This is a list of aviation-related events from 1971.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was All Nippon Airways Flight 58, a Boeing 727 which collided with a Japanese Air Force Mitsubishi F-86F Sabre near Shizukuishi, Japan on 30 July, killing all 162 people onboard Flight 58. The deadliest single-aircraft accident was Alaska Airlines Flight 1866, also a Boeing 727, which crashed into mountainous terrain near Juneau, Alaska, U.S. on 4 September, killing all 111 people on board.

Events
 The Peruvian Army reestablishes Peruvian Army Aviation.
 Assessing the prospects for the development of hypersonic airliners, John Becker and Frank Kirkham of the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations (NASAs) Langley Research Center project that a  hypersonic transport (HST) capable of Mach 6 speeds and carrying 300 passengers from Los Angeles to Paris, France, in 2 hours 42 minutes could be operating by 1995.
 Erickson Air-Crane Incorporated, the future Erickson Inc., is established.
 Trans European Airways begins flight operations, offering four flights with a Boeing 720.

January
 January 2 – United Arab Airlines Flight 844, a de Havilland Comet 4C, strikes sand dunes at an altitude of  while on approach to land in poor visibility at Tripoli, Libya, and crashes, killing all 16 people on board.
 January 3 – Seven hijackers commandeer National Airlines Flight 36, a Douglas DC-8 flying from Los Angeles to Tampa, Florida, with 96 people on board, and force it to fly to Cuba.
 January 6 – The United States Marine Corps takes delivery of its first AV-8A Harriers
 January 15 – Braniff Airways begins Boeing 747 service between Dallas Love Field and Hawaii, using its first Boeing 747, which it acquired in 1970.
 January 18 – A Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Ilyushin Il-18D crashes  short of the runway on approach to Zurich-Kloten Airport in Switzerland in poor weather and catches fire. Forty-five of the 47 people on board die.
 January 21
A French Air Force Nord 262A-34 flying in a blizzard crashes into a  high mountain  south of Mézilhac, France, and comes to rest  below its summit, killing all 21 people on board. Seven of France's top nuclear experts are among the dead.
A Peruvian Air Force Curtiss C-46 Commando carrying members of a civil guard anti-guerrilla force crashes in the Cuti Padre mountain range in the central Andes near Palca, Peru, killing all 35 people on board.
 January 22
 In the 1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, an Aeroflot Antonov An-12B—its ice protection system rendered ineffective by a closed valve—crashes on approach to Surgut International Airport in the Soviet Union due to icing, killing all 13 people on board. It is the first of the two very similar crashes that happen at the airport nine days apart.
 A United States Navy P-3 Orion sets a distance record for an aircraft in its class of .
 Four Eritrean hijackers seize control of an Ethiopian Airlines Douglas DC-3 during a domestic flight in Ethiopia from Bahir Dar to Gondar, demanding that it fly to Benghazi, Libya. The airliner stops to refuel at Khartoum before proceeding to Benghazi.
 Claiming to have a bomb, Black Panther Party member Garland Grant hijacks Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 433, a Boeing 727 on a U.S. domestic flight from Milwaukee to Detroit with 60 people on board. He demands to be flown to Algeria, where he hopes to escape the "racist" Milwaukee Police and help people grow crops. Informed that the jet lacks the range to fly that far, he decides to fly to Cuba instead, where he is imprisoned. He will return to the U.S. in 1978, saying "Cuba is a nightmare."
 January 23 – Armed with homemade hand grenades, Kim Sang-tae attempts to hijack a Korean Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship 500 during a domestic flight in South Korea from Kangnung to Seoul with 60 people on board, demanding to be flown to Sinpo, North Korea, where he believes his brother settled after defecting during the Korean War. Several Republic of Korea Air Force jets intercept the airliner and fire warning shots, forcing it to crash-land on a beach near Sokcho, South Korea. After the plane comes to a halt, the copilot attempts to subdue Kim, who detonates a hand grenade, killing himself and the copilot. The airliner is damaged beyond repair, but the other 58 people aboard the plane survive.
 January 25 – Línea Aeropostal Venezolana Flight 359, a Vickers 749 Viscount on a domestic flight in Venezuela from Mérida to Caracas, strikes trees and crash-lands on a wooded mountain slope in the Andes near La Azulita, killing 13 of the 47 people on board.
 January 26 – A male passenger hijacks an Aerovías Quisqueyana Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation making a non-scheduled flight from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, to San Juan, Puerto Rico, with 74 people on board, demanding to fly to Havana, Cuba. The pilot attempts to divert to Haiti to refuel, but is denied permission to land. He then diverts to Cabo Rojo Airport in the Dominican Republic, where the hijacker is overpowered after the plane lands.
 January 30 – In the 1971 Indian Airlines hijacking, two Kashmiri men hijack the Indian Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship Ganga and force it to fly to Lahore, Pakistan. They release their hostages there and burn the plane on February 1. India retaliates by prohibiting overflights of its territory by Pakistani aircraft.
 January 31 – In the 1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, an Antonov An-12 crashes on approach to Surgut International Airport due to icing, killing all seven people on board. It is the second of two very similar crashes that occurred at the airport nine days apart.

February
 Keith Sapsford, a young Sydney man, falls to his death as his plane takes off from Sydney Int'l airport. The plane is a Japan Airlines DC 10.
 February 1 – McDonnell Douglas completes the 4,000th F-4 Phantom II.
 February 4 – A hijacker commandeers Delta Air Lines Flight 379, a Douglas DC-9 flying from Chicago to Nashville with 27 people on board, and forces it to fly to Cuba.
 February 8
The last major airmobile assault of the Vietnam War, Operation Lam Son 719, begins. It involves a ground and helicopter assault by South Vietnamese Army forces against North Vietnamese Army forces in Laos, supported by American helicopters.
 The Soviet Union awards Leningrad′s Shosseynaya Airport (the future Pulkovo Airport) the Order of the October Revolution.
 February 25 – Western Airlines Flight 328 – a Boeing 737-200 flying from San Francisco to Seattle, U.S., with 97 people on board – is hijacked by United States Army recruit Chapin S. Paterson, who tells a flight attendant that he has a bomb, enters the cockpit, and orders the flight crew to fly him to Cuba. Informed that the plane lacks the range to fly there, he agrees to fly to Canada instead. Ten minutes after arrival at Vancouver International Airport, the other passengers—unaware that the plane had been hijacked and thinking they were arriving at Seattle—disembark, and Chapin announces that he has no bomb, exits the airliner, and surrenders to Canadian authorities. He asks to remain in Canada as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War, but Canadian courts deny him this status, and he is returned to the U.S. to face criminal charges.

March
 The United States Marine Corps forms its first attack helicopter squadron.
 March 2 – The U.S. Marine Corps begins combat testing of the AH-1J Sea Cobra in South Vietnam. It is the first attack helicopter specifically designed for use aboard ships.
 March 6 – Aer Lingus takes delivery of its first Boeing 747. The airliner is to be used on transatlantic routes.
 March 8 – Seeking to escape parental pressure over school grades and hoping to seek refuge among American draft evaders in Canada, Thomas Kelly Marston uses a .38-caliber revolver to hijack National Airlines Flight 745 – a Boeing 727 flying from Mobile, Alabama, to New Orleans, Louisiana, with 46 people on board – and demands to be flown to Montreal. The captain talks Marston into surrendering his weapon and offers to fly him back to Mobile, but at Marston's request diverts to Miami, Florida, instead, where Marston is arrested.
 March 11 – Alyemda, internationally known as "Democratic Yemen Airlines" and "Yemen Airlines," is founded as the flag carrier of South Yemen.
 March 17 – Jane Leslie Holley becomes the first woman commissioned into the United States Air Force via the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps.
 March 19 – A hijacker commandeers a KLM Douglas DC-8 flying from Paramaribo, Suriname, to Amsterdam in the Netherlands and demands to be flown to Sweden, but surrenders to authorities at Paramaribo.
 March 24 – Federal funding for the Boeing SST project is cut by the United States Congress.
 March 26 – The United States Army′s 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) is withdrawn from Vietnam, leaving behind only its 3rd Brigade (Reinforced) at Biên Hòa, South Vietnam.
 March 30 – Six hijackers commandeer a Philippine Air Lines BAC One-Eleven with 50 people on board during a domestic flight in the Philippines from Manila to Davao City and force it to fly to Guangzhou in the People's Republic of China.
 March 31
On approach to Voroshilovgrad Airport in Voroshilovgrad in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Aeroflot Flight 1969, an Antonov An-10 (registration CCCP-11145), suffers the structural failure of its right wing while descending from . It crashes  southwest of the airport, killing all 65 people on board. At the time, it is the second-deadliest accident involving an An-10 and the worst aviation accident in the history of Ukraine.
Saying he is angry about the conviction of William Calley for murder in the My Lai Massacre, Diego Ramirez, calling himself Diego Landeatta, hijacks Eastern Airlines Flight 939 – a Douglas DC-8 with 22 people on board flying from New York City to San Juan, Puerto Rico – armed only with a pair of clackers. He orders the crew to fly to Havana, Cuba, explaining that this will be his one day of importance. When Cuban soldiers arrest him in Havana, he seems confused, saying that he wants to fly back to the US. He will be imprisoned in Cuba until 1974.
Brandishing a pistol and taking a female flight attendant hostage, John Morgan Mathews hijacks Delta Air Lines Flight 400 at Birmingham, Alabama, before it can take off for a flight to Chicago, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The flight attendant convinces him to release all 17 passengers, and after negotiations with Delta Air Lines, he surrenders.

April
 Using CH-53A Sea Stallion helicopters, the U.S. Navys Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 12 (HM-12) and Mobile Mine Countermeaures Command begin the development of specifications for the U.S. Navys first air mine countermeasures aircraft.
 April 9 – The last major airmobile operation of the Vietnam War, Operation Lam Son 719, ends after North Vietnamese Army forces drive all South Vietnamese forces out of Laos with heavy casualties. Facing the heaviest antiaircraft artillery fire of the war, American helicopter crews have suffered casualties of 176 killed, 1,942 wounded, and 42 missing, with 107 helicopters destroyed and 600 damaged. The operation has demonstrated a need for the U.S. Army to develop a specialized antitank attack helicopter.
 April 21 – A hijacker commandeers Eastern Airlines Flight 403, a Douglas DC-8 with 59 people on board flying from Newark, New Jersey, to Miami, Florida, and demands to be flown to Italy.
 April 25 – An Ecuadorian male passenger attempts to hijack an Avianca Boeing 727-59 (registration HK-1337) during a domestic flight in Colombia from Baranquilla to Medellín with 52 people on board. Passengers and crew members overpower him, and the airliner lands safely in Medellín.
 April 26 – Lieutenant Colonel Thomas B. Estes (pilot) and Major Dewain C. Vick (reconnaissance systems officer) make a record-breaking nonstop flight of  in an SR-71 Blackbird of the U.S. Air Forces 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, at times exceeding Mach 3. They will receive the MacKay Trophy for the flight.
 April 29 – A male passenger hijacks Avianca Flight 81, a Boeing 720 flying from Los Angeles, California, to Bogotá, Colombia, with a stop en route at Mexico City, Mexico, and demands to be flown to Cuba. The airliner diverts to Panama City, Panama, where the hijacker is arrested.

May

 May 8
A hijacker commandeers Eastern Airlines Flight 403, a Douglas DC-8 with 59 people on board flying from Newark, New Jersey, to Miami, Florida, and demands to be flown to Italy.
A Colombian man claiming he has been diagnosed with cancer and cannot be treated in Colombia draws a .38-caliber revolver and hijacks Avianca Flight 706, a Douglas DC-4-1009 (registration HK-173) with 25 people aboard, shortly after takeoff from Montería, Colombia, for a domestic flight to Cartagena. He demands to be flown to Maracaibo, Venezuela. The airliner refuels at Cartagena before proceeding to Maracaibo.
 May 13 – A hijacker commandeers an All Nippon Airways NAMC YS-11 at Haneda Airport in Tokyo, Japan, as it prepares to depart for Sendai, Japan. Security forces storm the airliner and arrest the hijacker.
 May 17 – Holding a knife to the throat of his girlfriend, an American man hijacks an SAS Douglas DC-9 preparing to depart Malmö, Sweden, for a domestic flight to Stockholm. He demands to be flown to the United States to see his mother, but surrenders after 45 minutes.
 May 20 – Boeing announces that it has canceled its Supersonic Transport (SST) project.
 May 23 – Aviogenex Flight 130, a chartered Tupolev Tu-134A (registration YU-AHZ) carrying British vacationers from London's Gatwick Airport, crashes while landing in heavy rain at Rijeka Airport in Rijeka, Yugoslavia, losing its right wing and coming to rest upside down; a fire breaks out and burns the plane out. The crash kills 78 people of the 83 people on board.
 May 24 – Flight testing of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat resumes after the December 30, 1970, crash of the first prototype.
 May 26 – In the 1971 Qantas bomb hoax, a man extorts  in ransom from Qantas by claiming to have hidden a bomb aboard Flight 755, a Boeing 707 en route from Sydney to Hong Kong with 116 passengers, that will explode if the aircraft descends. After the flight circles for hours, the ransom is paid, and the man reveals that no bomb exists. The extortionist and an accomplice are later imprisoned, but much of the ransom is never accounted for, and speculation about additional accomplices continues.
 May 27 – Six hijackers commandeer a TAROM Ilyushin Il-14 with 30 people on board during a domestic flight in Romania from Oradea to Bucharest. They force it to divert to Vienna, Austria, where they surrender to the authorities.
 May 28
World War II hero and movie star Audie Murphy is among five people killed in the crash of an Aero Commander 680 (registration N601JJ) flying in heavy thunderstorms over mountainous terrain near Catawba, Virginia.
James Bennett hijacks Eastern Airlines Flight 30, a Boeing 727 carrying 138 people en route from Miami, Florida, to New York City, claiming to have a bomb and a vial of acid. After landing at La Guardia Airport in New York City, he releases the passengers and five flight attendants, and insists that airline officials bring his ex-wife and a police supervisor to meet him. When his ex-wife refuses to come, he demands to be flown to Ireland. Informed that the plane cannot fly that far, he agrees to fly to Nassau in the Bahamas, and demands $500,000 and a meeting with the Irish Republican Army (IRA). When he disembarks at Nassau, an Eastern Airlines pilot posing as an IRA commander overpowers him. He turns out to have no explosives.
 May 29 – A hijacker commandeers Pan American World Airways Flight 442, a Boeing 707 with 69 people on board, during a flight from Caracas, Venezuela, to Miami, Florida, and forces it to fly to Cuba.

