Ankistrodesmus, rod zelenih algi u porodici Selenastraceae. Sastoji se od 25 priznatih vrsta

Vrste
 Ankistrodesmus acerosus Komárek & Comas González
 Ankistrodesmus antarcticus Kol & E.A.Flint
 Ankistrodesmus arcticus Prescott
 Ankistrodesmus arcuatus Korshikov
 Ankistrodesmus bernardensis Chodat & Oettli
 Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek
 Ankistrodesmus chlorogonioides Guglielmetti
 Ankistrodesmus cucumiformis J.H.Belcher & Swale
 Ankistrodesmus densus Korshikov
 Ankistrodesmus dulcis Playfair
 Ankistrodesmus extensus Korshikov
 Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs
 Ankistrodesmus fasciculatus (Lundberg) Komárková-Legnerová
 Ankistrodesmus fractus (West & G.S.West) Collins
 Ankistrodesmus fusiformis Corda - tipična
 Ankistrodesmus marinus Butcher
 Ankistrodesmus mucicola (Hustedt) Teiling
 Ankistrodesmus nivalis Chodat ex Brunnthaler
 Ankistrodesmus quaternus West & G.S.West
 Ankistrodesmus selenastrum West
 Ankistrodesmus sigmoideus (Rabenhorst) Brühl & Biswas
 Ankistrodesmus spiralis (W.B.Turner) Lemmermann
 Ankistrodesmus spirochroma Reverdin
 Ankistrodesmus stipitatus Komárková-Legnerová
 Ankistrodesmus tortus Komárek & Comas González

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Rodovi Selenastraceae

Ankistrodesmus


El edificio Grassy se encuentra en el número 1 de la calle Gran Vía de Madrid (España). Fue uno de los primeros construidos al finalizarse el primer tramo de dicha avenida.

Está ubicado en las cercanías de la calle Alcalá, justo al lado del Edificio Metrópolis, dividiendo el paso entre la calle del Caballero de Gracia y la Gran Vía. Se compone de dos casas independientes situadas en una planta triangular, ambas unidas por un vestíbulo ubicado en la planta baja. La denominación del edificio se debe al establecimiento que en 1952 hiciera el relojero Alejandro Grassy en su planta baja.

Historia

El primer tramo de la calle Gran Vía (denominado en sus inicios Avenida del Conde Peñalver) se inició con este edificio. Durante el periodo de construcción de este tramo estalló la Primera Guerra Mundial, que trajo algunas consecuencias como la escasez de hierro, necesario para la realización de construcciones.

El edificio Grassy fue diseñado por el arquitecto español Eladio Laredo en 1916 como viviendas para D. Luis Ocharán Mazas. Es una muestra de eclecticismo muy habitual en la arquitectura madrileña de la época. El artista Daniel Zuloaga participó en la obra realizando paneles cerámicos decorativos en la fachada.

En 1952 se establece el relojero suizo Alejandro Grassy en la planta baja y abre una tienda de relojería de alta gama, dando nombre popular al edificio debido al empleo de grandes anuncios en la fachada del edificio.

Durante décadas del siglo XX la fachada ha mostrado anuncios de relojes como Jaeger-LeCoultre, Audemars Piguet, Piaget y Baume et Mercier, todos ellos distinguibles al comienzo de la Gran Vía. En 1981 el Edificio Grassy fue inmortalizado por el pintor hiperrealista Antonio López en su cuadro titulado La Gran Vía.

A comienzos del siglo XXI se destaca un anuncio de la casa Rolex (una corona dorada). Desde esta misma época el inmueble alberga un museo dedicado a la relojería.

Referencias

Referencias Externas

Obras de Eladio Laredo
Grassy
Grassy
Grassy
Edificios del barrio de Cortes
Arquitectura ecléctica en España
Arquitectura de España de 1917

Edificio Grassy


Thoroughbreds Don't Cry (bra Menino de Ouro) é um filme de comédia musical estadunidense de 1937 dirigido por Alfred E. Green e estrelado por Mickey Rooney e Judy Garland em seu primeiro filme juntos.

Elenco
 Mickey Rooney ...Timmie Donovan
 Judy Garland ...Cricket West
Sophie Tucker ...Mãe Ralph
 C. Aubrey Smith ...Sir Peter Calverton
Ronald Sinclair ...Roger Calverton
 Forrester Harvey ...Wilkins
Charles D. Brown ...'Click' Donovan
Frankie Darro ...'Dink' Reid
 Henry Kolker ...'Doc' Godfrey
 Helen Troy ...Hilda
 Francis X. Bushman ...Racing Steward (sem créditos)
Robert Homans ...Policial Higgins (sem créditos)

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1937
Filmes da Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Filmes de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Filmes musicais dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dirigidos por Alfred E. Green

Thoroughbreds Don't Cry


American High is an American documentary television show about the lives of fourteen students at Highland Park High School, located in the city of Highland Park, Illinois. The series originally aired on Fox and was canceled after four episodes. It was later picked up by PBS and aired in its entirety. The series was created by R. J. Cutler, a documentary filmmaker. The show received the 2001 Emmy Award for Outstanding Non-Fiction Program.

The theme song "American High (Now It's Everything)", was written and performed by Bouncing Souls.

An earlier Fox Network documentary series from 1991, Yearbook also covered the lives of suburban Chicago high school students.

Plot
Kaytee's gift for song steers an inner turmoil about her future. Morgan's sullen and needy exterior masks his true compassion. After revealing his deepest secret to his peers, what's next for Brad? Who are they? These are real teenagers who unleash their adolescent anxieties amid their triumphs in American High. At the brink of adulthood, they face some of the toughest decisions and harshest realizations of their lives during the 1999-2000 school year at a suburban Chicago high school. But these kids aren't actors. The situations aren't contrived. The programs are not scripted. Cameras roll and the ensuing drama is riveting and real.

American High is an innovative drama series from Academy Award-nominated filmmaker R.J. Cutler ("The War Room," "The Perfect Candidate"). Following the lives of a group of students as they deal with their personal conflicts – both at home and at school – from the first day of senior year through graduation, the series is culled from 10 months of documentary footage shot by Cutler and his production team, which includes some of America's leading documentary filmmakers. Also featured in the series are scenes from hundreds of hours of "video diaries" shot by the students themselves. This remarkable combination of professional footage and student-shot video provides a window into what it's like to be a teenager growing up in America today.

Brimming with exuberance, hipness and stylish editing, American High boasts authenticity as well as addictive drama. "They trusted our crews to tell their stories truthfully and honestly," says producer Cutler of the students. "I wanted this to be as honest as any of the best cinéma vérité documentaries." And Cutler has succeeded, with scenes that are often brutally frank. The footage from the students' own video diaries is among the most fascinating.

These scenes capture an eclectic mix of characters baring their souls as they confront conflicts with powerful emotions. Precocious Kaytee, the gifted singer/songwriter whose music fills the hallways at school and creates decision-making dilemmas for her. Easygoing and athletic Robby, whose best friend is Brad – the first high-profile kid to announce his homosexuality, confronts the future of his shaky relationship with Sarah. Anna, whose intimidating beauty affords her everything except what she really wants – a boyfriend. Mike ("Kiwi"), the star football kicker whose future hinges on a successful season. One of the series' most dynamic characters, rebellious Morgan, comes across as angry and needy, masking a compassionate and sensitive nature. Half a dozen other students reveal complex natures and share their innermost feelings.

Episodes

References

External links

 Actual Reality Pictures website for American High

2000 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
2000s American teen drama television series
2000s American high school television series
2000s American reality television series
English-language television shows
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series about teenagers
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
PBS original programming
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program winners
Highland Park, Illinois

American High (TV series)


Audi Cup dvodnevni je nogometni turnir koji Audi AG organizira u Allianz Areni u Münchenu. Turnir se od 2009. godine održava svake dvije godine u ljetnoj pauzi u godinama bez svjetskog ili Europskog prvenstva, neposredno prije početka sezone Bundeslige.
Do sada je FC Bayern München uvijek bio stalni sudionik jer Audi drži dionice kluba. Uz to, u turniru sudjeluju još tri kluba: U prvim izdanjima bio je to A.C. Milan, koji je s Audijem imao sponzorski ugovor od 2007. godine te još po jedan klub iz jedne europske i iz jedne južnoameričke lige.

Šport u Münchenu
Njemačka nogometna natjecanja

Audi Cup


Mai jos este o listă a membrilor Parlamentului European care funcționează în al nouălea mandat al acestuia (2019-2024). Aceasta este sortată după poziția listei sau în cazul mai multor circumscripții, o percepere în engleză a numelui care tratează toate variantele de / di / do, van / von, Ó / Ní și așa mai departe ca parte a cheii de colaționare, chiar dacă nu este practica obișnuită în țara proprie unui membru. Termenul va începe la 2 iulie 2019.

La începutul mandatului 2019-24, sunt 751 de parlamentari din cele 28 de state membre, a căror componență ar trebui să se schimbe după ce Marea Britanie va fi părăsit Uniunea Europeană. Unii eurodeputați vor intra după retragerea Marii Britanii din Uniunea Europeană (aceștia sunt prezentați separat). După Brexit, numărul de deputați în Parlamentul European ar trebui să scadă la 705.

Grupuri politice
Parlamentul European este împărțit în mai multe grupuri politice:

 Partidul Popular European (Grupul PPE)
 Alianța Progresistă a Socialiștilor și Democraților (Grupul S & D)
 Renew Europe (Reînnoim Europa) (Grupul Renew)
 Verzii-Alianța Liberă Europeană (Grupul Greens-EFA)
 Identitate și democrație (Grupul ID)
 Conservatorii și reformatorii europeni (Grupul ECR)
 Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică (Grupul GUE-NGL)

Membrii Parlamentului European

Austria

Partidul Popular Austriac: Grupul PPE
Othmar Karas
Karoline Edtstadler
Angelika Winzig
Simone Schmidtbauer
Lukas Mandl
Barbara Thaler
Alexander Bernhuber

Partidul Social-Democrat Austriac: Grupul S & D
Andreas Schieder
Evelyn Regner
Günther Sidl
Bettina Vollath
Hannes Heide

Partidul Libertății din Austria: Grupul ID (Identitate și Democrație)
Harald Vilimsky
Georg Mayer
Roman Haider

Verzii-Alternativa Verde: Grupul Greens-EFA
Sarah Wiener
Monika Vana
Thomas Waitz

NEOS - Noua Austrie și Forumul Liberal: Grupul Renew
Claudia Gamon

Belgia

Grupul vorbitor de neerlandeză

Noua Alianță Flamandă: Grupul ECR
Geert Bourgeois
Assita Kanko
Johan Van Overtveldt

Interesul Flamand: Grupul ID (Identitate și Democrație)
Gerolf Annemans
Filip De Man
Tom Vandendriessche

Liberalii și Democrații Flamanzi: Grupul Renew
Guy Verhofstadt
Hilde Vautmans

Creștin Democrat și Flamand: Grupul PPE
Kris Peeters
Cindy Franssen

Partidul Socialist-Diferit: Grupul S & D
Kathleen Van Brempt

(Partidul Politic) al Verzilor: Grupul Greens-EFA
Petra De Sutter

Grupul vorbitor de franceză

Partidul Socialist (Belgia): Grupul S & D
Marie Arena
Marc Tarabella

Ecolo: Grupul Greens-EFA
Philippe Lamberts
Saskia Bricmont

Mișcarea Reformistă : Grupul Renew
Olivier Chastel
Frédérique Ries

Partidul Muncitoresc din Belgia: Grupul GUE–NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană - Stânga Verde Nordică)
Marc Botenga

Centrul Umanist Democrat: Grupul PPE
Benoît Lutgen

Grupul vorbitor de germană
Partidul Creștin Social (Belgia): Grupul PPE
Pascal Arimont

Bulgaria

Cetățenii pentru Dezvoltare Europeană din Bulgaria: Grupul PPE
Andrey Kovatchev
Andrey Novakov
Eva Maydell
Asim Ademov
Alexander Yordanov Uniunea Forțelor Democrate (Bulgaria)-SDS
Lilyana Pavlova

Partidul Socialist Bulgar: Grupul S & D
Elena Yoncheva
Sergei Stanishev
Petar Vitanov
Tsvetelina Penkova
Ivo Hristov

Mișcarea pentru Drepturi și Libertăți: Grupul Renew
Ilhan Kyuchyuk
Iskra Mihaylova
Atidzhe Alieva-Veli

IMRO – Mișcarea Națională Bulgară: Grupul ECR
Angel Dzhambazki
Andrei Slabakov

Partidul Democrat Bulgaria: Grupul PPE
Radan Kanev

Croația

Uniunea Democrată Croată: Grupul PPE
Karlo Ressler
Dubravka Šuica
Tomislav Sokol
Željana Zovko

Partidul social democrat din Croația: Grupul S & D
Tonino Picula
Biljana Borzan
Predrag Fred Matić
Romana Jerković

Independent list: Neînscriși
Mislav Kolakušić

Partidul Conservator Croat: Grupul ECR
Ruža Tomašić

Scutul Uman:
Ivan Vilibor Sinčić

Coaliția Amsterdam: GrupulRenew
Valter Flego - Adunarea Democrată Istriană-IDS

Cipru

Adunarea Democrată: Grupul PPE
Loukas Fourlas
Lefteris Christoforou

Partidul Progresist Muncitoresc: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Giorgis Georgiou
Niyazi Kızılyürek

Partidul Democrat (Cipru): Grupul S & D
Costas Mavrides

Mișcarea pentru Democrație Socială: Grupul S & D
Dimitris Papadakis

Republica Cehă

ANO 2011: Grupul Renew
Dita Charanzová
Martina Dlabajová
Martin Hlaváček
Radka Maxová
Ondřej Knotek
Ondřej Kovařík

Partidul Civic Democrat: Grupul ECR
Jan Zahradil
Alexandr Vondra
Evžen Tošenovský
Veronika Vrecionová

Partidul Piraților din Cehia: Grupul Greens-EFA
Marcel Kolaja
Markéta Gregorová
Mikuláš Peksa

TOP 09–Primari și Independenți: Grupul PPE
Luděk Niedermayer
Jiří Pospíšil
Stanislav Polčák (STAN)

Libertate și Democrație Directă: Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Hynek Blaško
Ivan David

Uniunea Creștină și Democrată - Partidul Popular Cehoslovac: Grupul PPE
Tomáš Zdechovský
Michaela Šojdrová

Partidul Comunist din Boemia și Moravia:  Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Kateřina Konečná

Danemarca

Venstre (Stânga): Grupul Renew
Marten Løkkegaard
Søren Gade
Asger Christensen
Linea Søgaard-Lidell

Social-Democrați: Grupul S & D
Jeppe Kofod
Christel Schaldemose
Niels Fuglsang

Partidul Socialist Popular: Grupul Greens-EFA
Margrete Auken
Kira Marie Peter-Hansen

Partidul Social Liberal Danez: Grupul Renew
Morten Helveg Petersen
Karen Melchior

Partidul Popular Danez: Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Peter Kofod

Partidul Popular Conservator: Grupul PPE
Pernille Weiss

Alianța Roșu și Verde: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Nikolaj Villumsen

