Magnetska histereza pojava je kašnjenja magnetske indukcije u odnosu na promjenu jakosti magnetskoga polja. Ovisi o feromagnetskim materijalima u kojima se magnetsko polje inducira; manja je za meko željezo (na primjer slitine FeNi), a veća za tvrdo željezo (na primjer ugljične čelike). Gubitke magnetske histereze čini dio energije vanjskoga magnetskog polja koji se u feromagnetskim materijalima nepovratno pretvara u druge oblike energije, većinom u toplinu.

Na grafikonu je prikazana petlja histereze, zatvorena simetrična krivulja koja nastaje pri izmjeničnom magnetiziranju. Površina petlje razmjerna je utrošku energije potrebne za jedan ciklus premagnetiziranja. Ako se uzbudno magnetsko polje mijenja od minimalne vrijednosti – Hmin do maksimalne vrijednosti + Hmax i obratno, magnetska se indukcija povećava od – Bmin do + Bmax po grani krivulje, a smanjuje od + Bmax do – Bmin. Jakost magnetskoga polja na primjer Hx1 odgovara jedan put magnetska indukcija By1, a drugi put By2, odnosno, vrijednost je magnetske indukcije prilikom magnetiziranja materijala manja, a prilikom demagnetiziranja veća.

Remanencija
Ako se nakon magnetiziranja smanji jakost magnetskog polja H na nulu, ostat će u željezu magnetska indukcija Br, koja se naziva remanencijom. Remanencija (oznaka Br) je magnetska indukcija zaostala u materijalu nakon što je prestalo djelovati vanjsko magnetsko polje. Ovisno o vrsti materijala, može iznositi od 0,2 T pa do približno 2 T.

Koercitivna sila
Koercitivna sila (oznaka Hk) je jakost magnetskoga polja potrebna za poništenje remanencije, suprotnog je smjera jakosti magnetskoga polja magnetiziranja. Meki magnetski materijali imaju koercitivne sile veće od 0,3 A/m, a tvrdi manje od 800 kA/m. Primjerice, dobar stalni magnet ima veliku remanenciju i koercitivnu silu, a to daje široku petlju histereze. Za magnetske krugove električnih motora, generatora i transformatora potrebna je što veća maksimalna magnetska indukcija sa što užom petljom, kako bi gubitci energije zbog histereze bili manji. Za specijalne jezgre magnetskih pojačala i slične primjene potrebna je što uža i strmija petlja, to jest visoka remanencija i mala koercitivna sila.

Feromagnetizam

Feromagnetizam je svojstvo karakteristično za željezo, nikal, kobalt i gadolinij, za njihove međusobne slitine i neke spojeve s drugim elementima, a samo za malen broj tvari u kojima se ta četiri elementa ne pojavljuju. Feromagnetične tvari imaju izrazitu relativnu magnetsku permeabilnost, znatno veću od 1 (od 1000 do 10 000). Feromagnetizam nastaje kao posljedica jakih međudjelovanja (interakcija) magnetskih momenata atoma, zbog čega nastaje kolektivno magnetsko uređenje, takozvana spontana magnetizacija, koja se s porastom temperature smanjuje. Zbog toga feromagnetične tvari pokazuju jaku "magnetičnost", u vanjskome magnetskome polju postaju inducirani magneti koje zatim to polje privlači. To inducirano polje mogu zadržati neko vrijeme, pa i stalno.

Osobito je važna Curiejeva točka, tj. granična temperatura iznad koje te tvari gube feromagnetična svojstva i postaju paramagnetici (za željezo 758 °C, nikal 360 °C, kobalt 1075 °C, gadolinij 16 °C). Hlađenjem na temperaturu nižu od Curiejeve ponovno nastaje feromagnetsko stanje. Feromagnetične tvari imaju više ili manje izražen takozvani remanentni magnetizam ili zaostali magnetizam: ako ih se dovede u magnetsko polje i zatim djelovanje polja ukloni, njihova magnetizacija ne iščezne potpuno (histereza). Tako se od tvari s velikim remanentnim magnetizmom dobivaju jaki stalni ili permanentni magneti. Posebnu skupinu feromagnetičnih materijala čine tvari poznate pod nazivom ferit.

Antiferomagnetici (na primjer manganov oksid, manganov sulfid, željezni sulfid) su tvari kojima magnetska permeabilnost na kritičnoj temperaturi (slično Curiejevoj točki) prolazi kroz maksimum. Te su tvari po ostalim magnetskim svojstvima vrlo slične feromagneticima, odnosno iznad takozvane antiferomagnetske Curiejeve točke paramagneticima.

Izvori

Elektromagnetizam
Magnetostatika

Magnetska histereza


Viola aethnensis es una especie de la familia violaceae, originaria de Sicilia Italia.

Taxonomía
Viola aetnensis (nombre aceptado Viola aethnensis) fue descrita por Francesco Tornabene y publicado en Fl. Sicula 138, en el año 1887.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

aetnensis

Viola aethnensis


දරුවෙකු ළමා අවධියේ සිට පරිනත වැඩිහිටියක් වීම ප්‍රකාශ කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගැණෙන විවිධ වත් පිළි වෙත් හෝ අභිචාර විධි මෙලෙස හැදින් වෙයි.

කොටහළු සිරිත්


Zwei unter Millionen ist eine deutsche Alltagsgeschichte aus dem Jahr 1961 mit Hardy Krüger, Loni von Friedl und Walter Giller in den Hauptrollen.

Handlung
Der Film spielt im Jahr des Mauerbaus 1961. Der ostdeutsche Lastwagenfahrer Karl hilft der blutjungen Christine aus Rostock bei der Flucht in den Westen Berlins. Karl kellnert abends in einer Eckkneipe in Kreuzberg, im Osten arbeitet er tagsüber in der Markthalle. Die erste Ernüchterung im Westen tritt bei Christiane bald ein, als sie ihre reiche Schwester trotz Verabredung telefonisch nicht erreicht. Karl bringt sie in ihrer finanziellen Not in einer dürftigen Dachstube über der Kneipe unter, wo er seine Arbeitskleidung als Kellner wechselt. Christine findet schnell Arbeit als Buchhalterin in der City. Sie nähern sich an, verlieben sich und heiraten bald.

Karl träumt davon, die Eckkneipe, in der er arbeitet, von seinem Ersparten zu kaufen. Als ein Betreiber einer Kette von Hähnchenbratereien dem Kneipenwirt ein Kaufangebot unterbreitet, sieht Karl seine Stunde schlagen und macht dem Kneipenbesitzer ein Kaufangebot. Desillusioniert muss er feststellen, dass sein Erspartes bei weitem nicht reicht, um gegen das Angebot des neureichen Besitzers von Hähnchenbratereien anzukommen. Christine erscheint die Vorstellung von Karl als Kneipenbesitzer wenig reizvoll, ein die Beziehung in Frage stellender Streit bricht aus, es kommt aber wieder zur Versöhnung. Aus Verzweiflung über Karls Enttäuschung, dass sich sein Plan wegen des fehlenden Geldes zerschlägt, unterschlägt sie an ihrer Arbeitsstelle Geld, um den von Karl so heiß ersehnten Kauf der Eckkneipe im letzten Moment zu ermöglichen. In den Freudentaumel von Karl, der sich bereits als Kneipenbesitzer wähnt, bricht ihre Verzweiflung über ihre Tat hinein. Beide erkennen, dass so Karls Traum nicht zu verwirklichen ist und Christine bringt das Geld zurück. Bitter ist die Erkenntnis, wie recht sein Vater hatte, als er sagte: "Der Teufel scheißt immer auf den größten Haufen".

Hintergrund
Zwei unter Millionen entstand vor Ort in den Straßen von Berlin (West) unmittelbar vor dem Mauerbau und gibt einen authentischen Blick auf die Lebenswirklichkeit einfacher Menschen. Der Film erlebte seine Uraufführung am 12. Oktober 1961 in Hannover.

Der ursprüngliche Regisseur Victor Vicas erkrankte bereits zu Beginn der Dreharbeiten. Daraufhin musste sein Regieassistent Wieland Liebske einspringen, der einen Großteil des Films zu verantworten hat. Es sollte Liebskes einzige Nennung als (Mit-)Regisseur bei einem Kinospielfilm bleiben.

Walter Lembke lieferte die gleichnamige Romanvorlage.

Albrecht Hennings entwarf die Filmbauten, Klaus König diente Heinz Hölscher als Kameraassistent.

Henriette Gonnermann gab hier ihr Filmdebüt, für Maly Delschaft wurde Zwei unter Millionen die letzte Arbeit.

Kritiken
Buchers Enzyklopädie des Films lobte Zwei unter Millionen für seine "für deutsche Verhältnisse ungewöhnlich nüchterne Darstellung der wirtschaftlichen Realitäten der Gegenwart und der Probleme zweier in jeder traditionellen Hinsicht unbedeutender Personen. Liebske, ein ehemaliger Assistent Alfred Weidenmanns […] zeigte sich deutlich beeinflußt von den Werken der Nouvelle Vague, namentlich in seinem spielerischen (zuweilen verspielten) Umgang mit der Aufnahmetechnik und der zurückhaltenden Charakterisierung seiner Protagonisten."

Das Lexikon des Internationalen Films schrieb "Der unverwechselbare Berliner Ton wird am erfolgreichsten in augenblickhaften Szenen und in den vielen Randfiguren getroffen" und nannte Zwei unter Millionen einen "quasi dokumentarisch wirkenden Film."

Das große Personenlexikon des Films nannte den Film eine "sozialrealistische[n], anti-eskapistische[n] Berliner Alltagsgeschichte"

Auszeichnungen
Zwei unter Millionen erhielt 1962 bei der Vergabe des Deutschen Filmpreises eine Reihe von Auszeichnungen:

 Das Filmband in Gold in der Kategorie Bester Drehbuchautor ging an Gerd Oelschlegel.
 Das Filmband in Gold in der Kategorie Beste männliche Nebenrolle ging an Walter Giller.
 Das Filmband in Gold in der Kategorie Beste Nachwuchsschauspielerin ging an Loni von Friedl.
 Das Filmband in Silber ging an den Film (Dritter Preis für abendfüllende Spielfilme), Prämie: 300.000 DM.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1961
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm

Zwei unter Millionen


Klanxbüll (Danca: Klangsbøl, Frizce: Klångsbel), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 10.63 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 940 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Wolfgang Bauch tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-wiedingharde.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Klanxbüll


Bezirk Altona er det vestligste af de syv bezirke (distrikter) i den tyske bystat Hamborg. Det er for størstedelens vedkommende identisk med den indtil 1936 selvstændige by Altona – med undtagelse af Eidelstedt og Stellingen-Langenfelde, der nu tilhører Hamborgs Bezirk Eimsbüttel, samt nogle ændringer af grænsen til St. Pauli.

Bydele
Bezirket består af 14 bydele, der pr. 2001 kan opdeles i tre typer alt efter bebyggelser og befolkningstæthed:

 De østlige bydele i bezirket (Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Ottensen og den i 2008 nyoprettede bydel Sternschanze), der stort set svarer til den gamle bykerne, med 9.400 til 11.300 indbyggere pr. km² (mestendels etagebyggeri)
 De nordligt beliggende bydele (Bahrenfeld, Groß Flottbek, Iserbrook, Lurup, Osdorf), med 2.300 til 5.000 indbyggere pr. km² (blandet byggeri)
 De vestlige Elb-forstæder (Blankenese, Nienstedten, Othmarschen og Rissen) herunder den delvist landlige bydel Sülldorfs, med 900 til 1.800 indbyggere pr. km² (overvejende parcelhuse og villaer).

Geografi
Altona grænser i syd og øst op til Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte, i nordøst til Bezirk Eimsbüttel og i nord og vest til delstaten Slesvig-Holsten; desuden udgør midten af Elben hhv. den ubeboede ø Neßsand i sydvest grænsen mod delstaten Niedersachsen.

