علم الأحياء البحرية أو علم المحيطات البيولوجية هو أحد العلوم التي تدرس حال الكائنات الحية في المحيطات أو المسطحات البحرية الأخرى. حيث تعيش معظم الكائنات الحية البحرية في البحر والبعض الأخر على الأرض، تصنف فيهما الأنواع على أساس البيئة بدلا من التركيز على التصنيف. وتختلف البيولوجيا البحرية عن البيئة البحرية حيث تهتم البيولوجبا البحرية على كيفية تفاعل الكائنات الحية مع البيئة. وتساعد على تحديد طبيعة كوكبنا بالإضافة إلى أنها تسهم إلى حد كبير في دورة الأكسجين، وتشارك في تنظيم مناخ الأرض.
ويعتبر الشاطئ جزء من أجزاء الحياة البحرية، حيث يضم أيضا جزء من الحياة البيولوجية البحرية التي تشمل الكثير، من المجهريات، بما في ذلك معظم العوالق النباتية والعوالق الحيوانية. أظهر إنشاء المحميات البحرية نتائج طويلة الأمد وغالباً ما ساهم في زيادة سريعة في وفرة وتنوع وإنتاجية الكائنات البحرية. وفي وقت تبدو منافع الحماية جلية بالنسبة إلى الكائنات الحية التي تقضي جل وقتها داخل البيئة البحرية، حيث يمكن ان توفر الحماية للأنواع المهاجرة في حال حمايتها في مراحل ضعفها، ولا سيما حماية مواقع تكاثرها وحضنها. وتعرف البيئة البحرية بالمساحة المائية الشاسعة التي تتميز بزيادة كبيرة في نسبة المواد الصلبة الذائبة فيها عن نسبتها في المياه العذبة وتشمل كائنات حية نباتية وحيوانية ومكونات غير حية وتوجد بين مكونات البيئة علاقات تعمل على اتزانها. تشمل أعداد هائلة من الكائنات الحية المتنوعة في أشكالها وألوانها وطرق معيشتها وأنواعها، ويشترك في هذا العدد الهائل من الأحياء المتنوعة مجموعة من الخصائص تعرف بمظاهر الحياة. يرى البعض أن المياه لا تتجاوز كونها أحد المتطلبات الأساسية للحياة الإنسانية.
تهتم غالبية القطاعات بدرجة نقاء المياه واحتمال نقص مواردها. ولكننا نؤمن بأن مياه البحار والمحيطات لا تقل في أهميتها عن مياه الشرب، كونها تشكل جانباً هاماً للحياة الطبيعية بصورة عامة. وتساهم الكائنات البحرية في المحافظة على التوازن البيئي وضمان نقاء البحار وجودة مياهها. وتعتبر مياه المحيطات مصدراً رئيسياً للغذاء والأملاح المعدنية، كما أنها وسيلة هامة للتبادل التجاري والنقل والأنشطة الترفيهية. ويتزايد تحول الإنسان للاعتماد على البحار والمحيطات للحصول على الغذاء الرئيسي من خلال الصيد المباشر أو زراعة الأسماك لاستخدامها في تغذية الحيوانات. ويأتي حوالي 10% من البروتين الذي يستهلكه الإنسان من المحيطات. وتؤكد هذه الحقائق على حتمية العمل على اتخاذ خطوات جادة وسريعة لحماية البيئة والكائنات البحرية من مخاطر التلوث. تعيش كائنات كثيرة في البحر مثل بعض الأنواع الأخرى من الحيوانات التي تعيش في البحر مثل نجمة البحر وقنديل البحر تدعى كذلك بالأسماك ولكنها ليست بالأسماك ولا يحوي جسمها على عظام، وكذلك نوع آخر من الكائنات المائية تعرف بالكائنات الرخوية ذات الصدف مثل المحاريات المختلفة، وهناك القشريات مثل الروبيان والجمبري.
لقد ازداد الاهتمام بالكائنات البحرية وذلك لزيادة الاستفادة منها من الناحية الغذائية أو الطبية وأيضا للاتقاء منشورها. إن للكائنات البحرية تنوع كبير وليس من السهل حصرها أو حتى تصنيفها لان لها خصائص كثيرة وأساليب حياتها متنوعة وكذلك تختلف وظائف أعضائها وطرق تزاوجها وتكاثرها. بعض الكائنات البحرية يستخلص الأوكسجين بواسطة الخياشيم وبعض هذه الحيوانات يتنفس بواسطة الرئة وذلك بصعوده إلى السطح لتجديد الهواء، هناك اسماك تفضل العيش قريبة من السطح أو أعماق متوسطة وهناك اسماك تفضل القاع.

بعض الكائنات البحرية

الأسماك والثدييات البحرية
تساهم الثروة السمكية في تطور الاقتصاد البشري، وتتركز المصايد العالمية أمام سواحل شمال شرق الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والسواحل الغربية لكندا والساحل الغربي لأمريكا الجنوبية، والسواحل الشرقية لأسيا.

الطحالب
يعتمد عليها غذاء رئيسياً في بعض الدول مثل اليابان، كما يستخرج منها مادة الآجار والالجين وتستخدم الأولى في صنع أطباق الحلوى (الجيلي) والمسهلات الطبية ومركبات السلفا والفيتامينات. وتستخدم مادة الالجين (التي تتميز بلزوجتها وعدم مساميتها) في صناعة المواد والغطاءان غير المنفذة للمياه.

الإسفنج
وهو حيوان بحري يعيش في المياه المدارية وشبه المدارية الدفيئة، والتي تتميز بارتفاع نسبة الملوحة بها، ويعيش في المياه الضحلة فيما بين 10 إلى 50 متراً. وتتركز المصايد الرئيسية للإسفنج ببعض سواحل الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية واليونان وجزر الهند الغربية.

أنواع النظم البحرية
المياه الداخلية:
تصاد الأسماك وموارد الأحياء المائية الأخرى من طائفة عريضة من النظم الايكولوجية للمياه العذبة من بينها البحيرات والمستنقعات، والسهول الفيضية والأنهار والمجاري المائية، ومعظمها مصادر طبيعية. وترتبط حالة واتجاهات النظم الايكولوجية للأحياء المائية ارتباطا وثيقا بالظروف السائدة في النظم الايكولوجية الأرضية المجاورة. غير أن جميع مسطحات المياه الداخلية تقريبا، خضعت لتعديلات إلى حد ما نتيجة للتدخلات البشرية (مثل التأثيرات الإثرائية للأسمدة المفرطة ومخلفات الحيوانات) فضلا عن تحويلها ضمن هياكل المجتمع المحلي المعين التي توجد فيه نتيجة للتنوع البيولوجي – من خلال إدخال الأنواع الجديدة – وتزويدها بالزريعة من آن لآخر. ولذا، فإن من الضروري النظر إلى كل نظام ايكولوجي داخلي للأحياء المائية من حيث مستجمعات المياه والأحواض التي يوجد فيها.
المياه الساحلية:
بما في ذلك المصبات والبحيرات الكبيرة) تشكل الوصلة بين البيئة البحرية وتلك الخاصة بالمياه العذبة وبين القارات والمحيطات. وتضطلع بدور رئيسي باعتبارها حضانات للكثير من الأنواع البحرية.
الشعاب المرجانية:
تمثل النوع الغالب من النظم الايكولوجية في المناطق الاستوائية حيث تقل فيها الموجات الدافئة أو مدخلات المياه العذبة. وهذه الشعاب هامة بالنسبة للبلدان الجزرية، إلا أنها ضعيفة، وغنية بالتنوع البيولوجي وتتأثر بشدة بجريان المياه الداخلية والنشاطات الداخلية.
الأرصفة القارية رخوة القاع: التي تظهر أمام نظم دلتا الأنهار الكبرى التي يحصلون منها على الترسبات الدقيقة التي تعتبر من سماتها (مثل الحصى والرمال والوحل). وتتأثر هذه الترسبات، التي تمتد إلى عمق 200 متر، عادة بقوة بمخلفات الأنهار التي يحصلون منها على إنتاجيتها العالية، والتي تحكم تغيراتها الطبيعية.
المحيطات المفتوحة
تمثل أكبر مساحة وحجم للنظم الايكولوجية البحرية على الرغم من أن إنتاجها البيولوجي والسمكي بحسب وحدة المساحة يقل كثيرا عن النظم الايكولوجية الأخرى. والجبال البحرية عنصر ملحوظ من عناصر النظم الايكولوجية للمحيطات المفتوحة وتأوي بعض الموارد الضعيفة طويلة العمر التي تعيش في أعماق البحار (مثل القوقع البرتقالية(المحيطات المتجمدة: (أي المحيط المتجمد الجنوبي والمحيط المتجمد الشمالي) تعتبر من النظم الايكولوجية المعنية عالية الإنتاجية في مواسم معينة وتتسم بالعمليات النشطة الغنية بالمغذيات التي تدفعها التيارات البحرية والتي تعتمد عليها الموارد السمكية الهامة (مثل الأسماك والكريل والحيتان والقشريات الصغيرة) وغير ذلك من الأنواع (مثل الطيور البحرية والفقمة).

انظر أيضًا
 حماية البيئة البحرية
 تاريخ الحيوانات (كتاب)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

علم المصايد
علوم المحيطات البيولوجية
مصايد الأسماك
مصطلحات علم المحيطات

علم الأحياء البحرية


"Michael" é um futuro filme filme biográfico estadunidense, de produção da Lionsgate, que contará a vida do cantor norte-americano Michael Jackson. Os rumores do filme começaram em 2021, mas somente em 2023 fora anunciado de fato a produção de um filme sobre a vida do cantor.

Com a direção de Antoine Fuqua, responsável por O Protetor e Dia de Treinamento, produção de Graham King (indicado ao Oscar, com outro trabalho biográfico pros cinemas em 2018, Bohemian Rhapsody) e roteiro do também indicado ao Oscar, John Logan, o filme também terá o envolvimento direto dos administradores do Espólio do cantor, John Branca e John McClain. O filme contará a vida do artista mais bem sucedido de todos os tempos, segundo o Guinness Book, falando sobre a sua carreira de sucesso que levou a ser conhecido mundialmente como o "Rei do Pop", mas também pretende contar as polêmicas que envolveram a vida do cantor, como a luta de Michael e o vitiligo e as acusações de abuso sexual infantil, que o cantor enfrentou em 1993 e em 2005.

O filme ainda não teve a sua data de lançamento divulgada, mas Fuqua pretende começar a produzir ainda em 2023.

Referências
Michael Jackson

Michael (filme)


Daniela Peštová (* 14. Oktober 1970 in Teplice, Tschechoslowakei) ist ein tschechisches Fotomodell.

Biografie
Entdeckt wurde sie von Dominique Caffin von der Agentur Madison Modeling Agency. Zunächst strebte sie ein Hochschulstudium an, zog aber nach Gewinn eines nationalen Modelwettbewerbs nach Paris und begann eine Zusammenarbeit mit der Madison Modeling Agency. Später zog sie nach New York City, wo ihre Karriere begann.

Peštová war auf den Titelblättern der Magazine GQ, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan, Glamour und Elle und außerdem auf dem Titelblatt der Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue im Jahr 1995 und 2000. Sie arbeitete für L'Oréal und Victoria's Secret.

Sie war verheiratet mit Tommaso Buti, einem ehemaligen Direktor von Fashion Café, ließ sich aber 1998 von ihm scheiden. Aus der Ehe ging der gemeinsame Sohn Yannick hervor. Mit ihrem jetzigen Lebensgefährten, dem Sänger Pavol Habera, hat sie außerdem eine Tochter Elle.

Weblinks
 Daniela Peštová Lebenslauf tschechisch
 Daniela Peštová in der FMD-Datenbank (englisch)

Model
Tscheche
Tschechoslowake
Geboren 1970
Frau

Daniela Peštová


An Carex viridula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni André Michaux. An Carex viridula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. v. brachyrhyncha
 C. v. oedocarpa
 C. v. viridula
 C. v. bergrothii
 C. v. jemtlandica
 C. v. saxilittoralis
 C. v. scotica

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex viridula


An Eragrostis membranacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Eragrostis membranacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis membranacea


Den norske musiker Lene Marlins diskografi består af fire studiealbums, 14 singler og en musik-DVD på EMI.

Studiealbums

Opsamlingsalbum

Singler

Som gæstekunstner

Videoalbums

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Marlin, Lene diskografi
Diskografi

Lene Marlins diskografi


Glut, İskandinav mitolojisinde Logi'nin eşidir. Logi'nin ilk eşi olan Glut'un Logi'den Eisa ve Einmyria isimlerinde çocukları olmuştur.

