Gelenek ve görenekler; bir toplumda, bir toplulukta çok eskilerden kalmış olmaları dolayısıyla saygın tutulup kuşaktan kuşağa iletilen, yaptırım gücü olan kültürel kalıntılar, alışkanlıklar, bilgi, töre ve davranışlar.

Gelenek kavramına sosyal bilimlerin farklı alt disiplinlerinin yaklaşımları ile geleneksel toplumların yükledikleri anlamlar arasında hem benzerlikler hem de farklılıklar bulunur. Sosyal bilimler geleneğe toplumların yaşadıkları coğrafya, iklim gibi dışsal koşullara uyum sağlamak amacıyla türetilmiş, beşeri kaynaklı "inşa"lar, "icat"lar olarak bakarken geleneksel toplumlar kendi geleneklerinin kaynağını mitsel atalar, kahramanlar ve tanrı gibi kutsal da görürler. Sosyal bilimlerde daha fenomenolojik bir yaklaşımla gelenekleri salt işlevsel özellikleri yönüyle görüp kökenlerini bu işleve bağlayan açıklamaların yanı sıra, gelenekleri belirli bir anlam bütünlüğünü yansıtan fenomenler olarak değerlendiren yazarlar da vardır. Her ne kadar bu yazarlar da geleneğin kaynağını kutsalda görmemekteyseler de onun sadece işlevsel boyutuna indirgenemeyeceğini iddia etmişlerdir. (bkz. Claude Levi Strauss)Özellikle Avrupa'da aydınlanma çağı sonunda gelişen Tarih anlayışı ve Tarihselcilik perspektifi geçmişe ilişkin (ve günümüzdeki de) her düşünce, anlayış (konsept) ve tavrın kaynağını dönemin diğer olgularının bütünselliği içinde aramak yönünde bir eğilimin gelişmesine yol açmıştır. Aydınlanmanın kaynağı evrimci görüşe kadar giden ilerlemeci tarih perspektifini de geçerli kılan bu perspektif sosyal bilimlerde hakim görüş olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir.

Gelenek üç bağlamda ele alınabilir. ilki geçmiş yaşam biçimlerinin içinde yaşanılan ana taşıdıkları maddi ve manevi değerler bütünüdür. bu sosyolojik anlamda en fazla rağbet gören izahtır. Beşeri düzlemde toplumu tüm dinamikleri ile inşa eden güçtür.

ikincisi ise geleneğin özünü teşkil ettiği ifade edilen kutsalla olan ilişkiden dolayı geleneğin zengin ve kutsal değerler içeren köklü yanıdır ki, bu anlamda gelenek ilkinden farklı olarak hem fenomenolojik hem de ilahi bir yön taşır. bu sosyolojik ve beşeri anlamından çok daha farklıdır.

üçüncüsü ise geleneğin postmodernist yaklaşımlarla ele alınmasından kaynaklanan aletsel, işlevsel yani kullanıma açık madde yönüdür. Bu anlamıyla gelenek bir anlamlar birikimidir (deposodur). Kendisinden her bakımdan yararlanmaya açık bir hinterlandtır. bahsettiğimiz yönü geleneğin dışsal-formel yönüdür ki sanat ve edebiyata tesir eden bir başka yön de budur.

Ezoterizmde gelenek

Ezoterizmde gelenek, "geçmişte insanlığa çeşitli yollar ve irtibatlarla verilmiş, dinsel, ezoterik, okült, mitolojik ve folklorik (masal, dans vs.) biçimlere bürünerek, sözlü ve yazılı halde, günümüze dek aktarılagelmiş hakiki (hakikatlere ait) bilgiler bütünü" olarak tanımlanır. Dolayısıyla, bu kapsamlı anlamıyla gelenek, ezoterizmde örf, adet, anane ile veya mitoloji ile eş anlamlı sayılmamakta, fakat bunlarda bulunan derin bilgileri de içermektedir.

Terimi bu anlamda kullanan yazarlardan en tanınmışı ezoterizm üzerine birçok yapıtı bulunan René Guénon'dur. Gelenekçiliğin öncülerinden biri olarak kabul edilir.

Dış bağlantılar

Siyasi kültür
Sosyal anlaşma
Toplum felsefesi
Sosyoloji terimleri

Gelenek


Catalinski nebeski pregled (eng. Catalina Sky Survey, CSS) je projekt pregleda za otkrivanje kometa i asteroida i istraživanje okolozemnih objekata. Zove se po planinskom masivu na kojem je teleskop, planinama Santi Catalini kod Tucsona u Arizoni. Osoblje Pregleda vodi Stephen M. Larson iz mjesečeva i planetna laboratorija Arizonskog sveučilišta. Projekt uz sveučilište vodi NASA. CSS je otvoren travnja 1998. godine. Nalazi se na visini od 2 510 metara nadmorske visine. Projekt ima homolognu ustanovu na južnoj polutci u Australiji: Siding Spring Survey (Pregled Siding Spring), prekinut srpnja 2013. godine. CSS je 5. po otkrivanju asteroida. Do 29. listopada 2018. otkrili su 27 633 asteroida u razdoblju od 1998. do 2016. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice (eng.)

Astronomski pregledi
Otkrivači kometa
Otkrivači asteroida

Catalinski nebeski pregled


Events from the year 1709 in Canada.

Incumbents
French Monarch: Louis XIV
British and Irish Monarch: Anne

Governors
Governor General of New France: Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil
Governor of Acadia: Daniel d'Auger de Subercase
Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
Governor of Plaisance: Philippe Pastour de Costebelle

Events
 In New France, slavery becomes legal.

Births
 September 7 (O.S. September 18 - Dr. Samuel Johnson born in Lichfield, Staffordshire. (died 1784)
 September 26 - Jean-Louis Le Loutre, priest, Spiritan, and missionary (died 1772)

Deaths
 August - Robert Giguère, pioneer in New France and founder of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré (born 1616)
 September 9 - Jean-Baptiste Legardeur de Repentigny (born 1632)

Historical documents
Intendant's ordinance proclaims Panis and Blacks who have been purchased are property to be known as slaves (Note: "savages" used)

"Inhabitants remaining[...]are in a very bad condition" - Report to Queen Anne of aftermath of French attack on St. John's, Newfoundland

"Rotten and decay'd" - Indigenous spies sent by New York government report Canadian fortifications (except at Quebec City) are poor

"So great a plague to all Plantations in America" - New Englanders eager to attack Port Royal and its "nest of spoilers and robbers"

Inhabitants of Buoys Island (off Ferryland, Newfoundland) get evacuation offer but stay to meet possible third French attack

References

1700s in Canada
1709 in New France
Canada
09

1709 in Canada


Satoru Nakajima (jap. 中嶋 悟) (Okazaki, Aichi, Japan, 23. veljače 1953.) je bivši japanski vozač automobilističkih utrka i otac Kazukija Nakajime. Pet puta je bio prvak Japanske Formule 2, a u Formuli 1 se natjecao od 1987. do 1991. Na Velikoj nagradi San Marina u prvoj sezoni, postao je prvi japanski vozač koji je osvojio bodove u Formuli 1. Najbolji rezultat mu je četvrto mjesto na Velikoj nagradi Velike Britanije 1987. i Velikoj nagradi Australije 1989., kada je odvezao i najbrži krug utrke.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Satoru Nakajima - Stats F1
Satoru Nakajima - Driver Database

Japanski vozači Formule 1

Satoru Nakajima


Kingston on Murray ist eine Siedlung im Osten des australischen Bundesstaates South Australia. Sie liegt in der Region Riverland am Südufer des Murray River.

Kingston on Murray gehört zur Local Government Area Loxton Waikerie Council, zum Staatswahlkreis Chaffey und zum Bundeswahlkreis Division of Barker.

Bei der Volkszählung 2021 wurden 312 Einwohner gezählt.

Namensherkunft
Benannt wurde die Siedlung nach Charles Kingston, der von 1893 bis 1899 20. Premierminister von South Australia war.

Verkehr

Der Sturt Highway führte früher durch die Siedlung, wird heute aber auf einer Ortsumgehung geführt und überquert dort den Murray River auf einer Brücke. Vor dem Bau der Brücke gab es zwei Seilfähren, die Autos über den Fluss transportierten.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in South Australia
Loxton Waikerie Council

Kingston on Murray


23520 Ludwigbechstein este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
23520 Ludwigbechstein este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,30 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 7,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 23001-24000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

23520 Ludwigbechstein


Kvinden og blomsterne er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1995 med instruktion og manuskript af Hans-Henrik Jørgensen.

Handling
Den polynesiske kvinde sensuelt indfanget af kameraet og forelsket betragtet som Kvinden med stort K - urkvinden, der i sig samler alle kvinders længsel og umiddelbare ønsker og behov. I en gavmild natur lever og elsker hun med en ophøjet skønhed, som også maleren Paul Gauguin dyrkede. Kvinden med blomsterkrans, hendes ansigt, læber, krop, bryster, køn. Kærlighed og elskov, nydelse og ekstase, indbydende stillinger og strejf af masochisme. Kvinden med stort K.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995

Kvinden og blomsterne


Novoferm GmbH er en leverandører af stål- og branddøre, industrielle porte, logistiksystemer samt garageporte til både private og erhverv. Novoferm GmbH blev grundlagt i 1955 som Isselwerk Werth i Isselburg-Werth, Tyskland. Novoferm group producerer forskellige steder i Europa og Asien, og sælger sine produkter via datterselskaber og partnere, heribland Novoferm Danmark ApS. Novoferm beskæftiger på verdensplan over 2500 medarbejdere.

Virksomhedens Historie

Novoferm i Danmark
Salgsselskabet Novoferm Danmark ApS har hovedsæde i Toftlund. Hovedkontoret, og den centrale administration af Novoferm GmbH, ligger i Rees i Niederrhein. Tyske produktionsanlæg er placeret tæt på Rees, i Isselburg, Dortmund og Brackenheim.

Novoferm er i Europa og Asien repræsenteret med 14 produktionsanlæg og 25 salgsselskaber og partnere.

Produkter
Novoferm er en af de største europæiske leverandører af døre, garageporte, rammepartier og drev, herunder blandt andet:
 Drev og tilbehør
 Garageporte, ledhejseporte, vippeporte
 Ståldøre, branddøre og brandporte
 Døre og rammepartier i glas, alu- og stål-profilsystemer.
 Industriporte, industrielle gang- og sidedøre, rulleporte, hurtigporte og brandskydeporte.
 Logistiksystemer, hydrauliske og mekaniske læsseramper, slusehuse, porttætninger og buffersystemer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Novoferm Group
 Novoferm Danmark ApS
 Sanwa Shutter Group

Fremstillingsvirksomheder fra Tyskland
Etableret i 1955

Novoferm GmbH


«بيسيس أوف مي»  أغنية من كاتبة وغناء المغنية العالمية آشلي سمبسون أول سنجل لها من الألبوم الأول أتو بيوجرافي.
سمبسون شاركت في كتابة الأغنية مع كارا ديو جاردي وجون شانك (إنتاج شانك). الأغنية مزيج من البوب والروك وكلمات الأغنية
هي العثور على الراحة والسعادة في علاقتها مع صديقها ريان كابريرا. بيسيس أوف مي نزلت كأول سنجل للألبوم وأخذت مركز في لائحة البيل البورد رقم 5 وأخذت في لائحة البيل بورد القوائم الأخرى المركز الأول. في عام 2008 تم تأكيد
أغنية بيسيس أوف مي أفضل أغنية مبيعات لآشلي في الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة

المراكز

مصادر خارجية

<noinclude>

أغان كتبتها آشلي سمبسون
أغان منفردة 2004
أغان منفردة أولى
أغاني 2004
أغاني آشلي سمبسون الفردية

بيسيس أوف مي


කිසියම් සංස්කෘතියක් විසින් සත්‍යයැයි විශ්වාස කරන ස්වභාවික සිදුවීම් තේරුම් කිරීම සදහා අද්භූතත්වය යොදාගනු ලබන සහ විශ්වයේ සහ මනුෂ්‍යත්වයේ ස්වභාවය විස්තර කිරිම සදහා යොදා ගනු ලබන ජන කථා/ මිථ්‍ය/ පුරාවෘත්ත සමුහයක් පුරාණෝක්ති ලෙස හැදින්වේ. පුරාණෝක්ති යන්නෙන් මිථ්‍යා කථා එකතු කිරිම, අධ්‍යයනය සහ පුරාණෝක්ති සංග‍්‍රහය යනුවෙන් ද හැදින්වෙන මිථ්‍යා කථා පැහැදිලි කිරිම යනුවෙන් ද හැදින්වෙන දැනුමෙහි ශාඛාවන් ද ඇතුළත්ය.

