Jean-Pierre Darroussin (nacido el 4 de diciembre de 1953) es un actor y realizador francés.

Nació en Courbevoie, en las afueras de París, en una familia de clase obrera. Después de terminar sus estudios secundarios, se formó como actor en el Cours Florent y en el Conservatorio nacional de arte dramático donde coincidió con Catherine Frot y Ariane Ascaride. De 1978 a 1986, se dedicó al teatro sin abandonar el cine en el que debutó en 1979 con Jean-Jacques Annaud. En 1985, inició una larga colaboración con Robert Guédiguian convirtiéndose en uno de sus actores favoritos.

En 1997, recibe el premio César al mejor actor secundario por su actuación en la película Un air de famille de Cédric Klapisch, y en 2018 su papel en la obra de teatro Arte, de Yasmina Reza, le valdrá el premio César al mejor actor de teatro privado. Su primer largometraje, Le pressentiment, ganó el premio Louis Delluc a la mejor ópera prima en 2006.

Filmografía como actor

1979: Coup de tête, dirigida por Jean-Jacques Annaud.
 1980: Psy, dirigida por Philippe de Broca.
 1980: Celles qu'on n'a pas eues, dirigida por Pascal Thomas protagonizada Michel Aumont, Michel Galabru.
 1981: Est-ce bien raisonnable?, dirigida por Georges Lautner.
 1984: Notre histoire, dirigida por Bertrand Blier protagonizada Nathalie Baye, Alain Delon.
 1984: Tranches de vie, dirigida por François Leterrier.
 1985: Ki lo sa ?, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride, Gérard Meylan.
 1985: On ne meurt que deux fois, dirigida por Jacques Deray protagonizada por Michel Serrault, Charlotte Rampling.
 1985: Elsa, Elsa, dirigida por Didier Haudepin.
 1988: Mes meilleurs copains, dirigida por Jean-Marie Poiré protagonizada por Gérard Lanvin, Christian Clavier.
 1989: Dieu vomit les tièdes, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride, Pierre Banderet.
 1990: Mado, poste restante, dirigida por Aleksandr Adabashyan protagonizada por Marianne Groves, Oleg Yankovski.
 1991: Cauchemar blanc, dirigida por Mathieu Kassovitz protagonizada por Yvan Attal, François T, Jean-Claude Gallotta, Pascal Gravat, Laurence Côte.
 1992: Riens du tout, dirigida por Cédric Klapisch protagonizada por Fabrice Luchini, Daniel Berlioux.
 1992: Cuisine et dépendances, dirigida por Philippe Muyl protagonizada por Zabou Breitman, Sam Karmann.
 1993: L'Argent fait le bonheur, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride.
 1994: L'Eau froide, dirigida por Olivier Assayas starring Virginie Ledoyen, Cyprien Fouquet.
 1995: Le Fabuleux Destin de Mme Petlet, dirigida por Camille de Casabianca.
 1995: À la vie, à la mort!, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride, Gérard Meylan.
 1995: Mon Homme, dirigida por Bertrand Blier protagonizada por Anouk Grinberg, Gérard Lanvin.
 1996: Un air de famille, dirigida por Cédric Klapisch protagonizada por Jean-Pierre Bacri, Wladimir Yordanoff.
 1997: On connaît la chanson, dirigida por Alain Resnais protagonizada por Sabine Azéma, Pierre Arditi.
 1997: Marius et Jeannette, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Gérard Meylan, Ariane Ascaride.
 1998: Si je t'aime, prends garde à toi, dirigida por Jeanne Labrune protagonizada por Nathalie Baye, Daniel Duval.
 1998: Le Poulpe, dirigida por Guillaume Nicloux starring Clotilde Courau.
 1998: À la Place du Coeur, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride, Christine Brucher.
 1998: Qui plume la lune ?, dirigida por Christine Carrière avec Jean-Pierre Darroussin, Garance Clavel.
 1999: C'est quoi la vie ?, dirigida por François Dupeyron protagonizada por Éric Caravaca, Jacques Dufilho.
 1999: Inséparables, dirigida por Michel Couvelard protagonizada por Catherine Frot.
 1999: La Bûche, dirigida por Danièle Thompson protagonizada por Sabine Azéma, Emmanuelle Béart.
 1999: Le Goût des autres (The Taste of Others), dirigida por Agnès Jaoui protagonizada por Anne Álvaro, Gérard Lanvin.
 1999: À l'attaque!, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride, Jacques Boudet.

Años 2000
 2000: Ça ira mieux demain, dirigida por Jeanne Labrune protagonizada por Nathalie Baye.
 2000: Poitiers, voiture 11, dirigida por François Dupeyron et Yves Angelo protagonizada por Rabah Loucif.
 2000: La ville est tranquille, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride.
 2001 : 15 août, dirigida por Patrick Alessandrin protagonizada por Richard Berry, Charles Berling.
 2001: L'Art (délicat) de la séduction, dirigida por Richard Berry protagonizada por Patrick Timsit, Cécile de France.
 2001: Une affaire privée, dirigida por Guillaume Nicloux starring Thierry Lhermitte, Marion Cotillard.
 2001: Marie-Jo et ses deux amours, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride.
 2001: C'est le bouquet !, dirigida por Jeanne Labrune protagonizada por Hélène Lapiower, Richard Debuisne.
 2002: Pas d'histoire ! Regards sur le racisme au quotidien de Philippe Jullien et Yamina Benguigui.
 2002: Mille millièmes, fantaisie immobilière, dirigida por Rémi Waterhouse protagonizada por Irène Jacob.
 2002: Ah ! si j'étais riche (If I Were a Rich Man), dirigida por Michel Munz et Gérard Bitton protagonizada por Valeria Bruni-Tedeschi.
 2002: Le Cœur des hommes, dirigida por Marc Esposito starring Gérard Darmon.
 2003: Mon père est ingénieur, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian protagonizada por Ariane Ascaride, Jean-Pierre Darroussin.
 2003: Red Lights (Feux rouges), dirigida por Cédric Kahn avec Jean-Pierre Darroussin, Carole Bouquet.
 2004: Cause toujours !, dirigida por Jeanne Labrune - Bruno
 2005: Un long dimanche de fiançailles (A Very Long Engagement), dirigida por Jean-Pierre Jeunet protagonizada por Audrey Tautou.
 2005: Combien tu m'aimes?, dirigida por Bertrand Blier.
 2005: Saint-Jacques... La Mecque, dirigida por Coline Serreau.
 2006: Le Voyage en Arménie, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian.
 2006: Le Pressentiment, dirigida por Jean-Pierre Darroussin.
 2007: Dialogue avec mon jardinier, dirigida por Jean Becker.
 2007: Fragile(s), dirigida por Martin Valente.
 2007: J'attends quelqu'un, dirigida por Jérôme Bonnell.
 2007: Le Cœur des hommes 2, dirigida por Marc Esposito.
 2008: Lady Jane, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian.
 2008: Le septième juré (Jury Duty, or The Seventh Juror), dirigida por Edouard Niermans.
 2009: The Army of Crime, dirigida por Robert Guédiguian.

Años 2010
 2010: El inmortal dirigida por Richard Berry.
 2010 : La Dame de trèfle, de Jérôme Bonnell.
 2010 : Holiday, de Guillaume Nicloux.
 2011: Las nieves del Kilimanjaro, de Robert Guédiguian.
 2011: Le Havre dirigida por Aki Kaurismäki.
 2011 : La Fille du puisatier, de Daniel Auteuil.
 2011 : De bon matin, de Jean-Marc Moutout.
 2013 : Rendez-vous à Kiruna, de Anna Novion.
 2013 : Marius, de Daniel Auteuil.
 2013 : Fanny, de Daniel Auteuil.
 2013 : Le Cœur des hommes 3, de Marc Esposito.
 2013 : Mon âme par toi guérie, de François Dupeyron.
 2014 : Luces de París, de Marc Fitoussi.
 2014 : Au fil d'Ariane, de Robert Guédiguian.
 2014 : Bon Rétablissement !, de Jean Becker.
 2015 : Coup de chaud, de Raphaël Jacoulot.
 2016 : Une vie, de Stéphane Brizé.
 2017 : La Promesse de l'aube, de Éric Barbier.
 2017 : La Villa, de Robert Guédiguian.
 2018 : Chacun pour tous, de Vianney Lebasque.
 2019 : Gloria Mundi, de Robert Guédiguian.
 2019 : Les Éblouis, de Sarah Suco.

Años 2020
 2020 : Des hommes, de Lucas Belvaux.
 2021 : Le Trésor du Petit Nicolas, de Julien Rappeneau.
 2022 : Rumba la vie, de Franck Dubosc.
 2022 : L'École est à nous, de Alexandre Castagnetti.

Filmografía como director
 1992 : C'est trop con (corto metraje)
 2006 : Le Pressentiment

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de Francia
Directores de cine de Francia
Nacidos en Courbevoie

Jean-Pierre Darroussin


Semolina is the name given to coarsely milled durum wheat mainly used in making couscous, pasta, and sweet puddings. The term semolina is also used to designate coarse millings of other varieties of wheat, and sometimes other grains (such as rice or maize) as well.

Etymology
Semolina is derived from the Italian word , 1790–1800; alteration of Italian , equivalent to semol(a) "bran" () + -ino diminutive suffix. In the Lithuanian language  means something that is milled,  means "flour" and  means "to mill", while semolina in Lithuanian language is . The words simila, semidalis, groat, and grain may all have similar proto-Indo-European origins as two Sanskrit terms for wheat, samita and godhuma, or may be loan words from the Semitic root smd "to grind into groats" (cf.  ).

Production

Modern milling of wheat into flour is a process that employs grooved steel rollers. The rollers are adjusted so that the space between them is slightly narrower than the width of the wheat kernels. As the wheat is fed into the mill, the rollers flake off the bran and germ while the starch (or endosperm) is cracked into coarse pieces in the process. Through sifting, these endosperm particles, the semolina, are separated from the bran. The semolina is then ground into flour. This greatly simplifies the process of separating the endosperm from the bran and germ, as well as making it possible to separate the endosperm into different grades because the inner part of the endosperm tends to break down into smaller pieces than the outer part. Different grades of flour can thus be produced.