Estonia

Partidul Reformist Eston: Grupul Renew
Andrus Ansip
Urmas Paet

Partidul Social Democrat: Grupul S & D
Marina Kaljurand
Sven Mikser

Partidul de Centru Eston: Grupul Renew
Yana Toom

Partidul Popular Conservator: Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Jaak Madison

Uniunea Pro Patria și Res Publica: Grupul PPE
Riho Terras[3]

Finlanda

Partidul Coaliția Națională:  Grupul PPE
Sirpa Pietikäinen
Petri Sarvamaa
Henna Virkkunen

Liga Verde: Grupul Greens-EFA
Heidi Hautala
Ville Niinistö
Alviina Alametsä

Partidul Social Democrat: Grupul S & D
Eero Heinäluoma
Miapetra Kumpula-Natri

Partidul Finlandezilor: Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Teuvo Hakkarainen
Laura Huhtasaari

Partidul de Centru: Grupul Renew
Elsi Katainen
Mauri Pekkarinen

Alianța Stângii: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Silvia Modig

Partidul Popular Suedez din Finlanda: Grupul Renew
Nils Torvalds

Franța

Adunarea Națională (din Franța): Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Jordan Bardella
Hélène Laporte
Thierry Mariani
Dominique Bilde
Hervé Juvin
Joëlle Mélin
Nicolas Bay
Virginie Joron
Jean-Paul Garraud
Catherine Griset
Gilles Lebreton
Maxette Grisoni-Pirbakas
Jean-François Jalkh
Aurélia Beigneux
Gilbert Collard
Julie Lechanteux
Philippe Olivier
Annika Bruna
Jérôme Rivière
France Jamet
André Rougé
Mathilde Androuët
Jean-Lin Lacapelle

La République en Marche!: Grupul Renew
Nathalie Loiseau
Pascal Canfin
Marie-Pierre Vedrenne (MoDem)
Jérémy Decerle (independent)
Catherine Chabaud (MoDem)
Stéphane Séjourné
Fabienne Keller (Agir)
Bernard Guetta (independent)
Irène Tolleret
Stéphane Bijoux (independent)
Sylvie Brunet (MoDem)
Gilles Boyer
Stéphanie Yon-Courtin
Pierre Karleskind
Laurence Despaux-Farreng (MoDem)
Dominique Riquet (MR)
Véronique Trillet-Lenoir
Pascal Durand
Valérie Hayer
Christophe Grudler (MoDem)
Chrysoula Zacharopoulou (independent)
Sandro Gozi (independent)
Ilana Cicurel

Ecologie Europa– Verzii: Grupul Greens-EFA
Yannick Jadot
Michèle Rivasi
Damien Carême
Marie Toussaint
David Cormand
Karima Delli
Mounir Satouri
Caroline Roose (Alianța Ecologică Independentă)
François Alfonsi (Régions et Peuples Solidaires-R & PS) (Regiuni și Popoare Solidare)
Salima Yenbou (Alianța Ecologică Independentă)
Benoît Biteau (independent)
Gwendoline Delbos-Corfield
Claude Gruffat

Republicanii: Grupul PPE
François-Xavier Bellamy
Agnès Evren
Arnaud Danjean
Nadine Morano
Brice Hortefeux
Nathalie Colin-Oesterlé (Centriștii)
Geoffroy Didier
Anne Sander

La France Insoumise (Franța Nesupusă): Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Manon Aubry
Manuel Bompard
Leïla Chaibi
Younous Omarjee
Anne-Sophie Pelletier
Emmanuel Maurel (Stânga Republicană și Socialistă-GRS)

Partidul Socialist-Piața Publică–New Deal: Grupul S & D
Raphaël Glucksmann (PP)
Sylvie Guillaume
Éric Andrieu
Aurore Lalucq (PP)
Pierre Larrouturou (ND)
Nora Mebarek

Germania

Uniunea Creștin-Democrată (Germania) (CDU): Grupul PPE
Hildegard Bentele
Stefan Berger
Daniel Caspary
Lena Düpont
Jan Christian Ehler
Michael Gahler
Jens Gieseke
Niclas Herbst
Peter Jahr
Peter Liese
Norbert Lins
David McAllister
Markus Pieper
Dennis Radtke
Christine Schneider
Sven Schulze
Andreas Schwab
Ralf Seekatz
Sven Simon
Sabine Verheyen
Axel Voss
Marion Walsmann
Rainer Wieland

Allianța '90 / Verzii: Grupul Greens-EFA
Ska Keller
Sven Giegold
Terry Reintke
Reinhard Bütikofer
Hannah Marie Neumann
Martin Häusling
Anna Cavazzini
Erik Marquardt
Katrin Langensiepen
Romeo Franz
Jutta Paulus
Sergey Lagodinsky
Henrike Hahn
Michael Bloss
Anna Deparnay-Grunenberg
Rasmus Andresen
Alexandra Geese
Niklas Nienaß
Viola von Cramon-Taubadel
Daniel Freund
Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana

Partidul Social Democrat din Germania: Grupul S & D
Katarina Barley
Udo Bullmann
Maria Noichl
Jens Geier
Delara Burkhardt
Bernd Lange
Birgit Sippel
Dietmar Köster
Gabriele Bischoff
Ismail Ertug
Constanze Krehl
Tiemo Wölken
Petra Kammerevert
Norbert Neuser
Evelyne Gebhardt
Joachim Schuster

Alternativă pentru Germania: Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Jörg Meuthen
Guido Reil
Maximilian Krah
Lars Patrick Berg
Bernhard Zimniok
Nicolaus Fest
Markus Buchheit
Christina Anderson
Sylvia Limmer
Gunnar Beck
Joachim Kuhs

Uniunea Creștin-Socială din Bavaria: Grupul PPE
Manfred Weber
Angelika Niebler
Markus Ferber
Monika Hohlmeier
Christian Doleschal
Marlene Mortler

Partidul Democrat Liberal: Grupul Renew
Nicola Beer
Svenja Hahn
Andreas Glück
Moritz Körner
Jan-Christoph Oetjen

Die Linke (Stânga): Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Martin Schirdewan
Özlem Demirel
Cornelia Ernst
Helmut Scholz
Martina Michels

Die Partei (Partidul): Neînscriși
Martin Sonneborn
Nico Semsrott (Grupul Greens-EFA)

Alegătorii Liberi: Grupul Renew
Ulrike Müller
Engin Eroglu

Partidul Protecția Animalelor: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Martin Buschmann

Partidul Democrat Ecologist: Grupul Greens-EFA
Klaus Buchner

Partidul Familiei: Grupul ECR
Helmut Geuking

Volt: Grupul Greens-EFA
Damian Boeselager

Partidul Piraților din Germania: Grupul Greens-EFA
Patrick Breyer

Grecia

Noua Democrație:  Grupul PPE
Stelios Kympouropoulos
Vangelis Meimarakis
Maria Spyraki
Eliza Vozemberg
Manolis Kefalogiannis
Anna Asimakopoulou
Giorgos Kyrtsos
Theodoros Zagorakis

Coaliția Stângii Radicale: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Dimitrios Papadimoulis
Elena Kountoura
Kostas Arvanitis
Stelios Kouloglou
Alexis Georgoulis
Petros S. Kokkalis

Mișcarea pentru Schimbare: Grupul S & D
Nikos Androulakis
Eva Kaili

Partidul Comunist: Neînscriși
Konstantinos Papadakis
Lefteris Nikolaou-Alavanos

Zori Aurii list: Neînscriși
Ioannis Lagos
Athanasios Konstantinou

Soluția greacă: Grupul ECR
Kyriakos Velopoulos

Irlanda

Fine Gael (Clanul Gaelilor/Celților): Grupul PPE
Frances Fitzgerald
Seán Kelly
Mairead McGuinness
Maria Walsh
Deirdre Clune

Independenți pentru Schimbare: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Clare Daly
Mick Wallace

Partidul Verzilor din Irlanda: Grupul Greens-EFA
Ciarán Cuffe
Grace O'Sullivan

Fianna Fáil (Ostașii Destinului): GrupulRenew
Billy Kelleher
Barry Andrews

Sinn Féin (Noi-înșine): Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Matt Carthy

Ca independent:
Luke 'Ming' Flanagan Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)

Italia

Lega Nord (Lega) (Liga): Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Simona Baldassarre
Alessandra Basso
Mara Bizzotto
Cinzia Bonfrisco
Paolo Borchia
Marco Campomenosi
Andrea Caroppo
Massimo Casanova
Susanna Ceccardi
Angelo Ciocca
Rosanna Conte
Gianantonio Da Re
Francesca Donato
Marco Dreosto
Gianna Gancia
Valentino Grant
Danilo Lancini
Elena Lizzi
Alessandro Panza
Luisa Regimenti
Antonio Maria Rinaldi
Silvia Sardone
Vincenzo Sofo
Annalisa Tardino
Isabela Tovaglieri
Lucia Vuolo
Stefania Zambelli
Marco Zanni
Matteo Adinolfi

Partidul Democrat: Grupul S & D
Pietro Bartolo
Brando Benifei
Simona Bonafé
Carlo Calenda
Caterina Chinnici
Paolo De Castro
Andrea Cozzolino
Giuseppe Ferrandino
Elisabetta Gualmini
Roberto Gualtieri
Pierfrancesco Majorino
Alessandra Moretti
Pina Picierno
Giuliano Pisapia
Franco Roberti
David Sassoli
Massimiliano Smeriglio
Irene Tinagli
Patrizia Toia

Cinque Stelle (Cinci Stele): Grupul Europa Libertății și Democrației Directe
Isabella Adinolfi
Tiziana Beghin
Fabio Massimo Castaldo
Ignazio Corrao
Rosa D'Amato
Eleonora Evi
Laura Ferrara
Mario Furore
Chiara Maria Gemma
Dino Giarrusso
Piernicola Pedicini
Sabrina Pignedoli
Daniela Rondinelli
Marco Zullo

Forza Italia (partid politic) (Hai Italia): Grupul PPE
Silvio Berlusconi
Salvatore De Meo
Giuseppe Milazzo
Aldo Patriciello
Massimiliano Salini
Antonio Tajani
Fulvio Martusciello

Fratelli d'Italia (Frații Italiei): Grupul ECR
Carlo Fidanza
Pietro Fiocchi
Raffaele Fitto
Nicola Procaccini
Raffaele Stancanelli
Sergio Berlato

Partidul Popular Sud-Tirolez: Grupul PPE
Herbert Dorfmann

Letonia

Unitate: Grupul PPE
Sandra Kalniete
Arvils Ašeradens

Partidul Social Democrat "Armonia": Grupul S & D
Nils Ušakovs
Andris Ameriks

Alianța Națională: Grupul ECR
Roberts Zīle
Dace Melbārde

Kustība Par! (Mișcarea Pentru!): Grupul Renew
Ivars Ijabs

Uniunea Letonă-Rusă: Grupul Greens-EFA
Tatjana Ždanoka

Lituania

Uniunea Patriei - Creștin-Democrații Lituanieni: Grupul PPE
Andrius Kubilius
Liudas Mažylis
Rasa Juknevičienė

Partidul Social Democrat din Lituania: Grupul S & D
Vilija Blinkevičiūtė
Juozas Olekas

Uniunea Lituaniană a Țăranilor și Verzilor: Grupul Greens-EFA
Bronis Ropė
Stasys Jakeliūnas

Partidul Muncii din Lituania: Grupul Renew
Viktor Uspaskich

Acțiunea Electorală a Polonezilor din Lituania: Grupul ECR
Valdemar Tomaševski

Mișcarea Liberală: Grupul Renew
Petras Auštrevičius

Ca independent: Grupul PPE
Aušra Maldeikienė

Luxemburg

Partidul Democrat: Grupul Renew
Charles Goerens
Monica Semedo

Partidul Popular Social Creștin: Grupul PPE
Christophe Hansen
Isabel Wiseler-Santos Lima

Verzii: Grupul Greens-EFA
Tilly Metz

Partidul Muncitoresc Socialist din Luxemburg: Grupul S & D
Nicolas Schmit

Malta

Partidul Muncii: Grupul S & D
Miriam Dalli
Alfred Sant
Alex Agius Saliba
Josianne Cutajar

Partidul Naționalist: Grupul PPE
Roberta Metsola
David Casa

Olanda

Partidul Muncii: Grupul S & D
Frans Timmermans
Agnes Jongerius
Paul Tang
Kati Piri
Vera Tax
Mohammed Chahim

Partidul Popular pentru Libertate și Democrație: Grupul Renew
Malik Azmani
Jan Huitema
Caroline Nagtegaal
Liesje Schreinemacher
Bart Groothuis

Apelul Creștin Democrat: Grupul PPE
Esther de Lange
Jeroen Lenaers
Tom Berendsen
Annie Schreijer-Pierik

Forumul pentru Democrație: Grupul ECR
Derk Jan Eppink
Rob Roos
Rob Rooken
Dorien Rookmaker

Stânga Verde: Grupul Greens-EFA
Bas Eickhout
Tineke Strik
Kim van Sparrentak

Uniunea Creștină–Partidul Reformat Politic:
Peter van Dalen (Uniunea Creștină - CU]], Grupul PPE
Bert-Jan Ruissen (Partidul Reformat Politic - SGP]], Grupul ECR

Democrați 66: Grupul Renew
Sophie in 't Veld
Samira Rafaela

Partidul pentru Animale: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Anja Hazekamp

50Plus: Grupul PPE
Toine Manders

Party for Freedom: Grupul ID (Identitate și democrație)
Marcel de Graaff

Polonia

Lege și Dreptate: Grupul ECR
Adam Bielan
Joachim Brudziński
Ryszard Czarnecki
Anna Fotyga
Patryk Jaki (United Poland)
Krzysztof Jurgiel
Karol Karski
Beata Kempa
Izabela Kloc
Joanna Kopcińska
Zdzisław Krasnodębski (independent)
Elżbieta Kruk
Zbigniew Kuźmiuk
Ryszard Legutko
Beata Mazurek
Andżelika Możdżanowska
Tomasz Poręba
Elżbieta Rafalska
Bogdan Rzońca
Jacek Saryusz-Wolski
Beata Szydło
Grzegorz Tobiszowski
Witold Waszczykowski
Jadwiga Wiśniewska
Anna Zalewska
Kosma Złotowski
Dominik Tarczyński

Primăvara (partid politic): Grupul S & D
Robert Biedroń
Łukasz Kohut
Sylwia Spurek

Coaliția Europeană:

Platforma Civică Grupul PPE
Magdalena Adamowicz
Bartosz Arłukowicz
Jerzy Buzek
Jarosław Duda
Tomasz Frankowski
Andrzej Halicki
Danuta Hübner
Ewa Kopacz
Janusz Lewandowski
Elżbieta Łukacijewska
Janina Ochojska (independent)
Jan Olbrycht
Radosław Sikorski
Róża Thun

Alianța Stânga Democrată Grupul S & D
Marek Balt
Marek Belka
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
Bogusław Liberadzki
Leszek Miller

Partidul Popular Polonez Grupul PPE
Krzysztof Hetman
Adam Jarubas
Jarosław Kalinowski

Portugalia

Partidul Socialist: Grupul S & D
Pedro Marques
Maria Manuel Leitão Marques
Pedro Silva Pereira
Margarida Marques
André Bradford
Sara Cerdas
Carlos Zorrinho
Isabel Santos
Manuel Pizarro