පදය
පුරාණෝක්ති යන පදය අවම වශයෙන් 15 වැනි සියවසේ සිට භාවිතයේ පැවතුණු අතර ''මිථ්‍යා කථා අධ්‍යයය හෝ ප‍්‍රකාශනය' ඉන් අදහස් වේ. ''මිථ්‍යාවන් සමුහය'' යන්නෙහි අතිරේක අර්ථය ක‍්‍රි.වර්ෂ 1781 තරම් ඈතට යයි. (වඩා විස්කෘත භාවිතාවේ දී ''අවම වශයෙන් පොත්විල් විසින් ඇමරිකානු සමාජය අති විශාල ලොතරුයියකට සමාන කිරිමේ සිට ව්‍යාපාර පිළිබද අපේ පුරාණෝක්ති අවදානම් දැරිම ප‍්‍රශංසාවට ලක් කළේය'' යන්නෙන් එම වචන සමුහය හෝ පුද්ගලික මතවාදි හෝ සමාජමය වශයෙන් ගොඩනැගු ලැබු ඥානය යන්න වෙත ද යොමු කරනවා විය හැකිය) පුරාණෝක්තගත යන විශේෂණය වර්ෂ 1678 තරම් ඈතට දිව යයි.

සාමාන්‍ය භාවිතයේ දී මිථ්‍යාව යන්න ප‍්‍රබන්ධය හා උපමා කථාව සමඟ සමාන අර්ථයෙන් යෙදිය හැකිය. නමුත් සමහර විද්වතුන් එම පදයන් අතර දැඩි වෙනසක් දකිති. එම පදය 19 වැනි ශතවර්ෂයේ සිට ඉංග‍්‍රිසි භාෂාවේ භාවිතාවිය. ඔක්ස්ෆඞ් ඉංග‍්‍රිසි ශබ්ද කෝෂයෙහි නවතම මුද්‍රණයේ එහි අරුත් අතර පහත පරිදි වෙනස්කම් දකි.

මිථ්‍යා කථාවක් යන්න පරම්පරාගත කථාවක්ය යන ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඞ් ඉංග‍්‍රිසි ශබ්ද කෝෂයේ නිර්වචනයට වෙනස්ව බොහෝ ජනකථාකරුන් එම පදය යොදනුයේ එක් කාණ්ඩයක පරම්පරාගත කථා පිළිබදව පමණි. මෙම ක‍්‍රමය අනුව පරම්පරාගත කථා කාණ්ඩ තුනකට පිළියෙල කළ හැකිය.

ආගමික අධ්‍යයනයක් පිළිබද විද්වතුන් බොහෝවිට මිථ්‍යාවන් යන පදය ප‍්‍රධාන චරිත 'දෙවිවරුන්ම හෝ ආසන්න දෙවිවරුන්'' ගෙන් යුක්ත කථාවලට සීමා කරති.

සමහර විද්වතුන් 'මිථ්‍යාව'' න පදයෙහි නිර්වචනය සීමා කිරිමට ගනු ලබන එවැනි උත්සාහයන් හා එකඟ නොවෙති. ජී.එස්. කර්ක් නම් සම්භාව්‍ය ලේඛකය මිථ්‍යා හා ජන කථා අතර ඇති වෙනස ප‍්‍රයෝජනවත් විය හැකි යයි විශ්වාස කරයි. නමුත් කථා,ජන කථා සහ පුරාවෘත්ත නියම මිථ්‍යාවන් ලෙස වර්ග කිරිම පෙනුමට සරල සහ සිත් ඇදගන්නා සුළු වුව ද දැඩි ව්‍යාකූල බවක් ද ඇති කළ හැකිය. විශේෂයෙන් ''සියළුම මිථ්‍යා, ආගමික විශ්වාස හැගීම් හෝ පුරුදු සමඟ සම්මිශ‍්‍රිතය යන අදහස ඔහු විශේෂයෙන් ප‍්‍රතික්ෂේප කරයි. රොබට් ඒ සිගල් නමැති ආගමික පඩිවරයා ඊටත් වඩා වැඩි දුර ගොස් මිථ්‍යාවක් යනු සරලව දිව්‍යමය, මානව හෝ සත්ව පෞරුෂයන් ප‍්‍රධාන චරිතය ලෙස ඇති කථා ලෙස නිර්වචනය කරයි.

ක‍්‍රිස්තියානි යුගය එළඹෙන විට ග‍්‍රීක-රෝමානු ලෝකයෙ 'මිථ්‍යාව' යන පදය උපමා කථාව ප‍්‍රබන්ධය, බොරුව යන අර්ථයෙන් යෙදිම ආරම්භ කළහ. එහි ප‍්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මුල් ක‍්‍රිස්තියානි ලේඛකයන් 'මිත්‍යා' යන්න එම අර්ථයෙන් භාවිතා කළහ. මිථ්‍යාව යන පදයෙහි මෙම භාවිතාව ජනප‍්‍රිය ව්‍යවහාරයට පත් විය.

මෙම ලිපියෙහි 'මිථ්‍යාව' යන පදය යොදාගෙන ඇත්තේ බොරුව යන්න පිළිබදව ඇති ජනප‍්‍රිය සම්බන්ධතාවයෙන් ඉවත් වී විද්වත් අරුතකිනි.

විශ්වයේ මැවීම සහ සංවිධානය, මිනිසාගේ හැඩය සහ ශිෂ්ඨාචාරය පිහිටුවිම පැහැදිලි කිරිම සදහා මිථ්‍යාවන් පවසා ඇත. එය මහජනයාට පාඩම් උගන්වන අතර එයට ඉතිහාසයය සහ සංස්කෘතිය, චරිතයන් සහ ඒවා නිර්මාණය කළ පන්නරය ද සම්බන්ධ විය.

පුරාණෝක්ති


Sencelles, Batı Akdeniz'de, İspanya'nın doğu sahiline yakın, İspanya'nın özerk bölgesi olan Balear Takımadaları'na ait bir belediye. Mayorka Adası'nda olup nüfusu; 2,341'dir. (2002)

Dış bağlantılar
 Belediye resmi sitesi
 Sencelles Fotoğrafları

Akdeniz'deki adalar
İspanya'nın adaları

Sencelles


Chapter 2: Compact.  The second chapter of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji contains Sections 6 and 7 of the Constitution.  They summarize, in "compact" form, the intent and purpose of the Constitution, as well as the goals that it seeks to accomplish.  It establishes the principles on which the Fiji government are to be based, and according to which the Constitution is to be interpreted.

Section 6 sets out the following principles.  They are only a summary; they are dealt with more fully by subsequent chapters of the Constitution.

The rights of all individuals and population groups are to be respected fully.
Property ownership is defined, and protected.  The ownership of Fijian land according to Fijian custom is preserved, along with the ownership of freehold land.  The rights of landlords and tenants under leases of agricultural land are formally recognized and protected.  Indigenous Fijians insisted on this clause, fearful that a future government dominated by Indo-Fijians might try to change the land laws, under which more than eighty percent of the land is still owned by Fijian tribes, but leased by individuals, including Indo-Fijians.  The fear of forced land reform had been one of the pretexts given by instigators and supports of the coup of 1987, which removed an Indo-Fijian supported government from power.
The right of all Fiji citizens "to practice their religion freely and to retain their language, culture and traditions" is guaranteed.  These rights safeguard both indigenous and Indo-Fijian culture; many ethnic Fijians sought a provision to safeguard their strongly Christian traditions from possible future Indo-Fijian attempts at Hinduization if they should gain political power, while many Indo-Fijians were alarmed by the efforts of fundamentalist Christians to enshrine Christianity in the Constitution as the official religion of the republic, a goal that some Christians have continued to push for since.  This Compact enunciates a compromise that is repeated throughout the Constitution: although laced with references to Christianity, the constitution carefully protects the rights of all Fiji citizens to profess, practice both privately and publicly, and propagate all religions.  The language provisions, too, benefit both major population groups.  Increasing use of English, especially among the younger generation, has concerned leaders of both the indigenous and Indo-Fijian communities that a future government might mandate an English-only education system, which, they fear, would lead to the demise of their own languages.  But while English is the main language of most schools, the right of parents to choose schools teaching in Fijian or Hindustani - or any other language - is protected by the Constitution.
The "separate" administrative systems - in other words, the traditional chiefly systems - of the Fijian and Rotuman people are preserved.  The purpose of this is twofold.  Many ethnic Fijians see the rule of their chiefs, each of whom heads a matagali, or clan, as a bulwark against domination by non-Fijians.  Although similar in some respects to the British Peerage system, it is closer to the people, as almost all ethnic Fijians are somewhat closely related to a Ratu (chief), whose power therefore gives the entire clan a direct voice in politics.  The second provision, for the Rotuman administrative system, was to assuage the fears of the Rotuman Islanders of political and cultural domination by the other population groups.  Related more closely to the New Zealand Māoris and other Polynesian peoples than to the Fijians, who are predominantly Melanesian, and numbering only ten thousand, about 1.2 percent of Fiji's total population, they wanted their cultural identity protected, along with a degree of political autonomy.  In 1987, following the coup, Rotuman secessionists had tried to organize a bid for independence from Fiji.  This clause in the Compact may be seen as an attempt to placate them.
All Fiji citizens, of whatever ethnic background, are guaranteed equality before the law.  Their right to make their permanent homes in the Fiji Islands is also protected.
Every Fiji citizen is guaranteed the right to form or join a political party, to participate in electoral campaigns, and to vote and hold political office.  Elections to the House of Representatives are to be free, fair, by secret ballot, and ultimately on the basis of equal suffrage.  This was to redress the grievances of the Indo-Fijian community that under the previous constitution (adopted in 1990), the allocation of specific numbers of seats to particular ethnic communities had greatly overrepresented ethnic Fijians, at their expense.
A government (executive) must be formed that has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives.  Inclusion of a particular political party in the Cabinet (executive) depends on the electoral support for that party in the most recent election.  No political party, however, may be forced to participate in the Cabinet against its will.
In the formation of a government, and in the promotion of legislation or the implementation of administrative policies, full account must be taken of the interests of all communities.  In the event of a perceived conflict in the interests of the different communities, all interested parties are required to negotiate in good faith with a view to reading agreement.  In all such negotiations, however, "the paramountcy of Fijian interests as a protective principle continues to apply, so as to ensure that the interests of the Fijian community are not subordinated to the interests of other communities.  In other words, the interests of all communities must be taken into account and negotiated over, but in the event of a deadlock, indigenous Fijian interests prevail.
Affirmative action and social justice programs are to be set up, in order to secure "effective equality of access to opportunities, amenities or services for the Fijian and Rotuman people, as well as for other communities, for women as well as men, and for all disadvantaged citizens or groups."  Such programs must be based on "an allocation of resources broadly acceptable to all communities."  This provision for affirmative action is meant to guarantee equality of opportunity, not equality of results.  There is a widespread perception among ethnic Fijians that most of the nation's wealth is in Indo-Fijian hands, and this clause was written partly to allay their fears.  It is not race-specific, however: the poor of all communities are intended to benefit.
Equitable power-sharing must be not only political, but also economic and commercial.  The granting of equal political rights to Indo-Fijians must be matched by an economic empowerment of indigenous Fijians, "to ensure that all communities fully benefit from the nation's economic progress."

Section 7 deals with the application of the Compact.  The principles referred to in section 6 are a statement of intentions, only.  They may not be used justiciably; they may not be used as a basis for ruling a law to be constitutional or unconstitutional, unless they are included in other provisions of the Constitution, or in a law made under the constitution.  They are intended, however, to serve as a frame of reference for interpreting the whole constitution.

1997 Constitution of Fiji

1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 2


Leonida Domide (n. 1882, Rodna Veche – d. 1950, ?) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Leonida Domide a fost fiul cunoscutului memorandist Gherasim Domide. S-a născut la 11 ianuarie 1822 la Rodna (jud. Bistrița- Năsăud). În 1981/1982 a absolvit școlile grănicerești iar ulterior a urmat școala la Bistrița, Vacz și Blaj. La Blaj, profesorul său, Iacob Mureșianu, i-a descoperit talentul muzical și l-a determinat să se îndrepte înspre compoziție. A urmat studiile facultății de medicină din Cluj și, din 1899, le-a continuat la Budapesta, unde a studiat și muzica. A fost membru al Societatii "Petru Maior", organizând corul studenților. A publicat două compoziții în revista "Muza Română". Cea intitulată: "Someșana de mână" a fost prelucrată de Violonistul Karel Kolar. Cea mai de seamă compoziție a sa a fost: "Înșiră-te mărgăritare", compusă în 1909 după o legendă a lui Vasile Alecsandri și publicată în 1912, în stilul baladelor profesorului său Iacob Mureșianu. Primește diploma de medic în 1905. Profesează ca medic cercual la Dej de la 1 mai 1909, iar de la 1 februarie același an este medic primar al județului Someș continuând să desfășoare și o intensă activitate social-culturală pe lângă cea medicală.