Types
Semolina made from hard durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is pale yellow in color. It may be milled either coarse or fine, and both are used in a wide variety of sweet and savory dishes, including many types of pasta. Common names in other languages include:

 Italian: semola di grano duro; coarse (no descriptor), fine rimacinata
 Greek: simigdáli σιμιγδάλι; coarse chondró χονδρό, fine psiló ψιλό
 Arabic: samīd سميد; coarse ḵašin خشن, fine nāʿim ناعم
 Turkish: irmik; coarse iri, fine ince
 Pakistani (Urdu): sooji سوجی
 Hindustani: baṃsī ravā, bansi rava बंसी रवा (milled only coarse, not fine)

Semolina made from common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is beige in color. In the United States, it is called farina (not to be confused with Italian farina, which is common-wheat flour), and it is used more often for desserts than for savory foods. In the Indian subcontinent, common-wheat semolina may be milled either coarse or fine, and both are used in a wide variety of both sweet and savory dishes. Common names in other languages include:

 Punjabi: sūjī ਸੂਜੀ
 Nepali: sūjī सूजी
 Hindustani: sūjī सूजी/سوجی, or ravā रवा; coarse moṭī मोटी, fine bārīk बारीक
 Bangla: sūjī সুজি
 Dhivehi: ravā ރަވާ
 Gujarati: sōjī સોજી
 Marathi: ravā रवा
 Telugu: ravva రవ్వ
 Kannada: rave ರವೆ
 Tamil: ravai ரவை
 Malayalam: ṟava റവ

Broadly speaking, meal produced from grains other than wheat may also be referred to as semolina, e.g., rice semolina and corn semolina. Corn semolina is commonly called grits in the United States.

Dishes

Savory
In Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Romania, Slovakia and Croatia, (durum) semolina is known as (Hartweizen-)Grieß (a word related to "grits") and is mixed with egg to make Grießknödel, which can be added to soup. The particles are fairly coarse, between 0.25 and 0.75 millimeters in diameter. It is also cooked in milk and sprinkled with chocolate to be eaten as breakfast.

In Italy, (durum) semolina is used to make a type of soup by directly boiling fine semolina in vegetable or chicken broth. Semolina can also be used for making a type of gnocchi called gnocchi alla romana, where semolina is mixed with milk, cheese and butter to form a log, then cut in discs and baked with cheese and bechamel.

Semolina is a common food in West Africa, especially among Nigerians. It is eaten as either lunch or dinner with stew or soup. It is prepared just like eba (cassava flour) or fufu with water and boiled for 5 to 10 minutes.

In much of North Africa, durum semolina is made into the staple couscous and different kinds of flat breads like m'semen, kesra, khobz and other.

In Pakistan and North India semolina is called sooji, and in South India, rava. Semolina is used to make savory South Indian foods, such as rava dosa, rava idli, rava kitchri and upma. It is used to coat slices of fish before it is pan-fried in oil. Rotis can also be made from semolina.

Sweet
In the US, semolina (specifically farina) is boiled to produce a porridge; a popular brand of this is Cream of Wheat.

In the UK, the flour is mixed with hot milk, sugar and vanilla to make a warm pudding dessert. It has fallen out of favour in recent times due to the slight coarseness that the grains retain. Prior to 1980 it was a staple pudding served in school lunches.

In e.g. Austria, Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, Romania, Croatia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic common wheat semolina (the correct name is  in German, but usually it is just called ) is cooked with milk and sugar or cooked without sugar and then topped with sugar, cinnamon, Ovaltine or other sweet toppings. A dollop of butter is also often added. This dish is called Grießkoch in Austria,  in Germany, and semolina pudding in English.  or Grießkoch can also be mixed with whipped egg whites and sometimes fruits or nuts and baked in the oven, and is then called .

A baked dish containing semolina called migliaccio is present in the Neapolitan tradition in Italy; it is a mixture of ricotta, vanilla and citrus peel, similar to the filling in sfogliatelle, with added semolina flour to obtain a simple, firm cake.

In Slovakia, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Israel, and Russia, it is eaten as a breakfast porridge, sometimes mixed with raisins and served with milk. In Swedish it is known as , or boiled together with blueberries, as . In Sweden, Estonia, Finland, and Latvia, for a dessert usually eaten in summer, semolina is boiled together with juice from berries and then whipped into a light, airy consistency to create  (Swedish name), also known as  (Finnish name) or  (Estonian name) or  (Latvian name).

In the Middle East and North Africa, basbousa (also called harisa in some varieties of Arabic, e.g. Alexandrian dialect of Egyptian Arabic) is a sweet semolina cake soaked in fragrant syrup and frequently topped with nuts. In North Africa, it is also used to make harcha, a kind of griddle cake often eaten for breakfast, commonly with jam or honey. Baghrir, a North African pancake, is also made with semolina or flour that is served for breakfast.

In Indian sub continent, semolina (called Rava, suji or shuji) is used for such sweets as halwa and rava kesari. Such a preparation is also a popular dessert in Greece (halvas) and Cyprus (halvas). In Greece, the dessert galaktoboureko is made by making a custard from the semolina and then wrapping it in phyllo sheets. In Cyprus, the semolina may be mixed also with almond cordial to create a light, water-based pudding. In Turkey (helva), Bulgaria (halva), Iran (halva), Pakistan (halva), Bangladesh (halua), Palestine (khalva), and Arab countries, halawa is sometimes made with semolina scorched with sugar, butter, milk, and pine nuts. In Nepal, semolina is called suji and is used for preparing sweet dishes such as haluwa (Nepali equivalent of Indian and Pakistani halwa) or puwa. In Myanmar (Burma), semolina (called shwegyi) is used in a popular dessert called sanwin makin. In Sri Lanka semolina is called rulan and used to make creamy porridge and a sweet confectionery called "rulan aluwa". In Turkey sweet dishes called şekerpare and şambali are made with semolina.

In baking
As an alternative to corn meal, semolina can be used to flour the baking surface to prevent sticking. In bread making, a small proportion of durum semolina added to the usual mix of flour is said to produce a tasty crust.

See also
 Guriev porridge
Bombay rava

References

External links

Breakfast cereals
Cereals
Wheat
Algerian cuisine
Arab cuisine
Egyptian cuisine
Greek cuisine
Iraqi cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Jordanian cuisine
Lebanese cuisine
Levantine cuisine
Libyan cuisine
Moroccan cuisine
Pakistani cuisine
Palestinian cuisine
Syrian cuisine
Tunisian cuisine
Ukrainian cuisine

Semolina


(5209) Oloossôn, nom international (5209) Oloosson, est un astéroïde troyen jovien.

Description
(5209) Oloossôn est un astéroïde troyen jovien, camp grec, c'est-à-dire situé au point de Lagrange L4 du système Soleil-Jupiter. Il présente une orbite caractérisée par un demi-grand axe de 5,203 UA, une excentricité de 0,051 et une inclinaison de 9,0° par rapport à l'écliptique.

Il est nommé en référence à une cité des thessaliens de la mythologie grecque, Oloossón, l'un des ports d'embarquement des grecs lors du conflit légendaire de la guerre de Troie.

Compléments

Articles connexes
 Liste des planètes mineures (5001-6000)
 Astéroïdes troyens de Jupiter

Références

Planète mineure découverte en 1989
Astéroïde au point de Lagrange L4 du système Soleil-Jupiter
Oloosson
Objet céleste découvert par Tsutomu Seki
Objet céleste découvert à l'observatoire de Geisei
Planète mineure prédécouverte en 1955

(5209) Oloossôn


Cocker Spaniels are dogs belonging to two breeds of the spaniel dog type: the American Cocker Spaniel and the English Cocker Spaniel, both of which are commonly called simply Cocker Spaniel in their countries of origin. In the early 20th century, Cocker Spaniels also included small hunting spaniels.

Cocker Spaniels were originally bred as hunting dogs in the UK, with the term "cocker" deriving from their use to hunt the Eurasian woodcock. When the breed was brought to the United States, it was bred to a different standard, which enabled it to specialize in hunting the American woodcock. Further physical changes were bred into the cocker in the United States during the early part of the 20th century.

Spaniels were first mentioned in the 14th century by Gaston III, Count of Foix in his work the Livre de Chasse. The "cocking" or "cocker spaniel" was a type of field or land spaniel in the 19th century. Prior to 1901, Cocker Spaniels were only separated from Field Spaniels and Springer Spaniels by weight. Two dogs are considered to be the foundation sires of both modern breeds, the English variety are descended from Ch. Obo, while the American breed descends from Obo's son, Ch. Obo II. In the United States, the English Cocker was recognized as separate from the native breed in 1946; in the UK, the American type was recognized as a separate breed in 1970. In addition, a second strain of English Cocker Spaniel, a working strain, is not bred to a standard, but to working ability. Both breeds share similar coat colors and health issues with a few exceptions.

History

While their origins are unknown, "spaynels" are mentioned in 14th-century writings. They are commonly assumed to have originated in Spain, and Edward, 2nd Duke of York in his 15th-century work The Master of Game introduces them as "Another kind of hound there is that be called hounds for the hawk and spaniels, for their kind cometh from Spain, notwithstanding that there are many in other countries." The Master of Game was mostly an English translation of an earlier 14th century Old French work by Gaston III of Foix-Béarn entitled Livre de Chasse.

In 1801, Sydenham Edwards wrote in Cynographia Britannica that the "Land Spaniel" is divided into two types: the hawking, springing/springer and the cocking/cocker spaniel. The term "cocker" came from the dog's use in hunting woodcocks. During the 19th century, a "cocker spaniel" was a type of small Field Spaniel; at the time, this term referred to a number of different spaniel hunting breeds, including the Norfolk Spaniel, Sussex Spaniel, and Clumber Spaniel. While no Sussex Cockers or Clumber Cockers existed, some dogs were known as Welsh Cockers and Devonshire Cockers. The Welsh or Devonshire were considered cockers until 1903, when they were recognized by The Kennel Club as the Welsh Springer Spaniel.

Prior to the 1870s, the only requirement for a dog to be classed as a Cocker Spaniel was that it needed to weigh less than , although breeders separated the cocker from the King Charles Spaniel, which remains a smaller breed of spaniel. This maximum weight limit remained on the Cocker Spaniel until 1900, with larger dogs being classed as Springer Spaniels. The colors of the Devonshire and Welsh Cockers were described by John Henry Walsh under the pseudonym Stonehenge in his book The Dog in Health and Disease as being a deeper shade of liver than that of the Sussex Spaniel. Following the formation of The Kennel Club in the UK in 1873, efforts were made by breeders to record the pedigrees of cockers and springers. In 1892, English Cocker Spaniels and English Springer Spaniels were recognized as separate breeds by The Kennel Club.

Two dogs are thought to be the foundation sires of both modern breeds of cocker spaniels. Ch. Obo is considered by breed enthusiasts to be the father of the modern English Cocker Spaniel, while his son, Ch. Obo II, is considered to be the progenitor of the American Cocker Spaniel. Obo was born in 1879, when registration as a cocker was still only by size and not by ancestry. He was the son of a Sussex Spaniel and a Field Spaniel. Although Obo was an English dog, Obo II was born on American shores – his mother was shipped to the United States while pregnant. During his lifetime, Obo II was claimed in advertisements to be the sire or grandsire of nearly every prize-winning cocker in America.