İskandinav mitolojisi
Jötnarlar
Cermen mitolojisindeki devler
Devler

Glut


Changminia est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Pholcidae.

Distribution
Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Chine et en  Thaïlande.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
 Changminia dao Yao & Li, 2022
 Changminia huangdi (Tong & Li, 2009)

Systématique et taxinomie
Ce genre a été décrit par Yao et Li en 2022 dans les Pholcidae.

Étymologie
Ce genre est nommé en l'honneur de Chang-min Yin.

Publication originale
 Chu, Yao, Wongprom & Li, 2022 : « Changminia gen. nov., a new genus of daddy-long-leg spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) from karst caves in Southeast Asia. » Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Pholcidae
Genre d'araignées (nom scientifique)

Changminia


A Reforma Regional da Noruega (em norueguês Bokmål Regionreformen i Norge e em norueguês Nynorsk Regionreforma i Noreg) entrou em vigor no dia 1 de janeiro de 2020 pela mão do governo de Erna Solberg. Os 19 condados até aí existentes foram reduzidos aos 11 condados atuais.

Viken 	(fusão de Akershus, Buskerud e Østfold)
Innlandet (fusão de Hedmark e Oppland)
Vestfold og Telemark (fusão de Vestfold e Telemark)
Agder (fusão de Aust-Agder e  Vest-Agder)
Rogaland (não modificado)
Vestland (fusão de Hordaland e Sogn og Fjordane)
Møre og Romsdal (não modificado)
Trøndelag (fusão de Sør-Trøndelag e Nord-Trøndelag em 2018)
Nordland (não modificado)
Troms og Finnmark (fusão de Troms e Finnmark)
Oslo (continua a ser um condado próprio)

Ver também
Condados da Noruega

Condados da Noruega
Política da Noruega

Reforma Regional da Noruega


Det Danske Pigespejderkorps (DDP) var et dansk spejderkorps for piger.

Da den britiske general Robert Baden-Powell udvilkede spejderbevægelsen i 1907-1908, havde han kun drengene i tankerne - at piger ville være tiltrukket af de samme aktiviteter havde ikke strejfet hans tanker, og det lå heller ikke i samtiden at piger skulle være fysisk aktive. Da man samlede ca 11.000 drengespejdere til The Crystal Palace Scout Rally i 1909, overraskedes B-P af synet af en patrulje bestående af piger. Dette gav ham stof til eftertanke, og han udviklede senere et program for pigespejdere sammen med sin søster Agnes Baden-Powell.

På samme måde kom begrebet pigespejdere ind ad bagvejen i det danske spejderarbejde. DDP har altid fejret sin fødselsdag 10. oktober, idet der denne dag blev meldt en pigepatrulje ind i Frederiksberg Trop i 1910. Dette var før det egentlige Det Danske Spejderkorps's endelige stiftelse 16. december 1910. I begyndelsen var der flere steder pigepatruljer i drengetroppe og gradvist startede egentlige pigetroppe. De var alle organiseret under drengenes spejderkorps, men da dette korps voksede i størrelse, opdelte man det geografisk i divisioner, og satte pigerne for sig i Pigespejder Division. Pigerne havde siden 1912 haft deres egen bestyrelse med grevinde Agnete Brockenhuus-Schack som præsident, og i 1916 skilte de sig endelig fra drengekorpset ved dannelse af deres eget korps. Indtil 1921 havde de dog fælles korpsråd med drengene.

I 1919 dannedes KFUK-Spejderne og trak en del piger med lyst til et mere kristent spejderarbejde væk fra DDP.

Korpset blev 1. januar 1973 lagt sammen med drengekorpset Det Danske Spejderkorps til et korps for begge køn med samme navn.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger
 Pigespejderliv - Det Danske Pigespejderkorps' korpskrønike af Annesofie Hermann.
 Det Danske Spejderkorps 1910-1935 - jubilæumsbog redigeret af sognepræst Frits Lerche, medlem af korpsets forretningsudvalg.
 Baden-Powell - manden med de to liv af William Hillcourt.
 Grønne stier, KFUK-spejderne i Danmark de grønne pigespejdere i 75 år. 1994. Udgivet af KFUK-spejderne de grønne pigespejdere.

Pigespejderkorps

Det Danske Pigespejderkorps


Castelraimondo (im lokalen Dialekt: Castelrimonno) ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Macerata in den Marken. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 33,5 Kilometer westsüdwestlich von Macerata am Potenza. Castelraimondo ist Teil der Comunità montana Alte Valli del Potenza e Esino.

Verkehr
Von 1906 bis 1956 bestand die Eisenbahnlinie Castelraimondo-Camerino. Der heutige Bahnhof von Castelraimondo an der Bahnstrecke von Civitanova Marche nach Fabriano trägt auch den Namen der Nachbargemeinde. Durch den Ort führen die frühere Strada Statale 361 Septempedana sowie die frühere Strada Statale 256 Muccese (beides heute Provinzstraßen).

Sport
Castelraimondo war Etappemort der Tirreno–Adriatico 2011.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in den Marken

Castelraimondo


أقبو  (بالأمازيغية: ⴰⵇⴱⵓ) هي مدينة تقع في ولاية بجاية الجزائرية. تبعد عن مدينة البويرة حوالي 70 كيلومتر.
اقبو بموقعه الاستراتيجي الجبلي الذي يغطيه غطاء نباتي كثيف، مناخ اقبو شديد البرودة شتاء مع هطول الثلوج في كافة مناطق البلدية اما صيفا فهو معتدل إلى حار في بعض الاحيان.

أعلام

 نبيلة تيزي
 محمد هارون
 عبد الرحمن فارس
 إسماعيل ميرة
 ياسين أكوشي
 عبد الرحمان ميرة

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية بجاية
 دوائر ولاية بجاية

المصادر

أماكن أمازيغية مأهولة
بلديات ولاية بجاية
تأسيسات سنة 1874
تأسيسات سنة 1874 في الجزائر

أقبو


Camille d'Hostun de la Baume, duc de Tallard (14 February 1652 – 20 March 1728) was a French nobleman, diplomat and military commander, who became a Marshal of France.

Military career
Tallard was granted a commission in the French army at the age of 15. He later served under the prince de Condé in the Netherlands, and from 1674, under Turenne in Alsace. He was promoted maréchal de camp in 1678, and served in the Nine Years' War (1688–1697).

His friendship with King Louis XIV ensured a position of authority. After the war he served for two years as ambassador to the Court of St. James's, where his exceptional knowledge of European political affairs proved highly valuable. When King James II died in September 1701, King Louis recognised James's son as his successor to the throne of England. Consequently, King William III expelled Tallard from London in 1702.

Tallard's military career reached its height during the War of the Spanish Succession. On 7 September 1703 the duc de Burgundy and Tallard took the town of Breisach. Tallard proceeded to attack Landau in mid October. A relief force under the Prince of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) was roundly defeated by Tallard's force at the Battle of Speyerbach on 15 November. As a result, Landau fell two days later. Shortly after, Tallard was created Marshal of France.

In 1704, Tallard was sent to reinforce Maximilian II Emanuel's and Marshal Marsin's Franco-Bavarian army on the Danube, which was under threat from the Duke of Marlborough's and Prince Eugene's allied army. Tallard set out on 1 July from Strasbourg, but although the six day siege of Villingen proved abortive, (abandoned on 22 July), the French Marshal was able to bring 34,000 men through the Black Forest, reaching Ulm on 5 August.

Tallard was placed in overall command of the combined Franco-Bavarian army, but the subsequent Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704 resulted in complete destruction of his forces. Decisively beaten, he was captured and taken back to England and housed on parole in Chatsworth, Derbyshire and Newdigate House Nottingham.
The writer Daniel Defoe reported that his small, but beautiful parterre, after the French fashion was one of the beauties of Nottingham.

During his stay in Britain, he is credited with introducing celery to English cuisine.

Later life
On his release in 1711 he returned to France. Despite the calamity of Blenheim, Louis appeared to bear the Marshal no ill will. Tallard was made a duke in 1712 and became a Peer of France in 1715. In King Louis XIV's testament, Tallard was appointed to the Council of Regency but the duc d'Orléans had the testament nullified. He was elected president of the Académie des Sciences in 1724 and, in 1726, he became a French minister of state. He died in 1728.

Family
He married Marie-Catherine de Grolée de Viriville-La Tivolière and had one son;

 Marie Joseph d'Hostun de La Baume-Tallard, Duke of Hostun, Duke of Tallart, (b.1683 - ?) he married Marie Isabelle de Rohan, daughter of Hercule Mériadec, Duke of Rohan-Rohan and Anne Geneviève de Lévis, daughter of Madame de Ventadour. The couple had no children; Marie Isabelle was the Governess to the children of Louis XV from 1735-1754.

Notes

References
  Chandler, David G. Marlborough as Military Commander. Spellmount Ltd, (2003).
 Churchill, Winston. Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk. 1, vols. i & ii. University of Chicago Press, (2002).
 Falkner, James. Blenheim 1704: Marlborough's Greatest Victory. Pen & Sword Books Ltd, (2004).
 Lynn, John A. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman, (1999).
  Tincey, John. Blenheim 1704:The Duke of Marlborough's Masterpiece. Osprey Publishing Ltd, (2004).

External links
 Tallard in Nottingham

1652 births
1728 deaths
Hostun, Camille d'
Marshals of France
French military personnel of the Nine Years' War
French army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
18th-century French people
17th-century French people
18th-century peers of France
Peers created by Louis XIV
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
People of the Ancien Régime

Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard


Yüzyılımızın Sosyoloji Nazariyeleri, dönemin Harvard Üniversitesi sosyoloji profesörü ve Milletlerarası Sosyoloji Enstitüsü Başkanı P. A. Sorokin tarafından yazılmış, Türkçeye dönemin Kabataş Lisesi felsefe ve sosyoloji öğretmeni Münir Raşid Öymen tarafından çevrilmiş olan bir kitaptır. İki ciltten oluşmaktadır. İlk defa 1949 yılında Hüsnütabiat Basımevi tarafından yayımlanmıştır.

Sosyoloji kitapları
Bilim kitapları
1949 kitapları

Yüzyılımızın Sosyoloji Nazariyeleri


Pontefract Castle eller Pomfret Castle er en middelalderborg i området City of Wakefield i West Yorkshire i England.

Borgen blev bygget på en klippe øst for byen over All Saints Church, omkring år 1070 af Ilbert de Lacy. på jord, som Vilhelm Erobreren havde tildelt ham for hans støtte under den normanniske erobring af England. Der er dog tegn på, at der tidligere har været beboelse på stedet. Til at begynde med blev fæstningen opført i træ, som er genopført i sten. I Domesday Book fra 1086 nævnes "Ilbert's Castle", hvilket sandsynligvis er Pontefract Castle.

Fæstningen blev udbygget i flere omgang i de følgende århundreder.
Man mener, at kong Richard 2. døde på Pontefract Castle i 1400, hvilket Shakespeare har brugt i sit stykke Richard den Tredje. Under den engelske borgerkrig midt i 1600-tallet blev borgen udsat for flere belejringer. Efter borgerkrigen blev den ødelagt for at forhindre den i at blive brugt militært igen.

Referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Bibliography of sources related to Pontefract Castle
 Bloody Pomfret
 A walk on the wild side
 Official Website
  Pontefract castle history map in PDF

Slotte i West Yorkshire

Pontefract Castle


Kunstværket i Augustenborg er en kunstnersammenslutning bestående af cirka 52 kunstnere, som hver har et arbejdsrum i det tidligere rådhus ved Louise Augustas Plads. Kunstværket afholder jævnligt mindre koncerter, foredrag og andre kreative arrangementer.
I begyndelsen af 2013 opdagede tre lokale kunstnere at den tidligere Augustenborg Kommunes rådhus stod tomt. De dannede en gruppe som tilbød Sønderborg Kommune at de ville inddele de ledige lokaler til kunstværksteder og udleje dem til interesserede kunstnere. Foreningen Kunstværket blev oprettet og Sønderborg Kommune godkendte enstemmigt Kunstværket med en årlig støtte på 200.000 kr. til driften af huset.