A murit în septembrie 1950, la Cluj Napoca.
[1] Marin Florea, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, 1993, p. 151. A fost unul dintre cei mai de seamă compozitori ai Ardealului.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1882
Decese în 1950
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Leonida Domide


Lex Fridman é um cientista da computação russo-americano, pesquisador de inteligência artificial e apresentador de podcast que atualmente trabalha e ensina no Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Carreira
A carreira de Fridman começou no Google, trabalhando em aprendizado de máquina. Fridman é um cientista pesquisador e conferencista no MIT. Seu trabalho no MIT envolve pesquisa em inteligência artificial centrada no ser humano, pesquisa de veículos autônomos, aprendizado profundo e robótica pessoal. Em 2017, Fridman trabalhou em visão computacional, aprendizado profundo e algoritmos de planejamento para veículos semiautônomos. O trabalho de Fridman foi publicado em periódicos revisados por pares.

Podcast Lex Fridman
Iniciado em 2018, o Lex Fridman Podcast (originalmente intitulado Artificial Intelligence Podcast )  discute "IA, ciência, tecnologia, história, filosofia e a natureza da inteligência, consciência, amor e poder", ao contrário de seu programa anterior, que pretendia ser "mais geral e pessoal". Os convidados incluíram Elon Musk, Joe Rogan, Jack Dorsey, Ray Dalio, e Mark Zuckerberg. A terceira entrevista de Fridman com Elon Musk discutiu as opiniões de Musk sobre exploração espacial e criptomoedas.

Vida pessoal
Fridman é faixa preta em jiu jitsu brasileiro e judô, e toca violão e piano.

Referências

Professores do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts
Pesquisadores da inteligência artificial
Cientistas da computação da Rússia
Pessoas vivas
Podcasters
Celebridades da Internet
Alunos da Universidade Drexel
Judeus dos Estados Unidos
Judeus da Rússia
Norte-americanos de ascendência russa
Youtubers dos Estados Unidos

Lex Fridman


REV is a removable hard disk storage system from Iomega.

The small removable disks store 35, 70, or 120 gigabytes (GB) and are hard-drive technology. Like a standard hard drive, the REV system uses a flying head to read and write data to a spinning platter. The removable disks contained the platter, spindle, and motor, while the drive heads and drive controller are contained within the REV drive. The drives allow for data transfer rates of about 25 megabytes (MB) per second.

The REV was available as an external desktop model with FireWire, SCSI or USB 2.0 interfaces, an internal model with SCSI, ATAPI, or SATA interfaces, or an external server model which features a cartridge autoloader and SCSI interface. Iomega also offered a 320 GB network-attached storage appliance which features a built-in REV. The drives are compatible with Macintosh, Windows, and Linux operating systems, although some only with particular models or interfaces.

This product, especially the server model, was marketed as a replacement of tape drive technology for enterprise data backup, with claims of higher reliability, greater speed, and random access capability.

The REV was in many ways a successor to Iomega's Jaz drive, which uses a similar removable hard-disk-platter concept. However the Jaz design does not put the drive motor in the disk case.

The disks are formatted with the UDF file system on Windows and Unix/Linux.  On Apple systems, they may be formatted as HFS+ or UDF in Mac OS X.

A seemingly-similar competing technology is RDX Technology.  A key distinction, however, is that the REV drive heads and drive controller remain inside the drive when the hard-disk platter is removed from it.  In RDX Technology, the drive heads are contained within the cartridge along with the platter and are removed along with it.

The drives suffer from poor reliability and high failure rates of both the disk mechanism and power supply units (on the external versions). Faced with cheaper, smaller, higher capacity and more reliable USB 2.5" portable hard drives, the REV format was discontinued:
 35 GB - August 31, 2009
 70 GB - December 14, 2009
 120 GB - January 25, 2010

See also
 Castlewood Orb Drive
 Universal Disk Format

References

 "Iomega Introduces REV 120GB Backup Drive"
 "Iomega Debuts Versatile Backup Drive: 35GB Rev Provides Removable Storage Inside a Protective Cartridge"
 "sourceforge.net IOM RRD Tools"

Hard disk drives
Iomega storage devices

REV (disk)


Web design

වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය වෙබ් අඩවි නිෂ්පාදනය හා නඩත්තු විවිධ කුසලතා හා විෂය බොහෝ පුළුල් කර ඇත. වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය පිළිබඳ විවිධ ප්රදේශවල වෙබ් ග්රැෆික් ද; අතුරු මුහුණත නිර්මාණය; සම්මත සංකේත සහ වානිජ මෘදුකාංග ඇතුළු කර්තෘත්වය; පරිශීලක අත්දැකීම් නිර්මාණ; හා යන්ත්ර ප්රශස්තකරණය සොයන්න. සමහර නිර්මාණකරුවන් ඔවුන් ආවරණය වනු ඇත නමුත් බොහෝ විට බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන්, නිර්මාණය ක්රියාවලිය පිළිබඳ විවිධ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි කණ්ඩායම් වැඩ කටයුතු කරනු ඇත. [1] කාලීන වෙබ් නිර්මාණය සාමාන්යයෙන් ලකුණ දක්වා ලියන ඇතුළු වෙබ් අඩවිය ඉදිරි-අන්තයක් (සේවාදායකයා පැත්තේ) නිර්මාණය කිරීමට අදාළ සැලසුම් ක්රියාවලිය විස්තර කිරීමට භාවිතා කරයි. වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය අර්ධ වශයෙන් වෙබ් සංවර්ධනය පුළුල් විෂය පථයක් තුළ වෙබ් ඉංජිනේරු ගැටේ. වෙබ් නිර්මාණකරුවන් නමුත් නෙට්බුක් ක දැනුවත් කිරීමේ ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන අතර ඔවුන්ගේ භූමිකාව දක්වා ලකුණ නිර්මාණය කිරීමයි නම්, එවිට ඔවුන් ද වෙබ් ප්රවේශ්යතා මාර්ගෝපදේශ දිනය දක්වා විය යුතු ය.

History

1988—2001
වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය තරමක් මෑත කාලීන ඉතිහාසය වුවද, එය එවැනි ග්රැෆික් වැනි වෙනත් ප්රදේශ සම්බන්ධ කළ හැක. කෙසේ වෙතත් වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය ද තාක්ෂණික දෘෂ්ටි ආස්ථානයෙන් දැක ගත හැකි ය. එය ජනතාවගේ එදිනෙදා ජීවිත විශාල කොටසක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. එය සජීවිකරණ රූප, අකුරුකරණය විවිධ මෝස්තර, පසුබිම් සංගීතය හා තොරව අන්තර්ජාලය සිතීම දුෂ්කර ය.

Web design


In German culture, Ostalgie () is nostalgia for aspects of life in Communist East Germany. It is a portmanteau of the German words  Ost (east) and Nostalgie (nostalgia). Its anglicised equivalent, ostalgia (rhyming with "nostalgia"), is also sometimes used. Another term for the phenomenon is GDR nostalgia ()

The term was coined by the East German standup comic  in 1992.
Social scientist Thomas Ahbe argues that the term 'ostalgia' is often misunderstood as a lack of willingness to integrate, an uproar to reverse German reunification and reinstate the GDR.  However, Ostalgia is rather an integration strategy used by East Germans who wanted to retain their own original experiences, memories and values incompatible with those of the West German majority.

As with other cases of Communist nostalgia, there are various motivations, whether ideology, nationalism, wistfulness for a lost sense of social status or stability, or even aesthetics or irony.

History
Ostalgie is a complex term that should not be described as a simple emotion of nostalgia. As Ostalgie relates back to the history of the Cold War, it is better to examine this term in the context of history and current influence in Western society; in doing so, the meaning of this term becomes clearer.

The division of Germany into East and West for over 35 years engendered the formation of distinct identities between the two regions. Despite their shared language and history, the capitalist FRG and socialist GDR differed in many obvious political, economic and cultural respects; thus, their respective societies cultivated cultural identities distinct to each region. These pre-existing differences were then exposed during and after the reunification process.

Effects

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the following German reunification a year later, many of the symbols of the German Democratic Republic were swept away. The process of unification gave rise to feelings of resentment and nostalgia amongst former GDR citizens. They felt short-changed by a unification process which they equated to a colonial take over. One particular focus of Ostalgie centred around unemployment. Officially, unemployment had not existed in the GDR, but this employment security disappeared with reunification and unemployment became endemic at around 20% of the workforce. The social security provided by the work place in the GDR was a great focus of Ostalgia. Kolinsky presents reunification as characterised by Easterners' disaffection. The mass experience of unemployment emerged as a key tenet of a re-forged East German identity based on the collective experience of employment-loss and the perceived economic destruction of their region. Subsequently, many constructed a retrospective image of the GDR as a stable and caring environment.  Unification was felt to have been to their disadvantage and to have isolated them as second-class citizens.

Reunification presented a particular challenge to women. This was particularly true for working women who had enjoyed organised healthcare and equal pay in the GDR and who faced the greatest unemployment post-Wende. Approximately 70% of East German women lost their job after 1990. Women were laid off faster than men, as well as suffering the consequences of the collapse of state-run childcare facilities and traditional ideals of female domesticity and consumerism were reinvoked, having been challenged by the state in the GDR.

Ostalgie was also felt for commodities of the GDR. Almost all GDR brands of products disappeared from the stores and were replaced by Western products. However, after some time many Eastern Germans began to miss certain aspects of their former lives (like culture or the known brand marks). Ostalgie particularly refers to the nostalgia for aspects of regular daily life and culture in the former GDR, which disappeared after reunification.

Commercialisation

Ostalgie is expressed in present day Germany through commodities and products reminiscent of the East-German era.

Many businesses in Germany cater to those who feel Ostalgie and have begun providing them with artifacts that remind them of life under the GDR; artifacts that imitate the old ones. Available again are brands of East German food, old state television programmes on video tape and DVD, and the once widespread Wartburg and Trabant cars.

Another example of commercially memorialising East Germany would be the musealization of Halle-Neustadt. Halle-Neustadt, a city constructed by the East German Government, is now a kind of living museum for East German memory. But more than the meaning of living museum, tourism in Halle-Neustadt is evidence of commercialisation of Ostalgie. In this case, musealization of Ostalgie is somehow connected with a consumerist attitude. Ostalgie in this sense is not a realistic or pragmatic term. It is the artifacts, rather than the social life of East Germany, that play the main role in this commercialization. If the social life of East Germany is more complex than artifacts and symbols, it would be fair to say that musealization of Ostalgie in Halle-Neustadt creates a stereotype of East German life. That is to say, reflection of Ostalgie in Halle-Neustadt should not be considered as an accurate representation of East Germany.

Popular culture

Those seeking the preservation of East German culture banded together to save the "Eastern Crosswalk Man" (Ost-Ampelmännchen), an illuminated depiction of a man wearing a "perky", "cheerful" and potentially "petit bourgeois" hat (inspired by a summer photo of Erich Honecker in a straw hat) in crosswalk lights. Many German cities in and near the former East German border, including Berlin, Lübeck and Erfurt, still retain the use of the Ampelmännchen at all or some pedestrian crossings due to its cultural relevance, and many souvenirs sold in the new states and in Berlin make use of the icon.

Life in the GDR has also been the subject of several films, including Leander Haußmann's Sonnenallee (1999), Wolfgang Becker's internationally successful Good Bye, Lenin! (2003), and Carsten Fiebeler's Kleinruppin forever (2004).

Arguments
Ostalgie could be inspired by the longing of the Ossis (German for "Easterners", a term for former GDR citizens) for the social system and the sense of community of the GDR. When Der Spiegel asked former GDR-inhabitants whether the GDR "had more good sides than bad sides" in 2009, 57% of them answered yes. To the statement of the interviewing journalist that "GDR inhabitants did not have the freedom to travel wherever they wanted", respondents replied that "present-day low-wage workers do not have that freedom either".

Ostalgie as "West-algie"
According to Dominic Boyer, the concept of nostalgia has been described for several centuries. Nostalgia is connected with nationalism; longing for the former homeland generates love for everything associated with it. This evokes negative feelings toward "foreign" products, customs or cultural influences. Boyer says that ostalgie is more than East German nostalgia, examining nostalgia in the context of the Second World War and Vergangenheitsbelastung ("the burden of the past"). The division of East and West Germany was not punishment for Germany's war crimes. Nazi Germany has made the German postwar generation shameful and anxious about its past. West and East Germany claimed that the other side was more "German", and more responsible for war crimes; this created a symbiotic relationship, which was eliminated by German reunification.

According to Boyer, West German opinion dominates the discourse about the West-East relationship and refuses to take the opinions of former East German members seriously. Boyer writes that ostalgie has created a "no-place" East Germany, which is only "realistic" from a West German perspective. The East German perspective (despite its individual history, policy, structure, way of life, and outlook) is invalid, and unable to challenge the "Western" image of East Germany. Enns Anthony wrote that understanding ostalgie should go "beyond the simple question of whose representation of the GDR is more valid or authentic"; what matters is the  situation of former residents of the GDR.