Partidul Social Democrat: Grupul PPE
Paulo Rangel
Lidia Pereira
José Manuel Fernandes
Maria da Graça Carvalho
Álvaro Amaro
Cláudia Aguiar

Blocul Stângii: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Marisa Matias
José Gusmão

Coaliția Democrată Unitariană : Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
João Ferreira
Sandra Pereira

CDS – Partidul Popular: Grupul PPE
Nuno Melo

Oameni-Animale-Natură: Grupul Greens-EFA
Francisco Guerreiro

Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord

Partidul Brexit:
David Bull
Jonathan Bullock
Belinda De Camborne Lucy
Martin Daubney
Andrew England Kerr
Nigel Farage
Lance Forman
Claire Fox
Nathan Gill
James Glancy
Benyamin Habib
Lucy Harris
Michael Heaver
Christina Jordan
John Longworth
Rupert Lowe
Brian Monteith
June Mummery
Henrik Overgaard Nielsen
Matthew Patten
Alexandra Phillips
Jake Pugh
Annunziata Rees-Mogg
Robert Rowland
Louis Stedman-Bryce
John Tennant
Richard Tice
James Wells
Ann Widdecombe

Liberal Democrați : Grupul Renew
Catherine Bearder
Phil Bennion
Jane Brophy
Judith Bunting
Chris Davies
Dinesh Dhamija
Barbara Gibson
Antony Hook
Martin Horwood
Shaffaq Mohammed
Bill Newton Dunn
Lucy Nethsingha
Luisa Porritt
Sheila Ritchie
Caroline Voaden
Irina von Wiese

Partidul Laburist: Grupul S & D
Richard Corbett
Seb Dance
Neena Gill
Theresa Griffin
John Howarth
Jackie Jones
Jude Kirton-Darling
Claude Moraes
Rory Palmer
Julie Ward

Partidul Verzilor din Anglia și Țara Galilor: Grupul Greens-EFA
Scott Ainslie
Ellie Chowns
Gina Dowding
Magid Magid
Alex Phillips
Catherine Rowett
Molly Scott Cato

Partidul Conservator: Grupul ECR
Daniel Hannan
Anthea McIntyre
Nosheena Mobarik
Geoffrey Van Orden

Partidul Național Scoțian: Grupul Greens-EFA
Christian Allard
Aileen McLeod
Alyn Smith

Plaid Cymru (Partidul Țării Galilor): Grupul Greens-EFA
Jill Evans

Northern Ireland

Sinn Féin (Noi-înșine): Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Martina Anderson

Partidul Democratic Unionist: Neînscriși
Diane Dodds

Partidul Alianța Nordului: Grupul Renew
Naomi Long

România

Partidul Național Liberal: Grupul PPE
Rareș Bogdan
Mircea Hava
Siegfried Mureșan
Vasile Blaga
Adina Vălean
Daniel Buda
Dan Motreanu
Gheorghe Falcă
Cristian Bușoi
Marian-Jean Marinescu

Partidul Social Democrat: Grupul S & D
Rovana Plumb
Carmen Avram
Claudiu Manda
Cristian Terheș
Dan Nica
Maria Grapini
Tudor Ciuhodaru
Dragoș Benea
Victor Negrescu

Partidul Libertate, Unitate și Solidaritate (PLUS)+Uniunea Salvați România (USR): Grupul Renew
Dacian Cioloș (PLUS)
Cristian Ghinea (USR)
Dragoș Pîslaru (PLUS)
Clotilde Armand (USR)
Dragoș Tudorache (PLUS)
Nicolae Ștefănuță (USR)
Vlad Botoș (USR)
Ramona Strugariu (PLUS)

PRO România: Grupul S & D
Corina Crețu
Mihai Tudose

Uniunea Democrată a Maghiarilor din România  (UDMR): Grupul PPE
Iuliu Winkler
Lóránt Vincze

Partidul Mișcarea Populară : Grupul PPE
Traian Băsescu
Eugen Tomac

Slovacia

Slovacia Progresistă–ÎMPREUNĂ - Democrație Civică: Grupul Renew–Grupul PPE
Michal Šimečka (PS)
Vladimír Bilčík (SPOLU)
Michal Wiezik (SPOLU)
Martin Hojsík (PS)

Direcția -Social-Democrație: Grupul S & D
Monika Beňová
Miroslav Čiž
Róbert Hajšel

Kotleba – Partidul Popular Slovacia Noastră: Neînscriși
Milan Uhrík
Miroslav Radačovský

Libertate și solidaritate: Grupul ECR
Lucia Ďuriš Nicholsonová
Eugen Jurzyca

Mișcarea Creștin Democrată: Grupul PPE
Ivan Štefanec
Miriam LexmannOameni Obișnuiți: Grupul PPE
Peter Pollák

 Slovenia Partidul Democrat Sloven-Partidul Popular Sloven: Grupul PPE
Milan Zver
Romana Tomc
Franc BogovičSocial Democrați: Grupul S & D
Tanja Fajon
Milan BrglezLista lui Marjan Šarec: Grupul Renew
Irena Joveva
Klemen GrošeljPartidul Popular Creștin -Noua Slovenie: Grupul PPE
Ljudmila Novak

 Spania Partidul Socialist Muncitoresc Spaniol: Grupul S & D
Josep Borrell
Iratxe García
Lina Gálvez
Javi López Fernández
Inmaculada Rodríguez-Piñero
Iban García del Blanco
Eider Gardiazabal
Nicolás González Casares
Cristina Maestre
César Luena
Clara Aguilera García
Ignacio Sánchez Amor
Mónica Silvana González
Juan Fernando López Aguilar
Adriana Maldonado López
Jonás Fernández
Alicia Homs Ginel
Javier Moreno Sánchez
Isabel García Muñoz
Domènec Ruiz Devesa
Estrella Durá FerrandisPartidul Popular: Grupul PPE
Dolors Montserrat
Esteban González Pons
Antonio López-Istúriz White
Juan Ignacio Zoido
Pilar del Castillo
Javier Zarzalejos
José Manuel García-Margallo
Francisco José Millán Mon
Rosa Estaràs
Isabel Benjumea
Pablo Arias Echeverría
Leopoldo López Gil
Gabriel Mato AdroverCiudadanos (Cetățeni): Grupul Renew
Luis Garicano
Maite Pagazaurtundúa (UPyD)
Soraya Rodríguez
Javier Nart
José Ramón Bauzà
Jordi Cañas Pérez
Susana Solís Pérez
Adrián Vázquez LázaraUnidas Podemos (Unite Putem):  Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
María Eugenia Rodríguez Palop
Sira Rego
Ernest Urtasun (Inițiativa pentru Verzii Catalonia - ICV]]: Grupul Greens-EFA
Idoia Villanueva
Miguel Urbán
Manu PinedaVox: Grupul ECR
Jorge Buxadé
Mazaly Aguilar
Hermann Tertsch
Margarita de la Pisa CarriónAhora Repúblicas (Acum Republici): Grupul Greens-EFA
Oriol Junqueras
Pernando Barrena (Sortu):Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Diana RibaÎmpreună pentru Catalonia - Împreună pentru Europa:
Carles Puigdemont
Antoni Comín
Clara Ponsatí i ObiolsCoaliția pentru o Europă Solidară: Grupul Renew
Izaskun Bilbao Barandica (Partidul Naționalist Basc - PNV)

 Suedia Partidul Social Democrat Suedez: Grupul S & D
Heléne Fritzon
Johan Danielsson
Jytte Guteland
Erik Bergkvist
Evin IncirPartidul Moderat: Grupul PPE
Tomas Tobé
Jessica Polfjärd
Jörgen Warborn
Arba KokalariDemocrații Suedezi: Grupul ECR
Peter Lundgren
Jessica Stegrud
Charlie WeimersPartidul Verzilor: Grupul Greens-EFA
Alice Bah Kuhnke
Pär Holmgren
Jakop DalundePartidul de Centru: Grupul Renew
Fredrick Federley
Abir Al-SahlaniCreștin democrați: Grupul PPE
Sara Skyttedal
David LegaPartidul de Stânga]: Grupul GUE-NGL (Stânga Unită Europeană-Stânga Verde Nordică)
Malin BjörkLiberalii: GrupulRenew
Karin Karlsbro

 Ungaria Fidesz–Partidul Popular Creștin Democrat: Grupul PPE
László Trócsányi
József Szájer
Lívia Járóka
Tamás Deutsch
András Gyürk
Kinga Gál
György Hölvényi (KDNP)
Enikő Győri
Ádám Kósa
Andrea Bocskor
Andor Deli
Balázs Hidvéghi
Edina TóthCoaliția Democrată: Grupul S & D
Klára Dobrev
Csaba Molnár
Sándor Rónai
Attila Ara-KovácsMișcarea Momentum: Grupul Renew
Katalin Cseh
Anna Júlia DonáthPartidul Socialist Maghiar–Dialog pentru Ungaria: Grupul S & D
István UjhelyiJobbik':
Márton Gyöngyösi

Vezi și

 2019 - Alegerile pentru Parlamentul European

Referințe

Liste despre membrii Parlamentului European
Europarlamentari

Lista membrilor Parlamentului European, 2019–2024


Georg Simler (* um 1477 in Wimpfen; † 1536 in Tübingen), als Autor zunächst unter dem Pseudonym Georgius Relmisius, einer Umstellung seines Namens, war von 1497 bis 1510 ein in gelehrten Kreisen seiner Zeit bekannter Schulpädagoge in Pforzheim und später Hochschullehrer in Tübingen. Er gehörte zum Freundeskreis des Humanisten und Rechtsgelehrten Johannes Reuchlin. 1506 war er bei der Drucklegung der Rudimenta Hebraica Reuchlins als Korrektor beteiligt.

Aufsehen erregte Simler durch die 1507 publizierte Pforzheimer Erstausgabe seines Kommentars zu Reuchlins Satire Sergius. Schließlich gelang ihm 1512, zwei Jahre nach seiner Übersiedlung nach Tübingen, ein großer Wurf mit seiner bei Thomas Anshelm in Tübingen gedruckten griechischen Grammatik Isagogicum sive introductorium in literas graecas. Als einer der Ordinarien an der Tübinger Juristenfakultät (seit 1518) mit dem inzwischen erworbenen Titel eines Doktors des kirchlichen und weltlichen Rechts (utriusque iuris doctor) hinterließ er kein weiteres wissenschaftliches Werk.

Studium und Lehrtätigkeit
Georg Simler studierte an den Artistenfakultäten Leipzig (1490–1493), Köln (1493–1495) und Heidelberg (1495–1497). Als Präzeptor und wenige Jahre später als deren Rektor entwickelte er seit 1497 die städtische Lateinschule in Pforzheim zu einer der angesehensten Schulen im süddeutschen Raum. Unter ihm lehrte dort ab 1497/1498 Johannes Hiltebrant, der später ebenfalls in Tübingen aktiv wurde. Zu den prominenten Schülern Simlers gehörte der spätere Wittenberger Professor Philipp Melanchthon und der spätere Tübinger Professorkollege Johannes Kingsattler. Nach seinem Wechsel im Sommer 1510 an die Universität Tübingen wurde er sogleich am 15. Juli dieses Jahres als Leipziger Bakkalar zum Magister promoviert und gehörte seither zu den profiliertesten Lehrkräften der Artistenfakultät, 1515 als Konventor in der Realistenburse.

Daneben begann er ein Jurastudium, bei dem sich auch eine enge Beziehung zum Ordinarius für römisches Recht Johannes Gentner alias Adler, Aquila, Halietus entwickelte. 1516 wirkte er beim Druck des Traktats Gentners (Adlers) zum Spielrecht als Korrektor (orthosynthaticus) mit. In freundschaftlicher Beziehung stand er auch zum Tübinger Astronomieprofessor Johannes Stöffler, für den er bereits 1512/1513 zwei Epigramme verfasste.

Am 2. November 1515 erhielt er als Lizentiat im kirchlichen und weltlichen Recht eine Lehramtsvertretung in der Tübinger Juristenfakultät für den Extraordinarius im römischen Recht Johannes Lupfdich bis zu dessen Tod 1518. Nachdem er inzwischen um 1516 utriusque iuris doctor geworden war, erhielt er am 12. Februar 1518 als Nachfolger des kurz zuvor gleichfalls verstorbenen Johannes Gentner (Adler) dessen Ordinariat im römischen Recht, 1522 auf Lebenszeit zusammen mit den fünf anderen besoldeten Lehrstuhlinhabern der Juristenfakultät. Er konzentrierte sich in der Zeit der österreichischen Regentschaft in Württemberg (1520–1534) auf seinen Rechtsunterricht, wurde aber auch wiederholt an Verwaltungsgeschäften der Universität beteiligt.

Nach der Rückkehr Herzog Ulrichs nach Württemberg behielt er seine auf Lebenszeit verliehene Professur. Er war im Sommersemester 1535 nochmals Dekan der Juristenfakultät und am 26. Oktober 1535 nochmals als Promotor an Doktorpromotionen beteiligt. Vermutlich nach einem Schlaganfall starb er 1536 in Tübingen, ohne zuvor bei der Reform der Tübinger Universität besonders hervorgetreten zu sein.

Literatur

 Heinz Scheible: Melanchthons Pforzheimer Schulzeit. Studien zur humanistischen Bildungselite, in: Pforzheim in der frühen Neuzeit. Beiträge zur Stadtgeschichte des 16.-18. Jahrhunderts, hrsg. von Hans-Peter Becht (Pforzheimer Geschichtsblätter, Band 7). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1989, ISBN 3-7995-6045-9, S. 9–50, besonders S. 15–21.
 Hans-Jürgen Kremer: Lesen, Exercieren, und Examinieren. Die Geschichte der Pforzheimer Lateinschule. Höhere Bildung in Südwestdeutschland vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit (Ausstellungskatalog) (Materialien zur Stadtgeschichte, Band 11). Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1997, ISBN 3-929366-49-5, S. 30f., 113f.
 Reinhard Pohlke: Melanchthon und sein Griechischlehrer Georg Simler. Zwei Vermittler des Griechischen in Deutschland, in: Philipp Melanchthon in Südwestdeutschland. Bildungsstationen eines Reformators, hrsg. von Stefan Rhein, Armin Schlechter und Udo Wennemuth (Ausstellungskatalog). Badische Landesbibliothek, Karlsruhe 1997, ISBN 3-88705-044-4, S. 39–61, besonders S. 41.
 Heinz Scheible: Melanchthon und die oberrheinischen Humanisten (Neudruck der Ausgabe 2001), in: Derselbe, Aufsätze zu Melanchthon (Spätmittelalter, Humanismus, Reformation, Band 49). J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-16-150234-7, Nr. 3, S. 46–64, besonders S. 49–51.
 Karl Konrad Finke: Georg Simler (um 1476/1478 bis 1536), in: Die Professoren der Tübinger Juristenfakultät (1477–1535), bearbeitet von Karl Konrad Finke (Tübinger Professorenkatalog, Band 1,2). Jan Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2011, ISBN 978-3-7995-5452-7, S. 298–308.
Stefan Kötz: Geldtheorie an der Universität Tübingen um 1500, in: Die Universität Tübingen zwischen Scholastik und Humanismus, hrsg. von Sönke Lorenz (u. a.) (Tübinger Bausteine zur Landesgeschichte, Band 20). Jan Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2012, ISBN 978-3-7995-5520-3, S. 117–160, hier S. 131–135.