Landskabsmæssigt er bezirket opdelt i tre striber land, som over cirka 15 km løber fra vest til øst parallelt med Elben:

 Den meget smalle, ikke inddæmmede "Elbstrand", begrænset af en stejlt stigende skråning til oplandet.
 Den i saaleistiden opståede "højbred" (randmorænevold), som i Blankenese (Falkenstein, Bismarckstein, Süllberg) rager op i en højde til cirka 90 meter, og kun på få steder er gennembrudt på grund af udmunding af bække; ved Fischmarkt af Pepermölenbek og i Teufelsbrück af Flottbek.
 Den indenlands tilstødende, overvejende flade gest, hvis nordvestlige del stadig anvendes til landbrug (Osdorfer hhv. Sülldorf-Rissener Feldmark), og hvor Klövensteen desuden udgør et større skovområde.

Kilder

Altona

Bezirk Altona


Olaylar
 Mısır'da Hain Ahmed Paşa kendini sultan ilan etti. Fakat kendi adamları tarafından öldürüldü.
 Alman Köylü Savaşı başladı.

Doğumlar
 28 Mayıs - II. Selim, 11. Osmanlı Padişahı (ö. 1574)
 11 Eylül - Pierre de Ronsard, Fransız şair (ö. 1585)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Catherine Carey, VIII. Henry'nin metreslerinden biri olan Mary Boleyn'den olan gayrimeşru kızı (ö. 1569)
 Louise Labé, Fransız şair (ö. 1556)
 Luís de Camões, Portekizli şair (ö. 1580)
 Yasef Nassi, Osmanlı tarihinde büyük bir rol oynayan Yahudi banker (ö. 1579)

Ölümler
 24 Mayıs - I. İsmail, veya Şah İsmail, Safevi Devleti'nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (d. 1487)
 5 Ekim - Joachim Patinir, Flaman rönesans ve manzara ressamı (d. 1480)
 24 Aralık - Vasco da Gama, Avrupa'nın en başarılı kaşiflerinden, Avrupa'dan çıkıp doğrudan Hindistan'a giden ilk kişi olarak bilinen Portekizli denizci (d. 1469)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Gazi Giray, Kırım Hanı (d. 1504)
 Ahi Mehmet Çelebi, Osmanlı hekim ve yazar (d. 1432)
 Hain Ahmed Paşa, Mısır sultanlığını ilan eden Osmanlı eyalet valisi
 Revani, Türk şair (d. 1457)
 Şehzade Abdullah, Osmanlı padişahı Kanuni Sultan Süleyman ile eşi Hürrem Sultan'ın oğlu (d. 1522)

1524


Hvideruslands nationalforsamling (, , , , ) er Hvideruslands parlament, der er baseret på et tokammersystem. De to kamre er:
 Republikkens råd – overhuset
 Repræsentanternes hus – underhuset

Republikkens råd består af 64 medlemmer, der vælges ved indirekte valg gennem regionale forsamlinger og udnævnes af præsidenten. Repræsentanternes hus består af 110 medlemmer, der de jure vælges af befolkningen ved simpelt relativt flertal. Hvideruslands tidligere parlament hed Hvideruslands øverste sovjet og blev erstattet af nationalforsamlingen i 1996.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Republikkens råds hjemmeside
 Repræsentanternes hus' hjemmeside

Hvideruslands politik
Parlamenter

Hvideruslands nationalforsamling


El picoguadaña grande (en Ecuador) (Drymotoxeres pucherani), también denominado guadañero cariblanco (en Colombia), pico-guadaña grande (en Perú) o picapalo grande, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae, subfamilia Dendrocolaptinae, la única perteneciente al género Drymotoxeres, anteriormente asignada al género Campylorhamphus. Es nativa de los Andes tropicales en América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye localmente a lo largo de Andes tropicales desde el centro y sur de Colombia (en el oeste principalmente en la ladera occidental en Valle y Cauca, también en el alto valle del Magdalena en el oeste de Huila, y a lo largo de los Andes orientales hacia el sur desde Boyacá) hacia el sur en la pendiente occidental hasta el noroeste de Ecuador (al sur hasta Pichincha) y a lo largo de la pendiente oriental hasta el sureste de Perú (al sur hasta Cuzco).

Es considerada una especie rara y local en su hábitat natural: el interior de las selvas húmedas montanas, bosques nublados, bosques enanos y sus bordes, entre 900 y 3250 metros de altitud, mayormente por arriba de los 2000 metros.

Estado de conservación
El picoguadaña grande ha sido calificado como casi amenazado por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN) debido a que su fragmentada distribución geográfica y su población, todavía no cuantificada, se presumen estar en disminución como resultado de la continua pérdida de hábitat.

Descripción
Mide de 24 a 30 cm de longitud y pesa entre 63 a 78g, es el mayor y de cuerpo más robusto de los picoguadañas. El pico es muy curvado, color cuerno rosado con base negruzca y tiene 6 a 6,5 cm de largo. El plumaje es castaño rojizo, presenta lista superciliar y franja malar blancas y finas y delgadas rayas color ante sobre la cabeza y en el cuello; las alas y la cola son rojizas rufas. Sus dedos y uñas son inusualmente largos, lo que se ha interpretado como una adaptación a trepar troncos cubiertos de musgo.

Comportamiento
Es un ave muy poco conocida. En general se encuentran individuos solitarios, pero también ha sido visto en grandes bandadas mixtas. Trepa troncos verticales y ramas como otros Dendrocolaptini.

Alimentación
Su dieta es poco conocida, se presume que consista básicamente de artrópodos. En su estómago se encontraron pequeños gorgojos comunes en bananeras frecuentadas por el ave.

Vocalización

El canto, bastande débil y nasal, es un ascendiente «ii-ii--ii-ii-énh» muy diferente de otros picoguadañas.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie D. pucheranii fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista francés Frédéric de Lafresnaye en 1849 bajo el nombre científico Xiphorhynchus pucheranii; su localidad tipo es: «Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia». Anteriormente se atribuyó la autoría a Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet Des Murs, pero en realidad, la descripción es hecha por Lafresnaye en el libro de Des Murs Iconographie ornithologique. También fue llamado de pucherani pero prevalece la denominación original.

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Drymotoxeres» se compone de las palabras del griego « δρυμος drumos»: bosque, y «τοξηρης toxērēs»: armado con un arco; en referencia al hábitat y al distintivo pico arqueado. y el nombre de la especie «pucheranii», conmemora al zoólogo y explorador francés Jacques Pucheran (1817–1894).

Taxonomía
Tradicionalmente esta especie era incluida en el género Campylorhamphus, conocida como Campylorhamphus pucherani, pero el estudio de las relaciones filogenéticas basado en secuencias de ADN y características morfológicas demostró que no forma parte de Campylorhamphus sino que se encuentra más cercanamente emparentado con Drymornis bridgesii. Dada las importantes diferencias comportamentales y morfológicas con D. bridgesii, se estableció el nuevo género Drymotoxeres , 2010, para D. pucheranii. Dentro de las poblaciones de D. pucheranii, las diferencias de tamaño, de sombras de rufo en las partes inferiores, y de extensión del estriado en el dorso y vientre, aparentemente se deben a variaciones individuales y no geográficas. Es monotípica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Drymotoxeres pucheranii en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Drymotoxeres pucheranii en xeno-canto.

Aves de América del Sur
Géneros monotípicos de aves
Aves de los Andes
Animales descritos en 1849
Taxones descritos por Frédéric de Lafresnaye
Dendrocolaptinae

Drymotoxeres pucheranii


NGC 271 este o galaxie spirală barată situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 1 octombrie 1785 de către William Herschel. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în 6 septembrie 1831 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 270
 NGC 272

Legături externe
 NGC 271 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 271 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale barate
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1785
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 271


Le menhir de Couinandré est un menhir situé sur la commune de Plouescat, dans le département du Finistère en France.

Historique
Il est classé au titre des monuments historiques par décret du 4 novembre 1970.

Description
Le menhir est un bloc de granite porphyroïde. Il mesure environ  de hauteur.

Il est situé à environ  au nord-nord-ouest du dolmen de Creach-ar-Vren

Notes et références

Annexe

Bibliographie

Article connexe
 Sites mégalithiques du Finistère
 Liste des monuments historiques du Finistère

Couinandré
Couinandré
Monument historique dans le Finistère
Monument historique classé en 1970

Menhir de Couinandré


Zanjan province, or Zangan province (, Ostân-e Zanjân), is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, whose capital is the city of Zanjan. It is a mountainous province with close to 22,000 km2 of land placed in Iran's Region 3. Two-thirds of the people of the province live in the cities, mainly the capital and Abhar.

At the time of the National Census of 2006, the population of the province was 942,818 in 235,771 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,015,734 inhabitants living in 286,806 households. At the most recent census of 2016, the population had increased to 1,057,461 in 321,983 households.

History

In Ptolemy's Geography, the city is referred to as Aganzana. It is said that the Sassanid king Ardashir I of Persia, reconstructed the city and called it Shahin, but later it was renamed Zangan: the present name is the Arabicized form.

In past times Zanjan's name was Khamseh, which means "province with five tribes". Zanjan province incorporates areas of the former Gerrus province.

Former names

At least since the era of Zand dynasty, Zanjan and its surrounding areas were called "Khamseh." For instance, in a book named "Mojmal al-Tawarikh-e Golestaneh", while it talks about the events of Karim Khan Zand era, it mentions the "Mahal-e Khamseh" which literally means "Khamseh areas" to refer to the areas of Zanjan province. Use of Khamseh for Zanjan could precedent the Zand era, as after the death of Nader shah and collapse of the great unification of Afshar tribes, the tribe of "Afshar-e Khamseh" returned to the "Mahal-e Khamseh". So the tribe name, was already containing the suffix of "Khamseh", since the era of Nader and possibly before they leave the Zanjan area to accompany Nader, therefore it can be concluded that at least since the time of Nader and Afsharids, the area was called as "Khamseh".

It has been said that when Karim Khan Zand left Ardabil and Khalkhal to suppress Zaki Khan in Kashan, he entered the Zanjan, and in Abhar, he delegated the governorship of three areas of "Mahal-e Khamseh" to Zolfagharkhan-e Sultan Irlooy-e Afshar, and as such this is another sign for the area being named at the time of Zands as "Khamseh".

Later at the time of Qajars also Zanjan province, was called as Khamseh. Etemad Al-Saltaneh in the book "Esker-ol-Tavarikh", when talks about Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar just before the formation of Qajar dynasty, uses the title of "Hakem-e Khamseh" (Governor of Khamseh). In addition, Mirza Abolhasan Khan Shirazi, in his travelogue in the year 1229 Hijri (around 1814 AC) mentions the "Khamseh". Among the European travellers, the first person who used the name "Khamseh" for the province where Zanjan city was located, was Pierre Amédée Jaubert who was sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to visit Fath Ali Shah's court, and in the year 1804 AC visited the Zanjan city.

Geography

Zanjan has an area of 22,164 km2, occupying 1.34% of the Iranian territory. The average population density in Zanjan is 47 people per km2. In the northwest of Iran, Zanjan covers joint borders with seven provinces: East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Hamadan, Kurdistan, Gilan, Ghazvin and Ardabil.

The average annual rainfall in the first month of spring stands at 72 millimetres, while in the second month of summer, it slips to a meagre 3.6 mm. The rate of humidity in the morning stands by average at 74% and at noon at 43%.

The Zanjan River is the only major river in the region.

Climate
Zanjan has a highland climate characterized by cold, snowy weather in the mountains and moderate climate in the plains in wintertime. In the summers, the weather is warm. The average maximum temperature of Zanjan is around 27 °C, whereas the average minimum temperature stands at −19 °C. Meanwhile, the temperature rises to 32 °C on hot days; it drops to −27 °C on icy days.