Modern breeds

The two breeds of cocker spaniel are the English Cocker Spaniel and the American Cocker Spaniel. They were bred as gun dogs, to use their sense of smell to cover low areas near the handler to flush birds into the air to be shot, and to use their eyes and nose to locate the bird once downed, and then to retrieve the bird with a soft mouth. The major differences between the English and American varieties is that the American is smaller with a shorter back, a domed head, and a shorter muzzle, while the English variety is taller with a narrower head and chest.

Cocker Spaniel coats occur in a variety of colors, including black, liver, red, and golden in solids. Also, black and tan, and sometimes liver and tan are known, as well as a variety of color mixtures of those solid colors including roans, roan and tans, tricolors, and those solid colors with additional white markings.

Rare colours can appear unexpectedly in certain lines, for instance while an all-white cocker is usually bred by selective breeding of very light golden strains, they can still appear very uncommonly to parents that are dark-colored. A noted occurrence of this happened in 1943, when a grandson of My Own Brucie, Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1940 and 1941, was born all-white.

In its native United States, the American Cocker Spaniel was ranked the 23rd-most popular breed according to registration statistics of the AKC in 2009, a decrease in popularity since 1999, when it was ranked 13th. For 25 years, the American Cocker Spaniel was the most popular dog in America. It was ranked number one first in 1936 prior to the English Cocker Spaniel being recognized as a separate breed, and held onto the spot until 1952, when Beagles became the most popular dogs. It regained the spot in 1983 and held on at number one until 1990. In the UK, the American Cocker Spaniel is far less popular than its English relative, with 322 registrations compared to the English Cocker's 22,211 in 2009.

English Cocker Spaniel

Called simply Cocker Spaniel in the UK, this is the breed that was originally recognized by The Kennel Club (KC) in 1892. The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed in 1946.

The size of the English Cocker Spaniel according to the KC is  at the withers for males, and  for females. The weight of a show dog should be .

The English Cocker Spaniel is the most successful breed at the most popular dog show in the UK, Crufts, with seven best-in-show wins since the prize was first awarded in 1928. This was mostly due to the success of dog breeder H.S. Lloyd's Ware Kennel, dogs of which won best-in-show on six occasions between 1930–1950. They are the second most popular dog breed in the UK according to statistics released by the KC with 22,211 registrations in 2009, beaten only by the Labrador Retriever with 40,943. In third place was the English Springer Spaniel with 12,700. The English Cocker's popularity has increased steadily since 1999 in the United States when they were ranked 76th in registrations by the AKC, to 2009 when they were ranked 66th.

Physical differences exist between the show strain and working strain in the UK. While the show strain is bred to the conformation standard, the working strain is bred for working ability, and as such, several physical differences have appeared. Working-type dogs tend to be larger with flatter heads and shorter ears. The coat also tends to be shorter and finer than the show variety and have less feathering. The working strain seems to be more energetic than the show strain.

American Cocker Spaniel

American Cocker Spaniels were recognized by the AKC in 1878. Generally smaller than the English, separate classes were created for the two types in America in 1935 and the Cocker Spaniel Club of America discouraged breeding between the two types in 1938. The American Cocker Spaniel was recognized as a separate breed by the KC in the UK in 1970. The American Cocker Spaniel is referred to as the Cocker Spaniel within the United States.

The American Cocker Spaniel was bred smaller, as American woodcocks are smaller than their European relatives, and the breed's appearance changed slightly during the first part of the 20th century, as the preference by American breeders was for a more stylish appearance. The standard size according to the AKC is between  at the withers for males and  for females. The weight of the breed is typically between .

At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, the most prestigious dog show in the United States, the American Cocker Spaniel has won Best in Show on four occasions since its first award in 1907. The most successful breed is the Wire Fox Terrier with 13 wins. The American Cocker Spaniel is judged in three separate breed classes under AKC rules; "black", "parti-color", and "any solid color other than black..." (ASCOB).

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Dog types
Gundogs
Hunting dogs
Spaniels

Cocker Spaniel


Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes From A Memory, 1999 yılında, Dream Theater'ın 5. albümü olarak yayınlandı. Nicholas'ın kendi iç çekişmeleri ve onun geçmiş yaşamında Victoria Page olarak yaşadığı aşk, cinayet ve sadakatsizlik üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır.

Adından da anlaşılacağı üzere Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes From A Memory; grubun ikinci albümü Images and Words'te yer alan bir şarkı olan "Metropolis Pt. 1: The Miracle And The Sleeper"ın devamı niteliğindedir. Bununla birlikte grup bu şarkıyı Metropolis Pt. 1 olarak isimlendirirken, bu şarkının devamının da olacağını bildirmek amacını gütmüyorlardı. Aslında bu şekilde isimlendirmelerindeki tek amaç bir şakadan ibaretti. Grubun fanlarının yoğun isteklerinin ardından grup "Part 2" üzerinde çalışmaya başladılar.

Önceleri, grup elemanları, Part 2 üzerinde bir albüm değil de bir şarkı olarak çalışmaya başlamışlardı. İlk olarak, grubun dördüncü albümü Falling Into Infinity çalışmaları sırasında, 1996/97 yıllarında Part 2'nin adı geçmeye başladı. Şarkı hiçbir zaman yayınlanmamıştı, ayrıca albümün kayıt şirketi de o zamanlarda bir çift diskli albüm çıkartma niyetinde değildi, bu sebeple şarkı bir kenara atıldı. Grup klavyede Derek Sherinian ile birlikte, daha sonraları tekrar üzerinde çalışılmak üzere 23 dakikalık bir demo kaydında bulundular. Mike Portnoy'un kaydın dağıtılmamasına dair tüm ısrarlarına rağmen, bu kaydın sadece 12 dakikalık bir versiyonu internet yolu ile dağıtıldı. Beşinci albümün kayıt aşamalarına gelindiği zaman, grup tekrar bu kayda geri döndü ve bu şarkıyı tam bir albüm haline getirdiler.

Albümün çıkmasının hemen ardından yapılan dünya turunda, albümün tamamı çalındı. 2000 yılında, dünya turunun Kuzey Amerika bölümünün son konseri, grup üyelerinin albüm hakkında görüşlerini ve albümün hikâyesini de içeren Metropolis 2000: Scenes from New York adıyla bir DVD'de satışa sunuldu. Bu albüm, ayrıca Jordan Rudess'in de yer aldığı ilk albüm olma özelliğini taşıyor.

Albümün son şarkısı ayrıca Dream Theater'da yeni bir müzikal deneyimin oluşmasına da olanak sağladı. Bu albümden itibaren albümlerin son şarkılarının son saniyeleri, bir sonraki albümün ilk parçasının ilk saniyelerinden oluşmaktaydı. Bu gelenek, Dream Theater'ın 2002 tarihli Six Degrees of Inner Turbulance ve 2004 tarihli Train of Thought ve 2006 tarihli Octavarium ve son olarak 2007 tarihli Systematic Chaos albümlerinde de devam etti.

Bu albüm, Guitar World dergisinin Ekim 2006 tarihli sayısında da tüm zamanların en başarılı 100 gitar albümü sıralamasında 95. sırada yer almıştır.

Parça Listesi
 "Scene One: Regression" – 2:06 (Söz ve Müzik: Petrucci)
 "Scene Two: I. Overture 1928" – 3:37 (Dream Theater, Enstrümantal)
 "Scene Two: II. Strange Deja Vu" – 5:12 (Dream Theater, Portnoy)
 "Scene Three: I. Through My Words" – 1:02 (Petrucci)
 "Scene Three: II. Fatal Tragedy" – 6:49 (Dream Theater, Myung)
 "Scene Four: Beyond This Life" – 11:22 (Dream Theater, Petrucci)
 "Scene Five: Through Her Eyes" – 5:29 (Dream Theater, Petrucci)
 "Scene Six: Home" – 12:53 (Dream Theater, Portnoy)
 "Scene Seven: I. The Dance of Eternity" – 6:13 (Dream Theater, Enstrümantal)
 "Scene Seven: II. One Last Time" – 3:46 (Dream Theater, LaBrie)
 "Scene Eight: The Spirit Carries On" – 6:38 (Dream Theater, Petrucci)
 "Scene Nine: Finally Free" – 11:59 (Dream Theater, Portnoy)

Grup elemanları
 James LaBrie – vokal
 John Myung – bas
 John Petrucci – guitar, vokal
 Mike Portnoy – davul, vokal
 Jordan Rudess – klavye
 Theresa Thomason - 7. ve 11. parçalarda geri vokal.
 Gospel Choir - 11. parçada geri vokal.
 Terry Brown - psikiyatristin sesi.

Karakterler

Günümüz

 Nicholas
 Hipnoterapist
 Yaşlı Adam

1928

 Victoria Page ("Metropolis")
 Julian Baynes ("The Sleeper")
 Sen. Edward Baynes ("The Miracle")

1999 albümleri
Dream Theater albümleri
Konsept albümler

Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes From A Memory


Tarchonantheae, maleni tribus vazdazelenih grmova i drveća iz porodice glavočika, dio potporodice Tarchonanthoideae. Postoje dva roda sa 18 vrsta raširenih poglavito po Africi, te na Arapskom poluotoku.

Rodovi
 Brachylaena R.Br. (12 spp.)
 Tarchonanthus L.  (6 spp.)

Izvori

Carduoideae

Tarchonantheae


Der Briefmarken-Jahrgang 1963 der Deutschen Post der DDR wurde 1963 durch die Deutsche Post emittiert. Wie im Briefmarken-Jahrgang 1962 wurde 1963 ein Block ausgegeben. Vier Briefmarken gelangten in zwei waagerechten Zusammendrucken sowie zehn Werte mit einem thematisch gestalteten Nebenfeld an die Postschalter. Einen weiteren Kleinbogen gab es erst im nächsten Markenjahr.

Zum Jahrgang gehören 61 Sondermarken und ein Block mit insgesamt 63 Motiven sowie sieben Dauermarken in zwei Zeichnungen. Der Ausgabeumfang entsprach damit in etwa dem Vorjahr (1962: 65 Werte). Bei 14 Sondermarken musste ein Zuschlag zwischen 5 und 20 Pfennigen (insgesamt 1,15 Mark) bezahlt werden. Der Nominalwert der Ausgaben betrug 19,45 Mark.