Den 2. januar 2014 rykkede kunstnerne ind i Værket og huset blev delt op i 10 m² store rum, som kan lejes for 300 kr. pr. måned. Hver kunstner bestemmer selv hvor mange lodder man vil leje. I dag er Kunstværket booket op med 59 lodder af 52 arbejdende kunstnere. De deltagende kunstnere er både professionelle og amatører. I kælderen arbejder keramikerne og væverne, i stueetagen er der overvejende kunstmalere. Desuden er der på samme etage et større rum som benyttes til forskellige kulturelle formål.

Kunstværket holder åbent hus den sidste weekend i måneden fra kl. 11-16.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Kunstværkets hjemmeside

Kunstnersammenslutninger fra Danmark

Kunstværket (Augustenborg)


Damat Çelebi Lütfi Paşa (y.1488 - 27 Mart 1564, Dimetoka), Kanuni Sultan Süleyman saltanatı döneminde 13 Temmuz 1539 - Nisan 1541 arasında sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Nerede doğduğu ve nereli olduğu bilinmemektedir. Fakat Arnavut asıllı olduğu rivayet edilmektedir.Avlonya civarından devşirme olarak getirilmiş ve Enderun'da eğitim görmüştür. Kendi yazdığı "Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman" ve "Asafnâme" eserlerine verdiği hayat hikâyesini vermiştir. Buna göre 1508'de Şah ismail'in Dulkadır beyi Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey üzerine yürümesinden itibaren olayları takip etmiştir. Çıkma ile çuhadar görevi verilmiştir. 1512'de Yavuz Sultan Selim'in tahta geçmesi ile 50 akçe ile müteferrika olarak saraydan dış göreve çıkmıştır. Daha sonra sırasıyla çaşnigirbaşı, kapıcıbaşı ve miralemlik görevlerinde bulunmuştur.

Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın tahta çıkınca önce Kastamonu sonra Aydın Sancakbeyi olmuştur. 1522 yılında Rodos kuşatmasına katılmış sonra Yanya sancakbeyliğine atanmıştır. Bu görevde iken kendi sancak askeri başında 1529'da I. Viyana Kuşatması'na katılmıştır. 1534 yılında Karaman beylerbeyi olup, bu görevdeyken Irakeyn Seferi' ne katılmıştır. Daha sonra Anadolu ve Rumeli beylerbeyliği görevlerinin akabinde üçüncü vezirliğe yükselmiş, 1537 yılında donanmadaki kara askerlerinin serdarı olarak Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa ile birlikte Korfu Kuşatması'nda bulundu. İki hafta kadar devam eden kuşatma, Lütfi Paşa'nın zafer beklentisi mesajları göndermesine rağmen padişahın emriyle kaldırılmıştır. 1538'de ikinci vezirliğe tayin edilmiş ve Boğdan seferine katılmıştır..

Genç yaştan itibaren devlet görevine gelen Lütfi Paşa aynı zamanda I. Selim'in kızı ve Kanuni'nin kız kardeşi olan Şah Sultan'la 19 yıl süren bir evlilik yaparak saraya damat da olmuştur.

13 Temmuz 1539'da Ayas Mehmet Paşa'nın vebadan vefatı üzerine sadrazamlık görevine getirilmiştir. Lütfi Paşa bu görevde iki yıl kalmış, bu esnada Osmanlı-Venedik savaşına son veren 1540 tarihli antlaşmada önemli rol oynamış, Habsburg elçileriyle yapılan müzakereleri yönetmiştir. Saray giderlerini azaltmış, ulak sisteminin hızlanması için ülkenin her yerine kervansaraylar inşa ettirmiştir. Rüşvet alan devlet adamlarını saptayıp görevlerinden azledilmelerine neden oldu. Donanmaya önem verilmesini istemiş ve tersaneler açılması için girişimlerde bulunmuştur. Budin Seferi hazırlıkları esnasında görevinden azledilmiştir. Nisan 1541'de başkentte çok ilginç bir sadrazam tedbiri dedikodusu yayılmıştır. Çok dindar olduğu bilinen Lütfi Paşa veziriazamlığı sırasında bekar odalarına baskınlar yaptırtıp burada fuhuş yapan kişilere ağır cezalar vermiştir. Bu söylentiye göre ise Sadrazam Lütfi Paşa fuhuş yapan müslüman bir kadının cinsel organını yargılanmadan ve kadı hükmü olmadan bir rivayete göre dağlatmış, bir rivayete göre ise ustura ile oydurtup onu idam ettirmişti. Bu dedikoduları duyan karısı padişahın kız kardeşi Şah Sultan ise kocasına:
Hangi vezir zamanında bu yüzden keşf-i avret kılınmıştır ki senin asrında vaki ola, zalim?"
diyerek ayıplamıştır. Bunun üzerine sinirlerine hakim olamayan Lütfi Paşa karısına tokat atmıştır. Bu nedenle cariyeleri ve harem ağaları sadrazamı tartaklamıştır

Nisan 1541'de olan bu olayı öğrenen padişah Lütfi Paşa'yı sadrazamlıktan azletmiş ve yerine Hadım Süleyman Paşa sadrazam olarak göreve getirmiştir.

Lütfi Paşa bundan sonra eşi Şah Sultan'dan boşanmış saray akrabalığı sona ermiştir. Azledildikten sonra da Lütfi Paşa, 200.000 akçe has ile Dimetoka'ya sürülmüştür. Lütfi Paşa 1542'de affedilip Hicaz'a hacca gitmiştir. Hac dönüşünde Dimetoka'daki çiftliğine çekilmiş ve daha çok eser telifiyle meşgul olmuştur. Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman ve Asafnâme bu dönemde yazdığı en popüler eserleridir. Bu Dimetoka'daki emeklilik hayatı  20 yıl kadar sürmüştür.

27 Mart 1564'te çiftliğinde ölmüştür. Cenazesi Yenikapı'da defnolunmuştur.

Değerlendirme
Sicill-i Osmani'de şöyle değerlendirilmektedir.
Öfkeli ve sertti. Nahiv, sarf ve fıkıhda bilgili olup ilminde mağrurdu. Tavrı laubali (idi).

Günümüz Osmanlı kişileri hakkında önemli bir biyografi eserinde ise şu değerlendirilme yapılmıştır:
Osmanlı haberleşme, ulak sistemi ile ilgili olarak yeni düzenlemeler yapmış ve aksaklıkları gidermeye çalışmıştır. Maliyede özellikle israftan kaçınılmasına yönelik uygulamalar başlatmış(tır)... Devlet politikasında akılcılığı ön plana alarak denizlere özel önem vermiş(tir).. Bu arada Venediklilerle bir sulh akdetmiştir.

Eserleri
Sadarete geçer geçmez henüz tanınmayan Mimar Sinan'ı saraya takdim etmiş, böylece mimaride bir dönemin başlangıcına vesile olmuştur.

Lütfi Paşa'nın yirmiyi aşan eserlerinin çoğu dini konularda, iki tanesi ise tarihle ilgilidir.
 En çok bilinen eseri, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman olup, Osmanlı devletinin kuruluşundan 1553'e kadar olan dönemi anlatır.
 Asafnâme ise Lütfi Paşa'nın en tanınmış eseri olup, hayat hikâyesini ayrıntılı tarihler vermeden, ihtiva eder.  Siyasetname türündeki bu eser devlet idaresi, mesleğine ait tespitler ve bilgiler ihtiva eder. Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa da Nesâyihü'l-Vüzerâ ve'l-Ümerâ adlı eserini yayımlarken Lütfi Paşa'nın bu eserinden yararlanmıştır.
 "Halisil Ümme Marifeti-l eimme" adlı eseri Arapça yazılmıştır. Bu eserin ana teması Osmanlı sultanlarının halifeliklerini meşruiyetidir. Bu nedenle kurum olarak halifeliği ele almıştır. Bu kurumun "Kureyşli" olma sorunu üzerinde durmuştur. Bu niteliğin "şer-i saadet"'e ait bir şart olduğunu kabul etmiş; ama halifelik için diğer şartların da bulunması gereğine işaret etmiştir. Osmanlı sultanlarının bu diğer şartları taşıdıkları için halifeliklerinin meşru olduğu sonucuna varmıştır. Bu inceleme Osmanlı politika edebiyatında halifelik kurumunu ele alan ilk eser olduğu için çok önemlidir.

Popüler kültürdeki yeri
2003 Yapımı Hürrem Sultan dizisinde Lütfi Paşa'yı Levent Yılmaz canlandırmıştır. 2011-2014 yılları arasında yayınlanan Muhteşem Yüzyıl dizisinde ise Lütfi Paşa'yı Mehmet Özgür canlandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar

 Lutfi Paşa (haz. Kayhan Atik) (2001), Lutfi Paşa ve Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman, Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi.
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi, (1961) Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Buz, Ayhan, (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN978-975-254-278-5.
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (8.bas.:1998) Osmanlı Tarihi II. Cilt: İstanbul'un Fethinden Kanunî Sultan Süleyman'ın Ölümüne Kadar. Ankara:Türk Tarih Kurumu ISBN 975-16-0012-X
 Özcan, Azmi, "Lütfi Paşa", (1999) Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.1 s.47-48 ISBN 975-08-0072-9
 Gökbilgin, Tayyib, (1997), "Lütfi Paşa",  İslam Ansiklopeisi, Eskişehir: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, C.VII, s.96-101.

Dış bağlantılar

 Mehmed Süreyya (haz. Nuri Akbayar) (1996), Sicill-i Osmani, İstanbul:Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları ISBN 975-333-0383 C.1V say.91 Online:
 İpşirli, Mehmet (2003) "Lutfî Paşa" Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi Cilt:27  Sayfa:234-236. Ankara:TDIV  Online:

Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
1564 yılında ölenler
16. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
16. yüzyıl yazarları
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Osmanlı padişah damatları
Osmanlı tarihçileri

Lütfi Paşa


Shungo Tamashiro (født 25. april 1991) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Zweigen Kanazawa.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shungo Tamashiro


Blackwater ist eine Stadt im Osten des australischen Bundesstaates Queensland. Bei der Volkszählung 2021 wurden 4.567 Einwohner gezählt.

Sechs große Kohlentagebaue und ein unterirdisches Kohlebergwerk haben die Landschaft rund um die Stadt verändert und sind gleichzeitig die wichtigsten Arbeitgeber für ihre Bevölkerung. Südlich der Stadt liegt der Blackdown-Tableland-Nationalpark auf dem Kamm der Great Dividing Range.

Die nächstgelegenen größeren Städte sind Rockhampton 198 km östlich an der Küste und Emerald 79 km westlich. Alle drei Städte liegen am Capricorn Highway.

Namensgebung
Blackwater wurde vermutlich nach dem Blackwater Creek, einem Nebenfluss des Mackenzie River, benannt. Dieser Bach führte schwarzes Wasser, was durch die Baumwurzeln, die in den Bach wuchsen, verursacht wurde. Die Kohlelagerstätten wurden 1845 von Ludwig Leichhardt entdeckt.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt

 Kerrie Meares (* 1982), Bahnradsportlerin und Radsporttrainerin
 Anna Meares (* 1983), Radrennfahrerin
 Josh Thomas (* 1987), Schauspieler, Drehbuchautor und Komiker

Weblinks
 Queensland Places: Blackwater. University of Queensland

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Queensland
Bergbau (Australien)
Central Highlands Region

Blackwater (Queensland)


The Heinkel He 115 was a three-seat World War II Luftwaffe seaplane. It was used as a torpedo bomber and performed general seaplane duties, such as reconnaissance and minelaying. The aircraft was powered by two 960 PS (947 hp, 720 kW) BMW 132K nine-cylinder air-cooled radial engines. Some later models could seat four, had different engines or used different weapon arrangements.

Development and design
In 1935, the German Reich Air Ministry (RLM, Reichsluftfahrtministerium) produced a requirement for a twin engined general purpose floatplane, suitable for patrol and for anti-shipping strikes with bombs and torpedoes. Proposals were received from Heinkel Flugzeugwerke and from the Blohm & Voss aircraft subsidiary Hamburger Flugzeugbau. On 1 November 1935, orders were placed with Heinkel and Hamburger Flugzeugbau for three prototypes each of their prospective designs, the He 115 and the Ha 140.

The first prototype Heinkel flew in August 1937, testing was successful and the He 115 design was selected over the Ha 140 early in 1938, leading to an order for another prototype and 10 pre-production aircraft. The first prototype was used to set a series of international records for floatplanes over  and  closed circuits at a speed of .

Armament initially consisted of two 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine guns, one in the nose and one in the dorsal position. Later He 115s were fitted with a fixed forward-firing 15 mm or 20 mm MG 151 cannon and two rearward-firing 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns in the engine nacelles. He 115 variants carried LTF 5 or LTF 6b torpedoes and SD 500  or SC 250  bombs. Some also carried LMB III or LMA mines.