Administrative divisions

Cities

According to the 2016 census, 711,177 people (over 67% of the population of Zanjan province) live in the following cities: Ab Bar 8,091, Abhar 99,285, Armaghankhaneh 2,149, Chavarzaq 1,733, Dandi 4,778, Garmab 3,823, Halab 956, Hidaj 13,840, Karasf 3,083, Khorramdarreh 55,368, Mah Neshan 5,487, Nik Pey 455, Nurbahar 3,644, Qeydar 34,921, Sain Qaleh, 12,989, Sohrevard 6,991, Sojas 7,037, Soltaniyeh 7,638, Zanjan 430,871, Zarrin Rud 5,664, and Zarrinabad 2,374.

Demographics
Azerbaijanians are the main ethnic group in the province followed by Tats. Like every other region of Iran, the lingua franca is Persian.

Agriculture and industry
Agriculture is the principal occupation, and crops include rice, corn (maize), oilseeds, fruits, and potatoes. Poultry, cattle, and sheep are raised. In the region Zanjan is known for its seedless grapes. Manufactures include bricks, cement, milled rice, and carpets. Chromium, lead, and copper are mined. In the scientific world, Zanjan is the home of IASBS, one of the most productive research centers of the country.

Zanjan is known for its handicrafts such as knives, traditional sandals called charoogh and malileh. Malileh is a handcraft made with silver wires. Zanjani artists make many things like decorative dishes and their special covers as well as silver jewelry. In ancient times, Zanjan was known for its stainless and sharp knives. But this tradition is gradually becoming extinct by the introduction of Chinese knives to the market which are cheaper and better made. Many villagers today are traditional carpet weavers.

The province economy is benefiting from its location that connects central Iran to the northwestern provinces. The railway and highway that connects Iran's capital city Tehran to Tabriz, and Turkey passes through Zanjan province.

Higher education

The Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences IASBS, in Zanjan city, is one of Iran's most distinguished upper-level education and research centers in the pure sciences. Zanjan is home to the University of Zanjan, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, and Islamic Azad University of Zanjan.

References

External links
 Read more about zanjan in "Tebyan zanjan"
 University of Zanjan
 Islamic Azad University of Abhar
 Islamic Azad University of Zanjan
 Official website of Zanjan Governorship
 Iran Handcrafts & Handmade
 Sultaniyeh Dome Official website
 Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
 Zanjan City Information

Provinces of Iran

Zanjan province


Akrecijski disk je svemirska pojava. Do pojave dolazi nastaje akrecijom, spiralnim padanjem difuzne tvari na svemirsko tijelo (protozvijezdu, bijeloga patuljka, neutronsku zvijezdu, crnu rupu ili jezgru galaktike) pri čemu dolazi do prirasta mase tog tijela. Tvar pada na tijelo pod utjecajem gravitacije. Oblik diska nastaje pod velikom kutnom količinom gibanja. U ovom procesu djeluje više sila, poput gravitacijske, magnetske, sile trenja zbog čega se padajuća tvar zagrijava. Pri tome se emitira elektromagnetsko zračenje. Tijelo oko kojega se oblikovao akrecijski disk uvjetuje koja će biti frekvencija zračenja. Kod protozvijezda zračenje biva infracrveno, kod bijelog patuljka zračenje je vidljivi dio spektra, kod neutronske zvijezde ili crne rupe pojavljuje se rendgensko zračenje. Danas se u znanosti smatra da ako se akrecijski disk stvori oko supermasivne crne rupe da će nastati kvazar i da je zračenje akrecijskog diska oko te rupe odgovorno za veliki sjaj kvazara. Akrecijski disk česti je oblik u sustavima bliskih dvojnih zvijezda.

Izvori

Višestruke zvijezde
Crne rupe
Neriješeni problemi u fizici

Akrecijski disk


Lycosoidea es una superfamilia de arañas araneomorfas, constituida por once familias de arañas con ocho ojos:
 Ctenidae: 39 géneros, 468 especies
 Lycosidae: 120 géneros, 2387 especies
 Oxyopidae: 9 géneros, 431 especies
 Pisauridae: 49 géneros, 331 especies
 Psechridae: 2 géneros, 30 especies
 Senoculidae: 1 género, 31 especies
 Stiphidiidae 22 géneros, 131 especies
 Trechaleidae: 16 géneros, 117 especies
 Zoridae: 14 géneros, 79 especies
 Zorocratidae: 5 géneros, 42 especies
 Zoropsidae: 14 géneros, 86 especies

La superfamilia incluía también la familia Neolanidae, pero en 2005 su único género, Neolana, fue recolocado en la familia Amphinectidae.

Fang et al. (2000), basándose en el análisis de elementos del genoma mitocondrial, proponen las siguientes relaciones entre algunas de las familias más cercanas:

        +---- Psechridae
     +--|
     |  +---- Oxyopidae
 ----|
     |  +---- Pisauridae
     +--|
        +---- Lycosidae

Dos estudios de 2014 y 2015 restringen las familias de Lycosoidea:

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Ctenidae
 Anexo:Especies de Lycosidae
 Anexo:Especies de Oxyopidae
 Anexo:Especies de Pisauridae
 Anexo:Especies de Psechridae
 Anexo:Especies de Senoculidae
 Anexo:Especies de Stiphidiidae
 Anexo:Especies de Thomisidae
 Anexo:Especies de Trechaleidae
 Anexo:Especies de Zoridae
 Anexo:Especies de Zorocratidae
 Anexo:Especies de Zoropsidae
 Taxonomía de las arañas

Referencias

 Platnick, Norman I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology - Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World.

Enlaces externos

Lycosoidea

Lycosoidea


Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments.

As a science, the study of astronomy is somewhat hindered in that direct experiments with the properties of the distant universe are not possible. However, this is partly compensated by the fact that astronomers have a vast number of visible examples of stellar phenomena that can be examined. This allows for observational data to be plotted on graphs, and general trends recorded. Nearby examples of specific phenomena, such as variable stars, can then be used to infer the behavior of more distant representatives. Those distant yardsticks can then be employed to measure other phenomena in that neighborhood, including the distance to a galaxy.

Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the heavens and recorded what he saw. Since that time, observational astronomy has made steady advances with each improvement in telescope technology.

Subdivisions of observational Astronomy

A traditional division of observational astronomy is based on the region of the electromagnetic spectrum observed:
 Radio astronomy detects radiation of millimetre to decametre wavelength. The receivers are similar to those used in radio broadcast transmission but much more sensitive. See also Radio telescopes.
 Infrared astronomy deals with the detection and analysis of infrared radiation (this typically refers to wavelengths longer than the detection limit of silicon solid-state detectors, about 1 μm wavelength). The most common tool is the reflecting telescope, but with a detector sensitive to infrared wavelengths. Space telescopes are used at certain wavelengths where the atmosphere is opaque, or to eliminate noise (thermal radiation from the atmosphere).
 Optical astronomy is the part of astronomy that uses optical instruments (mirrors, lenses, and solid-state detectors) to observe light from near-infrared to near-ultraviolet wavelengths. Visible-light astronomy, using wavelengths detectable with the human eyes (about 400–700 nm), falls in the middle of this spectrum.
 High-energy astronomy includes X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, and extreme UV astronomy.
Occultation astronomy is the observation of the instant one celestial object occults or eclipses another.  Multi-chord asteroid occultation observations measure the profile of the asteroid to the kilometre level.

Methods
In addition to using electromagnetic radiation, modern astrophysicists can also make observations using neutrinos, cosmic rays or gravitational waves. Observing a source using multiple methods is known as multi-messenger astronomy.

Optical and radio astronomy can be performed with ground-based observatories, because the atmosphere is relatively transparent at the wavelengths being detected. Observatories are usually located at high altitudes so as to minimise the absorption and distortion caused by the Earth's atmosphere. Some wavelengths of infrared light are heavily absorbed by water vapor, so many infrared observatories are located in dry places at high altitude, or in space.

The atmosphere is opaque at the wavelengths used by X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, UV astronomy and (except for a few wavelength "windows") far infrared astronomy, so observations must be carried out mostly from balloons or space observatories. Powerful gamma rays can, however be detected by the large air showers they produce, and the study of cosmic rays is a rapidly expanding branch of astronomy.

Important factors
For much of the history of observational astronomy, almost all observation was performed in the visual spectrum with optical telescopes. While the Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent in this portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, most telescope work is still dependent on seeing conditions and air transparency, and is generally restricted to the night time. The seeing conditions depend on the turbulence and thermal variations in the air. Locations that are frequently cloudy or suffer from atmospheric turbulence limit the resolution of observations. Likewise the presence of the full Moon can brighten up the sky with scattered light, hindering observation of faint objects.

For observation purposes, the optimal location for an optical telescope is undoubtedly in outer space. There the telescope can make observations without being affected by the atmosphere. However, at present it remains costly to lift telescopes into orbit. Thus the next best locations are certain mountain peaks that have a high number of cloudless days and generally possess good atmospheric conditions (with good seeing conditions). The peaks of the islands of Mauna Kea, Hawaii and La Palma possess these properties, as to a lesser extent do inland sites such as Llano de Chajnantor, Paranal, Cerro Tololo and La Silla in Chile. These observatory locations have attracted an assemblage of powerful telescopes, totalling many billion US dollars of investment.

The darkness of the night sky is an important factor in optical astronomy. With the size of cities and human populated areas ever expanding, the amount of artificial light at night has also increased. These artificial lights produce a diffuse background illumination that makes observation of faint astronomical features very difficult without special filters. In a few locations such as the state of Arizona and in the United Kingdom, this has led to campaigns for the reduction of light pollution. The use of hoods around street lights not only improves the amount of light directed toward the ground, but also helps reduce the light directed toward the sky.

Atmospheric effects (astronomical seeing) can severely hinder the resolution of a telescope. Without some means of correcting for the blurring effect of the shifting atmosphere, telescopes larger than about 15–20 cm in aperture can not achieve their theoretical resolution at visible wavelengths. As a result, the primary benefit of using very large telescopes has been the improved light-gathering capability, allowing very faint magnitudes to be observed. However the resolution handicap has begun to be overcome by adaptive optics, speckle imaging and interferometric imaging, as well as the use of space telescopes.

Measuring results
Astronomers have a number of observational tools that they can use to make measurements of the heavens. For objects that are relatively close to the Sun and Earth, direct and very precise position measurements can be made against a more distant (and thereby nearly stationary) background. Early observations of this nature were used to develop very precise orbital models of the various planets, and to determine their respective masses and gravitational perturbations. Such measurements led to the discovery of the planets Uranus, Neptune, and (indirectly) Pluto. They also resulted in an erroneous assumption of a fictional planet Vulcan within the orbit of Mercury (but the explanation of the precession of Mercury's orbit by Einstein is considered one of the triumphs of his general relativity theory).

Developments and diversity

In addition to examination of the universe in the optical spectrum, astronomers have increasingly been able to acquire information in other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The earliest such non-optical measurements were made of the thermal properties of the Sun. Instruments employed during a solar eclipse could be used to measure the radiation from the corona.

Radio astronomy
With the discovery of radio waves, radio astronomy began to emerge as a new discipline in astronomy. The long wavelengths of radio waves required much larger collecting dishes in order to make images with good resolution, and later led to the development of the multi-dish interferometer for making high-resolution aperture synthesis radio images (or "radio maps"). The development of the microwave horn receiver led to the discovery of the microwave background radiation associated with the Big Bang.

Radio astronomy has continued to expand its capabilities, even using radio astronomy satellites to produce interferometers with baselines much larger than the size of the Earth. However, the ever-expanding use of the radio spectrum for other uses is gradually drowning out the faint radio signals from the stars. For this reason, in the future radio astronomy might be performed from shielded locations, such as the far side of the Moon.