Seit 1955 wurden bei den meisten Sonderbriefmarkensätzen in der Regel ein Wert sowie fast alle Blocks und die ab 1962 erschienenen Kleinbogenausgaben in deutlich reduzierter Auflage gedruckt. Diese sogenannten Werte in geringer Auflage waren, abgesehen von einer in der Regel auf zwei Stück pro Postkunde begrenzten Abgabe am ersten Ausgabetag und am ersten Tag nach Ablauf der Abholfrist, nur mit einem Sammlerausweis an den Postschaltern oder über einen zu beantragenden Direktbezug bei der Versandstelle der Deutschen Post in Berlin erhältlich. In diesem Markenjahr betrug die Auflagenhöhe dieser Werte  oder  Stück.

Alle Marken dieses Jahrgangs wurden auf Papier mit dem Wasserzeichen Nr. 3 (DDR um Kreuzblume) gedruckt, lediglich bei den langjährig nachgedruckten Dauerserienwerten zu 50 und 70 Pfennig kam es bei Teilauflagen von 1967 durch eine Papierverwechslung zum Druck auf Papier mit dem Wasserzeichen Nr. 1 (Kreuzblumen). Der Block weist kein Wasserzeichen auf. Die Ausgaben waren, bis auf die bis zum 2. Oktober 1990 verwendbaren Dauermarken, bis zum 31. März 1965 frankaturgültig.

Besonderheiten
Sondermarken
Die seit 1962 dreiwertigen Messemarkensätze wurden auch 1963 beibehalten. Erstmals erschien eine Ausgabe zu einem SED-Parteitag, noch mit nur einer Marke – 1967 sollten es zum VII. Parteitag schon 2 Sätze mit insgesamt 8 Werten sein. Mehrere Ausgaben waren wieder dem Sport gewidmet, der für die DDR aufgrund seiner internationalen Ausstrahlung von wachsender politischer Bedeutung geworden war: Die Marken für die Olympischen Winterspiele 1964 gelangten schon zum Jahresende an die Schalter, dann wurde die Sportthematik mit Marken zum Deutschen Turn- und Sportfest, zu den in der DDR ausgetragenen Läufen der Weltmeisterschaften im Motorradrennen und Motocross sowie zum 100. Geburtstag Pierre de Coubertins, dem Begründer der Olympischen Spiele der Neuzeit, fortgesetzt. Schließlich wiesen auch die – wie im Vorjahr mit zwei Sätzen – erschienenen Zuschlagsmarken der Serie "Erhaltung nationaler Gedenkstätten in ehemaligen Konzentrationslagern", die seit Mitte der 1950er Jahre lief und in diesem Jahr den während der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft ermordeten Sportlern gewidmet war, Nebenfelder mit Sportmotiven auf. Die chemische Industrie hatte für die DDR-Wirtschaft schon aus der Wirtschaftstradition heraus fundamentale Bedeutung. Nachdem diese bereits 1960 mit einem vierwertigen Markensatz postalisch gewürdigt worden war, gelangte 1963 ein nichtgummierter, auf Dederon-Gewebe gedruckter Block an die Schalter. Begonnen wurde in diesem Jahr die bis 1989 mit jeweils einem Wert laufende Serie "Internationale Mahn- und Gedenkstätten".
Eine abschließende motivliche Fortsetzung fand die erst 1962 begonnene Serie "Geschützte Tiere". Daneben gab es unter anderem Ausgaben zum 150. Jahrestag der Befreiungskriege, zu Geburtstagsjubiläen deutscher Schriftsteller und Opernkomponisten, zum DDR-Besuch sowjetischer Kosmonauten und zur internationalen Bekämpfung der Malaria.
Dauermarken
Mit 5 Portostufen wurden zunächst die Pfennigwerte der 1961 gestarteten Dauerserie "Walter Ulbricht" ergänzt. Mit den zu dieser Serie auch ausgegebenen zwei Markwerten mit der Währungsangabe "DM" lagen erstmals seit 1958 die hohen Dauerseriennominale in neuer Gestaltung vor. Die 1-DM-Pieckmarke der Vorgängerserie von 1957 war bereits zum 31. März 1962 außer Kurs gesetzt worden, wohingegen ihr 2-DM-Nominal noch bis zum 2. Oktober 1990 parallel zu den Ulbricht-Werten gültig blieb.

Liste der Ausgaben und Motive

Zusammendrucke

Belege

Literatur
 Michel-Katalog Deutschland-Spezial 1999, München, Schwaneberger Verlag 1999, ISBN 3-87858-132-7
 DDR-Universalkatalog; Herausgegeben von Peter Fischer, Frithjof Skupin und Wolfgang Gudenschwager; Verlag: Transpress, Verlag für Verkehrswesen ISBN 3-344-00001-2

Siehe auch
 Raumfahrt auf Briefmarken der Deutschen Post der DDR
 Briefmarkenblocks der Deutschen Post der DDR
 Briefmarken-Jahrgang 1963 der Deutschen Bundespost
 Briefmarken-Jahrgang 1963 der Deutschen Bundespost Berlin

Weblinks

Liste (Philatelie)
Ersterscheinung 1963
1963


The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union (and its successor state, the Russian Federation). US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev signed the treaty on 8 December 1987. The US Senate approved the treaty on 27 May 1988, and Reagan and Gorbachev ratified it on 1 June 1988.

The INF Treaty banned all of the two nations' nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and missile launchers with ranges of  (short medium-range) and  (intermediate-range). The treaty did not apply to air- or sea-launched missiles. By May 1991, the nations had eliminated 2,692 missiles, followed by 10 years of on-site verification inspections.

President Donald Trump announced on 20 October 2018 that he was withdrawing the US from the treaty due to Russian non-compliance, stating that Russia had breached the treaty by developing and deploying an intermediate-range cruise missile known as the SSC-8 (Novator 9M729).  The Trump administration claimed another reason for the withdrawal was to counter a Chinese arms buildup in the Pacific, including within the South China Sea, as China was not a signatory to the treaty. The US formally suspended the treaty on 1 February 2019, and Russia did so on the following day in response. The United States formally withdrew from the treaty on 2 August 2019.

Background
In March 1976, the Soviet Union first deployed the RSD-10 Pioneer (called SS-20 Saber in the West) in its European territories, a mobile, concealable intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) with a multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) containing three nuclear 150-kiloton warheads. The SS-20's range of  was great enough to reach Western Europe from well within Soviet territory; the range was just below the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) Treaty minimum range for an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), . The SS-20 replaced the aging SS-4 Sandal and SS-5 Skean, which were seen to pose a limited threat to Western Europe due to their poor accuracy, limited payload (one warhead), lengthy time to prepare to launch, difficulty of concealment, and a lack of mobility which exposed them to pre-emptive NATO strikes ahead of a planned attack. While the SS-4 and SS-5 were seen as defensive weapons, the SS-20 was seen as a potential offensive system.

The United States, then under President Jimmy Carter, initially considered its strategic nuclear weapons and nuclear-capable aircraft to be adequate counters to the SS-20 and a sufficient deterrent against possible Soviet aggression. In 1977, however, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany argued in a speech that a Western response to the SS-20 deployment should be explored, a call which was echoed by NATO, given a perceived Western disadvantage in European nuclear forces. Leslie H. Gelb, the US Assistant Secretary of State, later recounted that Schmidt's speech pressured the US into developing a response.

On 12 December 1979, following European pressure for a response to the SS-20, Western foreign and defense ministers meeting in Brussels made the NATO Double-Track Decision. The ministers argued that the Warsaw Pact had "developed a large and growing capability in nuclear systems that directly threaten Western Europe": "theater" nuclear systems (i.e., tactical nuclear weapons). In describing this aggravated situation, the ministers made direct reference to the SS-20 featuring "significant improvements over previous systems in providing greater accuracy, more mobility, and greater range, as well as having multiple warheads". The ministers also attributed the altered situation to the deployment of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber, which they believed had much greater performance than its predecessors. Furthermore, the ministers expressed concern that the Soviet Union had gained an advantage over NATO in "Long-Range Theater Nuclear Forces" (LRTNF), and also significantly increased short-range theater nuclear capacity.

The Double-Track Decision involved two policy "tracks". Initially, of the 7,400 theater nuclear warheads, 1,000 would be removed from Europe and the US would pursue bilateral negotiations with the Soviet Union intended to limit theater nuclear forces. Should these negotiations fail, NATO would modernize its own LRTNF, or intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), by replacing US Pershing 1a missiles with 108 Pershing II launchers in West Germany and deploying 464 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCMs) to Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom beginning in December 1983.

Negotiations

Early negotiations: 1981–1983
The Soviet Union and United States agreed to open negotiations and preliminary discussions, named the Preliminary Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Talks, which began in Geneva, Switzerland, in October 1980. The relations were strained at the time due to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan which led America to impose sanctions against the USSR. On 20 January 1981, Ronald Reagan was sworn into office after defeating Jimmy Carter in the 1980 United States presidential election. Formal talks began on 30 November 1981, with the US negotiators led by Reagan and those of the Soviet Union by General Secretary, Leonid Brezhnev. The core of the US negotiating position reflected the principles put forth under Carter: any limits placed on US INF capabilities, both in terms of "ceilings" and "rights", must be reciprocated with limits on Soviet systems. Additionally, the US insisted that a sufficient verification regime be put in place.

Paul Nitze, an experienced politician and long-time presidential advisor on defense policy who had participated in the SALT talks, led the US delegation after being recruited by Secretary of State Alexander Haig. Though Nitze had backed the first SALT treaty, he opposed SALT II and had resigned from the US delegation during its negotiation. Nitze was also then a member of the Committee on the Present Danger, a firmly anti-Soviet group composed of conservative Republicans. Yuli Kvitsinsky, the second-ranking official at the Soviet embassy in West Germany, headed the Soviet delegation.

On 18 November 1981, shortly before the beginning of formal talks, Reagan made the Zero Option or "zero-zero" proposal. It called for a hold on US deployment of GLCM and Pershing II systems, reciprocated by Soviet elimination of its SS-4, SS-5, and SS-20 missiles. There appeared to be little chance of the Zero Option being adopted due to Soviet opposition, but the gesture was well received by the European public. In February 1982, US negotiators put forth a draft treaty containing the Zero Option and a global prohibition on intermediate- and short-range missiles, with compliance ensured via a stringent, though unspecified, verification program.

Opinion within the Reagan administration on the Zero Option was mixed. Richard Perle, then the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs, was the architect of the plan. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who supported a continued US nuclear presence in Europe, was skeptical of the plan, though eventually accepted it for its value in putting the Soviet Union "on the defensive in the European propaganda war". Reagan later recounted that the "zero option sprang out of the realities of nuclear politics in Western Europe". The Soviet Union rejected the plan shortly after the US tabled it in February 1982, arguing that both the US and USSR should be able to retain intermediate-range missiles in Europe. Specifically, Soviet negotiators proposed that the number of INF missiles and aircraft deployed in Europe by each side be capped at 600 by 1985 and 300 by 1990. Concerned that this proposal would force the US to withdraw aircraft from Europe and not deploy INF missiles, given US cooperation with existing British and French deployments, the US proposed "equal rights and limits"—the US would be permitted to match Soviet SS-20 deployments.