Operational history

Luftwaffe

At the outbreak of the war, the He 115 was used for dropping parachute mines in British waters, normally aiming for narrow passages close to busy ports on the English south coast; the River Thames was also a prime target.
The aircraft had its finest moment on anti-shipping operations against Arctic convoys from bases in northern Norway. Because the first convoys lacked air cover, the slow and lightly armed He 115 was less vulnerable than near the English coast. With the appearance of carriers and escort carriers, coupled with new Soviet heavy fighters like the Petlyakov Pe-3bis, Luftwaffe air superiority over the convoys was challenged and losses increased.

Apart from its use as a minelayer and torpedo bomber, the He 115 was used for coastal reconnaissance and by KG 200 to drop agents behind enemy lines.

Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service

In response to the rising tensions in Europe, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence had ordered six He 115Ns for the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service (RNoNAS) on 28 August 1939 and the aircraft were delivered from 14 July – 13 November 1939. The He 115N order was intended to replace the RNoNAS fleet of 1920s vintage Douglas DT torpedo bombers and the obsolescent Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.11, which was the mainstay of the RNoNAS in 1940. The Norwegians signed another order of six He 115Ns in December 1939, with delivery expected in March/April 1940 but this was forestalled by Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Norway of 9 April 1940. At the outbreak of hostilities, the RNoNAS had six He 115Ns in service (F.50, F.52, F.54, F.56, F.58 and F.60) spread along the coast from the naval air stations at Sola and Flatøy in the south to the one at Skattøra Naval Air Station outside Tromsø in the north. At the beginning of the German invasion, the aircraft at the seaplane base at Hafrsfjord near Stavanger (F.60) was captured by the Germans, but two Luftwaffe He 115s (given the codes F.62 and F.64 in Norwegian service) were seized by an improvised militia unit of Norwegian riflemen at Ørnes in Glomfjord, Nordland and by police officers at Brønnøysund, Nordland. The two aircraft were seized after they ran out of fuel and had to make emergency landings on 10 April. Manned by Norwegian aircrews, they served against their former owners for the duration of the campaign.

Seven Norwegian He 115s, five of them He 115Ns, were employed against German and German-controlled ships (see: HNoMS Uller), as well as providing ground support to the Norwegian Army offensive on the Narvik Front. On 14 April 1940, three Norwegian He 115s made a successful attack on German Ju 52s at Gullesfjordbotn. Four of the Norwegian aircraft (F.52, F.56, F.58 and F.64) made the journey to the United Kingdom shortly before the 10 June 1940 surrender, a fifth (F.50) escaping to Finland, landing on Lake Salmijärvi in Petsamo. A sixth He 115 (F.54) also tried to make the journey to Britain but was lost over the North Sea. The last of the Norwegian He 115s, F.62 (one of the two captured German aircraft), was unserviceable at the time of the evacuation and was abandoned at Skattøra, later being repaired and flown by the Germans.

Royal Air Force

The four escaped aircraft were reformed into the Norwegian Helensburgh Group under Commander Bugge.
The exiled Norwegian Cabinet Nygaardsvold made plans soon after arriving in Britain to use the four He 115 aircraft to perform leaflet dropping missions over Norway. The leaflet mission was to deliver a declaration to the Norwegian people, stating the Norwegian authorities were re-established in the UK and rejected any Nazi German overtures for a German–Norwegian peace deal. All four Norwegian He 115s were ordered from Helensburgh to Scapa Flow on 3 July 1940 to carry out the mission, although one had to return to Helensburgh due to engine problems. The three He 115s assembled at Scapa Flow were ordered to fly to Norway and drop the declaration over the cities of Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim. Shortly before the mission was to get under way the British Air Ministry intervened and stopped the expedition, insisting that such an undertaking would be suicidal to attempt with the slow flying He 115s. Three days later, the aircraft returned to Helensburgh.

Three of the Norwegian He 115s (F.56, F.58 and F.64) were subsequently used in covert operations off Norway and in the Mediterranean Sea with Norwegian crews. In British service, the three received new serial numbers, BV184, BV185 and BV187. BV184 was attacked and damaged by two Polish Spitfire fighters over the Bay of Biscay in the spring of 1942, while co-operating with French fishing boats and later lost in a refuelling fire in the UK. BV185 was destroyed in an Italian air raid on Kalafrana, Malta after flying just one clandestine operation to North Africa. BV187 flew several missions on the North African coast from its base in Malta before being destroyed by two German Bf 109s.

Finnish Air Force

On 8 June 1940, the day after Norwegian forces were ordered to cease hostilities, one He 115 (F.50, deemed technically unfit to be flown to UK), was flown to Finland posing as a civilian aircraft LN-MAB. The float-plane was interned but the pilot, experienced line captain and naval lieutenant Helge Dahl and crew were free to leave Finland. From Summer 1941 it was used by the LLv.14 of the Finnish Air Force code HE-115 and named "Jenny", to ferry Sissi troops behind Soviet lines. In this role, it proved valuable in a terrain with numerous secluded lakes. It served in this role until ambushed in East Karelia on 4 July 1943. Jenny took off but soon had to ditch and the crew was taken prisoner. Two days later the floating HE-115 was strafed by Finnish Morane-Saulnier MS406 fighters. There are reports that the Soviets salvaged the wreck for evaluation. Two Luftwaffe He 115 C were borrowed for similar operations in 1943–44 and operated with German markings by Finnish crew. One was returned in 1944 but the other was surrendered to the Soviets after armistice.

Swedish Air Force
The Swedish Air Force operated 12 He 115A-2s under the local designation T 2, with Air Force numbers 101–112. Another six aircraft were ordered but never delivered due to the outbreak of World War II. They were sturdy and well liked by their crews and were not taken out of use until 1952. The Swedish T 2s were kept on duty throughout World War II and made a valuable contribution to protecting and enforcing Swedish neutrality. The T 2s replaced the outdated T 1s (Heinkel HD 16s) as torpedo bombers and also served as regular bombers, for smoke screening and for long-range reconnaissance missions. Five of the 12 T 2s were lost in accidents during their service with the Swedish Air Force.

Variants

Prototypes
Five prototypes were used in the development of the aircraft,
 He 115 V1 August 1937, set eight payload/speed records
 He 115 V2 November 1937, similar to V1
 He 115 V3 March 1938, introduced glassed cockpit, which became standard
 He 115 V4 May 1938, production prototype, introduced struts in place of wires between fuselage and floats
 He 115 V5 1939

Production
The basic design of the aircraft remained unchanged during the type's career. The main differences, with a few notable exceptions, were changes in armament and avionics. Also to note is that the 'new' 'E' version, launched when production restarted in 1941, is in fact similar to the 'C'-series, again with the exception of armament changes.
 He 115 A-0 10 pre-production examples, armed with a single machine gun
 He 115 A-1 added a nose-mounted machine gun.
 He 115 A-2 similar to A-1, exported to Norway and Sweden
 He 115 A-3 modified weapons bay and changes to the radio equipment
 He 115 B-0 the 'B'-series introduced the ability to trade fuel and bomb load, as well as the possibility to carry a  magnetic mine
 He 115 B-1 added increased fuel capacity
 He 115 B-1/R1
 He 115 B-1/R2
 He 115 B-1/R3
 He 115 B-2 had reinforced floats for operation from ice or snow
 He 115 C-1 introduced additional armament
 He 11 5C-1/R1
 He 115 C-1/R2
 He 115 C-1/R3
 He 115 C-1/R4
 He 115 C-2 reinforced floats in same manner as B-2
 He 115 C-3 minelayer version.
 He 115 C-4 torpedo bomber version.
 He 115 D one aircraft fitted with BMW 801C engines rated at 1,147 kW (1,560 PS) each.
 He 115 E-1 similar to the 'C'-series, but with revised armament.

Operators

 Ilmavoimat
 Germany
 Luftwaffe

 Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service

 Aviación Nacional

 Svenska flygvapnet

 Royal Air Force

Specifications (He 115 B-1)

Surviving aircraft

 He 115 A-2 Werknr. 3043? Recovered from Russia, now in storage with private owner in France
 He 115 B/C Werknr. 2398  was recovered from Hafrsfjord in Norway on 2 June 2012. It was part of 1 Staffel, Seefernaufklärungsgruppe 906 (No. 1 Squadron, 906 Maritime Reconnaissance Group), known until February 1941 as Küstenfliegergruppe 906 (906 Coastal Aviation Group), Luftflotte 5. In July 2012 the aircraft was in storage awaiting restoration at the Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola near Stavanger.
 The wreck of a He 115 was located at the bottom of the lake Limingen in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway in 2013.

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Donald, David (ed). Warplanes of the Luftwaffe. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1994. .
 Ede, Paul and Moeng, Soph (gen. editors) The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft

 Keskinen, Kalevi and Stenman, Kari Finnish Air Force 1939-1945  .
 "Last of a Genus...The Heinkel 115". Air International, February 1987, Vol. 32 No. 2. pp. 96–101. ISSN 0306-5634.
 "Last of a Genus...The Heinkel 115 Part Two". Air International, March 1987, Vol. 32 No. 3. pp. 154–156. ISSN 0306-5634.
 Munson, Kenneth. Fighters and Bombers of World War II. London: Peerage Books. 1983.
 Norrbom, Gösta   ISBN unstated

External links

 Article on He 115 found at Haltenbanken

1930s German bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
World War II torpedo bombers of Germany
He 115
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
World War II aircraft of Finland

Heinkel He 115


Mehmet Ali Şahin (16 Eylül 1950, Ekincik, Ovacık), Türk avukat ve siyasetçi.

2009–2011 yılları arasında Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Başkanlığı görevini sürdürmüştür. 2007–2009 yılları arasında Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından kurulan 60. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde Adalet Bakanı olarak yer almıştır. 2002–2007 yılları arasında Abdullah Gül tarafından kurulan 58. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde ve Erdoğan tarafından kurulan 59. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde Başbakan yardımcısı olarak yer almıştır.

Siyasal kariyerine Refah Partisi'nde başlayan Şahin, ilk defa 1995 Türkiye genel seçimleri'nde Refah Partisi İstanbul milletvekili olarak meclise girmiştir. 1989 yerel seçimlerinde Küçükçekmece, 1994 yerel seçimlerinde Fatih belediye başkanı adayı olmuştur fakat seçilememiştir. Refah Partisi'nin 1998 yılında kapatılmasının ardından 1999 genel seçimlerinde Fazilet Partisi İstanbul milletvekili olarak meclise girmiştir.

2001'de Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nin kurucu üyeleri arasında yer almıştır ve 2002 genel seçimlerinde AK Parti İstanbul milletvekili olarak meclise girmiştir. 2007 genel seçimlerinde Antalya, 2011 genel seçimlerinde Karabük milletvekili olarak meclise girmiştir. 2012 ve 2014 yılları arasında AK Parti Siyasi ve Hukuki İşlerden Sorumlu Genel Başkan Yardımcısı olarak görev yapmıştır.

İlk yılları ve kariyeri
Mehmet Ali Şahin 16 Eylül 1950 tarihinde Abdullah ve Ünzüle Şahin çiftinin çocuğu olarak Karabük'ün (O dönemde Çankırı'nın) Ovacık ilçesinin Ekincik köyünde doğdu. İlkokulu eğitimini doğduğu köyde aldıktan sonra İstanbul İmam Hatip Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. Lise yıllarında köyde imamlık yaptı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden mezun oldu ve 1983 yılına kadar serbest avukat olarak çalıştı.

Erken siyasi kariyeri
Serbest avukatlık mesleğiyle beraber siyasete de atılan Şahin, Refah Partisi Eminönü İlçe Başkanlığı yaptı. 1987 genel seçimlerinde Refah Partisi'nden Çankırı milletvekili adayı oldu. 1989 yerel seçimlerinde Refah Partisi Küçükçekmece belediye başkan adayı oldu ancak seçimi 5. sırada tamamladı. 1994 yerel seçimleri'nde Refah Partisi Fatih belediye başkan adayı olduğu seçimi kazanmasına rağmen oy pusulalarındaki baskı hatası nedeniyle seçimler iptal edildi. Temmuz 1994 tarihinde yenilenen seçimlerde Anavatan Partisi Fatih belediye başkan adayı Sadettin Tantan'a karşı yenildi. İlk defa 1995 Genel Seçimleri'nde Refah Partisi İstanbul milletvekili olarak meclise girdi. Refah Partisi Lâik Cumhuriyet ilkesine aykırı eylemleri gerekçesiyle kapatılmasının ardından kurulan Fazilet Partisi'ne katıldı ve 1999 Türkiye genel seçimleri'nde İstanbul milletvekili olarak meclise girdi.