See also

 Culture of the German Democratic Republic

Music

Movies

Books and games
 Banchelli, Eva: Taste the East: Linguaggi e forme dell'Ostalgie, Sestante Edizioni, Bergamo 2006, .
 Banchelli,  Eva: Ostalgie: eine vorläufige Bilanz, in Fabrizio Cambi (Hg.): Gedächtnis und Identitat. Die deutsche Literatur der Wiedervereinigung, Würzburg, Koenigshausen & Neumann,  2008, pp. 57–68.
 Berdahl, Daphne: On the Social Life of Postsocialism: Memory, Consumption, Germany  (2009)
 Rota, Andrea: Testi pubblicitari ostalgici: una breve analisi semiotica, In Linguistica e filologia 24/2007, pp. 137–152, ISSN|1594–6517.
 Pence, Katherine and Paul Betts. Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics,  Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008
 Ostalgie: The Berlin Wall (2018), video game by Kremlingames, where the playground is East Germany during the late Perestroika and the dissolution of Warsaw Pact.

References

External links

 "Ostalgie", post from The New York Times
 "Ostalgie" discussion on H-German
 Kristen R. Ghodsee, "Red Nostalgia? Communism, Women's Emancipation, and Economic Transformation in Bulgaria."

East Germany
German reunification
1992 neologisms
German words and phrases
Culture of Germany

Ostalgie


الفورمالديهايد أو الفورمالدهيد ويسمى أيضاً الفورمول أو ألدهيد النمل (نسبة إلى النمل)، هو مركب عضوي من فصيلة الألدهيدات ذو الصيغة الكيميائية CH2O وهو غاز عديم اللون في درجة الحرارة العادية، سريع الذوبان في الماء وقابل للاشتعال اسمه النظامي ميثانال (methanal).

التاريخ
صنع الفورمالدهيد لأول مرة من قبل ألكسندر بوتليروف " Alexandre Boutlerov " سنة 1855 م، ولكن تم التعرف عليه رسميًا من قبل العالم الألماني آوغست فيلهلم فون هوفمان "August Wilhelm von Hofmann" سنة 1867 م،  وذلك من خلال إجراء أول عملية تحضير تقنية بواسطة تفاعل نزع الهيدروجين للميثانول.

خواصه

الخواص الفيزيائية
الميثانال غاز لا لون له، يذوب في الماء بكميات كبيرة، ومحلول الماء الناتج يحتوي على 40 % من الفورمالدهيد يعرف بالفورمالين، ويستعمل هذا الأخير في التحنيط وكمادة حافظة للأنسجة. حيث تصل درجة غليانه إلى -21 °م.

الخواص الكيميائية

الاحتراق التام
يحترق الميثانال بوجود زيادة من أكسجين الهواء حسب المعادلة التالية.

 CH2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O

الأكسدة بأكسجين الهواء

يتأكسد الميثانال بسهولة من الأكسجين في الهواء ويشكل حمض الفورميك، لذلك يجب الحفاظ على الميثانال في علبة مغلقة بإحكام.بحيث يتم التفاعل كما يلي.

 CH2O + 1/2O2 → HCOOH

الأكسدة بمحلول فهلنغ

إن شاردة (أيون) النحاس الثنائية المعقدة الموجودة في الوسط الأساسي هي الشاردة الفعالة لمحلول فهلنغ. بتفاعل المحلول مع الفورمالديهيد نحصل على الميثانوات وراسب أحمر آجري الذي هو أكسيد النحاس الأحادي.و تكون المعادلة الإجمالية للتفاعل كما يلي

تفاعل كما يلي.

 2Cu + CH2O + 5OH- → Cu2O + HCOO- + 3H2O

التفاعل مع كاشف شيف

يعد اختبار شيف اختبارا للكشف عن الألدهيدات. يستعمل فيه كاشف شيف الذي هو مادة الفوشين ذات اللون الوردي، منحلة في محلول مائي لغاز ثنائي أكسيد الكبريت ويكون المحلول بذلك شفافاً. عند إضافة قطرات من الميثانال لكاشف شيف يتلون تدريجيُا باللون الوردي، أي أنه يعود إلى لونه الاصلي.

الوفرة الطبيعية
يتوفر الفورمالدهيد في المنتجات من الاحتراق غير الكامل للمواد التي تحتوي على الكربون. هناك في دخان من حرائق الغابات، في انبعاثات السيارات، ودخان التبغ.

الإنتاج

صناعياً
ينتج الفورمالدهيد صناعياً من الأكسدة الحفزية للميثانول. الحفازات الأكثر شيوعاً هي الفضة، أو مزيج من أكاسيد الحديد مع الموليبدنوم والفاناديوم.

حسب طريقة فورموكس FORMOX لإنتاج الفورمالدهيد فإن مزيجاً من الميثانول والأكسجين يتفاعلان عند درجة حرارة تتراوح بين 250-400 °س بوجود أكسيد الحديد بالإضافة إلى الموليبدنوم و/أو الفاناديوم ليعطي الفورمالدهيد حسب المعادلة.

 2CH3OH + O2 → 2H2CO + 2H2O
تطبق درجات حرارة أعلى، حوالي 650° س، وذلك عند استعمال حفاز يحوي أكسيد الحديد فقط.
كما ينتج الفورمالدهيد في نفس الوقت عن طريق تفاعل نزع الهيدروجين من الميثانول حسب المعادلة:

 CH3OH → H2CO + H2

بما أن الفورمالدهيد يتأكسد تلقائياً بأكسجين الهواء الجوي ليشكل حمض الفورميك، فإن الأخير يتواجد بتراكيز من مرتبة جزء من المليون في محاليل الفورمالدهيد التجارية.

مخبرياً
يحصل على الميثانال مخبرياً من الفورمالين، وهو المحلول مائي الذي يتم فيه حل الميثانال إلى 37 ٪ من الكتلة، وذلك بإضافة برمنغنات البوتاسيوم (KMnO4) بنسب من 1 غرام من برمنغنات إلى 2 مل من الفورمالين. التفاعل ناشر للحرارة، والحرارة المتولدة هو الأمر المهم في العملية.

الاستعمالات
يستعمل الفورمول خاصة في المجال الطبي والبيولوجي بحيث أنه يُفقد البكتيريا قدرتها الممرضة فتصبح (موهَنة) من أجل أن يجعل جسم الإنسان محصناً ضد أمراض معينة بعد حقنهِ للبيكتيريا المسببة للمرض في شكلها غير الممرض.
كما أن له الاستخدامات التالية:
 مطهر : وخاصة في الطب البيطري (و تعقيم أحواض القدم foot baths).
 التحنيط: كمادة حافظة للحيوانات النافقة أو للبشر (من أجل التشريح في كليات الطب على سبيل المثال).
 طب الأسنان : بشكل مباشر (الفورمالدهيد)، أو مشتق (polyoxymethylene) وخلافا للعقاقير والمنتجات والمواد المستعملة في طب الأسنان ليست خاضعة للترخيص في السوق.
 لإنتاج البوليمرات والمواد الكيميائية (أكثر من 50 ٪ من مجموع الاستخدامات من الفورمالدهيد).
 غالبا ما تستخدم في المواد اللاصقة وراتنجات دائمة، مثل راتنج يوريا-فورمالدهيد المستخدم في صنع الألواح والخشب الرقائقي وصمغ للرموش الأصطناعية أو السجاد، أو إلى شكل رغوة الاصطناعية. ويستخدم لإنتاج المواد الكيميائية أخرى كثيرة، معظمها البوليولات مثل ثريتول تترانيترات، وتستخدم في صناعة مواد الطلاء والمتفجرات. وهناك أيضا غيرها من مشتقات الفورمالدهيد.

السلامة
وبعد أن تم النظر فيها في البداية باسم "مسرطن محتمل"، كما تم تصنيف الفورمالدهيد «المسببة للسرطان معينة» من قبل الوكالة الدولية لبحوث السرطان، والذي يعتمد على منظمة الصحة العالمية.

وتعتبر مشاركته في سرطان تجويف الأنف والجيوب ولكن الخلط الحالي التحيز في الدراسات في مكان العمل لا يسمح لإبرام. تعرضت عموما وفي الواقع، العمال الذين تعرضوا لعدد كبير من الملوثات المسببة للسرطان يحتمل (نشارة الخشب في صناعة الأخشاب—مسؤولة عن سرطان تجويف الأنف—البنزين—المسؤولة عن سرطان الدم --، وغيرها من الألدهيدات الأسيتالديهيد)، والدور المناسب للفورمالدهايد في هذه السرطانات ولذلك من الصعب تسليط الضوء.
ويشتبه في تورطه في حدوث سرطان الدم بقوة.

ويمكن أن تهيج العينين والأغشية المخاطية، مما تسبب التهاب الملتحمة والصداع وصعوبة في التنفس يرافقه ألم في الحلق.

كما أن حيوانات المختبر يتعرضون لجرعات عالية من رؤية الميثانال في حياتهم للخطر من سرطان الأنف والحنجرة .
في طب الأسنان، وكمية صغيرة أدرجت قناة لب القضية في بعض الأحيان استجابة شديدة الحساسية (الطفح الجلدي والحساسية عالية)، وتحدث في غضون ساعات بعد
.

التنظيم
معظم الدول أوروبية تقيد وتحذر استخدام الفورمالدهيد في التحنيط. استيراد المنتجات التي تعامل مع الفورمالدهيد ومن ثم تخضع لتنظيم أو تحذير. على المبيدات الحيوية (بما في ذلك وقاية النبات)، تحت اسم الفورمالدهيد.

بالنسبة للاتحاد الأوروبي
يحذر على المادة الفعالة بقرار 2007/442/CE بعدالاستعراض على إدراجها في المرفق الأول [توجيه 91/414/EEC 11] .

التوقعات
إن الاتحاد الأوروبي يدرس فرض حظر كامل على استخدام الفورمالدهيد كمبيد بيولوجي (بما في ذلك التحنيط) تحت التوجيه منتجات، ولكن لبعض البلدان (أيرلندا وبعض الدول الأخرى الباردة) التي تستخدمه في التحنيط تحفظات على مثل هذا الحظر.

انظر أيضاً
 مكافحة العدوى
 بارافورمالدهيد
 قائمة ناسا لأفضل النباتات المنزلية لتنقية الهواء

المراجع

ألدهيدات
الصحة والسلامة المهنية
مسرطنات المجموعة 1 حسب تصنيف الوكالة الدولية لأبحاث السرطان
ملوثات هواء خطرة

ميثانال


Hans Excellence (H.E.) Viggo greve Danneskiold-Samsøe (29. maj 1874 på Christiansholm (Klampenborg) – 24. januar 1936 i Gribsholm). Han var en dansk godsejer. Han var ejer af Nordfeld med Klosterskov og Ålebækgård (1916-1930) og af Gribsholm (Gribskov) i 1935. Han var søn af teaterchef, greve Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe og hustru Wanda født Zahrtmann (kusine til Kristian Zahrtmann).

Gift med Ebba Caroline Petterson Rantzien 1. september 1901 i Kbh., og de fik sønnen Knud Danneskiold-Samsøe. De blev skilt 17. december 1912.

Senere blev Viggo gift med Bodil Marie Stella Lindholm (datter af Musse Scheel) som fik Hans Christian Erik Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe, Niels Frederik Kjeld Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe, Oluf Erling Christoffer Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe, Ubbe Eyvind Gregers Sophus Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe, Karin Lykke Ursula Sofia Dorothea Stella Bodil Maria komtesse Danneskiold-Samsøe og Sonja Maria Ester Irène Bodil Stella komtesse Danneskiold-Samsøe.

Kilder
 Danmarks Adels Aarbog

Viggo

Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe


The Astonishing Hypothesis is a 1994 book by scientist Francis Crick about consciousness. Crick, one of the co-discoverers of the molecular structure of DNA, later became a theorist for neurobiology and the study of the brain. The Astonishing Hypothesis is mostly concerned with establishing a basis for scientific study of consciousness; however, Crick places the study of consciousness within a larger social context. Human consciousness according to Crick is central to human existence and so scientists find themselves approaching topics traditionally left to philosophy and religion.

Synopsis
The Astonishing Hypothesis posits that "a person's mental activities are entirely due to the behavior of nerve cells, glial cells, and the atoms, ions, and molecules that make them up and influence them." Crick claims that scientific study of the brain during the 20th century led to acceptance of consciousness, free will, and the human soul as subjects for scientific investigation.

