on it "1924-2015".

His father worked in the fields of the sugarcane plantation on which the family lived. His mother had four other children from a previous marriage, and had the surname "Miñoso" from her first husband. Her son Orestes became referred to as a "Miñoso" too, and eventually this name became his last name for life; he changed his name legally to Orestes Miñoso when he became a U.S. citizen. Miñoso grew up playing baseball with two of his brothers and in fact managed his own team while working on his father's plantation, finding players and the necessary equipment himself. In 1941, he moved to Havana to live with his sister and play baseball there.

Baseball playing career

Cuba and Negro leagues
Miñoso played professional baseball as a third baseman in Cuba and in the Negro leagues. He signed a contract with the team from the borough of Marianao in 1945 for $150 per month, and moved into the Negro leagues with the New York Cubans the next season and doubled his monthly salary. Batting leadoff for the Cubans, he hit .309 in 1946, and followed up with a .294 average in 1947 as they won the Negro World Series over the Cleveland Buckeyes. He was the starting third baseman for the East in the 1947 All-Star Game, and again in 1948.

Miñoso remained with the Cubans until signing with the Cleveland Indians organization during the 1948 season and starting his minor league career with the Dayton Indians of the Central League, batting .525 in 11 games.

Cleveland Indians
On April 19, 1949, Miñoso made his major league debut with the Cleveland Indians, becoming the first Black Cuban in the major leagues; he drew a walk as a pinch hitter in the seventh inning of a 5–1 road loss to the St. Louis Browns. He got his first hit in his next game on May 4, a single off Alex Kellner in the sixth inning of a 4–3 win over the Philadelphia Athletics. The next day, he hit his first home run, off Jack Kramer in the second inning of a 7–3 win over the Boston Red Sox. Miñoso had little further chance to make an impression, however; the Indians were signing black players more aggressively than any other team in the American League, but coming off their victory in the 1948 World Series, they were the strongest team in baseball. They had little opportunity to get Miñoso into the lineup as a rookie, as they played Ken Keltner at third base, and he had only 16 at bats through May 13 before being sent to the minor leagues. Miñoso was sent to the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League for the rest of the 1949 season and all of 1950, batting .297 the first year and following up with a .339 average and 115 runs batted in (RBIs).

Miñoso rejoined the Indians to start the 1951 season, but the team still could not find a spot for him in the lineup, as the Indians had Al Rosen at third base and Larry Doby, Dale Mitchell and Bob Kennedy in the outfield. He consequently had only 14 at bats in eight April games.

Move to the Chicago White Sox
On April 30, 1951, the Indians sent Miñoso to the White Sox in a three-team trade involving the Athletics, getting relief pitcher Lou Brissie from the Athletics in exchange. On May 1, Miñoso became the first black player on the White Sox, hitting a  home run in Comiskey Park on the first pitch of his first at bat against the New York Yankees. He was an instant star, maintaining a batting average over .350 through most of the first half of the season, and finished the season hitting .324 – second in the AL behind the .344 mark of the Athletics' Ferris Fain. Miñoso was named for the first time to the AL All-Star roster (reserve player) becoming – along with White Sox teammate Chico Carrasquel and Washington Senators pitcher Connie Marrero – one of the first Latin Americans ever named to an All-Star team. That year, he scored 112 runs (one short of Dom DiMaggio's league leading total) in 138 games played, topping the league with 14 triples and 31 stolen bases as well as 16 times being hit by pitches, and became known as "Mr. White Sox". Following the 1951 season, he finished second in the AL's Rookie of the Year voting behind the Yankees' Gil McDougald, drawing a protest by the White Sox due to Miñoso having better statistics in nearly every category. Miñoso also finished fourth in the year's Most Valuable Player voting. Miñoso was regarded as such an outstanding all-around player that Yankees outfielder Mickey Mantle acquired the nickname "The Commerce Comet" because he reminded observers of "The Cuban Comet". When batting, Miñoso had a tendency to crowd the plate, which made him particularly susceptible to "beanball" pitches.

Miñoso followed up with several years of outstanding play for Chicago. He led the AL in steals in both 1952 (22) and 1953 (25), and topped the league with 18 triples and 304 total bases in 1954, appearing in the All-Star Game all three years and starting in 1954. On April 14, 1953, Opening Day, he provided the only hit for the Sox in a 4–0 loss to the Indians' Bob Lemon, and on July 4, 1954, he broke up a combined no-hitter by three Indians pitchers with two out in the ninth inning of a 2–1 loss. He led AL left fielders with three double plays in 1953, and the following year led all major league left fielders with 13 assists and three double plays. In the first game of a doubleheader on May 16, 1954, he drove in six runs in a 10–5 win over the Senators, and on April 23, 1955, he scored a career-high five runs in the White Sox' record-setting 29–6 road win over the Kansas City Athletics. Miñoso again finished second in the batting race in 1954 with a .320 mark, trailing the .341 average by the Indians' Bobby Ávila (Ted Williams, who did not have enough plate appearances to qualify, would have finished second given the needed at bats). On May 18, 1955, Miñoso suffered a skull fracture from being hit in the head by a pitch from the Yankees' Bob Grim in the first inning of an 11–6 loss. He finished the season with a .288 average, his lowest from 1953 through 1960; however, he had the longest hitting streak in the AL that year and the longest of his career, a 23-game string from August 9 to 30 during which he batted .421. In addition, his 18 assists that season were not only twice as many as any other left fielder in the major leagues, but also matched the highest mark by any AL left fielder from 1945 through 1983. He also led AL left fielders in putouts for the first time with 267.

Miñoso also represented a rare power threat for the Sox; due to the dimensions of Comiskey Park, the White Sox were the only major league team who did not have a player hit 100 home runs for them prior to World War II. On September 2, 1956, he hit his 80th home run with the Sox, off Hank Aguirre, in a 4–3 win over the Indians, breaking Zeke Bonura's team record. On September 23, 1957, in a 6–5 road loss to the Athletics, he became the first player to hit 100 home runs with the White Sox, connecting in the fourth inning off Alex Kellner. Miñoso topped AL left fielders again with 282 putouts and 10 assists in 1956, and with two double plays in 1957. He led the league in triples again in 1956 with 11, and in doubles with 36 in 1957. In the 1957 All-Star Game, he saved a 6–5 victory for the AL with a dramatic catch for the final out, with the tying run on second base. The 1957 season marked the first in which Gold Glove Awards were awarded, and Miñoso was chosen as the first honoree in left field (separate awards for both leagues were established the following year, and awards for each outfield position were discontinued for half a century after 1960 in favor of three awards for outfielders regardless of position).

