Le haras de Dibrov (n°62) est un haras d'Ukraine, créé en 1888 sur la commune de Dibrivka, dans l'oblast de Poltava. Il est l'un des plus anciens et des plus grands centres d'élevage de trotteurs en Ukraine.

Histoire

Ce haras est aussi connu sous les noms de Dubrovsky ou Dibrovsky.

Sur les terres où ce haras a été construit plus tard, des chevaux sont élevés au moins depuis sa possession par les Kochubeys, et plus tard par les Ant-Apostles. Après plusieurs changements de propriétaires, le territoire est revenu au grand duc Dmitry Konstantinovich Romanov. Des écuries supplémentaires, des manèges et un hippodrome ont été construits. En 1889, des écoles de jockeys, de vétérinaires et d'autres spécialités apparentées sont ouvertes. L'expansion de l'infrastructure a créé les conditions favorables au développement de l'élevage de chevaux. Pendant la révolution de 1905-1907, en raison du non-respect des conditions d'augmentation des salaires des ouvriers, le bâtiment et les écuries de l'usine sont incendiés.

À l'époque soviétique, ce haras est considéré comme un chef de file du secteur du trot en général et de la race du Trotteur Orlov en particulier. Depuis environ 2010, le haras rencontre des problèmes de fonctionnement.

Architecture
Un ensemble de locaux résidentiels et industriels datés du  a été conservé.

Chevaux élevés
Dans les années 1920, le haras de Dibrov héberge de petits chevaux de trait uniformes dans leur modèle, et donc des plus recherchés.

Il élève désormais des trotteurs et chevaux de trait de la race Novoalexandrovsk.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Haras en Ukraine
Oblast de Poltava

Haras de Dibrov


ජෝර්දාන් ගංගාව (, , Nahar ha-Yarden; , , Nahr al-Urdunn; , Iordànes)  දිග ගංගාවකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ජෝර්දාන් ගංගාව


Bernd Clüver (Hildesheim, Alemania, 10 de abril de 1948 - Palma de Mallorca, España, 28 de julio de 2011) fue un cantante alemán.

Biografía
Clüver saltó a la fama como cantante de música Schlager alemana.

Galardones

 1973 Goldene Europa
 1974 Goldene Europa
 1981: Goldene Stimmgabel
 1985: Goldene Stimmgabel
 1991: Goldene Stimmgabel

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial
 Stern:Seebestattung:Bernd Clüver findet letzte Ruhe auf Hoher See (en alemán)

Cantantes masculinos de Alemania
Cantantes de Schlager
Nacidos en Hildesheim
Fallecidos en Palma de Mallorca

Bernd Clüver


The Köprülü family () was a noble family of Albanian origin in the Ottoman Empire. The family hailed from the town of Rudnik (near Berat) in the Sanjak of Vlora and provided six Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (including Kara Mustafa Pasha, who was adopted), with several others becoming high-ranking officers. The era during which these grand viziers served is known as the Köprülü era of the Ottoman Empire.

Another notable member of the family was Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (1684–1735), who was a general in Ottoman-Persian wars of his time and acted as the governor in several provinces of the empire. Modern descendants include Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, a prominent historian of Turkish literature. Members of the family continue to live in Turkey, the Maghreb, and the United States.

Köprülü grand viziers
During the history of the Ottoman Empire, the Köprülü Grand Viziers had a reputation for dynamism in a state that would later show signs of decline and stagnation. The early viziers in particular focused on military campaigns that extended the Empire's power. This, however, came to an end after the disastrous Battle of Vienna launched by Kara Mustafa Pasha, a member of the family (see also the Treaty of Karlowitz).

1 Kara Mustafa Pasha had been adopted by the Köprülü family and was the brother-in-law of Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Pasha.

2 Abaza Siyavuş Pasha was a servant of Köprülü Mehmet Pasha. By marrying his daughter, Siyavuş became a son-in-law (damat) of the powerful Köprülü family.

See also
 Köprülü era of the Ottoman Empire
 Veles, a city in North Macedonia (named Köprülü under Ottoman rule)
 Vezirköprü, a Turkish town named after the family

References

External links

Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Albanian Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
17th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
18th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Families from the Ottoman Empire
Political families
People from Berat
People from Vezirköprü

Köprülü family


අපරිමිත ශ්‍රේණියක a0 + a1 + a2 + … ආකාරයට පදයන්ගේ ඓක්‍යය ,සීමාව පවතී නම්

යන අනුක්‍රමයේ n → ∞ වන විට සීමාව වේ.

යම් හෙයකින් ශ්‍රේණියක් සඳහා තාත්වික සීමාවක් පවතී නම් එය අභිසාරී යැයි සැලකෙන අතර තාත්වික සීමාවක් නොපවතී නම් හෝ සීමාව අපරිමිත නම් එවන් ශ්‍රේණියක් අපසාරී යැයි සලකනු ලැබේ.
අපරිමිත ශ්‍රේණියක් අභිසාරී වීමේ පහසුම මඟ එහි n හි ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් විශාල අගයයන් සඳහා සියළු an අගයයන් ශුන්‍ය වීමයි. එවන් ශ්‍රේණියක් පරිමිත ඓක්‍යයක් පැවතීමෙන් හඳුනාගත හැකි වන අතර එය අපරිමිත වන්නේ නිසරු වශයෙන් යැයි සැ‍ලකේ.
කෙසේ නමුත් ශුන්‍ය නොවූ පදයන්ගෙන් යුත් ශ්‍රේණියක් වුව අභිසාරී විය හැකි අතර මෙය සීනෝගේ විරුද්ධාභාසයන් කිහිපයක ගණිතමය පැතිකඩ සඳහා වන විසඳුම් සපයයි. බොහෝ විට නිසරු නොවූ අපරිමිත ශ්‍රේණියක් සඳහා සරලම උදාහරණය

ඒකක 2 ක දිගින් යුත් තාත්වික සංඛ්‍යා රේඛාවක් ඇසුරින් මෙහි අභිසාරීතාව පිළිබඳ අදහසක් ගොඩනඟා ගත හැක. එවන් රේඛාවක් මත අනුයාතව ඉහත අගයයන් පිළිවෙලින් 1, ½, ¼ ..... ආදී ලෙස සලකුණු කරගෙන යන්නේ යැයි සිතමු. එවිට ඕනෑම සලකුණු කිරීමකින් අනතුරුව ඊළඟ සලකුණු කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමාණවත් ඉඩක් සංඛ්‍යා රේඛ‍ාවේ පවතී. ඊට හේතුව අප අවසානයට සලකුණු කළ කොටසේ දිගට සමාන දිගක් සංඛ්‍යා රේඛාව මත තවදුරටත් ඉතිරිව පැවතීමයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස අප 1 සලකුණු කළ විට තවත් ඒකක එකක කොටසක් ද, අප ½ සලකුණු කළ විට තවත් ½ ක කොටසක් ද සංඛ්‍යා රේඛාව මත ඉතිරිව පවතිනු ඇත. නමුත් මෙම තර්කය මඟින් ඉහත ශ්‍රේණියේ ඓක්‍යය 2 බව ඔප්පු නොවේ (ඉහත ශ්‍රේණියේ ඓක්‍යය 2කි) නමුත් එම තර්කය මඟින් ඉහත ශ්‍රේණිය සඳහා ලද හැකි උපරිම අගය 2ක් බව - එනම් ශ්‍රේණිය සඳහා උඩින් පර්යන්තයක් පවතින බව ඔප්පු වේ.
මෙම ශ්‍රේණි‍ය ගුණෝත්තර ශ්‍රේණියක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ගණිතඥයින් මෙය

 ලෙස ලියනු ලබයි.

අපරිමිත ශ්‍රේණියක් විධිමත්ව ලියනු ලබන්නේ ,

ආකාරයට වන අතර මෙහි අවයව an අගයන් තාත්වික (හෝ සංකීර්ණ) සංඛ්‍යා වේ. මෙම ශ්‍රේණිය සඳහා සීමාවක් පවතී නම් ද එය S ට සමාන වේ නම් ද මෙම ශ්‍රේණි‍ය S ට අභිසාරී වේ යැයි හෝ එහි ඓක්‍යය S වේ යැයි කියනු ලැබේ. මෙයට අදාල අංකනය පහත වේ.

නමුත් ශ්‍රේණිය සඳහා සීමාවක් නොමැති නම් එය අපසාරී වේ යැයි කියනු ලැබේ.

විධිමත් අර්ථ දැක්වීම

සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ශ්‍රේණියක් එහි පදයන්ගේ අනුක්‍රමය a0, a1, a2, ... සහ එහි පදයන්ගේ ආංශික ඓක්‍යයේ  අනුක්‍රමය, S0, S1, S2, ... යන යුගලයක් ලෙස ගණිතඥයන් ශ්‍රේණියක් අධ්‍යයනය කරනු ලබන අතර මෙහි  වෙයි.

මඟින් හොඳින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති අනුක්‍රමණයක් නිරූපණය වන අතර එය අතර එය අභිසාරී වීම හෝ නොවීම සිදු විය හැක.
යම් හෙයකින් ශ්‍රේණිය අභිසාරී නම් (එනම් එහි ආංශික ඓක්‍යයන්ගේ අනුක්‍රමණය  SN  ට සීමාවක් පවතින විට) අනුක්‍රමයේ සීමාව දැක්වීම සඳහා ද ඉහත නාමකරණයට යොදාගත හැක. මෙවැනි තත්වයක් යටතේ දී එකිනෙකට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම වෙනස් වු අනුක්‍රමය සහ සංඛ්‍යාත්මක අගය යන තොරතුරු ප්‍රභින්න කොට දැක්වීම සඳහා ඓක්‍යය දක්වන සංකේතය :ඉහලින් හා පහලින් ලියන සීමා සංකේත අත්හැර ලිවීම කළ හැක. නමුත් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සීමා සංකේත ඉවත් නොකළත් මෙවන් අංක‍නයක අර්ථය පැහැදිලි කර ගැනීම අපහසු නැත.
නිරපේක්ෂ අභිසාරීතාව සහ සමාකල්‍ය බව ආදී ලෙස අනුක්‍රමණයක් අභිසරණය විය හැකි විවිධ ක්‍රම පවතී. තවද යම් අනුක්‍රමයක පද සරල සංඛ්‍යා වෙනුවට ශ්‍රිතයක් ආදී වෙනත් ආකාර‍යක් ගත් විට ලාක්ෂීය අභිසරණය සහ ඒකාකාරී අභිසාරීතාව ආදී වු තවත් අභිසාරීවන ක්‍රම පවතී. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් ගණිතඥයින් ශ්‍රේණිවල මේ හා සමාන මතයන් සඳහා ද ඉහත ක්‍රමවේද දීර්ඝ කර ඇත. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස අප සමාවර්ත දශම ගැන සලකන විට සත්‍ය වශයෙන්ම අප සලකා බලනුයේ එය අනුරූප වන ශ්‍රේණිය පිළිබඳවයි. (උදාඃ 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + …) නමුත් තාත්වික සංඛ්‍යාවල පූර්ණතා ගුණය හේතුවෙන් මෙවන් ශ්‍රේණීන් හැමවිටම තාත්වික සංඛ්‍යාවන්ට අභිසරණය වන අතර ශ්‍රේණිය ගැන සැලකීම එය නිරූපණය කරන සංඛ්‍යාව ගැන සලකා බැලීමටම සම වේ. විශේෂයෙන්ම 0.111… සහ  1/9 වෙන් වෙන්ව නොසැලකීම අවබෝධයට එරෙහි නොවන අතර 9 × 0.111… = 0.999… = 1 යන තර්කය සාපේකෂව අපැහැදිලි වේ. නමුත් සීමා නියමයන් අංක ගණිතමය කර්මයන් වන බව දැන මෙහි සාධනය විධිමත් කළ හැක. ඒ අනුව ගණනය අස්ථිර නොවේ. (වැඩිපුර විස්තර සඳහා 0.999... බලන්න)

ශ්‍රේණි

අපරිමිත ශ්‍රේණි


An Neoregelia alvimii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jürgen Roeth. An Neoregelia alvimii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neoregelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 N. a. alvimii
 N. a. donatoi

Mga kasarigan

Neoregelia

Neoregelia alvimii


Geoffrey Everest Hinton  (born 6 December 1947) is a British-Canadian cognitive psychologist and computer scientist, most noted for his work on artificial neural networks. From 2013 to 2023, he divided his time working for Google (Google Brain) and the University of Toronto, before publicly announcing his departure from Google in May 2023, citing concerns about the risks of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. In 2017, he co-founded and became the chief scientific advisor of the Vector Institute in Toronto.