Siyasi kariyeri

Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi
2001'de kurulan Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nin kurucu üyeleri arasında yer alan Şahin, 2002 genel seçimlerinde AK Parti İstanbul milletvekili olarak meclise girdi. Abdullah Gül'ün başbakanlık görevinden istifa etmesinin ardından Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından kurulan 59. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde Gençlik ve Spordan Sorumlu Devlet Bakanı olarak yer aldı. 2007 genel seçimlerinde tekrar meclise girdi ve Erdoğan tarafından kurulan 60. Türkiye Hükûmeti'nde Adalet Bakanı olarak yer aldı. 5 Ağustos 2009 tarihinde seçildiği TBMM Başkanlığı'nı iki yıl sürdürdü. 24. Dönem Karabük milletvekili olarak TBMM'ye tekrar girdi.
2012-2014 yılları arasında AK Parti Siyasi ve Hukuki İşlerden Sorumlu Genel Başkan Yardımcısı olarak görev yaptı. Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi Grup Başkanvekilliği görevinin yanı sıra Adalet Komisyonu Üyeliği'nde de bulundu. Kasım 2015 genel seçimlerinde tekrar meclise girdi. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yüksek İstişare Kurulu üyesidir.

Özel yaşamı
Eşi Saniye Şahin 27 Kasım 2014 tarihinde bir süredir tedavi gördüğü hastanede ölmüştür. 14 Ekim 2017'de Zuhal Fırat ile ikinci kez evlendi.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
TBMM
 Kimdir bu com

1950 doğumlular
Ovacık, Karabük doğumlular
İstanbul İmam Hatip Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM 20. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
TBMM 21. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
TBMM 22. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
TBMM 23. dönem Antalya milletvekilleri
TBMM 24. dönem Karabük milletvekilleri
TBMM 26. dönem Karabük milletvekilleri
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Bakanları
TBMM Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi Grup Başkanvekilleri
21. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
Türkiye Hükûmet sözcüleri
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi başkanları
Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Parlamenterler Asamblesi Türk Grubu
TBMM Adalet Komisyonu
TBMM Anayasa Komisyonu
Yaşayan insanlar
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi MYK üyeleri
Refah Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
Fazilet Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
21. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
Türk İslamcılar
Türk muhafazakârlar

Mehmet Ali Şahin


HMAS Deloraine (J232/M232), named for the town of Deloraine, Tasmania, was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). In January 1942 she evaded an attack by the Japanese submarine I-124 north-west of Darwin and was jointly credited with the submarine's sinking after inflicting the initial damage. She was present at the bombing of Darwin and survived unscathed.

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Deloraine) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Deloraine was laid down at Morts Dock & Engineering Co in Balmain, New South Wales on 19 March 1941. She was launched on 26 July 1941 by Dame Mary Hughes, wife of the Minister for the Navy, and commissioned into the RAN on 22 November 1941.

Operational history

World War II
After commissioning, Deloraine sailed to Darwin, where she was based for the first part of her career as a convoy escort and anti-submarine patrol vessel. On 20 January 1942, the United States destroyer USS Edsall, escorting the American oiler USS Trinity (AO-13), reported a Japanese submarine was in the area after an unsuccessful attack on the oiler. The submarine, I-124 of the Imperial Japanese Navy, tried and failed to torpedo Deloraine at 1:35 pm, with Deloraine locating the submarine on asdic. After two depth-charge attacks the submarine briefly broke the surface. Deloraine then observed 'large bubbles of oil and air'. Sister ships Katoomba and Lithgow arrived in the area; the two ships continuing to patrol and depth-charge the area while Deloraine reloaded. They were successful, and the four ships were jointly credited with the kill of I-124—the first enemy submarine to be sunk in Australian waters, going down with 80 lives.

The ship was present in Darwin Harbour during the Japanese bombing of Darwin in February 1942. She was undamaged by the attack and assisted in rescue and recovery operations. On 5 March, Deloraine was attacked on several occasions by a Japanese flying boat, but was again undamaged.

In July 1942, the corvette returned to Sydney, and spent the next twenty months escorting supply convoys from Sydney to Newcastle, Brisbane, and New Guinea. In April 1943, Deloraine rescued 19 survivors from the torpedoed merchant ship Lydia M. Child. On 16 June 1943, Portmar and LST-469 were torpedoed and sunk by a Japanese submarine while travelling in Convoy GP55: the only two ships lost in the convoys Deloraine was attached to during her service history.

In May 1944, Deloraine was redeployed to New Guinea waters for escort, patrol, and troop transport duties. She carried out bombardments in support of several Allied landings in New Guinea. At the end of April 1945, the corvette sailed to Brisbane for refits: hostilities ended while she was in dock.

The corvette was awarded three battle honours for her wartime service: "Darwin 1942", "Pacific 1942–45", and "New Guinea 1943–44".

Post-war
After refitting, Deloraine was used to transport an occupation force from Morotai to Menado, then returned to Sydney and commenced clearing minefields off the New South Wales coast. For the first half of 1946, Deloraine was assigned to New Britain, again clearing minefields. She was paid off into reserve on 4 November 1945, but was recommissioned on 16 December, and recommenced minesweeping duties along the Australian coast.

Decommissioning and fate
Deloraine was paid off into reserve at Fremantle, Western Australia on 30 June 1948. She was sold for scrap to the Hong Kong Delta Shipping Company on 8 August 1956.

Citations

References
Books

Journal and news articles

References

External links

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in New South Wales
1941 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia

HMAS Deloraine


Gary Wayne Holt (Richmond, Kalifornija, 4. svibnja, 1964.) je američki gitarist iz San Francisca. Gitarist i glavni tekstopisac američkog thrash metal sastava Exodus i također gitarist američkog thrash metal sastava Slayer, u kojem je preuzeo dužnost nakon što je glavni gitarist Jeff Hanneman preminuo 2013. godine.

Životopis

Exodus
Nakon što je gitarist Tim Agnello napustio Exodus 1981. godine, Holt se pridružio sastavu i postao glavni gitarist i tekstopisac. Nakon što je Kirk Hammett napustio sastav 1983. kako bi se pridružio Metallici, Holt je držao sastav na nogama, on i Rick Hunolt su bili prozvani kao Exodusovi' "H-Team" gitaristi. Holt je jedini član Exodusa koji se pojavljuje na svakom albumu.

Slayer
Dana 12. veljače 2011., objavljeno kako će Holt privremeno zamijeniti gitarista Jeffa Hannemana u sastavu Slayer. Holt je također svirao za Slayera na "Big 4 Concert" u Indiju, Kalifornija, 23. travnja, 2011., također i na "Fun Fun Fun Fest" u Austinu, Texas, 6. studenog, 2011. Holt je još uvijek u sastavu te se složio da će zamijeniti Jeffa Hannemana nakon njegove smrti, 2. svibnja, 2013. Također je gitarist na Slayerovom najnovijem albumu Repentless, ali nije doprinosio pisanju teksta, jedino solo dionicama na gitari.

Diskografija
Exodus
 1982. – 1982 Demo
 1985. – Bonded by Blood
 1987. – Pleasures of the Flesh
 1989. – Fabulous Disaster
 1990. – Impact Is Imminent
 1991. – Good Friendly Violent Fun
 1992. – Lessons in Violence
 1992. – Force of Habit
 1997. – Another Lesson in Violence
 2004. – Tempo of the Damned
 2005. – Shovel Headed Kill Machine
 2007. – The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A
 2008. – Let There Be Blood
 2010. – Exhibit B: The Human Condition
 2014. – Blood In Blood Out

Slayer
2015. – Repentless

Asylum
 1990.	– Asylum (Demo)

Destruction
 2008.	– D.E.V.O.L.U.T.I.O.N.

Heathen
 2009.	– The Evolution of Chaos

Hypocrisy
 2005.	– Virus

Laughing Dead
 1990.	– Demo 1990 (Demo)

Metal Allegiance
 2015. – Metal Allegiance [Gift of Pain]

Panic
 1991.	– Epidemic

Tantara
 2012. Based On Evil

Under
 1998.	– Under (EP)

Warbringer
 2009. – Waking into Nightmares

Witchery
 2010.	– Witchkrieg

Izvori

Američki gitaristi heavy metala
Thrash metal
Slayer

Gary Holt


السيدة الإفريقية '' هي كاتدرائية كاثوليكية تقع في العاصمة الجزائرية، تأسست عام 1872.

تقع الكاتدرائية الرومانية الكاثوليكية في منطقة باب الواد، أشهر الأحياء الشعبية في العاصمة الجزائرية، وعلى علو 228 مترا من سطح البحر. إذ تعتبر من أشهر كنائس منطقة المتوسط والعالم وأول كنيسة كاثوليكية تشيد في أفريقيا، وبقيت إلى يومنا هذا فاتحة أبوابها للأقلية المسيحية في الجزائر والزوار.

بُنيت كنيسة السيدة الإفريقية سنة 1872 واستغرق ذلك 14 سنة كاملة (1858)، وقام ببنائها المهندس المعماري الفرنسي «فرومجو» الذي اعتمد على الطراز البيزنطي.

تعود تسميتها إلى «سيدة أفريقية سوداء» تدعى «مارغريت بيرغر» والتي قدِمت رفقة الأسقف «بافي» من مدينة ليون الفرنسية إلى الجزائر سنة 1836 لتُشيد أول «كنيسة للعذراء» على الأرض الأفريقية.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 المقبرة وكنيستها الصغيرة، الجزائر العاصمة، الجزائر

كاتدرائيات في الجزائر
كنائس رومانية كاثوليكية اكتملت في 1872
مبان كنائس رومانية كاثوليكية في الجزائر القرن 19
مبان ومنشآت في الجزائر العاصمة
مباني كنائس رومانية كاثوليكية القرن 19
مواقع جذب سياحي في مدينة الجزائر

السيدة الإفريقية


Madytos sau Madytus (în ) a fost un oraș și port grecesc din Tracia antică, situat în regiunea Chersonezului Trac, vizavi de Abydos.

Orașul a fost o colonie a eolienilor din Lesbos, care, potrivit autorilor antici, au fondat, de asemenea, Sestos, Alopekonessos și alte orașe din Hellespont.

Constituirea sa datează cel mai probabil din perioada migrării colonizatoare a grecilor din secolele al VIII-lea și al VII-lea î.Hr. Mai târziu, au venit mai mulți coloniști din orașele ionice grecești Milet și Clazomenae. Dovezile arheologice sprijină, de asemenea, teoria originii eoliene sau, posibil, ateniene a coloniștilor.

Madytos este legat de mitologia greacă, deoarece s-a pretins că aici s-ar afla mormântul Hecubei, soția regelui Priam al Troiei.

Orașul este menționat de Herodot în legătură cu Războaiele Medice și de Tucidide în legătură cu Bătălia de la Eurymedon. A fost membru al Ligii de la Delos, după cum atestă înregistrările cu scop fiscal ale atenienilor din perioada 445/444 - 421/420 î.Hr. Au fost descoperite monede de bronz din secolul al IV-lea î.Hr. care conțineau inscripția ΜΑΔΥ.

Madytos a fost un port comercial activ în perioada bizantină și în Evul Mediu. A fost ocupat de turcii otomani în secolul al XV-lea. Orașul a continuat să aibă o populație majoritar greacă până în anii 1920 când, după Tratatul de la Lausanne și schimburile de populație dintre Grecia și Turcia, majoritatea grecilor s-au mutat în Grecia, unde au fondat orașul Nea Madytos.

Locul anticului Madytos se află în apropierea actualului oraș modern Eceabat din Turcia Europeană. Ptolemeu menționează în aceeași regiune un oraș cu numele Madis, pe care unii l-au identificat cu Madytos, dar care pare a fi fost situat mai spre interiorul peninsulei Gallipoli.

Note

Bibliografie

Orașe ale Imperiului Bizantin

Madytos


Ergastula, Antik Roma'da, genellikle kölelerin (özellikle sorun çıkaran kölelerin) ve bazen de tutuklu suçluların konulduğu yeraltı yapısına verilen isimdir.

