Carlos Santisteban Montero  (Guadalajara, 1927 - Ibídem, 25 de marzo de 2015) fue un pintor surrealista español.

Biografía
Carlos Santiesteban nació en Guadalajara en 1927, fruto del matrimonio del también pintor Carlos Santiesteban Valh y de Francisca Montero. Pese a la prematura muerte de su progenitor, en noviembre de 1932, y a la Guerra Civil y a la postguerra, muy pronto se inició en el mundo de las artes plásticas bajo la atenta tutela de su madre que, una y otra vez, ponía a su alcance los óleos y acuarelas de su progenitor para que le sirvieran de modelo.

Este decidido empeño de su madre y las cualidades que mostraba del joven Carlos terminaron por hacer de él un proyecto de artista de exclusiva formación autodidacta, aunque años después, matiza y encauza su estilo con la participación como alumno libre en los cursos de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando de Madrid.

Este traslado a Madrid le permitió establecer contacto con otros artistas directamente relacionados con el mundo de la danza y la escena. Así, desde un primer momento, su carrera profesional se orientó hacia el mundo del espectáculo, interviniendo como diseñador de vestuario y escenógrafo para obras de teatro y ballet. Entre sus grandes proyectos destaca su relación con la compañía de danza dirigida por el bailarín Antonio Ruiz Soler, con quien colabora desde 1955 con diseños para alguno de sus espectáculos: El Amor Brujo y El sombrero de tres picos de Manuel de Falla, o Cerca del Guadalquivir, ballet flamenco sobre el poema de Federico García Lorca.

Aquella actividad ligada al espectáculo le permitió recorrer las principales capitales de Europa y Estados Unidos, y, en los meses de transición entre temporadas, fijar su residencia en París, Nueva York, Sevilla o Málaga. Es en estos momentos de estío, cuando aprovecha para mostrar al público sus obras de estudio.

Fue también a medidos de los años 1950 cuando en el Hotel Hilton de Madrid se organizó una de sus primeras muestras. Aquí presentó una veintena de obras de inspirado tema andaluz, representando coloristas figuras sobre fondo negro. Después de esta etapa inicial, en la que sus creaciones están íntimamente ligadas a su trabajo para las producciones teatrales, consolidó un estilo propio que luego mantuvo durante toda su carrera.

Tras varios años de éxito y reconocimiento internacional, en 1973 Carlos Santiesteban regresó a su ciudad natal para inaugurar el recién restaurado palacio del Infantado con una exposición organizada por la Dirección General de Archivos y Bibliotecas. La muestra contó con una veintena de óleos, entre los que destacaban varias figuras de heraldos y damas y unos paisajes alcarreños, que fueron glosados por el marqués de Lozoya en el catálogo publicado al efecto. La muestra se saldó con la venta de la totalidad de las obras expuestas.

En el mandato 1999-2003, el Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara acordó con el pintor la donación de su casa de residencia en la ciudad, en la calle Teniente Figueroa, para convertirse en su Museo al fallecimiento del artista, a cambio de una pensión mensual vitalicia de la que disfrutó hasta el final de sus días.

Su última exposición monográfica se celebró en el Palacio del Infantado de Guadalajara: "Óleos sobre Castilla-La Mancha. Algunos Retratos", en septiembre de 2014 donde se recogía una amplia muestra de su trayectoria pictórica.

Carlos Santiesteban falleció el 25 de marzo de 2015 en su domicilio de Guadalajara, tras algunas semanas de empeoramiento progresivo en su estado de salud. Su vivienda está destinada a ser habilitada como Casa Museo a partir de este momento. A fecha del 2021, estos planes siguen sin llevarse a cabo, la casa sigue cerrada y deteriorándose.

Estilo
Durante toda su carrera su colección se compone principalmente de óleos sobre lienzo y sobre tablex con composiciones muy coloristas, llenas de expresividad, con fondos saturados de cromatismo y materia pictórica. También abunda en otro de sus temas preferidos los bodegones y ramilletes florales.

En cualquier caso, la trayectoria de Carlos Santiesteban como pintor está ligada a su carrera desplegada sobre los escenarios, afrontando la ejecución de series ligadas a los músicos y temas españolistas que integraban su agenda de espectáculos: Manuel de Falla, Enrique Granados o Joaquín Turina, aunque siempre desde una perspectiva fantástica y surrealista, deudora, a veces, de la estética de Gregorio Prieto.