With David Rumelhart and Ronald J. Williams, Hinton was co-author of a highly cited paper published in 1986 that popularised the backpropagation algorithm for training multi-layer neural networks, although they were not the first to propose the approach. Hinton is viewed as a leading figure in the deep learning community. The dramatic image-recognition milestone of the AlexNet designed in collaboration with his students Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever for the ImageNet challenge 2012 was a breakthrough in the field of computer vision.

Hinton received the 2018 Turing Award (often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing"), together with Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun, for their work on deep learning. They are sometimes referred to as the "Godfathers of Deep Learning", and have continued to give public talks together.

In May 2023, Hinton announced his resignation from Google to be able to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I." He has voiced concerns about deliberate misuse by malicious actors, technological unemployment, and existential risk from artificial general intelligence.

Education
Hinton was educated at King's College, Cambridge. After repeatedly changing his degree between different subjects like natural sciences, history of art, and philosophy, he eventually graduated in 1970 with a bachelor of arts in experimental psychology. He continued his study at the University of Edinburgh where he was awarded a PhD in artificial intelligence in 1978 for research supervised by Christopher Longuet-Higgins.

Career and research
After his PhD, Hinton worked at the University of Sussex and, (after difficulty finding funding in Britain), the University of California, San Diego and Carnegie Mellon University. He was the founding director of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London and  a professor in the computer science department at the University of Toronto. He holds a Canada Research Chair in Machine Learning and is currently an advisor for the Learning in Machines & Brains program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Hinton taught a free online course on Neural Networks on the education platform Coursera in 2012. He joined Google in March 2013 when his company, DNNresearch Inc., was acquired, and was at that time planning to "divide his time between his university research and his work at Google".

Hinton's research concerns ways of using neural networks for machine learning, memory, perception, and symbol processing. He has written or co-written more than 200 peer reviewed publications. At the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) he introduced a new learning algorithm for neural networks that he calls the "Forward-Forward" algorithm. The idea of the new algorithm is to replace the traditional forward-backward passes of backpropagation with two forward passes, one with positive (i.e. real) data and the other with negative data that could be generated solely by the network.

While Hinton was a postdoc at UC San Diego, David E. Rumelhart and Hinton and Ronald J. Williams applied the backpropagation algorithm to multi-layer neural networks. Their experiments showed that such networks can learn useful internal representations of data. In an interview of 2018, Hinton said that "David E. Rumelhart came up with the basic idea of backpropagation, so it's his invention". Although this work was important in popularising backpropagation, it was not the first to suggest the approach. Reverse-mode automatic differentiation, of which backpropagation is a special case, was proposed by Seppo Linnainmaa in 1970, and Paul Werbos proposed to use it to train neural networks in 1974.

During the same period, Hinton co-invented Boltzmann machines with David Ackley and Terry Sejnowski. His other contributions to neural network research include distributed representations, time delay neural network, mixtures of experts, Helmholtz machines and Product of Experts. In 2007, Hinton coauthored an unsupervised learning paper titled Unsupervised learning of image transformations. An accessible introduction to Geoffrey Hinton's research can be found in his articles in Scientific American in September 1992 and October 1993.

In October and November 2017 respectively, Hinton published two open access research papers on the theme of capsule neural networks, which according to Hinton, are "finally something that works well".

In May 2023, Hinton publicly announced his resignation from Google. He explained his decision by saying that he wanted to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I." and added that a part of him now regrets his life's work.

Notable former PhD students and postdoctoral researchers from his group include Peter Dayan, Sam Roweis, Max Welling, Richard Zemel, Brendan Frey, Radford M. Neal, Yee Whye Teh, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Ilya Sutskever, Yann LeCun, Alex Graves, and Zoubin Ghahramani.

Honours and awards

Hinton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1998. He was the first winner of the Rumelhart Prize in 2001. His certificate of election for the Royal Society reads:

In 2001, Hinton was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh. He was the 2005 recipient of the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence lifetime-achievement award. He has also been awarded the 2011 Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering. In 2013, Hinton was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Université de Sherbrooke.

In 2016, he was elected a foreign member of National Academy of Engineering "for contributions to the theory and practice of artificial neural networks and their application to speech recognition and computer vision". He also received the 2016 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award.

He has won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2016) in the Information and Communication Technologies category "for his pioneering and highly influential work" to endow machines with the ability to learn.

Together with Yann LeCun, and Yoshua Bengio, Hinton won the 2018 Turing Award for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing.

In 2018, he became a Companion of the Order of Canada.
In 2021, he received the Dickson Prize in Science from the Carnegie Mellon University and in 2022 the Princess of Asturias Award in the Scientific Research category, along with Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Demis Hassabis.

Views

Risks of artificial intelligence

In 2023, Hinton expressed concerns about the rapid progress of rapid A.I. Hinton previously believed that artificial general intelligence (AGI) was "30 to 50 years or even longer away." However, in a March 2023 interview with CBS, he stated that "general-purpose AI" may be fewer than 20 years away and could bring about changes "comparable in scale with the Industrial Revolution or electricity."

In an interview with The New York Times published on 1 May 2023, Hinton announced his resignation from Google so he could "talk about the dangers of AI without considering how this impacts Google." He noted that "a part of him now regrets his life's work" due to his concerns and he expressed fears about a race between Google and Microsoft.

On early May 2023, Hinton revealed in an interview with BBC that AI might soon surpass the information capacity of the human brain. He described some of the risks posed by these chatbots as "quite scary". Hinton explained that chatbots have the ability to learn independently and share knowledge. This means that whenever one copy acquires new information, it is automatically disseminated to the entire group. This allows AI chatbots to have the capability to accumulate knowledge far beyond the capacity of any individual.

Existential risk from AGI
Hinton expressed concerns about AI takeover, stating that "it's not inconceivable" that AI could "wipe out humanity." Hinton states that AI systems capable of intelligent agency will be useful for military or economic purposes. He worries that generally intelligent AI systems could "create sub-goals" that are unaligned with their programmers' interests. He states that AI systems may become power-seeking or prevent themselves from being shut off, not because programmers intended them to, but because those sub-goals are useful for achieving later goals. In particular, Hinton says "we have to think hard about how to control" AI systems capable of self-improvement.

Catastrophic misuse
Hinton worries about deliberate misuse of AI by malicious actors, stating that "it is hard to see how you can prevent the bad actors from using [AI] for bad things." In 2017, Hinton called for an international ban on lethal autonomous weapons.

Economic impacts
Hinton was previously optimistic about the economic effects of AI, noting in 2018 that: "The phrase 'artificial general intelligence' carries with it the implication that this sort of single robot is suddenly going to be smarter than you. I don't think it's going to be that. I think more and more of the routine things we do are going to be replaced by AI systems." Hinton also previously argued that AGI won't make humans redundant: "[AI in the future is] going to know a lot about what you're probably going to want to do... But it's not going to replace you."

In 2023, however, Hinton became "worried that AI technologies will in time upend the job market" and take away more than just "drudge work."

Politics
Hinton moved from the U.S. to Canada in part due to disillusionment with Ronald Reagan-era politics and disapproval of military funding of artificial intelligence.

Personal life
Hinton's first wife, Rosalind Zalin, died of ovarian cancer in 1994. His second wife, Jackie, died in April, 2023, also of cancer.

Hinton is the great-great-grandson of the mathematician and educator Mary Everest Boole and her husband, the logician George Boole, whose work eventually became one of the foundations of modern computer science. Another great-great-grandfather of his was the surgeon and author James Hinton, who was the father of the mathematician Charles Howard Hinton. Hinton's father was the entomologist Howard Hinton. His middle name comes from another relative, George Everest, the Surveyor General of India after whom the mountain is named. He is the nephew of the economist Colin Clark.

References

Artificial intelligence researchers
British computer scientists
Canadian computer scientists
Companions of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the Royal Society
Google employees
Living people
Machine learning researchers
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Canada Research Chairs
1947 births
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Rumelhart Prize laureates
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
Turing Award laureates
People from Wimbledon, London
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Hinton family
Canadian Fellows of the Royal Society

Geoffrey Hinton


Retten til sundhed (herunder retten til lægehjælp)) er en menneskerettighed, der blandt andet er beskyttet i FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne fra 1948 og i FN's konvention fra 1966 om økonomiske, sociale og kulturelle menneskerettigheder.

Verdenserklæringen fra 1948
I FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne hedder det i artikel 25, stk. 1:

Enhver har ret til en sådan levefod, som er tilstrækkelig til hans og hans families sundhed og velvære, herunder til føde, klæder, bolig og lægehjælp og de nødvendige sociale goder og ret til tryghed i tilfælde af arbejdsløshed, sygdom, uarbejdsdygtighed, enkestand, alderdom eller andet tab af fortjenstmulighed under omstændigheder, der ikke er selvforskyldt.

Konventionen fra 1966
FN's konvention fra 1966 om økonomiske, sociale og kulturelle menneskerettigheder trådte i kraft i 1976. I konventionens artikel 12, stk. 1 hedder det:

De i denne konvention deltagende stater anerkender ethvert menneskes ret til at nyde den højst opnåelige fysiske og psykiske sundhed.

I konventionens artikel 12, stk. 2 hedder det:

De foranstaltninger, deltagerne i denne konvention skal træffe for at opnå den fulde virkeliggørelse af denne ret, skal omfatte sådanne som er nødvendige for at

a) mindske antallet af dødfødsler og dødeligheden blandt småbørn samt fremme barnets sunde udvikling;

b) forbedre alle sider af de hygiejniske forhold i det menneskelige miljø og på arbejdspladsen;

c) forebygge, behandle og bekæmpe epidemiske og endemiske sygdomme samt erhvervs- og andre sygdomme;

d) skabe betingelser for at sikre ethvert menneske lægehjælp samt kur og pleje under sygdom.

Menneskerettigheder
Sundhedspolitik

Retten til sundhed


''Para una matriz cuyos elementos son estocásticos, véase matriz aleatoria

Definición
En matemáticas, una matriz estocástica (también denominada matriz de probabilidad, matriz de transición, matriz de sustitución o matriz de Markov) es una matriz utilizada para describir las transiciones en una cadena de Markov. Ha encontrado uso en la teoría de la probabilidad, en estadística y en álgebra lineal, así como en informática.

En general, una matriz estocástica se define como sigue

Decimos que una matriz cuadrada  dada por

es estocástica si

  para cada  fijo.

El ejemplo más sencillo de una matriz estocástica es la matriz identidad de tamaño

pues satisface las dos condiciones.

Matriz Doblemente Estocástica
Una matriz  se dice que es doblemente estocástica si es una matriz estocástica y además  para cada  fijo.

Vector Estocástico
De la misma manera, puede definirse un vector estocástico como un vector cuyos elementos están formados por números reales positivos que suman . Así, cada fila (o columna) de una matriz estocástica es un vector de probabilidad, también llamados vectores estocásticos.