June
 The last United States Marine Corps helicopters depart Vietnam.
 June 4 – Armed with a .32-caliber pistol and a box containing 50 bullets and wanting to leave the United States before it is incinerated by a "super-bomb," drunken 58-year-old retired coal miner Glen Elmo Riggs hijacks United Airlines Flight 796, a Boeing 737-200 with 72 people on board flying from Charleston, West Virginia, to Newark, New Jersey, and demands to be flown to Israel, where he says he hopes to help build a temple. The airliner diverts to Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia, where Riggs releases the passengers and waits for a Douglas DC-8 to arrive to take him to Israel. After three hours on the ground, the copilot grabs Riggs′ gun when he leaves it behind in the cockpit while he gets a glass of water. Police then storm the plane and arrest Riggs, who later claims not to remember the events aboard Flight 796.
 June 6 – Hughes Airwest Flight 706, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31, and a United States Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4B-18-MC Phantom II of Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323 (VMFA-323) collide over the San Gabriel Mountains near Duarte, California. Both aircraft crash, killing all 49 people on board the DC-9 and one of the two men in the F-4B.
 June 11 – At O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Gregory White boards Trans World Airlines Flight 358, a Boeing 727 with 26 people on board preparing to depart for John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, without a ticket. He threatens a flight attendant with a gun, demands to be flown to North Vietnam, and shoots passenger Howard Franks when Franks moves toward him; Franks is the first American airline passenger to be killed as a result of a hijacking. The other passengers panic and stampede off the aircraft. While White awaits departure, a Deputy United States Marshal enters through a cockpit window with two guns, giving one to a crew member. When White releases the flight attendant after takeoff, the deputy marshal and the crew member emerge from the cockpit and open fire, wounding White, who fires back and hides behind a row of seats. The airliner lands safely at John F. Kennedy International Airport, where White is wounded again in another exchange of gunfire with a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent and surrenders. Criticized for allowing White to get so far without a ticket, a Trans World Airlines spokesman rejects any changes to the airline's security policies.
 June 17 – After Piedmont Airlines Flight 25, a Boeing 737-200, arrives at Smith Reynolds Airport after a flight from New York City, Bobby Richard White enters the cockpit and orders the pilot to fly him to Cuba, claiming to have nitroglycerine and sulfuric acid in a bag that will explode if he dropped it. Receiving word that the bag did not explode when White casually tossed it onto a car seat before boarding the flight, officials concoct a plan to overpower him. A Piedmont Airlines official dressed as a pilot boards the plane, while a federal air marshal dressed as a pilot walks nearby and distracts White, allowing the Piedmont official to pin White against a wall. White's bag contains no explosives.
 June 18 – Southwest Airlines begins scheduled service with flights from Dallas Love Field to Houston and San Antonio. The airline obtained an air operator's certificate from the State of Texas in February 1968 but had spent 3 years overcoming lawsuits challenging the certificate's validity.
 June 20 – A male passenger with a knife hijacks an Avianca Douglas DC-4 (registration HK-115) shortly after takeoff from Montería, Colombia, demanding to flown to Mexico. The pilot lands the airliner at Medellin, Colombia, and tells the hijacker that they have arrived in Mexico. The crew then overpowers the hijacker.
 June 29 – A hijacker commandeers a Finnair Douglas DC-9-32 during a flight from Helsinki, Finland, to Copenhagen, Denmark. The hijacker is overpowered and the airliner completes its flight safely.

July
 July 1
A hijacker commandeers National Airlines Flight 28 – a Douglas DC-8 flying from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Miami, Florida, with 39 people on board – and forces it to fly to Cuba.
Four hijackers take control of a Cruzeiro do Sul Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VIN (registration PP-PDX) with 31 people aboard for a domestic flight in Brazil from Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo, demanding the release of prisoners and to be flown to Cuba. Security forces storm the airliner at Rio de Janeiro and arrest the hijackers.
 July 3 – A NAMC YS-11A-217 operating as Toa Domestic Airlines Flight 63 crashes into the south face of Yokotsu Mountain in Japan, killing all 68 people on board.
 July 4 – A hijacker aboard a Cruzeiro do Sul NAMC YS-11A-202 (registration PP-CTJ) making a domestic flight in Brazil from Belém to Macapá forces the airliner to divert to Cayenne in French Guiana, Georgetown, in Guyana, Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua, and Jamaica.
 July 12 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 707 flying from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to Beirut, Lebanon, is hijacked and forced to fly to Damascus, Syria.
 July 16 – Jeanne M. Holm is promoted to brigadier general, the first woman in the United States Air Force to become a general.
 July 22 - At 3.30 am, BOAC Flight 045 from London to Khartoum is ordered by air control in Malta (and allegedly forced to obey the order by Libyan military jets) to land at Benghazi (Libya) where two leaders of the unsuccessful 1971 Sudanese coup d'état, travelling as passengers, are forced to leave the plane.
 July 23 – Armed with a stolen pistol, Richard Obergfell takes a flight attendant hostage and hijacks Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 335, a Boeing 727 carrying 61 people bound for Chicago, and demands to be flown to Italy to meet a woman. Informed that the 727 lacks the range to reach Italy, he agrees to change planes, and the 727 returns to La Guardia Airport. Obergfell releases all the passengers and crew except for the flight attendant, who he holds at gunpoint while he rides in a van to John F. Kennedy International Airport, where TWA is readying a Boeing 707 for the flight. As Obergfell marches the hostage across the tarmac at John F. Kennedy Airport, a Federal Bureau of Investigation sniper shoots him, and he dies 30 minutes later.
 July 24 – Armed with a small pistol and a stick of dynamite, Santiago Guerra-Valdez hijacks National Airlines Flight 183–a Douglas DC-8 flying from Miami to Jacksonville, Florida, with 83 people on board–and rushes toward the cockpit. When an unsuspecting passenger opens a lavatory door, a spooked Guerra-Valdez opens fire, wounding a flight attendant and a passenger. He then forces the pilot to fly the airliner to Cuba, where he disembarks, and the airliner returns to the U.S.
 July 25 – Four armed members of the Comando Unido Revolucionario Dominicana ("United Dominican Revolutionary Command") hijack an Aeronaves de México Douglas DC-9-15 with 31 people on board after it takes off from Acapulco, Mexico, for a domestic flight to Mexico City, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The airliner stops at Mexico City to refuel before flying to Havana.
 July 28 – A hijacker commanders an Aerolineas Argentinas Boeing 737-287 (registration LV-JMX) with 49 people on board during a domestic flight in Argentina from Salta to Buenos Aires, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The airliner diverts to Córdoba, Argentina, where the hijacker surrenders.
 July 29 – The U.S. Air Force and U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) complete their joint flight testing of the Martin Marietta X-24A lifting body. The data gathered during the flight-test program will assist in the design of NASA's Space Shuttle.
 July 30
 A Japan Air Self-Defense Force F-86 Sabre collides with a Boeing 727 operating as All Nippon Airways Flight 58 over Morioka, Japan, killing all 162 people aboard the airliner and injuring the F-86 pilot. It is the worst air disaster in history at the time.
 Pan American World Airways Flight 845, a Boeing 747-121 with 218 people on board, strikes several approach lighting system structures while taking off from San Francisco International Airport, seriously injuring two passengers and sustaining significant damage. The plane dumps fuel over the Pacific Ocean, returns to the airport 1 hour 42 minutes after takeoff, and makes an emergency landing; the crew then orders an emergency evacuation, during which 27 passengers are injured, eight of them sustaining serious back injuries. There are no fatalities.

August
 August 22 – A hijacker commandeers a United Arab Airlines Ilyushin Il-18 flying from Cairo, Egypt, to Amman, Jordan, demanding to be flown to Israel. The hijacker is subdued.

September
 The Concorde crosses the Atlantic Ocean for the first time.
 Air Florida is founded. It will begin flight operations in September 1972.
 September 3 – Grabbing a stewardess aboard Eastern Airlines Flight 993 – a Douglas DC-9 flying from Chicago, Illinois, to Miami, Florida, with 86 people on board – about 20 minutes before landing in Miami, 20-year-old Juan Miguel Borges Guerra holds an ice pick to her throat and demands to be taken to Havana, Cuba. Two Eastern Airlines employees riding aboard the plane as passengers overpower him.
 September 4 – Alaska Airlines Flight 1866, a Boeing 727-100, crashes into the eastern slope of a canyon in the Chilkat Range of the Tongass National Forest while on approach to land at Juneau, Alaska, killing all 111 people on board. It is the deadliest single-plane crash in American history at the time, and will remain so until June 1975.
 September 6 – After the tank for its water-injection engine thrust-augmentation system is mistakenly filled with jet fuel instead of water, both engines of Paninternational Flight 112, a BAC 1-11-500, fail after takeoff from Hamburg Airport in Hamburg, West Germany. The flight crew makes an emergency landing on the Bundesautobahn 7 highway; the plane strikes a bridge, shearing off both wings and setting the plane on fire. Twenty-two of the 121 people aboard die and 99 are injured.
 September 8 – A young woman pulls a hand grenade out from under her wig and hijacks an Alia Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle flying from Beirut, Lebanon, to Amman, Jordan, with 56 people on board. The airliner diverts to Benghazi, Libya, where she surrenders.
 September 11 – The Britten-Norman Trislander makes its first flight.
 September 13 – Lin Biao, second-in-charge of the People's Republic of China, is killed in the crash of a Hawker Siddeley Trident near Öndörkhaan, Mongolia.
 September 16 – A hijacker a board an Alia Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle flying from Beirut, Lebanon, to Amman, Jordan, demands to be flown to Iraq. The hijacker is subdued.
 September 24 – At Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Detroit, Michigan, sky marshals arrest a female passenger aboard American Airlines Flight 124 – a Boeing 727 with 76 people on board – before takeoff for a flight to New York City. Carrying a handbag containing a gun and explosives, she had planned to hijack the airliner and demand the release from prison of Black Panther Party members.

October
 In the Mediterranean, a U.S. Navy air mine countermeasures unit participates in an overseas exercise for the first time.
 October 1 – Aurigny Air Services commences operations with the Britten-Norman Trislander.
 October 4 – Two hijackers demanding to be flown to Iraq commandeer an Alia Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle flying from Beirut, Lebanon, to Amman, Jordan, with 67 people on board. After the airliner lands in Amman, the hijackers are subdued.
 October 9 – When a visibly nervous 31-year-old Richard Frederick Dixon is stopped for questioning while boarding Eastern Airlines Flight 953 – a Boeing 727 flying from Detroit, Michigan, to Miami, Florida, with 46 people on board – he pulls out a pistol, takes a stewardess hostage, and demands that the plane fly him to Cuba, saying that he admires radical activist Angela Davis and has a distaste for life in the United States. While Dixon holds his gun on the stewardess for three hours, the airliner's captain, who also had been hijacked to Cuba in 1961, flies the airliner to Cuba, where Cuban soldiers take Dixon into custody.
 October 10 – United Arab Airlines changes its name to EgyptAir.
 October 12 – Two passengers hijack an Avensa Convair CV-580 (registration YV-C-AVA) during a domestic flight in Venezuela from Barcelona to Caracas and demand that it fly them to Cuba. The airliner stops to refuel at Curaçao, where the hijackers release three mothers and their young children, then proceeds to Havana, Cuba.
 October 14 – The Hague Hijacking Convention, formally the "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft," enters into force. It requires signatory countries to prohibit and punish the hijacking of civilian aircraft in situations in which an aircraft takes off or lands in a place different from its country of registration. It also establishes the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, which holds that a party to the convention must prosecute an aircraft hijacker if no other state requests his or her extradition for prosecution of the same crime.
 October 16 – A hijacker seizes control of an Olympic Airways NAMC YS-11 with 64 people on board during a domestic flight in Greece from Kalamata to Athens and demand that it fly to Lebanon. After the airliner lands at Athens, security forces storm it and arrest the hijacker.
 October 18 – Recently paroled after serving five years in prison for manslaughter and armed with a small-caliber pistol, Del Lavon Thomas hijacks Wien Consolidated Airlines Flight 15 – a Boeing 737-200 with 35 people on board making a flight in Alaska from Anchorage to Bethel – and demands that it stop at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to refuel, then take him to Mexico City, Mexico. After it takes off from Vancouver to fly to Mexico City, Thomas changes his mind and orders it to return to Vancouver, where he enters into negotiations with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, hoping to find a way to avoid going to jail for his actions. After realizing that avoiding prison is impossible, he surrenders quietly to the police.
 October 20 – Six people hijack a SAETA Vickers Viscount during a domestic flight in Ecuador from Quito to Cuenca.
 October 25 – A hijacker commandeers Pan American World Airways Flight 98 – a Boeing 747 with 236 people on board flying from New York City to San Juan, Puerto Rico – and forces it to fly to Havana, Cuba.
 October 26 – A 20-year-old hijacker armed with a gun seizes control of an Olympic Airways Douglas DC-6B with 64 people on board during a domestic flight in Greece from Athens to Crete and demands that it fly to Rome, Italy. Passengers overpower the hijacker.
 October 27 – The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes its name to Zaire, prompting its national airline to change its name from Air Congo to Air Zaïre.