Pädagoge (15. Jahrhundert)
Pädagoge (16. Jahrhundert)
Rechtswissenschaftler (15. Jahrhundert)
Rechtswissenschaftler (16. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen)
Person (Tübingen)
Geboren 1477
Gestorben 1536
Mann

Georg Simler


Jun Uruno (født 23. oktober 1979) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Ventforet Kofu og Roasso Kumamoto.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Jun Uruno


S.O.S. er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1992 instrueret af Ulla Christina Hansen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Denne musikvideo fortæller i korte træk om Master Fatmans fantastiske liv fra fødsel til nu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1992

S.O.S. (dokumentarfilm)


The Honda CB750 is an air-cooled, transverse, in-line-four-cylinder-engine motorcycle made by Honda over several generations for year models 1969–2003, plus 2007, with an upright, or standard, riding posture. It is often called the original Universal Japanese Motorcycle (UJM).

The CR750 is the associated works racer.

Though other manufacturers had marketed the transverse, overhead camshaft, inline four-cylinder engine configuration and the layout had been used in racing engines prior to World War II, Honda popularized the configuration with the CB750, and the layout subsequently became the dominant sport bike engine layout.

The CB750 is included in the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame Classic Bikes; was named in the Discovery Channel's "Greatest Motorbikes Ever"; was in The Art of the Motorcycle exhibition, and is in the UK National Motor Museum. The Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. rates the 1969 CB750 as one of the 240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology.

The CB750 was the first motorcycle to be called a "superbike".

History
Honda of Japan introduced the CB750 motorcycle to the US and European markets in 1969 after experiencing success with its smaller motorcycles.  In the late 1960s Honda motorcycles were, overall, the world's biggest sellers. There were the C100 Cub step-through—the best-selling motorcycle of all time—the C71, C72, C77 and CA77/8 Dreams; and the CB72/77 Super Hawks/Sports. A taste of what was ahead came with the introduction of the revolutionary CB450 DOHC twin-cylinder machine in 1966. Profits from these production bikes financed the successful racing machines of the 1960s, and lessons learned from racing were applied to the CB750. The CB750 was targeted directly at the US market after Honda officials, including founder Soichiro Honda, repeatedly met US dealers and understood the opportunity for a larger bike.

Early racing
In 1967 American Honda's service manager Bob Hansen flew to Japan and discussed with Soichiro Honda the possibility of using Grand Prix technology in bikes prepared for American motorcycle events. American racing's governing body, the AMA, had rules that allowed racing by production machines only, and restricted overhead-valve engines to 500 cc whilst allowing the side-valve Harley Davidsons to compete with 750 cc engines. Honda knew that what won on the race track today, sold in the show rooms tomorrow, and a large engine capacity road machine would have to be built to compete with the Harley Davidson and Triumph twin-cylinder machines.

Hansen told Soichiro Honda that he should build a 'King of Motorcycles', and the CB750 appeared at the Tokyo Show in November 1968. In the UK, it was publicly launched at the Brighton motorcycle show, held at the Metropole Hotel exhibition centre during April 1969, with an earlier press-launch at Honda's London headquarters; the pre-production versions appeared with a high and very wide handlebar intended for the US market.

The AMA Competition Committee recognised the need for more variation of racing motorcycle and changed the rules from 1970, by standardizing a full 750 cc displacement for all engines regardless of valve location or number of cylinders, enabling Triumph and BSA to field their 750 cc triples instead of the 500 cc Triumph Daytona twins.

The Honda factory responded by producing four works-racer CR750s, a racing version of the production CB750, ridden by UK-based Ralph Bryans, Tommy Robb and Bill Smith under the supervision of Mr Nakamura, and a fourth machine under Hansen ridden by Dick Mann. The three Japanese-prepared machines all failed during the race with Mann just holding on to win by a few seconds with a failing engine.

Hansen's race team's historic victory at the March 1970 Daytona 200 with Dick Mann riding a tall-geared CR750 to victory preceded the June 1970 Isle of Man TT races when two 'official' Honda CB750s were entered, again ridden by Irishman Tommy Robb partnered in the team by experienced English racer John Cooper. The machines were entered into the 750 cc Production Class, a category for road-based machines allowing a limited number of strictly-controlled modifications. They finished in eighth and ninth places. Cooper was interviewed in UK monthly magazine Motorcycle Mechanics, stating both riders were unhappy with their poor-handling Hondas, and that he would not ride in the next year's race "unless the bikes have been greatly improved".

In 1973, Japanese rider Morio Sumiya finished in sixth place in the Daytona 200-Mile race on a factory 750.

Production and reception

Under development for a year, the CB750 had a transverse straight-four engine with a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) and a front disc brake, neither of which had previously been available on an affordable mainstream production motorcycle. This spec, married with the introductory price of US$ (US$ in current money), gave the CB750 a considerable sporting-performance advantage over its competition, particularly its British rivals.

Cycle magazine called the CB750, "the most sophisticated production bike ever" at the time of the bike's introduction. Cycle World called it a masterpiece, highlighting Honda's painstaking durability testing, the bike's  top speed, the fade-free braking, the comfortable ride, and the excellent instrumentation.

The CB750 was the first modern four-cylinder machine from a mainstream manufacturer, and the term superbike was coined to describe it. Adding to the bike's value were its electric starter, kill switch, dual mirrors, flashing turn signals, easily maintained valves, and overall smoothness and low vibration both under way and at a standstill. Much later models from 1991 included maintenance-free hydraulic valves.

Unsure of the bike's reception and therefore unable to accurately gauge demand for the new bike, Honda limited its initial investment in the production dies for the CB750's engine by using a technique called permanent mould casting (often erroneously referred to as sandcasting), rather than diecasting. The bike remained in the Honda line up for ten years, with a production total over 400,000.

Models

Note: All CB750 engines are air/oil-cooled, as opposed to liquid-cooled

SOHC
Year and model code:
 1969 CB750 (6 June), CB750K or CB750K0 (date unknown)
 1970 CB750K1 (21 September)
 1972 CB750K2 (US 1 March)
 1973 CB750K3 (US-only 1 February. K2 elsewhere)
 1974 CB750K4 (US/Japan-only, K2 elsewhere)
 1975 CB750K5 (US-only, K2/K4 elsewhere), CB750FO, CB750A (Canada-only)  The 1975 CB750F had a more streamlined look, thanks in part to a 4-into-1 exhaust and cafe style seat with fiberglass rear. Other changes included the use of a rear disc brake and a lighter crankshaft and flywheel.
 1976 CB750K6, CB750F1, CB750A
 1977 CB750K7, CB750F2, CB750A1
 1978 CB750K8 (US-only), CB750F3, CB750A2

DOHC
 1979–1982 CB750K
 1979 CB750K 10th Anniversary Edition (5,000 produced for US)
 1979–1982 CB750F
 1980–1983 CB750C "Custom"
 1982–1983 CB750SC Nighthawk
 1984–1985 CB750SC Nighthawk "S" in Canada
 1984–1986 CB700SC Nighthawk "S" in US
 1984–1986 CB750SC Nighthawk (Horizon in Japan)
 1991–2003 Nighthawk 750
 1992–2001 CB750F2 (Europe-only, also known as CB750F2 Seven Fifty)
 2007 CB750 (Japan-only)

CB750A Hondamatic

In 1976, Honda introduced the CB750A to the United States, with the A suffix designating "Automatic", for its automatic transmission. Although the two-speed transmission includes a torque converter typical of an automatic transmission, the transmission does not automatically change gears for the rider. Each gear is selected by a foot-controlled hydraulic valve/selector (similar in operation to a manual transmission motorcycle). The foot selector controls the application of high pressure oil to a single clutch pack (one clutch for each gear), causing the selected clutch (and gear) to engage. The selected gear remains selected until changed by the rider, or the kickstand is lowered (which shifts the transmission to neutral).

The CB750A was sold in the North American and Japanese markets only. The name Hondamatic was shared with Honda cars of the 1970s, but the motorcycle transmission was not fully automatic. The design of the transmission is similar in concept to the transmission in Honda's N360AT, a kei car sold in Japan from 1967 to 1972.

The CB750A uses the same engine as the CB750, but detuned with lower 7.7:1 compression and smaller carburettors producing a lower output, . The same oil is used for the engine and transmission, and the engine was changed to a wet sump instead of dry sump type. A lockout safety device prevents the transmission from moving out of neutral if the side stand is down. There is no tachometer but the instruments include a fuel gauge and gear indicator. For 1977 the gearing was revised, and the exhaust changed to a four-into-two with a silencer on either side. Due to slow sales the model was discontinued in 1978, though Honda did later introduce smaller Hondamatic motorcycles (namely the CB400A, CM400A, and CM450A). Cycle World tested the 1976 CB750A's top speed at , with a  time of 10.0 seconds and a standing  time of 15.90 seconds at . Braking from  was .

Nighthawk 750

From 1982 through 2003, with the exception of several years, Honda produced a CB750 known as the Nighthawk 750. Expanding upon the niche that the 1980-1983 CB750C "Custom" had initiated, the bikes under the new "Nighthawk" line from Honda took on a 'pseudo' cruiser bike aesthetic that was specifically catered for the North American market at the time. 1982-1983 models were designated the CB750SC Nighthawk while later models were simply known as the Nighthawk 750. The Nighthawk 750SC had a 749cc 4-stroke engine with a 5-speed manual transmission, chain drive, front disc and rear drum brakes. Because of the 1983 motorcycle tariff, the Nighthawk CB750SC was soon replaced by the smaller, yet more sporty and sophisticated CB700SC Nighthawk S.
The 1991-2003 Honda Nighthawk 750, released in both North America and Japan, was related to the European-only 1992-2001 CB750F2 (both being descendants of the CBX750). The Nighthawk 750 differed from the CB750F2 by taking on a more basic, budget-friendly approach with its packaging; instead of the CB750F2's dual front disc and single rear disc brake setup, the Nighthawk 750 instead made use with a single disc brake in the front and a rear drum brake. The fork rake angle on the Nighthawk 750 was slightly increased and conventional twin hydraulic shock absorbers were used instead of the CB750F2's gas-charged absorbers; the Nighthawk's foot rest were welded to the frame, rather than being interchangeable like on the CB750F2 and the styling for the Nighthawk was given a more 'retro', smoother reworking that was reminiscent of the 1982-1983 CB750SC. The engine, exhaust, transmission and gauges were the same on both bikes but ultimately the Nighthawk 750's more basic layout contributed to a $3995 price tag when launched in 1991 which, along with its versatility, sensible performance and ease of maintenance made it popular with intermediate riders and commuters throughout the 1990s and 2000s.The entry-level 1992-2008 Nighthawk 250 was derived from the Nighthawk 750.

For 2004, the CBR-based Honda Hornet CB600F became the eventual successor to the CB750 line in North America after the Nighthawk 750 was discontinued in 2003, concurrent with other Japanese manufacturers at the time shifting away from traditional, utilitarian standard motorcycles and transitioning towards supersport derived naked bikes.

2007 CB750

In 2007 Honda Japan announced the sale of a new CB750 very similar to the models sold in the 1970s. Announced as the CB750 Special Edition that was in the silver colours of the CB750 AMA racer of the 1970s and the CB750, it was offered in three colour schemes reminiscent of CB750s previously sold. , these bikes were intended only for release in Japan.

Specifications

References

External links

CB750 images at the 1969 Brighton Motorcycle Show

CB750
Sport bikes
Standard motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 1969

pt:Honda CB 750 Four

Honda CB750 and CR750


Vestre Ringvej  er en to sporet ringvej der går vest om Hedensted. Vejen er med til at lede trafikken vest om Hedensted Centrum, så byen ikke bliver belastet af for meget gennemkørende trafik.

Vejen forbinder Hovedvejen i syd med Teknikkervej i nord, og har forbindelse til Parallelvej, Vesterbyvej , Skovbrynet, Årupvej og Gesagervej.

Kilder

Hedensted
Ringveje i Danmark

Vestre Ringvej (Hedensted)


Hayri Kozakçıoğlu (1938, Alaşehir, Manisa - 23 Mayıs 2013, Sarıyer, İstanbul), OHAL ve İstanbul eski valisi, TBMM XX.ve XXI. dönem İstanbul milletvekili.

Hayatı
Hayri Kozakçıoğlu, ilk ve ortaokulu Alaşehir'de, lise öğrenimini ise İzmir'de yaparak 1955 yılında İzmir Atatürk Lisesi'nden mezun oldu.

Yüksek öğrenimini 1955 - 1959 yılları arasında Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi'nde tamamlayarak 1959 yılında İçişleri Bakanlığı'nda kaymakam adayı olarak göreve başladı. Çamlıhemşin, Ardeşen, Delice, Çüngüş, Çınar, Kepsut ve Gökçeada (İmroz) ilçelerinde kaymakamlık yaptıktan sonra 1970 yılında mülkiye müfettişliğine ve daha sonra başmüfettişliğe terfi etti.

Güvenlik hizmetleri ile ilgili olarak bir süre yurt dışında inceleme ve araştırma yaptıktan sonra, 1978 yılında Erzurum Valiliği'ne atandı. Daha sonra vali kadrosu ile 1,5 yıl süre ile İstanbul Emniyet Müdürlüğü görevini ifa ederek, 12 Eylül 1980'den sonra Adana Valiliği'ne tayin edildi.  3 yıl süre ile Adana Valiliği ve 3,5 yıl Sakarya Valiliği görevlerinden sonra 12 Ocak 1987 tarihinde Diyarbakır Valiliği görevine başladı. Bu görevi yürütürken 19 Temmuz 1987'de Olağanüstü Hal Bölge Valiliği'ne atandı. 19 Ağustos 1991 tarihinde İstanbul Valiliğine atandı.

1 Eylül 1993 tarihli Sabah Gazetesi'nde yer alan bir haberde İstanbul Valisi Hayri Kozakçıoğlu'nun Olağanüstü Hal Bölge Valiliği'ne ait hesaplardan Birleşmiş Milletler mülteci fonuna ait olduğu belirtilen 2 milyar lirayı (yaklaşık 250.000 dolar) kendi adına açılan hesaplara geçirdiği iddia edildi.

Kozakçıoğlu bu iddia karşısında söz konusu parayı dönemin İçişleri Bakanı Mustafa Kalemli'nin onayı ile 12 Ağustos 1991'de kendi hesabına aktardığını ve 18 Ocak 1993'te bölge valiliğinin talebi üzerine geri gönderdiğini ileri sürdü. Ancak Kalemli, bu olaydan haberi olmadığını açıkladı. Dönemin başbakanı Tansu Çiller, Kozakçıoğlu'nu istifaya davet ederken, Cumhurbaşkanı Süleyman Demirel, "Paralar örtülü ödenekten teröre karşı mücadele için verilmiştir. Ancak ne için harcandığı açıklanırsa devlet sıkıntıya düşer." dedi.

1 Kasım 1995'te İstanbul valiliği görevini Rıdvan Yenişen'e devretti. 20. ve  21. dönem İstanbul milletvekili olarak TBMM'nde de görev yaptı. Evli ve 3 çocuk babası olan Kozakçıoğlu, 23 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde Sarıyer'deki evinde ölü bulundu. Göğsüne yakın mesafeden tek el ateş edildiği belirlenen Kozakçıoğlu'nun ölümünün intihar olduğu belirlendi.