Later seasons

Cleveland Indians
The White Sox traded Miñoso back to the Indians after the 1957 season in a four-player deal, with the White Sox getting pitcher Early Wynn and outfielder Al Smith in exchange for Miñoso and third baseman Fred Hatfield. With Cleveland, Miñoso hit a career high 24 home runs in 1958, and again led AL left fielders with 13 assists. He batted .302 in both 1958 and 1959, and on April 21, 1959, had a career-high five hits in a 14–1 road win against the Detroit Tigers, also driving in six runs for the second time in his career. He was involved in a notable incident in a road game against the Boston Red Sox on July 17 that year when Indians manager Joe Gordon was ejected after an interference call on the previous batter, but continued his argument instead of leaving the field; Miñoso refused to enter the batter's box while Gordon was still arguing, and became furious when plate umpire Frank Umont called him out on three strikes. Miñoso was then ejected after throwing his bat at Umont, but apologized profusely after the game, saying he was unaware of the rule that any pitch in that situation must be called a strike regardless of its location; he served a three-game suspension. That year, he led all major league left fielders with a career-high 317 putouts, and also led the AL again with 14 assists, and received his second Gold Glove Award. Also in 1959, he made another All-Star appearance, starting in left field on July 7, the first of two All-Star Games held that year (MLB played two All-Star Games from 1959 through 1962). He went 0 for 5 in the first game and didn't play in the second game on August 3.

Chicago White Sox
Miñoso was deeply disappointed over having missed playing for the White Sox during their 1959 pennant-winning season, and was thrilled to be traded back to Chicago in a seven-player deal in December, with Norm Cash being the top player sent in return. White Sox owner Bill Veeck presented Miñoso with an honorary 1959 pennant championship ring at the beginning of the 1960 season, saying that he had done as much as anyone in helping the White Sox reach the top of the league – partially through his influence in building a winning team, and partially because the Sox had acquired Wynn, who won the 1959 Cy Young Award, in exchange for Miñoso in the 1957 trade. Miñoso responded by driving in six runs for the third time in his career, hitting a grand slam in the fourth inning on Opening Day against Kansas City, and giving the Sox a 10–9 victory with a walk-off home run leading off the bottom of the ninth. Minoso had his last great season in 1960 – he made his last All-Star appearances (starter in both games), led the AL with 184 hits, had 105 RBIs, batted over .300 for the eighth and final time, and finished fourth in the MVP vote for the fourth time. He also had perhaps his best defensive season, leading all major league left fielders in putouts (277), assists (14) and double plays (3) and winning his third and final Gold Glove Award.

St. Louis Cardinals
After the 1961 season, in which his average dropped to .280, Miñoso was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for Joe Cunningham; Miñoso had led the AL in times hit by pitch every year since his rookie season, except 1955. After struggling to adjust to his new league's pitchers and strike zone, he missed two months of the 1962 season due to suffering a fractured skull and broken wrist from crashing into the outfield wall in the sixth inning of an 8–5 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers on May 11, and finished the year hitting .196.

Washington Senators
His contract was sold to the Washington Senators prior to the 1963 season, and after hitting .229, he was released that October.

On October 12, he played in the first and only Hispanic American All-Star Game at New York's Polo Grounds.

Chicago White Sox
He signed with the White Sox before the 1964 campaign, but appeared in only 30 games that year, batting .226 – almost exclusively as a pinch hitter – and hit his last home run in the second game of a doubleheader on May 6 off Ted Bowsfield in the seventh inning of an 11–4 win over the Athletics. He retired after the 1964 season.

Starting in 1965, Miñoso played for the Charros de Jalisco of the Mexican League. Playing first base, he batted .360 in his first season, leading the league with 35 doubles and 106 runs scored. He continued to play in the Mexican League for the next eight seasons. He hit .265 with 12 home runs and 83 RBIs in 1973, when he was 47 years old.

Coaching and final appearances
In 1976, Miñoso was called out of retirement, becoming a first and third base coach for three seasons for the White Sox. He also made three game appearances for the Sox that September in games against the California Angels, picking up one single in eight at bats (four coming as a designated hitter) – a two-out single off Sid Monge on September 12 in the second inning of a 2–1, 10-inning win, becoming – at age 50 – the fourth oldest player ever to get a base hit in the major leagues. In 1980, Miñoso, age 54, was activated again to play for the White Sox, and was a pinch hitter in two games, again against the Angels. He became the fourth-oldest player ever to play in the majors, behind Nick Altrock, who at age 57, pinch hit in 1933, Charley O'Leary, who at age 58, pinch hit in 1934, and Satchel Paige, who at age 59, pitched three shutout innings in one game in 1965. Miñoso joined Altrock (1890s–1930s) as just the second player in major league history to play in five decades (1940s–1980s); out of the players who played in the major leagues in the 1940s, Miñoso was the last one to appear in a major league game. Bill Melton broke Miñoso's White Sox record of 135 career home runs in the second game of a doubleheader on August 4, 1974, a 13–10 win over the Texas Rangers; he had tied the record in the previous day's 12–5 loss. On August 29, 1985, Don Baylor broke Miñoso's AL record of being hit by pitches 189 times.

In 1990, Miñoso was scheduled to make an appearance with the minor league Miami Miracle of the Florida State League and become the only professional to play in six decades; however, MLB overruled the Miracle on the idea. When the last game was played at Comiskey Park during the same season, Miñoso was invited to present the White Sox lineup card to the umpires in the pregame ceremonies at home plate. He did so while wearing the new uniform debuted by the White Sox that day, his familiar number 9 on the back. In 1993, a 67-year-old Miñoso made an appearance with the independent St. Paul Saints of the Northern League. He returned to the Saints in 2003 and drew a walk, thus becoming the only player to appear professionally in seven different decades. The earlier extensions to his career with the Sox were publicity stunts orchestrated respectively by one-time Sox owner Bill Veeck and his son Mike, who at the time owned partial or controlling interest in the team.