Matrices
Aprendizaje automático

Matriz estocástica


é uma árbitra internacional de futebol do Japão. Ela fez parte do grupo de árbitros da Copa do Mundo Feminina de 2019, na França. Ela também arbitrou nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2020, na partida entre os Estados Unidos e Suécia. Em 2022, ela foi uma das três árbitras selecionadas para apitar a Copa do Mundo masculina.

Também em 2022, Yamashita se tornou a primeira árbitra feminina a apitar um jogo na Liga dos Campeões da AFC e na Liga J1 masculina, assumindo o comando da vitória por 2–1 do Melbourne City sobre o Chunnam Dragons e do FC Tokyo por 2–0 sobre o Kyoto Sanga, respectivamente.

Árbitros da Copa do Mundo FIFA
Árbitros de futebol do Japão
Árbitros da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022

Yoshimi Yamashita


Europski pravac E65 (ukratko: E65) je europski pravac koji vodi od Malmöa u Švedskoj prema gradu Hania u Grčkoj. Ukupna dužina iznosi 3.800 kilometara. Ovaj put vodi od Malmöa u Švedskoj kroz gradove Ystad , Świnoujście , Szczecin , Gorzów Wielkopolski , Zielona Góra , Prag , Brno , Bratislava , Jegersek , Zagreb , Rijeka , Split , Neum , Dubrovnik , Podgorica , Priština , Skoplje , Korint , Tripoli  prema gradu Haniji u Grčkoj.

Europski pravci
Cestovna infrastruktura u Švedskoj
Ceste u Poljskoj
Ceste u Češkoj
Ceste u Slovačkoj
Autoceste u Mađarskoj
Ceste u Bosni i Hercegovini
Ceste u Crnoj Gori
Ceste u Albaniji
Ceste u Sjevernoj Makedoniji
Autoceste u Grčkoj

Europski pravac E65


Stimulation is the encouragement of development or the cause of activity generally. For example, "The press provides stimulation of political discourse." An interesting or fun activity can be described as "stimulating", regardless of its physical effects on senses. Stimulate means to act as a stimulus to; stimulus means something that rouses the recipient to activity; stimuli is the plural of stimulus.

A particular use of the term is physiological stimulation, which refers to sensory excitation, the action of various agents or forms of energy (stimuli) on receptors that generate impulses that travel through nerves to the brain (afferents). There are sensory receptors on or near the surface of the body, such as photoreceptors in the retina of the eye, hair cells in the cochlea of the ear, touch receptors in the skin and chemical receptors in the mouth and nasal cavity. There are also sensory receptors in the muscles, joints, digestive tract, and membranes around organs such as the brain, the abdominal cavity, the bladder and the prostate (providing one source of sexual stimulation). Stimulation to the external or internal senses may evoke involuntary activity or guide intentions in action. Such emotional or motivating stimulation typically is also experienced subjectively (enters awareness, is in consciousness). Perception can be regarded as conceptualised stimulation, used in reasoning and intending, for example. When bodily stimulation is perceived it is traditionally called a sensation, such as a kind of touch or a taste or smell, or a painful or pleasurable sensation. This can be thought of as psychological stimulation, which is a stimulus affecting a person's thinking or feeling processes.

Overview
Stimulation, in general, refers to how organisms perceive incoming stimuli. As such it is part of the stimulus-response mechanism. Simple organisms broadly react in three ways to stimulation: too little stimulation causes them to stagnate, too much to die from stress or inability to adapt, and a medium amount causes them to adapt and grow as they overcome it. Similar categories or effects are noted with psychological stress with people. Thus, stimulation may be described as how external events provoke a response by an individual in the attempt to cope.

Over-stimulation

It is possible to become habituated to a particular degree of stimulation, and then find it uncomfortable to have a significant change from that level of the stimulus. Thus one can become used to intense stimuli or a fast-paced life and suffer withdrawal when they are removed. Stress and unhappiness may result an unaccustomed level of stimulation.

Ongoing, long-term stimulation can for some individuals prove harmful, and a more relaxed and less stimulated life may be beneficial despite possible initial discomfort or stress from the change. See also; sensory overload and burnout.

Autistic people often have a much lower threshold for overstimulation, and so suffer sensory overload at levels of stimulus that others find unexceptional.  This can lead to an increased frequency of stimming, meltdowns, shutdowns, and dissociation compared to neurotypical people in similar situations.

Chiropractor James Wilson has hypothesized that long-term overstimulation can result eventually in a phenomenon called adrenal fatigue, but there is no evidence that such a condition exists.

See also
 Psychomotor agitation
 Stress management

References

Perception
Behavioral concepts
Emotion

Stimulation


Jürgen Zöllter (* 1951) ist ein deutscher Autor, Fotograf und Journalist.

Leben
Zöllters journalistische Arbeiten haben den Schwerpunkt Auto-Mobilität. Er schrieb für Publikationen in Deutschland, Europa, Asien und Amerika. Zöllter veröffentlichte in Tageszeitungen, News-Magazinen, Lifestyle-Medien und Special Interest Publikationen. Seine Texte werden von Aufnahmen internationaler Fotografen begleitet.

Zöllter ist Juror bei Auto des Jahres.

Werke
 mit Wolfgang Peters: Mazda MX-5 Roadster, Vehling Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3853331181.
 mit Wolfgang Peters: The Challenge: Accelerating the Mercedes-Benz brand, 2004, Delius Klasing Verlag, ISBN 3768815951.
 mit Jeff Leestma, Oliver Stolle und Edwin Baaske: Dodge, 2006, Delius Klasing Verlag, ISBN 3768816915.
 mit Martin G. Puthz: "Jaguar XJ und alle Modelle seit 1922", 2009, Delius Klasing Verlag, ISBN 3768826929.
 mit Markus Bolsinger: "Jeep: Das Original - Seit 70 Jahren", 2011, Delius Klasing Verlag, ISBN 3768832775.
 mit Jürgen Lewandowski, Wolfgang Peters und Peter Ruch: Mazda 6, 2008, Vehling Verlag, ISBN 3853331459.
 mit Wolfgang Peters: Die Herausforderung. Die Beschleunigung der Marke Mercedes-Benz, 2004, Delius Klasing Verlag, ISBN 3768815293.
 "Dodge, English edition", 2006, Delius Klasing Verlag, ISBN 3768817229.
 mit Markus Bolsinger: "Jeep (engl. Ausgabe): The adventure never stops", 2011, Delius Klasing Verlag, ISBN 3768833070.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website von Zöllter

Journalist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1951
Mann

Jürgen Zöllter


الغفة أو الصفوة أو الصفصف أو النصي  جنس نباتي يتبع الفصيلة النجيلية ويضم 301 نوعا مقبولا و31 نوعًا لم يحسم أمرها بعد، ينمو بعضها في الوطن العربي.

من أنواع الغفة الواطنة في الوطن العربي
 غفة بومية قصيرة  في المغرب العربي
 غفة تونسية  في المغرب العربي
 غفة زيبر ، نسبة إلى عالم النبات الألماني فرانتس زيبر  في المغرب العربي وبلاد الشام
 غفة شائعة أو غفة أسنسيونية  في الجزيرة العربية وبلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي وحوض المتوسط والقوقاز
 غفة شاحبة  في المغرب العربي
 غفة شمرانية  في المغرب العربي
 غفة عربية  في الجزيرة العربية
 غفة كاسانيلي  في مصر
 غفة متبدلة  في المغرب العربي ومصر والجزيرة العربية
 غفة مكية  في المغرب العربي ومصر والجزيرة العربية

تسمية النبات
اهتم به العرب وسموه بعد أسماء وأوصاف تنطبق على كل مرحلة من نموه فهو رِقَةُ في أوّلُ نباتِه وغفةُّ ما دام رطباً، وطريفٌ إذا أبيض وحَلِيُّ إذا ضخم ويبس، ودويل إذا جف وتقادم بحيث لا يحمد في المرعى، والمشبّه إذا اصفر والأرض السهلة التي تنبته تسمى الباعجة، أما قضبان الغفة فهي سُماليخ، والـجَمِيمَةُ: النَّصِيَّةُ إِذا بلغت نصف شهر فملأَت الفم، والعُنْفُوة أيضاً يبِـيس النَّصيّ،أما الأرضُ المُسْتَوِيَةُ اللَّيِّنُة التي يُنْبِتُ النَّصِيَّ فهي السَّرْدَحُ.

مصادر

أجناس الفصيلة النجيلية
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس

غفة


පොළොන්නරුව පුරාණ නගරයේ ආලාහණ පිරිවෙණහි විසූ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලාගේ පොහොය කර්ම කිරීම පිණිස, එම භූමිය තුල ඉදිකල පොහොය ගෙය හෙවත් උපෝසථඝරය බද්ධසීමා ප්‍රාසාදය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. ගල් කණු ඇතුලත් ගඩොල් බිත්ති මත, මහල් ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් තිබූ බවට සාධක වර්තමානයේ දැකගත හැකිවේ. පැරණි ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම උපෝසථඝරය වන මෙහි දොළොස් මහල් ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් තිබූ බවට මහාවංශයේ විස්තර කෙරේ.

ගොඩනැගිල්ල තුල වූ මධ්‍ය වේදිකාව මත ධාතු කරඬුවක් තැම්පත් කරන අයුරින්ද, සිවු දිශාවට මුහුණලා ශෙෙලමය පීඨිකා මත හිඳි භික්ෂූන් සතර නමක් පිරිත් සජ්ජායනා කරන අයුරින්ද මෙය නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර
හැඳින්වීමේ පුවරුව - ශ්‍රී ලංකා පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්ථමේන්තුව

බද්ධසීමා ප්‍රාසාදය


ربيعة مدينة عراقية وناحية تتبع إداريا قضاء تلعفر في محافظة نينوى غربي مدينة الموصل شمال العراق. تقع على الحدود العراقية السورية وتقريبا جميع سكانها من قبيلة شمر. وهي ملتصقة بمدينة اليعربية السورية في محافظة الحسكة على الجانب السوري من الحدود، والتي أيضا أغلب سكانها من قبيلة شمر. يقطنها أيضا سكان من عشائر أخرى منها عشائر ميران الكردية وعشائر الزبيد العربية.

تشكل مدينتا ربيعة واليعربية أكبر تواجد لقبيلة شمر في شمال العراق.

تاريخ

تدمير مدينة ربيعة احداث 2014
بعد أحداث الموصل وسيطرة تنظيم الدولة المعروف ب(داعش) على شمال العراق بقيت ناحية ربيعة هادئة لم تشهد اشتباكات، ثم سيطرت مليشيات البيشمركة الكردية على ناحية ربيعة فترة أسبوع رغم كونها منطقة عربية صرفة. بعد ذلك، انسحبت قوات البيشمركة الكردية دون قتال بعد دخول تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية في مناطق أخرى من محافظة نينوى. وفي رمضان 2014 دخل 30 مقاتل من تنظيم الدولة إلى ناحية ربيعة وتمركزوا في مستشفى مدينة ربيعة للعلاج. وقبل العيد يوم عرفة تعرضت ربيعة لقصف عشوائي شديد بالصواريخ وقذائف الهاون دون سابق انذار من قوات البيشمركة الكردية وقوات التحالف ومليشيات البكيكي الكردية السورية وتم تدمير نحو 95% من بيوت مدينة ربيعة وقتل وجرح المئات من المدنيين وهجر الآلاف من السكان وباتوا في العراء ونفذت إعدامات ميدانية للرجال وحرقت جثثهم في الشوارع وخطف نساء واعتقالات وسرقة محتويات البيوت.
أعلن مسؤول في البيشمركة ان ربيعة ستكون جزء من كردستان بسبب المعبر الحدودي وكذالك مدينة اليعربية السورية وكلاهما مدن عربية وتقطنهما قبيلة شمر.