November
 November 10 – After its flight crew radios that it cannot reach its destination due to bad weather, a Merpati Nusantara Airlines Vickers Viscount bound for Padang on Sumatra in Indonesia crashes into the Indian Ocean off Padang, killing all 69 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Indonesian history at the time.
 November 13 – Armed with a sawed-off shotgun, Paul Joseph Cini hijacks Air Canada Flight 812, a Douglas DC-8, during a domestic flight in Canada from Calgary, Alberta, to Toronto, Ontario, identifying himself as a member of the Irish Republican Army and threatening to blow up the plane with dynamite if he does not receive $1.5 million and a flight to Ireland. The airliner diverts to Great Falls, Montana, where Air Canada gives him $50,000, which was all the money it could scrape together on short notice. Cini accepts the reduced amount, and the DC-8 takes off to return to Calgary to refuel. During the flight to Calgary, Cini orders the flight crew to open an emergency exit so that he can parachute from the plane, but he unable to untie twine he has used to tie up a parachute he has brought aboard. When one of the pilots hands Cini a fire ax to use to cut the twine, Cini puts his shotgun down. The pilot kicks the shotgun away and grabs Cini, and another crew member fractures Cini's skull with the ax, bringing the hijacking to an end. Cini is arrested and jailed.
 November 17 – A hijacker takes control of an Arawak Airlines Beechcraft Model 99 making a domestic flight in Trinidad and Tobago from Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, to Tobago, demanding to be flown to Cuba. The plane returns to Trinidad, where the hijacker surrenders.
 November 24 – A man identifying himself as "Dan Cooper" uses a bomb threat to hijack Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 – a Boeing 727-51 with 35 other passengers and a crew of six on board flying from Portland, Oregon, to Seattle, Washington – demanding US$200,000 and four parachutes. Receiving the money and parachutes at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, he allows all passengers and two flight attendants to leave the plane, then orders it flown toward Mexico City; soon after takeoff, he parachutes from the plane with his money, and the airliner lands safely at Reno, Nevada, dragging its aft stairway down the runway. The hijacker is never seen or heard from again and also is never positively identified. The press mistakenly identifies "Dan Cooper" as "D. B. Cooper", the name of another individual questioned in the case, and he goes down in history incorrectly as "D. B. Cooper".
 November 27 – Three hijackers commandeer Trans World Airlines Flight 106 – a Boeing 727 with 49 people on board flying from Albuquerque, New Mexico, to Chicago, Illinois – and force it to fly to Cuba.

December
 The U.S. Armys 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile) begins to withdraw from Vietnam.
 December 3 – A hijacker commandeers a Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 720 with 28 passengers on board as it taxis at Orly Airport outside Paris, France, for a flight to Karachi, Pakistan, demanding emergency supplies for East Pakistan. Security forces subdue the hijacker.
 December 3 – The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 begins with a Pakistani Air Force attempt at a preemptive strike against Indian Air Force bases, employing no more than 50 aircraft. The strike initially attacks the wrong bases, then mostly misses Indian aircraft when attacking the right bases, and Indian bases are out of action for only a few hours. The Pakistani Air Force then falls into a defensive role for the remainder of the war.
 December 9–10 (overnight) – Helicopters airlift the Indian Armys 311th Mountain Brigade Group over the Meghna River in East Pakistan, allowing Indian forces to maintain the momentum of their drive on Dacca.
 December 10 – President Richard M. Nixon warns North Vietnam that American bombing of North Vietnam would resume if North Vietnamese military action against South Vietnam increases as American forces are withdrawn from Vietnam.
 December 11 – The Indian Armys 2nd Parachute Brigade parachutes from Indian Air Force Antonov An-12s, DHC-4 Caribous, C-82 Packets, and C-47 Dakotas north of Tangail, East Pakistan, prompting a disorganized retreat by the Pakistani Armys 93rd Brigade.
 December 12 – Four young Nicaraguan men demanding to be taken to Cuba – where they hope to attend college without having to pay tuition – hijack a LANICA BAC One-Eleven (registration AN-BBI) during a flight from San Salvador, El Salvador, to Managua, Nicaragua. When the son of Nicaragua's Minister of Agriculture, a passenger on the plane, tries to resist them, they shoot him in the leg. The airliner diverts to San José, Costa Rica, where 200 soldiers surround the plane and shoot out its tires. President of Costa Rica José "Don Pepe" Figueres Ferrer arrives at the airport armed with a submachine gun and takes part in a subsequent assault on the plane by security forces, which begins with a tear gas attack and culminates in a gun battle in which two of the hijackers are killed and the other two are arrested.
 December 16 – A hijacker demanding to be flown to Cuba seizes control of a Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano Fairchild F27 during a domestic flight in Bolivia from Sucre to La Paz. The airliner diverts to Cochabamba, Bolivia, where security forces storm the plane and arrest the hijacker. One crew member and one passenger are killed during the incident.
 December 17 – The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 comes to an end. The Indian Air Force has lost 72 aircraft and the Pakistani Air Force 94 aircraft.
 December 22 – A hijacker commandeers a North Cay Airways Britten-Norman BN-2A-6 Islander with seven people on board during a domestic flight in the Dominican Republic from Santiago de los Caballeros to Santo Domingo. The airliner diverts to Dajabón, Dominican Republic, where it swerves upon landing, suffering minor damage.
 December 24
Flying in a thunderstorm and severe turbulence, LANSA Flight 508, a Lockheed L-188A Electra, is struck by lightning and disintegrates in mid-air high over Puerto Inca in eastern Perus Amazon rainforest, killing 91 of the 92 people aboard. The only survivor is 17-year-old Juliane Koepcke, who survives a  fall into the rainforest strapped in her seat, her fall cushioned by the foliage, and walks for 10 days before finding help; 14 other people also survive their falls from the plane but die in the jungle without being rescued. The lost aircraft was the last one in LANSA's fleet, leading to the airline going out of business 11 days later.
Firing a .38-caliber revolver twice and claiming to have seven sticks of dynamite in a suitcase, 25-year-old Everett Holt takes a stewardess hostage aboard Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 734, a Boeing 707 with 35 people on board flying from Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Chicago, Illinois. He demands that a ransom of US$300,000 in cash and two parachutes be delivered to him by armored truck when the airliner lands at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. After the money and parachutes arrive, Holt releases the three stewardesses and all but one of the passengers, planning to force the remaining hostage to use the extra parachute to jump from the plane with him. Before the plane can take off again, however, the flight crew escapes, and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation blinds Holt with floodlights and orders him to surrender by megaphone. Smiling broadly, he immediately complies, having held the plane for five hours. His pistol turns out to be loaded only with blanks, and his suitcase has no dynamite in it.
 December 26
The United States begins Operation Proud Deep Alpha, which consists of air strikes in three provinces of North Vietnam south of the 20th Parallel. The operation will conclude on December 30.
A fugitive after a botched bank robbery in New York City, Republic of New Africa member Patrick Critton hijacks Air Canada Flight 932, a Douglas DC-9-32 with 89 people on board, shortly before it lands at Toronto, Ontario, Canada, at the end of a flight from Thunder Bay, Ontario. Claiming to have fragmentation grenades and a .38-caliber revolver, he forces the plane to fly him to Havana, Cuba. It is the first successful hijacking in Canada. Critton will live in Cuba until 1974, then in Tanzania until 1994, before returning undetected to the United States. He finally will be arrested at his home in Mount Vernon, New York on September 8, 2001.
 Acting strangely and making jokes about hijacking the plane during the flight, 24-year-old Donald Coleman pulls out a toy pistol aboard American Airlines Flight 47 – a Boeing 707 with 85 people on board flying from Chicago, Illinois, to San Francisco, California – and demands US$250,000, claiming to be a former United Airlines pilot and to have a bomb that would detonate if the airliner descends below an altitude of . He forces the plane to land at Salt Lake City, Utah, where a United States Marine aboard as a passenger tackles and overpowers him as he tries to escape by jumping out of an emergency exit. Cokeman is arrested without further incident.
 December 31 – 2,500 Bangladeshi former employees of Pakistan International Airlines submit a proposal to the Government of Bangladesh to create Air Bangladesh, a national airline for the newly independent Bangladesh. The airline, named Biman Bangladesh Airlines, will be founded in January 1972 and begin flight operations in February 1972.

First flights
 Ilyushin Il-62M

January
 January 20 – Grumman E-2C Hawkeye
 January 22 – Cessna XMC

February
 February 26 – Saab-MFI 15

March
 AEREON 26
 March 15 – VFW-Fokker H3 Sprinter D-9543
 March 21 – Westland Lynx XW835
 March 25 – Ilyushin Il-76 SSSR-86712
 March 26 – CASA C.212 Aviocar
 March 31 – SH-2D Sea Sprite

April
 April 22 – Aero Boero AB-210
 April 29 – Piper PA-48 Enforcer

May
 May 18 -Cerva CE.43 Guépard
 May 28 – Dassault Mercure F-WTCC

July
 July 14 – VFW-614 D-BABA
 July 17 — Schleicher ASW 17
 July 20
Ilyushin Il-38 Dolphin (NATO reporting name "May")
Mitsubishi T-2
 July 23 – GAF Nomad VH-SUP
 July 30 – Robin HR200

August
 August 4 – Agusta A109
 August 24 — Lockspeiser LDA-01

September
 September 3 – Embraer Xavante
 September 10 – Bell 309 KingCobra N309J
 September 10 – VFW VAK 191B
 September 11 – Britten-Norman Trislander
 September 12 - Operation Sigma Sigma
 September 12 – Bede BD-5 N500BD
 September 17 — FLUGWAG Bremen ESS 641
 September 18 — Weybridge Man Powered Aircraft
 September 30 – Avro Shackleton AEW2 WL745

October
 October 21 – Italair F.20 Pegaso I-GEAV

December
 Aerosport Quail N88760
 December 16 — Nihon N-70 Cygnus

Entered service
 Agusta-Bell AB.212

January
 January 6 – First Hawker Siddeley AV-8A Harrier was accepted by the United States Marine Corps.
 January 20 – McDonell Douglas RF-4E Phantom II with West German Air Force
 January 29 – EA-6 Prowler with VAQ-129 at NAS Whidbey Island

February
 February 15  – Boeing 747-200B with KLM.

April
 April 1 – Hawker Siddeley Trident 3B with British European Airways
 April 15 – Hawker Siddeley AV-8A Harrier with VMA-513 of the United States Marine Corps

May
 May 3 – Bell CH-135 with the Canadian Armed Forces

August
 August 5 – McDonnell Douglas DC-10 with American Airlines

October
 Beechcraft King Air Model A100
 October 1 – Britten-Norman Trislander with Aurigny Air Services

December
 Bell CH-136 (ex-COH-58A) with the Canadian Armed Forces

Notes

References

Aviation by year

1971 in aviation


Alpha și Omega 7: Marea înghețare (engleză Alpha and Omega 7: The Big Fureeze) este un film de animație american în CGI, lansat pe 8 noiembrie 2016 de Lionsgate Films. Acesta reprezintă cea de-a șasea continuare din seria de filme Alpha și Omega. Regizorul filmului este Tim Maltby, care de fel a regizat și toate celelalte filme din franciză.

Filmul a primit recenzii pozitive, iar fanii au fost de acord că este un mare progres față de cel precedent Săpături de dinozaur. A fost felicitat pentru scenele de acțiune, umorul său, scenele cu Kate și Humphrey, momentele înduioșătoare și pentru tonul mai serios și întunecat față de celelalte filme.

Premiera în România a filmului a fost pe 5 martie 2017 pe canalul Boomerang, ca parte a programului Boomerang Cinema.

Premisă
Kate și Humphrey plec în căutarea de mâncare pentru a o proviziona pentru iarnă, dar sunt prinși și întemnițați de un viscol fatal. Acum depinde de cei trei lupișori, Stinky, Claudette și Runt, cu ajutorul ursulețului Brent și porcușorul spinos Agnes, să îi găsească pe cei doi lupi pierduți și să îi readucă acasă în siguranță.