Later years and death

Miñoso lived in Chicago where he represented the Chicago White Sox as "Mr. White Sox". He had three children from his first marriage: Orestes Jr., Cecilia and Marilyn. The eldest, son Orestes Jr., briefly played professional baseball. He married Sharon Rice in the 1990s and they had one son, Charles.

He became a member of the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame in 1994, the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996, the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame on August 11, 2002, and the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014. Miñoso was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2002.

On September 19, 2004, Minnie Miñoso Day was celebrated at U.S. Cellular Field and there was a pregame unveiling of a Minnie Miñoso statue at the field. Miñoso received the 2011 Jerome Holtzman Award from the Chicago Baseball Museum.

Death
Miñoso died March 1, 2015, from a torn pulmonary artery resulting from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He was 91 years old. A funeral service was held for him at Holy Family Church in Chicago on March 7, with over 1,000 dignitaries, officials, friends and fans in attendance.

"For South Siders and Sox fans all across the country, including me, Minnie Miñoso is and will always be 'Mr. White Sox,'" President Barack Obama said in a statement released by the White House.

Hall of Fame candidacy
Miñoso became eligible for election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1970 – a year before the Hall began considering players from the Negro Leagues or taking into account the accomplishments of major leaguers in the Negro Leagues – and was dropped from the ballot for insufficient support. He was restored to the ballot five years after his final 1980 appearances as a player, and finally began to receive support as a candidate, remaining on the ballot for 14 years before his eligibility expired; however, most of the writers voting by that point had little memory of him during his prime. In 2001, historian Bill James selected Miñoso as the tenth greatest left fielder of all time; based on the then-general belief that Miñoso was born in 1922 rather than 1925, James wrote, "Had he gotten the chance to play when he was 21 years old, I think he'd probably be rated among the top thirty players of all time."

Author Stuart Miller makes the case for Miñoso's election based on the wins above replacement (WAR) statistic, which calculates the number of additional wins a team would get from a player's production compared to having played a replacement-level minor league player at the position. Miñoso is among the top five AL players in WAR for seven of his MLB seasons, ranking first in WAR for two of those seasons. Jay Jaffe of Sports Illustrated has written that Miñoso's Hall of Fame candidacy may have been damaged by the publicity stunt game appearances in his later life. He said that the biggest question for Hall of Fame voters would be how much potential major league production was taken away from Miñoso because baseball was not integrated at the outset of his career.

Golden Era candidate
Miñoso was selected to be on the Hall of Fame's Golden Era Committee election ballot in 2011 and 2014. Since 2011, the Baseball Writers' Association of America's (BBWAA) Historical Overview Committee serves as the Hall's screening committee every three years to identify ten long-retired players, managers, umpires, or executives (living or deceased) from the "Golden Era" (1947–1973) for possible induction into the Hall of Fame . In order to be inducted, any of ten candidates on the ballot must receive at least 12 of 16 votes cast by the 16-member Golden Era Committee at the MLB Winter Meeting in December. In 2011 and 2014, Miñoso received 9 and 8 votes; in 2011, only Ron Santo with 15 votes was elected to the Hall of Fame (inducted 2012). In 2014, none of the candidates were elected by the committee.  He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame on December 5, 2021. He was formally inducted on July 24, 2022, with his widow Sharon speaking on his behalf.

MLB stats, awards, and achievements

 East-West All-Star Game: 1947, 1948 (two games each)
 Sporting News Rookie of the Year: 1951 (Chicago AL, OF)
 MLB All-Star: 1951–1954, 1957, 1959 (two games), 1960 (two games)
 Gold Glove: 1957 (Outfield), 1959 (AL-Outfield), 1960 (AL-Outfield)
 AL leader in hits (1960)
 AL leader in doubles (1957)
 AL leader in triples (1951, 1954, 1956)
 AL leader in sacrifice flies (1960, 1961)
 AL leader in stolen bases (1951–1953)
 AL leader in times on base and total bases (1954)
 Chicago White Sox All-Century Team (2000)

See also

List of Cuban-Americans
List of Cubans
List of first black Major League Baseball players
 List of Negro league baseball players who played in Major League Baseball
List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

Notes

References

External links

Minnie Miñoso at the Baseball Hall of Fame

Negro Leagues Baseball Museum

1923 births
2015 deaths
Major League Baseball left fielders
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
American League All-Stars
Gold Glove Award winners
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
American League stolen base champions
Major League Baseball players from Cuba
New York Cubans players
Dayton Indians players
Indianapolis Indians players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
St. Paul Saints players
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
Charros de Jalisco players
Charros de Orizaba players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Marianao players
Porteños de Puerto México players
Tiburones de Puerto Peñasco players
Mexican Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Chicago White Sox coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Havana
People from Perico, Cuba
Sportspeople from Matanzas Province
21st-century African-American people
Respiratory disease deaths in Illinois
Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
African-American Catholics

Minnie Miñoso


El monasterio de la Tentación (, , Deir al-Quruntal) es un monasterio cristiano ortodoxo situado en Cisjordania (Palestina), concretamente en el monte de la Tentación, y mirando hacia la localidad de Jericó y el valle del Jordán. El monasterio está construido a una altura de 350 sobre el nivel del mar. El templo es una atracción turística y está bajo la administración de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina, si bien el monasterio está gestionado por la Iglesia ortodoxa de Jerusalén.

Historia

Las treinta o cuarenta cuevas que salpican el monte de la Tentación fueron habitadas por ermitaños desde los primeros años del cristianismo, que convirtieron dichas cuevas en pequeñas celdas y capillas y elaboraron un complejo sistema de recogida de agua pluvial en cinco cisternas. En el sigo IV, los bizantinos construyeron un pequeño monasterio en las ruinas de una fortaleza asmonea, aunque este monasterio fue posteriormente abandonado como consecuencia de la invasión y conquista persa del año 614.