وفي 18 تشرين الأول 2017 انسحبت البيشمركة والميليشيات الكردية والايزيدية من ربيعة ودخلت القوات العراقية إلى الناحية لتعود إلى سيطرة الحكومة العراقية من جديد.

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة نينوى
معابر الحدود السورية العراقية
مدن العراق
قبيلة شمر

ربيعة (العراق)


An Oreobolus venezuelensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Julian Alfred Steyermark. An Oreobolus venezuelensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oreobolus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oreobolus

Oreobolus venezuelensis


Washington (Vaşington) şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 George Washington, ABD'nin ilk başkanı.
 Washington, ABD'nin başkenti.
 Washington (eyalet), ABD'nin kuzey-batısında eyalet.

Ayrıca

Coğrafya

ABD

Filipinler

ingiltere
 Washington, Tyne and Wear, ingiltere
 Washington, West Sussex, ingiltere

Kanada
 Washington, Ontario, Kanada

Diğer

Kişiler

Soyadı

 Augustine Washington (1694–1743), George Washington'un babası
 Booker T. Washington (1856–1915),
 Bushrod Washington (1762–1829),
 Claudell Washington (d. 1954), Amerikalı bezbolcu
 Craig Anthony Washington (d. 1941), Amerikalı siyasetçi

 Dennis Washington (d. 1934), Amerikalı iş insanı
 Denzel Washington (d. 1954), Amerikalı oyuncu
 Dinah Washington (1924–1963), Amerikalı şarkıcı
 Eric Washington (d. 1974), Amerikalı basketbolcu
 Fredi Washington (1903–1994), Amerikalı aktris
 Geno Washington (d. 1943), Amerikalı şarkıcı

 Grover Washington, Jr. (1943–1999), Amerikalı müzisyen

 Harold Washington (1922–1987), Amerikalı siyasetçi
 Henry Stephens Washington (d. 1867), Amerikalı jeolog
 Herb Washington (d. 1951), Amerikalı sporcu
 Isaiah Washington (d. 1963), Amerikalı aktör
 Jack Washington (1910–1964), Amerikalı müzisyen
 Joe Washington (d. 1953), Amerikalı sporcu
 John David Washington (d. 1984), Amerikalı sporcu
 Justine Washington (d. 1940), Amerikalı şarkıcı
 Keith Washington (d. 1960), Amerikalı şarkıcı
 Kelley Washington (d. 1979), Amerikalı sporcu
 Kermit Washington (d. 1951), Amerikalı sporcu
 Kerry Washington (d. 1977), Amerikalı aktris

 Lawrence Washington (1602–1655),
 Lawrence Washington (1659–1698),
 Lawrence Washington (1718–1752),
 Martha Washington (1731–1802),
 MaliVai Washington (d. 1969),
 Mashona Washington (d. 1976),
 Megan Washington (d. 1986),
 Ned Washington (1901–1976),
 Rico Washington (d. 1978),
 Ron Washington (d. 1952),

 Sabrina Washington (d. 1978), Britanyalı
 Tyree Washington (d. 1976),
 U L Washington (d. 1953),
 Walter Washington (1915–2003),
 William Washington (1752–1810),
 William D. Washington (1833–1870),
 William Henry Washington (1813–1860),

Önadı (erkekler)

Washington Sebastián Abreu (d. 1976), Uruguaylı futbolcu
Washington Abdala (d. 1959), Uruguaylı siyasetçi
Washington Beltrán Barbat (1885–1920), Uruguaylı siyasetçi
Washington Beltrán (1914–2003), Uruguaylı siyasetçi
Washington Bartlett (1824–1887), Amerikalı siyasetçi
Washington Benavides (d. 1930), Uruguaylı şair ve müzisyen
Washington Carrasco (d. 1941), Uruguaylı müzisyen
Washington Carrasco Fernández, şilili siyasetçi
Washington Cataldi (1923-1996), Uruguaylı sporcu ve siyasetçi

 Washington (d. 1975), Brezilyalı futbolcudur.
Washington Duke (1820–1905), Amerikalı
Washington Etchamendi (d. 1921), Uruguaylı sporcu
Washington González (d. 1955), Uruguaylı sporcu
Washington Irving (1783–1859), Amerikalı yazar
Washington Luna (1938-2009), Uruguaylı şarkıcı
Washington Olivera (d. 1954), Uruguaylı sporcu
Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa (1869–1957), Brezilyalı siyasetçi
Washington Roebling (1837–1926), Amerikalı
Washington César Santos (d. 1960), Brezilyalı futbolcu
 Çok Washington Silva
Oscar Washington Tabárez (d. 1947), Uruguaylı sporcu
Washington Tais (d. 1972), Uruguaylı futbolcu

Diğer
 Vaşington, bir portakal türü.

Washington


Acest articol descrie fazele eliminatorii ale Cupei EHF Feminin 2018-2019.

Echipele calificate
În această fază s-au calificat echipele care au terminat pe primele două locuri în fiecare din cele patru grupe preliminare:

Format
În sferturile de finală fiecare echipă clasată pe primul loc într-o grupă preliminară a jucat împotriva unei echipe clasate pe locul al doilea în altă grupă preliminară. Partidele s-au desfășurat în sistem tur-retur. Tragerea la sorți pentru stabilirea meciurilor din sferturile de finală a avut loc pe 12 februarie 2019, de la ora locală 11:00, la sediul EHF din Viena.

Câștigătoarele sferturilor de finală au avansat în semifinalele competiției.

Distribuția în urnele valorice
Cele 8 echipe calificate în sferturile de finală au fost distribuite în 2 urne valorice: echipele care au terminat faza grupelor pe primul loc în urna 1, iar cele care au terminat pe locul al doilea în urna a 2-a.

În urma tragerii la sorți au rezultat următoarele sferturi de finală:

Sferturile de finală

Semifinalele

Finala

Echipele calificate în finală
În finală s-au calificat Team Esbjerg și Siófok KC. Ordinea desfășurării celor două partide a fost stabilită prin tragere la sorți. Siófok KC a câștigat trofeul după ce a învins Team Esbjerg cu scorul general de 47 la 42.

Note

Legături externe
EHF: Sferturile de finală
EHF: Semifinalele

Cupa EHF Feminin 2018-2019

Cupa EHF Feminin 2018-2019 - fazele eliminatorii


F-15 Eagle  her türlü hava şartlarında görev yapabilen, yüksek manevra yetenekli ve hava muharebelerinde üstünlük sağlamak üzere tasarlanmış bir avcı uçağı ve hava üstünlük uçağı'dır.

F-15 manevra yeteneği, ivmelenme, menzil, silah donanımı ve gelişmiş avionikleri (radar,yön bulma sistemi vs. vs.) ile çok üstün bir uçaktır. F-15'in elektronik sistemi birden fazla düşman uçağını tespit etme, bilgi toplama, izleme ve taarruza uygundur. Silah donanımı bir kişinin güvenli ve verimli bir şekilde hava muharebesi yapmasına imkân verecek bir tarzdadır.

F-15 Eagle 1960'ın ortalarında "FX" (Fighter Experimental- Deneysel Avcı) kavramı ile hayata geçirildi. FX çalışmalarının gayesi eşsiz manevra yeteneği olan, çok iyi avioniklerle ve silah teçhizatıyla donatılmış bir avcı uçağıydı. Bütün sanayiye açık olan rekabet 23 Aralık 1969'da sonuçlandı ve daha sonraları Boeing ile birleşecek olan McDonnell Douglas'a F-15 ihalesi verildi. USAF tarihindeki en başarılı uçak geliştirme ve siparişini içeren F-15A nın ilk uçuşu 27 Temmuz 1972'de gerçekleşti. Kazasız geçen bir deney ve değerlendirme sürecinden sonra uçak 14 Kasım 1974'te USAF'a teslim edildi. 1976 Ocak'ında da ilk "Eagle" 1. Taktik Avcı Filosu'na teslim edildi.

1978'de F-15C'lerin imalatına geçilene kadar 365 F-15A üretildi. F-15C tek kişilik hava üstünlük savaşçısı F-15A'nın geliştirilmiş bir modelidir. İlaveler geliştirilmiş avionikleri, arttırılmış dahili yakıt miktarını ve daha fazla brüt kalkış ağırlığını içermektedir. Tek kişilik F-15C ile iki kişilik F-15D USAF'a 1979'dan itibaren girmeye başladı.

F-15'in sıfır kayba karşılık 100 zafer gibi harika bir hava muharebe rekoru vardır. Balkan olaylarında dört MiG-29 düşürmüş, Çöl Fırtınası Operasyonu'nda düşürülen 35 sabit kanatlı Irak uçağından 33'ünü düşürmüştür. Şu anda USAF'a ilaveten Suudi ve İsrail hava kuvvetlerinde 1,300'den fazla F-15 görev yapmaktadır.

Hava aracının en son müşterisi Katar'dır. Ağustos 2019 da 36 uçağı kapsayan 12 milyar $'lık anlaşmayla, Katar uçağın son kullanıcısı konumuna gelmiştir. Test uçuşlarına Temmuz 2020'de başlayan uçakların ilkinin Mart 2021'de Katar'a teslim edilmesi öngörülmektedir. Projenin 2023'in ortasında tamamlanması planlanmaktadır.

Teknik özellikleri

 Uzunluk: 19,43 metre
 Yükseklik: 5,69 metre
 Kanat açıklığı: 13,06 metre
 Servis tavanı: 19812 metre
 Hızı: 2,5 Mach (13716 metrede)
 Ağırlık: 30.600 kilogram (tam yüklü)
 Menzil: 2000-3500 kilometre
 İtme: Çift motor (6744 lb)
 Motor: 2 × Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-100 ya da 220 afterburning (ard yakma) turbofans
 Özgün itme gücü: 14,590 lbf[124] (64.9 kN) her biri
 Ard yakmayla itme gücü: 23,770 lbf (220[124] için 105.7 kN ) her biri

Çeşitleri

Tipik modeller

F-15A  Tek kişilik, tüm hava koşullarına uygun hava üstünlüğü avcı uçağı modeli. 1972–1979'da 384 adet üretildi.

F-15B  İki kişilik eğitim uçağı modeli. 1972–1979'da 61 adet üretildi.

F-15C  Geliştirilmiş tek kişilik, her hava koşuluna uygun hava üstünlüğü avcı uçağı modeli. 1979–1985'te 483 adet üretildi. Son 43 F-15C, AN/APG-70 radarı ve daha sonra AN/APG-63(V)1 radarı ile yükseltildi.

F-15D  İki kişilik eğitim uçağı modeli. 1979–1985'de 92 adet üretildi.

F-15J  Japonya Hava Öz Savunma Kuvvetleri için tek kişilik tüm hava koşullarına uygun hava üstünlüğü avcı uçağı modeli. 1981–1997'de Mitsubishi Heavy Industries tarafından 139 adet üretildi.

F-15DJ  Japonya Hava Öz Savunma Kuvvetleri için iki kişilik eğitim versiyonu. 1981–1997'de Mitsubishi Heavy Industries tarafından 25 adet üretildi.

F-15N Sea Eagle  F-15N, 1970'lerin başında ABD Donanması'na daha ağır olan ve o zamanlar "daha riskli" olarak kabul edilen Grumman F-14 Tomcat'e alternatif olarak önerilen taşıyıcı özellikli navalize edilmiş modeldi.Uzun menzilli bir radarı veya F-14 tarafından kullanılan uzun menzilli füzeleri yoktu. F-15N-PHX, AIM-54 Phoenix füzesini taşıyabilen, ancak F-15A'da AN/APG-63 radarının geliştirilmiş bir versiyonuna sahip, önerilen başka bir deniz versiyonuydu.  Bunlar, katlanır kanat uçları, güçlendirilmiş iniş takımı ve gemide operasyon için daha güçlü bir kuyruk kancası içeriyordu.

