علم المياه الجوفية (Hydrogeology or Geohydrology) وتنقحر إلى الجيوهيدرولوجيا، والهيدروجيولوجيا، هو مجال من الجيولوجيا يتعامل مع توزيع وحركة المياه الجوفية في التربة والصخور في القشرة الأرضية (عادة في طبقات المياه الجوفية). وهو موضوع متعدد التخصصات. يمكن أن يكون من الصعب حساب كامل التفاعلات الكيميائية والفيزيائية والبيولوجية بل والقانونية بين التربة والمياه والطبيعة والمجتمع. دراسة التفاعل بين حركة المياه الجوفية والجيولوجيا يمكن أن تكون معقدة جدا. المياه الجوفية لا تتبع دائما تضاريس السطح؛ وتتبع المياه الجوفية تدرجات الضغط (التدفق من الضغط العالي إلى المنخفض)، وغالبا من خلال الكسور والقنوات في المسارات الدائرة. مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار التفاعل بين مختلف جوانب نظام متعدد المكونات غالبا ما يتطلب المعرفة في العديد من المجالات المتنوعة على المستويين التجريبي والنظري. وفيما يلي مقدمة أكثر تقليدية لطرق وتسميات الهيدرولوجيا المشبعة تحت السطحية.

تشمل هذه الدراسة المواضيع الرئيسية التالية:

 - منشأ المياه الجوفية
 - شروط تجمع وتوزع المياه الجوفية، والتوزع الحالي للطبقات الحاملة للماء
 - الخواص الفيزيائية والكيميائية والجرثومية والتركيب الغازي للمياه الجوفية
 - حركة المياه الجوفية ونظامها وتوازنها
 - تصنيف المياه الجوفية
 - دور المياه في العمليات الجيولوجية المختلفة، وفي تشكل مكامن الخامات المفيدة=
 - علاقة المياه بالإنشاءات الهندسية والزراعية والمنجمية وغيرها
 - استثمار وإدارة المياه الجوفية

الهيدروجيولوجيا فيما يتعلق بالمجالات الأخرى
وعلم المياه الهيدرولوجية، كما ذكر أعلاه، هو فرع من علوم الأرض يتناول تدفق المياه من خلال طبقات المياه الجوفية وغيرها من الوسائط المسامية الضحلة (عادة أقل من 450 م أو 1500 قدم تحت سطح الأرض). إن التدفق الضحل جدا للمياه في السطح تحت السطح (العلوي 3 أمتار أو 10 أقدام) له صلة بعلوم التربة والزراعة والهندسة المدنية، فضلا عن الهيدروجيولوجيا. التدفق العام للسوائل (الماء، الهيدروكربونات، سوائل الطاقة الحرارية الأرضية، الخ) في تشكيلات أعمق هو أيضا مصدر قلق الجيولوجيين، الجيوفيزيائيين والجيولوجيين النفط. المياه الجوفية هي بطيئة الحركة، لزج السوائل (مع عدد رينولدز أقل من الوحدة). العديد من القوانين المستمدة تجريبيا من تدفق المياه الجوفية يمكن أن تكون مشتقة بالتناوب في ميكانيكا السوائل من حالة خاصة من تدفق ستوكس (اللزوجة وشروط الضغط، ولكن لا مصطلح بالقصور الذاتي).

العلاقات الرياضية المستخدمة لوصف تدفق المياه من خلال الوسائط التي يسهل اختراقها هي المعادلات نشر ولابلاس، والتي لديها تطبيقات في العديد من المجالات المتنوعة. وقد تمت محاكاة تدفق المياه الجوفية المستقرة (معادلة لابلاس) باستخدام مقاييس التوصيل الكهربائي والمرن والحرارة. إن تدفق المياه الجوفية العابرة يشبه انتشار الحرارة في مادة صلبة، ولذلك تم تكييف بعض الحلول للمشاكل الهيدرولوجية من أدبيات نقل الحرارة.

تقليديا، تم دراسة حركة المياه الجوفية بشكل منفصل عن المياه السطحية، وعلم المناخ، وحتى الجوانب الكيميائية والميكروبيولوجية للهيدروجيولوجيا (العمليات غير مقيدة). ومع نضوج مجال الهيدروجيولوجيا، أصبحت التفاعلات القوية بين المياه الجوفية والمياه السطحية وكيمياء المياه ورطوبة التربة وحتى المناخ أكثر وضوحا.

كاليفورنيا وواشنطن على حد سواء تتطلب شهادة خاصة من الهيدروجيولوجيين لتقديم الخدمات المهنية للجمهور. تحتاج تسع وعشرون ولاية إلى ترخيص مهني لجيولوجيين لتقديم خدماتهم للجمهور، والتي غالبا ما تشمل العمل في مجالات تطوير وإدارة و / أو معالجة موارد المياه الجوفية. [1]

على سبيل المثال: قد يكون سحب المياه الجوفية أو السحب على المكشوف وضخ المياه الأحفورية عاملا مساهما في ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر. [2]

تعاريف وخصائص المواد
المادة الرئيسية: طبقة المياه الجوفية

وتتمثل إحدى المهام الرئيسية التي يقوم بها أخصائي الهيدرولوجيا عادة في التنبؤ بالسلوك المستقبلي لنظام المياه الجوفية، استنادا إلى تحليل الملاحظات السابقة والحالية. بعض الأسئلة الافتراضية، ولكن المميزة التي طرحت هي:

هل يمكن أن تدعم طبقة المياه الجوفية شعبة فرعية أخرى؟

هل يجف النهر إذا كان المزارع يضاعف ريه؟

هل انتقلت المواد الكيميائية من مرفق التنظيف الجاف عبر طبقة المياه الجوفية إلى بئرتي وجعلني مريضة؟

هل سيتدفق تدفق النفايات السائلة إلى نظام مياه الصرف الصحي في جاري إلى بئر مياه الشرب؟

ويمكن معالجة معظم هذه الأسئلة من خلال محاكاة النظام الهيدرولوجي (باستخدام نماذج رقمية أو معادلات تحليلية). وتتطلب المحاكاة الدقيقة لنظام طبقات المياه الجوفية معرفة خصائص طبقات المياه الجوفية وظروف الحدود. ولذلك، فإن مهمة مشتركة من أخصائي الهيدروجيولوجيا هي تحديد خصائص طبقة المياه الجوفية باستخدام اختبارات طبقة المياه الجوفية.

ومن أجل زيادة توصيف طبقات المياه الجوفية والمائية، يتم إدخال بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية الأولية والمشتقة أدناه. وتصنف الطبقات الجوفية على نطاق واسع بأنها إما مقصورة أو غير مقيدة (طبقات المياه الجوفية)، إما مشبعة أو غير مشبعة؛ فإن نوع طبقة المياه الجوفية يؤثر على الخصائص التي تتحكم في تدفق المياه في تلك الوسيلة (على سبيل المثال، يرتبط إطلاق المياه من التخزين لأحواض المياه الجوفية المحصورة بالتخزينية، في حين أنها ترتبط بالعائد المحدد للخزانات الجوفية غير المحصورة).

رأس هيدروليكي
المادة الرئيسية: رأس هيدروليكي

الاختلافات في الرأس الهيدروليكي (ح) تسبب الماء للانتقال من مكان إلى آخر. وتتدفق المياه من مواقع ارتفاع ح إلى مواقع منخفضة h. يتكون الرأس الهيدروليكي من رأس الضغط (ψ) ورئيس الارتفاع (ض). تدرج الرأس هو التغيير في الرأس الهيدروليكي في طول مسار التدفق، ويظهر في قانون دارسي بأنه يتناسب مع التفريغ.

الرأس الهيدروليكي هو خاصية قابلة للقياس مباشرة يمكن أن تأخذ على أي قيمة (بسبب المسند التعسفي تشارك في مصطلح z). ψ يمكن قياسها بمحول الضغط (يمكن أن تكون هذه القيمة سالبة، على سبيل المثال، شفط، ولكنها إيجابية في طبقات المياه الجوفية المشبعة)، ويمكن قياس z بالنسبة إلى مسند مسح (عادة أعلى غلاف البئر). عادة، في الآبار التنصت المياه الجوفية غير مقسمة يتم استخدام مستوى المياه في بئر كبديل للرئيس الهيدروليكي، على افتراض عدم وجود التدرج الرأسي للضغط. في كثير من الأحيان فقط التغييرات في الرأس الهيدروليكي من خلال الوقت هناك حاجة، لذلك يمكن استبعاد مصطلح رئيس الارتفاع ثابت (Δh = Δψ).

سجل الهيدروليكي من خلال الوقت في البئر هو هيدروغراف أو، وتسمى التغييرات في الرأس الهيدروليكي سجلت خلال ضخ بئر في اختبار السحب.

المسامية
المادة الرئيسية: المسامية

المسامية (n) هي خاصية طبقة المياه الجوفية القابلة للقياس مباشرة؛ فهو جزء بين 0 و 1 يشير إلى مقدار المسام بين جزيئات التربة غير المجمعة أو داخل صخور مكسورة. وعادة ما تتحرك غالبية المياه الجوفية (وأي شيء يذوب فيها) من خلال المسامية المتاحة للتدفق (وتسمى أحيانا المسامية الفعالة). النفاذية هو تعبير عن الترابط من المسام. على سبيل المثال، قد تكون وحدة الصخور غير المجهزة مسامية عالية (لديها الكثير من الثقوب بين الحبوب المكونة لها)، ولكن نفاذية منخفضة (لا ترتبط أي من المسام). ومن الأمثلة على هذه الظاهرة الخفاف الذي يمكن أن يجعل طبقة المياه الجوفية الفقيرة، عندما تكون في حالتها غير المستقرة.

ولا تؤثر المسامية تأثيرا مباشرا على توزيع الرأس الهيدروليكي في طبقة المياه الجوفية، ولكن لها تأثير قوي جدا على هجرة الملوثات الذائبة، لأنها تؤثر على سرعات تدفق المياه الجوفية من خلال علاقة متناسبة عكسيا.

محتوى الماء
المادة الرئيسية: محتوى الماء

محتوى الماء (θ) هو أيضا خاصية قابلة للقياس مباشرة؛ هو جزء من مجموع الصخور التي مليئة الماء السائل. هذا هو أيضا جزء بين 0 و 1، ولكن يجب أيضا أن يكون أقل من أو يساوي المسامية الكلية.

محتوى الماء مهم جدا في الهيدرولوجيا منطقة فادوس، حيث التوصيل الهيدروليكي هو وظيفة غير الخطية بقوة من محتوى الماء. وهذا يعقد حل معادلة تدفق المياه الجوفية غير المشبعة.

الموصلية الهيدروليكية
المادة الرئيسية: الموصلية الهيدروليكية

الموصلية الهيدروليكية (K) وترانزميسيفيتي (T) هي خصائص طبقة المياه الجوفية غير المباشرة (لا يمكن قياسها مباشرة). T هو K المتكامل على السماكة العمودية (b) من الطبقة الجوفية (T = كب عندما يكون K ثابتا على السماكة بأكملها). وهذه الخصائص هي مقاييس لقدرة طبقة المياه الجوفية على نقل المياه. النفاذية الذاتية (κ) هي خاصية متوسطة ثانوية لا تعتمد على اللزوجة وكثافة السائل (K و T خاصة بالماء). فإنه يستخدم أكثر في صناعة النفط.

تخزين محددة ومردود محدد
المقالة الرئيسية: تخزين محدد

التخزين الخاص (سس) ومكافئته المتكاملة العميقة، ستوراتيفيتي (S = سب)، هي خصائص طبقة المياه الجوفية غير المباشرة (لا يمكن قياسها مباشرة). فإنها تشير إلى كمية المياه الجوفية الصادرة من التخزين بسبب وحدة خفض درجة حرارة طبقة المياه الجوفية المحصورة. وهي كسور بين 0 و 1.

المحصول النوعي (سي) هو أيضا نسبة بين 0 و 1 (سي ≤ المسامية) ويشير إلى كمية المياه الصادرة بسبب الصرف من خفض الجدول المائي في طبقة المياه الجوفية غير محصورة. قيمة العائد المحدد أقل من قيمة المسامية لأن بعض الماء سيبقى في الوسط حتى بعد الصرف بسبب القوى بين الجزيئات. غالبا ما يتم استخدام المسامية أو المسامية الفعالة كحد أعلى إلى العائد المحدد. عادة ما تكون أوامر سي أكبر من سس.