Late 20th-century developments
The last part of the twentieth century saw rapid technological advances in astronomical instrumentation. Optical telescopes were growing ever larger, and employing adaptive optics to partly negate atmospheric blurring. New telescopes were launched into space, and began observing the universe in the infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as observing cosmic rays. Interferometer arrays produced the first extremely high-resolution images using aperture synthesis at radio, infrared and optical wavelengths. Orbiting instruments such as the Hubble Space Telescope produced rapid advances in astronomical knowledge, acting as the workhorse for visible-light observations of faint objects. New space instruments under development are expected to directly observe planets around other stars, perhaps even some Earth-like worlds.

In addition to telescopes, astronomers have begun using other instruments to make observations.

Other instruments
Neutrino astronomy is the branch of astronomy that observes astronomical objects with neutrino detectors in special observatories, usually huge underground tanks. Nuclear reactions in stars and supernova explosions produce very large numbers of neutrinos, very few of which may be detected by a neutrino telescope. Neutrino astronomy is motivated by the possibility of observing processes that are inaccessible to optical telescopes, such as the Sun's core.

Gravitational wave detectors are being designed that may capture events such as collisions of massive objects such as neutron stars or black holes.

Robotic spacecraft are also being increasingly used to make highly detailed observations of planets within the Solar System, so that the field of planetary science now has significant cross-over with the disciplines of geology and meteorology.

Observation tools

Telescopes

The key instrument of nearly all modern observational astronomy is the telescope. This serves the dual purposes of gathering more light so that very faint objects can be observed, and magnifying the image so that small and distant objects can be observed. Optical astronomy requires telescopes that use optical components of great precision. Typical requirements for grinding and polishing a curved mirror, for example, require the surface to be within a fraction of a wavelength of light of a particular conic shape. Many modern "telescopes" actually consist of arrays of telescopes working together to provide higher resolution through aperture synthesis.

Large telescopes are housed in domes, both to protect them from the weather and to stabilize the environmental conditions.  For example, if the temperature is different from one side of the telescope to the other, the shape of the structure changes, due to thermal expansion pushing optical elements out of position. This can affect the image.  For this reason, the domes are usually bright white (titanium dioxide) or unpainted metal.  Domes are often opened around sunset, long before observing can begin, so that air can circulate and bring the entire telescope to the same temperature as the surroundings.  To prevent wind-buffet or other vibrations affecting observations, it is standard practice to mount the telescope on a concrete pier whose foundations are entirely separate from those of the surrounding dome and building.

To do almost any scientific work requires that telescopes track objects as they wheel across the visible sky.  In other words, they must smoothly compensate for the rotation of the Earth.  Until the advent of computer controlled drive mechanisms, the standard solution was some form of equatorial mount, and for small telescopes this is still the norm.   However, this is a structurally poor design and becomes more and more cumbersome as the diameter and weight of the telescope increases.  The world's largest equatorial mounted telescope is the 200 inch (5.1 m) Hale Telescope, whereas recent 8–10 m telescopes use the structurally better altazimuth mount, and are actually physically smaller than the Hale, despite the larger mirrors.  As of 2006, there are design projects underway for gigantic alt-az telescopes: the Thirty Metre Telescope , and the 100 m diameter Overwhelmingly Large Telescope.

Amateur astronomers use such instruments as the Newtonian reflector, the Refractor and the increasingly popular  Maksutov telescope.

Photography
The photograph has served a critical role in observational astronomy for over a century, but in the last 30 years it has been largely replaced for imaging applications by digital sensors such as CCDs and CMOS chips. Specialist areas of astronomy such as photometry and interferometry have utilised electronic detectors for a much longer period of time. Astrophotography uses specialised photographic film (or usually a glass plate coated with photographic emulsion), but there are a number of drawbacks, particularly a low quantum efficiency, of the order of 3%, whereas CCDs can be tuned for a QE >90% in a narrow band.  Almost all modern telescope instruments are electronic arrays, and older telescopes have been either been retrofitted with these instruments or closed down.  Glass plates are still used in some applications, such as surveying, because the resolution possible with a chemical film is much higher than any electronic detector yet constructed.

Advantages
Prior to the invention of photography, all astronomy was done with the naked eye.  However, even before films became sensitive enough, scientific astronomy moved entirely to film, because of the overwhelming advantages:
 The human eye discards what it sees from split-second to split-second, but photographic film gathers more and more light for as long as the shutter is open.
 The resulting image is permanent, so many astronomers can use the same data.
 It is possible to see objects as they change over time (SN 1987A is a spectacular example).

Blink comparator
The blink comparator is an instrument that is used to compare two nearly identical photographs made of the same section of sky at different points in time. The comparator alternates illumination of the two plates, and any changes are revealed by blinking points or streaks. This instrument has been used to find asteroids, comets, and variable stars.

Micrometer
The position or cross-wire micrometer is an implement that has been used to measure double stars. This consists of a pair of fine, movable lines that can be moved together or apart. The telescope lens is lined up on the pair and oriented using position wires that lie at right angles to the star separation. The movable wires are then adjusted to match the two star positions. The separation of the stars is then read off the instrument, and their true separation determined based on the magnification of the instrument.

Spectrograph
A vital instrument of observational astronomy is the spectrograph. The absorption of specific wavelengths of light by elements allows specific properties of distant bodies to be observed. This capability has resulted in the discovery of the element of helium in the Sun's emission spectrum, and has allowed astronomers to determine a great deal of information concerning distant stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies. Doppler shift (particularly "redshift") of spectra can also be used to determine the radial motion or distance with respect to the Earth.

Early spectrographs employed banks of prisms that split light into a broad spectrum. Later the grating spectrograph was developed, which reduced the amount of light loss compared to prisms and provided higher spectral resolution. The spectrum can be photographed in a long exposure, allowing the spectrum of faint objects (such as distant galaxies) to be measured.

Stellar photometry came into use in 1861 as a means of measuring stellar colors. This technique measured the magnitude of a star at specific frequency ranges, allowing a determination of the overall color, and therefore temperature of a star. By 1951 an internationally standardized system of UBV-magnitudes (Ultraviolet-Blue-Visual) was adopted.

Photoelectric photometry
Photoelectric photometry using the CCD is now frequently used to make observations through a telescope. These sensitive instruments can record the image nearly down to the level of individual photons, and can be designed to view in parts of the spectrum that are invisible to the eye. The ability to record the arrival of small numbers of photons over a period of time can allow a degree of computer correction for atmospheric effects, sharpening up the image. Multiple digital images can also be combined to further enhance the image, often known as "stacking". When combined with the adaptive optics technology, image quality can approach the theoretical resolution capability of the telescope.

Filters are used to view an object at particular frequencies or frequency ranges. Multilayer film filters can provide very precise control of the frequencies transmitted and blocked, so that, for example, objects can be viewed at a particular frequency emitted only by excited hydrogen atoms. Filters can also be used to partially compensate for the effects of light pollution by blocking out unwanted light. Polarization filters can also be used to determine if a source is emitting polarized light, and the orientation of the polarization.

Observing

Astronomers observe a wide range of astronomical sources, including high-redshift galaxies, AGNs, the afterglow from the Big Bang and many different types of stars and protostars.

A variety of data can be observed for each object. The position coordinates locate the object on the sky using the techniques of spherical astronomy, and the magnitude determines its brightness as seen from the Earth. The relative brightness in different parts of the spectrum yields information about the temperature and physics of the object. Photographs of the spectra allow the chemistry of the object to be examined.

Parallax shifts of a star against the background can be used to determine the distance, out to a limit imposed by the resolution of the instrument. The radial velocity of the star and changes in its position over time (proper motion) can be used to measure its velocity relative to the Sun. Variations in the brightness of the star give evidence of instabilities in the star's atmosphere, or else the presence of an occulting companion. The orbits of binary stars can be used to measure the relative masses of each companion, or the total mass of the system. Spectroscopic binaries can be found by observing doppler shifts in the spectrum of the star and its close companion.

Stars of identical masses that formed at the same time and under similar conditions typically have nearly identical observed properties. Observing a mass of closely associated stars, such as in a globular cluster, allows data to be assembled about the distribution of stellar types. These tables can then be used to infer the age of the association.

For distant galaxies and AGNs observations are made of the overall shape and properties of the galaxy, as well as the groupings where they are found. Observations of certain types of variable stars and supernovae of known luminosity, called standard candles, in other galaxies allows the inference of the distance to the host galaxy. The expansion of space causes the spectra of these galaxies to be shifted, depending on the distance, and modified by the Doppler effect of the galaxy's radial velocity. Both the size of the galaxy and its redshift can be used to infer something about the distance of the galaxy. Observations of large numbers of galaxies are referred to as redshift surveys, and are used to model the evolution of galaxy forms.

See also
 Lunar observation
 Observational study
 Observatory
 Space telescope
 Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology

Related lists
 List of astronomical observatories
 List of radio telescopes

References

External links
 Archives and iconography from 17th century preserved by the Paris Observatory library

Scientific observation
Astronomical sub-disciplines

Observational astronomy


Gerardo Alberto Martínez es un dirigente gremial argentino, actual Secretario General en la Unión Obrera de la Construcción de la República Argentina (UOCRA) y Secretario de Relaciones Internacionales en la Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina (CGTRA); ocupó puestos políticos como Diputado Nacional en el periodo 1997-2001, donde se desempeñó en la presentación de proyectos de ley de índole laboral.

Trayectoria como dirigente
Desde 1985 tuvo varios cargos dirigenciales:

En Unión Obrera de la Construcción de la República Argentina
En UOCRA, fue designado como Secretario de Organización en el periodo 1985-1989. Allí, desde 1990, ejerce como Secretario General.

También preside desde su fundación la obra social del personal de la construcción Construir Salud, la Fundación UOCRA dedicada a la formación y políticas educativas, el Instituto de Vivienda de los Trabajadores (Vivienda).
Y fue fundador de la Fundación Construir Futuro (Niñez) y la Asociación Mano de Obra en Red Solidaria (A.M.O.R.E.S.).

En Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina
En CGTRA se desempeñó en cargos como Secretario Gremial y Secretario de Finanzas, y como Secretario General en el periodo de 1995-1996.

Organización Internacional del Trabajo
Fue Miembro del Consejo de Administración de la OIT en los periodos 2005-2008 y 2008-2011.

En otras organizaciones
En la Coordinadora de Centrales Sindicales del Cono Sur (CCSCS) se desempeñó como Secretario General en el periodo 2007-2009.

En la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), en 2005 es electo como miembro del Consejo de Administración de la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo. En el periodo 2009-2011 se desempeñó como Presidente del Consejo Sindical de Asesoramiento Técnico (COSATE) en la Conferencia Internacional de Ministros de Trabajo.

En ejercicio actual
 Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina (CGTRA): Se desempeña como Secretario de Relaciones Internacionales.
 Confederación de Sindicatos Industriales de la República Argentina (CSIRA): Se desempeña como Secretario de Relaciones Institucionales.
 UOCRA: Se desempeña como Secretario General.
 Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT): Es miembro titular del Consejo de Administración por el Grupo de los Trabajadores, e integra el Comité de Libertad Sindical.
 Foro Consultivo Económico-Social del MERCOSUR (FCES): Es Coordinador Nacional para la Argentina.
 Confederación Sindical de las Américas (CSA): Es Miembro del Consejo Ejecutivo.
 Confederación Sindical Internacional (CSI): Es Miembro titular del Consejo General Mundial.
 Internacional de Trabajadores de la Construcción y la Madera (ICM): Se desempeña como Presidente para América Latina y el Caribe, y como Vicepresidente Mundial.
 Consejo Económico Social de la CABA: Es Miembro titular.
 Consejero titular en el Consejo Económico y Social (C.E.S.).

Trayectoria política
Fue Diputado Nacional por la Provincia de Buenos Aires en el periodo entre 1997 y 2001 en la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación Argentina. Durante ese periodo fue Integrante de la Comisión de Legislación Laboral, desde donde impulso en 1999 la presentación del proyecto de la oposición sobre la Reforma de la legislación laboral en la Argentina, en el año 2000 la presentación y aprobación del Proyecto de Ley de Prestaciones por Desempleo para los Trabajadores de la Construcción, y en ese mismo año la presentación del Proyecto de Ley para la modificación a la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo.