Kaynakça

1938 doğumlular
2013 yılında ölenler
Alaşehir doğumlular
İzmir Atatürk Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM 20. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
TBMM 21. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Parlamenterler Asamblesi Türk Grubu
TBMM İçişleri Komisyonu
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
İntihar eden bürokratlar
İntihar eden siyasetçiler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Doğru Yol Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
İstanbul'da ateşli silahtan ölenler
Türkiye'de intihar edenler

Hayri Kozakçıoğlu


بوقطب، هي بلدية جزائرية ومقر دائرة بوقطب التابعة لولاية البيض.

تعتبر مدينة بوقطب من أهم مدن ولاية البيض وثاني بلدية من حيث الموقع والأهمية الإستراتيجية بعد مدينة البيض. مدينة ديناميكية في التوسع والنمو حسب أهمية موقعها، وقد عرفت مدينة بوقطب تحولات كثيرة خاصة في الجانب الإداري فبعدما كانت بلدية تابعة ل ولاية معسكر صارت تتبع ولاية سعيدة منذ سنة 1974 أصبحت ابتداء من سنة 1984 دائرة تابعة لولاية البيض. تشتهر بأكبر سوق للمواشي في الغرب والجنوب الغربي الجزائري.

أما في الجانب الاقتصادي فتتوفر البلدية على مصنع لصناعة أغذية الأنعام وينتظر بها إنشاء مذبح جهوي للحوم الحمراء لاستغلال الثروة الحيوانية.

الموقع

تقع مدينة بوقطب شمال ولاية البيض وتبعد عن مقر الولاية بـ 103كلم. يحدها من الشمال بلدية الخيثر ومن الشرق بلدية الرقاصة والشقيق وأما الغرب والجنوب فولاية النعامة وبلدية توسمولين. وبموقعها هذا فهي تربط بين ثلاثة ولايات، ولاية البيض، ولاية سعيدة، ولاية النعامة. تحتل موقعا استراتيجيا هاما وتعتبر منطقة حساسة ضمن الهيكل العمراني لغرب البلاد إذ أنها تقع ضمن شبكة هامة من العلاقات التجارية التي تربط الأقطاب الرئيسية سواء في التجارة والصناعة، ومن هذه الأقطاب سعيدة وتيارت وهران، مشرية، النعامة، عين الصفراء، البيض.

هذا الموقع وفر للمدينة سهولة في المواصلات إذ يعبرها طريقين وطنيين 6 (سعيدة بوقطب المشرية) و 6 أ (سعيدة بوقطب البيض)، إضافة إلى خط للسكك الحديدية الذي يربط المحمدية (ولاية معسكر) ببشار مرورا بمدينة بوقطب.

تتربع مدينة بوقطب على مساحة 2017.60 كلم2 وعدد سكانها يبلغ 22637 شخص يحدها شرقا الكاف لحمر وغربا بلدية البيوض وشمالا الخيثر وجنوبا توسمولين بها ملحقتين إداريتين بها سبعة مدارس ابتدائية وأخرى في طور الإنجاز يدرس فيها 2858 تلميذ وإكماليتين بهما 1378 تلميذ وثلاثة ثانويات تجمع 860 طالب أما بالقطاع الصحي بها مستشفى يتسع لستين سريرا ومركز صحي وقاعتين للعلاج وأخرى في طور الإنجاز وعيادة خاصة وخمس وكالات صيدلانية، مركز للتكوين المهني به سبع تخصصات تضم حوالي 300 متربص وفي القطاعات الحيوية الأخرى هناك 3 آبار ارتوازية و6 خزانات مائية وبنسبة تغطية بالماء الصالح للشرب حوالي 92٪ ونسبة تغطية الصرف الصحي فاقت الـ 85٪ حسب ما جاء في التقرير الدوري لمصالح البلدية وتشمل على قباضة بريدية ووكالة تأمين وقباضتين للضرائب بها مساحة غابية كبيرة

السكان

حركية المبادلات التجارية

أن تاريخ مدينة بوقطب مرتبط كثيرا بتاريخ المبادلات التجارية شمال جنوب عبر السهوب الغربية للبلاد حيث أن موضع المدينة ضمن الشط الشرقي ووجود آبار ومصادر للمياه بها جعلها الممر الوحيد والإجباري للقوافل القادمة من الشمال أو الجنوب وظلت منطقة عبور هامة حتى نهاية القرن الماضي وذلك لظهور سكة الحديد سنة 1906 وزاد ذلك من أهمية المنطقة حيث ظهر الرعي واستغلال الحلفاء.

كما أنشأ الاستعمار الفرنسي خلال تواجده في المنطقة ثكنة عسكرية صغيرة لحماية المعمرين، ومن أوائل القبائل التي سكنت المنطقة هي قبيلة دراقة وكان ذلك مع بداية القرن العشرين حيث كانت تشتغل في الرعي وحقول الحلفاء وزاد عدد الوافدين إلى المدينة حيث عملوا بنفس القطاع مما زاد عدد المستغلين له حتى غدت بوقطب منطقة هامة لتخزين الحلفاء وتسويقها إلى فرنسا وبريطانيا عن طريق البحر وتعتبر الحلفاء والماشية من أهم الموارد الاقتصادية التي أدت إلى تطور المدينة كما أن ظهور السكك الحديدية شجع كثيرا الدور التجاري الذي كانت تلعبه مدينة بوقطب آنذاك.

تطورت بعد ذلك خاصة وأنها عرفت نزوحا كبيرا من طرف الرحل وذلك خلال الأربعينيات والخمسينيات من القرن الماضي واستمر هذا النزوح إلى غاية الوقت الحاضر حيث أثر تأثيرا واضحا على البنية الاقتصادية للمدينة وكذا الزيادة الطبيعية للسكان كما أنه أدى إلى توسيع المدينة.

التسمية والتميز

كلمة بوقطب مشتقة من كلمة قطب أي منطقة التقاء التجار القادمين إليها من الجنوب مرورا بمدينة بوسمغون محملين بالصوف والتمور مع التجار القادمين من الشمال المحملين بمنتوجات غذائية أخرى وبأسواقها تتم المقايضة.

وتذكر رواية أخرى أنه عندما قام الاستعمار الفرنسي بمد سكة الحديد باتجاه الصحراء مرورا بهذه المنطقة الغير اهلة بالسكان في ذلك الوقت في حدود عام 1850 قام بإنشاء محطة بهذا المكان من اجل نقل الحلفاء والجنود... فاول بيت وجد في المنطقة ومايزال عبارة عن مقام كان يستعمله سيدي الحاج بحوص لاعتراض القوافل عند مرورها بالمقطع الوحبد في الشط بين بوقطب والخيثر وكان الناس يسمونه بوكتوب لانه كان يحمل معه كتبه ولم يكونوا يعرفونه بالاسم هذا الرجل الصالح كان ياتي في كل صيف إلى هذا المكان يحدث أولئك البدو عن الدين الإسلامي إذ كانوا يعيشون في جهالة بسبب الفقر وحياة الترحال والامية وعدم إمكانية التعلم فلما سال الفرنسيون عن هذا البيت لمن قيل لهم انه بيت بوكتوب (صاحب الكتب) يعني سيدي الحاج بحوص فوضعوا لافتة في محطة القطار بهذا الاسم لتعيين المكان.

التضاريس
أما عن تضاريسها فإن منطقة بوقطب ضمن منطقة سهبية منبسطة ومسطحة تقريبا مميزة بوجود مناطق رملية على أطرافها خاصة غربا وبإشرافها على السبخة (الشط الشرقي شمالا) وهذه الأخيرة تمثل 30 من مساحة البلدية، كما يتميز سطح البلدية بوجود التلال والمرتفعات والتي يتراوح ارتفاعها بين 1060م - 1240م كشبكة سيدي بلعيد (1238م) سعيد الحجة (1123م) باب العقول 1248م، وتتخلل هذه المرتفعات بعض الأودية الجافة منها.

واد الجيلالي، واد الغنم، واد عبد الله، واد الصيادة، وتوجد بها ثروة نباتية كبيرة

تتمثل في الحلفاء الشيح، الحرمل، السنقة، لالمة، وكذلك نبات الترفاس وقد تأثرت هذه النباتات جميعها من جراء الجفاف المتوسط. خاصة الحلفاء التي نهب معضمها الاستعمار الفرنسي

المناخ والجغرافيا
أما مناخها فهو قاري حار وجاف صيفا وبارد قليل المغياثية شتاء، والشهر الأكثر حرارة بالمنطقة هو شهر» أوت«أما الأكثر برودة فهو شهر يناير، وقد تمتد فترة الصقيع من 15 إلى 40 يوما ويبدأ ذلك من شهر أكتوبر إلى شهر ماي تقريبا في أغلب الأحيان تبقى الرياح أهم ما يميز مناخ المنطقة خاصة خلال العشرية الأخيرة فقد عرفت هذه المنطقة هبوب عواصف رملية ورياح قوية خاصة في فصل الصيف والخريف الشيء الذي زاد من حدة الجفاف وأثر على مظاهر السطح وذلك بتكوين كثبان رملية في الناحية الجنوبية الغربية للمنطقة وهو الاتجاه الغالب للرياح.

ورغم أن منطقة بوقطب تقع ضمن منطقة قليلة الأمطار إلا أنها تتربع على شبكة هيدرولوجية هامة بالمنطقة.

كل المجاري المائية والأودية تجري من الجنوب نحو الشمال لتصب في النهاية بالسبخة أهمها (وادي الجيلالي، واد عبد الله، واد قارة السلطان).

هذه الأودية جافة ويكون جريانها فجائيا في فترات الأمطار وعلى شكل سيول سرعان ما تتبدد وتتسرب إلى الطبقات الأرضية مكونة مياها جوفية صالحة للاستغلال.

النشاط الاقتصادي
القطاع الفلاحي يختلف هذا القطاع عن غيره من القطاعات الأخرى لكون الأرض تلعب دورا في عنصر الإنتاج، كما أنه يتأثر بالعوامل المناخية من مطر وجليد ورياح... الخ ولهذا القطاع أهمية كبيرة في اقتصاد المدن والبلدان إلا أنه ذا أهمية لا تكاد تذكر في منطقة بوقطب وخاصة وأن الأراضي الزراعية قليلة جدا حيث أن أراضي المنطقة هي عبارة عن مساحات شاسعة من الأراضي المالحة (السبخة) في حين أن الأراضي الزراعية تبقى محضورة في منطقة الفافيل (ALFA VILLE) الواقعة في أقصى الجنوب الشرقي للبلدية كما أن المنتوجات الفلاحية تقتصر على الحبوب خاصة منها القمح والشعير والشوفان «الخرطال» ويعتمد في سقي الأراضي الزراعية على الأمطار المتساقطة ولذلك فإن كمية الإنتاج متذبذبة من سنة إلى أخرى حسب كميات الأمطار المتساقطة.

أما عن الصناعة التقليدية تتميز منطقة بوقطب كغيرها من مناطق الولاية بصناعة الزرابي والنسيج حيث أن أغلب سكان البلدية يمارسون هذه الحرفة بالبيوت وهذه الصناعة تستغل في الاستهلاك المحلي في أغلب الأحيان ما عدا بعض العائلات التي تقوم بها قصد بيعها انطلاقا من المنزل أو عن طريق السوق الأسبوعية التي تقام كل ثلاثاء.

وصلات خارجية
 إذاعة البيض الجهوية: الموقع الرسمي.
 الموقع الرسمي لولاية البيض.
 موقع شخصي للتعريف ببلدية بوقطب.

المصادر

بلديات ولاية البيض

بوقطب


James Houck est un nom pouvant désigner:

 (1940-2015), professeur américain d'astronomie
 (né en 1958), vice-amiral et juge de marine américain

Voir aussi

Houck, James

James Houck


The year 1795 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings and structures

Buildings

 Franklin Place in Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Charles Bulfinch, is completed.
 Old North Building at Georgetown College in Washington, D.C., probably designed by Leonard Harbaugh, is completed.
 Remodelling of Łazienki Palace in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini, begun in 1764, is completed.
 Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England, designed by Thomas Telford, is completed.
 The Welsh Bridge in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, designed and built by John Tilley and John Carline, is completed.
 Gallowgate Barracks in Glasgow, Scotland, are built.
 The Cabildo in New Orleans (first phase) is started (completed in 1799).

Births
 April 3 – Richard Lane, English architect (died 1880)
 May 23 – Charles Barry, English architect (died 1860)
 October 19 – Thomas Leverton Donaldson, English architect (died 1885)
 Approximate date – John Forbes, English architect working in Cheltenham

Deaths
 June 23 – James Craig, Scottish architect (born 1744)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
18th-century architecture

1795 in architecture


عنز بن وائل قبيلة ربعية عدنانية انفصلت عن قبائل ربيعة في الجاهلية وكانوا يقطنون في خيبر وعين التمر بالعراق، وعنز بن وائل بن قاسط بن هنب بن أفصى بن دعمي بن جديلة بن أسد بن ربيعة هو أخو كل من بكر بن وائل و تغلب بن وائل.

وكان لعنز بن وائل من الأولاد: إراشة ورفيدة. فولد إراشة بن عنز: قتان، وعسير، وجندلة. وولد رفيدة بن عنز: عبد الله، وعمرو وربيعة ومعاوية وحمار. ومنهم عامر بن ربيعة بن كعب العنزي صاحب رسول الله محمد.

المراجع

قبائل العرب في الجاهلية
قبائل ربيعة
قبائل عدنانية

عنز بن وائل


Cette page liste les titres musicaux (singles et albums) numéros un en France pour l'année 2022 selon le Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique (SNEP). Les classements sont comptabilisés pour le compte du SNEP par l'Official Charts Company.

Les ventes sont comptabilisées chaque semaine du vendredi au jeudi et la date notée dans cette liste est celle du vendredi suivant le dernier jour de ventes, comme cela apparaît sur le site du SNEP.

Classement des singles

Classement des albums

Les meilleurs scores de l'année
Voici la liste des meilleurs scores de singles et d'albums de l'année.

Singles

Albums

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 2022 en musique
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un au classement radio en France en 2022
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un en France en 2021

2021
France
2022 en France

Liste des titres musicaux numéro un en France en 2022


කුස්‌වල වෙද හාමුදුරුවෝ , ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වෙසෙන පාරම්පරික සිංහල වෛද්‍යවරයෙකි. පිළිකා සඳහා විශේෂයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ආශ්‍රිත
 ආයුර්වේදය
 සිංහල වෙදකම

සිංහල වෙදකම

කුස්‌වල වෙද හාමුදුරුවෝ


Hohbach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Großen Kreisstadt Rothenburg ob der Tauber im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Das Gut liegt am Hohbach, der 100 Meter weiter östlich als linker Zufluss in die Tauber mündet. Ein Anliegerweg führt zur Staatsstraße 2268 (0,2 km östlich), die nach Detwang (1,7 km südlich) bzw. an der Weißenmühle vorbei nach Bettwar (1,8 km nördlich) führt.

Geschichte
Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde der Ort dem Steuerdistrikt und der Munizipalgemeinde Rothenburg ob der Tauber zugeordnet.