خصائص نقل الملوثات
في كثير من الأحيان نحن مهتمون في كيفية نقل المياه الجوفية نقل الملوثات الذائبة حول (المجال الفرعي من الهيدروجيولوجيا الملوثة). ويمكن أن تكون الملوثات من صنع الإنسان (مثل المنتجات البترولية أو النترات أو الكروم أو النويدات المشعة) أو تحدث طبيعيا (مثل الزرنيخ والملوحة). وإلى جانب الحاجة إلى فهم أين تتدفق المياه الجوفية، استنادا إلى الخصائص الهيدرولوجية الأخرى التي نوقشت أعلاه، هناك خصائص إضافية للمياه الجوفية تؤثر على كيفية انتقال الملوثات المذابة بالماء الجوف.

تشتت الهيدروديناميكية
ويعتبر التشتت الهيدروديناميكي (αL، αT) عاملا تجريبيا يحدد كم من الملوثات بعيدا عن مسار المياه الجوفية التي تحمله. بعض الملوثات سوف تكون «خلف» أو «أمام» متوسط المياه الجوفية، مما يؤدي إلى تشتت طولية (αL)، وبعضها سيكون «إلى جانبي» تدفق المياه الجوفية أدفكتيف النقي، مما يؤدي إلى تشتت عرضية (αT). وينشأ التشتت في المياه الجوفية لأن كل «جسيم» مائي يتجاوز جسيم التربة، يجب أن يختار أين يذهب، سواء كان اليسار أو اليمين أو صعودا أو هبوطا، بحيث تنتشر تدريجيا جزيئات الماء (ومذيباتها) في جميع الاتجاهات حول المسار المتوسط. هذه هي الآلية «المجهرية»، على نطاق جزيئات التربة. الأهم من ذلك، على مسافات طويلة، يمكن أن يكون التجانس العيانية من طبقة المياه الجوفية، والتي يمكن أن يكون مناطق من أكبر أو أصغر نفاذية، بحيث بعض المياه يمكن أن تجد مسار تفضيلي في اتجاه واحد، وبعضها الآخر في اتجاه مختلف، بحيث الملوثات يمكن أن تنتشر بطريقة غير منتظمة تماما، كما هو الحال في دلتا (ثلاثي الأبعاد) من النهر.

التشتت هو في الواقع عاملا يمثل نقصنا في المعلومات حول النظام الذي نحاكيه. هناك العديد من التفاصيل الصغيرة حول طبقة المياه الجوفية التي يتم حسابها في المتوسط عند استخدام نهج ماكروسكوبي (على سبيل المثال، أسرة صغيرة من الحصى والطين في طبقات المياه الجوفية الرملية)، فإنها تظهر نفسها على أنها تشتت واضح. وبسبب هذا، غالبا ما يزعم أن α تعتمد على نطاق طول المشكلة - فإن التشتت الذي تم العثور عليه للنقل من خلال 1 م 3 من طبقة المياه الجوفية يختلف عن ذلك بالنسبة للنقل من خلال 1 سم 3 من نفس طبقة المياه الجوفية. [3]

الانتشار الجزيئي
الانتشار هو ظاهرة فيزيائية أساسية، والتي وصفها أينشتاين بأنها حركة براونية، التي تصف الحركة الحرارية العشوائية للجزيئات والجسيمات الصغيرة في الغازات والسوائل. وهي ظاهرة هامة لمسافات صغيرة (وهو أمر ضروري لتحقيق التوازن الحراري الديناميكي)، ولكن، حيث أن الوقت اللازم لتغطية مسافة عن طريق الانتشار يتناسب مع مربع المسافة نفسها، فإنه غير فعال لنشر المذاب على المسافات المجهرية. وعادة ما يكون معامل الانتشار، D، صغيرا جدا، ويمكن اعتبار تأثيره ضئيلا (ما لم تكن سرعات تدفق المياه الجوفية منخفضة للغاية، كما هي في أحواض المياه الطينية).

من المهم عدم الخلط بين الانتشار مع التشتت، حيث أن الأول هو ظاهرة مادية، وهذا الأخير هو عامل تجريبي يلقي في شكل مماثل للنشر، لأننا نعرف بالفعل كيفية حل هذه المشكلة.

التخلف عن طريق الامتصاص
عامل التخلف هو سمة أخرى هامة جدا تجعل حركة الملوث تحيد عن متوسط حركة المياه الجوفية. وهو مماثل لعامل التخلف اللوني. وخلافا للانتشار والتشتت، والتي تنتشر ببساطة الملوث، عامل التخلف يغير سرعة المتوسط العالمي، بحيث يمكن أن يكون أبطأ بكثير من الماء. ويرجع ذلك إلى التأثير الكيميائي الفيزيائي: الامتزاز للتربة، الذي يحمل الملوثات مرة أخرى ولا يسمح لها بالتقدم حتى يتم تكثيف الكمية المقابلة لتوازن الامتزاز الكيميائي. هذا التأثير مهم بشكل خاص للملوثات أقل قابلية للذوبان، وبالتالي يمكن أن تتحرك حتى مئات أو آلاف مرات أبطأ من المياه. تأثير هذه الظاهرة هو أن الأنواع القابلة للذوبان فقط يمكن أن تغطي مسافات طويلة. ويعتمد عامل التخلف على الطبيعة الكيميائية لكل من الملوثات والأحواض الجوفية.

فروع
تتفرع الهيدروجيولوجيا إلى عدد من العلوم من بينها:

 هيدروجيولوجيا العامة والنظرية
 حركة المياه الجوفية
 الهيدروجيوكيمياء
 هيدروجيولوجيا مكامن الخامات المفيدة
 علم المياه المعدنية العلاجية والمياه الحارة
 الهيدروجيولوجيا الإشعاعية
 الهيدروجيولوجيا الإقليمية
 طرق الدراسات الهيدروجيولوجية

المصادر:

المقدمة / الهيدروجيولوجيا فيما يتعلق بالمجالات الأخرى/ تعاريف وخصائص المواد

Hydrogeology#Hydraulic head

مراجع

هيدروجيولوجيا
علم طبقات الأرض
ماء

علم المياه الجوفية


Aydincik (numit in antichitate Kelenderis) este un oraș și un district în provincia turcă Mersin. Districtul este situat în partea de sud a provinciei. Orașul în sine este situat direct pe malul Mării Mediterane pe drumul european E90. Aydincik are o populație de 9.050 de locuitori, în timp ce districtul are 11.885 de locuitori (în 2010). În afară de orașul Aydincik, districtul conține încă patru comune și 10 sate.

Până în 1965, Aydincik a fost numit încă Gilindire, care este forma turcă a cuvântului Kelenderis. Orașul are o istorie lungă și a găzduit mai multe popoare. Începând cu secolul al X-lea a intrat sub stăpânirea turcilor. Până la Schimburile de populație dintre Grecia și Turcia din 1920 au trăit aici, alături de turci, greci creștini, turci din Rum. În 1972 a fost înființată primăria și în 1987 s-a format districtul Aydincik.

Note

Bibliografie

 The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister)Princeton University Press, 1976.
 Günaydın, Kelenderis, Mustafa Yalçıner, 2004.
 Reference article in Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)] (12.66)
 Reference article in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD)] (11.91)
 Reference article written by S. Pétridès. Transcribed by Gerald M. Knight.
 Karamania, Sir Francis Beaufort
 L. Zoroğlu (1994) Kelenderis I, Kaynaklar, Kalıntılar, Buluntlar (Kelendris I, Sources Remains and Finds), Ankara

Legături externe

 District governor's official website
 Map of Aydıncık and its environs

Orașe din Turcia

Aydıncık


Tuy () je rijeka na sjeveru Venecuele, duga 293 km, najveća i najznačajnija rijeka u saveznoj državi Mirandi.

Riječni tijek

Rijeka izvire u planinskom masivu Karipske Ande na obroncima planine u saveznoj državi Aragua, na nadmorskoj visini od 2.426 metara. Od izvora rijeka teče prema istoku, preko dubokih kanjon probijajući se kroz planinski teren države Mirande u dužini od nekih 200 km. Zatim skreće prema sjeveru prema ušću u Karipsko more kod grada Río Chico.

Najveće pritoke su joj rijeke Guaire i Caucagua.

Dolina rijeke poznata je po proizvodnji kakaa. Gotovo polovicu venezuelanske proizvodnje daju regija Barlovento iz Mirande uz susjedne terene u saveznoj državi Anzoátegui.

Izvori

 Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Vanjske poveznice

  Río Tuy na portalu Historia delos valles del tuy

Rijeke u Venezueli

Tuy (rijeka)


Archibald Denis Leigh, né le  et mort le  est un médecin britannique. On lui doit la description du syndrome (ou maladie) de Leigh.

Biographie

Travaux

Liens externes

Source

Références

Médecin britannique du XXe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1915
Décès en avril 1998
Décès à 82 ans

Archibald Denis Leigh


Patricia Petibon (Montargis, Francia, 27 de febrero de 1970) es una soprano de coloratura francesa.

Biografía
Patricia Petibon es conocida por su repertorio de música barroca francesa y Mozart así como por su repertorio moderno (Francis Poulenc). En 2010 aborda uno de los papeles más complejos de la ópera del siglo XX y, en cierto modo, opuesto a su repertorio habitual  como es el papel de Lulu de Alban Berg. Su tesitura aguda es muy amplia, así como su capacidad gestual de interpretación.

Comenzó sus estudios de música en el conservatorio de Tours donde formó parte del coro de la ópera. Más tarde estudió en el Conservatorio de París con Rachel Yakar, cantante que había trabajado con Harnoncourt, y el director William Christie, donde obtuvo el primer premio en 1995, es también licenciada en Bellas Artes y Musicología.

Empezó a trabajar como cantante a las órdenes de William Christie con Les Arts Florissants con repertorio barroco y clásico. Más tarde, abordó el papel de Olimpia de Los cuentos de Hoffmann, Norina en Don Pasquale, Serpette en La finta giardiniera de Mozart, Zerbinetta de Ariadne auf Naxos y Constanza, en Diálogos de carmelitas. En concierto, ha cantado Carmina Burana, La de Pasión di Gesù de Caldara, con Fabio Biondi y las Melodías de melancolía de Bacri. Ha colaborado con Nikolaus Harnoncourt en conciertos en el Musikverein de Viena y en la grabación dermida de Haydn junto a Cecilia Bartoli.

Ha grabado obras de Jean-Baptiste Lully, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Rameau, Couperin, Handel, Gluck, Amadeus Mozart, Haydn, Aaron Copland, Caldara, Leonard Bernstein, Samuel Barber, Debussy, Mehul, Jommelli, Jacques Offenbach, Delibes, Poulenc, Nicolas Racot de Grandval y Jean-Pierre Bacri.

Petibon ha trabajado con directores de la talla de William Christie, John Eliot Gardiner, Marc Minkowski, Nikolaus Harnoncourt y Concentus Musicus Wien, Robert Wilson, la Orquesta Nacional de España y Josep Pons e incluso el grupo de rap Futuristi o el cantante Florent Pagny.

Ha hecho incursiones en la zarzuela interpretando el papel de Carolina en Luisa Fernanda, de Federico Moreno Torroba, de la mano de Plácido Domingo en Viena, en 2008.

Discografía
En solitario
 Airs baroques français, Les Folies françoises (2002)
 Les Fantaisies de Patricia Petibon (2004)
 French Touch (2004)
 Amoureuses (2008)
 Rosso (2010)
 Melancolía (2011)
 Nouveau Monde (2012).

Opera/opereta/oratorio
 Georg Friedrich Haendel: Acis et Galatée, William Christie, Les Arts Florissants (1990), Damon
 Étienne Nicolas Méhul: Stratonice, Christie (1996), Stratonice
 Stefano Landi: Il Sant'Alessio, Christie (1996), Alessio
 Jean-Philippe Rameau: Hippolyte et Aricie, Christie (1997), sacerdotisa / pastora
 Léo Delibes: Lakmé, Michel Plasson, Chœur & Orchestre du Capitole de Toulouse (1998), Ellen
 Antonio Caldara: La passione di Gesù Cristo signor nostro, Fabio Biondi, Europa Galante (1999), Maddalena
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: L'enlèvement au sérail, Christie (1999), Blonde
 Jules Massenet: Werther, Antonio Pappano (1999), Sophie
 Joseph Haydn: Armida, Nikolaus Harnoncourt (2000), Zelmira
 Jacques Offenbach: Orphée aux enfers, Marc Minkowski (2002), Cupidon
 Marc-Antoine Charpentier: La descente d'Orphée aux enfers H.480, Pastoraletta H.492, Christie (2005), Daphné
 Niccolò Jommelli: Armida abbandonata, Christophe Rousset, Les Talens Lyriques (2005), Ubaldo / un ayuda de cámara
 Joseph Haydn: Orlando paladino, Harnoncourt (2006), Angelica
 Jacques Offenbach: Les contes d'Hoffmann (2006), Olympia
 Ferdinand Hérold: Zampa (2008), Camille
 Carl Orff: Carmina Burana, Daniel Harding (2010).