Voci
 Ben Diskin - Humphrey, Urs #1
 Kate Higgins - Kate, Stinky
 Debi Derryberry - Runt
 Lindsay Torrance - Claudette
 Blackie Rose - Regele Lup Roșcat
 Shaun Gerardo - Hench
 Solomon Gartner - Lyle, Link
 Maxwell Bentley - Winston
 Cindy Robinson - Eve
 Richard Gordon - Brent, Veveriță, Urs #2, Urs #3
 Mela Lee - Agnes
 Chris Smith - Paddy, Marcel

Legături externe

Filme de animație din anii 2010
Filme de animație
Filme americane
Filme de aventuri
Lupi
Desene animate
Boomerang

Alpha și Omega 7: Marea înghețare


El LXXVII Campeonato Europeo de Halterofilia se celebró en Riesa (Alemania) entre el 27 de abril y el 3 de mayo de 1998 bajo la organización de la Federación Europea de Halterofilia (EWF) y la Federación Alemana de Halterofilia.

Medallistas

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados en la pág. de la EWF .
Base de datos de la IAT .

1998
Halterofilia en 1998

Campeonato Europeo de Halterofilia de 1998


La route régionale 261 () est une route régionale allant de Temmes à Tyrnävä jusqu'à Pyhäntä en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 261 est une route régionale de Pirkanmaa et Satakunta.
Elle commence à la route nationale 3 à Ikaalinen, traverse le centre de Jämijärvi et se termine à la route nationale 23 à Kankaanpää.

Longue de 34 kilomètres, la route constitue une liaison importante entre Kankaanpää et Tampere.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Cartes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

261

Transport à Ikaalinen
Transport à Jämijärvi
Transport à Kankaanpää

Seututie 261


Ligesom et frø er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Niels Thure Krarup efter manuskript af Niels Thure Krarup.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1982

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Ligesom et frø


Francis Godwin (1562–1633) was an English historian, science fiction author, divine, Bishop of Llandaff and of Hereford.

Life

He was the son of Thomas Godwin, Bishop of Bath and Wells, born at Hannington, Northamptonshire. He was the great uncle of the writer Jonathan Swift. He was elected student of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1578, took his bachelor's degree in 1580, and that of master in 1583.

After holding two Somerset livings he was in 1587 appointed subdean of Exeter. In 1590 he accompanied William Camden on an antiquarian tour through Wales. He was created bachelor of divinity in 1593, and doctor in 1595. In 1601 he published his Catalogue of the Bishops of England since the first planting of the Christian Religion in this Island, a work which procured him in the same year the diocese of Llandaff. A second edition appeared in 1615, and in 1616 he published an edition in Latin with a dedication to King James, who in the following year conferred upon him the bishopric of Hereford. The work was republished, with a continuation by William Richardson, in 1743.

Godwin died, after a lingering illness, in April 1633 in Whitbourne, Herefordshire.

Works

In 1616 Godwin published Rerum Anglicarum, Henrico VIII., Edwardo VI. et Maria regnantibus, Annales, which was afterwards translated and published by his son Morgan under the title Annales of England (1630). He is also the author of a somewhat remarkable story, published posthumously in 1638, and entitled The Man in the Moone, or a Discourse of a Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonsales, written apparently some time in the 1620s. (On the date of composition, see John Anthony Butler's edition of The Man in the Moon [Dovehouse, 1995], pp. 14–15.) In this production Godwin not only declares himself a believer in the Copernican system, but adopts so far the principles of the law of gravitation as to suppose that weight decreases with distance from the Earth. The work, which displays considerable fancy and wit, influenced John Wilkins' The discovery of a world in the Moone. Both works were translated into French, and were imitated in several important particulars by Cyrano de Bergerac, from whom (if not from Godwin directly) Jonathan Swift obtained valuable hints in writing of Gulliver's voyage to Laputa.

Another work of Godwin's, Nuncius inanimatus, published In Utopia, originally printed in 1629 and again in 1657, seems to have been the prototype of John Wilkins's Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger, which appeared in 1641. Another work was De praesulibus Angliae (1616).

References

External links

 The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Space Flight
 Concept of Weightlessness

1562 births
1633 deaths
Bishops of Hereford
Bishops of Llandaff
People from West Northamptonshire District
16th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century Church of England bishops
17th-century English historians
17th-century English male writers
English science fiction writers
17th-century English novelists
17th-century Welsh Anglican bishops

Francis Godwin


Ludvig Karl af Orléans, hertug af Nemours (født 25. oktober 1814 på Palais-Royal, 1. arrondissement i Paris – død 26. juni 1896 i Versailles var en fransk prins. Han var den næstældste søn af kong Ludvig-Filip af Frankrig.

Han var udset til at være rigsforstander (fomynder for sin brorsøn), men dette blev ikke til noget, fordi kongedømmet blev afskaffet under Februarrevolutionen i 1848.

Forfædre
Hertug Ludvig Karl af Nemours var bror til bl.a. Louise af Orléans (gift med Leopold 1. af Belgien og mor til Leopold 2. af Belgien) og Clémentine af Orléans (mor til Ferdinand 1. af Bulgarien)

Hertug Ludvig Karl af Nemours var søn af kong Ludvig-Filip af Frankrig, sønnesøn af hertug Ludvig Filip af Orléans (Philippe Égalité) samt dattersøn af Ferdinand 1. af Begge Sicilier og Maria Karolina af Østrig.

Han var oldesøn af Ludvig Filip 1. af Orléans, Karl 3. af Spanien, den tysk-romerske kejser Frans 1. Stefan og kejserinde Maria Theresia af Østrig.

Familie
Hertug Ludvig Karl af Nemours giftede sig med Victoria af Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1822–1857). Hun var brordatter til Leopold 1. af Belgien og kusine til Victoria af Storbritannien.

Ludvig Karl og Victoria fik fire  børn:
 Gaston af Orléans, greve af Eu (1842–1922); gift 1864 med Isabella af Brasilien (1846–1921). Hun var datter af kejser Pedro 2. af Brasilien.
 Ferdinand Philippe, hertug af Alençon (1844–1910); gift 1868 med Sophie, hertuginde i Bayern (1847–1897). Hun var søster til kejserinde Elisabeth af Østrig-Ungarn.
 Marguerite Adélaide Marie (1846–1893); gift 1872 med fyrste Wladislaw Czartoryski (1828–1894).
 Blanche Marie Amélie Caroline Louise Victoire (1857–1932)

Poster
I 1825 blev den 10-årige hertug Ludvig Karl af Nemours nævnt som som en mulig kandidat til tronen i Grækenland, og i 1830 blev han som 16-årig kandidat til tronen i Belgien.

Hans bror (kronprinsen) døde i 1842, og hans to brorsønner kom forrest i arvefølgen. Både Ludvig Karl og hans svigerinde (Helene af Mecklenburg-Schwerin) ville gerne være formyndere, hvis Ludvig-Filip af Frankrig skulle dø, før tronfølgeren blev voksen. Det endte med, at kong Ludvig-Filip indstillede til deputertkammeret, at Ludvig Karl skulle formynder.

Under Februarrevolutionen i 1848 fulgte Ludvig Karl af Nemours med Helene af Mecklenburg-Schwerin og hendes to mindreårige sønner over til parlamentsbygningen. Meningen var, at deputertkammeret skulle udråbe tronfølgeren som barnekonge og indsætte Ludvig Karl som formynder. Imidlertid vandt den republikanske stemning overhånd, og hele kongefamilien blev tvunget til at drage i eksil.

Kilder

Huset Bourbon-Orléans


Lynn Ann Conway () este o specialistă americană în domeniul calculatoarelor, electrotehnicii și activistă pentru drepturile persoanelor transgen. A realizat inovații în domeniul circuitelor integrate ale procesoarelor, mai ales în ceea ce privește concepția acestora cu ajutorul calculatorului.

Încă din copilărie a manifestat aptitudini deosebite pentru știință. Și-a construit un mic telescop pentru observații astronomice și a avut rezultate bune la matematică.

În 1964 a intrat la IBM și a făcut parte dintr-o echipă de cercetare pentru crearea arhitecturii supercomputerelor. Deoarece tulburările de identitate de gen, de care suferea încă din tinerețe, devin tot mai evidente, în 1968 Lynn Conway este nevoită să se concedieze pentru a se pregăti de o operație de schimbare de sex și se adresează medicului Harry Benjamin, specialist în domeniul transsexualității.
Urmând un tratament cu hormoni, suferă o tranziție de sex și devine bărbat. Se căsătorește cu o femeie și au împreună doi copii.

În perioada 1969 - 1972 lucrează la Memorex, o firmă specializată în CD-uri, DVD-uri și alte accesorii informatice.
În 1973 intră la Xerox PARC cu specializarea în care se consacrase și anume arhitectura circuitelor integrate.

Activează și ca profesor de informatică și ingineria calculatoarelor la Massachusetts Institute of Technology și în domeniul electrotehnicii și informaticii la University of Michigan.

Împreună cu informaticianul Carver Mead, elaborează Introduction to VLSI Systems, publicată în 1980 și care devine o lucrare de referință în domeniu.

Selecție de lucrări

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1938
Nașteri pe 10 ianuarie
Femei de știință din secolul al XX-lea
Militanți pentru drepturile LGBT
Persoane LGBT din Statele Unite ale Americii
Inventatori-femei
Americani în viață
Informaticieni americani
Profesori universitari americani
Oameni de știință LGBT
Oameni din Michigan

Lynn Conway


Heliamphora chimantensis es una especie de planta carnívora perteneciente a la familia Sarraceniaceae. Es endémica de Chimanta-Tepuy en Venezuela.

Descripción
Lo interesante de esta especie, es que está más estrechamente relacionada con Heliamphora tatei y Heliamphora neblinae que cualquiera de las otras especies que se encuentran en la Gran Sabana. Todas las demás especies conocidas de esta región tienen entre 10 y 15 anteras, mientras que H. tatei, H. neblinae y H. chimantensis tienen alrededor de 20. Sin embargo, las anteras de la H. tatei, y H. neblinae están estrechamente relacionadas (anteriormente se consideraba una variedad de la anterior) tienen 7-9 mm de largo, mientras que las de H. chimantensis sólo llegan a 5 mm de longitud.

Las hojas  son verticales y, a veces miden más de 30 cm de longitud. La cuchara donde se encuentra el néctar es también vertical, y puede ser redondeada o puntiaguda en función de los clones. Las hojas superiores son a veces laxas. Por lo general son de color verde que pueden estar ligeramente veteado de rojo, otra vez dependiendo del clon. Los tallos de las flores alcanza un tamaño de hasta 70 cm de alto y contienen 5 flores de color blanco, rojo con la edad, con muchos pistilos. La parte superior de la hoja está completamente sin pelo en el interior. El color rojo intenso cubre 1 a 2 cm de ancho, y 2 a 2,5 cm de largo, tiene forma de cuchara y es cónico. En el interior de la tapa tienen pequeñas glándulas de forma irregular con unos 5 mm de diámetro. Estas glándulas producen mucho néctar que desprenden un olor parecido a la miel. En el anverso de la hoja hay una larga incisión en forma de V, que sirve como un desagüe de las aguas pluviales. La mayoría de las otras especies de Heliamphora tienen una abertura en forma de agujero.

Hábitat
En la naturaleza, estas plantas forman densas colonias que se encuentran generalmente en las áreas identificadas en torno a 2000 m sobre el nivel del mar.

Taxonomía
Heliamphora chimantensis fue descrita por Wistuba, Carow & Harbarth y publicado en Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 31(3): 78–82, f. 1–3, en el año 2002.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Plantas carnívoras de Sudamérica
chimantensis
Plantas carnívoras
Flora endémica de Venezuela
Flora de América del Sur continental
Plantas descritas en 2002
Plantas descritas por Wistuba
Plantas descritas por Carow
Plantas descritas por Harbarth

Heliamphora chimantensis


Um subsídio agrícola (também chamado de incentivo agrícola) é um incentivo governamental pago a agroindústrias, organizações agrícolas e fazendas para complementar sua renda, gerenciar o fornecimento de commodities agrícolas e influenciar o custo e a oferta de tais commodities, como trigo, grãos para ração (grãos usados como forragem, como milho, sorgo, cevada e aveia), algodão, leite, arroz, amendoim, açúcar, tabaco, oleaginosas como soja e produtos cárneos como carne bovina, suína e de cordeiro e carneiro.

Um estudo de 2021 da Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura descobriu que 540 bilhões de dólares foram concedidos a agricultores todos os anos entre 2013 e 2018 em subsídios globais. O estudo descobriu que esses subsídios são prejudiciais de várias maneiras. Nos países desenvolvidos, prejudicam a saúde ao promover o consumo excessivo de carne. Nos países subdesenvolvidos, eles incentivam o consumo excessivo de alimentos básicos de baixa nutrição. Os subsídios também contribuem para a crise climática, incentivando o desmatamento; e também impulsionam a desigualdade porque os pequenos agricultores, muitos dos quais são mulheres, são excluídos. De acordo com o chefe do PNUD, Achim Steiner, redirecionar os subsídios aumentaria a subsistência de 500 milhões de pequenos agricultores em todo o mundo, criando condições mais equitativas com empresas agrícolas de grande escala. Um relatório separado, do World Resources Institute em agosto de 2021, disse que sem reforma, os subsídios agrícolas "tornarão inúteis vastas extensões de terra saudável".