Baudenkmal

 Haus Nr. 1: Landschlösschen, zweigeschossiger Mansarddachbau, Sandsteingliederung, Zwerchhaus, 2. Hälfte 18. Jahrhundert; älteres Wohnhaus, Kern 16. Jahrhundert, Mansarddach 18. Jahrhundert; Fachwerkscheune, im Kern 16./17. Jahrhundert, Mansarddach 18. Jahrhundert

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Jakob (Rothenburg ob der Tauber) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Johannis (Rothenburg ob der Tauber) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ort an der Tauber
Einzelsiedlung

Hohbach (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)


رضوى عاشور (ولدت في 26 مايو 1946 - توفيت في 30 نوفمبر 2014) قاصة وروائية وناقدة أدبية وأستاذة جامعية مصرية، وهي زوجة الأديب الفلسطيني مريد البرغوثي، ووالدة الشاعر تميم البرغوثي.

تميز مشروعها الأدبي، في شقه الإبداعي، بتيمات التحرر الوطني والإنساني، إضافة للرواية التاريخية. تراوحت أعمالها النقدية، المنشورة بالعربية والإنجليزية، بين الإنتاج النظري والأعمال المرتبطة بتجارب أدبية معينة. تُرجمت بعض أعمالها الإبداعية إلى الإنجليزية والإسبانية والإيطالية والإندونيسية.

سيرتها
ولدت رضوى عاشور في القاهرة، سنة 1946. درست اللغة الإنجليزية في كلية الآداب بجامعة القاهرة، وبعد حصولها على شهادة الماجستير في الأدب المقارن، من نفس الجامعة، انتقلت إلى الولايات المتحدة حيث نالت شهادة الدكتوراه من جامعة ماساتشوستس، بأطروحة حول الأدب الإفريقي الأمريكي.

في 1977، نشرت رضوى عاشور أول أعمالها النقدية «الطريق إلى الخيمة الأخرى» حول التجربة الأدبية لغسان كنفاني. وفي 1978، صدر لها بالإنجليزية كتاب جبران وبليك؛ وهي الدراسة نقدية التي شكلت أطروحتها لنيل شهادة الماجستير سنة 1972.

في نوفمبر 1979، وتحت حكم الرئيس أنور السادات، تم منع زوجها الفلسطيني مريد البرغوثي من الإقامة في مصر، مما أدى لتشتيت أسرتها.

في 1980، صدرت لها آخر عمل نقدي، قبل أن تلج مجالي الرواية والقصة، والمعنون بالتابع ينهض، حول التجارب الأدبية لغرب أفريقيا. تميزت تجربتها ولغاية 2001، بحصرية الأعمال الإبداعية، القصصية والروائية، وكانت أولها أيام طالبة مصرية في أمريكا (1983)، والتي اتبعتها بإصدار ثلاث روايات (حجر دافئ، خديجة وسوسن وسراج) والمجموعة قصصية رأيت النخل، سنة 1989. توجت هذه المرحلة بإصدارها لروايتها التاريخية ثلاثية غرناطة، سنة 1994، والتي حازت، بفضلها، جائزة أفضل كتاب لسنة 1994 على هامش معرض القاهرة الدولي للكتاب.

اشتغلت، بين 1990 و 1993 كرئيسة لقسم اللغة الإنجليزية وآدابها بكلية الآداب بجامعة عين شمس، وزاولت وظيفة التدريس الجامعي والإشراف على الأبحاث والأطروحات المرتبطة بدرجتي الدكتوراه والماجستير.

مع بداية الألفية الثالثة، عادت عاشور لمجال النقد الأدبي، حيث أصدرت مجموعة من الأعمال تتناول مجال النقد التطبيقي، وساهمت في موسوعة الكاتبة العربية (2004)، وأشرفت على ترجمة الجزء التاسع من موسوعة كامبريدج في النقد الأدبي (2005).

نشرت بين 1999 و 2012 أربع روايات ومجموعة قصصية واحدة، من أهمها رواية الطنطورية (2011) ومجموعة تقارير السيدة راء القصصية.

في 2007، توجت بجائزة قسطنطين كفافيس الدولية للأدب في اليونان، وأصدرت سنة 2008، ترجمة إلى الإنجليزية لمختارات شعرية لمريد البرغوتي بعنوان «منتصف الليل وقصائد أخرى».

نشاطها الأكاديمي والمدني
عضوة فاعلة في المؤسسات التالية:
 لجنة الدفاع عن الثقافة القومية.
 اللجنة الوطنية لمقاومة الصهيونية في الجامعات المصرية.
 مجموعة 9 مارس لاستقلال الجامعات.
إضافة إلى عضويتها في مجموعة من اللجان التحكيمية المرتبطة بالمجالين الثقافي والأكاديمي:
 لجنة جائزة الدولة التشجيعية
 لجنة التفرغ بالمجلس الأعلى للثقافة
 لجنة القصة بالمجلس الأعلى للثقافة
شاركت رضوى عاشور في العديد من المؤتمرات وساهمت في لقاءات أكاديمية عبر العالم العربي (بيروت وصيدا ودمشق وعمان والدوحة والبحرين وتونس والقيروان والدار البيضاء)، وخارجه (في جامعات غرناطة وبرشلونة وسرقسطة في إسبانيا، وهارفرد وكولومبيا في الولايات المتحدة، وكمبريدج وإسكس في إنجلترا، ومعهد العالم العربي في باريس، والمكتبة المركزية في لاهاي، ومعرض فرانكفورت الدولي للكتاب وغيرها).

أعمالها

الرواية والقصة
 حَجَر دافئ (رواية)، دار المستقبل، القاهرة، 1985
 خديجة وسوسن (رواية)، دار الهلال، القاهرة، 1987
 رأيت النخل (مجموعة قصصية)، مختارات فصول، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 1987
 سراج (رواية)، دار الهلال، القاهرة، 1992
 غرناطة (الجزء الأول من ثلاثية غرناطة) دار الهلال، 1994
 مريمة والرحيل (الجزءان الثاني والثالث من الثلاثية) دار الهلال، 1995. نشرت الطبعة الثانية بعنوان ثلاثية غرناطة، المؤسسة العربية للنشر، بيروت، 1998. صدرت الطبعة الثالثة عن دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2001. وصدرت طبعة خاصة في سلسلة مكتبة الأسرة، القاهرة، 2003
 أطياف (رواية)، دار الهلال، القاهرة، 1999، والمؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر، بيروت، 1999
 تقارير السيدة راء (نصوص قصصية)، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2001
 قطعة من أوروبا (رواية)، المركز الثقافي العربي، بيروت والدار البيضاء ودار الشروق، القاهرة، 2003
 فرج (رواية)، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2008
 الطنطورية (رواية)، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2010

النقد الأدبي
 البحث عن نظرية للأدب: دراسة للكتابات النقدية الأفرو-أمريكية (بالإنجليزية:The Search for a Black Poetics: A Study of Afro-American Critical Writings)، رسالة دكتوراه قدمت لجامعة ماساشوستس بأمهرست في الولايات المتحدة، 1975
 الطريق إلى الخيمة الأخرى: دراسة في أعمال غسان كنفاني، دار الآداب، بيروت، 1977
 جبران وبليك Gibran and Blake (باللغة الإنجليزية)، الشعبة القومية لليونسكو، القاهرة، 1978
 التابع ينهض: الرواية في غرب إفريقيا، دار ابن رشد، بيروت، 1980
 في النقد التطبيقي: صيادو الذاكرة، المركز الثقافي العربي، بيروت والدار البيضاء، 2001
 تحرير بالاشتراك مع آخرين، ذاكرة للمستقبل: موسوعة الكاتبة العربية، (4 أجزاء)، مؤسسة نور لدراسات وأبحاث المرأة العربية والمجلس الأعلى للثقافة، القاهرة، 2004.
 الحداثة الممكنة: الشدياق والساق على الساق: الرواية الأولى في الأدب العربي الحديث، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2009.

الترجمة
 الإشراف على الترجمة، إلى العربية، للجزء التاسع من موسوعة كمبريدج في النقد الأدبي؛ القرن العشرون: المداخل التاريخية والفلسفية والنفسية، المجلس الأعلى للثقافة، 2005.
 ترجمة، من العربية إلى الإنجليزية، لشعر مريد البرغوثي بعنوان «منتصف الليل وقصائد أخرى»(Mourid Barghouti, Midnight and Other Poems, trans. Radwa Ashour, Arc Publications, Lanc., 2008)

السيرة الذاتية
 الرحلة: أيام طالبة مصرية في أمريكا، دار الآداب، بيروت، 1983
 أثقل من رضوى: مقاطع من سيرة ذاتية، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2013
 الصرخة (مقاطع من سيرة ذاتية)، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2015

جوائز وتكريمات

 يناير 1995: جائزة أفضل كتاب لعام 1994 عن الجزء الأول من ثلاثية غرناطة، على هامش معرض القاهرة الدولي للكتاب.
 نوفمبر 1995: الجائزة الأولى من المعرض الأول لكتاب المرأة العربية عن ثلاثية غرناطة
 يناير 2003: كانت ضمن مجموعة من 12 أديبا عربيا تم تكريمهم، على هامش معرض القاهرة الدولي للكتاب.
 أكتوبر 2007: جائزة قسطنطين كفافيس الدولية للأدب في اليونان.
 ديسمبر 2009: جائزة تركوينيا كارداريللي في النقد الأدبي في إيطاليا.
 أكتوبر 2011: جائزة بسكارا بروزو عن الترجمة الإيطالية لرواية أطياف في إيطاليا.
 ديسمبر 2012: جائزة سلطان العويس للرواية والقصة.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لرضوى عاشور
 مقالات بقلم رضوى عاشور من موقعها الرسمي
 رضوى عاشور: لم أخطط يوما لكتابة رواية فهى التي تقرر متى تأتينى؛ عن موقع الأهرام المصري
 رضوى عاشور.. بين مريمة «غرناطة» ورُقيَّـة«الطنطورية»؛ عن موقع الإمارات اليوم الإماراتي
 لطيفة الزيات بقلم رضوى عاشور، من الموقع الرسمي للطيفة الزيات
 صفحة رضوى عاشور على موقع أبجد
 صفحة اقتباسات رضوى عاشور على موقع أبجد

المراجع

أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة عين شمس
خريجو كلية الآداب جامعة القاهرة
خريجو جامعة ماساتشوستس في أمهرست
روائيات مصريات
روائيو القرن 20
روائيو القرن 21
كاتبات مصريات في القرن 20
كاتبات مصريات في القرن 21
كاتبات من القاهرة
مواليد 1365 هـ
مواليد 1946
مواليد في القاهرة
وفيات 1436 هـ
وفيات في القاهرة

رضوى عاشور


is a town located in Shiki District, Nara Prefecture, Japan.

As of April 1, 2017, the town has an estimated population of 8,704. The total area is 5.94 km².

Geography
The Yamato River flows through the town, and branches off into three rivers, the Asuka River, the Tera River, and the Soga River. The majority of the town is flat.

Transportation

Rail
Kintetsu Railway
 Kashihara Line Yūzaki Station

Notable places
 Fukiji (Buddhist Temple)
 Shimanoyama Kofun
 Omozuka

References

External links

 Kawanishi official website

Towns in Nara Prefecture

Kawanishi, Nara


Nete (rijeka), rijeka u sjevernoj Belgiji
 Nete (narod), Papua Nova Gvineja
 Nete (jezik), jezik koji se govori u Papui Novoj Gvineji
 Nete (mitologija), lik iz grčke mitologije

Nete


Brunellia neblinensis, vrsta drveta iz porodice Brunelliaceae, dio reda ceceljolike. Ime je došlo po planinama Sa. de la Neblina u Venezueli.

Izvori

Ceceljolike
Flora Venezuele

Brunellia neblinensis


Schloss Gernstein (auch Gerstein oder Garnstein;  oder ) ist ein neuromanisches Schloss zwischen Villanders und Latzfons bei Klausen in Südtirol.

Geschichte
Das Schloss liegt im Tinnetal oberhalb des Tinnebachs und geht auf das 12. Jahrhundert zurück. Es hatte die Aufgabe, den uralten Weg von Brixen über die Berge nach dem Süden zu bewachen und wurde 1215 erstmals in Zusammenhang mit der Familie "Garre" als "Garrenstein" erwähnt.
Da Klausen und das Gebiet um Villanders aufgrund des Erzreichtums und des Bergbaues von Bedeutung waren, war die Befestigungsanlage auch strategisch wichtig.
Nach dem Aussterben der Garrensteiner ging die Burg an die Herren von Voitsberg über, die die Burg als Lehen der Brixner Fürstbischöfe empfingen. 1356 lehnten sich die Voitsberger (nunmehr: Garnsteiner) gegen das Bistum Brixen auf und verloren die Burg, wahrscheinlich nach einer Belagerung durch Fürstbischof Matthäus an der Gassen.
1373 belehnte Bischof Johann Ribi von Lenzburg seinen Neffen Johann V. Segesser mit allen Gütern des depossedierten Hans von Garrenstein, also mit Burg und Herrschaft Garrenstein und mit dem Gericht Latzfons. Die Veste brannte kurz vor 1389 ab.
1389 wurde die Burg als Pfandschaft (nicht mehr als Lehen) an die Herren von Villanders vergeben.

Im Jahr 1550 empfingen es die Grafen Heydorf wiederum als Lehen des Brixner Fürstbischofs, Cristoforo Madruzzo, doch verfiel die Burg ab dem 16. Jahrhundert zur Ruine.

Von 1607 bis 1797 war Garnstein an Ludwig Lindner, den Kammermeister des Hochstiftes Brixen, und seine Nachkommen verliehen, die das Prädikat "von Gerrenstein" führten. 1777 fungierte Franz Joseph Anton Bernwerth von Gernstein als Gerichtspfleger der Herrschaft Altenburg in Eppan.

Im Jahr 1880 wurde die Ruine von dem preußischen Generalleutnant Friedrich von Gerstein-Hohenstein (1814–1891) gekauft und im historistischen Stil der Neuromanik wiederaufgebaut. Der Grund für den Kauf lag darin, dass Generalleutnant Gerstein-Hohenstein ein Schloss erwerben wollte, das von alters her den Namen seiner Familie trug. Eine historische Beziehung zwischen dem Schloss und der preußischen Adelsfamilie gibt es darüber hinaus nicht. Seit damals herrscht die Bezeichnung "Gernstein" vor.

1919 wurde Gernstein als "deutsches Eigentum" von der italienischen Besatzungsmacht beschlagnahmt.

Seit 1970 ist das Schloss in privatem Besitz und kann nicht besichtigt werden.

Aufgrund der wildromantischen Lage und der malerischen Schönheit des historistischen Wiederaufbaues ist Schloss Gernstein ein beliebtes Fotomotiv.