Between 1981 and 1983, American and Soviet negotiators gathered for six rounds of talks, each two months in length—a system based on the earlier SALT talks. The US delegation was composed of Nitze, Major General William F. Burns of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Thomas Graham of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), and officials from the US Department of State, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and US National Security Council. Colonel Norman Clyne, a SALT talks participant, served as Nitze's chief of staff.

There was little convergence between the two sides over these two years. A US effort to separate the question of nuclear-capable aircraft from that of intermediate-range missiles successfully focused attention on the latter, but little clear progress on the subject was made. In the summer of 1982, Nitze and Kvitsinsky took a "walk in the woods" in the Jura Mountains, away from formal negotiations in Geneva, in an independent attempt to bypass bureaucratic procedures and break the negotiating deadlock. Nitze later said that his and Kvitsinsky's goal was to agree to certain concessions that would allow for a summit meeting between Brezhnev and Reagan later in 1982.

Nitze's offer to Kvitsinsky was that the US would forego deployment of the Pershing II and limit the deployment of GLCMs to 75. The Soviet Union, in return, would also have to limit itself to 75 intermediate-range missile launchers in Europe and 90 in Asia. Due to each GLCM launcher containing four GLCMs and each SS-20 launcher containing three warheads, such an agreement would have resulted in the US having 75 more intermediate-range warheads in Europe than the USSR, though Soviet SS-20s were seen as more advanced and maneuverable than American GLCMs. While Kvitsinsky was skeptical that the plan would be well-received in Moscow, Nitze was optimistic about its chances in Washington. The deal ultimately found little traction in either capital. In the United States, the Office of the Secretary of Defense opposed Nitze's proposal, as it opposed any proposal that would allow the Soviet Union to deploy missiles to Europe while blocking American deployments. Nitze's proposal was relayed by Kvitsinsky to Moscow, where it was also rejected. The plan accordingly was never introduced into formal negotiations.

Thomas Graham, a US negotiator, later recalled that Nitze's "walk in the woods" proposal was primarily of Nitze's own design and known beforehand only to Burns and Eugene V. Rostow, the director of ACDA. In a National Security Council meeting following the Nitze-Kvitsinsky walk, the proposal was received positively by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Reagan. Following protests by Perle, working within the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Reagan informed Nitze that he would not back the plan. The State Department, then led by Haig, also indicated that it would not support Nitze's plan and preferred a return to the Zero Option proposal. Nitze argued that one positive consequence of the walk in the woods was that the Western European public, which had doubted American interest in arms control, became convinced that the US was participating in the INF negotiations in good faith.

In early 1983, US negotiators indicated that they would support a plan beyond the Zero Option if the plan established equal rights and limits for the US and USSR, with such limits valid worldwide, and excluded British and French missile systems (as well as those of any other third party). As a temporary measure, the US negotiators also proposed a cap of 450 deployed INF warheads around the world for both the United States and Soviet Union. In response, Soviet negotiators proposed that a plan would have to block all US INF deployments in Europe, cover both missiles and aircraft, include third parties, and focus primarily on Europe for it to gain Soviet backing. In the fall of 1983, just ahead of the scheduled deployment of US Pershing IIs and GLCMs, the United States lowered its proposed limit on global INF deployments to 420 missiles, while the Soviet Union proposed "equal reductions": if the US cancelled the planned deployment of Pershing II and GLCM systems, the Soviet Union would reduce its own INF deployment by 572 warheads. In November 1983, after the first Pershing IIs arrived in West Germany, the Soviet Union ended negotiations.

Restarted negotiations: 1985–1987

British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher played a key role in brokering the negotiations between Reagan and new Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986 to 1987.

In March 1986, negotiations between the US and the USSR resumed, covering not only the INF issue, but also the separate Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) and space issues (Nuclear and Space Talks). In late 1985, both sides were moving towards limiting INF systems in Europe and Asia. On 15 January 1986, Gorbachev announced a Soviet proposal for a ban on all nuclear weapons by 2000, which included INF missiles in Europe. This was dismissed by the United States as a public relations stunt and countered with a phased reduction of INF launchers in Europe and Asia with the target of none by 1989. There would be no constraints on British and French nuclear forces.

A series of meetings in August and September 1986 culminated in the Reykjavík Summit between Reagan and Gorbachev on 11 and 12 October 1986. Both agreed in principle to remove INF systems from Europe and to equal global limits of 100 INF missile warheads. Gorbachev also proposed deeper and more fundamental changes in the strategic relationship. More detailed negotiations extended throughout 1987, aided by the decision of West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in August to remove the joint US-West German Pershing 1a systems. Initially, Kohl had opposed the total elimination of the Pershing missiles, claiming that such a move would increase his nation's vulnerability to an attack by Warsaw Pact forces. The treaty text was finally agreed in September 1987. On 8 December 1987, the treaty was officially signed by Reagan and Gorbachev at a summit in Washington and ratified the following May in a 93–5 vote by the United States Senate.

Contents
The treaty prohibited both parties from possessing, producing, or flight-testing ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of . Possessing or producing ground-based launchers of those missiles was also prohibited. The ban extended to weapons with both nuclear and conventional warheads, but did not cover air-delivered or sea-based missiles. Existing weapons had to be destroyed, and a protocol for mutual inspection was agreed upon. Each party had the right to withdraw from the treaty with six months' notice, "if it decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests".

Timeline

Implementation

By the treaty's deadline of 1 June 1991, a total of 2,692 of such weapons had been destroyed, 846 by the US and 1,846 by the Soviet Union. The following specific missiles, their launcher systems, and their transporter vehicles were destroyed:

 United States
 BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile (decommissioned)
 Pershing 1a (decommissioned)
 Pershing II (decommissioned)
 Soviet Union (listed by NATO reporting name)
 SS-4 Sandal (decommissioned)
 SS-5 Skean (decommissioned)
 SS-12 Scaleboard (decommissioned)
 SS-20 Saber (decommissioned)
 SS-23 Spider (decommissioned)
 SSC-X-4 Slingshot

Treaty after December 1991
Five months prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union completed the dismantling of their intermediate-range missiles on May 28 as outlined by the INF Treaty. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States focused on negotiations with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine to preserve the START 1 treaty that further decreased nuclear armament. The United States considered twelve of the post-Soviet states to be inheritors of the treaty obligations (the three Baltic states are considered to preexist their illegal annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940). The US did not focus immediate attention on the preservation of the INF Treaty because the disarmament of INF missiles already occurred. Eventually, the US began negotiations to maintain the treaty in the six newly independent states of the former Soviet Union that contained INF sites subject to inspection: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan, with Russia being the USSR's official successor state and inheriting its nuclear arsenal. From these six countries, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine entered agreements to continue the fulfillment of the INF Treaty.  The remaining two states, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, became passive participants in the negotiations with approval from the other participating states due to the presence of a single inspection site in each country. Inspection of INF missile sites continued until May 31, 2001, as stipulated by the 13-year inspection agreement within the treaty. After this period, the United States and Russia continued to share national technical means of verification and notifications to ensure that each state maintained compliance. The treaty states continued to meet at Special Verification Committees after the end of the inspection period. There were 30 total meetings with the final meeting occurring in November 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland with the United States, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine meeting to discuss compliance obligations.

Initial skepticism and allegations of treaty violations
In February 2007, Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, gave a speech at the Munich Security Conference in which he said the INF Treaty should be revisited to ensure security, as it only restricted Russia and the US but not other countries. The Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Army General Yuri Baluyevsky, contemporaneously said that Russia was planning to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty in response to deployment of the NATO missile defence system in Europe and because other countries were not bound to the treaty.

According to US officials, Russia violated the treaty in 2008 by testing the SSC-8 cruise missile, which has a range of . Russia rejected the claim that their SSC-8 missiles violated the treaty, claiming that the SSC-8 has a maximum range of only . In 2013, it was reported that Russia had tested and planned to continue testing two missiles in ways that could violate the terms of the treaty: the road-mobile SS-25 and the newer RS-26 ICBMs. The US representatives briefed NATO on other Russian breaches of the INF Treaty in 2014 and 2017. In 2018, NATO formally supported the US claims and accused Russia of breaking the treaty. Russia denied the accusation and Putin said it was a pretext for the US to withdraw from the treaty. A BBC analysis of the meeting that culminated in the NATO statement said that "NATO allies here share Washington's concerns and have backed the US position, thankful perhaps that it includes this short grace period during which Russia might change its mind."

In 2011, Dan Blumenthal of the American Enterprise Institute wrote that the actual Russian problem with the INF Treaty was that China was not bound by it and continued to build up their own intermediate-range forces.

According to Russian officials and the American academic Theodore Postol, the US decision to deploy its missile defense system in Europe was a violation of the treaty as they claim they could be quickly retrofitted with offensive capabilities; this accusation has in turn been rejected by US and NATO officials and academic Jeffrey Lewis. Russian experts also stated that the US usage of target missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper and MQ-4 Triton, violated the INF Treaty, which has also in turn been rejected by US officials.

US withdrawal and termination

The US declared its intention to withdraw from the treaty on 20 October 2018, citing the previous violations of the treaty by Russia. This prompted Putin to state that Russia would not launch first in a nuclear conflict but would "annihilate" any adversary, essentially re-stating the policy of "Mutually Assured Destruction". Putin claimed Russians killed in such a conflict "will go to heaven as martyrs".

It was also reported that the US need to counter a Chinese arms buildup in the Pacific, including within South China Sea, was another reason for their move to withdraw, because China was not a signatory to the treaty. US officials extending back to the presidency of Barack Obama have noted this. For example, Kelly Magsamen, who helped craft the Pentagon's Asian policy under the Obama administration, said China's ability to work outside of the INF treaty had vexed policymakers in Washington, long before Trump came into office. A Politico article noted the different responses US officials gave to this issue: "either find ways to bring China into the treaty or develop new American weapons to counter it" or "negotiating a new treaty with that country". The deployment since 2016 of the Chinese DF-26 IRBM with a range of  meant that US forces as far as Guam can be threatened. The United States Secretary of Defense at the time, Jim Mattis, was quoted stating that "the Chinese are stockpiling missiles because they're not bound by [the treaty] at all". Bringing an ascendant China into the treaty, or into a new comprehensive treaty including other nuclear powers, was further complicated by complex relationships between China, India, and Pakistan.