Misas
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Gran misa en do menor K. 427, Christie (1999)
 François Couperin: Oficio de tinieblas, Christie (1997).

Como colaboradora
 American Boychoir, Christine King: Fast Cats and Mysterious Cows ~ Songs from America (1999)
 Marc-Antoine Charpentier: Divertissements, airs et concerts, William Christie, Les Arts Florissants (1999)
 Ensemble Amarillis: Amour & mascarade: Purcell et l'Italie (1999)
 Ophélie Gaillard: Cuvée 2000 (2001)
 George Frideric Handel: Arcadian Duets (2002)
 Florent Pagny: Baryton (2004)
 Florent Pagny: Baryton - L'intégrale du spectacle (2005)
 Marc-Antoine Charpentier: Les plaisirs de Versailles, Christie (2005).

Filmografía
 Dialogues des Carmélites (1999), Sor Constance
 Orphée et Eurydice (2000), Amor
 Die Entführung aus dem Serail (2003), Blonde
 Les Indes galantes (2004), Zima
 French Touch (2004), recital de arias de ópera y opereta con Susan Manoff (piano), François Polli (violoncelo), Joël Grare (percusión) y Raphaël Cottin (danza)
 Lulu, de Alban Berg, versión Liceu (2011), Lulu
 Lulu, de Alban Berg, versión Salzburgo (2012), Lulu.

Premios
 1998 • Victoires de la musique classique: artista lírico revelación
 2001 • Victoires de la musique classique: artista lírico del año
 2003 • Victoires de la musique classique: artista lírico del año
 2009 • BBC Music Magazine Award: mejor álbum de ópera (Amoureuses)
 2012 • Premio «Maria Callas» de la Académie du Disque Lyrique de París, por su papel protagonista en Lulu, de Alban Berg.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Entrevista y biografía, en ODB-opera.com.
 Entrevista a Patricia Petibon.
 Ficha de Patricia Petibon en IMDb.

Sopranos de Francia
Sopranos en el Teatro Real
Artistas de Deutsche Grammophon
Artistas de Sony Classical Records
Nacidos en Montargis
Músicos clásicos del siglo XX de Francia
Músicos clásicos del siglo XXI de Francia

Patricia Petibon


Stephen John Ging Fearing (born January 14 1963) is a Canadian roots/folk singer-songwriter. In addition to his solo career, Fearing co-founded Canadian roots-rock supergroup Blackie and the Rodeo Kings with Colin Linden and Tom Wilson. He is one half of the duo Fearing & White, with Irish artist Andy White.

Solo career
Stephen Fearing was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, and raised in Dublin, Ireland. He returned to Canada in 1981 via Minneapolis, Minnesota, and began pursuing a career in music. Soon after his return, he released a cassette-only, self-titled album in 1986. He was then signed to the Canadian label Aural Tradition. In 1988 he released Out to Sea, which was co-produced by Steve Darke and Fearing in Vancouver. The album was followed by Blue Line, in 1991, which was produced in London by Clive Gregson and features B.J. Cole on pedal steel.

Soon after, Fearing was signed to True North Records. It was also at this time that he began working with manager Bernie Finkelstein. True North re-released Fearing's first two efforts Out to Sea and Blue Line. His first official release for the label was The Assassin's Apprentice, in 1994. Produced by Los Lobos' Steve Berlin, the album features musical contributions from Sarah McLachlan and Richard Thompson. It was nominated for Best Roots & Traditional Album at the 1995 Juno Awards.

In 1996, Fearing joined forces with Colin Linden and Tom Wilson to form Blackie and the Rodeo Kings. Originally teaming up to record a tribute album to the work of Ontario-born songwriter Willie P. Bennett, the band has gone on to write and record original material for a series of critically acclaimed albums.

Fearing returned to his solo career with 1998's Industrial Lullaby. The album features two co-writes with Blackie and the Rodeo Kings bandmate Tom Wilson. It also includes a collaboration with Willie P. Bennett on the track "Coryanna". The album went on to earn a Best Roots & Traditional Album nomination at the 1998 Juno Awards.

In 2000, Fearing released So Many Miles. Recorded by Colin Linden, the album compiles two nights of performances at Toronto's Tranzac and is made up of songs from his catalogue and a cover of Neil Young's "Thrasher", which he had originally recorded for the 1994 album Borrowed Tunes: A Tribute to Neil Young.

For his next album, That's How I Walk, Fearing enlisted the help of Colin Linden as a co-producer. The sessions for the album took place in Toronto and Nashville and featured the backing band of Gary Craig (drums and percussion), John Dymond (bass), Ben Riley (drums and percussion), and Roberto Occhipinti (upright bass). Richard Bell, Ian Thornley (Big Wreck), Leonard Podolak (Scruj MacDuk), and Shawn Colvin also made guest appearances. The album was mastered by John Whynot. Its cover photo was shot by Margaret Malandruccolo and features art direction from Michael Wrycraft. Considered one of Fearing's definitive works, it was nominated for Best Roots and Traditional Album at the 2003 Juno Awards.

His next album, Yellowjacket, saw him taking on the role of producer for the first time on his own. Scott Merritt engineered and mixed the session. The title track was written with Tom Wilson. The idea was spawned following a drive they shared from Nashville to Ontario while taking Yellow Jacket caffeine pills to stay awake. The album features performances from Dan Whiteley (Heartbreak Hill), Jeff Bird (Cowboy Junkies), backing vocalist Suzie Vinnick, Josh Finlayson, Colin Linden, Gary Craig, John Dymond and Richard Bell. It went on to earn Fearing his first solo Juno Award, taking home the 2007 Roots & Traditional Album of the Year: Solo award.

In 2009, Fearing returned with The Man Who Married Music, a best-of collection compiling songs from his back catalogue and featuring two new tracks ("The Big East West" and "No Dress Rehearsal"). Following the release of the album, he left True North Records after 20 years.

Between Hurricanes was released January 29, 2013, on LowdenProud Records. The album features 10 songs written or co-written by Fearing with a bonus cover of the Gordon Lightfoot song "Early Morning Rain". The record was coproduced by John Whynot, who has worked with Fearing on numerous Blackie and the Rodeo Kings albums.

In 2017 Fearing released his 10th solo album, Every Soul's a Sailor. The album was preceded by the single "Blowhard Nation", an anti-Trump protest song which was released in September 2016 prior to the controversial United States presidential election that year. Recorded primarily at Canterbury Music Company in July 2016, the record was co-produced by Fearing and David Travers-Smith. Gary Craig (drums) and John Dymond (bass), the acclaimed rhythm section for Blackie and The Rodeo Kings for over 20 years, performed on the album. Rose Cousins provided guest vocals for the tracks "Gone But Not Forgotten" and "Red Lights in the Rain", and co-producer Travers-Smith plays horns for "Gone But Not Forgotten". The album was named the 2017 Worldwide Album of the Year by Blues & Roots Radio and earned Fearing the 2017 Contemporary Singer of the Year award from the Canadian Folk Music Awards.

He followed up the acclaimed studio album with a limited-edition, vinyl-only release The Secret of Climbing on September 10, 2018. Fearing collaborated on the project with two music industry legends: the album's co-producer and veteran engineer Roy Gandy, co-founder of UK-based hi-fi manufacturer Rega Research, and international mastering engineer Ray Staff.

Fearing has also produced recordings for other artists, including Suzie Vinnick's Juno-nominated Happy Here (2008), for which Fearing co-wrote most of the songs.

Fearing and White
In 2011, Fearing collaborated with longtime friend, Northern Ireland–born performer Andy White, to write and record a full-length album, Fearing & White. Produced by Scott Merritt at his Guelph studio, the Cottage, the record features thirteen songs, written over the course of the duo's ten-year friendship.

In 2014 the duo released a second album, Tea and Confidences, on LowdenProud Records.

Discography

Albums

Production

Singles

References

External links
 Stephen Fearing

1963 births
Living people
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Canadian folk guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Canadian alternative country singers
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Singers from Vancouver
Singers from Dublin (city)
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian folk rock musicians
Canadian record producers
20th-century Canadian male singers
20th-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian guitarists
Juno Award for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year – Solo winners
Canadian Folk Music Award winners
21st-century Canadian male singers
Red House Records artists
20th-century Canadian singer-songwriters
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters

Stephen Fearing


An Eragrostiella bifaria in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Vahl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Norman Loftus Bor. An Eragrostiella bifaria in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostiella, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 E. b. secunda
 E. b. walkeri

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eragrostiella

Eragrostiella bifaria


بلدية شيركوس , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 295 نسمة.

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية

شيركوس


Raul de França — Rodulfus em latim; rei da Frância Ocidental entre 923 e 936
Rodolfo I da Borgonha — primeiro rei da Borgonha Transjurana ou Alta Borgonha
Rodolfo I da Boêmia — rei da Boémia  e duque da Áustria e da Estíria (como Rodolfo III, entre 1298 e 1307
Rodolfo I da Germânia — ou  Rodolfo IV de Habsburgo; Rei dos Romanos entre 1273 e 1291
Rodolfo I de Hachberg-Sausenberg — marquês de Baden-Hachberg   e marquês de Hachberg-Sausenberg
Rodolfo II do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico — que também foi rei da Hungria e da Croácia entre 1572 e 1608 com o título de Rudolfo I

Desambiguações de antropônimos

Rodolfo I


سانتا الشرير هو فلم كوميدي رشح لجائزة غولدن غلوب سنة 2003, الفيلم من إخراج تيري زويغوف وإنتاج الأخوين كوين
بطولة بيلي بوب ثورنتون (الشخصية الرئيسية) وتوني كوكس كشريك في الجريمة.

الممثلون
 بيرني ماك
 جون ريتر
 لورين غراهام
 لورين توم
 إيثان فيليب
 بريت كيلي
 كلوريس ليتشمان

وصلات خارجية

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2003
أفلام إنتاج كولومبيا بيكتشرز
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في أريزونا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في فلوريدا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مراكز تسوق
أفلام تقع أحداثها في ميامي (فلوريدا)
أفلام جريمة كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام جريمة كوميدية إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام جنسية كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام ديمينجن فيلمز
أفلام عن الانتحار
أفلام عن إدمان الكحول
أفلام عن سرقة
أفلام عيد الميلاد الأمريكية
أفلام عيد الميلاد في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميديا سوداء أمريكية
أفلام كوميديا سوداء في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميدية أمريكية عن عيد الميلاد
أفلام كوميدية جنسية في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميدية سوداء في 2003
أفلام كوميدية عن عيد الميلاد في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميدية في 2003
أفلام مصورة في كاليفورنيا
أفلام ميراماكس
سانتا كلوز في الأفلام

سانتا الشرير (فيلم)


Johannes Kessler (* 28. März 1992 in Würzburg) ist ein deutscher Volleyballspieler.

Karriere
Kessler begann seine Volleyball-Karriere beim SV Bruckmühl. Von dort kam der Diagonalangreifer zu Generali Haching. In Haching spielte er zunächst mit der zweiten Mannschaft in der Landesliga, ehe er 2011 in den Bundesliga-Kader aufgenommen wurde. 2012 wechselte Kessler zum Zweitligisten TSV Grafing. Seit 2013 spielt er beim Ligakonkurrenten TSV Herrsching, mit dem ihm der Aufstieg in die erste Bundesliga gelang. Seit 2018 ist Kessler Spielertrainer der zweiten Mannschaft in der Regionalliga Südost.

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballspieler (Deutschland)
Volleyballspieler (TSV Unterhaching)
Volleyballspieler (TSV Herrsching)
Volleyballtrainer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1992
Mann

Johannes Kessler (Volleyballspieler)


San Inazio est une station de la section commune à la ligne 1 et la ligne 2 du métro de Bilbao. Elle est située quartier Deusto, sur le territoire du premier arrondissement de Bilbao, dans la province de Biscaye, communauté autonome du Pays Basque, en Espagne.

Situation sur le réseau
Établie en souterrain, la station San Inazio est la station de bifurcation ouest de la section commune à la ligne 1 et la ligne 2. Elle est située entre : les stations Lutxana (L1), en direction du terminus nord-ouest Plentzia et Gurutzeta/Cruces (L2), en direction du terminus ouest Kabiezes ; et la station Sarriko (section commune L1 et L2), en direction des terminus sud-est Etxebarri (L1) et Basauri (L2).

Histoire

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte
San Inazio est desservie par des rames des lignes 1 et 2 du métro.

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Bilbao
 Ligne 1 du métro de Bilbao
 Ligne 2 du métro de Bilbao
 Liste des stations du métro de Bilbao

Liens externes
 .
 .