El más antiguo de los monasterios fue construido por los bizantinos en el  sobre la cueva en la que supuestamente Jesús pasó cuarenta días de ayuno y meditando sobre la tentación de Satán, a unos 3 kilómetros al noroeste de Jericó. El monasterio recibe su nombre de la montaña en la que está situado, el monte de la Tentación. El monasterio fue identificado por Augusta Helena de Constantinopla como uno de los "sitos sagrados" en su peregrinación en 326 d.C.

Palestina, incluyendo Jericó, fue conquistada por los árabes bajo el califato islámico de Umar ibn al-Khattab en los años 630. Cuando los cruzados invadieron el área en 1099 construyeron dos iglesias en el lugar: una en una cueva a medio camino de la cumbre (a unos 350 metros de altura) y la otra en la propia cumbre. Hacían referencia al sitio como "mons Quarantana" (de quaranta que significa 40, el número de días que Jesús ayunó según el Evangelio).

La tierra sobre la que se construyó el monasterio fue adquirida por la Iglesia ortodoxa en 1874. En 1895 se construyó el monasterio alrededor de una capilla en una cueva, que marca la piedra donde Jesús se sentó durante su ayuno. Tres monjes ortodoxos residen en el monasterio y hacen de guías para los turistas.

La Iglesia ortodoxa, junto con los palestinos ortodoxos, intentaron construir en su día una iglesia en la cima, sin éxito; los muros sin terminar de aquella iglesia están situados sobre el monasterio en la cuesta. En este emplazamiento hubo una fortaleza construida por los seleucidas denominada Doq, hasta que fuera capturada por los asmoneos. En ese sitio fue asesinado Simón Macabeo por su yerno Ptolemeo.

Turismo

El monasterio de la Tentación es una de las principales atracciones turísticas de Jericó. Su elevación y ubicación le proporcionan unas privilegiadas vistas de la ciudad de Jericó, el valle del Jordán y el mar Muerto, que también pueden obtenerse durante el ascenso en el teleférico. Además, el centro turístico anexo al monasterio dispone de un restaurante oriental con terrazas que dan a la ciudad y de 16 tiendas de souvenirs.

Hay dos maneras de acceder al monasterio de la Tentación. Por un lado, hay un teleférico que lleva en 5 minutos desde la propia ciudad de Jericó hasta el monasterio y, por otro, se puede acceder a él mediante unas escaleras excavadas en la roca del monte de la Tentación, en un ascenso de entre 15 y 30 minutos.

El monasterio está abierto al público para visitas de lunes a viernes (9ː00-13ː00 y 15ː00-16ː00) y sábados (8ː00-14ː00). El teleférico está en funcionamiento todos los días de la semana de 8ː30 a 18ː30. A diferencia de la mayoría de monasterios ortodoxos en Oriente Próximo, el monasterio de la Tentación puede ser visitado sin problemas por mujeres y hombres. La entrada es gratuita.

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía
Jacobs, Daniel. Eber, Shirley. (1998) Israel and the Palestinian Territories Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-248-9
Lee, Risha Kim. (2002) Let's Go 2003 Israel and the Palestinian territories Let's Go Incorporate. ISBN 031230580

Enlaces externos

Arquitectura de 1895
Monasterios ortodoxos
Cisjordania
Tentación
Iglesia ortodoxa de Jerusalén
Turismo en Palestina

Monasterio de la Tentación


İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (1908, İstanbul - 30 Aralık 1993, Ankara), Türk siyasetçi ve diplomat. 1965-1971 ve 1975-1977 arasında Dışişleri Bakanlığı, 1979-1980'de Cumhuriyet Senatosu Başkanlığı ve Cumhurbaşkanı Vekilliği yapmıştır.

Hayatı
Kendi yazmış olduğu anılarında memleketini Değirmenboğazı, Manyas olarak belirten Çağlayangil, İstanbul (Erkek) Lisesi mezunudur. 1932'de İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü'nün çeşitli kademelerinde görev yaptı. 1937 yılında Dersim Harekatı'nın sonuçlanmasının ardından kurulan mahkemede idama mahkûm edilen sanıkların infazını düzenlemekle görevlendirildi.

1945'te Ahlat kaymakamı, 1948'de Yozgat, 1950'de Antalya, 1953'te Çanakkale, 1954'te Sivas valisi oldu. Aynı yıl getirildiği Bursa valiliği görevini 1960'a değin sürdürdü. Memleketi olduğu için Cumhurbaşkanı Celal Bayar'ın özel önem verdiği bu valilik nedeniyle Demokrat Parti hareketinin önemli isimlerinden birine dönüştü. 27 Mayıs İhtilali'nden sonra tutuklanarak önce Yassıada, ardından Balmumcu'da hapis yattı. Yargılanmadan 6 ay sonra serbest bırakıldı.

1961'de siyasete atılarak, Adalet Partisi'nden Bursa senatörü seçildi. 20 Şubat 1965'te Suat Hayri Ürgüplü başkanlığında kurulan koalisyon hükûmetinde çalışma bakanı oldu. 1965 genel seçimlerinin ardından kurulan Demirel Hükûmeti'nde Dışişleri Bakanı olarak görev aldı. Görevi sırasında çok iyi bilmediği diplomasi dünyasına hızla alıştı, komplekssiz kişiliği ve bilmediği konularda dışişleri personeline tam güveniyle başarılı bir bakan oldu.

Hükûmetin 12 Mart 1971 askerî müdahalesi üzerine istifa etmesiyle, bu görevden ayrıldı. 12 Mart döneminde senato üyeliğini ve AP içindeki etkili konumunu sürdürdü.