The Chinese Foreign Ministry said a unilateral US withdrawal would have a negative impact and urged the US to "think thrice before acting". On 23 October 2018, John R. Bolton, the US National Security Advisor, said on the Russian radio station Echo of Moscow that recent Chinese statements indicate that it wants Washington to stay in the treaty, while China itself is not bound by it. On the same day, a report in Politico suggested that China was "the real target of the [pull out]". It was estimated that 90% of China's ground missile arsenal would be outlawed if China were a party to the treaty. Bolton said in an interview with Elena Chernenko from the Russian newspaper Kommersant on 22 October 2018: "we see China, Iran, North Korea all developing capabilities which would violate the treaty if they were parties to it."

On 26 October 2018, Russia unsuccessfully called for a vote to get the United Nations General Assembly to consider calling on Washington and Moscow to preserve and strengthen the treaty. Russia had proposed a draft resolution in the 193-member General Assembly's disarmament committee, but missed 18 October submission deadline so it instead called for a vote on whether the committee should be allowed to consider the draft. On the same day, Bolton said in an interview with Reuters that the INF Treaty was a Cold War relic and he wanted to hold strategic talks with Russia about Chinese missile capabilities.

Four days later at a news conference in Norway, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg called on Russia to comply with the treaty saying "The problem is the deployment of new Russian missiles". Putin announced on 20 November 2018 that the Kremlin was prepared to discuss the INF Treaty with Washington but would "retaliate" if the United States withdrew.

Starting on 4 December 2018, the US asserted that Russia had 60 days to comply with the treaty. On 5 December 2018, Russia responded by revealing their Peresvet combat laser, stating the weapon system had been deployed with the Russian Armed Forces as early as 2017 "as part of the state procurement program".

Russia presented the 9M729 (SSC-8) missile and its technical parameters to foreign military attachés at a military briefing on 23 January 2019, held in what it said was an exercise in transparency it hoped would persuade Washington to stay in the treaty. The Russian Defence Ministry said diplomats from the US, Britain, France and Germany had been invited to attend the static display of the missile, but they declined. The US had previously rejected a Russian offer to do so because it said such an exercise would not allow the Americans to verify the true range of the missile. A summit between the United States and Russia on 30 January 2019 failed to find a way to preserve the treaty.

The US suspended its compliance with the INF Treaty on 2 February 2019 following an announcement by US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo the day prior. In a statement, Trump said there was a six-month timeline for full withdrawal and INF Treaty termination if the Russian Federation did not come back into compliance within that period. The same day, Putin announced that Russia had also suspended the INF Treaty in a 'mirror response' to Trump's decision, effective that day. The next day, Russia started work on new intermediate range (ballistic) hypersonic missiles along with land-based 3M-54 Kalibr systems (both nuclear armed) in response to the US announcing it would start to conduct research and development of weapons formerly prohibited under the treaty.

Following the six-month US suspension of the INF Treaty, the Trump administration formally announced it had withdrawn from the treaty on 2 August 2019. On that day, Pompeo stated that "Russia is solely responsible for the treaty's demise". While formally ratifying a treaty requires the support of two-thirds of the members of the US Senate, because Congress has rarely acted to stop a number of presidential decisions regarding international treaties during the 20th and 21st centuries, there have been established a precedent that the president and executive branch can unilaterally withdraw from a treaty without congressional approval. On the day of the withdrawal, the US Department of Defense announced plans to test a new type of missile that would have violated the treaty, from an eastern NATO base. Military leaders stated the need for this new missile to stay ahead of both Russia and China, in response to Russia's continued violations of the treaty.

The US withdrawal was backed by most of its NATO allies, citing years of Russian non-compliance with the treaty. In response to the withdrawal, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov invited the US and NATO "to assess the possibility of declaring the same moratorium on deploying intermediate-range and shorter-range equipment as we have, the same moratorium Vladimir Putin declared, saying that Russia will refrain from deploying these systems when we acquire them unless the American equipment is deployed in certain regions." This moratorium request was rejected by NATO's Stoltenberg who said that it was not credible as Moscow had already deployed such warheads. On 5 August 2019, Putin stated, "As of August 2, 2019, the INF Treaty no longer exists. Our US colleagues sent it to the archives, making it a thing of the past."

On 18 August 2019, the US conducted a test firing of a missile that would not have been allowed under the treaty. The Pentagon said that the data collected and lessons learned from this test would inform its future development of intermediate-range capabilities, while the Russian foreign ministry said that it was a cause for regret, and accused the United States of escalating military tensions.

Further reactions to the withdrawal
Numerous prominent nuclear arms control experts, including George Shultz, Richard Lugar and Sam Nunn, urged Trump to preserve the treaty. Gorbachev criticized Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal as "not the work of a great mind" and stated "a new arms race has been announced". The decision was criticized by the chairmen of the House Committees on Foreign Affairs and Armed Services Eliot Engel and Adam Smith, who said that instead of crafting a plan to hold Russia accountable and pressure it into compliance, the Trump administration had offered Putin an easy way out of the treaty and played right into his hands. Similar arguments had been brought previously on 25 October 2018 by European members of NATO who urged the US "to try to bring Russia back into compliance with the treaty rather than quit it, seeking to avoid a split in the alliance that Moscow could exploit".

NATO chief Stoltenberg suggested the INF Treaty could be expanded to include countries such as China and India, an idea that both the US and Russia had indicated being open to, although Russia had expressed skepticism that such an expansion could be achieved.

There were contrasting opinions on the withdrawal among American lawmakers. The INF Treaty Compliance Act (H.R. 1249) was introduced to stop the United States from using Government funds to develop missiles prohibited by the treaty, while Republican senators Jim Inhofe and Jim Risch issued statements of support for the withdrawal.

On 8 March 2019, the Foreign Ministry of Ukraine announced that since the United States and Russia had both pulled out of the treaty, it now had the right to develop intermediate-range missiles, citing Russian aggression against Ukraine as a serious threat to the European continent, and the presence of Russian Iskander-M nuclear-capable missile systems in Russian-annexed Crimea. Ukraine was home to about forty percent of the Soviet space industry, but was never allowed to develop a missile with the range to strike Moscow, only having both longer and shorter-ranged missiles, but it has the capability to develop intermediate-range missiles. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said "We need high-precision missiles and we are not going to repeat the mistakes of the 1994 Budapest Memorandum", which had provided security assurances in return for the accession of Ukraine and other former Soviet republics to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

After the United States withdrew from the treaty, some commentators wrote that this might allow the country to more effectively counter Russia and China's missile forces.

According to Brazilian journalist Augusto Dall'Agnol, the INF Treaty's demise also needs to be understood in the broader context of the gradual erosion of the strategic arms control regime that started with the US withdrawal from the ABM Treaty in 2002 amidst Russia's objections.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Text of the INF Treaty
 Video of a 1986 PBS program on the future of arms control
 Video of a 1986 year-in-review for the Soviet Union
 Statements by Ronald Reagan on INF Treaty negotiations in March, April, June, and December 1987

1987 in the Soviet Union
Arms control treaties
Cold War treaties
December 1987 events
Military history of Russia
Military history of the Soviet Union
Military history of the United States
1987 in the United States
Mikhail Gorbachev
Nuclear technology treaties
Nuclear weapons policy
Nuclear weapons governance
Perestroika
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Soviet Union–United States treaties
Russia–United States relations
Russia–United States military relations
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Turkmenistan
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties concluded in 1987
Treaties entered into force in 1988


Norton Canes es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Cannock Chase, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Norton Canes tiene una superficie de 15,16 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Norton Canes tenía 6394 habitantes (50,16% varones, 49,84% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 421,77 hab/km². El 19,21% eran menores de 16 años, el 76,4% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 4,39% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 38,98 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 23,93% estaban solteros, el 61,27% casados, y el 14,81% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 98,87% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,53% mestizos, el 0,39% asiáticos, el 0,11% negros, y el 0,09% chinos. La mayor parte (98,73%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 0,67% de la población, mientras que el 0,59% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 82,42%, el budismo por el 0,06%, el hinduismo por el 0,05%, el sijismo por el 0,09%, y cualquier otra religión, salvo el judaísmo y el islam, por el 0,28%. El 10,82% no eran religiosos y el 6,27% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 2576 hogares con residentes, 78 vacíos, y 3 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Norton Canes


Las sociedades deportivas voluntarias de la Unión Soviética (en ruso: Добровольные спортивные общества СССР, Dobrobolvolnye Sportivye Obshestva SSSR) fueron las partes principales del sistema estructural deportivo y de la educación física que existieron en la Unión Soviética entre 1935 y 1991. Entre estas sociedades deportivas destacaron importantes clubes afiliados a distintos sectores o industrias, como la sociedad deportiva Dinamo, adscrita a la policía y otras fuerzas de seguridad estatales; la aviación y la flota al DOSAAF; y el CSKA al ejército.

Los miembros de estas sociedades eran trabajadores y estudiantes que se unían para practicar deportes, senderismo, montañismo y otras especialidades de la cultura física. Las sociedades patrocinaban eventos deportivos y otras existían por las donaciones de voluntarios procedentes de trabajadores de las industrias a los que estaban asociados. Sus objetivos eran desarrollar la cultura física y el deporte de masas, así como instalaciones deportivas para mejorar las habilidades de los atletas. Muchas de las sociedades deportivas procedían de los sindicatos soviéticos, algunos de los cuales estaban muy ligados a determinados ministerios. En 1970 había 25 millones de atletas en estas sociedades.

Una de las ramas más importantes de las sociedades deportivas fueron las escuelas deportivas para jóvenes (en ruso: Детско-юношеские спортивные школы, ДЮСШ), que contaba con 1350 niños en los años 1970 y 7500 en 1987. Algunas, posteriormente, fueron reformadas en escuelas deportivas Olímpicas de élite y otras en clubes deportivos especializados. Más de 50 000 entrenadores e instructores trabajaron en estas instituciones.

Estructura
Las unidades estructurales principales de estas sociedades eran colectivos de la cultura física de empresas, instituciones o servicios públicos, granjas colectivas (kolkhoz), granjas estatales (sovkhoz) o instituciones educacionales. Existían seis sociedades de toda la Unión Soviética (en ruso: Всесоюзное добровольное спортивное общество, ВДСО); quince de las distintas repúblicas, colectivos físicos y culturales; y quince sociedades rurales de las repúblicas. Además de las mencionadas, también había numerosas sociedades deportivas que precedieron a aquellas o tuvieron menos presencia, como Vympel (transportes fluviales) y Moryak (transportes marítimos) combinadas en Vodnik, Stakhanovets (industria minera) cambiadas a Shakhter, y otras.