İşçi olarak kölelerin çalıştırıldığı çiftliklerin (latifundium) içinde sıklıkla bulunan bir yapıdır. Ergastula terim olarak bazı küçük Roma hapishaneleri için de kullanılırdı. Bu yapılar Hadrianus'un hükümdarlığı sırasında kanundışı ilan edilmiştir.

Antik Roma mimarisi
Antik Roma'da kölelik

Ergastula


L'Ivresse d'une oasis est un documentaire comorien réalisé par Hachimiya Ahamada, sorti en 2011.

Synopsis
Le père de la réalisatrice retourne quelques semaines par an dans son village natal des Comores pour construire une maison. Il filme l'avancée des travaux.

Fiche technique
 Titre : L'Ivresse d'une oasis
 Réalisation : Hachimiya Ahamada
 Scénario : Hachimiya Ahamada
 Montage : Thibaut Verly
 Sociétés de productions : Shonagon Films et Centre de l'Audiovisuel à Bruxelles (fonds d'aide à la francophonie)
 Pays : , , et
 Genre : documentaire
 Durée : 88 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
  :

Thèmes
La maison occupe une place centrale dans le documentaire. La réalisatrice a déclaré qu'elle avait été frappé du nombre de maisons inachevées et inutilisées aux Comores parce que leurs propriétaires n'habitent pas sur place pendant que les membres de leurs familles vivent, eux, juste à côté, dans des maisons en paille ou en taule.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film comorien
Film belge sorti en 2011
Film français sorti en 2011
Film documentaire belge
Film documentaire français
Premier long métrage sorti en 2011
Film en français
Film documentaire sur la famille

L'Ivresse d'une oasis


An Microthelys constricta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Microthelys constricta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Microthelys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Microthelys

Microthelys constricta


Glenea decolorata é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Heller em 1926.

Ligações externas
Borneo catalog 2005

decolorata
Coleópteros descritos em 1926

Glenea decolorata


Maria Josefina Teodora Plá Guerra Galvany, mais conhecida como Josefina Plá, (Isla de Lobos, 9 de novembro de 1903 - Assunção, 11 de janeiro de 1999) foi uma poetisa, dramaturga, jornalista, crítica de arte, escultora, ceramista e historiadora espanhola-paraguaia, natural das ilhas canárias. Naturalizada no Paraguai, ela é reconhecida por elencar as mulheres como protagonistas da História do Paraguai. Ela é considerada a mais fundamental artista e intelectual da cultura paraguaia no século XX. Sua maestria artística e literária abarcou a criação, pesquisa e docência.

Recebeu inúmeros prêmios e distinções pelo seu trabalho artístico e literário, pela defesa dos direitos humanos e da igualdade de gênero.

Vida pessoal
Maria Josefina Teodora Plá Guerra Galvany nasceu no dia 9 de novembro de 1903, na Isla Lobos, em Fuerteaventura,Ilhas Canárias, Espanha, onde seu pai, Leopoldo Plá, mantinha um farol. Plá foi a primogênita de uma família de sete filhos. Sua mãe se chamava Rafaela Guerra Galvany.

Em 1924, durante as férias com sua família em Villajoyosa, Alicante, Plá conheceu o escultor paraguaio Andrés Campos Cervera, conhecido pelo nome artístico Julián de la Herrería. Ele estava na Espanha para estudar cerâmica. Plá e Cervera se conheceram poucos dias antes dele concluir seus estudos e retornar ao Paraguai. Apesar dessa separação, vinte meses depois, ele pediu permissão ao pai de Plá para se casar com ela. A cerimônia foi realizada em 17 de dezembro de 1926. Em 1927, Plá se instalou no Paraguai com o marido e se estabeleceu na Villa Aurélia, em Assunção.

Plá e seu marido retornaram duas vezes à Espanha. Na primeira vez, no ano de 1931, para a exposição das obras de cerâmica de Cervera em Madri. A segunda visita foi em 17 de outubro de 1934. Julián de la Herrería morreu em Valência, Espanha, em 1937. Plá voltou ao Paraguai um ano depois.

Plá faleceu em 11 de janeiro de 1999 em Assunção.

Carreira artística
Apesar de iniciar-se na poesia e ser escritora por toda sua vida, Plá expandiu seu trabalho artístico também para as artes visuais. O trabalho de escultura e cerâmica dela foi descrito como "um arquivo da história cultural do Paraguai". Seu trabalho foi amplamente exibido por toda a América do Sul. Alguns dos murais e mosaicos que ela criou ainda podem ser vistos nos prédios da cidade de Assunção. Algumas de suas cerâmicas estão expostas no Centro Cultural de España Juan de Salazar na capital paraguaia.

Na década de 1950, ela cofundou o Grupo Arte Nuevo (Grupo de Arte Nova, em português) junto com outros artistas, incluindo Olga Blinder, Lilí del Mónico e José Laterza Parodi. Em 1952 ela escreveu um artigo para um catálogo da exposição de Olga Blinder que foi considerado, posteriormente, um manifesto da arte moderna no Paraguai. Na época, foi um passo pioneiro para a criação do grupo. Em 1959, em resposta à Exposición de Obras del Museo de Arte Moderno de San Pablo, Plá discutiu a modernização artística em dois longos artigos de jornal, contextualizando a exposição dentro da cena artística local e avaliando criticamente a seleção de obras de arte.

Carreira literária

Plá foi considerada uma poetisa da escola vanguardista, ao lado de Hérib Campos Cervera, sobrinho de seu marido.

A criação literária de Josefina Plá abrange vários campos da escrita e apresenta temas ligados a temas típicos da história cultural e sobre dimensões da experiência humana. A representação de figuras femininas é uma característica marcante em suas narrativas. Sua poesia dá voz a esfera feminina historicamente silenciada e denuncia as prisões sociais imposta às mulheres. Também explora experiências individuais contraditórias como o amor e o ódio. é constante o conceito de deslocamento cultural, por meio de personagens com identidades diaspóricas, fronteiriças e híbridas e narrativas multi idiomáticas, que misturam tradições e imaginários culturais.

Sua produção agrega literária mais de quarenta títulos, entre poesia, narrativa e teatro; também história social e cultural do Paraguai; sobre cerâmica, pintura e crítica. Ela colaborou frequentemente com Roque Centurión Miranda em muitas de suas peças, particularmente a partir de 1942.

Produção ficcional
A seguir, um resumo dos trabalho de poesia e peças de teatro de Josefina Plá.

Carreira historiográfica

Plá elencou as mulheres como grandes protagonistas da História em suas reflexões históricas sobre a nação paraguaia.

Produção historiográfica
Sua obra sobre a história cultural e social do Paraguai inclui os seguintes títulos:

Prêmios e participações
Ao longo de sua vida, ela recebeu vários prêmios, condecorações e indicações a prêmios.

Premiações

 Dama de Honra da Ordem de Isabel la Católica (1977);
 Prêmio de "mulher do ano" em (1977);
 Troféu "Ollantay" à investigação teatral da Venezuela (1984);
 Postulação para o "prêmio Cervantes", reconhecimento máximo para as letras hispânicas (1989 e 1994);
 Ordem Nacional do Mérito do Paraguai, no grau de comendatária do Governo paraguaio (1994);
 Medalha de Ouro de Belas Artes da Espanha (1995);
 "Ciudadanía Honoraria", concedida pelo Parlamento paraguaio em 1998.
 Reconhecimento de defesa dos Direitos Humanos concedido pela Sociedade Internacional de Juristas;
 Medalha Johann Gottfried von Herder.

Participações
 Membro da Academia Internacional de Cerâmica em Genebra, Suíça;
 Membro fundador do PEN Clube paraguaio;
 Membro da Academia Linguística Paraguaia de História do Paraguai e da Espanha;
 Membro do Conselho do Vice-ministro da Cultura paraguaia.

links externos

 "Sin Título" (1995), em Artful Diplomacy: Art as Latin America's Ambassador em Washington, DC, p. 23.

Mulheres artistas do século XX
Escritores das Ilhas Canárias
Mortos em 1999
Nascidos em 1903
Historiadoras da Espanha
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Joseﬁna Plá


An Juncus gerardii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Loiseleur-Deslongchamps. An Juncus gerardii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Juncus

Juncus gerardii


Kigssaviarssuk-33 Qaqortoq (nach neuer Rechtschreibung Kissaviarsuk-33 Qaqortoq, kurz K-33 Qaqortoq) ist ein grönländischer Fußballverein aus Qaqortoq.

Geschichte

Erste erfolgreiche Jahre
K-33 Qaqortoq wurde 1933 gegründet und ist somit der älteste Fußballverein des Landes. Der Vereinsname bedeutet übersetzt "Falke".

An der ersten Ausgabe der Grönländischen Fußballmeisterschaft 1954/55 nahm eine Mannschaft aus Qaqortoq teil, bei der es sich höchstwahrscheinlich um K-33 gehandelt hat. 1958 und 1959/60 wurde der Verein Vizemeister. Bei der folgenden Saison 1963/64 konnte der Verein erstmals die Meisterschaft gewinnen und dies 1966/67 wiederholen, womit er erster grönländischer Rekordmeister wurde. Im Jahr darauf qualifizierte sich K-33 erneut für die Schlussrunde, verlor aber beide Spiele und wurde Letzter. 1969 konnte die Mannschaft zum dritten Mal die Meisterschaft gewinnen. In der Folgesaison erreichte sie erneut das Finale der Schlussrunde, musste sich aber diesmal geschlagen geben. 1971 und 1972 wurde sie erneut Letzter in der Schlussrunde. 1973 nahm die Mannschaft nicht an der Schlussrunde teil. 1974 wurde der Verein wieder Vizemeister. Das nächste Mal ist der Verein 1978 als Teilnehmer der Schlussrunde belegt, wo er Platz 3 belegte. 1980 und 1981 belegte er hintere Plätze.

Spätere Erfolgsjahre
1985 erreichte die Mannschaft wieder den dritten Platz. Im Jahr darauf qualifizierten sich zwei Mannschaften des Vereins für die Schlussrunde, was das einzige Mal ist, dass sich eine Zweite Mannschaft für die Schlussrunde qualifizieren konnte. Während die Erste Mannschaft Platz 5 belegte, unterlag die Zweite Mannschaft erst im Finale. 1987 und 1988 wurde der Verein jeweils Meister und somit Vizerekordmeister. Nach einem zweiten und dritten Platz in den beiden Jahren darauf gewann K-33 Qaqortoq 1991 seine sechste Meisterschaft und zog somit mit Rekordmeister N-48 Ilulissat gleich. Dennoch verpasste der Verein im Folgejahr die Qualifikation. In den beiden Jahren darauf folgten ein zweiter und ein vorletzter Platz. 1995 sind wieder zwei teilnehmende Mannschaften überliefert. Die Erste Mannschaft konnte sich für die Schlussrunde qualifizieren und wurde wieder Vizemeister. Nach einem fünften Platz im Jahr 1996 wurde der Verein 1997 zum dritten Mal in fünf Jahren Vizemeister. 1998 konnte K-33 Qaqortoq zum siebten Mal die Meisterschaft gewinnen und wurde alleiniger Rekordmeister. Nachdem die Mannschaft 1999 und 2000 noch jeweils das Halbfinale erreichen konnte, belegte sie 2001 den letzten Platz. 2002 verpasste K-33 zum ersten Mal seit 1992 die Schlussrunde. 2003 gelang die Qualifikation wieder und am Ende gewann K-33 Qaqortoq zum achten Mal die Meisterschaft und zog somit wieder mit N-48 Ilulissat gleich, die den Verein zuvor in der Anzahl der Meisterschaften überholt hatten.

Niedergang
In den beiden Jahren darauf nahm er nicht an der Schlussrunde teil. Nach dem sechsten Platz 2006 gelang es der Mannschaft in den beiden Folgejahren, noch einmal Dritter bzw. Vizemeister zu werden. Danach verpasste K-33 häufig die Qualifikation und erreichte 2010, 2011, 2013 und 2015 nur Plätze im Mittelfeld. 2017 konnte sich der Verein qualifizieren, wurde aber disqualifiziert. 2018 reichte es ein weiteres Mal nur für einen Platz im Mittelfeld. 2019 und 2020 verpasste K-33 die Qualifikation wieder.

Platzierungen bei der Meisterschaft

Einzelnachweise

Qaqortoq, K33
Qaqortoq
Gegründet 1933

K-33 Qaqortoq


Aigle (French for "eagle", ; ) is a historic town and a municipality and the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

The official language of Aigle is Swiss French.

Geography

Aigle lies at an elevation of  about  south-southeast of Montreux. It is on the east edge of the Rhône valley, at the foot of the Swiss Alps.