Mart 1975'te Demirel'in kurduğu I. Milliyetçi Cephe hükûmetinde gene Dışişleri Bakanlığı görevine getirildi. 5 Haziran 1977 Genel Seçimlerinden sonra kurulan Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi azınlık hükûmetinin güvenoyu alamamasından sonra Temmuz 1977'de Süleyman Demirel başkanlığında oluşturulan II. Milliyetçi Cephe Hükûmetinde de aynı görevi üstlendi. Aralık 1977'de hükûmetin bir gensoruyla düşürülmesine değin bakanlık görevini sürdürdü. Ekim 1979'daki ara seçimlerden sonra Cumhuriyet Senatosu başkanlığına seçildi. 6 Nisan 1980'de görev süresi dolan Cumhurbaşkanı Fahri Korutürk'ün yerine cumhurbaşkanlığı görevine vekalet etti. 12 Eylül 1980 askerî müdahalesiyle sona eren bu görevi sırasında kontenjan senatörleri ataması mecliste tartışmalara yol açtı.

1982 Anayasası'nın geçici 4. maddesi ile 5 yıllık siyaset yasaklıları arasına giren Çağlayangil, Mayıs 1983'te siyasal partilerin kurulmasına izin verilmesinden sonra Büyük Türkiye Partisi'nin (BTP) kuruluşunda rol oynadı. Partinin Millî Güvenlik Konseyi kararıyla kapatılmasının ardından bazı eski AP'li ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi üyesi politikacılarla beraber 1 Haziran 1983-30 Eylül 1983 arasında Zincirbozan'da (Çanakkale) gözetim altında tutuldu. 6 Eylül 1987'de yapılan referandum sonunda siyaset yasağı kalktıktan sonra Doğru Yol Partisi (DYP) Genel İdare Kurulu üyeliği yaptı. Kasım 1990'da aktif siyasetten ayrıldığını açıkladı.

Çağlayangil, 30 Aralık 1993'te Ankara'da yaşamını yitirdi. Çağlayangil, 18 Haziran 1953'de Bayan Emine Furuzende (1912) ile evlenmiş olup, Fatma Itır'ın (1939) babasıdır.

Anekdotlar
 İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil, siyasetin yanında önceleri bir süre şiirle de uğraştı.
"Bir elinde sigara, bir elinde binlik şişe;
Erkeklik bu mu kızım? Erkeksen ayakta işe"
beyiti her ne kadar kendisi yazmasa da ona mal edilmiştir.

 Çapkınlığıyla tanınmış, bu tür söylentileri yalanlamak bir yana, yayılmasına bizzat katkıda bulunmuştur.
 İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil, Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilmiştir.
 1967 yılında Papa VI. Paulus'un Türkiye ziyaretinde, Ayasofya Müzesi'nde dizlerini çöküp dua etmek istediği sırada, o zaman Dışişleri Bakanı olarak papaya eşlik etmekte olan Çağlayangil, "Burası cami ya da kilise değil, müze. Burada dini tören yapılamaz" demiş ve herhangi bir krize yol açmadan meseleyi geçiştirmiştir.
 Fransızca bilen Çağlayangil, zaman zaman konuşmalarını İngilizce yapmak da istemiştir. Bu durumda konuşmasını dışişleri personeline çevirtip İngilizce metni çalışarak kürsüye çıkmıştır.

Kaynakça

1908 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu siyasetçiler
Osmanlı Çerkesleri
Ubıh asıllı Türkler
TBMM Bursa Cumhuriyet Senatörleri
Bürokrat Senatörler
Hukukçu Senatörler
TBMM Cumhuriyet Senatosu Adalet Partisi Grup Başkanları
Dersim İsyanı'nda kişiler
İstanbul Erkek Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Ankara'da ölenler
1993 yılında ölenler
İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil

İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil


An Anthoxanthum sikkimense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Maximowicz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Anthoxanthum sikkimense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthoxanthum, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sikkim. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthoxanthum

Anthoxanthum sikkimense


Hidroterapija (grč. hydro – voda, therapeia – liječenje) podrazumijeva terapijsku primjenu vode u svrhu liječenja izvana ili iznutra u bilo kojem obliku (para, krutina, tekućina). Pod terminom hidroterapija najčešće se misli na imerzijsku hidroterapiju, pri čemu se dio tijela ili cijelo tijelo uranja u vodu, a tijekom čega se mogu provoditi terapijske vježbe (hidrokinezioterapija). Mehanizam kojim imerzija u mineralnu ili termalnu vodu smanjuje tegobe u bolesnika s reumatskim bolestima nije u potpunosti razjašnjena, ali se radi o kombinaciji mehaničkih, termalnih i kemijskih učinaka. Također, bitno je poznavanje fiziologije imerzije tijela, kao i analize pokreta tijela.

Fizikalna svojstva vode koja se koriste u hidroterapiji

Najvažnija fizikalna svojstva vode koja se koriste su:
1° Sila uzgona
2° Hidrostatski tlak
3° Termička svojstva vode

1° Sila uzgona je sila koja djeluje u suprotnom smjeru gravitacijskoj sili. Količina istisnute tekućine ovisi o gustoći tijela koje je uronjeno te o gustoći vode. Kako je gustoća ljudskog tijela sa zrakom u plućima manja od gustoće vode, tijelo u vodi pluta. Zbog toga je olakšano izvođenje aktivnih vježbi u vodi, tzv. vježbe u rasterećenju, iako voda može poslužiti i kao medij za vježbe protiv otpora.
2° Hidrostatski tlak je tlak stupca vode na površinu tijela. On ovisi o gustoći tekućine i o dubini na kojoj se tijelo nalazi. To se svojstvo vode koristi u smislu olakšane vertikalizacije i poboljšanja balansa pri vježbama hodanja. S obzirom na to da je hidrostatski tlak veći od tlaka u ljudskom kapilarnom sustavu, on dovodi do kompresije i pražnjenja kapilarnog bazena, pa se stajanjem ili hodanjem u vodi smanjuju periferni edemi nastalih zbog vaskularne ili limfne insuficijencije.
3° Termička svojstva vode prvenstveno se odnose na njenu visoku termalnu vodljivost i specifičnu toplinu. Stoga je voda pogodna za brzo hlađenje i zagrijavanje tijela, odnosno dijela tijela. Dok kratkotrajna primjena tople i hladne vode stimulira osjetne i motoričke završetke, dugotrajnom primjenom se gotovo prekida podražljivost.