Sociedades soviéticas

Sociedades de las Repúblicas de empresas industriales

Sociedades rurales de las Repúblicas

Reorganización de 1980
En 1982, el presidio de los sindicatos soviéticos reorganizaron 33 sociedades deportivas sindicales. Ninguna fue abolida, sino que la mayoría de ellas fueron cambiadas de unos sindicatos a otros. Ocho de éstas grandes sociedades deportivas sindicales mantuvieron el liderazgo de los sindicatos soviéticos: Burevestnik, Vodnik, Zenit, Lokomotiv, Spartak, Trud, Urozhai, FiS (; en español: cultura física y deporte). El 1 de enero de 1983, las ocho sociedades deportivas contaban con 48,36 millones de miembros en sus filas. Los sociedades Trud y Urozhai se fundieron en el año 1982 y se unieroon a las 15 sociedades industriales republicanas y 15 sociedades agrícolas republicanas para que sirvieran como asociaciones deportivas voluntarias nacionales que representaban a los atletas, entrenadores, jueces y oficiales deportivos de los sectores industriales y agrícolas de la sociedad.

En 1986, todas las sociedades deportivas republicanas y rurales fueron eliminadas por orden del Consejo de los Sindicatos de Sociedades Deportivas de la Unión como parte de una reorganización deportiva a nivel nacional. En base a ocho sociedades deportivas sindicales se creó una Sociedad de Sindicatos Deportiva de Voluntarios de la Unión Soviética como una organización nacional unificada, que abarcaba a atletas de todas las sociedades y asociaciones deportivas nacionales.

Otras importantes sociedades deportivas
 Torpedo (industria automovilística)
 Neftyanik
 Energía (industria energética)
 Stroitel
 Start
 Khimik
 Chernomorets (marina mercante oceánica e industria portuaria)
 Rotor (industria de motores)
 Metallurg (industria metalúrgica)
 Krasnaia Zvezda (industria de defensa y fuerzas armadas)
 Shakhter (industria minera)
 Kriyla Sovetov (aviación)
 Tekstilschik (industria textil)
 Pishchevik
 Zapolyarnik
 Dnieper (marina mercante fluvial e industria portuaria)

Véase también
Preparación para el Trabajo y Defensa de la URSS

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Banderas deportivas soviéticas
 Banderas deportivas de la URSS
 Historia de la sociedad Spartak
 Cultura física y deportiva en la Gran Enciclopedia Soviética (1969-1978)

Sociedades deportivas en la Unión Soviética

Sociedades deportivas voluntarias de la Unión Soviética


An Yakirra muelleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Dorothy Kate Hughes, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Michael Lazarides och Robert D. Webster. An Yakirra muelleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Yakirra, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Yakirra

Yakirra muelleri


The British Rail Class 16 also known as the North British Type 1 was a type of diesel locomotive designed and manufactured by the North British Locomotive Company. A total of ten were produced, these being numbered D8400-D8409.

The type was ordered by British Railways (BR) as an element of the 1955 Modernisation Plan. The design was largely derived from North British's earlier prototype locomotive, designated No. 10800, produced during the late 1940s; it also incorporated several engineering approaches common to steam locomotives, the company allegedly having difficulty transitioning to the new traction format. Akin to several other Type 1 designs, they were relatively compact locomotives that were intended primarily for local freight traffic. The performance of the type was found to be lacking in comparison with its peers, thus the potential for follow-on orders evaporated and no further examples were constructed beyond the original batch. The Class 16 shared numerous design features with those used on subsequent locomotives by the company, particularly the British Rail Class 21 locomotive.

Background
In less than a decade following the formation of British Railways (BR), substantial changes were being made. Under the 1955 Modernisation Plan, a long-term strategy of replacing steam locomotives with a combination of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives was adopted, with the former being largely intended as an interim measure for most areas ahead of widespread electrification of trunk routes. There was also a strong political desire to support British manufacturers in transitioning towards the design and production of these favoured forms of traction. Due to a lack of expertise, this often involved the pairing of traditional locomotive manufacturers with various firms within the electrical sector, even though the latter typically had very limited experience of the railways.

In accordance with these policies, BR ramped up its efforts to convert its fleet, placing numerous orders within a short timeframe for diesel locomotives to several different specifications with various manufacturers. On 16 November 1955, a small order for ten Type 1 freight locomotives was placed with the North British Locomotive Company. Under BR's 'pilot scheme', such batches were intended for evaluation purposes under competitive conditions against rival designs in which the better models would receive follow-on orders. In the Class 16's case, this included the British Thomson-Houston Class 15 and English Electric Class 20

Construction

The design drew heavily upon North British's earlier prototype locomotive, designated No. 10800, which had been developed between 1947 and 1950. Having been ordered originally by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway prior to its absorption into BR, No. 10800 was designed for use on branch and secondary lines; according to railway historian Rodger Bradley, this early British diesel locomotive functioned not only as the direct predecessor of the Class 16, but can be more broadly considered to be the forerunner of all BR designs orientated towards this type of work up until the 1980s.

The design also shared some similarities with the contemporary British Rail Class 15; both locomotives adopted the road-switcher layout that had been rapidly becoming the standard approach on the railways of both North America and Australia at the time; they were also both powered by an  Paxman 16YHXL prime mover. However, the North British design suffered a major setback as a result of external policy decisions; while the company had decided to approach the new era of diesel traction by specialising in hydraulic transmissions in partnership with the West German industrial interest Voith, BR planners had decided to favour electric transmissions instead, putting the firm at a competitive disadvantage to those locomotive builders that had opted for this transmission system.

The locomotive's construction was based on fabricated mainframes that ran the entire length of the locomotive; this practice was inline with traditional steam locomotive designs. According to Bradley, Northern British found it difficult to translate their steam engineering skills to the newer diesel and electric traction designs. The mainframes were carried on a pair of four‑wheeled bogies and supported the single drivers cab and the superstructure in which the engine and other apparatus was accommodated within. Both the electro‑pneumatic control system and traction motors of the Class 16 were identical to those used on the subsequent British Rail Class 21 locomotive, albeit with the traction motors being downrated to 152 hp and 420 rpm. As they were intended exclusively for hauling freight trains, they were not equipped with train heating boilers.

The original delivery schedule agreed between North British and BR called for the delivery of the first locomotive to occur 21 months from the date of settlement of technical details, resulting in an intended delivery date of August 1957. However, there was considerable complications encountered during the type's construction, which has been typically viewed as not unexpected in light of a general lack of experience with mainline diesel traction on Britain's railways, and as such did not come as a surprise to many officials at the time. The first Class 16 locomotives did not emerge from Norther British's Queen's Park Works in Glasgow until the summer of 1958, roughly one year behind schedule.

Operation
Upon their completion, all ten Class 16 locomotives (numbered D8400–D8409) were delivered to Devons Road depot, Bow, North-east London on the London Midland Region of British Railways between May and September 1958. There, the type underwent evaluation against the rival designs, but were promptly relocated to nearby Stratford depot on the Eastern Region, where they remained for the rest of their operating lives. The allocation of all ten locomotives in October 1967 was Stratford.

The results of the evaluation were not positive for the type, thus no further Class 16s were ever produced. While the Class 15s also suffered problems with the Paxman engines, these were worse on Class 16 because inadequate ventilation resulted in frequent engine seizures. Another problem was coolant contamination of the oil, due to cylinder head failure. They were fitted with a non-standard type of electro-mechanical control equipment (coded "red circle" by BR) which was prone to failure, and they could not operate in multiple with locomotives fitted with the more common electro-pneumatic ("blue star") controls.

Withdrawal
Being both non-standard and fairly unreliable, the locomotives were an obvious candidate for early withdrawal despite barely being ten years old as BR planners were coming to this conclusion. Accordingly, they were all withdrawn between February and September 1968; all ten Class 16s had been cut up for scrap by the end of 1969.

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

16
Bo-Bo locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1958
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel-electric locomotives of Great Britain

British Rail Class 16


An Festuca summilusitana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni João Manuel Antonio do Amaral Franco ngan Rocha Afonso. An Festuca summilusitana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca summilusitana


Marcia Elaine Hines, AM (born July 20, 1953), is an American-Australian singer and TV personality. Hines made her debut, at the age of 16, in the Australian production of the stage musical Hair and followed with the role of Mary Magdalene in Jesus Christ Superstar.

She achieved her greatest commercial successes as a recording artist during the late 1970s with several hit singles, including cover versions of "Fire and Rain", "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself", "You" and "Something's Missing (In My Life)"; and her Top Ten albums Marcia Shines, Shining and Ladies and Gentlemen. Hines was voted "Queen of Pop" by TV Week's readers for three consecutive years from 1976.

Hines stopped recording in the early 1980s until she returned with Right Here and Now in 1994, the same year she became an Australian citizen. She was the subject of the 2001 biography Diva: the life of Marcia Hines, which coincided with the release of the compilation album Diva. From 2003 to 2009 she was a judge on Australian Idol, and her elevated profile led to a renewed interest in her as a performer. Her 2006 album, Discotheque, peaked at number 6 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) albums chart. Hines was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame on July 18, 2007.

Hines is the mother of singer Deni Hines, with whom she performed on the duet single "Stomp!" (2006). Hines has sold 2.6 million albums and was the first Australian female artist to have a platinum-selling album, as well as the first female to have seven consecutive top 20 album releases.

Early life
Hines was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Jamaican parents, Eugene and Esmeralda Hines. Eugene died when Hines was six months old due to an operation to remove shrapnel from a war wound. Former US Secretary of State Colin Powell was her cousin, as is the performer Grace Jones. She was raised with her older brother Dwight, by their mother and began singing as a nine-year-old in her church choir. By her teens she was performing with groups in her local area and briefly used the stage-name Shantee Renee. At 14, Hines won a scholarship to the New England Conservatory of Music but left after three months. A month after turning 16, Hines attended the Woodstock Festival. In 1970, at age 16, Hines moved to Australia after landing a role in the Australian stage production Hair.

Career

1970–1974: Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar
At the age of 16, Hines was discovered by Australian entrepreneur Harry M. Miller and director Jim Sharman who were visiting the U.S. to audition African-American singers in preparation for the new season of the Australian stage production of Hair, which had already premiered in Sydney on 6 June, 1969. Because she was underage, Miller was made her legal guardian. When she made her debut in April 1970, Hines became the youngest person in the world to play a featured role in any production of Hair. It was produced by Miller and directed by Sharman. Fellow performers included Keith Glass, Sharon Redd, Reg Livermore, John Waters and Victor Willis. During the show's run Hines learned she was pregnant; her daughter, Deni Hines, was born on 4 September, 1970, and nine days later Hines returned to the stage to continue her role. The show was a major success. Hines was well received and an Australian tour followed. Miller and Sharman approached her to play Mary Magdalene in the Australian production of Jesus Christ Superstar and Hines assumed the role from Michele Fawdon in the summer of 1973 with Hines' tenure in the role until February 1974 making her a major star in Australia. Other cast members included Trevor White, Jon English, Doug Parkinson, Stevie Wright and John Paul Young.