Denuncia sobre su rol en la dictadura
Causa en la cual fue sobreseído. Martínez está en la nómina de civiles que trabajaron en el Batallón de Inteligencia 601 entre 1982 y 1983, que coordinó la represión ilegal en el país durante la última dictadura. El nombre del sindicalista figura en el listado de agentes que el Ejército le entregó en febrero de 2010 a la entonces ministra de Defensa, Nilda Garré. Según su foja de servicios en el Destacamento 601 de Inteligencia de Campo de Mayo, se lo califica como "agente leal y útil". La Liga Argentina por los Derechos del Hombre y la Asociación de ex Detenidos Desaparecidos junto con el Sindicato de los Trabajadores de la Industria de la Construcción y Afines (SITRAIC) fueron querellantes en la denuncia penal que fuera presentada el 12 de julio de 2011, para que la Justicia investigue dicho rol. El acto fue acompañado por Nora Cortiñas, de Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora. Sin aclarar si fue servicio de inteligencia del Batallón 601 o no, Martínez se puso a disposición del juez federal Sergio Torres, que investiga si el dirigente sindical tuvo alguna responsabilidad en el secuestro y desaparición de 105 albañiles durante la dictadura.
. En septiembre de 2012 ya se habría informado sobre el sobreseimiento por la falta de pruebas, pero en ese momento los denunciantes apelaron a la sentencia aportando datos para que la investigación continúe su curso hasta el fallo de 2014. El 17 de septiembre de 2014 fue sobreseído de la causa en un fallo definitivo firmado por el juez Ariel Lijo.

Véase también

Referencias

Diputados del Congreso de la Nación Argentina por la Provincia de Buenos Aires
Funcionarios y magistrados durante el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional
Sindicalistas de Argentina
Peronistas

Gerardo Martínez


Taekwondoul a fost inclus în programul olimpic de Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2000 de la Sydney, după ce a fost un sport demonstrativ la ediția din 1988 și la cea din 1992.

Clasament pe medalii
Actualizat după Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012.

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Taekwondo la Comitetul Olimpic Internațional
  Taekwondo la Jocurile Olimpice  pe Sports Reference

Taekwondo la Jocurile Olimpice


Transit police (also known as transport police, railway police, railroad police and several other terms) are specialized police agencies employed either by a common carrier (a transit district, railway, railroad, bus line, or any other mass transit provider) or a municipality, county, district, or state. Transit law enforcement services may also be provided by a specialized unit within a larger local law enforcement agency. Their mandate is to prevent and investigate all crime committed against the carrier or its passengers, as well as crime incidentally committed onand sometimes aroundthe carrier's property.

Type

Autonomous agencies

A transit police force may consist of officers employed directly by a transit system or by a government agency dedicated to providing specialized law enforcement services.  There are numerous instances of both within United States, given the decentralized nature of US law enforcement; examples of larger, stand-alone agencies within the US include the MBTA Police, BART Police, and the New Jersey Transit Police Department. In the United Kingdom, transit law enforcement is provided by a single, nation-wide agency, the British Transport Police, although other law enforcement agencies may assist with this task. Within India, many transit policing services are conducted by the Government Railway Police.

Specialized units of local law enforcement agencies

Other forces may exist as a specialized unit of a local law enforcement agency, such as the United States' Transit Police Services Bureau of the Orange County, California Sheriff's Department (which serves the Orange County Transportation Authority) or the Transit Enforcement Unit of the Phoenix Police Department (assigned to the Phoenix Public Transit Department). Some formerly independent transit police agencies have also been absorbed into (or had their duties assumed by) a larger, local law enforcement agency; Examples include the LACMTA Police's duties being assumed by the LAPD Transit Services Division and the New York City Transit Police being integrated into the NYPD Transit Bureau.

Railroad police

Where the term "transit police" is used for a law enforcement agency or unit working for a railroad/railway, it usually refers to a railroad providing urban mass transit (such as a city-elevated system or subway) as opposed to long-distance rail carriage.

Law enforcement agencies of both cargo railroads and long-haul rail carriers are usually referred to as "railroad police" or "railway police". There is often considerable overlap in transit police and railroad police agencies' duties. Railroad police agencies, however, have a long history, and were established separate from and prior to most modern transit police agencies. Transit police and railroad police powers may also be legally defined separately; For example, in the United States, many states have separate laws concerning both types of agencies.

However, in modern times, with increasing overlap in duties and the proliferation of extensive mass transit systems, some jurisdictions have opted for a hybrid model of railroad and transit policing. For instance, in the United Kingdom, most of the rail systems, including the London Underground, are policed by the British Transport Police (BTP). The BTP is a full-service, national law enforcement agency, which essentially combined the duties of dozens of now-defunct transit and railway police agencies into a single entity (the BTP has no authority in Northern Ireland, except in emergencies).

Powers
Some transit police forces have full policing powers, such as the US' BART Police, SEPTA Transit Police, Metro Transit Police Department, Utah Transit Authority Police Department or the MBTA Police. The UK's British Transport Police, also has full police powers within Great Britain. In some areas, transit police agencies have limited or specific powers, and may be classed as special police or special constables, or peace officers with limited powers, such as Canada's Edmonton Transit Peace Officers. Regardless, transit police services nearly always hold more authority than un-sworn, security guard-only services.

Crimes

Some of the crimes transit police and railroad police investigate include trespassing on the right-of-way of a railroad, assaults against passengers, tagging of graffiti on railroad rolling stock and buses or bus stops, pickpocketing, ticket fraud, robbery and theft of personal belongings, baggage or freight, and drug dealing at transit stations. They may also engage in random ticket checking hoping to catch and fine ticketless travelers. These controls are usually more frequent in transit systems using an honor-based fare collecting approach.

Jurisdiction and authority

In federal states like the United States, Canada, or Australia, federal and state statutes determine the jurisdiction and authority of all police departments, including transit police.

Most transit police services have the same police authority as any other national, state and local police agencies, such as the MBTA Transit Police Department, MARTA (Atlanta) Transit Police, British Transport Police, New Jersey Transit Police Department, BART Police, Maryland Transit Administration Police, DART Police, SEPTA Transit Police, Utah Transit Authority Police Department, and the Metro Vancouver Transit Police (South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service). Some agencies have rather extensive jurisdictions, including traffic enforcement and arrest powers on and off property, for example, the New Jersey Transit Police Department maintains the distinction of being the only transit police agency in the United States with statewide authority.

List of specialised transit/transport police agencies and departments

Australia
New South Wales
Commuter Crime Unit, New South Wales Police Force
New South Wales Police Force Police Transport & Public Safety Command as of 2013.
Transit Officers, RailCorp Closed down as of October 2013.

Queensland
Railway Squad, Queensland Police
Authorised Officers, Queensland Rail
Translink Senior Network Officers, Translink
Customer Service Officers, G:link
Translink Network Officers employed by Bus Operator companies under contract to Translink (Queensland)

South Australia
Transit Services Branch, South Australia Police (all public transport in Adelaide). Private security also maintain a presence, especially during peak hours or events.

Victoria
Transit Safety Division, Victoria Police members and Protective Services Officers (predominantly operate in Melbourne)
Authorised Officers employed by Public Transport operator companies and by Public Transport Victoria (PTV).

Western Australia
Police Rail Unit, Western Australia Police (operating in Perth)
Transit Officers, Public Transport Authority of Western Australia

Canada

Police forces
 Metro Vancouver Transit Police
 Canadian Pacific Police Service
 Canadian National Police Service
 Via Rail Police Service

Special constables

Other large Canadian transit networks use security officers appointed as special constables or peace officers. As special constables, they typically have full police powers when working on transit property to enforce the Criminal Code of Canada, as well as respective Bylaws. Whilst they carry some police equipment, such as a protective vest, baton, handcuffs and pepper spray, they do not carry a firearm. These officers assist local jurisdiction's police officers in investigations of illegal activity on the transit system.
Calgary Transit Public Safety and Enforcement Section
Edmonton Transit Protective Services
GO Transit Special Constables
OC Transpo Special Constable Service
Société de Transport de Montréal Sûreté des réseaux
Toronto Transit Commission Transit Enforcement Unit
Toronto Police Service also has a Transit Patrol Unit to assist TTC special constables and patrol the network.
YRT/Viva Special Constable Services

People's Republic of China
Cities in China which have rapid transit systems all have their transit police force associated to the local public security bureau. There are no non-governmental police forces, or police institutes under transit authority. National Rail used to have a police force under the Ministry of Railways, but such authority has since been transferred to local police agencies.

However, the structure of institutions can be vary from city to city. For example, cities like Tianjin and Chengdu might have a joint public transportation force of division level, operates on all the taxis, bus routes, coaches, rapid transit and ferry lines as well as transportation hubs inside city limit; while Chongqing and Xi'an have tighter transit cop brigades focused exclusively on protecting the mass transit lines. Again, all these agencies are supervised by the PSBs of higher level.

Hong Kong
Railway District, Hong Kong Police Force

France
Police Régionale des Transports (Police Nationale) - operates on Paris' suburban trains, and metro
Service National de Police Ferroviaire (Police Nationale-Direction Centrale de la Police aux Frontières) - operates on mainline trains
Service Interdépartemental de Sécurité dans les Transports en Commun (SISTC) - Police Nationale - Direction Centrale de la Sécurité Publique
Surveillance Générale (Suge) - operates on SNCF railways. This private service, run by the SNCF, has restricted police powers
Groupe de Protection et de Sécurisation des Réseaux (GPSR) - operates on RATP railways. This private service, run by the RATP, has restricted police powers
Police des Transports de l'Agglo Orléans Val de Loire - operates on bus, tram and train service in the Orléans Métropole

Germany
 former German Democratic Republic: Transportpolizei
 Federal Republic of Germany: Bahnpolizei (merged into Federal Police)

India
 Railway Protection Force renamed as Indian Railway Protection Force Service.

The Indian Railway Protection Force Service (IRPFS) is a security force, established by the Railway Protection Force Act, 1957 ; enacted by the Indian Parliament for "the better protection and security of railway property".

It has the power to search, arrest, investigate and prosecute, though the ultimate power rests in the hands of the Government Railway Police. The force is under the authority of the Indian Ministry of Railways.

 Commando for Railway Security (CORAS)
Government Railway Police

The Government Railway Police (IAST: Sarakārī Rēlvē Pulīs), abbreviated as GRP, is the police force of the Indian Railways. It was established by the Railways Act, 1989, of the Parliament of India. Its duties correspond to those of the District Police in the areas under their jurisdiction, such as patrolling, but only on railway property. It is the parent agency of the Railway Protection Force, and aids and provides assistance to it, whose primary duties are to protect and secure all railway property.

The GRP's responsibility is to observe law and order on all railway property. Officers are recruited from the Indian Police Service. The force is under joint-control of the Indian Ministry of Railways and the police departments of the various state police departments of India

 State Highway Police

Italy
Railway Police (Polizia Ferroviaria), Polizia di Stato

Latvia
Port Police (Ostas Policija)

Netherlands

Railway police
Railway Police Service (Unit insfrastructuur, dienst spoor), Dutch National Police (Landelijke Politie eenheid)

Transit enforcement
In The Netherlands, all public transport companies providing public service have their own enforcement officers, these officers often have the BOA status (special investigation officer) and limited police powers (use of force, arrest and use of handcuffs) the main task of these officers is fare enforcement and securing the safety of the public and employees within the transport vehicles.
The city of Amsterdam, is the only municipality in the Netherlands which operates its own transit enforcement department. The "Veiligheidsteam openbaar vervoer" (Safety team public transport) cooperates with the Amsterdam police in maintaining public order within the public transport, stations an hubs within the city limits, prevent or stop crimes, public assistance, issuing transit information and spotting suspicious behavior. Their uniforms are similar to that of police officers (police style hat, yellow high-visibility jacket and trousers with side striping; the only difference with the uniform of a police officer is that the trouser and hat color are dark grey whereas the police uses navy blue. These enforcement officers are employed by the city, whereas the police officers are employed by the national police. Enforcement officers are equipped with handcuffs and a short police baton and have limited police powers like the use of force, making arrests, detaining people and issuing fines. The city of Amsterdam is currently looking into the possibility to equip the officers with a can of pepperspray; this will probably be in mid 2014.