Ligne 1 du métro de Bilbao
Ligne 2 du métro de Bilbao
Station de métro mise en service en 1995
Station du métro de Bilbao

San Inazio (métro de Bilbao)


Steed Malbranque (tam adı "Seteeded Malbranque" olan; d. 6 Ocak 1980), Monts d'Or Azergues Foot takımında orta saha pozisyonunda görev yapan Fransız futbolcudur.

Futbol kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
Profesyonel kariyerine 1997 yılında Lyon kulübünde başladı. Daha sonra sırasıyla 2000-2001 sezonunda Fulham'a transfer olan futbolcu, burada 5 sezon oynadı. 2006 yazında Tottenham Hotspur'a transfer oldu. Daha sonra sırasıyla Sunderland, Saint-Étienne, tekrar Lyon, Caen, Caen II ve MDA Chasselay kulüplerinde oynadı.

Millî takım kariyeri
Fransa 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımında görev aldı.

Kaynakça

1980 doğumlular
Hainaut doğumlular
Fransız futbolcular
Fransız gurbetçi futbolcular
Belçika asıllı Fransızlar
Olympique Lyonnais futbolcuları
Fulham FC futbolcuları
Tottenham Hotspur FC futbolcuları
AS Saint-Étienne futbolcuları
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Belçikalı futbolcular
Fransız asıllı Belçikalılar
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Fransa 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Fransa genç millî takım futbolcuları
SM Caen futbolcuları
Sunderland AFC futbolcuları

Steed Malbranque


Englands U/17-fodboldlandshold er Englands landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 17 år og administreres af The Football Association] (FA).

Holdet fik andenpladsen i U/17 Europamesterskabet i fodbold 2017 i finalen mod Spanien.

Aktuel trup

U/17-fodboldlandshold
U/17-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Englands U/17-fodboldlandshold


Uyartım sargısı endüviye hem seri hem de paralel bağlanan motorlara karma uyarmalı (kompunt) motor denir.

Yapısı
Kompunt motorların seri ve şönt sargı olmak üzere iki uyartım sargısı vardır. Seri sargı endüviye seri bağlı olup, şönt alanı kuvvetlendirecek veya zayıflatacak yönde çalışır. Kompunt motorlar yapılışı bakımından şönt ve seri motorların birleşmesinden meydana geldiği için, özellikleri bu iki motorun karakteristik özelliğinin aynısıdır.

Elektrik motorları

Karma Uyarmalı


Marin Ljubičić, né le  à Split en Croatie, est un footballeur croate qui évolue au poste d'avant-centre au LASK.

Biographie

En club
Né à Split en Croatie, Marin Ljubičić est formé par l'Hajduk Split. Il joue son premier match en professionnel le , lors d'une rencontre de coupe de Croatie face au NK Zagreb. Il entre en jeu et son équipe l'emporte par trois buts à zéro. Il fait sa première apparition dans le championnat de Croatie le  suivant, contre le HNK Šibenik. Il entre en jeu à la place de Tonio Teklić ce jour-là et marque le seul but de la partie, permettant donc aux siens de l'emporter.

Le , Ljubičić prolonge son contrat avec le Hajduk Split jusqu'en .

Ljubičić joue son premier match de coupe d'Europe le , à l'occasion d'une rencontre qualificative pour la Ligue Europa Conférence 2021-2022 contre le FK Tobol Kostanaï. Titulaire ce jour-là, il se fait remarquer en inscrivant les deux buts de son équipe, permettant à celle-ci de s'imposer (2-0 score final).

Le , Marin Ljubičić rejoint le LASK, en Autriche, sous la forme d'un prêt avec option d'achat.

Le , le LASK lève l'option d'achat sur le joueur et Ljubičić signe alors un contrat courant jusqu'en juin 2027.

En sélection
Le , Marin Ljubičić joue son premier match avec l'équipe de Croatie espoirs, lors d'une rencontre face à l'Azerbaïdjan. Il entre en jeu et son équipe l'emporte par un but à zéro ce jour-là. Il inscrit son premier but avec les espoirs le  suivant, lors de sa deuxième apparition, contre la Finlande. Son équipe s'impose par deux buts à zéro ce jour-là.

Palmarès
 Hajduk Split
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de Croatie en 2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur croate
Joueur du HNK Hajduk Split
Joueur du LASK Linz
Naissance en février 2002
Naissance à Split

Marin Ljubičić


එහි ඉංග්‍රීසි මුලකුරු වලින් එන්ඩී ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන, නිව් ඩිමොක්‍රසි ( යනු,  ග්‍රීසියේ ලිබරල්-ගතානුගතික දේශපාලන පක්ෂයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

නිව් ඩිමොක්‍රසි (ග්‍රීසිය)


Sania Mirza () este o jucătoare profesionistă de tenis din India. A câștigat 5 turnee de Grand Slam, două la dublu, alături de Martina Hingis, și 3 la dublu mixt. Finale de Grand Slam

Dublu seniori: 3 (2–1)

Dublu mixt: 5 (3–2)

Dublu juniori: 1 (1–0)

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1986
Nașteri pe 15 noiembrie
Jucătoare de tenis indiene
Sportivi indieni în viață
Jucători de tenis la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008
Jucători de tenis la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012
Jucători de tenis la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Jucători de tenis la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020

Sania Mirza


Grahorica (lat. Vicia, sin. Faba), veliki biljni rod dvosupnica, najvažniji u porodici mahunarki, koji je svoje sinonimno ime Faba, dao i porodici i redu.

Prvi puta ovaj rod i opisan je Linnaeus pod imenom Vicia 1753. godine, dok ga je Phillip Miller 1754 opisao pod imenom Faba. Rodu pripada preko 200 vrsta jednogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica. U Hrvatskoj je na popisu oko 50 vrsta i podvrsta

Vrste

 Vicia abbreviata Fisch. ex Spreng.
 Vicia acutifolia Elliott
 Vicia afghanica Chrtková
 Vicia aintabensis Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.
 Vicia aktoensis Y.H.Wu
 Vicia alpestris Steven
 Vicia altissima Desf.
 Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd.
 Vicia amoena Fisch. ex Ser.
 Vicia amphicarpa (L.) Dorthes
 Vicia amurensis Oett.
 Vicia anatolica Turrill
 Vicia andicola Kunth
 Vicia angustepinnata Nakai
 Vicia angustifolia L.
 Vicia aphylla C.Sm. ex Link
 Vicia araucana Phil.
 Vicia argaea (P.H.Davis) Greuter
 Vicia argentea Lapeyr.
 Vicia armena Boiss.
 Vicia assyriaca Boiss.
 Vicia aucheri Jaub. & Spach
 Vicia bakeri Ali
 Vicia balansae Boiss.
 Vicia basaltica Plitmann
 Vicia benghalensis L., ljubičasta grahorica
 Vicia benthamiana Ali
 Vicia berteroana Phil.
 Vicia biennis L.
 Vicia bifolia Nakai
 Vicia bifoliolata J.J.Rodr.
 Vicia bijuga Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
 Vicia bithynica (L.) L., bitinska grahorica
 Vicia brulloi Sciandr., Giusso, Salmeri & Miniss.
 Vicia bungei Ohwi
 Vicia canescens Labill.
 Vicia cappadocica Boiss. & Balansa
 Vicia capreolata Lowe
 Vicia caroliniana Walter
 Vicia cassia Boiss.
 Vicia cassubica L., kasubijska grahorica
 Vicia cedretorum Font Quer
 Vicia chaetocalyx Webb & Berthel.
 Vicia chianschanensis (P.Y.Fu & Y.A.Chen) Z.D.Xia
 Vicia chinensis Franch.
 Vicia chosenensis Ohwi
 Vicia ciceroidea Boiss.
 Vicia ciliatula Lipsky
 Vicia coquimbensis Martic.
 Vicia cordata Wulfen ex Hoppe
 Vicia costata Ledeb.
 Vicia cracca L., ptičja grahorica
 Vicia cretica Boiss. & Heldr.
 Vicia crocea (Desf.) B.Fedtsch.
 Vicia cusnae Foggi & Ricceri
 Vicia cuspidata Boiss.
 Vicia dadianorum Sommier & Lév.
 Vicia dalmatica A.Kern., dalmatinska grahorica
 Vicia davisii Greuter
 Vicia deflexa Nakai
 Vicia dennesiana H.C.Watson
 Vicia dichroantha Diels
 Vicia dionysiensis Mouterde
 Vicia disperma DC.
 Vicia diversifolia Phil.
 Vicia dumetorum L.,  šikarasta grahorica
 Vicia epetiolaris Burkart
 Vicia eriocarpa (Hausskn.) Halácsy
 Vicia eristalioides Maxted
 Vicia erzurumica Demirkus & Erik
 Vicia esdraelonesis Warb. & Eig
 Vicia faba L., bob
 Vicia fairchildiana Maire
 Vicia fauriei Franch.
 Vicia fedtschenkoana V.V.Nikitin
 Vicia ferreirensis Goyder
 Vicia filicaulis Webb & Berthel.
 Vicia floridana S.Watson
 Vicia freyniana Bornm.
 Vicia fulgens Batt.
 Vicia galeata Boiss.
 Vicia galilaea Plitmann & Zohary
 Vicia garinensis Dehshiri
 Vicia geminiflora Trautv.
 Vicia giacominiana Segelb.
 Vicia glabrescens (W.D.J.Koch) Heimerl
 Vicia glareosa P.H.Davis
 Vicia glauca C.Presl
 Vicia graminea Sm.
 Vicia grandiflora Scop., velecvjetna grahorica
 Vicia hassei S.Watson
 Vicia hatschbachii Burkart ex Vanni & D.B.Kurtz
 Vicia hololasia Woronow
 Vicia hulensis Plitmann
 Vicia humilis Kunth
 Vicia hyaeniscyamus Mouterde
 Vicia hybrida L.,  križana grahorica
 Vicia hyrcanica Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Vicia iberica Grossh.
 Vicia incana Gouan
 Vicia inconspicua Phil.
 Vicia iranica Boiss.
 Vicia janeae Mardal.
 Vicia japonica A.Gray
 Vicia johannis Tamamsch.
 Vicia jordanovii Velchev
 Vicia kalakhensis Khattab et al.
 Vicia kioshanica L.H.Bailey
 Vicia koeieana Rech.f.
 Vicia kokanica Regel & Schmalh.
 Vicia kotschyana Boiss.
 Vicia kulingana L.H.Bailey
 Vicia kurdica Jalilian
 Vicia laeta Ces.
 Vicia lanceolata Phil.
 Vicia larissae Prima
 Vicia lathyroides L., mala grahorica
 Vicia latibracteolata K.T.Fu
 Vicia lecomtei Humbert & Maire
 Vicia lens (L.) Coss. & Germ.
 Vicia leucantha Biv.,  grahor bielocvjetni
 Vicia leucomalla Bornm.
 Vicia leucophaea Greene
 Vicia lilacina Ledeb.
 Vicia linearifolia Hook. & Arn.
 Vicia lomensis J.F.Macbr.
 Vicia ludoviciana Nutt.
 Vicia lutea L., žuta grahorica
 Vicia macrocarpa (Moris) Bertol.
 Vicia macrograminea Burkart
 Vicia magellanica Hook.f.
 Vicia megalotropis Ledeb.
 Vicia melanops Sibth. & Sm., grahor crnookica
 Vicia menziesii Spreng.
 Vicia michauxii Spreng.
 Vicia mingyueshanensis Z.Y.Xiao & X.C.Li
 Vicia minutiflora D.Dietr.
 Vicia modesta Phil.
 Vicia mollis Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.
 Vicia monantha Retz.
 Vicia monardii Boiss. & Reut.
 Vicia montbretii Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Vicia montenegrina Rohlena
 Vicia montevidensis Vogel
 Vicia mucronata Clos
 Vicia mulleriana B.L.Turner
 Vicia multicaulis Ledeb.
 Vicia multijuga (Boiss.) Rech.f.
 Vicia murbeckii Maire
 Vicia nana Vogel
 Vicia narbonensis L., mišja grahorica
 Vicia nataliae U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb.
 Vicia nigricans Hook. & Arn.
 Vicia nipponica Matsum.
 Vicia nissoliana L.
 Vicia noeana Reut. ex Boiss.
 Vicia nummularia Hand.-Mazz.
 Vicia ocalensis R.K.Godfrey & Kral
 Vicia ochroleuca Ten.
 Vicia ohwiana Hosok.
 Vicia olchonensis (Peschkova) Nikif.
 Vicia onobrychioides L., grahorkasta grahorica
 Vicia oroboides Wulfen, žućkasta grahorica
 Vicia orobus DC.
 Vicia palaestina Boiss.
 Vicia pallida Hook. & Arn.
 Vicia pampicola Burkart
 Vicia pannonica Crantz, panonska grahorica
 Vicia parvula Ziel.
 Vicia paucifolia Baker
 Vicia peregrina L., strana grahorica
 Vicia perelegans K.T.Fu
 Vicia peruviana Vilchez
 Vicia pinetorum Boiss. & Spruner
 Vicia pisiformis L., žućkastobijela grahorica
 Vicia platensis Speg.
 Vicia popovii O.D.Nikif.
 Vicia pseudocracca Bertol.
 Vicia pseudoorobus Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Vicia pulchella Kunth
 Vicia pyrenaica Pourr.
 Vicia qatmensis Gomb.
 Vicia quadrijuga P.H.Davis
 Vicia ramosissima Franch.
 Vicia ramuliflora (Maxim.) Ohwi
 Vicia raynaudii Coulot & Dobignard
 Vicia rigidula Royle
 Vicia sabinarum J.Gil
 Vicia sativa L., obična grahorica
 Vicia scandens R.P.Murray
 Vicia segetalis Thuill.
 Vicia semenovii (Regel & Herder) B.Fedtsch.
 Vicia semiglabra Rupr. ex Boiss.
 Vicia sepium L., livadna grahorica
 Vicia sericocarpa Fenzl
 Vicia serratifolia Jacq., pilastolisna grahorica
 Vicia sessei G.Don
 Vicia sessiliflora Clos
 Vicia setifolia Kunth
 Vicia sibthorpii Boiss.
 Vicia sicula (Raf.) Guss.
 Vicia sinaica Boulos
 Vicia sosnowskyi Ekutim.
 Vicia sparsiflora Ten.
 Vicia splendens P.H.Davis
 Vicia stenophylla Vogel
 Vicia subrotunda (Maxim.) Czefr.
 Vicia subserrata Phil.
 Vicia subvillosa (Ledeb.) Trautv.
 Vicia taipaica K.T.Fu
 Vicia tenera Benth.
 Vicia tenoi Marrero Rodr.
 Vicia tenorei (Lamotte) Bonnier
 Vicia tenuifolia Roth, tankolisna grahorica
 Vicia tephrosioides Vogel
 Vicia ternata Z.D.Xia
 Vicia tetrantha H.W.Kung
 Vicia tibetica Prain ex C.E.C.Fisch.
 Vicia tigridis Mouterde
 Vicia tsydenii Malyschev
 Vicia unijuga A.Braun
 Vicia uralensis Knjaz., Kulikov & E.G.Philippov
 Vicia venosa (Willd. ex Link) Maxim.
 Vicia venulosa Boiss. & Hohen.
 Vicia vicina Clos
 Vicia vicioides (Desf.) Cout.
 Vicia villosa Roth, vlasastodlakava grahorica
 Vicia voggenreiteriana J.Gil, R.Mesa & M.L.Gil
 Vicia vulcanorum J.Gil, M.L.Gil, J.F.Morales & R.Mesa
 Vicia wushanica Z.D.Xia
 Vicia ×tikeliana Starm.