1974–1984: Queen of Pop and beyond
When Jesus Christ Superstar finished in February 1974, Hines joined the jazz orchestra Daly-Wilson Big Band, releasing the album Daly-Wilson Big Band featuring Marcia Hines in 1975. Hines' vocals were on the cover songs "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" and "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?". Hines toured with Daly-Wilson Big Band from Australia to United States, supporting B. B. King and Wilson Pickett in Los Angeles, then to Europe and into Soviet Union for a month. During late 1974 Hines also performed as the backing vocalist on Jim Keays' solo concept album The Boy from the Stars.

A record contract with Robie Porter's Wizard Records in July 1974 led to Hines' first solo single, a cover version of James Taylor's "Fire and Rain", that peaked at number 17 on the Australian singles charts in May 1975. Five Top Ten singles were released between 1976 and 1979, including her cover versions of Artie Wayne's "From the Inside", Burt Bacharach/Hal David's "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself", "What I Did for Love" (from A Chorus Line) and Karen Carpenter's "Something's Missing (in My Life)".

Hines' biggest hit was with Tom Snow's "You", which reached number 2 in the singles charts in Australia in October 1977. It was an up-tempo dance song, later covered in the U.S. by Rita Coolidge. The song, however, nearly didn't make it to Marcia. Robie Porter had put the song into his "don't use" pile. Mark Kennedy, her backing band's drummer (ex-Spectrum, Doug Parkinson in Focus, Ayers Rock), saw the sheet music in the studio and began arguing the songs' worth to Porter. Porter subsequently changed his mind about the song.

Top Ten Australian album chart success also occurred in the 1970s with Marcia Shines peaking at number 4 in January 1976, Shining number 3 in November 1976, Ladies and Gentlemen number 6 in August 1977 and Marcia Hines Live Across Australia number 7 in March 1978. Her albums have sold close to a million copies and Hines was the first Australian female performer to attain a Platinum record.

Hines was voted "Queen of Pop", the country's most popular female performer, each year from 1976 to 1978, by the readers of TV Week. Hines was Australia's best-selling local act for 1977 and 1978, and she was the top concert attraction for 1976–1979 inclusive. Her success had been boosted by appearances on Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC) popular TV music show Countdown. Her touring band, the Marcia Hines Band, included Kennedy, bass guitarist Jackie Orszaczky, lead guitarist Stephen Housden (later of Little River Band) and drummer/percussionist Peter Whitford. Hines was married to Kennedy during the late-1970s; he designed and made an elaborate and colourful stage costume for her. In 1978 and 1979, Hines also had her own TV series, Marcia Hines Music on the ABC.

By November 1979, Hines had fallen out with Wizard Records' owner Robie Porter, and moved on to the Midnight label under Warner Music Australia, after waiting out her contract she returned to recording to achieve a few more hits including the dance track version of Dusty Springfield's "Your Love Still Brings Me to My Knees", which reached Top Ten in 1981. A compilation Greatest Hits, released by Porter's Wizard Records, peaked at number 2 in January 1982. In April 1981, Hines' brother Dwight committed suicide, and Hines later recalled being given the news by her mother.

Hines combined with fellow Jesus Christ Superstar artist Jon English to release a duet single "Jokers & Queens" and an associated six-track mini-album Jokers and Queens in July 1982. The album reached No. 36 and the single peaked at number 62 on their respective charts. Her next album, Love Sides, and its singles, "Love Side" and "Shadow in the Night", did not chart. Hines returned to theatre for a Jesus Christ Superstar revival in late 1983, and she then decided to devote more time to raising her daughter. During this time, she suffered with health and relationship problems.

1984–1994: Hiatus
Theatre projects for Hines, from 1984, included Big River, Are You Lonesome Tonight? and Jerry's Girls. In 1986, a fall in her kitchen resulted in the diagnosis of her diabetes, which was treated by daily injections of insulin, careful monitoring of her diet and a commitment to fitness. Hines performed the closing act of the 1990 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. It was a turning point for her and she later described the crowd ovation her most pleasing audience reception ever. Hines decided she would return to singing, while her daughter Deni was achieving her own successes initially singing with Rockmelons for their top-five hits "Ain't No Sunshine" and "That Word (L.O.V.E.)" and then solo for her top-five "It's Alright". Hines returned to the stage with a performance in The Masters of Rhythm and Taste in 1993.

1994–2002: Recording again
In March 1994, Hines toured nationally for the first time in seven years. She signed a new contract with Warner Music Australia to release Right Here and Now in October, which peaked at number 21; its singles included "Rain (Let the Children Play)", which peaked at number 47, and "Give it All You've Got", which had less success. Her career was gradually revived with concert and TV appearances. By 1998, Hines enlisted Rockmelons' members Bryon Jones and Ray Medhurst as producers for Time of Our Lives, which charted from August 1999 and peaked at number 17. The singles "Flashdance, What a Feeling" (originally recorded by Irene Cara) and "Time of Our Lives" were released with the latter peaking at No. 31. Hines recorded "Rise", an official song for the Australian team at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. In September 2001, music producer and writer, Karen Dewey wrote Hines' fully authorised biography Diva: the life of Marcia Hines and Hines released a companion compilation CD, Diva, in October.

2003–2010: Australian Idol and more
In May 2003, Hines endured the illness and death of her mother Esme; she returned to the public eye with her role as a judge on the television show Australian Idol from July 27, 2003. She has been described as "the nice judge" and has been accused of being a "fence-sitter" – unable to provide criticism of any kind. Hines counters such criticism with: "Well, you know, I'm living it, if you get my drift, so the advice I give the kids is the advice I'm living." The success of the program has led to further interest in her as a recording artist, and in 2004 she released an album of cover versions, titled Hinesight – Songs from the Journey which featured a duet, with former Home and Away star Belinda Emmett, "Shower the People". In 2005, Hines released a remixed version of her earlier hit "You", followed in 2006 by Discotheque, an album containing her versions of disco classics, which peaked at number 6. Hines made a cameo appearance on Neighbours in early 2007; on 18 July, she was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. In November 2007, Hines released a new album, Life, and during December she toured in support of Lionel Richie. From August 31, 2008, the sixth season of Australian Idol was broadcast, with Hines continuing as a judge, and she is the only judge to appear in every season of Australian Idol.

2010–present: continued success and return to Idol

In October 2010, Hines released Marcia Sings Tapestry, a tribute to Carole King's 1971 album Tapestry; it peaked at number 16. In April 2014, Hines released her first album of original material in two decades, called Amazing. It spawned three singles and peaked at No. 27 in Australia. In 2015, Hines starred on stage in the disco musical Velvet, with performances at the Adelaide Fringe, Brisbane and Edinburgh. Velvet played at the Sydney Opera House from late 2015. In early 2015, Marcia Hines covered the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", specifically for the trailer of season two of The Real Housewives of Melbourne.

In 2023, Hines returned to the Channel 7 reboot of Australian Idol, after the show's fourteen year hiatus, as a judge in the top 50 rounds for three episodes while regular judge Meghan Trainor was in New York due to other commitments.

In 2024, Hines will be rejoining Australian Idol as a main judge, permanently replacing Trainor.

Personal life
Hines has a daughter, Deni Hines, who was born in Australia on September 4, 1970. Hines had been performing in Hair since she was 16 years old. Hines has been married four times: French businessman Andre DeCarpentry, keyboard player Jamie McKinley, businessman Ghassan Bayni, and, in April 2005, she married Christopher Morrissey, whom she divorced in 2014.

Hines grew up with asthma, missing months of schooling as a result of life-threatening attacks, and was diagnosed with diabetes after collapsing at her home in 1986. Her elder brother Dwight's death by suicide, in April 1981, devastated Hines, but her mother Esmeralda (Esme) helped her through their grief. Esme relocated to Australia to live with Hines and Deni in the 1980s, and she died in May 2003.

Discography

Studio albums
 Marcia Shines (1975)
 Shining (1976)
 Ladies and Gentlemen (1977)
 Ooh Child (1979)
 Take It from the Boys (1981)
 Jokers and Queens (with Jon English)  (1982)
 Love Sides (1982)
 Right Here and Now (1994)
 Time of Our Lives (1999)
 Hinesight (2004)
 Discotheque (2006)
 Life (2007)
 Marcia Sings Tapestry (2010)
 Amazing (2014)
 The Gospel According to Marcia (2023)

Awards and nominations

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Hines was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2007.

|-
| 1989
| "The Lords Prayer"
| ARIA Award for Best Female Artist
|
|-
| 2000
| Time of Our Lives
| ARIA Award for Best Adult Contemporary Album
|
|-
| 2007
| herself
| ARIA Hall of Fame
|

Australia Day Honours
On January 26, 2009, Hines was appointed as Member, Order of Australia for service to the entertainment industry as a performer, judge and mentor, and to the community through a range of charitable organisations.

Australian Women in Music Awards
The Australian Women in Music Awards is an annual event that celebrates outstanding women in the Australian Music Industry who have made significant and lasting contributions in their chosen field. They commenced in 2018.

|-
| 2019
| Marcia Hines
| Lifetime Achievement Award
|

King of Pop Awards
The King of Pop Awards were voted by the readers of TV Week. The King of Pop award started in 1967 and ran through to 1978.

|-
| 1976
| herself
| Queen of Pop
|
|-
| 1977
| herself
| Queen of Pop
|
|-
| 1978
| herself
| Queen of Pop
|
|-

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Marcia Hines won one award in that time.
 (wins only)
|-
| 2004
| Marcia Hines
| Classic Rock Performer of the Year
|
|-

TV Week / Countdown Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

|-
| 1979
| herself
| Most Popular Female Performer
|
|-
| 1981
| herself
| Most Popular Female Performer
|
|-

References

External links

 Rate Your Music: Albums by Marcia Hines
 Marcia Hines at the National Film and Sound Archive

 Marcia Hines at Nostalgia Central

1953 births
Living people
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
Australian people of African-American descent
Australian people of Jamaican descent
American people of Jamaican descent
ARIA Award winners
ARIA Hall of Fame inductees
Australian dance musicians
American dance musicians
American disco singers
Australian gospel singers
American gospel singers
Australian women pop singers
American women pop singers
Australian Idol
Actresses from Boston
Singers from Boston
Members of the Order of Australia
American expatriates in Australia
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Daly-Wilson Big Band members

Marcia Hines