Poland
Railway Security Guard : Armed security forces protecting railway system in Poland

Russian Federation
Main Directorate of the Transport of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. (Главное Управление на Транспорте Министерства Внутренних Дел.)

Singapore
 Public Transport Security Command, Singapore Police Force

Sweden
 Swedish Police Authority, Stockholm metro police ()

Taiwan
 National Police Agency, Railway Police: Railway Police Bureau, MRT Police Taipei City Police Department Rapid Transit Division, Kaohsiung City Police Department Rapid Transit Division

United Kingdom
British Transport Police (national railways in Great Britain, the London Underground, Docklands Light Railway, West Midlands Metro, Tramlink, Tyne and Wear Metro - Sunderland extension, Glasgow Subway)
 Belfast Harbour Police — Belfast Harbour, Belfast: HDPCA incorporated by section 5 of the Belfast Harbour Act 1847.
 Port of Bristol Police — Port of Bristol, Bristol. Includes Avonmouth Dock, Bristol, Royal Portbury Dock, North Somerset, and 3 islands in the Bristol Channel: Denny Island, Flat Holme, Steep Holme.
 Port of Felixstowe Police — Port of Felixstowe, Suffolk: HDPCA incorporated by section 3(1)(e) of the Felixstowe Dock and Railway Act 1956.
Port of Portland Police — Portland Harbour, Isle of Portland: HDPCA incorporated by section 3 of the Portland Harbour Revision Order 1997.
 Falmouth Docks Police — Falmouth Docks, Falmouth, Cornwall: HDPCA incorporated by section 3 of the Falmouth Docks Act 1959.
 Port of Dover Police — Port of Dover, Dover: HDPCA incorporated by section 3 of the Dover Harbour Consolidation Act 1954, and incorporation amended by part 4 of the Dover Harbour Revision Order 2006. Given the large amount of property owned by the port, their jurisdiction effectively extends to all of Dover and now throughout Kent in order to be able to take arrested persons to Custody Suites.
 Port of Liverpool Police — Port of Liverpool, Liverpool: current authority derives from article 3 of the Mersey Docks and Harbour (Police) Order 1975. Port of Liverpool police officers are Crown police officers and not special constables.
 Port of Tilbury Police (formerly the Port of London Authority Police) — Port of Tilbury, Essex: current authority derives from section 154 of the Port of London Act 1968
 Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority Harbour Police — Tees and Hartlepool: current authority derives from section 103 of the Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority Act 1966
Roads and Transport Policing Command Safer Transport Teams, Metropolitan Police – Transport for London buses, bus stations/interchanges, taxis and roads.
Metro Unit, Northumbria Police
Metrolink Unit, Greater Manchester Police
 Belfast International Airport Constabulary – attested under article 19(3) of the Airports (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 as constables for the airport, which employs them.
 Mersey Tunnels Police – attested under section 105 of the County of Merseyside Act 1980 as constables in and around the tunnels.

United States
Amtrak Police
BART Police
BNSF Police Department
Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority Police
Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) Police Department
Delaware River and Bay Authority Police Department
Delaware River Port Authority Police Department
Greater Cleveland Transit Police Department
Honolulu Police Department
Long Beach Harbor Patrol
Los Angeles Airport Police
Los Angeles Port Police
Maryland Transit Administration Police
Maryland Transportation Authority Police
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Transit Police Department
Metra Police Department (Chicago)
Metro Transit Police Department, King County Sheriff's Office
MetroLink Unit, St. Louis County Police Department
Airport Police Division, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) Police Department
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) Transit Police Department
Metro Transit - Minnesota Police Department
Metro Transit Police (Akron, Ohio)
Napa Valley Railroad Police Department
New Jersey Transit Police Department
New York City Police Department Transit Bureau (New York City Subway)
New York City Transit Police - (Merged into the NYPD in 1995)
 New York MTA Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police
New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway Police Department
Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority Transit Police Department
Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District Transit Police Department (South Shore Line)
OCTA-Transit Police Services Bureau, Orange County Sheriff's Department
Port Authority of Allegheny County Police Department
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department (responsible for PATH)
Port of Portland Police Department (Oregon)
Public Transportation Section, Chicago Police Department
SEPTA Transit Police
Transit Services Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
Union Pacific Police Department
Utah Transit Authority Police DepartmentTransit Police Department
Statcom - Citywide MARTA Mission Critical Police Transit Division. A Multi - Jurisdiction Public Safety & Law Enforcement Division of Statcom - Citywide Mobility Area Rapid Transit Authority Mission Critical Co. United States & Canada  HQ New York, NY, Los Angels, A, Chicago, ILL, Atlanta, GA & Toronto CN, Seattle Washington , Houston & Dallas TX  Washington,DC Global Central Command HQ

See also

 1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings
 2004 Madrid train bombings
 7 July 2005 London bombings
 21 July 2005 London bombings
 2006 Mumbai train bombings
 2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing
 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings
 Public transport security
 Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway
 Security on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
 September 11 attacks
 Penalty fare
Fare evasion

References

Law enforcement units
Public transport

Transit police


An Carex sendtneriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Georg Brügger. An Carex sendtneriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex sendtneriana


O XLR-129 era um projeto de motor de foguete americano que usaria hidrogênio líquido e propelentes de oxigênio líquido. Ele foi desenvolvido pela Pratt & Whitney e inicialmente deveria desenvolver 250.000 lbf (1.100 kN) de empuxo. Ele apresentava um bico expansível para ajustar o desempenho em uma ampla gama de altitudes.

O XLR-129 foi projetado para ser reutilizável e foi inicialmente pago pela Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos, para um programa da década de 1960 chamado Project Isinglass, que seria um avião-foguete tripulado destinado a sobrevôos de vigilância.Para o ônibus espacial foi feita uma tentativa de aumentar o impulso para 350.000 lbf (1.600 kN) mas no final  o motor RS-25 Rocketdyne's foi usado.

O programa XLR-129 nunca foi concluído, nenhum motor completo foi produzido, mas muitos sistemas foram desenvolvidos e testados.

Pratt & Whitney XLR-129


أولريكه شفايكيرت Ulrike Schweikert (28 نوفمبر 1966)، كاتبة ألمانية تنشر أحيانا تحت اسم مستعار هو ريكه شبيمان Rike Speemann.

بعد ست سنوات في عملها بائعة للأوراق المالية، شرعت في دراسة الجيولوجيا ثم الصحافة. واهتمت بجانب ذلك بتاريخ مسقط رأسها. وقد مثلت هذه البحوث الخلفية لروايتها الأولى «ابنة عامل الملح» Die Tochter des Salzsieders. وتقيم الكاتبة حاليا بالقرب من بفورتسهايم. وقد حصلت في عام 2004 على جائزة هانسيورج مارتن عن روايتها «عام المتواطئين» Das Jahr der Verschwörer.

من أعمالها
 ابنة عامل الملح (رواية تاريخية 2000)
 الساحرة والقديسة (رواية تاريخية 2001)
 سيدة الجبل (رواية تاريخية 2003)
 أرواح الليل (رواية خيالية 2003)
 رائحة الدم (رواية بوليسية خيالية 2003)
 عام المتواطئين (رواية شبابية تاريخية 2003)
 الصليب الطباشيري (رواية تاريخية 2004)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الشخصي للكاتبة

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كاتبات ألمانيات في القرن 20
كاتبات ألمانيات في القرن 21
مواليد 1966
مواليد في شفايبيش هال

أولريكه شفايكيرت


ගාලු කොටුව යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගාල්ල ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි පෘතුගීසීන් විසින් ඉදිකරන ලද බලකොටුවකි. පසුව එය 17 වන සියවසේදී ලන්දේසීන් විසින් නවීකරණය කරන ලද අතර මේ වන විට එය අවුරුදු 400 ක අතීතයකට හිමිකම් කියයි.

වර්තමානයේ කොටුවට පිවිසීම සඳහා දොරටු දෙකක් භාවිතා කෙරේ. රජයේ කාර්යාල ගොඩනැගිලි රැසක්ම කොටු පවුර ආශ්‍රිතව වර්තමානය දක්වා ම පවත්වගෙන යන ලදි. නමුදු මේ වන විට ඒවා ටිකින් ටික ඉවත්  කරමින්  පවතී. ලෝක උරුමයක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලද ගාලු කොටුව සුන්දර මෙන්ම ඉපැරණි වස්තුවකි. ගාලු කොටුව පිහිටා තිබෙන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගිනිකොණ මුහුදු තීරයේ ය. එය 1588 දී පෘතුගීසින් විසින් නිමවූවකි. පසුව ලන්දේසීන් විසින් එය 17 වන ශත වර්ෂයේදී පුළුල් ලෙස නවීකරණය කරන ලදී. එය පෘතුගීසින් විසින් ලොවට දායාද කල ආශ්චර්යමත් නිමැවුමකි. ගාලු කොටුව පෞරාණික වටිනාකමකින් යුක්ත බව එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය විසින් පිළිගෙන ඇත. එය ලන්දේසි ගෘහ නිර්මන ශිල්පය පිලිබඳ කදිම නිදසුනකි. ලන්දේසි කොටුව හෝ ගාල්ලේ පවුර ලෙස ද හදුන්වයි. ලන්දේසි කොටුව ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලද්දකි. ගාලු කොටුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක ආකර්ශනයකට හිමිකම් කියන ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ඇති වාස්තුවිද්‍යාත්මක සහ පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක දායාදයකි.

පෘතුගීසි බලකොටු
ලන්දේසි බලකොටු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බලකොටු
ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

ගාලු කොටුව


Martina Hingis, (d. 30 Eylül 1980), Slovak asıllı İsviçreli grand slam şampiyonu eski tenisçi. 30 Eylül 1980'de o zaman Çekoslovakya'nın bir parçası olan Slovakya'nın 2. büyük şehri olan Košice'de doğdu. Annesi Melanie Molitorova Çek, mühendis olan babası Karol Hingis ise bir Macar'dır.

Yaygın olarak tüm zamanların en iyi tenis oyuncusu olarak kabul edilen Hingis, 2005 yılında Tennis dergisi tarafından önceki 40 yılın en büyük 8. oyuncusu oldu. Haziran 2011'de TIME tarafından "30 Kadın Tenis Efsanesi: Geçmiş, Şimdi ve Gelecek" den biri olarak seçildi. 2013 yılında Hingis Uluslararası Onur Listesi'ne seçildi ve iki yıl sonra örgütün ilk Küresel Büyükelçisi olarak atandı.

Çocukluğu ve profesyonellik öncesi
Ebeveynleri kendisi dört yaşında iken boşanan Hingis, henüz iki yaşında iken amatör bir tenisçi olan annesi tarafından spora başlatıldı. O yıllarda dünya klasmanının bir numarası olan Martina Navratilova'ya hayranlığından dolayı kızının ismini Martina koyan Melanie Molitorova, profesyonel yaşama geçtiğinde de Martina'nın koçluğunu üstlendi.

7 yaşında annesiyle birlikte İsviçre'ye göçen Martina Hingis, 10-13 yaşları arasında ITF serisinde gösterdiği üstün grafikle tüm otoritelerin dikkatini çekerken, geleceğin şampiyonları arasında gösterildi. 1994'ün Ekim ayında 14 yaşını tamamlayalı henüz iki hafta olmuşken, profesyonel olma kararı aldı.