Rather than attempting to cover all the aspects of consciousness (self-awareness, thought, imagination, perception, etc.), Crick focuses on the primate visual system and breaks down the prerequisites for conscious experience into several broad subconditions, including some sort of short-term memory and attention mechanism. The book then delves into a brief overview of many neuroscientific topics, ranging from a survey of how neurons function to a description of basic neural circuits and their artificial equivalents. Throughout, Crick cites various experiments which illustrate the narrow points he is making about visual awareness, such as studies investigating the phenomenon of blindsight in macaques.

The later chapters of the book try to synthesize many of the points made earlier about the visual system into a unified framework, although Crick frequently notes the many exceptions to his assumptions and the clumsiness of many of his attempts at synthesis. Also, here he takes the opportunity to make suggestions for further experiments that could provide empirical basis for further understanding about human consciousness and includes a brief addendum on several topics he purposefully glossed over, like free will. Overall, the message Crick repeats as the main purpose of writing the Astonishing Hypothesis is to break the scientific community's reluctance to give consciousness a thorough and scientifically-grounded investigation, and to encourage others such as philosophers to address the issues of consciousness in a way that takes account of neuroscientific discoveries.

Background and response
Crick had discussed the relationship between science and religion in his earlier book What Mad Pursuit. Crick's view of this relationship was that religions can be wrong about scientific matters and that part of what science does is to confront the errors that exist within religious traditions. For example, the idea of a mechanism for the evolution of life by natural selection conflicts with some views on creation of life by divine intervention. Crick's subtitle for The Astonishing Hypothesis is The Scientific Search for the Soul.

Criticism
Crick's decidedly materialistic approach to explaining consciousness has many detractors both in the neuroscientific and philosophical communities. Some, such as neurologist and Nobel Laureate Gerald Edelman believe that neural Darwinism is a more satisfactory explanation for the emergence of complex intelligence in humans. Another school of thought, this one largely made up of those outside of scientific disciplines, consider consciousness to either be simply beyond the possibility of explanation or at least dependent on some qualities that are not simply physical (i.e. molecules, etc.). Lastly, those who support quantum theory of mind also disagree with how Crick simplifies the workings of the brain to only classical physics.

See also
 Consciousness–matter dualism
 China Brain
 Epiphenomenalism
 Physicalism

References

External links

 "Review of The Astonishing Hypothesis" @Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (theASSC.org)

Works about consciousness
Cognitive science literature
1994 non-fiction books

The Astonishing Hypothesis


Hydrodytinae es una subfamilia de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Dytiscidae.
Tiene los siguientes géneros:

Géneros
Hydrodytes
Microhydrodytes

Referencias

Hydrodytinae


Everton Footbal Club (Everton Futbol Kulübü), İngiltere'de Premier League'de oynayan bir futbol takımıdır. 1878'de kurulmuş olan kulüp maçlarını Liverpool şehrinde Goodison Park Stadı'nda oynamaktadır. 1878 yılında Liverpool şehrinde "St.Domingo Football Club" adıyla kurulan ve 1 yıl sonra Kasım 1879'da "Everton Football Club" adını alan Everton'ın armasında ortada bulunan kule, Everton Tepesi (Everton Brow) olarak bilinen mevkiide, Netherfield Road isimli caddede bulunan, 1787 yılında inşa edilmiş ve "Prince Rupert's Tower" ya da "The Roundhouse" olarak bilinen, 1800 lü yılların İngiltere'sinde ertesi sabah yargıç önüne çıkacak ağır suçlu olmayan kişileri yargıdan önceki gece hapsetmeye yarayan tarihi bir kule. Kulenin sağ ve sol üst bölümünde yer alan şekiller defne yaprağı çelenkleri. Bu çelenkler armaya daha sonra zaferleri simgelemesi adına eklenmiştir. "Everton" yazısının altında kulübün kuruluş tarihi olan "1878" yazarken, altta Latince olarak yazan "Nil Satis Nisi Optimum" yazısı "Nothing but the best is good enough" anlamını taşıyor. Türkçe karşılığında cümle biraz düşük gibi dursa da "Sadece en iyi olan yeterince iyidir" anlamına gelmektedir. Premier League'de en fazla kalan kulüptür.

Takım kadrosu

Kiralık giden oyuncular

Logolar

Başarılar
 Premier League Şampiyonluğu: 9
 1890-91, 1914-15, 1927-28, 1931-32, 1938-39, 1962-63, 1969-70, 1984-85, 1986-87
 FA Cup: 5
 1906, 1933, 1966, 1984, 1995
 FA Community Shield : 8
 2. Lig Şampiyonluğu: 1 1931
 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası: 1'''
 1985

Önemli menajerler
Everton'da en az bir kupa kazanmış menajerler:

Kaynakça

 UEFA Resmi Sitesi

Dış bağlantılar
 Everton FC Resmi Web Sayfası
 NSNO
 EFC Taraftar Forumu
 ToffeeBlue

Premier League kulüpleri

FA Cup şampiyonları
1878'de kurulan futbol kulüpleri
UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası şampiyonları

Everton FC


Türk Toyu: Eski Türkçede, devletin yasama organına verilen addır. Hakaniye Türkçesi döneminde ise; Ordu kurağına veya ordu karargâhına "toy" denilirdi. Türk devletlerinde resmi bir görüşme gayesiyle toplanılan veya Türk boylarının, topluluklarının belli bir amaç doğrultusunda bir araya geldikleri toplantılardır. Hükümdarlar çeşitli sebeplerle toy düzenlerlerdi. Bunlar, tahta çıkış toyu, zafer toyu, düğün toyu, doğum toyu, ad koyma toyu gibi toylardır. Ayrıca kurultay meclisinin diğer adıdır.
 Türkçede sıfat olarak kullanıldığında "gençliği sebebiyle görgüsüz ve beceriksiz olan, çaylak" anlamına gelir.
 Toy - (Otis tarda) toygiller (Otididae) familyasından çok ürkek bir kuş türü.
 Toy) - David Bowie tarafından kaydedilen bir albüm.
 Toys - Robin Williams'ın başrolünü oynadığı 1992 yılı filmi.
 Toy Story - Animasyon film serisi.

Toy (anlam ayrımı)


The British Fourteenth Army was a multi-national force comprising units from Commonwealth countries during the Second World War. As well as British Army units, many of its units were from the Indian Army and there were also significant contributions from British Army's West and East African divisions. It was often referred to as the "Forgotten Army" because its operations in the Burma Campaign were overlooked by the contemporary press, and remained more obscure than those of the corresponding formations in Europe for long after the war. For most of the Army's existence, it was commanded by Lieutenant-General William Slim.

History

Creation
The army was formed in 1943 in eastern India. At least two sources report the story of Lord Louis Mountbatten's first or one of his initial meetings with Lieutenant General William Slim, then General Officer Commanding XV Corps. Slim reportedly told Mountbatten "..Let's change this ghastly name Eastern Army. Let's just get a number."

With the creation of South East Asia Command in late 1943, the Eastern Army which formerly controlled operations against the Japanese Army in Burma and also had large rear-area responsibilities, was split into two. Eastern Command (reporting to GHQ India) took over the rear areas of Bihar, Odisha and most of Bengal. Fourteenth Army, part of the British 11th Army Group, became responsible for operations against the Japanese.

The Army's commander was Lieutenant-General William Slim. Its principal subordinate formations were IV Corps in Assam and XV Corps in Arakan. During the early part of 1944, the Army also had loose operational control over the American and Chinese Northern Combat Area Command, and the Chindits operating behind enemy lines under Major General Orde Wingate.

Defending British India

In early 1944, the Allies began tentative advances into Burma. The Japanese responded with all-out offensives, intending to destroy the Allies in their base areas.

The first Japanese move was a subsidiary attack in Arakan where XV Corps was advancing slowly south. After initial Allied setbacks, in which an Indian divisional HQ was overrun, the surrounded units defeated the Japanese at the Battle of the Admin Box. A vital factor was the resupply of cut-off units by aircraft.

The main Japanese offensive was launched on the central front in Assam. While a division advanced to Kohima to isolate IV Corps, the main body attempted to surround and destroy IV Corps at Imphal. Since the Japanese attack in Arakan had already failed, battle-hardened units were flown from Arakan to aid the besieged forces in Assam. Also, XXXIII Corps was moved from southern India, where they had been training for amphibious operations, to relieve the garrison at Kohima and then push on to relieve Imphal.

The result of the battles was a crushing Japanese defeat. The Japanese suffered 85,000 casualties, mainly from sickness and disease after their supplies ran out. The Allies had been continually supplied from the air, in the largest operation of its type to that date.

Retaking Burma
In 1945, amphibious operations to recapture Burma had to be cancelled once again because of a shortage of resources. Instead, Fourteenth Army was to mount the main offensive. The Army was now subordinated to the headquarters of Allied Land Forces, South East Asia (ALFSEA), and consisted of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps. Since the Army's supply lines by land were long and precarious, air supply was once again to be vital.

The Japanese attempted to forestall the Allied attacks by withdrawing behind the Irrawaddy River. Fourteenth Army was nevertheless able to change its axis of advance. IV Corps, spearheaded by armoured and motorised units, crossed the river downstream of the main Japanese forces and seized the vital logistic and communications centre of Meiktila. As the Japanese attempted to recapture Meiktila, XXXIII Corps captured Mandalay, the former capital which was of major significance to the majority Burman population. The result of the Battles of Meiktila and Mandalay, known as the Battle of Central Burma, was the destruction of most of the Japanese units in Burma, which allowed the subsequent pursuit.

Fourteenth Army now advanced south. While XXXIII Corps advanced down the Irrawaddy River, IV Corps made the main effort along the Sittang River, covering  in a month. It was vital to capture Rangoon, the capital and principal port of Burma, to allow the Army to be supplied during the monsoon. In the event, IV Corps was held up  north of Rangoon by sacrificial Japanese rearguards, but its advance caused the Japanese to abandon Rangoon, which was occupied after an unopposed amphibious landing (codenamed Operation Dracula) on 2 May.

The Fourteenth Army was supported by the Women's Auxiliary Service (Burma) who provided a canteen service for the troops of Burma Command and moved down through the country with the Army.

End of the War
Shortly after the fall of Rangoon, the Army headquarters was relieved of responsibility for operations in Burma. A new Twelfth Army headquarters was formed from XXXIII Corps HQ and took over IV Corps. Fourteenth Army HQ now moved to Ceylon to plan operations to recapture Malaya and Singapore. It controlled XV Corps and the newly raised Indian XXXIV Corps.

General Slim was promoted to command Allied Land Forces in South East Asia. Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey was appointed to command Fourteenth Army.

A seaborne landing on the west coast of Malaya, codenamed Operation Zipper, was being prepared but was forestalled by the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Japanese surrender. Zipper was nevertheless mounted unopposed as the quickest method of introducing troops to Malaya to enforce the surrender of the Japanese there and repatriate Allied prisoners of war.

Fourteenth Army was renamed Malaya Command on 1 November 1945.

Commonwealth Army
The Fourteenth Army, like the Eighth Army, was made up from units that came from all corners of the Commonwealth. In 1945 the Fourteenth Army was the largest army in the Commonwealth and one of the largest armies in the world, with about a million men under command. Three African divisions, the 81st, 82nd West African Division and 11th (East Africa) Division were attached to the army. There were many units and formations from the British Army but the majority of the army was built around the British Indian Army, which was stated to be the largest all-volunteer army in history with 2,500,000 men.

Order of battle
The Fourteenth Army was the Second World War's largest Commonwealth Army, with nearly a million men by late 1944.

At different periods of the Second World War it was composed of four corps:
  IV Corps
  XV Corps
  XXXIII Corps
  XXXIV Corps

A total of thirteen divisions served with the Fourteenth Army:
  British 2nd Infantry Division
  Indian 5th Infantry Division
  Indian 7th Infantry Division
  11th (East Africa) Infantry Division
  Indian 17th Infantry Division
  Indian 19th Infantry Division
  Indian 20th Infantry Division
  Indian 23rd Infantry Division
  Indian 25th Infantry Division
  Indian 26th Infantry Division
  British 36th Infantry Division
  81st (West Africa) Infantry Division
  82nd (West Africa) Infantry Division

Some smaller fighting formations also served:
50th Parachute Brigade (India)
77th Parachute Brigade (India)
14th Airlanding Brigade
268 Indian Motor Brigade
3rd Commando Brigade
Lushai Brigade
22 Infantry Brigade (East Africa)
28 Infantry Brigade (East Africa)
254th Tank Brigade
255th Tank Brigade
50th Tank Brigade

Also serving with the 14th Army were a range of army, corps and divisional units not organic to the combat divisions.

Legacy

The War Cemetery in Kohima has the famous inscription "When You Go Home, Tell Them Of Us And Say, For Your Tomorrow, We Gave Our Today". The Kohima Epitaph is attributed to John Maxwell Edmonds (1875–1958), and is thought to have been inspired by the epitaph of Simonides written by Simonides to honour the Spartans who fell at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC.