F-15E Strike Eagle  Uygun yakıt depolarıyla donatılmış, iki kişilik, her hava koşulunda kullanılabilen çok amaçlı saldırı modeli. F-15I, F-15S, F-15K, F-15SG, F-15SA ve diğer modeller için geliştirildi. 1985'ten beri üretilen 400'ün üzerinde F-15E ve türev varyantları hala üretimde.

F-15SE Silent Eagle  Mart 2009'da Boeing, uygun yakıt tanklarını uyumlu silah bölmeleri ile değiştirmek ve ikiz dikey kuyrukları 15 derece dışa eğmek gibi değişiklikler yoluyla azaltılmış radar kesitine sahip Önerilen bir F-15E modeliydi.

F-15 2040C  F-15C'ye hava üstünlüğü rolünde F-22'yi tamamlamasına izin veren yükseltme teklif edildi.  2040C konsepti, Güney Kore ve İsrail'e önerilen Silent Eagle'ın bir evrimi olup, gözlemlenebilirliği düşük bazı iyileştirmelere sahiptir, ancak çoğunlukla en son hava yeteneklerine ve ölümcüllüğüne odaklanmıştır.  Teklif, kızılötesi arama ve izlemeyi, silah istasyonlarının sayısını iki katına çıkarmayı, maksimum 16 havadan havaya füze için dörtlü rafları, Pasif/Aktif Uyarı Hayatta Kalma Sistemini, uyumlu yakıt tanklarını, yükseltilmiş APG-63(v)3'ü içeriyor.  AESA ve F-22 ile veri aktarımına izin veren bir "Talon HATE" iletişim bölmesi.

 F-15EX Eagle II  F15'in en güncel versiyonudur. Boeing şirketi tarafından tamamen kendi inisiyatifiyle üretilen bu versiyonda, uçağın kokpiti tamamen dijitalleştirilmiştir. Boeing şirketinin iddialarına göre F 15-EX modeli dünyanın en gelişmiş muharebe bilgisayarına sahiptir. Ayrıca silah istasyonlarının sayısı 27'ye çıkartılmıştır.  Bu sayede uçak tek seferde 12 havadan havaya ve 15 de havadan karaya füze taşıyabilecektir. Bu versiyon ile F 15'in hizmet süresinin 2040'a kadar uzatılması planlanmaktadır. ABD ordusunun yakın zamanda bu uçaktan sipariş etmesi ve 2024'ten itibaren envantere girmesi planlanmaktadır. Tahmini üretim adedinin 144 olacağı konuşulmaktadır. Boeing şirketi bu versiyon için müşteri arayışına girmiştir. 2021 yılında Türkiye'nin F 35'e alternatif olarak bu uçaktan sipariş edeceği dedikoduları ortaya atılmış ancak yalanlanmıştır.

Prototipler

F-15A-1, AF Seri No. 71-0280
F-15A-1, AF Ser. No. 71-0281
F-15A-2, AF Ser. No. 71-0282
F-15A-2, AF Ser. No. 71-0283
F-15A-2, AF Ser. No. 71-0284
F-15A-3, AF Ser. No. 71-0285
F-15A-3, AF Ser. No. 71-0286
F-15A-4, AF Ser. No. 71-0287
F-15A-4, AF Ser. No. 71-0288
F-15A-4, AF Ser. No. 71-0289
F-15B-1, AF Ser. No. 71-0290
F-15B-2, AF Ser. No. 71-0291

Silahlar
 AAM (Hava Hava) görevleri için
 AIM-7,AIM-9,AIM-120
 AGM (Hava Yer) görevleri için
 CBU-52, CBU-59, CBU-71, CBU-87, CBU-89, MK-20 ve AGM-88 HARM'lar
 20 mm'lik toplar

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız

F-16

Kaynaklar

Boeing uçakları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri avcı uçakları
Douglas uçakları
Çift motorlu jetler

McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle


În mitologia egipteană, Kebechet (scris in hieroglife ca Qeb-Hwt, și de asemenea transliterat ca Khebhut, Kebehut, Qébéhout, Kabehchet și Kebehwet) este o zeiță, o divinizare a îmbălsămării lichide. Numele ei înseamnă răcirea apei. Kebechet este fiica lui Anubis și a soției sale Anput.

În "Textele Piramidale", Kebechet este menționată ca un șarpe care "reîmprospătează și purifică" faraonul.
Kebechet a fost gandită să dea apă spiritelor celor morți în timp ce așteptau procesul de mumificare să fie complet. Ea a fost probabil, legată de mumificare unde va fortifica organismul impotriva corupției, asa că ar rămâne în stare proaspătă pentru reanimare.

Zeițe egiptene
Zeițe ale morții

Kebechet


Red tape is an idiom referring to regulations or conformity to formal rules or standards which are claimed to be excessive, rigid or redundant, or to bureaucracy claimed to hinder or prevent action or decision-making. It is usually applied to governments, corporations, and other large organizations. Things often described as "red tape" include filling out paperwork, obtaining licenses, having multiple people or committees approve a decision and various low-level rules that make conducting one's affairs slower, more difficult, or both. Red tape has been found to hamper organizational performance and employee wellbeing across countries and contexts by a meta-analysis and meta-regression in 2021, and especially internal red tape imposed by the organization itself on its employees was identified as particularly harmful. A related concept, administrative burden, refers to the costs citizens may experience in their interaction with government even if bureaucratic regulations or procedures serve legitimate purposes.

Origins

It is generally believed that the term originated with the Spanish administration of Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, in the early 16th century, who started to use red tape in an effort to modernize the administration that was running his vast empire. The red tape was used to bind the most important administrative dossiers that required immediate discussion by the Council of State, and separate them from issues that were treated in an ordinary administrative way, which were bound with ordinary string.

Although they were not governing such a vast territory as Charles V, this practice of using red tape to separate the important dossiers that had to be discussed was quickly copied by the other modern European monarchs to speed up their administrative machines.

Later history
The tradition continued through to the 17th and 18th century. In David Copperfield, Charles Dickens wrote, "Britannia, that unfortunate female, is always before me, like a trussed fowl: skewered through and through with office-pens, and bound hand and foot with red tape." The English practice of binding documents and official papers with red tape was popularized in Thomas Carlyle's writings, protesting against official inertia with expressions like "Little other than a red tape Talking-machine, and unhappy Bag of Parliamentary Eloquence". To this day, most defense barristers' briefs, and those from private clients, are tied in a pink-coloured ribbon known as "pink tape" or "legal tape".

20th–21st century
In the late 20th century and continuing into the 21st century, with civil servants using computers and information technology, a legacy from the administration of the Spanish Empire can still be observed where some parts of the higher levels of the Spanish administration continue the tradition of using red tape to bind important dossiers that need to be discussed and to keep them bound in red tape when the dossier is closed. This is, for example, the case for the Spanish Council of State, the supreme consultative council of the Spanish Government. In contrast, the lower Spanish courts use ordinary twine to bundle documents as their cases are not supposed to be heard at higher levels. The Spanish Government plans to phase out the use of paper and abandon the practice of using twine.

As of the early 21st century, Spanish bureaucracy continues to be notorious for unusually extreme levels of red tape (in the figurative sense). As of 2013, the World Bank ranked Spain 136 out of 185 countries for ease of starting a business, which took on average 10 procedures and 28 days.

Similar issues persist throughout Latin America. For example, Mexico was the original home of Syntex, one of the greatest pharmaceutical firms of the 20th century—but in 1959, the company left for the American city of Palo Alto, California (in what is now Silicon Valley) because its scientists were fed up with the Mexican government's bureaucratic delays which repeatedly impeded their research. As of 2009 in Mexico, it took six months and a dozen visits to government agencies to obtain a permit to paint a house, and to obtain a monthly prescription for gamma globulin for X-linked agammaglobulinemia a patient had to obtain signatures from two government doctors and stamps from four separate bureaucrats before presenting the prescription to a dispensary.

In the United States, cutting red tape was a central principle of a 1993 National Performance Review study requested by the Clinton Administration.

Red tape definitions
Red tape can be defined as organisational rules, regulations, and procedures that perform no significant social or administrative function. Formalization and red tape continue in force and result in inefficiency, pointless delays, and frustration.

Another red tape definition adopted in many studies defines it as rules, regulations, and procedures that remain in force and entail a compliance burden, but do not advance the legitimate purposes the rules were intended to serve.

Compliance burden, which is the first component of this definition, refers to the effort and time it takes to comply with a rule. Functionality, the second component, refers to the perceived degree to which a rule, regulation, or procedure serves the purpose that it is intended to regulate; when it does not,  it is red tape  versus green tape, a useful rule. Both components—a compliance burden and a lack of functionality—need to be present before a rule can be categorised as red tape.

According to a postpositivist worldview known as the 'functional efficacy approach' or the 'benefit-cost view', red tape is determined by observable and objective ineffective formalities in public agencies which means they are dysfunctional for the organisation and not valid for their intended purpose. This notion has emerged on red tape as 'rules, regulations and procedures that remain in force and entail a compliance burden for the organisation but have no efficacy for the rules' functional object'.

Corresponding definitions on red tape have been categorised in two ways:

 Organisational red tape: Rules, regulations, and procedures that remain in force and entail a compliance burden for the organisation but make no contribution to achieving the rules' functional objectives.

 Stakeholder red tape: Organisational rules, regulations, and procedures that remain in force and entail a compliance burden, but serve no objective valued by a given stakeholder group.

Red tape and regulation
Regulation in essence exists to create public value and brings value particularly for citizens affected by unfair trading, monopolies, externalities and market failures; and from businesses who gain from regulation in the form of market protection, subsidies, and title protection — those who want regulation to create the certainty they need to go about their business decisions.

So why then does regulation become viewed as 'red tape'?

In regulatory reviews and in the public debate about regulation, the term 'red tape' may be used interchangeably with 'regulation'. However, red tape and regulation are not the same thing — the difference being that the former is a term used to describe regulatory requirements that exceed "the minimum amount of intervention necessary to tackle an identified social or economic problem".

The neoliberal revolution of the 1970s and early 1980s, led by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, identified the state as the major culprit for 'stagflation', the combination of high unemployment, high inflation, and low economic growth. Government's role, it was argued, should be steering, not rowing. Governments were seen as costly, inefficient, ineffective, risk-averse, coercive, and captured by rent seekers and sectional interests.

In Australia, organisations such as the Institute of Public Affairs have been echoing these sentiments, describing the growth of the 'regulatory state' as evidence of an attempt to undermine Australian democracy and a threat to democratic, judicial, parliamentary and administrative systems of control. Increasing use of legislative instruments and quasi-legislation, referred to as 'regulatory dark matter', is viewed as an assault on democratic accountability. Australia is claimed to have a 'red tape crisis' caused by an 'avalanche' of regulation.

However, regulatory reform is necessary, and a recent review stated that the ongoing conflation of regulation with red tape, intentional or not, will not yield regulatory improvement. Rather, to better respond to the political 'war on regulation and red tape', any government's starting point should be that regulation is seen as an asset and not a liability.

Defining and measuring red tape

Red tape is often used interchangeably with regulation or compliance generally. In the context of political 'wars on red tape', commentary which focuses on the origins and purpose of regulation notes that regulation can arise from a number of sources. These can include responses to market failures or incidents, citizen pressure, and non-governmental organisation campaigns. A 'war on red tape' is therefore considered inherently political, and relates to different perspectives on the function of regulation, and of the role of the state in society and the appropriate relationship between government, business, and the community.