Aigle has an area, , of . Of this area,  or 34.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 37.4% is forested.  Of the rest of the land,  or 25.6% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 2.7% is either rivers or lakes and  or 0.6% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 21.5% is used for growing crops and 2.4% is pastures, while 10.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 2.1% is in rivers and streams.

Aigle includes the villages of Le Cloître, Vers Pousaz, and Fontanney. The surrounding municipalities are Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, and Ollon in the canton of Vaud, and Vouvry and Collombey-Muraz in the canton of Valais.

History

The municipality was settled very early. Burials and ceramics from the Bronze Age have been discovered. During Roman times, Aigle lay on the road from the Great Saint Bernard pass via Viviscus (Vevey) to Aventicum (Avenches), the Roman capital. The Romans had a number of names for Aigle: Ala (Wing), Alena (Little Wing), Aquilegia and Aquilas (Eagles).

The first medieval mention of the municipality occurs in 1150 under the name of Alium.

A mention in 1153 gives the name as Aleo. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV gave the territory of Aigle in 1076 to the house of Savoy. The Abbeys of Great Saint Bernard and Saint-Maurice also had holdings in Aigle, and the latter established a priory, from which the village of Le Cloître takes its name.

In 1231, Aigle was made a market town by Thomas I of Savoy, and in 1314 it was raised to a free town by Amadeus V of Savoy.

It became an important commercial center because of its location on the road to Italy.

It had a common parish with Leysin (until 1702) and with Corbeyrier and Yvorne (until 1831). SInce the 14th century, it had a treaty with Sembrancher in Valais, that committed the two communities for mutual aid in case of war or natural disaster.

In 1475, the mountain regions of Saanen and Pays-d'Enhaut, who were allied with Bern, attacked and burned the tower of Aigle Castle. They then gave Aigle town and the surrounding district, including Ollon, Bex, and Les Ormonts, to Bern in exchange for not having to pay one-third of their income to Bern. In the treaty of Fribourg from 1476, Fribourg received rights over the Aigle district, which they gave up to Bern in 1483. Bern rebuilt Aigle Castle in 1489 and made it the seat of the bailiwick of Aigle. The Aigle bailiwick included all of the present district except Villeneuve. It was thus the first of the French-speaking parts of Switzerland to become subject to Bern.

In 1528, the Reformation was first preached in Aigle by Guillaume Farel.

From 1798 to 1803, Aigle belonged to the canton of Léman in the Helvetic Republic, which was transformed into the canton of Vaud with the mediation of Napoleon.

The Geographical dictionary of 1821 by J. van Wijk Roelandszoon names the village Aelen, comprises 600 houses and 2.500 inhabitants, with a Salt mine that yields 15,000 cents. The district Aelen is  long and  in width, 7500 total inhabitants.

In the 19th century, the canton of Vaud was an outspoken opponent of an attempt by a number of cantons to secede from Switzerland. This Catholic separatist movement (Sonderbund) led to intervention in 1847 by 99,000 Swiss Federal troops under General Henri Dufour against 79,000 separatists in what is called the Sonderbund war. Separation was prevented at the cost of 86 lives. The 1848 Swiss Federal Constitution was created in response of the Sonderbund war.

The Chablais and the Chablais Alps

Chablais was a former province of the Duchy of Savoy. Its historic capital was Thonon-les-Bains. The modern Chablais "region" is three territories: the Chablais Savoyard, the Chablais Valaisan, and the Chablais Vaudois. The Chablais Savoyard is within the department of Haute-Savoie in France, the Chablais Valaisan is in the Swiss canton of Valais, and the Chablais Vaudois is in the Swiss canton of Vaud. The Chablais Alps is the mountain range situated between France and Switzerland.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Sable and Or, two displayed eagles 1-1 counterchanged.

Demographics

Aigle has a population () of . , 37.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999-2009) the population has changed at a rate of 15.4%. It has changed at a rate of 14.7% due to migration and at a rate of 1.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (6,362 or 80.0%), with Portuguese being second most common (278 or 3.5%) and Albanian being third (275 or 3.5%). There are 235 people who speak German, 264 people who speak Italian and 5 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 2,236 or about 28.1% were born in Aigle and lived there in 2000. There were 1,782 or 22.4% who were born in the same canton, while 1,188 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,402 or 30.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 56 live births to Swiss citizens and 41 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 54 deaths of Swiss citizens and 7 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 34. There were 7 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 93 non-Swiss men and 88 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 124 and the non-Swiss population increased by 118 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.9%.

The age distribution, , in Aigle is; 933 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,137 teenagers or 13.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 1,255 people or 14.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 1,068 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 1,307 people or 14.9% are between 40 and 49, and 1,134 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 940 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 547 people or 6.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 352 people or 4.0% who are 80 and 89, and there are 77 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.

, there were 3,227 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 3,809 married individuals, 502 widows or widowers and 417 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 3,342 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 1,158 households that consist of only one person and 251 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,400 households that answered this question, 34.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 19 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 869 married couples without children, 1,055 married couples with children. There were 202 single parents with a child or children. There were 39 households that were made up of unrelated people and 58 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 567 single family homes (or 48.4% of the total) out of a total of 1,172 inhabited buildings. There were 294 multi-family buildings (25.1%), along with 214 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (18.3%) and 97 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.3%). Of the single family homes 130 were built before 1919, while 47 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (111) were built before 1919 and the next most (52) were built between 1981 and 1990.

 there were 4,178 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,502. There were 324 single room apartments and 585 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 3,286 apartments (78.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 565 apartments (13.5%) were seasonally occupied and 327 apartments (7.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 20.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.42%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Aigle Castle and Museum De La Vigne, the Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Maurice and the De la Dîme House are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town and castle of Aigle are listed as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 24.34% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.39%), the SP (20.74%) and the Green Party (9.87%). In the federal election, a total of 1,794 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.0%.

Economy
, Aigle had an unemployment rate of 8%. , there were 257 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 52 businesses involved in this sector. 1,236 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 99 businesses in this sector. 3,191 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 377 businesses in this sector. There were 3,618 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.4% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 3,944. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 165, of which 160 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,189 of which 700 or (58.9%) were in manufacturing and 397 (33.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2,590. In the tertiary sector; 752 or 29.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 136 or 5.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 165 or 6.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 12 or 0.5% were in the information industry, 99 or 3.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 206 or 8.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 251 or 9.7% were in education and 473 or 18.3% were in health care.

, there were 2,540 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,821 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 2.8% of the workforce coming into Aigle are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 20.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.9% used a private car.

The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is based in Aigle and many of its defamation lawsuits against critics have been heard in the nearby Est Vaudois district court of Vevey.

Religion
From the , 2,857 or 35.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 2,853 or 35.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 96 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.21% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.06% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 211 individuals (or about 2.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were two individuals who were Jewish, and 720 (or about 9.05% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 18 individuals who were Buddhist, 36 individuals who were Hindu and 27 individuals who belonged to another church. 657 (or about 8.26% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 473 individuals (or about 5.95% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education

In Aigle about 2,529 (31.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 664 (8.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 664 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.6% were Swiss men, 27.0% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 9.5% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 1,091 students in the Aigle school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children. There were 96 (46.8%) children who received subsidized pre-school care. There were 568 students in the primary school program, which last four years. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 478 students in those schools. There were also 45 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 339 students in Aigle who came from another municipality, while 386 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Notable people

 Caroline Olivier née Ruchet (1803 in Aigle – 1879) Swiss poet
Charles Krafft (1863 in Aigle – 1921) Swiss surgeon who performed the first appendectomy
Gustave Doret (1866 in Aigle – 1943) a Swiss composer and conductor
 Charles Émile Egli (1877 in Aigle – 1937) a Swiss-born illustrator and painter
Michel Mayor (born 1942 in Lausanne, but grew up in Aigle) Swiss astrophysicist and winner of the Nobel prize
 Sébastien Buemi (born 1988 in Aigle) a Swiss professional racing driver
 Siem de Jong (born 1989 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer
 Luuk de Jong (born 1990 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer
 Ridge Mobulu (born 1991 in Aigle) a Congolese footballer
 Benjamin Kololli (born 1992 in Aigle) a Kosovar professional footballer
 Fanny Smith (born 1992 in Aigle) a Swiss freestyle skier, competed at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics, when she won bronze
 Mersim Asllani (born 1999 in Aigle) a Swiss football player of Kosovan descent
 Gino Mäder (born 1997 in Aigle) a Swiss professional cyclist

Twin towns – sister cities

Aigle is twinned with:

Transportation and the Transports Publics du Chablais

Aigle is a stop on the Swiss Federal Railway's (SBB CFF FFS) high speed Simplon line between Italy (Domodossola) north to Lausanne and Geneva. At the Aigle SBB CFF FFS station, connections can be made to three narrow gauge railways, the ASD, AL, and AOMC. The Aigle-Sepey-Diablerets railway's (ASD) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort of Diablerets. The Aigle-Leysin railway's (AL) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort and grand vista of Leysin. The Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champerey railway's (AOMC) route runs west from Aigle across the Rhone and valley, then climbs to the ski resort of Champery. These railways, plus the Bex–Villars–Bretaye railway (BVB) which runs east from Bex, a village just south of Aigle, are operated by Transports Publics du Chablais with the motto: "Depuis plus de cent ans et contre toute attente, des lignes des TPC reunissent plaine et montagne, Vaud et Valais, ville et campagne, terres catholiques et protestantes." Translated roughly: "For over 100 years and contrary to all expectations, the railways of TPC have joined plain and mountain, town and country, of the Vaud and Valais districts of Switzerland, land of both Catholics and Protestants." The TPC "motto" refers to the religious composition and history of the general region known historically as the Chablais which has known turmoil. In 1846–7, the Valais canton tried to secede from Switzerland with the intention of joining a proposed Catholic confederation of cantons called the Sonderbund, but this was put down by Swiss Federal troops. The ASD, the AL, and the BVB railways operate within the canton of Vaud. The AOMC operates in the Vaud and into the Canton of Valais when it crosses the Rhone to reach Monthey and Champery.

New construction rebuilt Aigle's Place de la Gare in partnership with municipal and canton administration and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). The project provided new train platforms at the SBB CFF FFS station to accommodate the trains of the AL, ASD and AOMC. Also added was AOMC track alongside SBB CFF FFS track to a new TPC office and workshop at En Châlex. With approximately 3 million passengers using its facilities each year, Aigle is the second most important station in canton Vaud after Lausanne. (Source: Le Bleu Matin, 8.10.2007). There are plans, awaiting approval, for the extension of the Aigle-Leysin line beyond Leysin deep into the Berneuse whereby passengers will be able to travel, without transfers, to a site that provides magnificent views of the Alps, the Jura, and Lake Geneva. This project is an investment which will benefit the entire region and offer a boost to tourism, the region's No. 1 industry. Landslides have required periodic emergency work to stabilise above and below the trackside adjacent soil and rock, much of which is covered in coniferous forest. This has included the erection of 150 meters of mesh barrier to prevent falling rock reaching the tracks and to offer protection to railway workers.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Aigle has an oceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb). Aigle has an average of 118 days of precipitation per year and on average receives  of precipitation. The wettest month is July during which time Aigle receives an average of  of precipitation. During this month there are 10.7 days with precipitation. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 11.8, but with only  of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of  of precipitation over 7.8 days.

References

External links

Official Website of the Commune of Aigle

Webcam on the Rue de la Gare
Les TPC: Transports Publics du Chablais: Website includes color maps

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Vaud
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud
Articles which contain graphical timelines

Aigle


Fatiha Suresi (Arapça: سورة الفاتحة), Kur'an'ın ilk suresidir. Sure, 7 ayetten oluşur.

Mekke döneminde inmiştir ve iniş sırasına göre 5. suredir. Kur'an'ın ilk suresi olduğu için, adını ''başlangıç, açılış'' anlamlarına gelen ''fatiha'' kelimesinden almıştır. Önemine ithafen Fatiha-ı Şerife olarak da hitap edilir. Sure ayrıca, ikinci ayetinin başlangıcına binaen Elham olarak da anılır. Surenin Ümmü'l-Kitab, es-Seb'ul-Mesânî (tekrarlanan yedi ayet), el-Esâs, el-Vâfiye, el-Kâfiye, el-Kenz, eş-Şifâ, eş-Şükr, es-Salât gibi adları da vardır. Sure, Müslümanlar tarafından her vakit namazın her rekâtında okunmaktadır.