Footnotes

Further reading
 Brian Aldiss, Forgotten Life (1988)
 Louis Allen, Burma: The Longest War, 1941–45, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000.
 Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan, UK: Penguin, 2005
 Bernard Fergusson, Beyond the Chindwin, 1962.
 George MacDonald Fraser. Quartered Safe Out Here: Recollections of the War in Burma. London: HarperCollins (1995). (Fraser, author of the series of The Flashman Papers historical novels, writes vividly of his service in the Burma campaigns of 1944–45, and of the soldiers he served with.)
 Michael Hickey, The Unforgettable Army: Slim's XIVth Army in Burma, Stroud: Spellmount, 1998.
 Jon Latimer, Burma: The Forgotten War, London: John Murray, 2004.
 Robert Lyman, Slim, Master of War, London: Constable and Robinson, 2004.
 William Slim, Defeat into Victory, London: Cassell, 1956.
 Julian Thompson, The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942–1945, London: Pan Macmillan, 2003.
James Howard Williams (Elephant Bill), was Elephant Advisor to the Fourteenth Army, see his Elephant Bill (1950) and Bandoola (1953)
John Masters. The Road Past Mandalay''

Documentaries
 Burma: The Forgotten War, BBC, 1995 (Director: Mark Fielder; Narrator: Charles Wheeler)
Captain Tom's War, ITV, 2020 (Captain Tom Moore marks 75 years since VJ Day and the end of World War Two)

Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
14
14
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II

Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)


.ni Nikaragua için internet ülke kodu üst seviye alan adıdır. (CcTLD)

Nikaragua'da iletişim
ni

.ni


Geigenberg ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Geigenberg (Aham), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Aham, Landkreis Landshut, Bayern
 Geigenberg (Eschbronn), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Eschbronn, Landkreis Rottweil, Baden-Württemberg
 Geigenberg (Gemeinde St. Leonhard), Ortschaft der Gemeinde St. Leonhard am Forst, Bezirk Melk, Niederösterreich

Geigenberg


Das Pumpenleder ist eine Ledermanschette und eine frühe Form der Dichtung. Es dient in Luftpumpen aller Art der Abdichtung des Hubraumes. Das Pumpenleder wird am unteren Ende der Pumpenstange befestigt. Heute wird statt des Materials Leder häufig Kunststoff bzw. Gummi verwendet. Das Pumpenleder kann aushärten und seine Dichtwirkung ganz oder teilweise verlieren.

Auch die Schwengelpumpe benötigte ein Pumpenleder an ihrem Kolben.

Maschinenelement
Dichtung (Bauteil)

Pumpenleder


Jordi Bertomeu Orteu (Barcelona, España 15 de enero de 1959) fue, de 2000 a 2022, el director ejecutivo de la Euroleague Basketball,que es la compañía privada que dirige y opera las dos principales competiciones continentales de clubes de baloncesto de Europa. La Turkish Airlines Euroleague que es considerada ampliamente como la segunda liga de baloncesto profesional más competitiva del mundo únicamente detrás de la NBA, en la que participan 18 equipos, y la Eurocup con 24 equipos.
Anteriormente se dedicó a su profesión como médico anestesista.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Euroleague Basketball
Dirigentes de baloncesto en España
Nacidos en Barcelona

Jordi Bertomeu


Mihail Aleksandrovič Uljanov (rus. Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Улья́нов; Bergamak, 20. studenog 1927. – Moskva, 26. ožujka 2007.) bio je sovjetski i ruski glumac i redatelj, jedna od najpoznatijih i najcjenjenijih osobnosti sovjetskog kazališta i kinematografije poslijeratnog razdoblja.

Odlikovan je kao Narodni umjetnik SSSR-a 1969. i kao Heroj socijalističkog rada 1986. godine, a posebnu nagradu na filmskom festivalu u Veneciji dobio je 1982. godine.

Izabrana filmografija
Kuća u kojoj živim (1957.) kao Dmitrij Fedorovič Kaširin
Jednostavna priča (1960.) kao Andrej Egorovič Danilov
Tišina (1963.) kao Pjotr Ivanovič Bikov
Žive i mrtve (1964.) kao Sergej Filippovič, komandant vojske
Predsedavajući (1964.) kao Jegor Trubnikov
Ledeni bljesak (1967.) kao general Aleksandar Gorbatov
Braća Karamazovi (1969.) kao Dmitri Karamazov
Let (1970.) kao general Gregori Lukianovič Čarnota
Oslobođenje (1969.-'71.) kao maršal Georgij Žukov
Naciljaj (1975.) kao maršal Georgij Žukov
Vojnici slobode (1977.) kao maršal Georgij Žukov
Privatni život (1982.) kao Sergej Nikitič Abrikosov
Bez svjedoka (1983.) kao On
Bitka za Moskvu (1985.) kao maršal Georgij Žukov
Uvod (1987.) kao Kim Jesenin, pisac
Staljingrad (1989.) kao maršal Georgij Žukov
Majstor i Margarita (1994.) kao Poncije Pilat
Sve će biti u redu! (1996.) kao djed
 Strijelac Vorošilovog puka (1999.) kao Ivan Fjodorovič Afonin
 Antiubojica (2002.) kao otac, šef bande

Izvori

Životopisi, SSSR
Ruski filmski glumci
Kazališni glumci
Ruski filmski redatelji

Mihail Uljanov


Das Estádio António Coimbra da Mota ist ein Fußballstadion in der portugiesischen Ortschaft Estoril im westlich der Hauptstadt Lissabon gelegenen Kreis Cascais. Es ist Heimstätte des Fußballvereins GD Estoril Praia (Grupo Desportivo Estoril Praia).

Das Stadion wurde am 1. Januar 1939 eröffnet und fasst 8.000 Zuschauer. Während der Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2004 diente das Stadion der schwedischen Nationalmannschaft als Trainingsstätte. Die portugiesische Rugby-Union-Nationalmannschaft trug dort zwei Länderspiele gegen die Ukraine und gegen Uruguay aus. Im Juni 2007 fanden einige Spiele der Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Gehörlosen, die Eurodeaf 2007, statt.

Jährlich wird in dem Stadion das Finale des Fußballpokals des Kreises Cascais (Taça de Cascais) ausgetragen. Daneben finden immer wieder Juniorenländerspiele dort statt.

Im Januar 2018 wurde das Heimspiel von Estoril Praia gegen den FC Porto aus Sicherheitsgründen abgebrochen, nachdem während des Spiels Risse auf der Tribüne sichtbar geworden waren.

Galerie

Weblinks
 Geschichte des Stadions bei Glórias do Passado (portugiesisch)
 Das Stadion bei zerozero.pt (portugiesisch)

Einzelnachweise

Fußballstadion in Portugal
Fußballstadion in Europa
Rugbystadion in Portugal
Bauwerk in Cascais
Sport (Estoril)
Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren

Estádio António Coimbra da Mota


غفساي هي مدينة تابعة لإقليم تاونات في جهة فاس مكناس في شمال المغرب. وتقع في مقدمة جبال الريف. بلغ عدد سكان المدينة حسب الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2014 6,361 نسمة.

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في إقليم تاونات
بلديات المغرب
قرى المغرب

غفساي


5722 Johnscherrer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5722 Johnscherrer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar, în cadrul proiectului INAS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,22 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 6,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1986
Centura de asteroizi

5722 Johnscherrer


Waziristan (Pashto and , "land of the Wazir") is a mountainous region covering the former FATA agencies of North Waziristan and South Waziristan which are now the districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Waziristan covers around . The area is populated by ethnic Pashtuns. It is named after the Wazir tribe. The language spoken in the valley is predominantly Pashto of the Waziri dialect. The region forms the southern part of Pakistan's former Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which is now part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
The 16th-century Pashtun revolutionary leader and warrior-poet Bayazid Pir Roshan, who wrote the oldest known book in Pashto, was based in Kaniguram, Waziristan.

Etymology
The name "Waziristan" is associated with a Pashtun tribe called the Wazir which is predominantly settled in the North Waziristan region.

Overview and history

Waziristan lies between the Kurram River and the Gomal River. It borders the Kurram Agency in the north, Bannu in the northeast, Tank in the east, Dera Ismail Khan in the southeast, Sherani and Musakhel districts of Balochistan in the south and Khost, Paktia, and Paktika provinces of Afghanistan in the west.

Waziristan is divided into two districts: North Waziristan and South Waziristan. According to the 2017 census report, the population of North Waziristan was 543,254 while that of South Waziristan was 674,065. The two parts have quite distinct characteristics, though both are inhabited by the Wazir and Mahsud (or Maseed) tribes. They have a reputation as formidable warriors.

British Era
The British entered Waziristan in 1894, when the boundary with Afghanistan, known as the Durand Line was determined. They divided Waziristan into two agencies, North Waziristan and South Waziristan; they also introduced a regular system of land record and revenue administration for the most fertile part of the Tochi valley. After the British military operations, a Political Agent for South Waziristan was permanently appointed with its headquarters at Wanna; another was appointed for North Waziristan with headquarters at Miranshah.

Waziristan Revolt (1919–1920)

In the rugged and remote region of Waziristan on British India's northwest border with Afghanistan, mountain tribes of Muslim fighters rebelled against the British Indian Army in numerous operations. The Waziristan Revolt of 1919–1920 was sparked by the Afghan invasion of British India in 1919. Though the British made peace with the Afghans, the Waziri and Mahsud tribesmen gave the imperial (almost entirely Indian) forces a very difficult fight. Some of the tribesmen were veterans of the British-organised local militias that were irregular elements of the British Indian Army, and used some modern Lee–Enfield rifles against the British Indian forces sent into Waziristan. One aspect of this conflict was the effective use of air power against the Waziris and Mahsuds. This is similar to Royal Air Force tactics in suppressing the Arab Revolt in Iraq in 1920 and 1921.

Faqir of Ipi

In 1935–36, a Hindu-Muslim clash occurred over a Hindu girl of Bannu, who was abducted and forced to convert to Islam. The tribesmen rallied around Mirzali Khan, a Tori Khel Wazir, who was later given the title of "the Faqir of Ipi" by the British. Jihad was declared against the British. Mirzali Khan, with his huge lashkar (force), started a guerrilla warfare against the British forces in Waziristan.

In 1938, Mirzali Khan shifted from Ipi to Gurwek, a remote village on the Durand Line, where he declared an independent state and continued the raids against the British forces. In June 1947, Mirzali Khan, along with his allies, including the Khudai Khidmatgars and members of the Provincial Assembly, declared the Bannu Resolution. The resolution demanded that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan, composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution. After the creation of Pakistan in August 1947, Mirzali Khan and his followers refused to recognise Pakistan, and launched a campaign against Pakistan. They continued their guerilla warfare against the new nation's government. He didn't surrender to the government of Pakistan throughout his life but his movement diminished after 1954 when his Commander-in-chief Mehar Dil Khan Khattak surrendered to the Pakistani authorities. Towards the end of his life, he expressed regret and said that Afghanistan deceived and used him for its political gains in the name of Islam. He also instructed his supporters that they should never help Afghanistan against Pakistan with any plots made against Pakistan.

U.S. War on Terror

In the early stage of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, when the Taliban started fleeing into Pakistan, the local leaders, or Maliks, began a campaign among their locals to host the foreigners. Since then, around 200 Maliks have been assassinated by local Taliban through targeted killings.

To end the Waziristan war, Pakistan signed the Waziristan Accord with chieftains from the self-styled Islamic Emirate of Waziristan on 5 September 2006. The Islamic militants in Waziristan are said to have close affiliations with the Taliban. Waziristan is often mentioned as a haven for al-Qaeda fighters. There is speculation that some al-Qaeda leaders have found refuge in the area controlled by the Emirate, which is a staging ground for militant operations in Afghanistan.

On 4 June 2007, the National Security Council of Pakistan met to decide the fate of Waziristan and take up a number of political and administrative issues in order to control the "Talibanization" of the area. The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and attended by the Chief Ministers and Governors of all four provinces. They discussed the deteriorating law and order situation and the threat posed to state security. The government decided to take a number of actions to stop the "Talibanization" and to crush the armed militancy in the Tribal regions and the NWFP.

Due to the ongoing military operations against the Taliban, nearly 100,000 people have already fled to Afghanistan's Khost province to seek shelter. The UN and other aid agencies are helping more than 470,000 people who have been displaced from Pakistan's North Waziristan region due to the ongoing military operations.

The Ministry of the Interior has played a large part in the information gathering for the operations against the militants and their institutions. The Ministry of the Interior has prepared a list of militant commanders operating in the region and they have also prepared a list of seminaries for monitoring. (Waziristan is a tribal area, and in any tribal area of Pakistan, nobody can deploy police. There are other options like frontier corps (militia) and Khasadar (local tribesmen force).) The government is also trying to strengthen law enforcement in the area by providing the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police with weapons, bullet-proof jackets, and night-vision devices. The paramilitary Frontier Corps is to be provided with artillery and APCs. State agencies are actively exploring methods to disrupt unauthorized FM radio channels through jamming techniques.