História
As primeiras intervenções conhecidas nos mercados agrícolas foram as leis do milho inglesas, que regulavam a importação e exportação de grãos na Grã-Bretanha e na Irlanda durante séculos. As leis foram revogadas em 1846. Os subsídios agrícolas no século XX foram originalmente concebidos para estabilizar os mercados, ajudar os agricultores de baixa renda e ajudar o desenvolvimento rural.  Nos Estados Unidos, o presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt assinou a Lei de Ajuste Agrícola, como parte do New Deal em 1933. Na época, a economia estava em uma grave depressão e os agricultores estavam experimentando os preços agrícolas mais baixos desde a década de 1890. O plano era aumentar os preços de uma série de produtos agrícolas, pagando aos agricultores para destruir parte de seu gado ou não usar parte de suas terras - algo conhecido como inatividade da terra. Isso levou a uma redução na oferta e menores excedentes agrícolas. Inicialmente eram controlados sete produtos: milho, trigo, algodão, arroz, amendoim, tabaco e leite.

Na Europa, a Política Agrícola Comum (PAC) foi lançada em 1962 para melhorar a produtividade agrícola. Segundo a Comissão Europeia, o ato visa

 Apoiar os agricultores e melhorar a produtividade agrícola, para que os consumidores tenham um fornecimento estável de alimentos a preços acessíveis;
 Garantir que os agricultores da União Europeia (UE) possam ter uma vida razoável;
 Ajudar a combater as alterações climáticas e a gestão sustentável dos recursos naturais;
 Manter as zonas e paisagens rurais em toda a UE;
 Manter viva a economia rural promovendo empregos na agricultura, indústrias agroalimentares e setores associados.

Impacto

Preços globais de alimentos e comércio internacional
Embora alguns críticos e defensores da Organização Mundial do Comércio tenham notado que os subsídios à exportação, ao reduzir o preço das commodities, podem fornecer alimentos baratos para os consumidores nos países em desenvolvimento, os preços baixos são prejudiciais para os agricultores que não recebem o subsídio. Como geralmente são os países ricos que podem pagar os subsídios domésticos, os críticos argumentam que eles promovem a pobreza nos países em desenvolvimento ao reduzir artificialmente os preços das safras mundiais.

Geralmente, os países em desenvolvimento têm uma vantagem comparativa na produção de bens agrícolas,  mas os preços baixos das colheitas os encorajam a serem compradores dependentes de alimentos dos países ricos. Assim, os agricultores locais, em vez de melhorar a autossuficiência agrícola e econômica de seu país de origem, são forçados a sair do mercado e talvez até mesmo de suas terras. Isso ocorre como resultado de um processo conhecido como "dumping internacional", no qual os agricultores subsidiados são capazes de "despejar" produtos agrícolas de baixo custo em mercados estrangeiros a custos com os quais os agricultores não subsidiados não podem competir. Os subsídios agrícolas muitas vezes são um obstáculo comum nas negociações comerciais. Em 2006, as negociações na rodada de negociações comerciais da OMC em Doha pararam porque os Estados Unidos se recusaram a reduzir os subsídios a um nível em que as exportações não subsidiadas de outros países seriam competitivas.

Em 2002, Mark Malloch Brown, ex-chefe do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, estimou que os subsídios agrícolas custam aos países pobres cerca de 50 bilhões de dólares por ano em exportações agrícolas perdidas:É a distorção extraordinária do comércio global, onde o Ocidente gasta 360 bilhões de dólares por ano para proteger sua agricultura com uma rede de subsídios e tarifas que custa aos países em desenvolvimento cerca de 50 bilhões de dólares em exportações agrícolas potenciais perdidas. Cinquenta bilhões de dólares é o equivalente ao nível atual de assistência ao desenvolvimento.

Pobreza nos países em desenvolvimento
O impacto dos subsídios agrícolas nos países desenvolvidos sobre os agricultores dos países em desenvolvimento e o desenvolvimento internacional está bem documentado. Os subsídios agrícolas podem ajudar a baixar os preços para beneficiar os consumidores, mas também significam que os agricultores não subsidiados dos países em desenvolvimento têm mais dificuldade em competir no mercado mundial; e os efeitos sobre a pobreza são particularmente negativos quando são fornecidos subsídios para culturas que também são cultivadas em países em desenvolvimento, uma vez que os agricultores dos países em desenvolvimento devem competir diretamente com os agricultores subsidiados dos países desenvolvidos, por exemplo, no algodão e no açúcar. O IFPRI estimou em 2003 que o impacto dos subsídios custa aos países em desenvolvimento 24 bilhões de dólares em receitas perdidas destinadas à produção agrícola e agroindustrial; e mais de 40 bilhões de dólares são deslocados das exportações agrícolas líquidas. Além disso, o mesmo estudo constatou que os países menos desenvolvidos têm uma proporção maior do PIB dependente da agricultura, em torno de 36,7%, portanto, podem ser ainda mais vulneráveis aos efeitos dos subsídios. Tem-se argumentado que a agricultura subsidiada no mundo desenvolvido é um dos maiores obstáculos ao crescimento econômico no mundo em desenvolvimento; que tem um impacto indireto na redução da renda disponível para investir em infraestrutura rural, como saúde, abastecimento de água potável e eletricidade para os pobres rurais. O montante total de subsídios destinados à agricultura nos países da OCDE excede em muito o montante que os países fornecem em ajuda ao desenvolvimento. No caso da África, estima-se que um aumento de 1% em suas exportações agrícolas totais poderia elevar seu PIB em 70 bilhões de dólares, quase cinco vezes o que a região recebe em ajuda externa total.

Impacto na nutrição
Uma pesquisa revisada por pares sugere que quaisquer efeitos das políticas agrícolas estadunidenses sobre os padrões de obesidade dos Estados Unidos devem ter sido insignificantes. No entanto, alguns críticos argumentam que os preços artificialmente baixos resultantes dos subsídios criam incentivos insalubres para os consumidores. Por exemplo, nos EUA, o açúcar de cana foi substituído por xarope de milho, o que tornou os alimentos ricos em açúcar mais baratos; a beterraba e o açúcar de cana estão sujeitos a subsídios, controles de preços e tarifas de importação que também distorcem os preços desses produtos.

O preço mais baixo de alimentos densos em energia, como grãos e açúcares, pode ser uma das razões pelas quais pessoas de baixa renda e pessoas com insegurança alimentar em países industrializados são mais vulneráveis ao excesso de peso e à obesidade. De acordo com o Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a produção de carne e laticínios recebe 63% dos subsídios nos Estados Unidos, bem como subsídios de açúcar para alimentos não saudáveis, que contribuem para doenças cardíacas, obesidade e diabetes, com enormes custos para a saúde da população.

As distorções do mercado devido aos subsídios levaram a um aumento no gado alimentado com milho em vez de alimentado com capim. O gado alimentado com milho requer mais antibióticos e sua carne tem maior teor de gordura.

Empresas não agrícolas
Também são concedidos subsídios a empresas e indivíduos com pouca ligação com a agricultura tradicional. Tem sido relatado que a maior parte do valor dado a essas empresas flui para empresas multinacionais como conglomerados de alimentos, fabricantes de açúcar e destilarias de bebidas. Por exemplo, na França, o maior beneficiado foi o processador de frango Groupe Doux, com 62,8 milhões de euros, seguido por cerca de uma dúzia de fabricantes de açúcar que, juntos, arrecadaram mais de 103 milhões de euros.

Implicações na economia pública
A intervenção do governo, por meio de subsídios agrícolas, interfere no mecanismo de preços que normalmente determinaria os preços das commodities, muitas vezes criando superprodução de safras e discriminação de mercado. Os subsídios também são um uso ineficiente do dinheiro do contribuinte. Por exemplo, em 2006, o Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos estimou que a renda familiar média dos agricultores era de 77.654 dólares ou cerca de 17% maior do que a renda familiar média dos EUA. Do ponto de vista da economia pública, subsídios de qualquer tipo funcionam para criar um equilíbrio social e politicamente aceitável que não é necessariamente eficiente de Pareto.

Implicações ambientais
Um estudo da Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura descobriu que 87% dos agricultores de 540 bilhões de dólares concedidos todos os anos entre 2013 e 2018 em subsídios globais são prejudiciais às pessoas e ao meio ambiente. O sistema de monocultura associado à produção subsidiada em larga escala tem sido implicado como um fator contribuinte na desordem do colapso de colônias que tem afetado as populações de abelhas, cuja polinização é um serviço ecossistêmico essencial para a produção de muitas variedades de frutas e vegetais. Os subsídios muitas vezes vão para a produção de carne que tem outras implicações nutricionais e ambientais; e descobriu-se que dos 200 bilhões de dólares em subsídios enviados para plantações entre 1995 e 2010, cerca de dois terços disso foram para ração animal, tabaco e produção de algodão. Por outro lado, os agricultores que produzem frutas e hortaliças não receberam subsídios diretos. O impacto ambiental da produção de carne é alto devido aos requisitos de recursos e energia que entram na produção de ração para o gado ao longo de sua vida útil. Por exemplo, um quilo de carne bovina usa cerca de 60 vezes mais água do que uma quantidade equivalente de batata. Os subsídios contribuem para o consumo de carne, permitindo um custo artificialmente baixo dos produtos à base de carne.

Alternativas
Os neoliberais argumentam que os atuais subsídios distorcem os incentivos para o comércio global de commodities agrícolas em que outros países podem ter uma vantagem comparativa. Permitir que os países se especializem em commodities nas quais tenham uma vantagem comparativa e depois negociem livremente através das fronteiras aumentaria, portanto, o bem-estar global e reduziria os preços dos alimentos. Acabar com os pagamentos diretos aos agricultores e desregulamentar o setor agrícola eliminaria as ineficiências e o peso morto criados pela intervenção do governo.

No entanto, outros discordam, argumentando que é necessária uma transformação mais radical da agricultura, guiada pela noção de que a mudança ecológica na agricultura não pode ser promovida sem mudanças comparáveis nas arenas sociais, políticas, culturais e econômicas que conformam e determinam a agricultura. Os movimentos agrários organizados de base camponesa e indígena, por exemplo, Via Campesina, consideram que somente mudando o modelo de agricultura industrial, baseado na exportação, no livre comércio e nas grandes fazendas, pode-se deter o que eles chamam de espiral descendente da pobreza, baixos salários, migração rural-urbana, fome e degradação ambiental.

Ver também
 Subsídio
 Protecionismo
 Comércio livre
 Política agrícola
 Crise mundial dos preços dos alimentos de 2007-2008

Política econômica
Agricultura

Subsídio agrícola


John Boyega (født 17. marts 1992) er en britisk skuespiller.

Boyega er bedst kendt for at spille Finn, én af hovedrollerne i Star Wars filmene Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) og Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019).

Filmografi

Film

TV

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Skuespillere fra Storbritannien
Personer fra London
Skuespillere i Star Wars

John Boyega


Kitimat ist eine Küstenstadt im nordwestlichen British Columbia im Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine. Das Kitimat Valley ist Teil eines der bekanntesten städtischen Bezirke im Nordwesten British Columbias. Die Gemeindefläche umfasst 242,63 km².

Der Kitimat River mündet südlich der Gemeinde in den Kitimat Arm, eine Nebenbucht des Douglas Channel. Der Kitimat Arm ist auch für große Schiffe befahrbar.

Geschichte
Die Stadt wurde in den 1950er Jahren von der Minengesellschaft  (Alcan) im Zusammenhang mit dem Bau des Kenney-Staudamms am Nechako geplant und gebaut.

Die Zuerkennung der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung für die Gemeinde erfolgte am 31. März 1953 (incorporated als District Municipality).

Bereits 1908 wurde am südlichen Rand der heutigen Gemeinde eine Internatsschule für die First Nations, die "Kitimaat Indian Residential School", eröffnet. Ab 1920 wurde, als der Schulbesuch für alle Kinder zwischen 7 und 15 Jahren in ganz Kanada obligatorisch wurde, das System der Residential Schools eingeführt und die Schule in dieses integriert. Die Schule wurde bis zu ihrer Schließung im Jahr 1941 durch die Römisch-katholische Kirche betreut. Allgemein kam es in diesen Schulen zu Tausenden von Übergriffen auf die Schüler und die Schulen hatte eine hohe Sterblichkeitsrate. Für dieses System entschuldigte sich die kanadische Bundesregierung im Jahr 2008.

Demographie
Der Zensus im Jahre 2011 ergab für die Distriktgemeinde eine Bevölkerungszahl von 8.335 Einwohnern. Die Bevölkerung der Stadt hatte dabei im Vergleich zum Zensus von 2006 um 7,3 % abgenommen, während die Bevölkerung in der gesamten Provinz Britisch Columbia gleichzeitig gegenläufig um 7,0 % anwuchs. Damit setzt sich die rückläufige Bevölkerungsentwicklung seit 1991 fort. Von den damaligen 11.305 Einwohnern verlor die Gemeinde somit mehr als 25 %.