Vrste nekad uključivane u ovaj rod
 Vicia articulata Hornem., člankovita grahorica, grahorčica, sinonim je za Ervilia articulata (Hornem.) H.Schaef., Coulot & Rabaute;
 Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray, čupava grahorica za Ervilia hirsuta (L.) Opiz;
 Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd., leća, lećasta grahorica za Ervilia sativa Link;
 Vicia parviflora Cav.,  leča tankostruka, za Ervum gracile DC;
 Vicia sylvatica L., šumska grahorica, za Ervilia sylvatica (L.) Schur;
 Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., četverosjemena grahorica, za Ervum tetraspermum L.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Fabeae

Grahorica


is a Japanese manga series by Riyoko Ikeda. It was adapted into an anime series that aired on the channel NHK-BS2 from July 14, 1991 to May 31, 1992.

The series originally started out as a manga in the early to mid-1970s. The story is about a 16-year-old girl, , who attends a prestigious academy and deals with life as a high school student via writing letters to her "brother". The manga has never been officially released in English, though it has been translated into French, Italian and Polish. The series spans 39 anime episodes and three manga volumes, ending when Nanako is eighteen.

Plot
Nanako Misonoo is a young high school freshman at the exclusive girls' school Seiran Academy. When she begins her first year at this school, she falls into a world of female rivalry, love, chaos, and heartbreak. She narrates the story of the series in a chain of letters to a young man named Takehiko Henmi, who she calls "Oniisama" (Brother). In reality, Takehiko was her teacher at the cram school she went to earlier. She feels such a strong bond with Takehiko that she asks to continue corresponding with him. Takehiko agrees, and soon Nanako begins addressing him as "brother" in her letters. When Nanako starts her new school year at the all-girl Seiran Academy, she is unexpectedly inducted into the school's Sorority despite having none of the looks, talents, or background needed to become a member. As the series progresses, she becomes involved in the lives of the "Magnificent Three", the three most popular girls in the school.

As Nanako interacts with these women, she becomes attached to the great but troubled Rei Asaka, whom she wants to help, but cannot get close to due Rei's obsession with Fukiko Ichinomiya, the Sorority president. Nanako also becomes friends with a beautiful and lonely young girl named Mariko Shinobu, who is determined to get into the Sorority and make Nanako her best friend at all costs. Meanwhile, Nanako has problems of her own; she is constantly being bullied by her peers due to her unlikely membership in the Sorority, especially by one Aya Misaki who feels that she should have been the one chosen for it. Throughout these problems Nanako is supported by her childhood friend Tomoko, the athletic but secretly ailing Kaoru Orihara, the passionate and troubled Mariko Shinobu and the correspondence with her "brother", who just happens to have some secrets of his own. The series chronicles her first year at Seiran Academy as she uncovers the past of some of the most popular girls in school, learning of love, loss, and her own family's secrets, including her true relation with Takehiko.

Characters

The main character of the story, Nanako Misonoo is suddenly and unexpectedly chosen to join The Sorority, an elite group at her new high school, eliciting the wrath and jealousy of her classmates. Like many shōjo heroines, Nanako is innocent, caring, sometimes insecure, but always determined to do what is right. She begins the story hoping only to be liked by her peers, but is soon dragged into the lives and secrets of Seiran Academy's most elite students. She falls in love with Rei "Saint-Juste" Asaka, and their relationship is one of the major driving plots of the series.

Tomoko is Nanako's childhood friend and arguably the only "normal-themed" character in the series. In the manga, Mariko manipulates her into ending her friendship with Nanako, which Tomoko later rekindles when she realizes the misunderstanding. In the anime, Mariko attempts to end the friendship too and almost succeeds, but Tomoko ultimately remains by Nanako's side and protects her from Aya Misaki's bullying, and the three of them become best friends for the entire duration of the show, with Tomoko acting as the series' main comedic relief.

Rei "Saint-Juste of the Flowers" Asaka is a second year student and one of the "Magnificent Three" known for her social indifference and her many artistic talents, especially artistic (she plays the guitar and sings in the manga, and plays the piano, the flute and violin and acts in the anime). She is also shown playing basketball in the anime, replacing Kaoru in at least one game (Episode 16 "Comeback"). Incredibly loyal and devoted to the ones she loves, Rei's destructive relationship with Fukiko Ichinomiya leads her to be troubled, obsessed with death, and drug-addicted. She is Kaoru's best friend, with them exchanging playful insults at times and loyally helping each other at others, and shows a soft spot for Nanako when they interact, but her relationship with Fukiko prevents her from comfortably maintaining other friendships. The secrets between the two, and Nanako's involvement in them, is one of the major driving plots of the series. She dies late in the series; in the manga she dies by suicide via pill overdose, but in the anime her death is an accident as she falls off of a commuter bridge, into the path of a train (Episode 34 "Ablution"). She does this while trying to catch a bouquet of flowers that she purchased for Nanako, which she accidentally drops. In the anime her death deeply influences the other characters, as Kaoru begins to have suicidal feelings and the Ichinomiya family feel guilty for not doing anything for her, despite their wealth and their relationship to her. Ironically, Rei is the only one allowed, and who has ever seen Fukiko cry (Episode 25 "The Scarlet Lipstick"). Rei's nickname comes from Louis de Saint-Just, a French Revolutionary, known as the "Angel of Death".

Nanako's classmate, a fellow Sorority member and a former student of the junior high school attached to Seiran, Mariko becomes one of Nanako's best friends. Mariko distrusts all men because of her troubled family life: her father Hikawa is an erotica author who has an affair with an actress and later divorces Mariko's mother Hisako, who keeps her sadness bottled up as she raises Mariko practically on her own. As a result she is terrified of abandonment to the point where she becomes obsessed with the ones around her. She is also extremely beautiful, with red lips and long black hair as well as a curvy body, and shows an odd mix of vanity about her good looks and lack of regard for her own health if upset. On one occasion, Mariko becomes extremely possessive towards Nanako when Nanako tries to leave the Shinobu Residence. This later leads to Mariko refusing to eat until Nanako accepts her apology and forgives her. She collapses after 3 days due to hunger, before returning to eating as normal once the two friends have resolved the situation.. Mariko greatly admires Kaoru due to her strength and the emotional support she gives her as well, and at some point she admits to loving Karou (Episode 16"Comeback"). She also has odd interactions with Fukiko's brother Takashi, especially in the anime where she comically insults him (Episode 21). Almost at the end, Mariko injures Aya after Aya makes fun of her family problems in front of the class, leading Mariko to be suspended from school and expelled from the Sorority, which partially triggers the call for the Sorority to be abolished after Nanako declares that Fukiko's judgement on Mariko was too harsh, as she did not hear Mariko's side of the story. In the anime Mariko eventually comes to terms with her rivalry with Aya, realising they were both lonely and self-centred.
Near the end of the series, Mariko's parents finally divorce. At first Mariko is extremely distraught, and reminisces about how her father was never there for her on her birthday, and Nanako observes how difficult it must be for her to choose a parent to live with as she loves both of them deeply. Furthermore, she feels shame about her father's profession deepens her self-loathing. After the incident with Aya and Mariko's expulsion from the Sorority, her father tells her that he believes there is good in everyone, including himself and Mariko, so she should love herself. She is able to resolve her feelings of shame towards her father's profession when Takashi hands her an old novel by her father, which is a sincere novel about his love towards his mother and his belief to live life in a way that will not be regretted.

"Kaoru-no-Kimi" ("Prince Kaoru") Orihara is one of the "Magnificent Three", the class representative of Nanako and her friend's class and the star of the basketball team, known for her tomboyish way of dress and her great athletic skills. She has a mysterious and deadly illness (breast cancer) kept secret from most of her classmates; it's only known in public that she was held back a year due to unnamed health problems. As Rei's best friend, she greatly dislikes Fukiko for everything she has done to Rei and hates the very existence of the Sorority. She spends the series trying to live her life to the fullest in spite of her disease, and is the one who supports Nanako the most when she is bullied, and helps Rei when she gets into major trouble. She was romantically involved with Nanako's "brother", Takehiko Henmi, but broke it off after her mastectomy. However both Kaoru and Takehiko still have strong feelings for each other near the end of the series. Fukiko, who is also in love with Takehiko, encourages Kaoru to take up their relationship again after Rei's death, pointing out that Rei lived her life to the fullest until the last day, so she should too. In both anime and manga Kaoru marries Takehiko and emigrates to Germany with him. In the anime, she recovers from her cancer and gives birth to a child at the end of the series, but in the manga she dies two years after she and Takehiko leave. Kaoru's nickname comes from the anti-hero character, Kaoru Genji, of The Tale of Genji.

One of the "Magnificent Three", Fukiko "Miya-sama" ("Princess") Ichinomiya is a Seiran college student, the Student Body President, leader of the Sorority, member of the flower arrangement and riding clubs, and known for her elegance and dignity. She appears to be calm and generous, but is cruel and manipulative, often psychologically and physically torturing Rei for several ambiguous reasons, such as her desire that Rei should only have eyes for her and no one else. It is also revealed that she and Rei are full sisters, daughters of the Ichinomiya leader and a maid of the family mansion, although she was adopted by the Ichinomiya family and Rei was not. The annual Sorority candidate selections always cause extreme fighting and jealousy among the lower-classmen, which she promotes, believing that in competition one finds strength, so Fukiko sponsors Nanako's entry into the Sorority due to secret and ulterior motives: she is in love with Takehiko, does not know that Takehiko is really Nanako's stepbrother and confidant, and sees Nanako as a potential obstacle. She jealously tries to destroy their relationship by making Nanako love her instead (she believes that Nanako is writing to Hemni with romantic intentions and tries to make her stop writing him letters). In the anime, her love for Takehiko is given a backstory: she met and fell in love with him when she was twelve and he spent several days with her in the Ichinomiya mansion, but he unknowingly broke her heart by not showing up to her birthday party, which she had prepared a violin piece for, which emotionally splintered young Fukiko; Fukiko has since been stuck in that sense of love that she felt when she was twelve. Her room from that period remains the same as it was on the very day that she met Henmi (Episode 22 "A Summer Serenade"). In the end, she is able to overcome her childhood love and move forward, and in the anime she greatly laments Rei's death.