Literatur
 Oswald Trapp: Garnstein. In: Oswald Trapp (Hrsg.), Tiroler Burgenbuch. IV. Band: Eisacktal. Verlagsanstalt Athesia, Bozen 1977, S. 174–182.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Gernstein
Gernstein
Bauwerk in Klausen (Südtirol)
Gernstein

Schloss Gernstein


අෂුර්බනිපාල්ගේ රාජකීය සිංහ දඩයම යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ නිනේවේ උතුරු මාලිගයට අයත් සුප්‍රකට ඇසිරියානු මාලිග උන්නත කැටයම් සමූහයකි. වර්තමානයේ මෙම කැටයම් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කෞතුකාගාරයේ 10a කුටියේ ප්‍රදර්ශනයට තබා ඇත. මේවා "ඇසිරියානු කලාවේ අනර්ඝ අග්‍ර කෘතියක්" ලෙස පුළුල්ව පිළිගැනේ. මෙමගින් අෂුර්බනිපාල් (රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රි.පූ. 668 – 631/627 පමණ) රජු සිය අංගණයෙහි චාරිත්‍රානුකූල "දඩයමේ" නිරතවනු නිරූපිත ය. මෙහි දී හසු කරගත් ආසියානු සිංහයන් කූඩුවල සිට ඊතල, හෙළි හෝ ඔහුගේම අසිපතින් කෲර ලෙස මරාදැමීම පිණිස නිදහස් කරනු ලබයි.  මේවා නිර්මාණය වූයේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 645–635 පමණ කාලයේ ය. ඒවා මාලිගය අවට ස්ථානගත කොට තිබෙන්නට ඇත. මේවා මුලින් වර්ණගන්වා තිබෙන්නට ඇති අතර, එමගින් දීප්තිමත් ලෙස වර්ණගැන්වූ සමස්ත මාලිගා පසුතලය නිර්මාණය වන්නට ඇත.

උතුරු මාලිගයෙන් මෙම පුවරු කැනීම් කොට සොයාගන්නා ලද්දේ 1852-54 අතර කාලයේ හෝර්මුස්ද් අසාම් විසින් සහ in 1854–55 අතර කාලයේ විලියම් ලොෆ්ටස් විසිනි. අනතුරුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කෞතුකාගාරය වෙත රැගෙන යන ලදුව, මේවා මහජනයාගේ සහ කලා ඉතිහාසඥයන්ගේ ප්‍රියතම කලා කෘති බවට පත්ව ඇත. සිංහයන්ගේ ඇති ස්වාභාවික ගුණාංග නිරතුරුවම ඇගයුමට ලක් විය. නමුත් අනුකම්පා සහගත නූතන විචාරකයින් විසින් මෙය ඇසිරියානු ප්‍රතිචාරයේ කොටසක් නොවන බව සැලකීමට උත්සාහ දරන ලදී. මිනිස් රූ බොහෝමයක් පාර්ශ්වික රූපික ඉරියව්වලින් යුතු අතර, රජු විවිධ අයුරින් පෙනී සිටියි. සිංහ රූ විවිධත්වයකින් යුතුව නිර්මාණය කොට ඇති අතර, එහි ජීවත් වන, මියයමින් සිටින සහ මියගිය සිංහ රූ දක්නට ලැබේ.

මෙම කැටයම් නිර්මාණය වූයේ ඇසිරියානු මාලිග කැටයම් නිර්මාණය ඇරඹී වසර 250කට පමණ පසුව වන අතර, මෙමගින් පරිහානියට පෙර එය උච්චතම සහ අනර්ඝතම අවධිය කරා ළඟා වූ ආකාරය නිරූපණය කරයි. අෂුර්බනිපාල් අවසන් ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම ඇසිරියානු රජු වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයයෙන් පසුව නව-ඇසිරියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය නිමා විය. අනතුරුව ඔහුගෙන් පැවතෙන්නන් සහ සෙන්පතීන් අතර සිවිල් යුධ සහ කැරලිවලින් ගහන වූ අල්ප ලෙස වාර්තාගත යුගයක් ඇරඹිණි. 612වන විට, ඇතැම්විට මේවා නිර්මාණය වී වසර 25කට පමණ පසුව, අධිරාජ්‍යය බිඳවැටුණු අතර, නිනේවේ ගිනිබත් විය.

ඇසිරියානු සිංහ දඩයම්

මෙම කැටයම් නිර්මාණය වීමට සහස්‍රකයකට පමණ පෙර සිංහයන් මැරීම මෙසපොතේමියාවේ රාජකීයයන් සඳහා සීමාවූ බැව් පෙනේ. රජවරුන් සිංහ දඩයමෙහි නියැළෙනු බොහෝ අවස්ථාවල නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය සඳහා ආගමික මානයක් ද පවතින්නට ඇත. මැටි ඵලකයක ඇති වාර්තාවක සඳහන් වන්නේ පළාතේ නිවසක් වෙත සිංහයකු ඇතුළු වුවුහොත් උන්ව අල්ලා රජු වෙත බෝට්ටුවෙන් ගෙනයාමට සිදුවූ බවයි. වර්තමානයේ ඉන්දියාවේ පමණක් කුඩා ගහනයක් ලෙස ශේෂ වී ඇති ආසියානු සිංහයන් අප්‍රිකානු ප්‍රභේදයට වඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් කුඩා වූ අතර, පසුකාලීන වාර්තාවල කැටය්මවල මෙන් සමීප පරිශ්‍රයන්ගේ සිට උන්ව මරාදමනු නිරූපිත ය. එය දුෂ්කර කටයුත්තක් නොවී ය. කඩුවක් භාවිතා වූ විට, භාවිතා වූ සැබෑ ක්‍රමවේදය වූයේ "සිංහ-ඝාතකයා සිය වම් අත එළු ලොම් හෝ කූඩාරම් රෙදි විශාල ප්‍රමාණයකින් ඔතා" ඒ වෙත පහර දීමට සිංහයාව පෙළඹවීමයි. අනතුරුව දකුණතෙහි වූ අසිපතෙන් සිංහයාව මරාදැමිණි. මෙහි ආරක්ෂක ඇඟලුම් කිසිවිටෙක නිරූපණය කොට නොමැත. එසේම රජු සිංහයා වෙත ඊතල විදිනු සුලබව නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. මෙය අසාර්ථකි වුවහොත් ඔහු ඉවත්ව යන අතර, රජු සමීපයෙහි සිටි ආරක්ෂකයන් විසින් සිය හෙළි භාවිතා කරන ලදී.

මුල්කාලීන රජකු වූ IIවන අෂුර්නසිර්පාල් (රාජ්‍ය. ක්‍රි.පූ. 883-859) විසින් මෙයට වසර 200කට පමණ පෙර නිම්රුඩ්හි සිය මාලිගයේ ද සිංහ දඩයම් කැටයම් ඇතුළත් කොට තිබූ අතර, ක්‍රි.පූ. 865ට පමණ අයත් අභිලේඛනයක "මාගේ පූජකවරය ප්‍රියකරන නිනුර්ටා සහ නෙර්ගාල් දෙවිවරුන් මා හට තැනිතලාවේ වන සතුන් ලබාදුන්නේ දඩයම් කරන ලෙස නියෝග කරමිනි. මා විසින් හස්තීන් 30 දෙනකු හසුකොට මරාදමා ඇත. මම මාගේ රථයේ සිට මාගේ ආයුධවලින් පහර දී මහා වන ගවයින් 257ක් පහත හෙළීමි. මාගේ දඩයම් හෙලි ආධාරයෙන් මහා සිංහයන් 370ක් මම මරාදැමීමි" යනුවෙන් පුරසාරම් ප්‍රකාශයක් ඇත.  මෙහි අෂුර්නසිර්පාල් සිය රථයේ සිට සිංහයන් වෙත හී විදිනු නිරූපිත අතර, මෙය විවෘත පරිස‍රයේ හෝ අංගනයක භාවිතා වූ වඩාත් චාරිත්‍රගත ක්‍රමවේදය වන්නට ඇත.

පසුකාලීන කැටයම්වල හසුකරගත් සිංහයින් සෙබලුන් විසින් පලිහ පවුරක් ලෙස සැකසූ සංවෘත අවකාශයක් තුළට නිදහස් කරනු නිරූපිත ය. මින් ඇතැම් සිංහයින් ලී පෙට්ටියක වැනි ව්‍යූහයක සිට මුදාහරිනු නිරූපිත ය. මෙහි දී එම පෙට්ටිය මත ඉදිකළ කුඩා කුටියක සිට සේවකයකු විසින් දොරටුවක් ඔසවා සිංහයන්ව නිදහස් කරනු ලැබිණි. මෙසේ දඩයම් කිරීම සිදුවුව ද, 20වන සියවස තෙක්ම මෙසපොතේමියාවේ වනාන්තර තුළ සිංහයන් දක්නට ලැබිණි.

ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල සිංහයන් කූඩුවල ඇති දැඩි කරනු ලැබිණි. සිය සත්ත්වෝද්‍යානය පිළිබඳ වර්ණනා කරමින් රචිත IIවන අෂුර්නසිර්පාල්ගේ අභිලේඛනයක මෙසේ සඳහන් වේ: "මාගේ රෞද්‍ර හදවතින් යුතුව, මා කඳු සහ වනාන්තරවලින් සිංහයන් 15 දෙනකු අල්ලාගෙන ඇත. මම සිංහ පැටවුන් 50ක් රැගෙන ගියෙමි. මම ඔවුන්ව කල්හු (නිම්රුඩ්) සහ මාගේ දේශයේ මාලිගා වෙත රැගෙනගොස් කූඩු තුළ ගාල්කළෙමි. මා ඔවුන්ගේ පැටවුන් ගණනාවක් පුහුණුකොට ඇත."

මාලිග කැටයම්

ඇසිරියානු මාලිග කැටයම් තුළ තිබී සිංහ දඩයම් දර්ශන දුසිම් දෙකක් පමණ හමුවී ඇත. මින් බොහෝමයක් ඒ කෙරෙහි දක්වා ඇත්තේ අඩු සැලකිල්ලකි. නව-ඇසිරියානු මාලිගා එවැනි දර්ශන භාවිතයෙන් අතිශයින් අලංකාරවත් කරනු ලැබිණි. මේවා ඉතා අල්ප-උන්නත ස්වරූපයෙන් ඵලක ලෙස බොහෝවිට ජිප්සම් ඇලබැස්ටර්වලින් නිර්මාණය කරනු ලැබිණි. උතුරු ඉරාකයේ මේවා බහුලව හිමිවේ. වෙනත් සතුන් ද දඩයම් කරනු නිරූපිත අතර, කැටයම්වල ප්‍රධාන තේමාව වූයේ මාලිගය ඉදිකළ රජුගේ යුධ ආක්‍රමණයන් ය. සෙසු කැටයම්වල රජු, ඔහුගේ මාලිගය, "පියාපත් සහිත බහිරව" සහ ලමාසු ආරක්ෂක සුළු දේවතාවුන්ගේ රූ දැකගත හැක.

බොහෝ මාලිග කැටයම් විශාල ශාලාවල සහ ඇතැම් කුටිවල බිත්ති අලංකරණයට භාවිතා විය. නමුත් උතුරු මාලිගයේ සිංහ දඩයම් ජවනිකා එක් ස්ථානයකට වඩා වැඩි ගණනක දක්නට ලැබේ. ඉන් බොහෝමයක් විශාල කුටි වෙත දිවෙන සාපේක්ෂව පටු පැසේජවල දක්නට ලැබේ.මේවා අසම්පූර්ණ ය. ඇතැම් ඒවා ඉහළ මහලේ තැන්පත් කොට තිබූ අතර, කැනීම් කරන සමය වනවිට ඒවා පොළව මතට ඇදවැටී තිබිණි. සිවිලිම තරමක් උස්ව පැවති නමුත්, ඒවා මුලින් සවිකොට තිබූ ආකාරය ඒවා වර්තමානයේ දක්නට ඇති ආකාරයට වඩා එතරම් වෙනස් නොවිණි. එම මාලිගයේම, මාලිග උද්‍යානයේ පිරිමි සහ ගැහැනු සිංහයින් ගිමන් හරිනු නිරූපිත අසාමාන්‍ය කැටයම් ද දක්ට ලැබේ. සිංහ ධේනුව නිඳමින් සිටින අතර, එමගින් මාලිගයේ සුරතලකු නිරූපණය වේ යැයි සිතිය හැක.

දර්ශන

ඇතැම් සිංහ දඩයම් කැටයම් පුවරුව පුරාම නිරූපණය කොට තිබෙනු දැකගත හැක. මෙම මාලිගයෙන්ම හමුවන විස්තරාත්මක ඇසිරියානු යුධ ආක්‍රමණ දර්ශන මෙන් ඒවා ද බොහෝමය්ත තිරස් තීරු දෙකකට වෙන්කොට ඇත. ඉහළ මහලෙහි කැටයම් තීරු තුනකින් යුක්ත විය. බිම් රේඛා පැහැදිළිව පෙන්වා ඇති අතර, ඇතැම් සිංහයන්ට තනි තනි බිම් රේඛා ලාබදී ඇත්තේ විශාල දර්ශනයක් කොටසක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කරන විටයි. එසේම "විශේෂ ඉතා සියුම් නිරීක්ෂණයකින්" යුත් සතුන් මෙන්ම රජුගේ වස්ත්‍රවල කැටයම් ද අතිශයින් සියුම් ය. මෙහි පසුකාලීන අවධියක දී තනි පේළියෙහි වන යාබද සිංහයන්ගේ වල්ග කෙටිකොට දක්වා ඇත.

තනි පේළියේ දර්ශන බරාඳයේ එක් පසෙකින් විශාල දර්ශන තුනක් නිරූපණය කරයි. අංගනය ද පෙන්වා ඇති අතර, මනා දර්ශනයක් සඳහා හෝ මෙම භයානක කටයුතුතෙන් ආරක්ෂා වීම පිණිස ජනයා වනාන්තර සහිත කඳු ගැටයක් මත නැග සිටිනු නිරූපිත ය. කන්ද මුදුනේ රජු සිංහ දඩයමෙහි නිරතවන කුඩා ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් වේ. රජු සිය රථයේ සූදනමින් සිටින අතර, අශ්වා‍රෝහකයන් විසින් අසුන් පදවනු ලබයි. විශාල දඩයම් බල්ලන් සහ හෙළි දරා සිටින දඩයම්කරුවන් අංගණය තුළ සිංහයන් වෙනුවෙන් රැක සිටියි. විශාල දර්ශනයෙහි රථයෙහි නැගි රජු  දඩයමෙහි යෙදෙනු දැක්වේ. එහි සිංහ රූ 18ක් දැක්වේ. ඉන් බොහෝ දෙනකු මියගිය හෝ තුවාල ලද රූ වේ. බරාඳයේ අනෙක් පස ද රාජකීය රථයේ දර්ශන රැගත් සාමන කැටයම් දෙවරක් නිරූපණය කොට තිබිණි.