Profesyonel kariyeri

1995'te hızla sıralamada yükselen Hingis, Filderstade'daki Porsche GP 'de kariyerinin ilk WTA Tur şampiyonluğuna 1996'nın Ekim ayında ulaştı. Bu şampiyonluğun sadece üç ay sonrasında Avustralya Açık'ta Mary Pierce'ı devirerek tarihin en genç Grand Slam şampiyonu unvanına ulaştı. Hingis, 31 Mart 1997 tarihinde de 1 numaraya yükselen en genç oyuncu oldu.

En parlak sezonu olan 1997'de üç grand slam kazanan Hingis, sadece beş maçta rakiplerine yenildi. Bu yenilgilerin ilki de Fransa Açık finalinde Iva Majoli karşısında aldığı mağlubiyetti. Majoli yenilgisi, Hingis'i tarihte aynı yıl içinde dört büyük turnuvayı da kazanarak Grand Slam yapan dördüncü kadın tenisçi yapmaktan alıkoydu.

1998 ve 1999'da Avustralya Açık'ı kazanan İsviçreli yıldız, Fransa Açık dışında tenis dünyasındaki tüm büyük turnuvaları kazandı. 209 hafta bir numarada kaldıktan sonra, 2001 yılının Ekim ayında Jennifer Capriati tarafından bir numaradan indirildi.

2002 yılında sakatlık yüzünden dört ay tenise ara veren Hingis, Amerika Açık'ta mücadele verdi ancak dördüncü turda elendi. Aynı yılın Ekim ayında ise, bileğindeki sakatlık yüzünden süresiz olarak tenisi bıraktığını açıkladı.

Yaklaşık üç yıl tenisten kopan Hingis, bu süre içinde Eurosport ve ESPN gibi televizyonlarda TV yorumculuğu yaparken, zaman zaman bağış ve gösteri turnuvalarında oynadı.

Ocak 2006'da Canberra'daki Hasting Direct Internaitonal'la WTA'e dönüş yapan Hingis, ilk turnuvası'nda yarı final oynama başarısı gösterdi. İki hafta sonra katıldığı Avustralya Açık'ta çok başarılı maçlar çıkararak çeyrek finale yükseldi ancak Kim Clijsters'a kaybetti. Aynı turnuvada karışık çiftlerde Hint Mahesh Bhupathi'yle birlikte şampiyon olarak kariyerindeki ilk karşışık çiftler grand slam kupasını kaldırmayı başardı. Mayıs 2006'da Roma'da Tier I turnuvası kazanarak büyük bir başarı elde etti. Ancak bir hafta sonrasında Fransa Açık çeyrek finalinde yine Clijsters'a mağlup oldu.

ITF'in askıya alınması ve ikinci emeklilik
Martina Hingis, birkaç aydır kalça yaralanmasına muzdarip olarak Kasım 2007'de emekli oldu ve o yılki Wimbledon Şampiyonasında, bir kokain metaboliti için yapılan testlerin sonucu pozitif çıkması yüzünden bu spordan iki yıl müsabakalardan uzak kalmasına neden oldu.

2008-2009
2007'de ikinci kez emekli olan Hingis, 13 Haziran 2008'de Liverpool Uluslararası turnuvasında bir sergi maçı yaptı. Bu etkinlik Wimbledon için bir ısınma olmasına rağmen, WTA Tour'un bir parçası değildi. 1997 Wimbledon finalinin bir rövanşında Hingis, Jana Novotná'yı mağlup etti.

2009 yılında Hingis, İngiliz televizyon dans yarışması Strictly Come Dancing yarışmasına katıldı. Bahisçilerin yarışmadaki favorisiydi, ama bir vals ve bir rumba yaptıktan sonra ilk hafta yarışmadan elendi.

2010
2010 yılının başında, Hingis dünyanın eski 1 numaralı oyuncusu Lindsay Davenport'u mağlup etti ve tenise olası bir dönüşü ima etti. Şubat ayında, 2010'da World TeamTennis turuyla dolu bir sezon geçirdiğini açıkladı. 5 Mayıs 2010 tarihinde, Hingis'in çiftlerde ortağı Anna Kournikova ile bir araya geleceği açıklandı. Kournikova, Wimbledon'daki Invitational Ladies Doubles etkinliğinde yedi yıldan beri ilk kez rekabetçi tenis turnuvasına katıldı. Hingis ayrıca, Wimbledon'dan sonra Manchester Masters'da oynamadan önce, Wimbledon'dan önceki Tradition-ICAP Liverpool International şampiyonasında oynayacağını da doğruladı. Nottingham ve Manchester Masters gibi Liverpool, yönetim şirketi Northern Vision tarafından organize edildi. Nottingham Masters'da Hingis, Michaëlla Krajicek (iki kere), Olga Savchuk ve Monika Wejnert ile karşılaştı.

2011
5 Haziran 2011'de Lindsay Davenport ile eşleştirilen Hingis, finalde Martina Navratilova ve Jana Novotná'yı yenerek Roland Garros Kadınlar Efsaneleri unvanını kazandı. Navratilova / Novotná ile karşılaşmadan önce, Hingis ve Davenport turnuvada iki rabin maçı kazandı:
ilk önce Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva'ya karşı oynadılar ve ardından bir sonraki maçta Andrea Temesvári / Sandrine Testud ve 10: 0 üstün galibiyet üstünlüğüne geçti.

2012
Hingis ve Davenport, 2012'de Wimbledon Kadınlar Davetiye Şampiyonu unvanını başarıyla korudular ve yine finalde Martina Navratilova ve Jana Novotná'yı mağlup ettiler.

Tenis otoritelerince, son yılların en iyi tenisçilerinden biri olarak kabul edilen Hingis, WTA Tour tarafından 30 yılın en önemli maçı seçilen 1999 Fransa Açık finalinde oynamıştır.  Efsanevi Steffi Graf'la oynadığı maçta, rakip sahaya geçerek topun izini incelediği için tribünlerden büyük tepki alan Hingis, 6-4, 5-4 önde olduğu maçı kaybederek büyük bir dram yaşamıştır.

2013 yılı Temmuz ayında emeklilikten geri dönen Hingis, çiftli karşılaşmalarda yer alarak ve koçluk yaparak kortlara döndü. Sırasıyla Daniela Hantuchová, Sabine Lisicki, Flavia Pennetta ve Leander Paes ile birlikte karşılaşmalara çıkan sporcu Sania Mirza ile birlikte mücadele etmiş ve 2015 yılı Eylül ayı itibarıyla çiftlerde dünya ikincisi konumuna yükselmiştir.

Tüm zamanların en çok para ödülü kazanan dördüncü tenisçisidir. Son yüzyılın en iyi kadın tenisçilerinden biridir.

Hingis, Ekim 2017'de Singapur'da, WTA finallerinde tenisten emekli olduğunu açıkladı.

Özel hayatı
Hingis, Çekoslovakya'nın (şimdi ki Slovakya) Kösice kentinde, Martina Hingisová ismiyle, ikisi de tenis oyuncusu olan Melanie Molitorová ve Karol Hingis'in çocuğu olarak doğdu. Annesi Molitorová, bir zamanlar Çekoslovakya'da kadınlar arasında onuncu sırada yer alan profesyonel bir tenisçiydi ve Hingis'i daha hamileyken en iyi oyuncu haline getirmeye kararlıydı. Babası Çekoslovak tenis sıralamasında 19. sıraya kadar yükseldi. Martina Hingis erken çocukluğunu Rožnov pod Radhoštěm kasabasında (şimdi ki Çekya'da) büyüyerek geçirdi. Hingis'in anne ve babası o altı yaşındayken boşandı ve o ve annesi 1987'de Çekoslovakya'dan ayrıldı ve yedi yaşındayken İsviçre'deki Trübbach'a (Wartau) göç etti. Annesi İsviçreli bir bilgisayar teknisyeni olan Andreas Zogg ile ikinci evliliğini yaptı. Hingis, vatandaşlığa kabul yoluyla İsviçre vatandaşlığını kazandı.

Hingis, 2000 yılında İsveçli tenisçi Magnus Norman ve İspanyol golfçü Sergio García ile çıktı. Daha sonra Çek tenisçi Radek Štěpánek ile nişanlandı, ancak Ağustos 2007'de ondan ayrıldı. Eski tenisçiler Ivo Heuberger, Justin Gimelstob, ve Julián Alonso ile çıktı.

10 Aralık 2010'da Paris'te Hingis, önceki Nisan ayında düzenlenen bir yarışmada tanıştığı Fransız binicilik şovu atıcısı olan 24 yaşındaki Thibault Hutin ile evlendi. 8 Temmuz 2013'te Hingis, İsviçre'li Schweizer Illustrierte gazetesine yıl başından beri ayrıldığını söyledi. 2017 yılında, bir spor yöneticisi olan İspanyol David Tosas Ros ile çıktığı bildirildi.

Hingis beş dil konuşuyor: İsviçre Almancası, Standart Almanca, Çekçe, İngilizce ve Fransızca.

20 Temmuz 2018'de Hingis, İsviçre'de, Bad Ragaz'daki Grand Resort'da gizli bir törenle eski spor doktoru Harald Leemann ile evlendi. Hingis ve Leemann evlenmeden hemen önce bir yıl boyunca ilişki içindeydiler.

Hingis, 30 Eylül 2018'de, 38. doğum gününde, ilk hamileliğini sosyal medya aracılığıyla açıkladı. 26 Şubat 2019'da kızı Lia'yı doğurdu.

Grand Slam turnuvaları tekli final maçları

Kazandıkları (5)

İkincilikleri (7)

WTA Tour meslek hayatı kazanımları

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Martina Hingis Fan Sitesi

1980 doğumlular
Laureus Dünya Spor Ödülü sahipleri
Avustralya Açık şampiyonları
Yaşayan insanlar
İsviçreli kadın tenisçiler
2016 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
BBC Yılın Denizaşırı Sporcusu Ödülü sahipleri

Martina Hingis


El  XXXV Campeonato Mundial de Halterofilia se celebró en Varsovia (Polonia) entre el 29 de septiembre y el 4 de octubre de 1959 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Halterofilia (IWF) y la Federación Polaca de Halterofilia.

En el evento participaron 85 halterófilos de 19 federaciones nacionales afiliadas a la IWF.

Medallistas

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados en la pág. web Lift Up .

1959
Halterofilia en 1959

Campeonato Mundial de Halterofilia de 1959


Sâbiîlik veya Mandeizm/Mandaeizm (Mandaeans) (Arapça: الصابئة veya مندائية), Orta Doğu'da bir din. Araplarca Sabiiye olarak adlandırılan grup, kendilerine bilgili, gnostik anlamlarına gelen Manden, din adamlarına ise Nasura demektedirler.

11. yy.da Birûni, gerçek Sabiîleri II. Kiros ve I. Artaserhas zamanında Babil Sürgünü'nden Kudüs'e dönüşte geride kalan Yahudi kabilelerinin kalıntıları olarak tanımlamıştır. E. S. Drower'a (1937) göre bu kabileler Zerdüştçülük (Magizm, Zoroastrianizm) ve Yahudilik karışımı bir sistemi benimsemişlerdir.

Eskiden mensupları çoğunlukla Irak ve Suriye'de bulunurdu. İslâm'ın ortaya çıkışından sonra inanç mensuplarının sayıları iyice azalmış ve zamanla yok olma noktasına gelmiştir. Günümüzde ise Dünya üzerinde 60.000 ile 70.000 kadar Sâbiî olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. 2007 yılına gelindiğinde, Irak'taki Sâbiî nüfusu yaklaşık 5.000'e düşmüştür.