The daughter of a famous lawyer, a fervent (her mother was in the sorority so it would shame the family if she were not chosen) Sorority aspirant and Mariko's rival ever since junior high, she tries to make life miserable for Nanako and Mariko when she fails to gain entry. In the anime, she is almost always seen with Miyuki Sonobe and Megumi Furuta, the only friends she seems to have at Seiran Academy. Mean-spirited and conniving, her cruelty belies an intense self-loathing. In the anime, after she is wounded in an altercation with Mariko Episode 27, "An Incident of Bloodshed", she experiences intense guilt for her actions and ultimately repents. When Megumi and Miyuki are manipulated by older Sorority girls, Aya takes the blame to protect her friends and later attempts to commit suicide by throwing herself into the sea, but is saved by Nanako and her friends. By the series' end, she and her group appear to be on good terms with the main characters.

Takehiko is a favourite tutor of Nanako, whom she asks to be her "Oniisama"—a trusted older-brother figure. He is a graduate student at Gakuin University along with Fukiko's brother Takashi Ichinomiya, and has aspirations to study abroad in Germany. Takehiko is actually Nanako's stepbrother, the son of Mr. Misonoo's first marriage, though he keeps this secret from Nanako so as not to air the family's dirty laundry in a society that still looks down on divorce. He was involved with Kaoru approximately two years prior to the series' start, though after she was diagnosed she ended their relationship so neither of them would suffer. He is acquainted with the Ichinomiya family through his best friend, Takashi. He appears to know of the situation with Rei, though if this information was revealed through Kaoru or Takashi is not stated. By the end of the series he rekindles his relationship with his father and marries Kaoru, before moving to Germany.

Takashi is introduced as a friend of Takehiko, and is often seen accompanying him. Takashi is good-natured and caring, showing considerable interest in the well-being of his younger sisters and especially the troubled Rei. Takashi is incredibly supportive of Takehiko, frequently driving him around and going so far as to plan and pay for his friend's entire wedding at the show's conclusion. It is hinted that he has a strained relationship with his father. He also seems to be impressed by Mariko's fiery personality (though his reactions are mixed in the anime), and supports her when she runs off after attacking Aya.
Miyuki Sonobe

An anime-exclusive character, introduced as one of Aya Misaki's two friends. She has pigtails and hair decorations, and is almost never seen without either Aya or their common friend Megumi Furuta. She and Megumi are seen as few more than Aya's girl posse, supporting her bullying of Nanako and Mariko. In episode 27, it's revealed that her and Megumi actually do care for Aya's well-being instead of just liking her high status; this leads Komabayashi and Ogiwara to manipulate them both for their benefit
Megumi Furuta

An anime-exclusive character, of Aya Misaki's other friend. She has short hair and a deep voice, and is almost never seen without either Aya or Miyuki. She and Miyuki are seen as few more than Aya's girl posse, supporting her bullying of Nanako and Mariko. Like Miyuki, her motivations (misguided but genuine affection for Aya) are revealed in episode 27.
Junko Nakaya

A girl from another first-year classroom, chosen to be in the Sorority alongside Mariko and Nanako. She is becomes the first member of the Sorority who is expelled from it due to her bad grades, despite having a reasonable excuse (her bad health); Fukiko further humiliates her via exposing her case to everyone in the Sorority and then demanding for her to resign, despite Nanako's objections. She ultimately does so, and later confesses to Nanako that she had begun to feel uncomfortable in the Sorority itself. In the anime she is given some more spotlight, as she is introduced via speaking to a friend about Nanako's qualifications to be in the Sorority, which angers Mariko; few later, she rejoins the cast and befriends Nanako more properly. Later in the series, she returns to support to motion to abolish the sorority.

Mr. and Mrs. Misonoo

Nanako's parents, or more exactly, Nanako's mother and stepfather. Mr. Misonoo, a well-known and respected college professor, was formerly married to Takehiko Henmi's mother, and after a very bitter divorce, he took to drinking his sorrows away; Nanako's mother was the waitress of the pub that he attended the most, and once the professor sobered up, they fell in love and got married. Ever since then Professor Misonoo has been a kind father figure to Nanako, though he wasn't able to rekindle his bonds to Takehiko as well; he and his new wife still worked hard to both be able to support themselves and help Takehiko after his mother's death. When Nanako is chosen as a Sorority member, one of the reasons she was questioned the most for was the assumption that her mother was a homewrecker, which was obviously false.

Hisako and Hikawa Shinobu

Mariko Shinobu's parents. Hikawa Shinobu is a rich and popular erotica writer, and his work is used by Aya and her group to bully Mariko at school; not to mention, his affair with an ex-actress is very well known, as well as the reason why Mariko hates men of all kinds. Hisako attempts to take care of Mariko as much as she can while ignoring her own troubles, but while Mariko loves her deeply, her forceful personality sometimes is too much to handle. In the manga, Hikawa never made proper apparitions; in the anime, however, he and his mistress show up in person.

The Sorority
The Seiran Sorority is an amalgamation of a student government, an extracurricular club, and an elite society, and is a school tradition that is said to date back to at least the 1930s. Similar to western fraternities and sororities, prospective members seem to be nominated by those already in the Sorority, and undergo a pledge period in which they are interviewed for fitness. Family legacy, appropriate extracurricular activities, and attractive appearances are the main considerations for admission. The Sorority appears to have around forty or fifty members, though several of the senior members are given prominence and special nicknames. They are primarily referred to by these nicknames, though later in the series their surnames are revealed. Their given names were never shown.

"Lady Borgia" Ogiwara

Borgia is a senior member of the Sorority, and is commonly seen wearing her hair in a chignon. Her position in the Sorority is never expressly stated. During the Petition Arc, she is presented as the most adamant member of the plot to discredit Fukiko, with intentions of taking over as President, herself. She holds a strong dislike of Fukiko and shows frustration with the other girl's staunch pride.
"Lady Mona Lisa" Komabayashi

Mona Lisa is a senior member of the Sorority, and resembles her namesake, possessing long black hair and an enigmatic expression. She is stated as being the Sorority's Vice-President and a good friend of Ogiwara. Reserved and mysterious, she is quite invested in the Sorority. She eventually goes along with the other members during the Petition Arc, though contests Borgia when she realizes their machinations have gone too far.
"Lady Medusa" Katsuragi

Medusa is a senior member of the Sorority, and briefly serves as Vice-President after Mona Lisa's resignation. She has bushy brown hair. She appears to be Fukiko's only friend within the Sorority; the two are often seen conversing pleasantly, and during the Petition Arc she is the last member to remain on Fukiko's side.
"Lady Cattleya" Yamamoto

Cattleya is a senior member of the Sorority, and has curly brown hair with side-swept bangs. Cattleya plays a role in the conspiracy to discredit Fukiko, though she pulls out when Borgia's schemes prove too ridiculous. She seems fairly kind, and willingly helps Nanako with the petition after resigning.
"Lady Vampanella" Hoshino

Vampanella is a senior Sorority member, and wears her dark hair in a ponytail with a bow. She appears close with Cattleya; the two both abandon Borgia to her schemes during the Petition Arc. She is seen to be a smoker outside of school.

Themes
The show's themes revolve around suicide, incest, lesbianism, drug addiction, violence, divorce, and disease. Rei Asaka has a deep love for Fukiko Ichinomiya which can be seen as incestuous due to later revelations about their actual relationship and early interactions with each other. Lesbianism is mentioned due to heavy overtones of female interaction at an all girls school, as well as Nanako's romantic feelings towards Rei, and Mariko's feelings towards Kaoru.

Media

Manga
  August 20, 1978
  September 20, 1978
  October 20, 1978

Anime

The series was dubbed and released in Italy, Spain, Arabia and France, though it was pulled after seven episodes in France, due to strong adult content. A Greek version is also known to have existed, with its broadcast halted between the commercial breaks in the third episode. The anime series is available online to viewers in the United States through Viki.com, Hulu, and YouTube. Anime Sols has successfully crowdfunded the entire the show for North American DVD. Under the title Dear Brother, three DVD box sets were released between July 29, 2014 and April 7, 2015. Retrocrush started streaming in United States and Canada from October, 2020 via streaming app and website under the title Dear Brother. Discotek Media has re-licensed the series.

Reception
Lynzee Loveridge of Anime News Network noted that in the series "everyone's off their rockers and has beautiful clothes" and called the Seiran Academy's Sorority "relentless" and slighting anyone who is not "perfect." Erica Friedman of Okazu described the series as "extraordinarily dark" and centered around one person: Ichinomiya Fukiko. Carlos Ross of THEM Anime Reviews said that the series is not known in the United States, but the subject matter, the "cruel machinations of high-school age girls" is treated frankly in this "character-driven story." Ross did say that some newcomers to the series may not like the enka which "might be a bit slow and plaintive for Western ears," while saying the music is appropriate, and noted that the series has a "reputation...for having lesbian overtones," adding that the anime is a "classic."

References

External links

Anime Academy Review
Anime Sols "Dear Brother" Episode and Funding channel/site
Viki TV "Dear Brother"site
Retrocrush "Dear Brother"site

1975 manga
1990s LGBT-related drama television series
1991 anime television series debuts
Discotek Media
Drama anime and manga
Japanese LGBT-related animated television series
NHK original programming
Riyoko Ikeda
School life in anime and manga
Shōjo manga
Shueisha manga
Tezuka Productions
Yuri (genre) anime and manga
Incest in fiction
Fiction about suicide

Dear Brother


فوزي الشتيوي ولد عام 1950 وتوفي عام 2005، رسام وخزاف ومصور تونسي.

أعماله
ينتمي فوزي الشتيوي إلى مجموعة «الموجة الجديدة» التي تجسّم الفن المعاصر. وهو ذو مواضيع متنوعة ويتبع أساليب فنية تتنوع من التجريدي إلى التعبيري إلى التشخيصي. وقد عرف فوزي الشتيوي باستخدامه للأقنعة المكشرة والضاحكة. كما أنه أعطى دفعا جديدا للخزف الفني خاصة وأنه تولى إدارة المركز الوطني للخزف الفني، بزاوية سيدي قاسم الجليزي.

تكريمه
نظم عدد من أصحابه يوم 26 أكتوبر 2007 معرضا تكريميا له أقيم برواق «شريف فاين آرت» بسيدي بوسعيد تحت عنوان «على خطى فوزي الشتيوي». ومن بين من شارك في هذا المعرض عائشة الفيلالي ومحمد الأمين ساسي

وصلة خارجية
معرض للفنان التشكيلي التونسي فوزي الشتيوي، جريدة العرب بتاريخ 29/10/2007

رسامون تونسيون
مواليد 1950
وفيات 2005

فوزي الشتيوي


🌼සතර මහෝපදේශ ධර්මයෝ🌼

◾බුද්ධෝපදෙස

◾සංඝෝදෙස

◾සම්බහුලත්ථේරෝපදෙස

◾එකත්ථේරෝපදෙස

කියලා මහෝපදේශ කාරණා 4ක් තියෙනවා.

🔷බුද්ධෝපදෙස🔷

බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ ඉන්න කාලයේ හෝ පිරිනිවන් පෑ විට හරි, කොතැනින් හරි දහමක් අහන්න හම්බවුණොත්, ඒක "ජීවමාන බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගෙන්මයි අහගත්තේ" කියලා කීවත් ඒ අහගත්ත දහම එක්වරටම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන්නත් එපා. පිළිගන්නත් එපා.

◾සුත්තෙ ඔසාරෙතබ්බානි

(සූත්‍රයන්ට බහලා සංසන්දනය කොට බලන්න)

◾විනයෙ සන්දස්සෙතබ්බානි

(විනයට බහලා සංසන්දනය කොට බලන්න)

◾ධම්මතායං උපනික්ඛිපිතබ්බානි

(ධර්මයන්ට ගළපා සසදා බලන්න)

ඒ සූත්‍රයට, විනයට, ධර්මයට ගළපනකොට ගැළපෙන්නේ නැත්නම් සමාන නොවේ නම් සංසන්දනය නොවේ නම් ඒකාන්තයෙන්ම එය භාග්‍යවතුන් වහන්සේගේ වචනයක් (ධර්මයක්) නොවේ. බුදුන් වහන්සේ කිව්වා කියලා කිව්වත් මේක ඒ භික්ෂුවට වැරදිලා කියල තීරණයකට එන්න. ඒ වචනය අයින් කරන්න. සූත්‍ර ධර්මයන් හා විනය ධර්‍මයන් හා ගැළපෙනවා නම් එය ඒකාන්තයෙන්ම භාග්‍යවතුන් වහන්සේගේ වචනයක් වේ යැයි තීරණයකට එන්න. ඒක පිළිගන්න.