Učinci terapijskih vježbi

Terapijskim vježbama postižu se pozitivni kineziološki učinci, poboljšava se metabolizam i protok krvi u zglobu, smanjuje edem, a nedvojbeno je da imaju pozitivne učinke na imunološki sustav i psihičko stanje pacijenata. Naravno, drugi nespecifični čimbenici u toplicama kao što su promjena okruženja, ugodno okruženje i izostajanje od svakodnevnih obveza također mogu imati povoljne učinke.
Zbog svih ovih učinaka balneoterapija i hidroterapija, kao njezin najznačajniji dio, često se koriste u rehabilitaciji bolesnika s različitim reumatskim bolestima.

Iako su postignuti značajni pomaci u farmakoterapiji (npr. uvođenje bioloških lijekova) upalnih reumatskih bolesti (reumatoidni artritis, ankilozantni spondilitis i psorijatični artritis) balneoterapija/hidroterapija je još uvijek dio sveobuhvatnog multimodalnog liječenja, čime se postižu najbolji rezultati.

Literatura

1. Balneoterapija/hidroterapija u bolesnika s reumatoidnim artritisom, ankilozantnim spondilitisom i psorijatičnim artritisom – deskriptivni pregled Simeon GRAZIO, Ines DOKO Klinika za reumatologiju, fizikalnu medicinu i rehabilitaciju Klinički bolnički centar "Sestre milosrdnice", Zagreb
Primljeno / Received : 2014-03-12; Prihvaćeno / Accepted: 2014-04-22 Dopisivanje s: Prof. dr. sc. Simeon Grazio Klinika za reumatologiju, fizikalnu medicinu i rehabilitaciju Klinički bolnički centar Sestre milosrdnice Vinogradska 29 10 000 Zagreb Tel. 01-3787-248 E-mail: email@example.com

   Reumatologija
 Lječilišta

Hidroterapija


An Briza rufa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jan Svatopluk Presl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Briza rufa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Briza, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Briza

Briza rufa


උස්සන්ගොඩ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 21 වන ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වේ. නව ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන ස්ථාපිත කිරීමේ අරමුණු වන්නේ ප්‍රදේශයේ ජෛව විද්‍යාත්මක, පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක හා භූගෝලීය වටිනාකම් සඳහා දිගුකාලීන ආරක්ෂාව සැපයීමයි. නැගෙනහිරින් කලමැටිය වනජීවී අභයභූමියට මායිම් වේ.

ඉතිහාසය
හින්දු මිත්‍යායාවන්ට අනුව උස්සන්ගොඩ රාවණා රජුගේ දඩුමොණර රථය භූමිගත කරනු ලබන ස්ථානය බවට විශ්වාස කෙරේ.  ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද පවතී.

ජෛව විවිධත්වය
මුහුදු කැස්බෑවන්ට බිත්තර දැමීම සඳහාද උස්සන්ගොඩ වැදගත් ස්ථානයකි. රතු පාංශු ප්‍රදේශයේ පසෙහි මතු වන අතර මැලවී යන වෘක්ෂලතාදියද දැකිය හැකිය.රතු පාංශු සඳහා පැහැදිලි කිරීම නම් ප්‍රදේශය තුළ ෆෙරික් ඔක්සයිඩ් ඉහළ සාන්ද්‍රණයකි. උස්සන්ගොඩ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ඇති සර්පන්ටයින් ප්‍රදේශ  හතර අතරින් එකකි. මෙම පෙදෙස Geopark ලෙස නම් කිරීමට නියමිත ය. කෙසේ වෙතත් උස්සන්ගොඩ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කර ඇති නමුත් පුරාවිද්‍යා හා භූගෝලීය වටිනාකම් ද ප්‍රදේශයෙහි ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ අනෙකුත් වැදගත් ලක්ෂණ නිසා එය විශේෂිත වී ඇත.

උස්සන්ගොඩ ජාතික උද්‍යානය


Hyperfinstruktur er et begreb inden for atomfysikken som berører ændringer af energiniveauer for elektroner omkring et atom.

Den kvantemekaniske beskrivelse af energiniveauer for elektroner omkring et atom udgår normalt fra approksimeringer som giver de store træk, hvorefter korrektioner lægges på for at give modeller som kan beskrive stadig finere detaljer (små energikorrektioner eller opdelinger af et niveau i flere niveauer). Hvis man ikke har brug for så høj omhyggelighed kan man afstå fra detaljerne og kun regne med nogen af de mere enkle modeller.

 Et første skøn af elektronernes energiniveauer gives af deres hovedkvantetal (Bohrs atommodel, Rydbergs formel).
 For alle atomer undtagen brint (den letteste) har også impulsmoment (banekvantetal) stor betydning for energiniveauerne.
 Traditionelt er næste trin finstruktur som handler om spin, som kan forklares ved at lade elektronen være en lille magnet og anvende en relativistiskt synsvinkel. Hvis man klassisk tænker sig at elektronen går i en bane omkring atomkernen, handler finstrukturen om i hvilken retning, relativt denne bane, som elektronens spin (magnet) peger. Dette fænomen kaldes også spin-banekobling (eng. spin-orbien interaction). At et magnetisk kompas tenderer at pege mod nord beror på at den har sin laveste potentielle energi i jordens magnetfelt der. På de tilsvarende måder har elektronen anderledes energi afhængig af hvordan dens spin peger i magnetfeltet som forbindes med dens bane omkring atomkernen (eller, relativistisk, lige så godt atomkernens bevægelse omkring elektronen).
 For at få beregningerne til at passe endnu bedre med virkeligheden kan man også tage hensyn til det som kort og godt kaldes hyperfinstruktur. Man kan se det som at også atomkernen er en magnet (dvs. kernen har også et spin), og vekselvirkning mellem kernens og elektronens magnetfelt (spin) påvirker energien (sammenlign med at magneter kan frastøde og tiltrække hinanden).

For de lettere grundstoffer (lavt massetal) er hyperfinstrukturen lille sammenlignet med finstrukturen, deraf deres navne.