The US drone strikes programme has been responsible for numerous bombings in Waziristan, carried out with the approval of the Pakistani government.

The Wazir tribes are divided into clans governed by male village elders who meet in a tribal jirga. Socially and religiously, Waziristan is an extremely conservative area. Women are carefully guarded, and every household must be headed by a male figure. Tribal cohesiveness is also kept strong by means of the so-called Collective Responsibility Acts in the Frontier Crimes Regulations, which has since been repealed following the merger of FATA to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in May, 2018.

Taliban presence in the area has been an issue of international concern in the War on Terrorism particularly since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. In 2014, about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from Waziristan as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb, a military offensive conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces along the Pakistan - Afghanistan border.

North Waziristan

North Waziristan's capital is Miranshah. The area is mostly inhabited by the Dawar Tribe and the Utmanzai branch of the Darwesh Khel Waziris, who are related to Ahmedzai Waziris of South Waziristan, who live in fortified mountain villages, including Razmak, Datta Khel, Spin wam, Dosali, Shawa and Shawal. The Dawars (also known as Daurr or Daur), who live in the main Tochi Valley, farm in the valleys below in villages including Miranshah, Hamzoni, Darpakhel, Muhammadkhel, Boya, Degan, Banda, Ngharkali, Palangzai, Mirali, Edak, Hurmaz, Mussaki, Hassukhel, Ziraki, Tapi, Issori, Haiderkhel and Khaddi irrigated by the river Tochi.

South Waziristan

The South Waziristan has its district headquarters at Wanna. South Waziristan, comprising about , previously was the most volatile agency of Pakistan. Up until 2021 it was not under the direct administration of the government of Pakistan, South Waziristan was previously and indirectly governed by a political agent, who has been either an outsider or a Waziri—a system inherited from the British Raj. Since, January 2021, South Waziristan has been incorporated as a district of the adjacent KPK province.   In south Waziristan Agency, there are three tribes, Wazir, Maseed and Burki. Burki and Urmarh are the same tribe.

See also
 Bannu Division
 Mirzali Khan
 Mulla Powinda
 Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 Ghoriwala
 Razmak

References

Further reading
 Fürstenberg, Kai (2012) Waziristan: Solutions for a Troubled Region in Spotlight South Asia, No. 1,  (http://www.apsa.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SSA-1.pdf )
 Roe, Andrew M. Waging War in Waziristan: The British Struggle in the Land of Bin Laden, 1849–1947 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010) 313 pages
 Operations in Waziristan 1919–1920, Compiled by the General Staff, Army Headquarters, India, 1923 (Reprinted by Naval & Military Press and Imperial War Museum, )
 Systems of Survival (1992) by Jane Jacobs. Jacobs cites a story from the 16 July 1974 issue of The Wall Street Journal in which a Pathan husband in Waziristan reportedly cut off his wife's nose because he was jealous. Thinking the better of it, he took her to a surgeon to have the injury repaired. Upon finding out that an operation would cost thirty rupees, he called it off, saying he could buy a new wife for eighty rupees. Jacobs cites this incident as evidence contradicting the platitude that society is based on the family. Instead, each family is based on whatever society it finds itself in. (Jacobs' discussion in her book is viewable on Amazon.com. Search for "Pathan".)

External links

  This includes an Empire-centric view of the politics and demographics.
 Waziristan and Mughal empire
 Nehru in Waziristan
 Sketch map of Waziristan
 Mehsuds and Wazirs, the King-makers in a game of thrones
 Lawrence of Arabia in Waziristan
 Audio slideshow: Waziristan's impossible border

Regions of Pakistan

Waziristan


An Cyperus marginatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Peter Thunberg. An Cyperus marginatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus marginatus


Les mots calcareus, calcareus et calcareum sont trois déclinaisons (notamment le nominatif singulier masculin, féminin et neutre) d'un adjectif du latin scientifique signifiant « de la chaux, calcaire », une variante moderne du latin classique calcarius, calcaria, calcarium.

En biologie :
 les Calcarea, les éponges calcaires, sont une classe de spongiaires (embranchement des Porifera) ;
 en taxonomie, les mots calcarea et calcareum sont employés comme épithètes spécifiques pour nommer diverses espèces animales ou végétales. Pour les articles consacrés à de telles espèces, consulter les listes générées automatiquement : calcarea, calcareum.

Épithète spécifique

Calcarea (homonymie)


Filiz ist ein türkischer weiblicher Vorname und Familienname mit der Bedeutung "der Spross", "die Knospe".

Herkunft und Bedeutung
Der Vorname Filiz leitet sich von dem griechischen Wort Fylisa ab und bedeutet so viel wie Blättchen, kleiner frischer Ast, Sprosse, Keim, "die Knospe", "der Spross", "aufgehender Sprössling einer Pflanze/Blume", "der Sprössling".

Namensträger

Vorname

 Filiz Akın (* 1943), türkische Schauspielerin
 Filiz Demirel (* 1964), deutsch-türkische Kommunalpolitikerin
 Filiz Hyusmenova (* 1966), türkischstämmige bulgarische Politikerin
 Filiz Koç (* 1986), türkische Fußballspielerin, Model und Schauspielerin
 Filiz Koçali (* 1958), türkische Politikerin, Journalistin und Feministin
 Filiz Osmanodja (* 1996), deutsche Schachspielerin
 Filiz Penzkofer (* 1985), deutsch-türkische Autorin, Journalistin und Theaterpädagogin
 Filiz Polat (* 1978), türkischstämmige deutsche Politikerin
 Filiz Sarikaya (Ebru Polat; * 1983), türkische Pop-Sängerin
 Filiz Yerlikaya (1971–2002), türkisch-kurdische Aktivistin

Familienname
 Atalay Filiz (* 1986), türkischer Dreifachmörder
 Azad Filiz (* 1991), türkischer Fußballspieler
 İsmail Filiz (* 1980), türkischer Schauspieler

Einzelnachweise

Weiblicher Vorname
Türkischer Personenname

Filiz


Ramazanlı, Sarıkaya - Yozgat ili Sarıkaya ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ramazanlı, Ereğli - Zonguldak ili Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı köy

Ramazanlı


Luzitanci (latinski: Lusitani) su iberski narod, koji je u antičko doba bio naseljen u zapadnim dijelovima Pirenejskog poluotoka ili, pak, rimskoj provinciji Hispaniji. Braneći svoju slobodu, vodili su protiv Rimljana dugotrajne gerilske borbe od 192. pr. Kr. do 139. pr. Kr. U tim borbama naročito se isticao njihov vođa Virijat.

U 1. stoljeću pr. Kr., na teritoriju gde su oni živjeli, Rimljani su osnovali provinciju Luzitaniju s glavnim gradom Emerita Augusta) (danas Mérida).

Danas se zemlje koje govore jezicima Pirenejskog poluotoka nazivaju upravo luzofonskim zemljama ili zajedničkim imenom Luzofonijom, te zajedno s drugim državama koje govore romanskim jezicima čine Frankofoniju.

Značenje danas
Danas se termini Luzitanci i Luzitanija koriste kao metafora za Portugalce i Portugal, naročito u književnosti. Luzofon je termin koji opisuje govornika portugalskog jezika.

 Drevni narodi
 Povijest Španjolske
 Povijest Portugala

Luzitanci (narod)


Spitalul Mizericordienilor din Oradea este un monument istoric și de arhitectură clasificat sub .

Edificiul este al doilea așezământ al mizericordienilor de pe teritoriul actual al României, după Spitalul Mizericordienilor din Timișoara.

Amândouă au fost naționalizate de autoritățile comuniste în anul 1949.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Spitalul mizericordienilor
Fondări în 1760
Monumente istorice din județul Bihor
Spitale din România

Spitalul Mizericordienilor din Oradea


Carl Heinrich Eduard Berthold, bekannt als Carl Berthold (auch Karl Berthold, * 1818; † 1884) war ein württembergischer Musiker, Feuerwerker und Fotograf in Tübingen.

Leben
Der in Tübingen lebende Musiker Carl Berthold stellte auch Feuerwerkskörper her. Die dabei erworbenen chemischen Kenntnisse erleichterten ihm den Einstieg in die Fotografie. 1853 wagte er als erster, ein stationäres Atelier in Tübingen einzurichten. Als erster in Tübingen verwendete er nicht die Daguerreotypie, sondern das neue Negativ-Positiv-Verfahren. Er setzte auf Porträtfotos – Tübingen mit der Universität bot dazu einen guten Boden – und kalkulierte die Preise "außerordentlich billig". Er konzentrierte sich auf die Fotografie, obwohl er möglicherweise am Anfang weiterhin Feuerwerkskörper herstellte.
Da kurz nach Berthold zahlreiche andere Fotografen ihr Glück in Tübingen versuchten, kam es zu einer starken Konkurrenz und die Verdienste der Fotografen waren niedrig. So wandte sich Bertholds Ehefrau Luise (geb. ca. 1825) 1859 an den Tübinger Gemeinderat mit der Bitte, ihr das "Armenbad zu Wildbad" zu ermöglichen. Man hat ihren Antrag genehmigt, weil die Familie "kein Vermögen" besaß und der Fotografenverdienst "nicht die Mittel biete, Kur- und Medikamentenkosten zahlen zu können". Es ist sicherlich auf den Druck der Konkurrenz zurückzuführen, dass Berthold das Fotografieren wieder aufgab. Als Fotograf annoncierte er zum letzten Mal 1859.

Anmerkungen und Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Wolfgang Hesse: Ansichten aus Schwaben. Kunst, Land und Leute in Aufnahmen der ersten Tübinger Lichtbildner und des Fotografen Paul Sinner (1838–1925), Gebrüder Metz: Tübingen 1989, ISBN 3-921580-79-X.

Fotograf (19. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (Tübingen)
Württemberger
Deutscher
Geboren 1818
Gestorben 1884
Mann

Carl Berthold


المحتوى التبادلي  هو مصطلح أُطلق أساسا من قبل أبحاث فوريستر Forrester research هو نتاج المزج بين المحتويات التقليدية ( مثل النصوص العادية ومواضيع وصف المنتجات) مع المعلومات الديناميكية المتغيرة (مثل إعلانات لمنتجات جديدة) مأخوذة من قاعدة بيانات المنتجات ومفصلة وموجهة بما يناسب كل زبون. وكذلك يمكن تعريفه كما عرفه غريغ نومن المؤسس الشريك ل B2C Technologies : «المحتوى التبادلي هو التزاوج بين المحتوى والسلعة مع خدمة التوصيات». هذه التطبيقات تتفاعل بشكل مرن ومتغير لإحتياجات ورغبات العميل، فمثلا عن طريقها سيعرض للعميل منتجات في نطاق السعر الذي يفضله والذي تم التعرف عليه من خلال صفحة الطلب.

المحتوى التبادلي والتجارة الإلكترونية
بناءًعلى تنبؤ شركة فوريستر للأبحاث Forrester research Inc فإن مستقبل التجارة الإلكترونية سيعتمد كليا على مبدأ المحتوى التبادلي.[3]
فكما تبين الإحصائيات فإن أغلب متصفحي الإنترنت يستخدمونه لغرضين ، إما للتواصل عبر البريد الإلكتروني أو للبحث عن معلومات .[4]
المسووقون على دراية بأن الغرض الأساسي للمتصفحين ليس التبضع إلكترونيا ، ولهذا قاموا بتكييف تقنياتهم وأساليبهم للتماشى مع الوضع الحالي. ومن هذا التكيف نتج ما يسمى بالمحتوى التبادلي.

آلية العمل
يتصفح العميل موقع يختص بتوجه أو سلع معينة . عن طريق الملف الشخصي للعميل بالإضافة إلى مراقبة نقرات المتصفح في الوقت الحقيقي لتصفحه ( مثلا أن يكون قد تنقل بين روابط عديدة تشترك في نفس التوجه أو الميول ). بتجميع ومعالجة هذه المعلومات سيظهر للعميل روابط تخدمه وتناسب ميوله. فبتجميع العمليات التي قام بها العميل ومحتوى الصفحات التي يتصفحها بالإضافة إلى طريقة تفاعله تنتج تجربة سلسة لعملية التسوق عبر الإنترنت .

برامج وتطبيقات المحتوى التبادلي تجمع بين أفضل ميزات
 أنظمة العمليات مثل الأنظمة المسؤولة عن عمليات البيع أو تلك المسؤولة عن عمليات الدفع وغيرها
 تقنيات التفاعل مثل أدوات البحث أو تطبيقات التخصيص Personalization
 المحتوى الإثرائي مثل الأخبار وتفاصيل المنتجات

بتطبيق المحتوى التبادلي، ينتقل المتصفح من دون عناء من مرحلة التصفح إلى مرحلة عرض المعلومات التي تستهدف ميوله مباشرة ومنها إلى مرحلة إتخاذ قرار الشراء. وهكذا قد يكون سُهِل على العميل العثور على سلعته.