Etimoloji
Sözcüğün kökeni konusunda çok fazla spekülasyon bulunmaktadır. Arapça ص-ب-أ "büyümek" veya (yıldız için) "içinden çıkıp yükselmek" anlamına gelir. Bu durum onların bir yıldız tapınıcısı olduğunu açıklar. Din için kullanıldığında "eski dinini terk eden" anlamına gelir. Sabiî kelimesi Muhammed peygamber için de kullanılmıştır.

Sabiî sözcüğünün kökeni vaftiz için suya daldırmak (sub), göklerin ordusu olan meleklere izafen İbranice İsabba sözcüklerinden türemiş olabilir. Sabiîlere göre yıldızlar meleklerin yurdu idi ve bu sebeple yıldızlara saygı duyulmaktaydı.

Judah Segal (1963), Sabiun kelimesinin Hinduizmin baş tanrısı Shivadan türetildiğini iddia etmiştir.

İnanç ve kimlikleri
Sabiîliğin genellikle bir yıldız tapınımı olduğu kaydedilir. Güneş, Ay ve diğer gezegenlerin de o günkü anlayışta yıldızlardan farkı yoktur ve Sabiîlikte bu gezegenlere de kendi günlerinde ibadet yapılır. Musa bin Meymun'a göre onlarda yıldızlar birer tanrıydı ve en büyük tanrı Güneş'ti. Sonra Ay ve diğer gezegenler veya yıldızlar geliyordu. Sabiîler günlük tapınmalarını (namaz) Güneş'in gökyüzündeki yerine göre plânlarlar ve öncesinde su ile temizlenirlerdi.

Sabiîlik keskin düalist bir dindir. Işık ve karanlık tanrıları bulunur ve Sabiîler, bunlardan Işık tanrısına ibadet ederler. Sabiî dininde gündüz üç, gece iki kez kuzeye dönülerek Işık kralı'na ibadet edilir. Rişama denilen bir vaftiz türü kesinlikle bir akarsuda yapılmalıdır. Oruç, hac, kurban ibadetleri de bulunmaktadır. Âdem, Nuh ve Vaftizci Yahya'yı peygamber kabul eden bir dindir. Sabiî dininin Âsur, Bâbil inançları yanında Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve Müslümanlığa ait ögeleri de içinde barındırdığı düşünülmektedir.

Kitâb-ı Mukaddes'te Sabiîler
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes'te Elçilerin İşleri kitabında bölüm 19:1-2 Apollos Korint'teyken Pavlus, iç bölgelerden geçerek Efes'e geldi. Orada bâzı öğrencileri bularak onlara "İman ettiğiniz zaman Kutsal Ruh'u aldınız mı?" diye sordu. "Kutsal Ruh'un varlığından haberimiz yok ki!" dediler.3 "Öyleyse neye dayanarak vaftiz* oldunuz?" diye sordu. "Yahya'nın öğretisine dayanarak vaftiz olduk" dediler.4 Pavlus, "Yahya'nın yaptığı vaftiz, tövbeyle ilgili bir vaftizdi" dedi. "Halka, kendisinden sonra gelecek Olan'a, yani İsa'ya inanmalarını söyledi."5 Onlar bunu duyunca, Rab İsa'nın adıyla vaftiz oldular.

Pavlus Efes'e gittiğinde muhtemelen Sabiîler ile karşılaşmış ve Kutsal Ruh'un varlığını bilmedikleri için "Öyleyse neye dayanarak vaftiz oldunuz?" diyerek şaşkınlığını dile getirmiştir.

Kur'an'da Sabiîler
Kur'an'da Sabiîler ile alakalı üç ayet vardır:2.62: Şüphesiz, iman edenlerden, Yahudilerden, Hristiyanlardan ve Sâbiîlerden Allah'a ve Âhiret Günü'ne inanmış, doğru ve yararlı işler yapmış olanların tümü Rablerinden hak ettikleri mükâfatları alacaklardır; Onlara korku yoktur. Onlar üzülecek de değillerdir.5.69: İnananlar, Yahudilerden, Sâbiîlerden ve Hristiyanlardan Allah'a ve Ahiret Günü'ne inanan ve iyi işler yapanlara korku yoktur. Onlar üzülecek de değillerdir.22.17:' Gerçek şu ki inananlar, Yahudi inancına bağlı olanlar ve Sâbiîler, Hristiyanlar ve Mecusiler ve bir de Allah'tan başka varlıklara tanrısal nitelikler yakıştıranlar arasındaki hükmü Kıyamet Günü Allah verecektir. Çünkü Allah her şeye şahittir.

Güncel etkileri
Yazar Turan Dursun, Sabiîliğin Dünya'nın en eski dinlerinden birisi olduğunu, Harun Reşit'in azatlısı Abdullah bin Selam'ın oğlu Ahmet'in Hanif dinini "İbrahimci Sabiîlik" olarak tanımladığını belirtir. Buradan hareketle üç İbrahimî dinin Sabiîlikten etkilenmelerini, özellikle başlangıçta Müslümanlara 'Sabiî oldu' denmesinden ve İslâm'da günlük ibadetlerden çok sayıda örnekler vererek Sabiîliğin Müslümanlık üzerinde çok sayıda eseri olduğu sonucuna ulaşır.

Sabiîliğin haftanın her günü için bir gök cismine ibadet tahsisleri bugün de mesela Almanca ya da İngilizcede haftanın günlerini adlandırmada kullanılmakta olan kelimelerin altyapısını oluşturmaktadır. Sonntag/Sunday Güneş günü, Montag/Monday Ay günü, Saturday Satürn günü gibi.

Kaynaklar

Dış kaynaklar
 Sâbiîlik
 Resullerin İşleri (Kitâb-ı Mukaddes)

Sâbiîlik


Italiens U/21-fodboldlandshold er Italiens landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 21 år og administreres af Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC).

U/21-fodboldlandshold
U/21-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Italiens U/21-fodboldlandshold


Die dominikanische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft ist die Herren-Tennisnationalmannschaft der Dominikanischen Republik.

Geschichte
Seit 1989 nimmt die Dominikanische Republik am Davis Cup teil, konnte sich bislang aber noch nie für die Weltgruppe qualifizieren. Den bislang größten Erfolg feierte die Mannschaft mit dem Erreichen der Weltgruppen-Relegation in der Saison 2015, wo sie auf Deutschland traf. Erfolgreichster Spieler und Rekordspieler ist Víctor Estrella mit 65 Siegen bei 48 Teilnahmen innerhalb von 21 Jahren.

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Mannschaft
Daviscupmannschaft
Daviscup

Dominikanische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft


Morningside est une banlieue du sud de la cité de Whangārei dans la région du  Northland, située dans l'Île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Municipalités limitrophes

Histoire
Issue du  village original des logements de  Morningside du  ,qui existe encore de façon toujours substantielle, la ville de Morninside date du milieu du .
De nombreuses maisons ont été considérablement modifiées mais l'une des maisons de 1939 est protégée par la Catégorie II du Heritage New Zealand  sous le n° 7745 .

Démographie

Morningside avait une population de  lors du recensement de 2018 en Nouvelle-Zélande, en augmentation de  (soit 13,2 %) depuis le recensement de 2013 en Nouvelle-Zélande, et une augmentation de  (soit 10,0 %) depuis le recensement de 2006 en Nouvelle-Zélande.
Il y avait ainsi : .
On comptait  et  donnant ainsi un sexe ratio de 1 homme pour une femme.
Parmi le total de la population,  (soit 21,2 %) étaient âgées de moins de ,  (soit  22,6 %) étaient âgées de ,  (soit 43,8 %) étaient âgées de  , et  (soit 12,4 %) étaient âgées de .

L'ethnicité était pour  65,9 % européens/Pākehā, pour  43,7 % Māoris, pour 5,6 % personnes venant du Pacifique, pour 7,6 % d'origine asiatique  et pour 1,4 % d'une autre ethnicité.
Les personnes peuvent s'identifier de plus d'une ethnicité en fonctionne de leur parenté.

Le pourcentage de personnes nées outre-mer était de 14,9 %, à comparer avec les 27,1 % au niveau national.

Bien que certaines personnes objectent à donner leur religion, 51,0 % n'ont aucune religion, 33,1 % étaient chrétiens, et 9,1 % avaient une autre religion.

Parmi ceux d'au moins  d'âge,  (14,8 %) étaient de niveau bachelier ou d'un degré supérieur  et  ( soit 23,4 %) n'avaient aucune qualification formelle.
Le revenu médian était de .
Le statut d'emploi de ceux d'au moins  était pour  (soit 48,0 %) employées à plein temps, pour  (soit 14,1 %) étaient à temps partiel et  (5,2 %) étaient sans emploi .

Culture
Le  et la  sont localisés au niveau de la banlieue de Morningside.
Le marae est affilié avec le  hapū des Ngāpuhi des .

Éducation
L'école de « Morningside school» est une école mixte, contribuant au primaire, allant de l'année 1 à 6 avec un effectif de  en .

L'école « Christian Renewal School » est une école secondaire et primaire, composite intégrée au public, mixte, allant de l'année 1 à 13  avec un effectif de  en  .Environ  sont dans la high school (allant de l'année 9 à 13), en . L'école fut établie en 1993 et intégrée dans le système public en 1997.La partie secondaire de l'école est située au-dessus et le primaire en dessous. L'école fonctionne dans le bâtiment de la « Christian Renewal buildings », à côté du bâtiment de travail de la «Renew Church» et de l'auditorium.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande
 Liste des écoles en Nouvelle-Zélande

Liens externes

  Morningside School website

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
District de Whangarei
Northland

Morningside (Whangarei)


Kuća kirurga jedna je od najpoznatijih kuća u starorimskom gradu Pompeji, a ime je dobila po drevnim kirurškim instrumentima koji su tamo pronađeni. Zajedno s ostatkom grada, kuća je, u erupciji Vezuva 79. godine, zatrpana i uglavnom očuvana ispod 4 do 6 m vulkanskog pepela i plovućca.

Iskopao ju je 1770. godine Francesco La Vega.

Skromne je veličine i ima malo ornamenata ili ukrasa izvana, ali je čvrste i čvrste građe sa svojom opus quadratum fasadom od kamena od sarno kamena i opus africanum konstrukcijom dvorišta atrija. Bila je to elitna rezidencija o čemu svjedoči atrij koji je bio okružen sobama sa sve četiri strane i njegov prilično ekskluzivan vestibul.

Dugo se vremena smatralo, na temelju konstrukcije zidova, da je kuća jedan od najstarijih primjera u Pompejima s datumom od četvrtog do trećeg stoljeća prije Krista. Međutim, 1926. A. Maiuri je obavio neka iskapanja ispod atrija koji je otkrio raniji sloj ruševine zgrade u kojoj je pronađen novčić iz kasnog trećeg stoljeća pr. Kr. (214./212. pr. Kr.), koji uz datiranje trećeg–drugog stoljeća pr. Kr. starijeg zida ispod tablinuma, sugerira da kuća nije datirana ranije od oko 200. pr. Kr. Međutim, rezultati nikada nisu objavljeni.

Godine 2005. izvršeno je daljnje istraživanje cijele insule VI 1 na razini ispod one iz vremena erupcije Pokazalo se da je atrij modificiran u 2. stoljeću pr. Kr. kako bi se osiguralo više svjetla u unutrašnjosti, dodavanjem kompluvija i pratećeg impluvija na prethodno puni krovni pokrov. Ostatak kuće, međutim, ostavljen je uglavnom onakav kakav je bio, tako da je to doista bila jedna od najranijih kuća u italskom stilu pronađenih do sada u Kampaniji.

U posljednjim godinama Pompeja, za razliku od svog susjeda, Kuće vestalki, koja je procvjetala u jednu od luksuznijih domova u tom području. Čini se da je kuća propala jer je pod između atrija i tablinuma pao u veliku cisternu ispod, drveni stupovi umetnuti su u podove mnogih soba kako bi poduprli oštećeni krov, a jedna je prostorija korištena kao spremnik vapna.

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