Wirtschaft
Das Durchschnittseinkommen der Beschäftigten in Kitimat lag im Jahr 2006 bei 33.931 C $ und damit weit über dem Durchschnitt der Provinz British Columbia, wo der Durchschnitt 2006 nur 24.867 C $ betrug.

In Kitimat betreibt Rio Tinto Alcan ein Werk. Im Jahr 2013 produzierten die rund 1200 Mitarbeiter im Werk 171.704 Tonnen Aluminium.

Verkehr
Der Highway 37 führt in Nord-Süd-Richtung durch die Gemeinde.

Etwa 13 Kilometer nördlich der Gemeinde befindet sich der Flugplatz Kitimat Airport (Transport Canada Identifier: CBW2). Der Flugplatz hat nur eine geschotterte Start- und Landebahn von 914 Meter Länge.

Weiterhin ist die Kleinstadt an das kanadische Eisenbahnnetz angeschlossen. Canadian National Railway betreibt hier eine Station.

Öffentlicher Personennahverkehr wird örtlich mit fünf Linien durch das "Kitimat Transit System" angeboten, welches von BC Transit in Kooperation betrieben wird. Regional besteht durch das "Skeena Regional Transit System" eine Verbindung nach Terrace.

Persönlichkeiten
 Jamie MacDonald (* 1994), Shorttrackerin
 Rod Pelley (* 1984), Eishockeyspieler
 Alison Redford (1965), Politikerin und ehemalige Premierministerin der Provinz Alberta
 Eden Robinson (* 1968), Schriftstellerin

Weblinks
District of Kitimat

Einzelnachweise

Ort in British Columbia
Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine

Kitimat


Pavel Pinigin ( ; ), né le , est un lutteur soviétique puis russe, spécialiste de la lutte libre.

Originaire du village de Diring, en Iakoutie, il commence la lutte à l'âge de onze ans et s'entraîne, à partir de 1966, sous la direction du célèbre Dmitri Korkine. Il se fait remarquer en 1972, en obtenant la seconde place d'un tournoi international organisé à Tbilissi. Cette performance lui permet d'accéder au titre de Maître des sports de l'URSS. Dans la foulée, il se classe second de la coupe du monde, de l'Universiade et du championnat d'URSS. Le succès vient avec des victoires au tournoi A.Medved en 1974 et à la Spartakiade en 1975. L'année suivante, il obtient la consécration en s'imposant aux Jeux olympiques de Montréal, dans la catégorie des poids légers, aux dépens de l'Américain Lloyd Keaser.

Quatre ans plus tard, lors des Jeux olympiques de Moscou, il échoue au pied du podium.

Pinigin a remporté trois fois les championnats du monde, deux fois la coupe du monde et une fois les championnats d'Europe.

Il est diplômé de l'Institut de culture physique de Kiev et de l'Académie de gestion du ministère de l'Intérieur.

Il a épousé Maria Kulchunova, championne olympique du relais 4 x 400 mètres aux JO de Barcelone en 1992.

Pavel Pinigin est extrêmement populaire en Iakoutie, où la distinction la plus importante de la République, l'ordre de l'Étoile polaire, lui a été remise. Son nom a été donné à un gisement aurifère, à un diamant de 63,37 carats ainsi qu'à un astéroïde.

Il est l'auteur de deux livres autobiographiques.

Pavel Pinigin s'est engagé en politique sous les couleurs de Russie unie, dont il a été nommé responsable pour la Yakoutie. Il a été élu député à l'assemblée de la République de Sakha, autre nom de la Yakoutie.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Champion olympique soviétique
Lutteur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1980
Lutteur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1976
Naissance en mars 1953

Pavel Pinigin


In woodworking, a sawbuck is a structure for holding wood so that it may be cut into pieces. Easily made in the field from rough material, it consists of an "X" form at each end which are joined by cross bars below the intersections of the X's. The wood to be cut is placed in the V's formed above the intersections of the X's.

A sawbuck should be heavy enough to negate any kickback from the saw while cutting. A sawbuck that is too light can result in injury as it may tip over while cutting, especially with a chainsaw.

In Canada and Britain, and the United States, a sawbuck is called a sawhorse or a sawstool, although this term also refers to a similar device used (often in pairs) to support wood planks.

United States ten-dollar bill

"Sawbuck" is also a slang term for a U.S. $10 bill, derived from the similarity between the shape of a sawbuck device and the Roman numeral X (10), which formerly appeared on $10 bills.
However, there is some question as to whether this is accurate, as the phrase first appeared in print referring to the $10 bill, not to the device.  A "double sawbuck" is a twenty dollar bill.

See also
Sawbuck table

References

External links

Woodworking
Logging

de:Bock (Gestell)
no:Sagkrakk
sv:Sågbock

Sawbuck


ජ.වි.පෙ. ආරම්භය

ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ ලාංකේය දේශපාලන කේෂ්ත්‍රය තුළ සුවිශේෂී සටහන් තැබූ පක්ෂයකි. 1965 මැයි මස 14 වන වෙසක් පොහෝ දින ගාල්ල අක්මීමන දී පක්ෂය ආරම්භ කිරීමේ සාකච්ඡාව පවත්වන ලදී.පක්ෂයේ නිර්මාතෘ වූයේ රෝහණ විජේවීර මහතාය.අක්මීමන සාකච්ඡාව සඳහා හත්දෙනෙක් සහභාගී විය. ජවිපෙ ආරම්භ කිරීමේ අරමුණු වූයේ ලංකාවේ නිර්ධන පන්තියට රාජ්‍යබලය දිනා ගැනීමටය. ජවිපෙ බිහිවීම සදහා බලපාන ලද හේතූන් වූයේ පැරණි වමේ ව්‍යාපාරය සමසමාජ හා කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂ ආණ්ඩුව සමග එකතුවීම, චීන සෝවියට් මතභේදය, රෝහණ විජෙවීරගේ මැදිහත්වීමද මේ සඳහා බලපාන ලදී. මේ කාල සීමාව තුළ ලංකා කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය චීන පිල හා රුසියානු පිල වශයෙන් දෙකට බෙදී තිබුනු අතර  රෝහණ විජේවීර මහතා චීන පිලේ මතය පිළිගනිමින් එය නිවැරදිව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී.

නමුත් එය අසාර්ථක වෙයි. 1967 කියුබානු විප්ලවවාදි චේ ගුවේරාගේ මරණින් පසු කියුබානු ආදර්ශය ජවිපෙට බලපාන ලද අතර සුප්‍රකට පන්ති පහ අරබමින් ඉන් අනතුරුව දේශපාලන කේෂ්ත්‍රයට ප්‍රවේශ විය. 1969 දී ඇත්ත පත්‍රය විසින් "සමගි පෙරමුණට පහර දීම සදහා තරුණයින් බාගන්නා CIA කෙමනක්" ලෙස ජවිපෙ හදුන්වා දෙන ලදී.මේ තත්ත්වය තුළ 1970 මැයි 12 වන දා රෝහණ විජේවීර මහතා අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා ලදි. නමුත් පසුව ඔහු නිදහස්කරන ලෙස ඉල්ලා දිවයින පුරා පෝස්ටර් ව්‍යාපාරයක් ගෙන යන ලද අතර 1970 ජූලි 09 නිදහස් කර ඇත. 1970 ජූලි 14 දින විද්‍යෝදය  විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ දී CIA කාරයෝ නම් දේශණය පවත්වා ඇත. 1970 අගෝස්තු 10 මංගල රැළිය කොළඹ  හයිඩ් පිටියේදී පවත්වයි. මේ වනවිට ජවිපෙ ප්‍රචාරක කටයුතු සඳහා පත්‍ර කිහිපයක් මුද්‍රණයකර තිබිණ. රතුලංකා,රතුබලය,ජනතා විමුක්ති, දේශප්‍රේමී,රතු කැකුලු යන පත්‍රයි.

71 කැරැල්ල

1970 අගවන විට සමගි පෙරමුණු ආණ්ඩුව ජවිපෙ කෙරෙහි විශේෂ අවධානයකින් සිටින අතර 1970 අගෝස්තු 09 දින සමගි පෙරමුණු ආණ්ඩුවේ ලේකම්වරු තිදෙනා ජවිපෙ මර්දනය කිරීම සදහා ජනතා සහාය පතන ලදි. 1970 අගෝස්තු 12 ආරක්ෂක ලේකම් රත්නවේල් මහතා විසින් විශේෂ ප්‍රකාශයක් කරමින් චේ ව්‍යාපාර ආණ්ඩුවේ අංක එකේ සතුරා බවත් එය මුලිනුපුටා දැමිය යුතු බවත් ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. 1971මාර්තු 06 වන දින ඒවන විටත් ජවිපෙන් වෙන්ව සිටි ධර්මසේකර කණ්ඩායම විසින් ඇමරිකානු තානාපති කාර්යාලයට පහරදෙන ලදී. මේ සමග ආණ්ඩුව හදිසි නීතිය පනවන ලදී.  1971 මාර්තු 13 රෝහණ විජේවීර හා කෙලී සේනානායක අම්පාරේදී අත්අඩංගුවට ගෙන යාපනයේ රදවන ලදී. මේ තත්ත්වය තුළ ඒ වන විට ඉදිරිපෙළේ නායකයකුව සිටි පොඩි අතුල හෙවත් වික්ටර් අයිවන් කැරැල්ලට සූදානම් වෙයි.  1971 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දින විද්‍යෝදය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංඝාරාමයේ දී පහරදීම සදහා සාකච්ඡාවක් පවත්වන ලදී. ප්‍රථමයෙන් තීරණයකර තිබුනේ අප්‍රේල් 05 අළුයම පහර දීමටය.නමුත් පසුව එම තීරණය වෙනස් කරමින්.රාත්‍රී පහරදීමට තීරණය කෙරිණි.මේ පනිවිඩය මොනරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අදාලව වෙනස්කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පණිවිඩය මොනරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අදාලව වෙනස් කිරීමට නොහැකි විම නිසා වැල්ලවාය පොලීසියට පහරදීම අප්‍රේල් 05 අලුයම සිදුවිය.එනිසා කැරැල්ල අසාර්ථවීමට එය හේතුවිණි. එහිදී පොලිස් ස්ථාන 92 කට පහරදුන් අතර 57 කට අලාභහානි සිදුවිය. තරුණ තරුණියන් දස දහසක් දෙනා මරණයට පත් වූඅතර 20,000 ක් පමණ සිරගත කෙරිණි.සැකකරුවන්ට දඩුවම් කිරීමට විශේෂ නීතියක් යටතේ ආණ්ඩුව කොමිසමක් පත් කරන ලදි.එය අපරාධ විනිශ්චය කොමිෂන් සභාව ලෙස හඳුන්වන ලදී.කොමිසන් සභාව මගින් පක්ෂ නායකයන්ට දඩුවම් පනවන ලදී. එයින් අනතුරුව සිරගෙදර සිට පක්ෂය ගොඩනැගීමට කටයුතු කරන ලදී.

1976-83 දක්වා  කාලවකවානුව

1976 හදිසි නීතිය ඉවත් කිරීමත් සමග පක්ෂය නීත්‍යානුකූල විය.නිදහස් වූ උපතිස්ස ගමනායක පක්ෂයේ වැඩකටයුතු ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. නියමුවා පුවත්පත ආරම්භ කරමින් නැවතත් ප්‍රචාරක රැලි ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.77 මැතිවරණයේ දී ආසන 4 කට ඉදිරිපත් වේ. තංගල්ල, බටහිර අනුරාධපුරය, හොරොව්පතාන හා හක්මන යන ආසන වලට සීනුව ලකුණින් ඉදිරිපත් විය.1977 දී අපරාධ විනිශ්චය කොමිසන් සභාව අහෝසි වීමත් සමඟ රෝහණ විජේවීර නිදහස් විය .78 පළමු සමුළුව ඉන්පසු පවත්වන ලදී. අනතුරුව 1978 නගර සභා මැතිවරණය සඳහා ස්වාධීනව තරග කර ඇත. 1981 දී දිස්ත්‍රික් සභා ඡන්දයෙන් නියෝජිතයන් 13 ක් පත්වී ඇත .1982 ජනාධිපතිවරණය සඳහා රෝහණ විජේවීර මහතා ඉදිරිපත් වී ලක්ෂ තුනකට ආසන්න ඡන්ද ප්‍රමාණයක් ලබාගෙන  ඇත .