Measures of red tape can either attempt to calculate the costs of the activities imposed by regulation, or can attempt to quantify the size of the issue by reference to the number of regulation, legislative instruments, or the number of licences or permits that exist in reference to a certain sector. However, this sort of analysis which counts words or instruments are considered 'crude ways of measuring the burden of regulation". They can conflate simple administrative tasks with complex or byzantine registration systems, and can also conflate legitimate regulatory activities with red tape, given the subjectivity of whether a requirement is or is not red tape.

The ability of the public service to quantify the benefits and costs of regulation is also fraught; a narrow focus on cost-efficiency in regulation may obscure or discount other values such as transparency, accountability, and equity. Regulatory Impact Statements or analyses are therefore potentially compromised or problematic where they take a narrow perspective.

Red tape reduction
The expression "cutting of red tape" generally refers to a reduction of bureaucratic obstacles to action. Public administration scholars have studied the impact of red tape on public servants through research on administrative performance, behavioral impact, and rule quality.

Business representatives often claim red tape is a barrier to business, particularly small business. In Canada, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business has done extensive research into the impact of red tape on small businesses. 'As of 2018, small businesses were subject to 15,875 regulatory requirements from Health Canada, 1,808 from the Canada Revenue Agency and 4,519 from Finance Canada. According to data compiled by the federal government, a total of 136,121 federal requirements were imposed on businesses, in addition to provincial requirements. The Canadian government's One-for-One rule recommends that regulators offset new costs in the two years following the implementation of new regulation. From 2012 to 2018, 131 individual regulations were eliminated by Ottawa, reducing the administrative burden by $30.6 million. However, during that same time period, 76 new regulations were exempted from the One-for-One rule.

The European Commission has a competition that offers an award for the "Best Idea for Red Tape Reduction". The competition is "aimed at identifying innovative suggestions for reducing unnecessary bureaucracy stemming from European law". In 2008, the European Commission held a conference entitled 'Cutting Red Tape for Europe'. The goal of the conference was "reducing red tape and overbearing bureaucracy," in order to help "business people and entrepreneurs improve competitiveness".

Beyond actual reductions to red tape, some evidence suggests that applying rules consistently and fairly can positively affect the extent to which citizens perceive that red tape exists in a government agency.

Red tape reduction and the costs of doing business

Australian analysis indicates that while red tape is often described as highly costly for businesses, there are complexities to how this is calculated. Assumptions about the costs of red tape may not always take into account the benefits of regulation; it is important to distinguish between the costs of compliance per se and the costs of red tape, which may be a subset of compliance. Analysis of the costs of red tape are often compiled by those who bear the costs, and Australian research indicates that these are often picked up and repeated uncritically, for example by media, and that assumptions are therefore often untested.

Administrative burden
"Administrative burden" is a related concept to "red tape." Whereas red tape suggests that regulations do not serve legitimate purposes, the concept of administrative burden recognizes that regulations that are intended for good purposes may nonetheless entail a burden. Administrative burden can be defined as "the learning, psychological, and compliance costs that citizens experience in their interactions with government." Sometimes these costs are seen as legitimate or necessary if they achieve important public values without creating too onerous a burden for citizens.

However, administrative burden can exacerbate inequality when it is not evenly distributed or when it affects people differently. For example, the Khawaja Sira in Pakistan—individuals who are "culturally identified as neither men nor women"—face psychological costs of discrimination and unusually high compliance costs when they attempt to obtain legal IDs. Historically exploited or marginalized individuals might choose not to seek out benefits for which they are eligible, drop out of government programs, or have negative interactions with bureaucrats as a result of unequal administrative burdens. Depending on the benefit area and the level of burden experienced, these consequences could have negative effects on individuals' health, employment, and wellbeing. Existing societal inequalities also increase the likelihood that vulnerable individuals experience administrative burdens in the first place based on their identity and the benefits they are seeking (e.g., maternity leave or childcare benefits). There is some evidence that perceptions of deservingness might influence politicians' willingness to either passively allow administrative burdens or actively create them through policy design; this theory has equity implications if members of marginalized groups are seen as less deserving.

Perceptions of red tape and union involvement

Perceptions of red tape and union involvement

Regulation may be perceived as either red tape or legitimate by any party; customers, the public, the responsible agency, and employees whose role it is to enforce regulation. Research has found that where union members spend time in formal union meetings and settings, they may internalise union perspectives on issues such as processes and procedures, many of which are intended to benefit union members. Where members internalise these values, they may be more likely to perceive regulations or rules as beneficial, rather than as red tape. In the public service context, this may be valuable, as these members will be responsible for enforcing or implementing rules. Where members perceive the rules as valuable, they are more likely to voluntarily comply with or enforce them, which is like to be more efficient than 'forced' compliance.

Red tape and job satisfaction

Research has found that public service workers are highly impacted by red tape which impacts their job satisfaction. There is an identified relationship between workers' motivations for doing their job which are often prosocial, defined as roles that benefit others, and the burden of red tape which takes away from the time they are able to spend helping others.

The Job Demands-Resources model provides a useful framework to understand how red tape impacts public service employees job satisfaction.  Job demands are tasks that require the physical and mental capacity of employees, with a focus on their attitudes and behaviour.  Job resources on the other hand relates to aspects within the work environment the support employees in their development, coping and goal achievement.

Red tape is characterised as a 'job demand' which costs energy for workers, and reduces their job satisfaction. It is further characterised as a factor which reduces 'job contact' i.e. interactions with clients, or time spent on what workers perceive as core business. Red tape also reduces 'job impact' as it can reduce flexibility and autonomy in carrying out tasks which affects how workers perceive their ability to have an influence in their job. Together, these describe the impact of red tape on job satisfaction for some public service employees in prosocial roles.

Red tape can also cause employees to lose motivation, which may consequently lead to burnout. This can be caused when employees are faced with increased compliance burden due to public servants losing their autonomy and sense of competence that may be an essential source of motivation.
Other examples of how red tape can impact job satisfaction includes:
•	For employers wanting to provide their employees with career development opportunities, internal red tape through increased rules and procedures also increases the controlling behaviour of organisational leaders and prevents them from supporting their employ
•	For frontline employees, internal red tape can impact their job satisfaction when they are spending less time servicing the public due to spending more time

The increased uptake of technology within the public service is an example of where red tape can affect the job satisfaction of employees. Although technology is recognised as a tool that can improve efficiencies and performance, it can also hinder employees if they are not provided with the adequate support (job resources) to be able to take on a change in their role and responsibilities and expectations, and do well. If employees perceive the changes in requirements to their job and day to day tasks as burdensome or not improving their ability to do their job, this is categorised as red tape.

The compliance burden that may come with introducing new technology can also cause employees to experience mental fatigue if challenges are being experienced regularly. Consequently, this can cause employees to disengage with their work and colleagues.

Research conducted into experiences of public-school teachers and leaders in Belgium found that when employees are faced with high levels of red tape as the result of utilising digital tools, they were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion and therefore have higher turnover intention. This emphasises the importance of considering the impact job demands can have on the mental wellbeing of employees if they are not provided with adequate support. In Switzerland, a study also found that the time public managers are required to put into complying with regulations, performance targets and measurements is positively linked to stress levels.

In 2022, the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford conducted a study into the influence red tape has on public service manager burnout in Chile. This study included 354 school principles in Chile in order to understand the risks of burnout among public service managers as a result of red tape. This study found that when public managers experienced increased levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and a low sense of personal accomplishment when they are advised of potential increases to the level of regular compliance tasks they were required to undertake.  This is due to public service managers not being provided with adequate support to do a good job.

In 2020, the Canadian Government released the Blueprint 2020 report, which brought together insights from engagements with over 2,000 public servants about their experiences with internal red tape. This report found that internal red tape is a significant issue for public servants. Key barriers identified by public servants in relation to red tape included having unclear direction on the rules, policies and guidelines and poor internal client service. Examples included overcomplicated processes and procedures and the extended amount of time employees had to spend on this

See also

 Busy work
 Byzantinism
 Crony capitalism
 Cronyism
 Instruction creep
 Micromanagement
 Paperwork Reduction Act
 Paternalism
 Prig
 Purple crocodile
 Sir Humphrey Appleby

References

Further reading
George et al. (2020) Red Tape, Organizational Performance and Employee Outcomes: Meta-Analysis, Meta-Regression and Research Agenda. Public Administration Review.
Barry Bozeman (2000) Bureaucracy and Red Tape Prentice-Hall Publishing.

OECD (2006) 'Cutting red tape; national strategies for administrative simplification' OECD Editions, Paris.

Slang
Administrative theory
Public choice theory
Metaphors referring to objects
Bureaucratic organization
Waste of resources

Red tape


Konopljuša (lat. Eupatorium), rod trajnica, polugrmova i grmova iz porodice glavočika. Pripada mu 63 priznate vrste, od kojih u hrvatskoj raste E. cannabinum, narodno nazivana konjska griva i drugim imenima. Eupatorium adenophorum koja se navodi kao druga vrsta konopljuše u Hrvatskoj, ne pripada ovom rodu, nego u rod Ageratina.

Latinsko ime roda došlo je po pontskom kralju Mitridatu VI. Euipatoru, zbog mišljenja da je prvi otkrio ljekovitost konopljuše.

Vrste

 Eupatorium album L.
 Eupatorium altissimum L.
 Eupatorium amabile Kitam.
 Eupatorium amambayense Cabrera
 Eupatorium anomalum Nash
 Eupatorium areniscophilum Cabrera
 Eupatorium benguetense C.B.Rob.
 Eupatorium camiguinense Merr.
 Eupatorium cannabinum L.
 Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small ex Porter & Britton
 Eupatorium chinense L.
 Eupatorium compositifolium Walter
 Eupatorium cordigerum Fernald
 Eupatorium doichangense H.Koyama
 Eupatorium formosanum Hayata
 Eupatorium fortunei Turcz.
 Eupatorium glehnii F.Schmidt ex Trautv.
 Eupatorium gnaphalioides Cabrera
 Eupatorium godfreyanum Cronquist
 Eupatorium hagelundii Matzenb.
 Eupatorium hualienense C.H.Ou, S.W.Chung & C.I Peng
 Eupatorium hyssopifolium L.
 Eupatorium japonicum Thunb.
 Eupatorium laciniatum Kitam.
 Eupatorium lancifolium Small
 Eupatorium leonardii Ferreras & E.E.Lamont
 Eupatorium leptophyllum DC.
 Eupatorium leucolepis Torr. & A.Gray
 Eupatorium lindleyanum DC.
 Eupatorium linearifolium Walter
 Eupatorium lineatum Sch.Bip. ex Baker
 Eupatorium luchuense Nakai
 Eupatorium maracayuense Chodat
 Eupatorium maritimum E.E.Schill.
 Eupatorium mikanioides Chapm.
 Eupatorium mohrii Greene
 Eupatorium nanchuanense Y.Ling & C.Shih
 Eupatorium novae-angliae (Fernald) V.I.Sullivan ex A.Haines & Sorrie
 Eupatorium omeiense Y.Ling & C.Shih
 Eupatorium paludicola E.E.Schill. & LeBlond
 Eupatorium perfoliatum L.
 Eupatorium petaloideum Britton
 Eupatorium pilosum Walter
 Eupatorium pinnatifidum Elliott
 Eupatorium quaternum DC.
 Eupatorium resinosum Torr. ex DC.
 Eupatorium rosengurttii Cabrera
 Eupatorium rotundifolium L.
 Eupatorium sambucifolium Elmer
 Eupatorium semiamplexifolium G.S.S.Almeida & Carv.-Okano
 Eupatorium semiserratum DC.
 Eupatorium serotinum Michx.
 Eupatorium sessilifolium L.
 Eupatorium shimadai Kitam.
 Eupatorium subvenosum (A.Gray) E.E.Schill.
 Eupatorium sullivaniae E.E.Schill.
 Eupatorium tashiroi Hayata
 Eupatorium × tawadae Kitam.
 Eupatorium toppingianum Elmer
 Eupatorium variabile Makino
 Eupatorium yakushimaense Masam. & Kitam.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Eupatorieae

Konopljuša


La Arboleda es una localidad del partido de General Pueyrredón, al centro sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Descripción
Está separado en dos secciones, la primera desde la ruta al mar, la otra consiste de una laguna inserta en una campiña.