مراجع

 E-Commerce: Business,Technology, Society (5th Edition 2009)
 C2B Technologies Riding the Next Online Shopping Wave? By Dianne See
 Where Content Meets Commerce by A.Stuart

تجارة إلكترونية
مصطلحات اقتصادية

محتوى تبادلي


Armin Willi Kämpf (* 16. August 1926 in Leipzig; † 8. Oktober 2007 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Schlagersänger und Impresario.

Leben
Armin Willi Kämpf wurde als Sohn der Kaufleute Max und Karoline Kämpf in Leipzig geboren; er war ein Einzelkind. Von 1947 bis 1949 studierte Kämpf an der Hochschule für Musik Leipzig Klavier und Gesang.

1949 begann er seine Karriere als Sänger; er war Gesangssolist beim Rundfunktanzorchester Leipzig unter der Leitung von Kurt Henkels. 1951 verließ Kämpf die DDR und ging nach Westdeutschland. Ab Dezember 1951 bis November 1952 war er als Sänger und Ansager mit der Eisrevue in Garmisch-Partenkirchen tätig, mit der er auch auf Tournee durch die Schweiz ging. Von 1953 bis 1958 war er als Sänger und, aufgrund seines sportlichen Talents, auch als Eistänzer bei der Eisrevue Holiday on Ice tätig.

1958 lernte er beim Berliner Rundfunk die Schlagersängerin Bärbel Wachholz kennen; daraufhin kehrte Kämpf in die DDR zurück. Er wurde Wachholz' Manager, Mentor, Impresario und ständiger Begleiter. Am 9. April 1962 heiratete er Bärbel Wachholz. Aus der Ehe ging der Sohn Stephan (* 1970) hervor. Wachholz starb 1984.

Anfang der 1960er Jahre nahm Kämpf seine eigene Karriere als Solo-Sänger wieder auf. Er wurde in der Folgezeit zu einem der bekanntesten Schlagersänger der DDR. Häufig sang er Schlager, die Gerd Natschinski eigens für ihn komponiert hatte. Zu seinen erfolgreichen Schlagertiteln gehörten unter anderem Wenn ein junges Mädchen weint (Natschinski/Loose), Wenn so was passiert (Stüwe/Berling), insbesondere jedoch die Duette mit Bärbel Wachholz: Zwei junge Herzen (Spencer/Loose) und Sing für mich (Natschinski/Osten). Die Schlageraufnahmen von Wachholz/Kämpf wurden unter anderem beim Schallplattenlabel Amiga veröffentlicht. Mehrfach war Kämpf auch auf Samplern mit DDR-Schlagern vertreten.

Für Wachholz schrieb er auch die Drehbücher für mehrere Revuen und Solo-Programme; er trat auch gemeinsam mit Wachholz in deren Show-Programmen auf. Ende der 1960er Jahre beendete er seine Karriere als Sänger.

Von 1969 bis 1973 war er im Lindencorso Berlin als Geschäftsführer tätig. Seit Ende der 1980er Jahre arbeitete Kämpf als Impresario, so 1987 bis 1989 beim Salon-Orchester Leipzig. Nach der Wende arbeitete er weiterhin als Impresario. 1990 holte er Caterina Valente und Helmut Zacharias (mit den Orchesterleitern Jürgen Hermann und Günter Gollasch) zu Konzerten an die Volksbühne Berlin.

Kämpf lebte nach Wachholz' Tod allein in einer Ein-Zimmer-Wohnung auf der Fischerinsel in Berlin. Die letzten Jahre seines Lebens verbrachte Armin Kämpf völlig zurückgezogen bei der Familie seines Sohnes in Berlin-Marzahn.

Weblinks
 Armin Kämpf (Biografie)
 Tondokument
 Tondokument (mit Bärbel Wachholz)

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Deutschland)
Schlagersänger
Deutscher
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2007
Mann

Armin Kämpf


Merksem (anterior caligrafiat: Merxem) este un district al comunei și orașului Antwerpen din Regiunea Flamandă a Belgiei. Districtul are aproximativ 42,000 de locuitori.

Istoric
Istoria Merksemului datează din perioada galo-romană. În acea vreme regiunea era menționată ca Merk (frontieră) și Heim (așezare), fiind parte a diocezei Kamerijk. Merksem a fost secole la rând parte a unei comunități mai mari, împreună cu Schoten și Sint-Job-in-'t-Goor. În secolul al XVI-lea Merksem s-a separat de Schoten.

Bulevardul cunoscut acum cu numele Bredabaan (Calea Bredei), pe vremuri o cale majoră de acces în Antwerpen, începe în Merksem și continuă spre nord până la granița cu Țările de Jos. Capătul acestei artere este în orașul olandez Breda. Alte axe majore din Merksem sunt Lambrechtshoekenlaan, Groenendaallaan, Maantjessteenweg și Ringlaan. Împreună cu Bredabaan, ele pot fi considerate că delimitează centrul Merksemului. O altă axă principală a suburbiei este Canalul Albert, care conectează Portul Antwerpen cu râul Maas și este o componentă importantă a traficului fluvial de marfă.

Demografie

Evoluția populației

Secolul XIX

Secolul XX

Secolul XXI
 31 decembrie 2006 : 41.004
 31 decembrie 2008 : 41.548

Economie
Când încă mai existau Delsey Airlines (VG Airlines), sediul lor oficial era în Merksem.

Politică

Structură
Districtul Merksem este parte a orașului Antwerpen. Din acest motiv el este inclus în colegiul electoral din Antwerpen (același cu colegiul provinciei Antwerpen) și se află în circumscripția electorală de Antwerpen și secția de votare Antwerpen.

Foști primari
 1800-1809: Jan Mertens
 1809-1818: P.J.N. Beke
 1818-1830: Frans Van Schevensteen
 1831-1836: Franciscus Snels
 1836-1890: Jacobus Franciscus Borrewater
 1891-1919: Frans de l'Arbre
 1914-1919: Frans Victor Roosens, interimar
 1919-1920: Frans Victor Roosens, interimar
 1920-1933: Jozef Nolf
 1933-1941: Alfons Van Tichel
 1942-1944: Merksem este parte a Marelui Antwerpen
 1944-1947: Leon Cornette, interimar
 1947-1952: Leon Cornette
 1953-1963: Alfons Van Tichel
 1963-1969: Gabriël Theunis
 1969-1976: Eduard Waghemans
 1977-1982: Jozef Masure

Foști președinți ai districtului (după fuziunea cu Antwerpen)
 2001-2006: Kris Janssens
 2007-2012: Gilbert Verstraelen
 2013-prezent: Luc Bungeneers

Colegiul electoral al districtului

Sport și cultură
Sportpaleis și Lotto Arena sunt amândouă situate în districtul Merksem și găzduiesc evenimente sportive majore, concerte și festivaluri.

Imagini din Merksem

Note

Legături externe
 Pagina web oficială a districtului Merksem
 Website de știri despre Merksem

Districtele Antwerpenului
Localități din provincia Anvers

Merksem


Cette page regroupe les résultats détaillés de l'élection présidentielle française de 2022. Le premier tour a lieu le dimanche  et le second tour le dimanche .

Le ministère de l'Intérieur publie des totalisations durant la nuit qui suit le scrutin, avant les éventuelles corrections du Conseil constitutionnel le jeudi suivant le scrutin.

Premier tour
Les candidats sont placés en fonction du tirage au sort du Conseil constitutionnel du .

Départements

Métropolitains

Outre-mer

Régions métropolitaines

Villes de plus de 100 000 habitants
« Villes de plus de 100 000 habitants » : D'après le classement établi par l'INSEE en 2022.

Français de l'étranger

Résultats par circonscription

Résultats par pays

Second tour

Départements

Métropolitains

Outre-mer

Régions métropolitaines

Villes de plus de 100 000 habitants
« Villes de plus de 100 000 habitants » : D'après le classement établi par l'INSEE en 2022.

Français de l'étranger

Résultats par circonscriptions

Résultats par pays

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Résultats des départements métropolitains, sur le site du ministère de l'Intérieur

Résultats des départements de l'Outre-mer, sur le site du ministère de l'Intérieur

Résultats des régions, sur le site du ministère de l'Intérieur

Résultats des villes de plus de , sur le site du ministère de l'Intérieur

Résultats des Français de l'étranger, sur le site du ministère des Affaires étrangères

 Par pays

Liens externes
 Résultats détaillés de l'élection présidentielle sur le site du ministère de l'Intérieur
 Résultats par bureau de vote des Français de l'étranger, par nombre de voix et par pourcentage sur le ministère de l'Europe et des affaires étrangères

Voir aussi
 Résultats par département de l'élection présidentielle française de 2022
 Résultats détaillés de l'élection présidentielle française de 2012
 Résultats détaillés de l'élection présidentielle française de 2017

Résultats détaillés
2022

Résultats détaillés de l'élection présidentielle française de 2022


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1903-1904, nommée la KNVB Beker, est la  de la Coupe des Pays-Bas.

Déroulement de la compétition
Tous les tours se jouent en élimination directe. À chaque tour, un tirage au sort est effectué pour déterminer les adversaires.

Finale
La finale se joue le  à La Haye, le HFC  bat le HVV La Haye 3 à 1 et remporte son premier titre.

Notes et références
KNVB Beker 1903-1904 sur voetbalarchieven.nl

1903-1904
1903 aux Pays-Bas
1904 aux Pays-Bas
Pays-Bas


Fulgencio Batista Zaldívar, (; d. 16 Ocak 1901 - ö. 6 Ağustos 1973), Kübalı asker ve diktatör. Küba'nın 1933-1940 arası gayri resmi (de facto) askeri lideri. 1940-1944 ve 1952-1959 yılları arasında Küba'nın resmi başkanı.

Yoksul bir çiftçi ailesinin oğludur. 1921'de stenograf olarak orduya girmeden önce çok çeşitli işlerde çalıştı. Orduda çavuşluğa yükseldi ve geniş bir taraftar topluluğu edindi. Gerardo Machado y Morales diktatörlüğünün yerini alan Carlos Manuel de Céspedes'in geçici rejimini, Eylül 1933'te örgütlediği çavuşlar ayaklanması'yla devirdi ve Küba'nın en güçlü adamı durumuna geldi.

İnsanları iyi tanıyan Batista, teröre başvurmaktansa, çevresindekileri hoş tutarak denetimini pekiştirme yolunu seçti. Böylelikle ordunun, devlet memurlarının ve örgütlü işçilerin desteğini kazandı. İlk birkaç yıl ülkeyi yakınları aracılığıyla yönettikten sonra 1940 yılında başkan seçildi. Kendisine büyük servetler sağlamakla birlikte, etkili bir yönetim kurdu. Eğitim sistemini yaygınlaştırdı; dev bir kamu girişimleri programı uyguladı ve ekonomik büyümeyi hızlandırdı.

1944 yılında görevinden ayrılarak yurt dışında gezilere çıktı. Bir süre Florida'da yaşadı ve Küba'da elde ettiği büyük servetin bir bölümünü buraya yatırdı. Onun iktidarda olmadığı sekiz yıl süresince Küba'da yozlaşma alabildiğine yayıldı ve kamu hizmetleri çöküntüye uğradı, bu nedenle 1952 yılında yeni bir askeri ayaklanma yoluyla tekrar iktidara gelmesi halkın geniş kesiminde onay gördü. Ama bu kez üniversiteyi, basını ve kongreyi denetimi altına alan zalim bir diktatör oldu, ekonominin çöküntü içinde olmasından yararlanarak büyük miktarda parayı zimmetine geçirdi. ABD'nın Küba'yı içki, kumar ve fuhuş merkezi yapmasına göz yumdu. Sonunda, 1958 sonbaharında Fidel Castro öncülüğündeki devrimci güçlerin başlattığı saldırıya yenik düşerek devrildi.

Rejimin çöktüğünü görerek 1 Ocak 1959 tarihinde ailesiyle birlikte Dominik Cumhuriyeti'ne kaçtı. Portekiz'e bağlı Madeira Adaları'na sürgüne, oradan da Lizbon yakınlarındaki Estoril'e gönderildi. Hayatının geri kalanını kitaplar yazarak geçirdi. İspanyol hayat sigortası şirketinde Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı oldu.

İspanya'da Marbella yakınındaki, Guadalmina'da, 6 Ağustos 1973 tarihinde bir kalp krizi sonucu öldü.

Kaynakça

1901 doğumlular
1973 yılında ölenler
Küba devlet başkanları
Kübalı askerler
Kübalı antikomünistler
Soğuk Savaş'ta liderler
Küba Devrimi'nde kişiler
Kalp krizinden ölenler
Darbe ile iktidara gelenler

Fulgencio Batista