Fatiha Suresi'nin ilk sure olarak Kur'an'ın başında yer alması, surenin içeriğinde Kur'an öğretisinin bir özetinin yer alması olarak açıklanmıştır. Surede övülmeye ve yüceltilmeye layık tek Allah'ın varlığı, hâkimiyeti, tek ilah oluşu, tapınmanın ancak ona yapılıp ondan yardım isteneceği özet olarak ifade edilir. Övgünün yalnızca Allah'a ait olduğunun söylenmesi, Kur'an'ın 34. suresi olan Sebe' Suresi'nde de tekrarlanır. Fatiha Suresi aynı zamanda bir dua ve yakarış olarak görülür.

Sure
1:  Bismillahirrahmânirrahîm

2:  Hamd, âlemlerin Rabbi olan Allah'a mahsustur.

3:  O, Rahmân ve Rahîm'dir.

4:  O, hesap ve ceza gününün (ahiret günü) malikidir.

5:  (Allah'ım!) Yalnız sana ibadet ederiz ve yalnız senden yardım dileriz.

6:  Bizi doğru yola ilet,

7:  Kendilerine nimet verdiklerinin yoluna. Gazaba uğrayanların ve sapıklarınkine değil.

Besmele ve Âmin konusu

Besmele

Fatiha Suresi'nin başında bulunan Besmele'nin İslam'da özel bir yeri vardır. Tevbe Suresi hariç bütün surelerin başlangıcında besmele bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Neml Suresi'nin 30. ayetinde de zikredilir. Ancak besmelenin her surenin bağımsız bir ayeti mi, yoksa tüm surelerin başında okunan tek bir ayet mi olduğu konusu tartışmalı bir meseledir. Geçerli görüşe göre besmele sadece Fatiha Suresi ve dolayısıyla da Kur'an'ın ilk ayetidir. Bu sayede surenin ayet sayısı yediye tamamlanır ve Hicr Suresi'nin 87. ayetindeki ifadeye uygun hâle gelir: "Andolsun ki, biz sana tekrarlanan yedi ayeti ve yüce Kur'an'ı verdik."

Fatiha her namaz rekâtında tekrarlanır ve ikişerli bir zincir oluşturur. Surenin 7 ayet olduğu konusunda görüş birliği bulunmaktadır. Surenin başındaki besmele konusunda mezheplerin görüşü farklıdır: Şâfiîlere göre Fatiha Suresi'nin birinci ayeti, besmeledir. Hanefilere göre besmele Fatiha'ya dahil değildir. Namaz kılınırken Fatiha Suresi'nden önce besmele çekmek ise sünnettir.

Âmin

Cemaat ile kılınan namazlarda Fatiha Suresi okunduktan sonra, Kur'an'da bulunmayan ve Yahudilikten (İbranice) Hristiyanlığa da geçmiş olan âmin sözü, gelenek olarak cemaatçe söylenmektedir. İbraniceden Arapçaya geçen âmin kelimesi "kabul buyur" anlamına gelmektedir ve sözcük, İslam'da da kullanılmaktadır. Bu sözcük, Yahudiler ile Hristiyanlar tarafından âmen şeklinde telaffuz edilir ve aynı amaçla kullanılmasına dayanılarak İbranice veya Süryaniceden Arapçaya girdiği, Arapçada emn (inanmak, güvenmek) kökünden türediği düşünülmektedir.

Üç İhlas Bir Fatiha

Fatiha Suresi namaz haricinde okunduğunda, genellikle ''İhlas Suresi'' de üç defa tekrarlanır ve bir dörtleme oluşur. Bu dörtlemeye halk arasında genellikle "Üç Kulhü Bir Elham" denir. Fatiha ve İhlas surelerinin beraber okunması suretiyle İslam'daki Allah kavramı da ana hatlarıyla özetlenmiş olur.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız

 Kur'an sureleri listesi
 Bakara Suresi
 Kaligrafi

Kaynakça

Sureler

Fatiha Suresi


Die Victoria Strait ist eine Meerenge im Territorium Nunavut im nördlichen Kanada. Sie liegt vor dem Festland im Arktischen Ozean und verläuft zwischen Victoria Island im Westen und King William Island im Osten; beide gehören zum kanadisch-arktischen Archipel. Die Meerenge verbindet den im Norden gelegenen Larsen Sound mit dem südlich gelegenen Queen Maud Gulf.

Die Meeresstraße ist etwa 140 km lang und weist eine Breite von 70 bis 100 km auf. Es gibt wenige Inseln innerhalb der Victoria Strait. Im Westen öffnet sich die Albert Edward Bay, eine Bucht der Victoria Island. Davor befindet sich die Admiralty Island. Am südlichen Ausgang der Meerenge liegen die Royal Geographical Society Islands.

Die Meerenge weist mehrere seichte Stellen mit Wassertiefen von 10 m auf. Sie ist die meiste Zeit des Jahres stark vereist. Die Eisschollen erreichen die Victoria Strait von Norden her über den McClintock Channel und den Viscount Melville Sound. Ende Juli bricht der Eispanzer in der Meerenge. Ende September beginnt die Victoria Strait wieder zu vereisen.

Am Eingang der Victoria Strait liegt die Stelle, an der die HMS Terror und HMS Erebus während der Franklin-Expedition im Jahr 1848 von Eis eingeschlossen und schließlich aufgegeben wurden.

Aufgrund der Gefahren für eine Durchfahrt wurde eine längere Route um die King William Island herum vorgezogen. Diese Route ist einfacher, obwohl sie noch seichter ist.

1967 durchfuhr zum ersten Mal ein Eisbrecher, die John A. Macdonald, die Victoria Strait. 1975 wiederholte der Eisbrecher die Durchfahrt. 1976 folgten die Eisbrecher CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent und CCGS J.E. Bernier.

Einzelnachweise

Meerenge in Kanada
Meerenge (Arktischer Ozean)
Geographie (Nunavut)
Victoria (Vereinigtes Königreich) als Namensgeber
Meerenge in Nordamerika

Victoria Strait


Omklædningsrummet er en dansk børnefilm fra 2001 skrevet og instrueret af Klaus Kjeldsen.

Handling
Hvad er vigtigere for en 13-årig dreng end at få stillet sulten? Det er en tur i omklædningsrummet med holdkammeraterne efter en fodboldkamp. Omklædningsrummet er fyldt med 13-14-årige drenge. Det er de store overfor de små. Drenge der afprøver, hvad det vil sige at være mænd. Omklædningsrummet er en verden uden piger, og her ordnes mange ting. De små snakker fodbold, de store snakker sugemærker. Træneren stikker hul på hælens vabel. Der lades op til kamp. Duften fra de sure benskinner hænger i rummet. Håndklædet danser på ryggen. Kameraet kommer tæt på drengenes grovkornede humor og kammeratskab. Det er dette univers, filmen undersøger. En film for drenge, men mon ikke pigerne kikker interesseret med?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Omklædningsrummet


7789 Kwiatkowski este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7789 Kwiatkowski este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Edward L. G. Bowell. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,30 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

7789 Kwiatkowski


في نظرية المصفوفات العشوائية, تكون تجمعات مصفوفة غاوسية  عبارة عن مقاييس غاوسية في فضاء لمصفوفات الهرميتية T,
و التي يتم الحصول عليها بواسطة مضاعفة مقياس الانتقال-اللامتغير بالدالة الغاوسية exp(Tr(T2)). هناك ثلاثة أمثلة رئيسية وهي التجمع التعامدي الغاوسي Gaussian orthogonal ensemble على لمصفوفات الهرميتية الحقيقية، و التجمع الوحدوي الغاوسي Gaussian unitary ensemble على المصفوفات الهرميتية المعقدة، و التجمع السمبلكتي الغاوسيGaussian symplectic ensemble على المصفوفات الهرميتية الرباعية quaternionic.

تحكم توزيع تراسي–وايدوم Tracy–Widom distribution توزيع أكبر قيمة ذاتية (خاصة) لمصفوفة عشوائية في التجمع الوحدوي الغاوسي. على أية حال، لدى الكائنات الرياضياتية الأخرى أيضاً نفس التوزيع; على سبيل المثال، أنها تقدم حدود التوزيع على طول المتسلسلات الزيادة الأطول longest increasing subsequence للمتسلسلات العشوائية .

المراجع

فيزياء رياضية
مصفوفات
نظرية الاحتمالات

تجمع مصفوفة غاوسية


Mammon se poate referi la:
 , un demon sau o zeitate a lăcomiei sau a bunăstării materiale.
 Mammon sau , un tip tradițional de grătar columbian.
 Mammon, un nume folosit în America de Sud pentru ricin sau ulei de ricin.

Mamona


El Arco del Triunfo de Moscú (Московские Триумфальные ворота) es un arco de triunfo neoclásico, construido en San Petersburgo, en la desembocadura de la carretera de San Petersburgo a Moscú en 1834-1838 como un monumento a la victoria rusa sobre los turcos y el Tratado de Adrianópolis. Fue realizado por el arquitecto Vasili Stásov. En 1936, la estructura de hierro fundido fue derribada por los soviéticos bajo el pretexto de una reconstrucción planificada de la avenida. Fue sustituido treinta años más tarde.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Arquitectura de San Petersburgo
Atracciones turísticas de San Petersburgo
Arquitectura de Rusia del siglo XIX
Arcos de triunfo de Rusia
Arcos y puertas con escudos
Arcos y puertas con esculturas
Arquitectura de 1838
Arquitectura neoclásica en Rusia

Arco de Triunfo de Moscú


Nilda de Fátima Ferreira Soares é uma engenheira de alimentos e cientista brasileira. Foi reitora da Universidade Federal de Viçosa entre 2011 e 2019, sendo a primeira mulher a ocupar este cargo, e é presidente da EPAMIG desde 2019.

Carreira acadêmica
Nilda se formou como engenheira de alimentos em 1984 pela Universidade Federal de Viçosa, e concluiu seu mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos em 1988 pela mesma universidade. Fez seu PhD em Ciência de Alimentos pela Cornell University, nos EUA, concluído em 1997.

Se tornou docente da UFV em 1987, pertencendo ao Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos.

Em 2008, Nilda foi eleita vice-reitora da UFV, sendo companheira de chapa do prof. Luiz Cláudio Costa. Luiz Cláudio ocupou o cargo até janeiro de 2011, quando assumiu um cargo no Ministério da Educação, assumindo Nilda o cargo de reitora.

Nilda foi eleita como reitora da UFV em maio de 2011, tendo como como vice-reitor o prof. Demetrius David da Silva. Em seu discurso de posse, falou sobre a expansão da universidade, aumento dos quadros docente e técnico-administrativo, desenvolvimento dos três campus da universidade, e a consolidação do Reuni.

Em 2015, Nilda concorreu a reeleição contra o prof. Demetrius, que lançou uma chapa independente. Dentre as quatro chapas inscritas, Nilda e Demetrius disputaram a vaga no segundo turno, e Nilda ganhou com 52% dos votos. Tomou posse para seu segundo mandato em 26 de maio de 2015, tendo como vice-reitor o prof. João Carlos Cardoso Galvão.

No final de seu último mandato, foi paraninfa da turma de formandos de janeiro de 2019. Poucos meses depois, em 26 de maio de 2019, encerrou seu segundo mandato como reitora da UFV, sendo sucedida pelo prof. Demetrius.

Durante sua carreira, realizou pesquisa científica, atuando nas áreas de Embalagem Ativas para Alimentos, investigando embalagens que podem ser utilizadas para inibir o crescimento de micro-organismos em alimentos, ou retardar o amadurecimento de vegetais. Também estudou Polímeros, e Toxicologia de Alimentos. Atuou como membro do corpo editorial da Revista Ceres, da UFV, e revisora de artigos científicos de diversos periódicos.

Sua atuação não se restringiu à universidade. Em 2017, tomou posse como membro efetivo do Conselho Curador da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig), com mandato de quatro anos. E logo depois deixar o cargo de reitora, em julho de 2019, se tornou presidente da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (Epamig).

Ver também
 Lista de reitores da Universidade Federal de Viçosa

Ligações externas
 Currículo Lattes
 Researchgate

Professores da Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Alunos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Reitores do Brasil
Engenheiras do Brasil

Nilda de Fátima Ferreira Soares


Dumitru Oancea (n. 1941) este un chimist român, membru corespondent al Academiei Române din 2009.

Legături externe

 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – O

Nașteri în 1941
Chimiști români
Membri corespondenți ai Academiei Române

Dumitru Oancea