Referencias

Balnearios de la provincia de Buenos Aires
Localidades rurales de Buenos Aires
Localidades del partido de General Pueyrredón

La Arboleda (Buenos Aires)


إيغور إيفانوفيتش سيكورسكي  و(بالروسية:Игорь Иванович Сикорский)، ولد 25 مايو 1889 – توفي 26 أكتوبر 1972. وهو أوكراني المولد أمريكي الجنسية، أحد رواد صناعة الطيران، وهو من صمم وطار بأول طائرة متعددة المحركات، وطور أول طائرة مائية عابرة المحيط تابعة لشركة بان أم بالثلاثينات من القرن الماضي، وطور أيضا أول مروحية أمريكية.

السيرة الذاتية
ولد ايجور سيكورسكي في كييف في الإمبراطورية الروسية وهي الآن عاصمة أوكرانيا وهو أصغر أخوته الخمسة.

حياته الأولى
كان والد سيكورسكي واسمه ايفان الكسيفتش سيكورسكي إستاذ في علم النفس وهو خليط من إثنية روسية وبولندية (نص روسي ونص بولندي)، ويرجع أصله إلى النبلاء البولنديين الذين أبعدوا بعد فشل ثورة يناير 1863. فإيفان ابن وحفيد لقساوسة الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية. وقد ناصر الأفكار الملكية والقومية الروسية وقد أثرت تلك على أفكار ابنه السياسية.

والدة ايجور واسمها: ماريا ستيفانوفنا سيكورسكايا وهي نصف أوكرانية (من الأب) ونصف الروسية (من الأم) وهي طبيبة ولكنها لم تمارس تلك الحرفة، وإن أعطت ابنها الذي يدرس منزليا حب الفن بشكل كبير وخاصة عن ليوناردو دا فينشي وقصص جول فيرن. بدأ ايجور تجربته مع نماذج آلات الطيران عند بلوغه من العمر 12 عاما فصنع مروحية صغيرة تعمل بالأحزمة المطاطية.

درس سيكورسكي بالكلية البحرية التابعة للجيش الروسي في سانت بطرسبرغ من عام 1903 حتى 1909، ولكنه لم ينه دراسته بشكل رسمي. فخلال الفترة من أواخر 1906 حتى 1907 ولفترة قصيرة درس الهندسة في باريس. وفي عام 1908 سافر مع والده إلى ألمانيا، وهناك رأى على غلاف صحيفة صورة لأحد أخوي رايت وبجانبه طائرته. وقد قال سيكورسكي بعد ذلك عن تلك اللحظة:«خلال 24 ساعة قررت تغيير حياتي المهنية وسوف أدرس الطيران.»

أعطته أخته بعض المصروف حتى يعود إلى باريس عام 1909. وكانت باريس مركز للطيران في أوروبا، وقد قابل الكثير من الطيارين الفرنسيين ومنهم لويس بليروات أول طيار عبر القنال الإنجليزي. وقد عاد ايجور إلى كييف بنفس العام وبدأ تجربته مع الآلات الطائرة.

مصمم الطائرة

في عام 1912 أصبح ايجور كبير المهندسين لمصنع سيارات سكك حديد البلطيق الروسية في سانت بطرسبرغ وفي عام 1914 نال شهادة فخرية في الهندسة بمعهد سانت بطرسبرغ للعلوم التطبيقية.

وخلال استعراض لطائرته ذات السجل القياسي (S-5)، ولكنها هبطت هبوطا اضطراريا، بسبب وجود بعوض دخل بخزان البنزين ثم سحبها الكاربراتير. وهذا الشيء اقنع سيكورسكي بالحاجة لطائرة تستمر بالطيران إذا ماتم فصل المحرك عنها. فصنع لطائرته الأخرى S-6 محركين وقد كانت اختيار الجيش الروسي.

أحد أعماله الهامة ككبير المهندسين انشائه أول طائرة رباعية المحركات وتسمى (سيكورسكي روسكي فيتياز)، وكان بالإضافة إلى ذلك الطيار لتلك الطائرة عندأول طيران لها، وكان بتاريخ 13 مايو 1913. وقد استخدمت تلك الطائرة بواسطة الروس كقاذفة قنابل بالحرب العالمية الأولى. وقد أَعطي بسبب ذلك وسام سنت فلاديمير الروسي.

بعد انتهاء الحرب انضم ايجور لفترة بسيطة كمهندس بالقوات الفرنسية في روسيا خلال الرحب الأهلية الروسية. وباحثا لنفسه على أي فرصة كمصمم طائرات في آوروبا التي مزقتها الحرب وخاصة روسيا التي دمرتها ثورة أكتوبر البلشفية بالكامل. فهاجر إلى الولايات المتحدة، فوصل أولا إلى نيويورك بتاريخ 30 مارس
1919.

أول عمل عمله بالولايات المتحدة هو مدرس بالمدرسة، ولكنه لم يئل جهدا بالبحث عن أي فرصة في مصنع للطيران. وفي عام 1923 ومن خلال مساعدة من بعض الضباط الروس السابقين أنشئ مجموعة سيكورسكي للطائرات. وكان الممول الرئيس له هو الملحن سيرجي رخمانينوف الذي عرف نفسه بكتابة شيك بمبلغ 5,000$ (وتقدر بالوقت الحالي ب 61,000$) رغم تضرر الشكل الأول لطائرته خلال الفحص الأول، إلا أنه تمكن من اقناع مموله الذي كان مترددا بالدفع باستثمار 2,500$ أخرى، مما ساعده بإنتاج طائرته S-29 وهي أول طائرة ثنائية المحرك بأمريكا وتحمل 14 راكب وتطير بسرعة 115 ميل/الساعة. تلك الطائرة وإن كانت أقل كفاءة من الطائرات العسكرية عام 1918 إلا أنها تمثل حياة أو موت له.

المواطنة الأمريكية
في عام 1928 تم تجنيس سيكورسكي الجنسية الأمريكية، وبالسنة التالية تم شراء شركة سيكورسكي للهندسة الجوية (Sikorsky Aero Engineering Company) من قبل (United Aircraft). تلك الشركة قد أنتجت طائرات بحرية والتي استخدمتها شركة بان آم للطيران برحلات عبر الأطلنطي والتي سميت Pan Am Clippers

كات لسيكورسكي تجربة فاشلة من طائرات المروحية عندما كان في روسيا. ولكن تلك التجربة بدأت تؤتي ثمارها بتاريخ 14 سبتمبر 1939 عندما طارت أول مروحية له المسماة (Vought-Sikorsky VS-300)، وهي مروحية بثلاث شفرات دوارة وثلاث بالذيل، قوة المحرك 75 حصان (56 وات). وطارت أول رحلة لها 26 مايو 1940، وهي أول مروحية أمريكية طارت بنجاح.

زواجه والأطفال
تزوج بأيغا فيودوروفنا سيمكوفيتش في روسيا، ولكنه طلقها قبل خروجه لأمريكا فبقيت هي في روسيا ومعها ابنتهما تانيا. وتزوج مرة أخرى في الولايات المتحدة بإليزابيث سيميون عام 1924 في نيويورك، فأنجب منها أربعة أطفال: سيرجي، نيكولاي، إيجور الصغير، وجورج.
 تانيا سيكورسكي فون يورك: (1918 - 22 سبتمبر 2008) ابنة سيكورسكي الوحيدة وكبرى أبنائه، فقد ولدت بمدينة كييف بالإمبراطورية الروسية ثم أكملت تعليمها بالولايات المتحدة فنالت الليسانس من كلية بارنارد والدكتوراه من جامعة يايل، وكانت أحد أعضاء هيئة التدريس في جامعة القلب المقدس في بريدجبورت بولاية كونكتيكت، حيث عملت أستاذ علم الاجتماع لمدة 20 عاما.
 سيرجي سيكورسكي: (1925 -) أكبر أبناء سيكورسكي، وخدم بحرس السواحل الأمريكية ونال الدبلوم من جامعة فلورنسا. وانضم إلى (United Technologies) عام 1951، وقد تقاعد كنائب مدير في شركة سيكورسكي عام 1992 .

وفاته
توفي سيكورسكي بمنزله في ايستون، ولاية كونكتيكت بتاريخ 26 أكتوبر 1972. وقد سمي جسر بمنطقته يمر على نهر هاوساتونك باسمه، وكذلك سمي باسمه المطار الذي بقرب شركة سيكورسكي لإنتاج الطائرات المروحية بنفس الولاية.

انظر أيضاً
 سيكورسكي للطائرات

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 إيجور سيكورسكي أجواء روسيا—حب الطائرات العملاقة—كتاب على الإنترنت عن الأيام الأولى لإيجور سيكورسكي
 إيجور سيكورسكي مادة منقولة من ميراث الولاية.org (مصدر)
 السيرة الذاتية من شركة سيكورسكي
 أرشيف سيكورسكي الرسمي
 إيجور سيكورسكي. مجلة التايم. 16 نوفمبر 1953. (غلاف)
 متحف نيو انجلاد الجوي
 «صوت أمريكا: الاكتشافات - مارس 27, 2002: إيجور سيكورسكي»
 إيجور سيكورسكي@Everything2.com
 اعادة تشريع قوانين عبور الأطلسي

حاصلون على وسام القديس فلاديمير
أرثوذكس شرقيون أمريكيون
أشخاص من إيستون (كونيتيكت)
أشخاص من كييف
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال روس في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال في مجال الطيران
أعضاء طيور الطيران المبكرة
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير المخترعين الوطنيين
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بريدجبورت (كونيتيكت)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة رود آيلاند
أمريكيون من أصل بولندي
أمريكيون من أصل روسي
المسيحيون الأرثوذكس الروس من الولايات المتحدة
تاريخ الطيران في الولايات المتحدة
حائزون على قلادة العلوم الوطنية الأمريكية
رواد الطيران
شخصيات أعمال من الإمبراطورية الروسية
علماء مسيحيون
مخترعو طيران
مخترعون أمريكيون
مخترعون روس
مروحيات سيكورسكي
مسيحيون أرثوذكس أوكرانيون
مسيحيون أرثوذكس روس
مصممو طائرات
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى الولايات المتحدة
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى فرنسا
مهندسو طيران أمريكيون
مهندسو فضاء أمريكيون
مهندسو فضاء روس
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مهندسون روس في القرن 20
مهندسون من كييف
مواليد 1889
مواليد في كييف
نبلاء روس
وفيات 1972
وفيات في إيستون (كونيتيكت)

إيغور سيكورسكي


Adolfo Sormani (født 11. august 1965) er en tidligere italiensk fodboldspiller og nuværende fodboldtræner, der pt. er uden klub.

Han har tidligere været cheftræner for FK Partizani i den albanske superliga, samt haft trænerjobs i ungdomsrækkerne hos storklubberne Juventus og Napoli. Han er søn af den tidligere fodboldspiller og træner Angelo Sormani.

Trænerkarriere
I juni 2017 blev Sormani ansat som ny cheftræner i Vejle Boldklub. Han valgte selv at stoppe i klubben den 5. marts 2019 midt i 2018-19-sæsonen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra S.S.C. Napoli
Fodboldspillere fra Parma FC
Fodboldtrænere fra Italien
Fodboldtrænere fra Watford F.C.
Fodboldtrænere fra Vejle Boldklub
Personer fra Napoli

Adolfo Sormani


Farsø Byliste var en lokal borgerliste med et upolitisk grundlag, der med udgangspunkt i Farsø stillede op til kommunalvalg i først Strandby-Farsø Kommune og senere i Farsø Kommune i perioden 1937 til 2001. Det lykkedes listen med Erik Rabøl Jørgensen i spidsen at erobre borgmesterposten i Farsø Kommune ved valget i 1986.