Se også
 Atomfysik
 Atomorbital - mere om matematikken for at beskrive atomfysik.
 Lambskift - observation af en finstruktur som gav Nobelpris.
 Absorptionslinje - hvis farve bestemmes af energiforskellen mellem elektroners energiniveauer.
 Sekund - hvis definition siden 1967 udgår fra nogle energiniveauer i cæsium som beskrives af hyperfinstruktur.

Referencer

Atomfysik

Hyperfinstruktur


Lucius Cornelius Balbus, often referred to as Lucius Cornelius Balbus Minor, (not before 60 BC – after 13 BC) was a Roman politician and General. Similar to his uncle Balbus the Elder,  Balbus Minor was also born in Gades with Punic origins, and became a distinguished member of the gens Cornelia through adoption. Despite his Phoenician ancestry, Balbus rendered valuable services to the early Roman Empire, most notably by serving as the proconsul of Africa in 21 BC and leading an expedition to sub-Saharan Africa. He was also known to be a close friend and trusted associate of Julius Caesar.

Biography

Not much is known about the early life of Balbus due to the scarce and limited historical record available from that time. Records indicate that Balbus was born in the ancient city of Gades in the province of Hispania Ulterior to a Phoenician family. He later received his Roman citizenship simultaneously with his uncle in around 70 BC by gaining the favour of Gnaeus Pompey.

In Caesar's civil war
Balbus was an important supporter of Julius Caesar in his civil war, in which he was entrusted with several missions. He also has participated in the Alexandrian and Spanish wars. For his loyalty and valuable services to Caesar in the civil war, Balbus was awarded, by him, with his admission to the College of Pontiffs, a prestigious religious office. In 43 BC he was entrusted with the office of Quaestor in Hispania Ulterior (Further Spain). He then further accumulated fortune by pillaging and looting the inhabitants of the region.

In that very year he crossed over to meet Bogud, king of Mauretania. His presence in historical records fades away until the year 21 BC.

Balbus seems to have dedicated some of his focus to literature: he wrote a play about his visit to Lentulus in Pompey's camp at Dyrrhachium. As reported by Macrobius, he was the author of Ἐξηγητικά (Exegetica), a work engaging with Gods and their worship.

During the early Roman Empire
In 21 BC, Balbus was appointed as Proconsul of Africa. Mommsen thinks that he had incurred the displeasure of Augustus by his conduct as praetor, and that his African appointment after so many years was due to his exceptional capabilities for the post.

In 19 BC Balbus defeated the Garamantes, and on the 27th of March in that year received the honour of a triumph, which was then for the first time granted to one who was not a Roman citizen by birth, and for the last time to a private individual.

Balbus' Theatre
Balbus built a new theatre, called theatre of Balbus, in Rome in 13 BC, connected to his Crypta Balbi complex in the South-Eastern part of the Campus Martius.

Some of the reasons for the construction were the high demand of innovative and new buildings in the capital and the desire for fame and favor from his supporters, including the emperor Augustus. Due to these factors, Balbus decided to build a theatre near the Theatre of Pompey. Although his theatre was smaller than Pompey's, as cited by Pliny the Elder, it possessed its own unique richness: the theatre of Balbus featured four small columns made of Onyx, which were destroyed during the fall of the Roman Empire.

The theatre was destroyed by a fire that erupted during the reign of Titus, but it was after restored, experts say, by Domitian.

Balbus' theatre could have held around 11,510 spectators.

Expedition to sub-Saharan Africa
Lucius Cornelius Balbus Minor planned to conquer the inhabited African lands, during or in the aftermath of crossing the Saharan desert. Thus, in around 20-19 BC he decided to set off from Sabratha, a Roman city located in today's North-Western Libya and near the Libyan desert, to begin the expedition. The Sahara experiences relatively extreme temperatures and conditions that are unsitable for horses or other animals due to the softness of sand. As a result, Balbus opted for camels instead of horses and mules for the expedition. Balbus also had infantry with him, comprising the largest part of the army. The exact size of his armed force is unclear, but it is estimated that Balbus had around 10,000 soldiers, including an unknown number of camels.

Reasons
The Garamantes heavily relied on commerce between the other populations living in or near the desert. Since the duty of the nomads on the goods en route were intense, the Roman merchants requested an expedition against the Garamantes to soften the duty. The expedition would aim the conquest of the city of Garama, an important city for the Garamantes, eliminating the tributes for the nomads of the desert, and occupying some mercantile routes for the advantage of the Romans.

The expedition and crossing of the Sahara
Balbus had planned his expedition carefully: it is a plausible evidence that the use of spies and explorers was employed to gather news and intelligence against the Garamantes. The spies were sent to the heart of the Saharan desert, where they would frequently control the caravan routes. Balbus also gathered specific maps for the expedition, organized supplies and tools for his troops, and he had officials and cavalry of the army taught to ride camels.

Ready for the voyage, the army departed for the oasis city of Cydamus. Upon arriving in the city, the troops refreshed themselves by raiding the locals of the oasis. The expedition continued southwards, covering around 650 km through a rocky desert (Hamada el-Hamra), conquering the most important towns and cities of the region, including the capital city of Garama. From there, Balbus could have sent an exploratory expedition even further Southern part of the Sahara, the Fezzan, perhaps reaching the Niger River.

See also
Romans in sub-Saharan Africa
Roman Libya
Tin Hinan Tomb
Leptis Magna
Theatre of ancient Rome

Sources

Primary sources
These sources mainly comprise the largest or possibly the entirety of the first historiography.
Cassius Dio - Roman history - LIV.
Suetonius - Lives of the Caesars - Augustus.
Tacitus - Annales - III.
Pliny the Elder - Naturalis Historia - V.

Historiography

1st-century BC Romans
1st-century BC Punic people
1st-century BC writers
Ancient Roman generals
Balbus, Lucius (quaestor 711 AUC)
People from Cádiz
Roman governors of Africa
Roman legates
Cornelius Balbus, Lucius (711 AUC)

Lucius Cornelius Balbus (proconsul)


Instructables este un site specializat în proiectele realizate de utilizator și încărcate, pe care alți utilizatori pot să le comenteze și să le evalueze pentru calitate. A fost creat de Eric Wilhelm și Saul Griffith și lansat în august 2005. Instructables este dedicat colaborării pas cu pas a membrilor pentru a construi o varietate de proiecte. Utilizatorii postează instrucțiuni pentru proiectele lor, de obicei, însoțite de ajutoare vizuale, și apoi interacționează prin secțiunile de comentarii, fiecare pas instructiv, precum și în forumuri de subiect.