==1983 සිට 1994 දක්වා

1983 කුප්‍රසිද්ධ කළු ජූලිය  ඇතිවෙයි. 1983 ජූලි 30 වනදා ජේ.ආර්. ජයවර්ධන රජය ජවිපෙ තහනම් කරයි. තහනම ඉවත්කර ගැනීම සඳහා කටයුතු කළද එය සාර්ථක නොවේ. ඉන්දු ලංකා ගිවිසුමත් සමග ඉන්දියන් හමුදාව පැමිණීම නිසා දේශප්‍රේමී සන්නද්ධ අරගලයක් ඇරබෙයි. මේ වකවානුව තුල ජවිපෙ තමන්ගේ සාම්ර්‍ප්‍රදායික ජනතා දැනුවත් කිරීම් තුලින් විශාල පිරිසක් මෙම 13 වන ව්‍යවස්ථා සංධශෝනයට එරෙහිව පෙලගැස්වීමට සමත් වීම නිසා එ.ජා.ප.ආණ්ඩුව 13 වන ව්‍යවස්ථා සංධශෝනයේ යෝජනා ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම පසෙක තබා මෙම අරගලය මර්දනය කිරීම අරඔයි. එහිදී තරුණයන් දහස් ගණනක් අාණ්ඩුෙව් හා ජවිපෙ අතින් මියයයි. එ් අතර වියතුන්, ජනමාධ්‍යවේදීන්, පාසැල් සිසුන්, විශ්ව විද්‍යාල සිසුන් හා ප්‍රාදේශීය දේශපාකයන් අයත් වෙයි. කෙසේ හෝ අවසානයේ බලයේ සිටි එ.ජා.ප.ආණ්ඩුව විසින් මෙම අරගලය මර්දනය කරයි. රෝහණ විජේවීර, උපතිස්ස ගමනායක ඇතුළු නායකයින් මරණයට පත් වෙයි. පිරිසක් විදේශ ගතවෙයි.දස දහස් ගණනක් සිරගත වීමට සිදුවෙයි. ඉතා විශාල දේපල හානියක් සිදුකල මෙම අරගලය මගින් ලක්ෂයකට ආසන්න තරුණ තරුණියන් ඇතුළු බොහෝ දෙනෙකුගේ ජීවිත අහිමි වෙයි.දේශපාලන බලමණ්ඩලය තුළ මරණයට පත් නොවී ජීවිතය බේරාගත්තේ සෝමවංශ අමරසිංහ මහතා පමණි.

1994 සිට 2005 ජනාධිපතිවරණය දක්වා

1994 පොදුජන එක්සත් පෙරමුණ බලය ලැබීමත් සමග සිරගතව සිටි බොහෝ පිරිසකට නිදහස ලැබේ. 1994 මැතිවරණයට ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ  ලෙස තරඟ වැදීමට තීරණය කරයි. මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් හම්බන්තොට දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙන් එක් ආසනයක් හිමිවෙයි. නිහාල් ගලප්පත්ති මහතා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට පත්වෙයි. ඉන් අනතු‍රුව ඉදිරිපත් වූ මැතිවරණ තුළ 1997 පලාත් පාලන ආසන 101 ක් දිනාගන්නා අතර 1998 පලාත් සභා ආසන 25 ක් දිනයි. 2000 මහා මැතිවරණයෙන් ආසන 10 ක් දිනාගන්නා අතර 2001 දී එය 16 දක්වා වර්ධනය කර ගැනීමට සමත්වෙයි. උතුරු නැගෙනහිර අර්බුදය සම්බන්ධයෙන් දැරූ මතය හේතුවෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂය සමග එක්ව 2004 වර්ෂයේදී සන්ධානය ගොඩනගමින් එජාපය පරාජය කරයි. 2004 මහමැතිවරණයෙන් මන්ත්‍රීදූර 39 ක් දිනා ගැනීමට සමත්වෙයි. සුනාමි ව්‍යවසනය ඇති‍වීම තුළ චන්ද්‍රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක රජය L.T.T.E.  සංවිධානය සමඟ සුනාමි සහන මණ්ඩල ගිවිසුමට අත්සන් කිරීමට සූදානම් වීමත් සමඟ සන්ධානයෙන් ඉවත්වෙයි. අධිකරණය හමුවට ගොස් සුනාමි සහන මණ්ඩලය අවලංගු කිරීමට සමත් වෙයි. නමුත් 2005 ජනාධිපතිවරණයේදී මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මහතා බලයට පත්කිරීම සඳහා විශාල වැඩකොටසක් ඉටු කරයි.
45678912

2005 ජනාධිපතිවරණයේ සිට 2010 දක්වා
1994 වර්ෂයෙන් පසු ජවිපෙ දිගින්දිගටම පෙනී සිටියේ උතුරු නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රශ්නය සම්බන්ධයෙන් දැඩි ස්ථාවරයක. ඒකීය රටක් හා ත්‍රස්තවාදය යුධමය වශයෙන් පරාජය කළ හැකිය යන්න ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී. එවකට පැවති ජනමතය අනුව එය වර්තමාන තත්ත්වය දක්වා වෙනස් කිරීම සඳහා ජවිපෙ මැදිහත්වීම අමුතුවෙන් කිව යුතු නැත. උතුර-නැගෙනහිර පළාත් වෙන් කිරීම, කුප්‍රකට 'පීටොම්ස්‍්' ගිවිසුම හකුලා ගැනීම සඳහා ජවිපෙ විසින් ගත් නීතිමය ක්‍රියාමාර්ග සඳහා එවකට අගවිනිසුරු සරත් එන්. සිල්වා මහතා අගනා මෙහෙයක් කළ අතර එවක යුධහමුදාපති ජනරාල් සරන් ෆොන්සේකා මහතාට තම භටයන් සාර්ථකව මෙහෙයවීම සඳහා අවැසි පසුබිම ජවිපෙ විසින් දකුනේ ජනමතය සැකසීම මගින් පාදා දෙන ලදී. තවද මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මහතා බලයට පත්ව ත්‍රස්තවාදය යුධමය වශයෙන් පරාජයට පත්කිරීම සඳහා කටයුතු කළේය. මේ අතරතුර ජවිපෙ අභ්‍යන්තර අර්බුදය පැන නැගුණි. ඉතා තීරණාත්මක සන්ධිස්ථානයක් වූයේ විමල් වීරවංශ මහතා ඇතුළු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් 11 දෙනෙක් පක්ෂය හැරගොස් ජාතික නිදහස් පෙරමුණ පිහිටුවීමයි. මේ තත්ත්වය තුළ පසුගිය වයඹ, මධ්‍යම හා සඹරගමු පළාත් මැතිවරණ‍වලින් සැලකිය යුතු ප්‍රමාණයක් ඡන්ද අහිමිවීමක් සිදුව තිබේ. කෙසේ වෙතත් විමල් වීරවංශ සාධකයේ හැරයාම පිළිබඳ ජවිපෙ ඉතා නිහඬ පිළිවතක් අනුගමනය කරන බවක් පෙනේ.

2010 ජනාධිපතිවරණය
2010 ජනාධිපතිවරණයේදී තනිව පක්ෂයක් ලෙස තරඟ වැදීම වෙනුවට විපක්ෂයේ පොදු අපේක්ෂකයෙකු ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ජ.වි.පෙ ඇතුලු විපක්ෂය තීරණය කරන ලදී. ඒ අනුව හිටපු යුධ හමුදාපති ( එවකට )ජෙනරාල් සරත් ෆොන්සේකා මහතාගේ නායකත්වයෙන් පිහිටවූ "ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජාතික සන්ධානය" නම් පක්ෂයට ජ.වි.පෙ සහය පල කල අතර පොදු අපේක්ෂකයා ලෙස සරත් ෆොන්සේකා මහතා ඉදිරිපත් විය. එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය ඇතුලු විපක්ශයේ බොහෝ පක්ෂ මේ සන්ධානයට සහය පලකල අතර, ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ එයට එක්වීම යම් තරමකට විවාදාත්මක විය. ඒ වන විට ජනතා ජ.වි.පෙ තුල සිටි සමහර පිරිස් පසු කාලයකදී ප්‍රකාශ කලේ පොදු අපේක්ෂකයාට සහය දීම සහ ඊට පෙර (2004 වසරේදී)එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානයට  එක් වීම හරහා ජ.වි.පෙ තම පන්ති සටන අත්හැර පන්ති සහයෝගීතාවයකට එකඟ වී ඇති බවයි.
කෙසේ වෙතත් ජනාධිපතිවරණයේදී ෆොන්සේකා මහතාට ලබාගත හැකි වූයේ ඡන්ද 4,173,185ක් (40.15%) පමණක් වන අතර ඡන්ද 6,015,934ක් (57.88%) ලබාගත් එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානයේ අපේක්ෂක මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ නැවටත් වතාවක් ජනපති ධූරයට පත් විය. මැතිවරණය දූශිත බව ජ.වි.පෙ ඇතුලු විපක්ෂ කණ්ඩායම් චෝදනා කලද ඒ පිලිබඳව වූ පරීක්ෂණ වලදී චෝදනා ඔප්පු කරගත නොහැකි විය. පසුකාලීනව ෆොන්සේකා මහතාට මුහුණ පෑමට සිදුවූ දේශපාලන පලිගැනීම් ජ.වි.පෙ විසින් හෙලා දුටු නමුත් ඉදිරියේදී පක්ෂයක් ලෙස තනිව තම දේශපාලන ගමන සිදු කිරීමට තීරණය කරන ලදී.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පක්ෂ

මෙම වෙබ් අඩවි බලන්න
 ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ
 රෝහණ විජේවීර
 ජනරාල් සරත් ෆොන්සේකා
 නිළ වෙබ් අඩවිය
 නිව් ක්ලෝත්ස් ඔෆ් ජේ.වී.පී - ද සන්ඩේ ලීඩර්

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ
71 කැරැල්ල - වික්ටර් අයිවන්

ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ


بلدية سانتايبانييز إل ألتو ، هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة قصرش والتي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 537 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قصرش
بلديات قصرش

سانتايبانييز إل ألتو


Zvonik sv. Mihovila u gradiću Trogiru, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Zvonik sv. Mihovila smješten je na zapadnom dijelu Pasika u Trogiru. Izgrađen je krajem 16.st. uz danas porušenu crkvu sv. Mihovila koja je pripadala sklopu ženskog benediktinskog samostana. Četvrtastog je presjeka, građen od kamenih klesanaca, a na sjevernoj strani je portal s nadvratnikom. Na svim je pročeljima u prizemlju mali kvadratni prozor s kamenom tranzenom u obliku zvijezde. Na prvom katu je nešto veći prozor. Drugi kat zvonika zaključuje bogato profilirani istaknuti vijenac. Treći je kat rastvoren biforama koje su međusobno odijeljene pilastrima. Na mjestu zaglavnih kamenova ugrađene su kiparski oblikovane glave raznih fizionomija. Vrh je zaključen četverostranom piramidom.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1411 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Trogiru
Zvonici

Zvonik sv. Mihovila u Trogiru


An Spathoglottis pacifica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Spathoglottis pacifica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spathoglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Spathoglottis

Spathoglottis pacifica


بلدية نافاريداس (بالإسبانية: Navaridas) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية نافاريداس 213 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية نافاريداس

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

نافاريداس


إدّه هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء جبيل في جبل لبنان. أصل الاسم سامي مستمد من كلمة «اد» والتي تعني القوة والصلابة.

توأمة
لإده اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 هكاري

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء جبيل
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان

إده


"Spirit in the Sky" er en sang af den norske musikgruppe KEiiNO. Den skal repræsentere Norge i Eurovision Song Contest 2019 i Tel Aviv, Israel. Sangen ville have vundet hvis det stod til seerne men på grund af at sangen havnede på en 18. plads hos juryerne så fik den en 6. plads i finalen.

Musikhitlister

Referencer

Sange fra 2019
Sange fra Eurovision Song Contest 2019
Eurovision Song Contest-sange fra Norge

Spirit in the Sky (Keiino-sang)


Die gesundheitliche Betreuung der Eisenbahner in Deutschland machte sich der Bahnärztliche Dienst zur Aufgabe. Aus diesem Bahnärztlichen Dienst entwickelte sich der Medizinische Dienst des Verkehrswesens (MDV) mit der Zentralen Leitung und dem Zentralinstitut für Verkehrsmedizin in Berlin sowie 10 Direktionen. 1989 hatte der MDV 3150 Mitarbeiter in den Polikliniken, Ambulatorien, Sanitätsstellen sowie ärztlichen und zahnärztlichen Arbeitsplätzen zur gesundheitlichen Betreuung der Beschäftigten im Verkehrswesen.

1885 bis 1958: Bahnärztlicher Dienst der Deutschen Reichsbahn (DR)
1885 wurde in Deutschland der hauptamtliche Bahnärztliche Dienst ins Leben gerufen. Die haupt- oder nebenamtlich tätigen Mediziner untersuchten die eingestellten Eisenbahner auf ihre Tauglichkeit und nach der Einstellung regelmäßig nach ihren Gesundheitszustand. Nach 1945 erfolgte die Tätigkeit des Bahnärztlichen Dienstes in den vier Besatzungszonen und ab 1949 getrennt in der DDR (einschl. Berlin) und in der Bundesrepublik. Am 1. Januar 1953 wurden in der DDR durch eine Verfügung des Generaldirektors der DR die Oberbahnärzte und Bahnärzte aus der Abteilung 14 der Reichsbahndirektion herausgelöst und zu einem durch den Chefarzt der DR zentral geleiteten Bahnärztlichen Dienst zusammengefügt.