Resultater

Standby-Farsø Kommune (1937 - 1966)

Farsø Kommune (1970 - 2001)

Referencer

Borgerlister
Byliste

Farsø Byliste


Neyruz-sur-Moudon es una localidad y antigua comuna suiza del cantón de Vaud, situada en el distrito de Gros-de-Vaud. Desde el 1 de enero de 2013 hace parte de la comuna de Montanaire.

Historia
La primera mención escrita de Neyruz-sur-Moudon data de 1147 bajo el nombre de Noeruls, Nuruls. La comuna formó parte hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2007 del distrito de Moudon, círculo de Lucens. La comuna mantuvo su autonomía hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2012. El 1 de enero de 2013 pasó a ser una localidad de la comuna de Montanaire, tras la fusión de las antiguas comunas de Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges  y Thierrens.

Geografía
La antigua comuna limitaba al norte con las comunas de Denezy y Villars-le-Comte, al noreste con Lucens, al este con Bussy-sur-Moudon, al sur con Moudon y Saint-Cierges, y al suroeste con Thierrens.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Antiguas comunas de Vaud
Localidades de Vaud

Neyruz-sur-Moudon


An Dactylorhiza katarana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Helmut Baumann. An Dactylorhiza katarana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Greece. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza katarana


Prvenstvo Hrvatske u dvoranskom hokeju za muškarce za sezonu 2021./22. je osvojila "Mladost" iz Zagreba.
Prvenstvo je igrano od 23. siječnja do 27. veljače 2022. godine.

Sustav natjecanja
Osam momčadi je igralo jednokružnu ligu, a potom su četiri prvoplasireane momčadi igrale doigravanje za prvaka .

Sudionici
 Concordia 1906 - Zagreb
 Jedinstvo - Zagreb
 Marathon - Zagreb
 Mladost - Zagreb
 Mladost II - Zagreb
 Trešnjevka - Zagreb
 Zelina - Sveti Ivan Zelina
 Zrinjevac - Zagreb

Rezultati i ljestvice

Ligaški dio

 Ljestvica

 Rezultatska križaljka

Doigravanje

Konačni poredak

Povezani članci
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u dvoranskom Hokeju
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u hokeju na travi 2021./22.

Vanjske poveznice
 hhs-chf.hr, Dvoransko prvenstvo Hrvatske za seniore i seniorke

Izvori
 drive.google.com HHS Dowload zone - Zima 2021/2022, pristupljeno 1. studenog 2022.

2022

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u dvoranskom hokeju 2022.


Die Baiokassen (lateinisch Baiocasses), auch Bodiokassen (lat. Bodiocasses) waren ein keltischer Volksstamm, der in der Gegend des heutigen Bayeux ansässig war.

Stammesgebiet
Das Stammesgebiet der Baiokassen gehörte zu der von den Römern in der Antike mit Armorica bezeichneten nordwestlichen Küste Galliens, der heutigen Normandie im Nordwesten Frankreichs. Es wurde später nach der Eroberung durch das Römische Reich ein Teil der Provinz Gallia Lugdunensis. Eine seiner Städte, die Stadt Augustodurum, das heutige Bayeux, dessen Namen auf Civitas Baiocassium, die "Stadt der Baiokassen" zurückzuführen ist, entwickelte sich in der gallo-römischen Periode zu einem der wichtigsten Orte dieser Provinz.

Die Nachbarn der Baiokassen waren die Lexovier sowie die Veneller, sie werden als Klientenstamm der Esuvier genannt.

Antike schriftliche Quellen
Die Baiokassen waren wohl ein Teil einer Völkerschaft um die Lexovier. Diese werden erstmals um 58 v. Chr. von dem römischen Feldherrn und Autor Gaius Iulius Caesar in De Bello Gallico genannt. In diesem Bericht über seine Kriege in Gallien nennt Caesar die Baiokassen nicht, jedoch sollen diese mit den dann im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. von Plinius dem Älteren genannten Bodiocasses identisch sein. Der Name Baiocasses findet sich dann in einem römischen Staatshandbuch, der Notitia dignitatum, das vermutlich zu Beginn des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. geschrieben wurde.

In einem Gedicht des spätantiken römischen Dichters Ausonius aus dem 4. Jahrhundert findet sich der Hinweis auf die Abstammung eines Rhetorikprofessors "aus dem Druidengeschlecht der Baiokassen".

Stammesnamen
Es wird vermutet, dass der erste Teil des Stammesnamens der Baiokassen auf das keltische Wort für gelb oder blond badios zurückgeht, das sich auch als Eigenname auf einigen gallischen Grabinschriften findet. Die Herkunft des anderen Teils des Namens ist dagegen unsicher. Einmal könnte er mit dem Wort für Haar oder Haartracht casses verbunden werden, was nicht unumstritten den Gesamtnamen als blondgelockt ergeben könnte. Aber auch das Wort für Eiche cassano  könnte den zweiten Teil erklären.

Münzen
Die Baiokassen schlugen schon vor Ankunft der Römer zahlreiche Gold- und Silbermünzen, sogenannte Statere, und in Gold auch 1/24 Stater. Das keltische Münzwesen griff bei der Motivwahl griechische oder römische Münzvorbilder auf. Typische Goldstatere der Baiokassen der Jahre 60 bis 50 v. Chr. beispielsweise zeigen einen Eber oder ein Pferd sowie eine an griechische Münzen erinnernde Darstellung eines menschlichen Kopfes mit Bändern umgeben. Die Verbreitung von Münzfunden deutet auf intensive Handelsbeziehungen der Region nach Europa und vor allem auch England hin.

Anmerkungen

Literatur
 Baiocasses. In: Karl Ernst Georges: Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch. 8. Auflage. Band 1. Hahn, Hannover 1913, Sp. 778 (online).

 John Haywood: Atlas historique des Celtes. Paris 2002.

Keltischer Stamm
Gallier
Bayeux
Gallia Lugdunensis
Aremorica

Baiokassen


One Health (enska: "ein heilsa") er nálgun sem gengur út frá því að heilsa umhverfis, dýra og manna sé innbyrðis tengd. Hugtakið varð til í dýralæknisfræði sem viðbrögð við því að dýra- og mannasjúkdómar virðast breiðast út hraðar og víðar en áður, sem tengist meðal annars búsvæðaeyðingu villtra dýra. Hugtakið festist í sessi vegna ótta við faraldra af völdum sjúkdóma eins og fuglaflensu og svínaflensu sem geta borist úr dýrum í menn á 21. öld. Árið 2007 gaf Bandaríska læknafélagið út ályktun um One Health sem grundvöll samstarfs lækna og dýralækna, og árið 2008 gáfu Matvæla- og landbúnaðarstofnun Sameinuðu þjóðanna, Alþjóðadýraheilbrigðisstofnunin og Alþjóðaheilbrigðisstofnunin út sameiginleg meðmæli um notkun One Health-nálgunar til að takast á við áskoranir í lýðheilsu á heimsvísu.

Dýra- og mannasjúkdómar
Heilbrigðisstefna
Dýralækningar
Heilsa

One Health


L'Émoi du jazz by Dez Gad (EDJ), est un festival de musique en Côte d'Ivoire organisé chaque année au mois de mai depuis 2009. L'évènement s'est pérennisé au fil du temps pour être aujourd'hui considéré comme le plus grand festival de jazz en Côte d'Ivoire.

Fondée par le jazzman ivoirien Dez Gad (Désiré Coffi Gadeau), les artistes qui prennent part à ce festival sont aussi bien des artistes internationaux, des jeunes découvertes ou encore des artistes de la scène locale.

Description
L'objectif du festival est de contribuer à la favorisation et la diffusion de toutes les œuvres africaines. C'est aussi un moyen de permettre les contacts et les échanges entre professionnels du jazz et les amoureux. Ceci dans le but de contribuer à l'essor, au développement et à la sauvegarde du jazz en Afrique, en tant que moyen d'expression, d'éducation et de conscientisation.

Chaque année, l'émoi de jazz reçoit des milliers de festivaliers sous le slogan "Que du love!".

Programmation
Ce festival a accueilli de nombreux artistes de renommée internationale tels que:

Historique
Désiré Coffi Gadeau (16 avril 1955 - 30 avril 2014) dit « Dez Gad » crée en 2004 à Abidjan la Caravane du Jazz. Cette caravane se déplace à Abidjan, Yamoussokro et Grand Bassam pour démocratiser le Jazz auprès des populations locales. En 2006, Désiré Coffi Gadeau ouvre le Musci'All pour  accueillir les musiciens et les amoureux du jazz. À cette occasion, l'américain Russel Gun se produit pour la première fois en Côte d'Ivoire aux côtés de l'Ivoirien Narcisse Akou, véritable ami de DEZ GAD.

C'était le début d'une longue et belle aventure. En effet plusieurs autres grandes pointures ont, tour à tour, joué sur la scène du Music'All.

Fort de l'engouement du public, il lance pour la première fois en 2009, la première édition du Festival dénommé "L'émoi du Jazz" qui deviendra en 10 ans, le plus grand festival de Jazz de Côte d'Ivoire.

Dez Gad , grand passionné de Jazz, a tiré sa révérence le 30 avril 2014, à Abidjan, au soir de la journée mondiale du Jazz.

Aujourd'hui, sa famille pérennise son œuvre et sa vision de défendre le patrimoine culturel ivoirien à travers le jazz et ses musiques dérivés.

Prix «Parfum de Femme»
Au fil des ans, le festival a créé un prix pour honorer l'engagement des femmes dans la culture en Côte d'Ivoire.

édition (2018)

 Lors de la  édition le trophée a été reçu par Madame Gadeau Henriette en guise de reconnaissance pour sa mobilisation à valoriser l'œuvre de Dez Gad par la promotion du Jazz.

édition (2019)

 Pour sa  édition, le prix «Parfum de Femme» a été remis à Madame Wêrê Wêrê Liking Gnepo pour honorer et souligner sa contribution dans les Arts et la culture de Côte d'Ivoire.

Concours de jazz
Sont listés ci-dessous les récipiendaires du concours qui a lieu depuis 2016.Ce concours est organisé en partenariat avec l'UNESCO.

Références

Festival de jazz
Culture en Côte d'Ivoire

L'Émoi du jazz


A vz. 52 (7,62mm lehký kulomet vzor 52) é uma metralhadora leve tchecoslovaca desenvolvida após a Segunda Guerra Mundial para as forças armadas da Tchecoslováquia.

Descrição
A vz. 52 foi originalmente chamada de ZB 501, e foi projetada por Václav Holek. É operada a gás e usa um ferrolho basculante que trava em cima da caixa da culatra. Sua ação geral é baseada na metralhadora leve tcheca ZB-26. Possui bipé integral e canos intercambiáveis, e seu sistema de alimentação é projetado para receber fitas metálicas ou carregadores de caixa de forma intercambiável e sem modificações.

A vz. 52 inicialmente usava o cartucho tcheco 7,62×45mm, mas em meados da década de 1950 foi convertida para o cartucho padrão do Pacto de Varsóvia de 7,62×39mm por Jaroslav Myslík, e assim, nomeou a vz. 52/57. Ambas elas foram substituídas no serviço tcheco em 1963-64 pela metralhadora de uso geral UK vz. 59.

Metralhadoras leves
Armas de infantaria da Guerra Fria
Metralhadoras da Checoslováquia

Vz. 52 (metralhadora)