Istoric

După ce au absolvit Laboratorul Media la MIT, Wilhelm și Griffith au fondat compania Squid Labs, o companie de inginerie și tehnologie specializată în proiectare și consultanță. Instructables a început ca un proiect intern Squid Labs, care ulterior a fost desemnat ca o companie independentă cu Wilhelm în calitate de CEO. Wilhelm contribuie în mod regulat la site.

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La 1 august 2011, Autodesk a anunțat achiziționarea Instrucables.

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Instrumentele de manevră au fost profilate în Make, Village Voice, Popular Science, Daily Telegraph și PC World. De asemenea, a fost acordată atenția pentru National Public Radio (NPR).

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Fondări în 2005
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Instructables


National Maritime Museum er et maritimt museum beliggende i Greenwich, London. Det er det ledende maritime museum i Storbritannien, og blandt de største af sin art i verden.

Det blev åbnet 27. april 1937 som en del af Maritime Greenwich verdensarv, med også Royal Greenwich Observatory og slottet Queen's House fra 1600-tallet. Det fælles navn er Royal Museums Greenwich.

Eksterne henvisninger

 National Maritime Museums officielle hjemmeside

Museer i London
Greenwich
Søfartsmuseer
Museer etableret i 1937

National Maritime Museum


Le Soldat magicien est un opéra-comique en un acte mis en en musique par François-André Danican Philidor sur un livret de Louis Anseaume. Il fut représenté pour la première fois sur le théâtre de l'Opéra Comique de la Foire St. Laurent le 14 août 1760.

Argument
La scène est un salon avec un buffet à deux niveaux, une cheminée en saillie et une table recouverte d'un tapis vert où l'on joue Trictrac.

L'œuvre raconte l'histoire d'un soldat qui s'est mêlé à la vie conjugale inquiétante de Madame Argant, ambitieuse pour sa beauté, et de son mari, ambitieux pour sa richesse.

Dans cet univers fictif et fellinien, une partie de trictrac entre la bourgeoise et son mari est le point de départ d'une œuvre de Philidor, lui-même champion d'échecs.

Distribution

Accueil et critique de l'œuvre
Le Soldat magicien de Philidor fut un succès. L'Observateur Littéraire de Laporte du 15 septembre 1760 nous apporte les critiques suivantes :

Quand le mari furieux de son époque qui vient de quitter la partie du trictrac, s'en prend à toutes les femmes, et s'arrange pour passer une soirée plus agréable ailleurs qu'avec son épouse. Laporte écrit : « C'est ici Monsieur qu'est placée cette jolie Ariette qu'on a si injustement reproché à M Philidor, d'avoir imité de celle du Coq & du coucou de la soirée des Boulevards. Elle est prise du Volage fixé, composé par ce même Musicien […]

Lors de la scène où le Soldat fait croire au mari que le soupé serait l'œuvre du diable, le quatuor entre l'épouse, le soldat, le valet, et le mari, fut apprécié : « Ce quatuor a été trouvé de la plus grande force de Musique. On y entend le dialogue de quatre parties, sans confusion ; ce qui fait le grand mérite de ces sortes de scènes.»

Quand le Soldat renouvelle ses invocations et fait croire au mari que le procureur caché dans la cheminé serait le Diable incarné pour que le mari « meurt de peur », le procureur, la femme, le valet, le mari et le soldat forme un quintette salué par la communauté des artistes pour son écriture harmonique : « Le traiteur présente son mémoire, & tandis qu'il en lit les articles, le Mari, la Femme, le Valet & et le Soldat forment avec lui un quinquet dont l'harmonie a extrêmement satisfait tous les connaisseurs en musique.»

Philidor a su selon Laborde conserver sa bonne réputation à travers cet opéra-comique : « [Les connaisseurs de musique] n'ont pas été moins charmés du quatuor qui termine la Pièce. C'est un morceau d'allégresse ; & comme il ne pouvait y avoir de tableau, le Musicien s'est contenté de le rendre fort & bruyant. M. Philidor a soutenu, par cette dernière production, la réputation qu'il s'était si justement acquise dans Blaise le Savetier. »

En 1761, L'avancoureur nous décrit la représentation du Soldat magicien avec une deuxième œuvre. On cite : « L'Opéra Comique a ouvert son spectacle le 31 janvier par Blaise la Savetier & Le Soldat magicien, pièces dont nous avons parlé dans le temps, & qui sont vues par le public avec la même faveur, parce qu'il y trouve toujours le même mérite. Elles étaient précédées d'un compliment en forme de prologue […] vieux rébus, bien usés, bien rebattus ; quelques couplets où le sarcasme se sentait plus que la pointe épigrammatique.»

Le Soldat magicien au XXIe siècle
Le Soldat Magicien n'a pas vu le jour depuis l'époque de sa création jusqu'à ce que la compagnie Divertissements Royaux (aujourd'hui rebaptisée Opéra-ci, Opéra-la, lui redonne vie pour son festival Lyrique au Château de Chabenet en juillet 2016. Puis la Compagnie Lyrique les Monts du Reuil lui donne vie en 2017 en coproduction avec l'Opéra de Reims, le Festival Jean de la Fontaine, le Festival Emmbaroquement Immédiat et la BnF.

Le metteur en scène Juan Kruz Dias de Garaio Esnaola établit cette œuvre dans un univers fictif abrité d'un voile dans lequel les instrumentistes jouent en imitant des fantômes débraillés depuis une éternité. Les évènements progressent petit à petit au cours de l'œuvre jusqu'à ce que les personnages arrivent à reprendre leurs sentiments et conscience.

La distribution est la suivante :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Œuvre de François-André Danican Philidor
Opéra-comique
Opéra français
Opéra créé à Paris
Opéra des années 1760

Le Soldat magicien