🔷සංඝෝපදේස🔷

මුළු සංඝයාම මේ විදියට කියනවා කියලා පෙන්නුවත්; ඒවා සූත්‍රයට, විනයට, ධර්මයට බහාලා ගළපලා බලන්න. සංසන්දනය කොට සැසදෙන්නේ නැත්නම්, ගැළපෙන්නේ නැත්නම්, ඒකාන්තයෙන්ම එය භාග්‍යවතුන් වහන්සේගේ වචනයක් නොවන්නේයැයි තීරණය කර සංඝයාටම වැරදිලා කියල බැහැර කරන්න. ගළපනකොට ගැළපෙනවා නම්, බහාලන කොට බැහැලෙනවා නම්, සසඳනකොට සැසඳෙනවා නම්, ඒකාන්තයෙන්ම එය භාග්‍යවතුන් වහන්සේගේ වචනක්මයි තීරණය කර මේ වචනය හරි කියලා පිළිගන්න.

🔷සම්බහුලත්ථේරොපදෙස🔷

බොහෝ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා මේ විදිහටයි මේ කාරණාවේ අර්ථය පෙන්වන්නේ කියලා කිව්වත්, නැත්නම් මේ ධර්මය මේකයි කියලා පෙන්නුවත් ඒක එකවර පිළිගන්නත් එපා, බැහැර කරන්නත් එපා. සූත්‍රයට විනයට ධර්මයට ගළපලා ආදේශ කරලා සසඳලා බලන්න. සූත්‍ර ධර්මයට ගැළපෙනවා නම්, විනය නීතිය හා සැසදේ නම් එය ඒකාන්තයෙන්ම භාග්‍යවතුන් වහන්සේගේ වචනයක් යැයි ගෙන ඒය පිළිගන්න, ගැළපෙන්නේ නැත්නම් බැහැර කරන්න.

🔷ඒකත්ථේරොපදේස🔷

දක්ෂ ව්‍යක්ත පණ්ඩිත ධර්මදර බහුශ්‍රැත එක තෙරුන් වහන්සේ නමක් මේ විදියට කියනවා කියලා කිව්වොත් එයද ගන්නත් එපා, බැහැර කරන්නත් එපා. සූත්‍රයට, විනයට, ධර්මයට ගළපලා බලන්න. ගැළපෙන්නේ නැත්තම් එය ඒකාන්තයෙන්ම භාග්‍යවතුන් වහන්සේගේ වචනයක් නොවේ. ඒ තෙරුන් වහන්සේටත් වැරදිලා කියලා අයින් කරන්න. ගළපනවිට සූත්‍රයට ධර්මයට සැසඳෙනවා නම් ඒක හරි කියලා පිළිගන්න කියලා බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ පෙන්නුවා.

මහණෙනි, මේ වනාහි ඒ සතර මහාපදෙශ ධර්මයෝයයි දේශනා කළ සේක.

සූත්‍ර පිටකය >> දීඝ නිකාය >> මහා වග්ගය >> මහා පරිනිර්වාණ සූත්‍රය >> චතුමහාපදෙසකථා

සතර මහෝපදේෂ


Volkswagen Truck & Bus Indústria e Comércio de Veículos Ltda, également connu comme Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus, est un constructeur brésilien de camions et de châssis d'autobus basé à Resende, dans l'État de Rio de Janeiro. C'est la filiale brésilienne de , groupe qui contrôle le secteur véhicules industriels de Volkswagen AG. La société a été fondée en 1980, après que Volkswagen do Brasil ait racheté Chrysler Motors do Brasil.

Histoire
La société faisait partie, à l'origine, de la division Volkswagen Véhicules Utilitaires du groupe Volkswagen AG. Le  janvier 2009, elle a été vendue à MAN SE qui a fondé MAN Latin America. En août 2021, MAN SE a été incorporé dans le groupe Traton qui est devenu le propriétaire direct de Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus.

Origine de la société
La société d'origine était Simca do Brasil, la filiale brésilienne de Fiat-Simca, fondée le 5 mai 1958 à Belo Horizonte, État de Minas Gerais qui a fait édifier une usine à São Bernardo do Campo à São Paulo pour y fabriquer des Simca Chambord. Après avoir racheté la participation de Ford (15 %) dans Simca France en 1963, en 1966, Chrysler Corporation rachète d'abord 92 % de Simca do Brasil et un an plus tard la totalité. Chrysler do Brasil est alors créée et continue la production des modèles Simca Chambord et Esplanada, vite remplacés par la Dodge Dart  génération dès juillet 1969. À partir de 1969, Chrysler va débuter également la fabrication de camions Dodge. Chrysler do Brasil a fabriqué trois modèles de camions Dodge à partir de 1969 : les lourds D.900 & P.900, les moyens D.700 & P.700 et le léger D.400 et l'utilitaire D.100.

En 1975, Volkswagen AG acquiert une petite participation dans Chrysler Motors do Brasil Ltda. et, en 1979, Chrysler Corporation, en proie à de sérieuses difficultés financières aux États-Unis, décide de se retirer du pays et cède 67 % de Chrysler Motors do Brasil Ltda à Volkswagen do Brasil qui rachètera le solde un an plus tard. La société est renommée Volkswagen Caminhões Ltda.

Les premiers camions Volkswagen Caminhões Ltda. sont produits en février/mars 1981, les modèles Volkswagen  et  qui utilisaient tous deux une version retravaillée de la vieille cabine Mk1 du Volkswagen LTI, étaient propulsés par des moteurs diesel MWM Motores Diesel Ltda (MWM) sur des châssis conçus par Chrysler et hérités lors de la prise de contrôle de la société.

La période AutoLatina

En 1987, Volkswagen AG et Ford Motors Comapany décident de créer une coentreprise en Amérique Latine et signent un accord pour unir leurs filiales dans les deux principaux pays du Mercosur, dans AutoLatina, qui serait la fusion en une seule entité des usines et services des deux sociétés en Argentine et au Brésil. Le but final était de partager les coûts de fabrication en créant des modèles avec des bases communes afin de tirer parti des atouts de chacun.

De 1987 à 1996, les véhicules utilitaires Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus et les camions Ford do Brasil ont été construits côte à côte dans l'usine d'Ipiranga de Ford, au Brésil, avec des composants et des plates-formes partagées. L'usine Volkswagen de São Bernardo do Campo - São Paulo fut transformée pour ne produire que des automobiles.

Les deux entreprises se sont toujours méfiées l'une de l'autre, étant concurrentes ailleurs dans le monde. La rupture a été consommée fin 1994 mais ne sera effective que le  janvier 1996, date à laquelle la société AutoLatina est dissoute, chaque constructeur redevenant indépendant, le mariage avait échoué. Le groupe Volkswagen n'avait plus d'usine pour produire des camions ni leurs pièces détachées, de sorte qu'il lui fallut construire à la hâte l'usine de Resende en 1995.

En novembre 1996, l'usine principale actuelle de Resende - (RJ), est inaugurée. Elle se situe à environ 150 km de la capitale Rio de Janeiro et 250 km de São Paulo. En 2000, Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus est intégrée dans Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles do Brasil Ltda.

La période MAN Latin America
En décembre 2008, Volkswagen AG, qui détient déjà 30% de MAN SE, vend sa filiale brésilienne Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles do Brasil à MAN SE pour 1,175 milliard d'euros. La société, qui avait débuté la production de camions en 1996, devient MAN Latin America Ltda. commercialisant la majorité de ses camions lourds et bus sous Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus, aux côtés des produits MAN Truck & Bus. En 2008, l'usine de Resende - (RJ) employait  personnes. Les principaux marchés de vente sont le Brésil, l'Argentine, le Mexique, les autres pays d'Amérique du Sud et d'Amérique centrale, ainsi que l'Afrique et le Moyen-Orient.

En 2011, alors que Volkswagen AG ne dispose que d'une faible majorité du capital de MAN SE, elle assume la direction opérationnelle de la société. En 2012, 5 ans après l'Europe, MAN L.A. lance le camion lourd MAN TGX en 3 versions : TGX 28.440 (6x2), le TGX 29.440 (6x4) et le TGX 33.440 (6x4), tous équipés d'un moteur 12 litres MAN D26 développant 440 chevaux et d'une boîte de vitesses ZF. L'assemblage est réalisé à l'aide de kits CKD importés d'Allemagne.

Les camions MAN deviennent Volkswagen au Brésil
En 2020, la direction du groupe Volkswagen décide que tous les camions commercialisés au Brésil porteront le logo VW. La nouvelle société Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus (VWCO) confirme que le remplaçant du MAN TGX, le seul arborant encore le logo MAN, sera la nouvelle version du Volkswagen Constellation, lancé en 2005. L'assemblage du camion MAN TGX est arrêté en fin d'année 2021 et la marque MAN disparaît du marché brésilien.

Le MAN GTX va être assemblé jusqu'en 2021. En raison de son coût de fabrication très élevé, Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus (VWCO) décide d'en arrêter la production. Par la même occasion, Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus retire MAN des marchés d'Amérique Latine mais assurera le service après vente des pièces détachées. Les remplaçants du MAN TGX seront le Volkswagen Constellation et le Meteor.

Le 1er septembre 2021, les sociétés MAN Truck & Bus, Neoplan, Scania, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych "Star", Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus et Navistar, dépendant du groupe Volkswagen AG, sont regroupées dans la holding  Group, basée à Munich.

Le 18 mai 2022, Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus annonce qu'il va changer le nom de sa société en Volkswagen Truck and Bus, une des anciennes appellations de sa maison mère.

Histogramme de la société

 1958 : Création de Simca do Brasil,
 1966 : Chrysler International acquiert 92% de Simca do Brasil,
 1967 : Simca do Brasil devient Chrysler do Brasil,
 1969 : Production du premier camion Dodge,
 1971 : Chrysler do Brasil est renommé Chrysler Motors do Brasil Ltda., filiale de Chrysler Corporation USA,
 1979 : Chrysler Co USA vend 67% de Chrysler do Brasil Ltda à Volkswagen AG,
 1980 : Volkswagen AG acquiert le solde de Chrysler Motors do Brasil Ltda.,
 1981 : La société est renommée Volkswagen Caminhões Ltda. Lancement du Volkswagen E.13, le premier camion fonctionnant à l'alcool. Lancement de la génération de camions VW 11.130 et 13.130,
 1982 : Lancement des camions Volkswagen 6 tonnes,
 1984 : Intégration de Volkswagen Caminhões Ltda. dans Volkswagen do Brasil S/A et la société est renommée Volkswagen do Brasil SA. Lancement du VW 140, le premier camion propulsé au méthane/biogaz dans le pays,
 1985 : Volkswagen do Brasil exporte le camion VW 11.130 en Chine,
 1987 : Formation d'AutoLatina, coentreprise entre Volkswagen et Ford en Argentine et au Brésil,
 1990 : Transfert de l'usine de camions VW au complexe industriel Ford d'Ipiranga,
 1993 : Lancement des premiers châssis pour autobus 16.180 CO sous la marque Volksbus,
 1994 : 100 000 camions produits
 1995 : Début des exportations du camion VW L-80 vers l'Allemagne. Après la fin d'AutoLatina, choix du site de Resende (RJ) pour la construction de la nouvelle usine de camions,
 1996 : Inauguration de l'usine de Resende le 1er novembre,
 1997 : Lancement des camions VW 8.100, 12.140 T, 12.170 BT, 14.170 BT, 16.200 et 16.300 et du châssis pour autobus Volksbus 16.210 CO Euro II. 5.000ème véhicule fabriqué à Resende,
 1998 : Lancement de la gamme camions sur le marché argentin et du VW 16.200 au Chili,
 1999 : Lancement du camion Transformer, du camion VW 8.140 Longo et du VW 40.300,
 2000 : Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus intègre Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (VWN). Lancement de la série 2000,
 2001 : Lancement du châssis VW 17.240 OT, premier autobus à moteur arrière de la marque,
 2002 : Production du 100.000 ème véhicule à Resende. Lancement du VW 18.310 Titan Tractor
 2003 : Reprise des ventes de camions et d'autobus en Argentine,
 2004 : Lancement du châssis pour autobus VW 18.310 OT
 2005 : VW fête la production du 300.000 ème véhicule en 24 ans. Lancement de la nouvelle gamme de camions : Constellation, Delivery et Worker,
 2007 : Lancement de la gamme Volksbus 2007 : VW 15.190 EOD et VW 17.230 EOD, des camions VW 31.320 6X4, Constellation 370, VW 19.370, VW 25.370 et VW 31.370,
 2008 : Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus fête un record de production de l'usine de Resende (RJ) avec 47.224 véhicules en 2007. Lancement en avril du Constellation VW 25.320 6X2. Volkswagen vend sa filiale Caminhões e Ônibus à MAN do Brasil,
 2013 : MAN lance son camion lourd TGX qui sera assemblé dans l'usine de Resende,
 2017 : Lancement des camions Delivery Express et Delivery II,
 2020 : La marque MAN disparaît du marché brésilien, remplacée par Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus (VWCO). Lancement du Meteor, version moins puissante que le Constellation, destinée à remplacer le MAN TGX, dont il reprend l'esthétique. Lancement du e-Delivery,
 2021 : Création de la holding Traton Group qui regroupe toutes les filiales de Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. Fin de l'assemblage du MAN TGW,
 2022 : Volkswagen équipe le Delivery Express d'un moteur IVECO F1C.