මුලින් ඉහළ මහලෙහි සහ කුඩා "පෞද්ගලික දොරටු-කුටියක" පිහිටා තිබූ තවත් කැටයම් සමූහයක පේළි තුනකින් යුත් කුඩා රූ දක්නට ලැබේ. මේවා චාම් තීරුවක් මගින් එකිනෙකින් වෙන්කොට ඇත. කූඩුවලින් නිදහස් කළ සිංහයින් සිය පාදවලින් රජු වෙත කඩාපනිනු සහ එක්රැස් කළ සිංහ මෘතශරීර මත දියරයක් වත්කරනු රජුගේ රැව ද දැකගත හැක. මින් ඇතැම් කැටයම් පැරීසියෙහි ඇත. අනෙක් ඒවායේ සිතුවම් ඇතිමුත් වර්තමානයේ දක්නට නොලැබේ. මේ අතරට රජු සිංහයන් සහ වනාන්තරයේ වෙනත් සතුන් ද දඩයම් කරනු දැක්වේ. ගැසෙල් මුවන් රජු වෙත මෙල්ලකොට ගෙනෙනු දැක්වේ. එක් දර්ශනයක, එකම සිංහයාගේ රුව තෙවරක් නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. එහි කූඩුවෙන් පිටවීම, රජු වෙත පහරදීම සහ කඩාපැනීම දැක්වේ. මෙය නූතන තීරු කාටූනයකට තරමක් සමාන ය.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

Frankfort, Henri, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0-14-056107-2
"Grove": Russell, John M., Section 6. "c 1000–539 BC., (i) Neo-Assyrian." in Dominique Collon, et al. "Mesopotamia, §III: Sculpture." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 19 November 2016, subscription required
Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. ISBN 0-333-37185-2
Hoving, Thomas. Greatest Works of Western Civilization, 1997, Artisan, New York, ISBN 978-1-885183-53-8
Oates, D. and J. Oates, Nimrud, An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, 2001, London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, full PDF (332 pages)  ISBN 978-0-903472-25-8
Reade, Julian, Assyrian Sculpture, 1998 (2nd edn.), The British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-2141-3
Wilson, David M.; The British Museum; A History, 2002, British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-2764-7

ඇසිරියානු කලාව සහ ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය
කලාව තුළ දඩයම
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කෞතුකාගාරයේ මැද පෙරදිග අංග
කලාව තුළ සිංහයින්
ක්‍රි.පූ. 7වන සියවසේ කෘති
19වන සියවසට පෙර සත්ත්ව හිංසා සිදුවීම්

අෂුර්බනිපාල්ගේ සිංහ දඩයම


As eleições no território federal do Amapá em 1954 ocorreram em 3 de outubro como parte das eleições gerais no Distrito Federal, em 20 estados e nos territórios federais do Acre, Rondônia e Roraima. No presente caso, a Constituição de 1946 fixou um deputado federal para representar cada um dos territórios federais então existentes.

Resultado da eleição para deputado federal
Conforme o acervo do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, foram apurados 4.114 votos nominais (96,85%), 24 votos em branco (0,56%) e 110 votos nulos (2,59%), resultando no comparecimento de 4.248 eleitores. Nos territórios federais representados por um deputado federal, será observado o princípio do voto majoritário.

Chapa do PSD

Chapa do PTB

Amapá
1954

Eleições no Território Federal do Amapá em 1954


La Copa de Rusia 2011-12 es la vigésima edición del torneo tras la disolución de la Unión Soviética. La competición comenzó el 20 de abril de 2011 y finalizará con la final que se disputará en mayo de 2012. El campeón de copa se asegura una plaza en la primera ronda del play-off de la UEFA Europa League 2012-13. El vigente campeón es el PFC CSKA Moscú.

Primera ronda
En esta ronda se incluyen seis clubes de la Segunda División de Rusia. Los partidos se disputaron el 22 y 30 de abril de 2011.

Sección sur

Sección este

Segunda ronda
En este ronda entraron los tres ganadores de la primera ronda y 48 clubes más de la Segunda División de Rusia y tres clubes amateurs. Los partidos se disputaron del 22 de abril al 11 de mayo de 2011.

Sección oeste

Sección centro

Sección este

Sección sur

Sección Ural-Povolzhye

Tercera ronda

En esta ronda entraron los 27 ganadores de la segunda ronda y los 21 clubes restantes de la Segunda División de Rusia. Los partidos se disputaron del 10 al 23 de mayo de 2011.

Sección oeste

Sección centro

Sección sur

Sección Ural-Povolzhye

Sección este

Cuarta ronda
En esta ronda entraron los 24 ganadores de la tercera ronda. Los partidos se disputaron del 4 al 16 de junio de 2011.

Sección oeste

Sección centro

Sección sur

Sección Ural-Povolzhye

Sección este

Quinta ronda
En esta ronda entraron en sorteo los doce ganadores de la cuarta ronda y los veinte clubes de la Primera División de Rusia. Los partidos se disputaron entre el 4 y 5 de julio de 2011.

|}

Treintaidosavos de final
En esta ronda entraron en sorteo los 16 ganadores de la quinta ronda más los clubes de la Liga Premier de Rusia. Los partidos se disputaron el 17 de julio de 2011.

Octavos de final
En esta ronda entraron en sorteo los vencedores de los treintaidosavos de final. Los partidos fueron disputados el 20 y 21 de septiembre de 2011.

Cuartos de final

Nota: Rubin disputó su partido como local en Grozny debido a las malas condiciones del césped de Kazán.

Semifinales

Final

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial (en ruso)

2012
Deporte en Rusia en 2011
Deporte en Rusia en 2012
Fútbol en 2011
Fútbol en 2012

Copa de Rusia 2011-12


Papegøjedue () er en dueart, der lever i Afrika.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Duefugle
Afrikas fugle

Papegøjedue


Serial passage is the process of growing bacteria or a virus in iterations.  For instance, a virus may be grown in one environment, and then a portion of that virus population can be removed and put into a new environment.  This process is repeated with as many stages as desired, and then the final product is studied, often in comparison with the original virus.

This sort of facilitated transmission is often conducted in a laboratory setting, because it is of scientific interest to observe how the virus or bacterium that is being passed evolves over the course of the experiment. In particular, serial passage can be quite useful in studies that seek to alter the virulence of a virus or other pathogen. One consequence of this is that serial passage can be useful in creating vaccines, since scientists can apply serial passage and create a strain of a pathogen that has low virulence, yet has comparable immunogenicity to the original strain. This can also create strains that are more transmissible in addition to lower virulence, as demonstrated by A/H5N1 passage in ferrets.

Mechanism
Serial passage can either be performed in vitro or in vivo.  In the in vitro method, a virus or a strain of bacteria will be isolated and allowed to grow for a certain time.  After the sample has grown for that time, part of it will be transferred to a new environment and allowed to grow for the same period. This process will be repeated as many times as desired.

Alternatively, an in vivo experiment can be performed where an animal is infected with a pathogen, and this pathogen allowed time to grow in that host before a sample of it is removed from the host and passed to another host.  This process is repeated for a certain number of hosts; the individual experiment determines this number.

When serial passage is performed either in vitro or in vivo, the virus or bacterium may evolve by mutating repeatedly. Identifying and studying mutations that occur often reveals information about the virus or bacterium being studied.  Accordingly, after serial passage has been performed it can be valuable to compare the resulting virus or sample of bacteria to the original, noting any mutations that have occurred and their collective effects.  Various significant outcomes may occur.  The virulence of the virus may be changed, or a virus could evolve to become adapted to a different host environment than that in which it is typically found. Relatively few passages are necessary to produce a noticeable change in a virus; for instance, a virus can typically adapt to a new host within ten or so passages.

Because serial passage allows for rapid evolution of a virus to its host, it can be used to study the evolution of antibiotic resistance; specifically, for determining what mutations could lead to the development of antibiotic resistance.

History
The technique of serial passage has been around since the 1800s.  In particular, Louis Pasteur's work with the rabies vaccine in the late 1800s exemplifies this method.

Pasteur created several vaccines over the course of his lifetime.  His work prior to rabies involved attenuation of pathogens, but not through serial passage. In particular, Pasteur worked with cholera and found that if he cultured bacteria for long periods of time, he could create an effective vaccine. Pasteur thought that there was something special about oxygen and this was why he was able to attenuate (create a less virulent version of) the bacteria. Pasteur also tried to apply this method to create a vaccine for anthrax, although with less success.

Next, Pasteur wanted to apply this method to create a vaccine for rabies. However, rabies was, unbeknownst to him, caused by a virus, not a bacterial pathogen like cholera and anthrax, and for that reason rabies could not be cultured in the same way that cholera and anthrax could be.  Methods for serial passage for viruses in vitro were not developed until the 1940s, when John Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Robbins developed a technique for this.  These three scientists subsequently won the Nobel Prize for their major advancement.

To solve this problem, Pasteur worked with the rabies virus in vivo. In particular, he took brain tissue from an infected dog and transplanted it into another dog, repeating this process multiple times, and thus performing serial passage in dogs. These attempts increased the virulence of the virus. Then, he realized that he could put dog tissue into a monkey to infect it and then perform serial passage in monkeys. After completing this process and infecting a dog with the resulting virus, Pasteur realized that the virus was less virulent. Mostly, Pasteur worked with the rabies virus in rabbits. Ultimately, to create his vaccine for rabies, Pasteur used a simple method that involved drying out tissue. As is described in his notebook:

In a series of flasks in which air is maintained in a dry state…each day one suspends a thickness of fresh rabbit spinal tissue taken from a rabbit dead of rabies. Each day as well, one inoculates under the skin of a dog 1 mL of sterilized bouillion, in which has dispersed a small fragment of one of these desiccated spinal pieces, beginning with a piece most distant in time from when it was worked upon, in order to be sure that it is not at all virulent.

Pasteur mostly used other techniques besides serial passage to create his vaccines. However, the idea of attenuating a virus through serial passage still holds.

Use in vaccines
One way to attenuate a virus to a host is by passing the virus in a different species.  The idea is that, as a strain of a virus becomes more adapted to a different species, that strain will become less adapted to the original host, thus decreasing in virulence with respect to the original host. This is the implicit principle that Louis Pasteur was unknowingly making use of when he passed the rabies virus in monkeys and ended up with a virus that was less dangerous to dogs, for example.

The process of serial passage yields a live vaccine.  There are both advantages and disadvantages to this.  Most notably, live vaccines are sometimes more effective and more long-lasting than inactivated or other types of vaccines.  However, just as the virus evolved to become attenuated, it may reverse-evolve in the host, leading to infection.

Experiments
Researchers have conducted many experiments using serial passage.  Some of the experimental uses for serial passage include changing the virulence of a virus, to study the adaptive evolution or potential evolution of zoonotic diseases to new hosts, and studying antibiotic resistance.

Increasing virulence for use in animal modeling
When developing vaccines for viruses, the emphasis is on attenuating the virus, or decreasing its virulence, in a given host.  Sometimes it is useful to employ serial passage to increase the virulence of a virus.  Usually, when serial passage is performed in a species, the result is a virus that is more virulent to that species.

For example, one study used serial passage in baboons to create a strain of HIV-2 that is particularly virulent to baboons.  Typical strains of HIV-2 only infect baboons slowly.  This specificity makes it challenging for scientists to use HIV-2 in animal models of HIV-1, because the animals in the model will only show symptoms slowly. The more virulent strain of HIV-2 could be practical for use in animal models, however.

Another study by Kanta Subbaro involved a serial passage experiment in which mice were infected with SARS.  SARS usually does not make mice particularly sick, however, after the virus had undergone serial passage in the mice, it had become lethal.

Changing the virulence of SARS in this way was important, because without a virulent form of SARS to infect laboratory animals, scientists would have been unable to test the effects of SARS in an animal model.

More generally, this experiment also reflects a general medical principle: The virulence of a virus is mediated by the difficulty of its transmission.

Generally, if a virus kills its host too quickly, the host will not have a chance to come in contact with other hosts and transmit the virus before dying.  In serial passage, when a virus was being transmitted from host to host regardless of its virulence, such as Subbaro's experiment, the viruses that grow the fastest (and are therefore the most virulent) are selected for.

This principle has public health implications, because it suggests that, in very densely populated or overcrowded areas, such as slums or group quarantine facilities, natural selection may favour more virulent viruses.

This also helps explain why good hygiene is so important. Good hygiene selects against highly virulent viruses by lowering the ability of pathogens to transmit.

Serial passaging has been used to produce mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2.

Influenza
The H5N1 virus is a particularly lethal strain of influenza. Currently, it can infect humans, but it is not contagious between humans. Still, over 600 people worldwide are known to have died from animal-transmitted H5N1 virus, so the transmissibility of the virus is of major concern to scientists.

Several serial passage experiments have been conducted to determine the feasibility of the virus becoming transmissible in humans. In particular, Ron Fouchier and his colleagues did a 10-step serial passage experiment in ferrets. In doing so, they created a strain of influenza that not only infected ferrets, but was transmissible between ferrets. Notably, this strain was very similar to the original strain with which they had infected the first ferret—in other words, only a few mutations were necessary for the virus to become transmissible between ferrets.  Similarly, researcher Yoshihiro Kawaoka found that a single mutation is necessary to make the virus transmissible in ferrets.

Both Fouchier's research and Kawaoka's research were initially censored, per implications for bioterrorism. The research was later published, but remained controversial.

Serial passage is an artificial technique that is used in a laboratory setting, rather than a natural process.  Accordingly, the likelihood that the H5N1 virus would actually mutate to become transmissible in humans is unknown; however, researcher Derek Smith created an evolutionary model to show that this is possible.

Understanding how viruses jump between species
Another use of serial passage is in understanding how pathogens adapt to new species.  By introducing a pathogen into a new host species and performing serial passage, scientists can observe as the pathogen adapts to its new host and pinpoint the mutations that allow for this adaptation.

See also
 E. coli long-term evolution experiment
 Experimental evolution

References

Virology
Microbial population biology

Serial passage


Jozef Maria Raskin (Stevoort, 21 de junho de 1892 - Dortmund, 18 de outubro de 1943) foi um artista, pintor, desenhista e missionário scheutista belga que serviu na Primeira Guerra Mundial e se tornou missionário na China de 1920 a 1934. Mais tarde, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, ele foi convocado para o exército belga como capelão e foi conselheiro pessoal do rei Leopoldo III.

Enquanto operava sob o codinome Leopold Vindictive 200 para a resistência belga, em 1º de maio de 1942 ele foi preso pela Gestapo, julgado e condenado, e em 18 de outubro de 1943 foi guilhotinado. Uma estátua em homenagem ao seu serviço está em Aarschot. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, um livro sobre as façanhas de Raskin em ambas as guerras mundiais foi escrito por Jozef De Vroey, ele próprio um padre católico e sobrevivente de ambos os conflitos, sob o título Pater Raskin in de beide wereldoorlogen.

Notas

Nascidos em 1892
Mortos em 1943
Sinólogos da Bélgica
Pessoas mortas pela Alemanha Nazista
Pessoas da Segunda Guerra Mundial (Bélgica)
Pessoas da Primeira Guerra Mundial (Bélgica)
Belgas expatriados na China
Pessoas mortas na Segunda Guerra Mundial

Jozef Raskin


Amazonlar (Yunanca: Αμαζόνες): Savaşa katılan kadınlara eski çağların Amazonlarına benzetilerek verilen san, ata binen kadın.

Coğrafya
 Amazon Nehri, Güney Amerika'da bir nehir.
 Amazon Ormanları

Şirketler
 Amazon.com, Internet üzerinden alışveriş yapmaya olanak sağlayan site.
 Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon.com'un bir hizmeti.

Bale
 Amazonlar, Vakhtang Kakhidze tarafından 1988-89 yıllarında bestelenen eser

Televizyon ve film

 Amazon (dizi), Kanada yapımı TV dizisi.

Araçlar

 Amazon sınıfı, İngiliz kraliyet donanması.

Diğer

 Amazon Papağan,
 Amazon kelebeği, bir kelebek (bkn. Amazon kelebeği)
 Amazon nehir yunusu, bir yunus türü.
 Amazon Kindle, bir elektronik kitap görüntüleyici.

Amazon