Medizinischer Dienst des Verkehrswesens der DDR
Mit der Verordnung über den Medizinischen Dienst des Verkehrswesens der DDR (MDV) vom 5. November 1958 wurde ein übergreifender Medizinischer Dienst für die einzelnen Verkehrszweige, aufbauend auf den zentral geleiteten Bahnärztlichen Dienst, geschaffen. Zum MDV gehörten rund 50 Dienststellen, das Zentralinstitut für Verkehrsmedizin in Berlin, eine Dienststelle für den Abteilungsleiter "Schiffahrt" in Rostock sowie schienengebunden ein Röntgenwagen und zwei Zahnstationen. Zur Entwicklung weiterer diagnostischer und therapeutischer Kapazitäten des neugegründeten Betriebsgesundheitswesens wurden vom staatlichen Gesundheitswesen folgende Einrichtungen durch den MDV übernommen:

 8 Polikliniken
 19 Betriebsambulatorien
 1 Landambulatorium
 1 Nachtsanatorium
 1 Bettenstation im Hafen Rostock-Langenort
 200 Arztsanitätsstellen
 48 Schwesternsanitätsstellen
 1 Zentralapotheke ab 1968

Der MDV gliederte sich in seiner weiteren Entwicklung 1959 in eine Zentrale Leitung mit dem Chefarzt und seinen Stellvertreter in Berlin, Leipziger Straße 122, dem Zentralinstitut für Verkehrsmedizin in Berlin mit der "Abteilung Luftfahrt", später "Direktion Luftfahrt", der "Direktion Rostock", später "Direktion Schiffahrt", sowie acht Direktionen. Die neugeschaffenen Direktionen entsprachen örtlich den Reichsbahn-Direktionen und die Inspektionen  den Reichsbahnämtern:

 Direktion Berlin
 Direktion Magdeburg mit der Binnenschiffahrt
 Direktion Schwerin
 Direktion Greifswald mit den Rb-Ostseefähren
 Direktion Erfurt
 Direktion Dresden
 Direktion Cottbus
 Direktion Halle
 Direktion Schiffahrt  in Rostock
 Direktion Luftfahrt in Berlin-Schönefeld

In den kommenden Jahren wurden weitere Verkehrsbetriebe in die Betreuung durch den MDV einbezogen. Hierzu gehörten die Beschäftigten der Nahverkehrsbetriebe, des Kraftverkehrs, des Straßenwesens, der Mitropa und des Reisebüro der DDR.  Die "Direktion Magdeburg" betreute, vergleichbar mit der "Direktion Schiffahrt" in Rostock, die Binnenschiffahrt mit. Die Betreuung der Mitarbeiter der Werk- und Anschlussbahnen gewährleistete der MDV durch die Bestellung von Anschlussbahnärzten mit der erforderlichen Einbindung in die Tauglichkeitsanforderungen der DR. Diese Mitarbeiter wurden bei günstigen örtlichen Konstellationen auch in den MDV-Polikliniken mit betreut. Wenn es sich als günstig erwies, wurden auch Untersuchungen von speziell geschulten Ärzten von anderen Direktionen übernommen. So gab es in den Polikliniken im Landesinneren Direktionen, die eine "Schiffahrtuntersuchungsstelle" für die Seeschiffahrt und später für die Taucherei, im Rahmen des landesweiten Taucherrettungssystems, hatten.

Es gab auch Regionen, wo die MDV-Einrichtungen ambulante, medizinische Betreuung der Bevölkerung im Einzugsgebiet, da freie Arztwahl bestand, zur Verfügung stellten. Hierzu zählten die Polikliniken in Brandenburg-Kirchmöser und in Leipzig-Engelsdorf. Genauso sahen viele Angehörige der Verkehrsschaffenden in MDV-Ärzten ihren Arzt des Vertrauens, wenn in Wohnnähe praktiziert wurde.

Kurheime in Bad Elster und Hartha, das Kinderkurheim in Lubmin und die Bettenstation in der Klinik für Internistische Leistungs- und Verkehrsmedizin im Klinikum Berlin-Buch sorgten für die Koordinierung bei auftretenden Tauglichkeitsmängeln. In Berlin-Buch erfolgten stationäre Begutachtungen von Grenztauglichkeitsfällen.

Eine Besonderheit der Betreuung durch den MDV ergab sich aus dem geteilten Berlin.  Die Deutsche Reichsbahn nahm auch im französischen, im englischen und im amerikanischen Sektor (West-Berlin) die Eisenbahnverkehrsrechte wahr. Die in West-Berlin wohnenden Eisenbahner waren im Sozialversicherungssystem bei der Sozialversicherung des Freien Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (FDGB) krankenversichert. Zu den Betriebssanitätsstellen u. a. in den Reichsbahnausbesserungswerken Grunewald und Tempelhof gehörte auch die Poliklinik im Gebäude der Direktion Berlin am Schöneberger Ufer. Hier gab es zusätzlich eine fachärztliche Besetzung, eine Apotheke und anfänglich sogar eine Bettenstation. Die meisten Fachärzte kamen vom Zentralinstitut für Verkehrsmedizin aus der Leipziger Straße 122. Die Kraftfahrer des MDV fuhren die Medikamente, das Verbandsmaterial und nahmen sogar täglich frische Brötchen über den "Check Point" zur Poliklinik am Schöneberger Ufer mit.

Für Auslands- und Tropeneinsätze existierten Impfstellen, zum Beispiel in der Fliegeruntersuchungsstelle am Flughafen Berlin-Schönefeld. Dies kam besonders den Hochseefischern vom Fischfang Rostock (FFR), später Kombinat, zugute, da hier der Besatzungsaustausch für die vor Afrika oder im Südatlantik operierenden Fang- und Verarbeitungsschiffe erfolgte.

Der Flugmedizinische Dienst sorgte für einen sicheren Rücktransport Erkrankter aus allen Teilen der Welt. Es wurden auch Rettungs- und Solidaritätsflüge mit Medikamenten und Hilfsmittel für bedürftige Regionen fachlich begleitet.
MDV-Ärzte waren oft bei Schwerpunktbaustellen des Verkehrswesens in jungen Nationalstaaten in Afrika die ersten Betriebsärzte oder Tropenmediziner vor Ort. Von den tätigen MDV-Mitarbeitern wurden die anlaufenden Schiffe der Deutschen Seereederei Rostock (DSR) immer freudig begrüßt, da ein heimatliches Essen an Bord, Schwarzbrot und Bier als Wegzehrung immer wohltat. Die gut bestückte Bordapotheke auf den DSR-Schiffen wurde von den tätigen Medizinern, wenn es vor Ort auf den Baustellen eng wurde, auch benutzt.

Aus dem Bahnärztlichen Dienst der DR entwickelte sich nach 1949 ein leistungsfähiger und speziell ausgerichteter Medizinischer Dienst für das gesamte Verkehrswesen der DDR. Der MDV verfügte am 31. Dezember 1989, mit 3150 Beschäftigten, über folgende gesundheitliche Einrichtungen:

 19 Betriebspolikliniken
 24 Betriebsambulatorien
 339 Arztsanitätsstellen
 599 ambulante ärztliche Arbeitsplätze
 124 ambulante zahnärztliche Arbeitsplätze

Vom MDV wurden im gleichen Zeitraum 577.181 Beschäftigte an 345.261 Arbeitsplätzen in allen Verkehrszweigen umfassend arbeitsmedizinisch betreut. Für diesen Betreuungsumfang erbrachten die Mitarbeiter folgende Leistungen:

 229.242 Erstkonsultationen
 1.061.807 Konsultationen
 94.904 Einstellung- und Erstuntersuchungen
 168.985 Wiederholungsuntersuchungen
 25.676 Sonderuntersuchungen
 28.429 Reihen- und Vorsorgeuntersuchungen
 2.130 Betriebsbegehungen
 9.956 Arbeitsplatzanalysen

Ein Jahr später, am 31. Dezember 1990,  war für alle Mitarbeiter nach über 30 Jahren der letzte Arbeitstag beim MDV. Im wiedervereinten Deutschland war keine zentralgeleitete Gesundheitseinrichtung vorgesehen.

Literatur
 Wieg, Peter Zur Geschichte der Direktion Schiffahrt des Medizinischen Dienstes des Verkehrswesens der DDR
 Mannchen, Klaus Teil 8 Seiten 69 - 70; Einordnung der Direktion Schiffahrt im Aufgabenbereich der Gesamtheit des MDV der DDR, Schiffahrtsgeschichtliche Gesellschaft OSTSEE e.V., Rostock 2006

Gesundheitswesen (DDR)
Schienenverkehr (DDR)


Rita og krokodille er en dansk tegnefilmserie i 26 afsnit, der er instrueret af Siri Melchior efter manuskript af hende selv, Anders Sparring og Jan Vierth. De første seks afsnit er fra 2013, mens de øvrige atten er fra 2018. Seriens afsnit er udformet som korte film om det at være fire år og med venskab som det overordnede tema. Filmene har bl.a. været vist på DR Ramasjang. Der er også en bogserie.

Handling
Rita er en bestemt lille pige, der har en meget sulten og temmelig ustyrlig ven, Krokodille, som bor i badekarret. Krokodille findes jo nok kun i Ritas fantasi, men den er også vores virkelighed i disse korte film. Når Krokodille er der, kan Rita tage hen hvor hun vil - ud i skoven, på ferie, op på et bjerg, ud og fiske, og der er en hel verden, som de må ud og opleve. Der er så utroligt meget Rita gerne vil, og tror hun ved - og lidt mindre hun rent faktisk magter. Uden nogen voksne må Rita finde ud af alting selv. På sin humoristiske og naive måde lærer hun både om sig selv og om små og store ting i verden omkring hende. Krokodille hjælper Rita med at finde kreative og sjove løsninger på hendes udfordringer, og Rita kommer altid "i mål" med Krokodille ved sin side.

Afsnit

1. sæson (2013)
Obs! Afsnittene er oplistet i alfabetisk rækkefølge. Tilføj gerne afsnitsnumre og første sendedage.

2. sæson (2018)

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Tegnefilm fra Danmark
Animerede tv-serier fra Danmark

Rita og Krokodille


was a town located in Ōno District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,277 and the density of 42.42 persons per km2. The total area was 147.96 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Ogata, along with the towns of Asaji, Inukai, Mie and Ōno, and the villages of Chitose and Kiyokawa (all from Ōno District), was merged to create the city of Bungo-ōno.

History
The history of Ogata town is based on ancient Japanese history that includes the legendary hero Ogata no Saburo Koreyoshi. Saburo, feared by many as the "descendent of a giant serpent", also appears in the Tale of the Heike and is said to have contributed greatly to Minamoto no Yoshitsune's success in the battle of Dan-no-ura. Ogata town is home to three shrines built by Saburo, called "Ogata Sansha". Saburo himself is enshrined in one of these, called the "Ninomiya Hachiman Shrine", where his name is still transmitted to today's generation.
Ogata no Saburo Koreyoshi's younger brother Ogata Shuma "Jiraiya" is believed to be the first "Ninjia" in Japanese folklore.

The legend in the "Heike Tales" refers to Yoshitune's decision to lead his armies in Kyūshū. According to Helen Craig McCullough, she references the unique disposition of Minamoto choosing his chief warrior. Ogata no Saburo Koreyoshi commanded the largest armies in Kyūshū and marched in
the name of the future shōgun that led to the establishment of the Kamakura period. While establishing the "Ogata" clan-Saburo also built one of the most famous castles in Kyūshū – Oka Castle (ja) for the new shōgun. Today Oka Castle remains in ruins after many wars. However, the legacy of Ogata no Saburo Koreyoshi and the establishment of the Ogata clan in Japan was historic.

External links
 We Love Oita — Ogata
 Additional information on "Ogata No Saburo Koreyoshi and Ogata Shuma and Oka Castle" by Ogata, Terumi Masters Arts History,Public Historian-Source of information comes from Helen Craig McCullough's book The Tale of the Heike By Helen Craig McCullough: Helen Craig McCullough, author and translator of the Heike Tales, McCullough is the scholar and historian who should be credited with the translations.
 http://www.kuniyoshiproject.com/ – the Kunishiyoushiproject is responsible for the actual history and of the Town of Ogata Town.

Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture
Bungo-ōno, Ōita

Ogata, Ōita


Legendre's constant is a mathematical constant occurring in a formula constructed by Adrien-Marie Legendre to approximate the behavior of the prime-counting function . The value that corresponds precisely to its asymptotic behavior is now known to be 1.

Examination of available numerical data for known values of  led Legendre to an approximating formula.

Legendre constructed in 1808 the formula

where  (), as giving an approximation of  with a "very satisfying precision".

Today, one defines the value of  such that

which is solved by putting

provided that this limit exists.

Not only is it now known that the limit exists, but also that its value is equal to  somewhat less than Legendre's  Regardless of its exact value, the existence of the limit  implies the prime number theorem.

Pafnuty Chebyshev proved in 1849 that if the limit B exists, it must be equal to 1. An easier proof was given by Pintz in 1980.

It is an immediate consequence of  the prime number theorem, under the precise form with an explicit estimate of the error term

(for some positive constant a, where O(…) is the big O notation), as proved in 1899 by Charles de La Vallée Poussin, that B indeed is equal to 1. (The prime number theorem had been proved in 1896, independently by Jacques Hadamard and La Vallée Poussin, but without any estimate of the involved error term).

Being evaluated to such a simple number has made the term Legendre's constant mostly only of historical value, with it often (technically incorrectly) being used to refer to Legendre's first guess 1.08366... instead.

References

External links

Conjectures about prime numbers
Mathematical constants
1 (number)
Integers
Analytic number theory

Legendre's constant