Modèles

Modèles actuels fabriqués au Brésil
 Camions
 Delivery Express - version utilitaire du Delivery (3,5 tonnes) lancée en 2017,
 Delivery II - camion léger (3,5-13 tonnes) lancé en 2017,
 e-Delivery - version électrique du Delivery (11-14 tonnes) lancée en 2020,
 Worker - camion moyen tonnage 8-30 tonnes, lancé en 2005, mélange de G90 et Volkswagen L80 actualisés.
 Meteor - camion lourd 13-44 tonnes, version allégée du MAN TGW sous logo VW, lancé en automne 2020,
 Constellation - camion couvran,t la gamme moyen tonnage et lourd (13-57 tonnes), fabriqué depuis 2005 en versions 4x2, 6x2, 6x4 et 8x2. Commercialisé dans 20 pays d'Amérique latine et d'Afrique.

 Autobus
 Volkswagen Volksbus gamme de châssis pour autobus et autocars.

Anciens modèles fabriqués au Brésil
 LT (1987-1996) - utilitaire (3,5 tonnes)
 L80 (1995-2000) - camion léger (7-10 tonnes), successeur du G90,
 MAN-VW G90 (1993-1996)
 13.130 - camion moyen tonnage (10-13 tonnes) lancé en 1981, remplacé par le Delivery I,
 Delivery I (2005-2019) - camion léger 3,5-13 tonnes, variante actualisée du L80,
 MAN TGX (2012-2021) - Le MAN TGX européen est fabriqué depuis 2005. Ce modèle était assemblé et non fabriqué au Brésil.

Galerie de modèles

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Volkswagen Nutzfahrzeuge

 MAN Latin America

Liens externes

Constructeur de camions
Constructeur de bus
Constructeur automobile ayant son siège au Brésil

Entreprise fondée en 1995
État de Rio de Janeiro

Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus


Maja Gojković () este un politician sârb și președintele în funcție al Adunării Naționale (Parlamentul Sârb) din 23 aprilie 2014. A fost ministru fără portofoliu și vice-prim-ministru al Iugoslaviei sub regimul lui Slobodan Milošević.

A lucrat anterior ca primar al orașului Novi Sad, capitala provinciei autonome Voivodina din Serbia, și a fost consilier în Parlamentul din Novi Sad, în calitate de reprezentant al Partidului Popular, cunoscut anterior și ca Grupa građana - Maja Gojković. Ea a fost unul dintre liderii partidului Regiunile Unite ale Serbiei (Уједињени региони Србије, УPC / Ujedinjeni regioni Srbije, URS).

Pentru că a susținut o coaliție cu Boris Tadić și cu Partidul său Democrat independentă de Partidul Popular, ea și alți membri au fost expulzați din Partidul Popular.

Partidul Popular a fost dizolvat la 3 decembrie 2012 când s-a unit cu  Partidul Progresist Sârb. Maja Gojković este membră a Partidului Progresist Sârb aflat la putere.

Educație
A studiat la școala generală Branko Radičević și la Gimnaziul Jovan Jovanović Zmaj. După obținerea diplomei la Facultatea de Drept a Universității din Novi Sad în 1987, ea a promovat examenul de obținere a profesiunii de avocat în 1989. Un an mai târziu a început să lucreze în firma familiei sale de avocatură, "Gojković".

Carieră politică
Gojković este unul dintre fondatorii Partidului Radical Sârb, ocupând mai întâi funcția de secretar general, apoi de vicepreședinte al consiliului executiv și, în cele din urmă, de vicepreședinte al partidului. A fost consilier juridic al lui Vojislav Šešelj în fața Tribunalului Penal Internațional pentru fosta Iugoslavie. Cu toate acestea, a părăsit partidul în 2006, după un dezacord cu conducerea partidului.

Maja Gojković a devenit membră a parlamentului Republicii Federale Iugoslavia din 1992. Din 1996 până în 2000 a fost membră al parlamentului din Voivodina de la Novi Sad. Între 1998 și 1999 a fost ministru fără portofoliului în cadrul guvernului sârb, Cabinetul Mirko Marjanović II. Gojkovic a fost, de asemenea, vicepreședinte al guvernului federal al Republicii Federale Iugoslavia în 1999. Înainte de a candida la funcția de primar al orașului Novi Sad, ea a deținut un loc în parlamentul federal al Serbiei și Muntenegrului. Până în 2006, a fost vicepreședintele Partidului Radical Sârb. În 2008, ea și-a format propriul partid, Grupa Građana - Maja Gojković, a candidat pentru alegerile locale și a demisionat din Partidul Radical Sârb. A fost de șapte ori consilier în Parlamentul de la Novi Sad.

În alegerile locale din Serbia din 2004 ea a fost aleasă primar al orașului Novi Sad, pentru prima dată prin vot popular, învingându-l pe primarul anterior Borislav Novaković. A devenit astfel prima femeie care a îndeplinit funcția de primar în istoria orașului Novi Sad. Primul mandat ca primar al Novi Sad-ului a fost în perioada 5 octombrie 2004 - 5 iunie 2006, al doilea mandat  în perioada  5 iunie 2006 - 16 iunie 2008.

Controverse
La 14 iulie 1995, în timpul Războiului Bosniac, Gojković, care era vicepreședinte al Partidului Radical Sârb, a făcut o declarație despre Srebrenica la numai câteva zile după începerea masacrului: "Salutăm acțiunea rapidă a Armatei Republicii Srpska, care a eliberat în cele din urmă Srebrenica sârbă și a pus capăt unuia dintre cele mai importante puncte fierbinți ale terorii musulmane".

A fost aleasă Președinte al Adunării Naționale a Serbiei la 23 aprilie 2014. În 2018, institutul american Freedom House a raportat că Gojkovic a condus procedurile parlamentare într-un mod extrem de partizan, cu un număr mare de întreruperi și multe sancțiuni aplicate parlamentarilor din opoziție. În plus, a fost criticată că a sugerat deputaților din coaliția de guvernarea să voteze inițiative și propuneri prin clinchet de clopoțel.

Note

Legături externe

  www.majagojkovic.rs Site-ul oficial

Nașteri în 1963
Politicieni sârbi
Avocați sârbi

Maja Gojković


Carrickfergus Castle er en normannisk borg i Nordirland, der ligger i byen Carrickfergus i County Antrim, på nordkysten af af Belfast Lough. Slottet har været belejret af både skotterne, irerne, englænderne og franskmændene, og det har spillet en vigtig militær rolle frem til 1928. Det er et af de bedst bevarede middelalderbygninger i Nordirland. Det var strategisk godt beliggende idet 3/4 havde vand omkring sig (i moderne tid er det dog kun 1/3 af slottet som følge af landindvinding). I dag er bliver slottet drevet og vedligehold af Northern Ireland Environment Agency som et historisk monument.

Oprindelse
Carrickfergus blev opført af John de Courcy i 1177 som hans hovedkvarter efter han havde erobret det østlige Ulster i 1177. Han regerede her som småkonge indtil 1204, hvor han blev fortrængt af en anden normanner ved navn Hugh de Lacy. Oprindeligt byggede de Courcy built den indre bordgård, en mindre bailey for enden af forbanken med en høj polygonal ringmur og østporten. Den havde flere bygninger, heriblandt en storsal. Fra denne strategiske position på en klippe var borgen næsten fuldstændigt omringet af havet, og fra slottet kunne man kontrollere Carrickfergus Bay (senere kendt som Belfast Lough) og området omkring bymuren, der udviklede sig omkring slottet.

Engelsk kontrol

Carrickfergus Castle nævnes første gang i engelske annaler i 1210, hvor kong John belejrede slottet og fik erobret hvad der på dette tidspunkt var Ulsters vigtigste strategiske garnison. Efter overtagelsen blev officerer udpeget til at styre slottet og det omkringliggende område. I 1217 modtog den nye konstabel, De Serlane, 100 pund til at bygge en ny ringmur, så det ville blive beskyttet for landgang langs klippen samt adgang til borgen via sandbankerne mod øst, der var blotlagte ved lavvande. Den midterste ringmur blev senere reduceret til jordoverfladen i 1700-tallet på nær lang søsiden, hvor den fortsat findes ved lønporten og østtårnet, der er berømt for en række armbrøst skydeskår i kælderniveau.

Det antages at et kammer på første sal i østtårnet  har været slottets kapel, som følge af det fine romanske dobbeltvinduer. Det oprindelige kapel må dog have ligget i den indre borggård. Ribbehvælvet over indgangen, mordhullet og det massive portcullis i begge ender af portbygningen er senere tilføjelser, der blev påbegyndt af Hugh de Lacey, der døde i 1248, og som ikke levede længe nok til at se færdiggørelsen i 1250. Det blev afsluttet af kong Henrik 3..

Efter kollapset af Jarldømmet Ulster i 1333 forblev slottet en af kronens primære residensslotte og administrative centre i Nordirland. I begyndelsen af Niårskrige (1595–1603), da den engelske indflydelse i nord blev trættende, fik kongens tropper forsyninger og ny bemanding vi byens havn.  I 1597 var det omkringliggende landskab scenen for slaget ved Carrickfergus.

I løbet af 1500- og 1600-tallet blev der udført flere forbedringer på slottet for at gøre plads til artilleri, inklusive eksterne kanonporte og skydeskår til kanoner, selvom disse forbedringer ikke afholdt slottet fra at blive angrebet og erobret ved flere lejligheder. Marshal Schomberg belejrede og overtog slottet i den uge-lgange belejring af Carrickfergus i 1689. Dette var også stedet, hvor Schombergs leder, Kong William 3. først satte sin fod i Irland den 14. juni 1690.

I 1760, efter slaget ved byen, blevet slottet overgivet til de franske angriber under Francois Thurot. Senere plyndrede de både byen og slottet for herefter at forlade byen og blive fanget af Royal Navy.

Senere brug

I 1778 begyndte en lille men vigtig begivenhed i den amerikanske uafhængighedskrig i Carrickfergus, da John Paul Jones fik lokket et skib fra Royal Navy fra dets fortøjninger ind i North Channel, og vandt en time-lang kamp. I 1797 blev slottet et fængsel, efter at det ved flere lejligheder var blevet brugt til at opbevare fanger, og det blev brugt flittigt under napoleonskrigene, hvor der blev installeret seks kanoner på det østlige batteri udover de 22 der allerede blev brugt i 1811. Alt dette bare for at forsvare fæstningen.

I omkring et århundrede fungerede det som magasin og tøjhus til militæret. Under første verdenskrig blev det brugt som en garnison og ammunitionslager. Under anden verdenskrig blev Carrickfergus Castle brugt som beskyttelsesrum.

I omkring 750 år var der soldater på slottet frem til 1928, hvor ejerskabet overgik fra den britiske hær til den nye Government of Northern Ireland for at blive varetaget som et monument. Mange af slottets senere tilføjelser blev fjernet for at bringe det til tilbage til dets normanniske udseende. Det er åbent for offentligheden.

Banketsalen er blevet fuldstændigt restaureret, og der er flere udstillinger der viser livet på slottet i middelalderen.

Jernbaneadgang
Slottet ligger tæt ved Carrickfergus railway station. Tog forbinder byen mod vest med Belfast Central og Belfast Great Victoria Street og mod øst tilWhitehead og Larne Harbour der drives af Northern Ireland Railways.

Se også
 Slotte i Storbritannien
 Slotte i Nordirland
 Slotte i Irland

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Carrickfergus Castle Visitor Information on discovernorthernireland.com

 360° Virtual Tour of Carrickfergus Castle at Virtual Visit Tours Ireland

Slotte i Nordirland

Carrickfergus Castle


An Dactylorhiza kuuskiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni E.Breiner ngan R.Breiner. An Dactylorhiza kuuskiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza kuuskiae


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Naháč enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Naháč im Okres Trnava.

Denkmäler

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