Sus principales exposiciones han tenido lugar en espacios tan destacados como el MOMA de Nueva York, los Reales Alcázares de Sevilla, la Fundación Puerto Banús o en museos de Florencia y Nápoles. También ha realizado ilustraciones para diversas publicaciones, como es el caso del trabajo aportado para las editoriales Mundo Hispano y Alicia Zorzoli.

Colecciones
Además de la abundante colección de obra de caballete repartida por los domicilios particulares, su trabajo puede contemplarse en la sala habilitada en el Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara y en diversas creaciones murales que engalanan y enriquecen distintos espacios públicos de la ciudad.

Destacan también las pinturas de la Palacio de la Diputación Provincial de Guadalajara, en alusión a su función benefactora, las figuras evangélicas de la iglesia de San Juan de Ávila y de la convento del Carmen, o la escenografía para el tablado del restaurante de las Cuevas del Clavín, a remedo de sus creaciones para los espectáculos de Antonio Ruiz Soler.

Desde del año 2003 el Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara y el artista mantienen por escrito un compromiso de colaboración para el mantenimiento de su persona y para la ulterior creación de la Casa-Museo de Carlos Santiesteban en su domicilio de la calle del Teniente Figueroa de la ciudad. Entre tanto, desde la existencia del protocolo citado, el pintor se ofrece a la ciudad diseñando carteles para los ciclos festivos más importantes del año como las Ferias y Fiestas, la Navidad o Corpus Christi. Para esta última celebración en 2004 entregó cuatro gallardetes realizados por él para el exorno de los balcones de la Casa Consistorial.

En enero de 1980, parte del legado que debería haber integrado los fondos de esa colección fue sustraída de la finca que el pintor poseía junto al embalse de Entrepeñas. Allí guardaba, además una valiosa colección de obras de arte y antigüedades, pinturas de su factura, recuerdos, fotografías y documentos de su carrera en el mundo del espectáculo y de las múltiples exposiciones organizadas que nunca fueron recuperados.

Reconocimientos
Entre los numerosos reconocimientos y galardonesse encuentran los títulos de Hijo Predilecto de Castilla-La Mancha e Hijo Predilecto de la Ciudad de Guadalajara, la Legión de Honor Franco-Británica, la Gran Cruz de Fomento de la Unión Europea y el nombramiento de Caballero de la Orden de Malta y el de Miembro de Honor de UNICEF Internacional.

También, su nombre figura en el callejero de las ciudades de Sevilla y Guadalajara.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Vivent Galdón, Francisco. "Historia del Arte de Castilla-La Mancha en el siglo XX : Provincia de Guadalajara"', en Historia del Arte de Castilla-La Mancha en el siglo XX, volumen 2. Toledo, 2003.

http://culturaenguada.es/arte/2647-santiesteban-el-pintor-del-pueblo

Enlaces externos

Caballeros de la Orden de Malta
Artistas de Guadalajara
Pintores de Castilla-La Mancha
Pintores de España del siglo XX
Pintores de España del siglo XXI
Pintores del Surrealismo
Diseñadores de vestuario
Nacidos en Guadalajara (España)

Carlos Santiesteban


An Epipactis exilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Delforge. An Epipactis exilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epipactis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Epipactis

Epipactis exilis


Gasteria nitida var. armstrongii, una variedad de Gasteria nitida, es una  planta suculenta perteneciente a la familia Xanthorrhoeaceae. Es originaria de Sudáfrica.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia, suculenta que alcanza un tamaño de 6 a 20 cm de altura, a una altitud de 1000 metros en Sudáfrica.

Taxonomía
Gasteria nitida var. armstrongii fue descrita por (Schönland) van Jaarsv. y publicado en Aloe 29: 12, en el año 1992.
Sinonimia
Gasteria armstrongii Schönland basónimo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

nitida var. armstrongii

Gasteria nitida var. armstrongii


Yere Düşen Dualar, Sema Kaygusuz'un Mart 2006'da Doğan Kitap'tan çıkan ilk romanıdır. İki bölümden oluşur; ilk bölümde (üzüm) Leylan'ın dilinden ailesiyle ve ada halkıyla ilişkileri anlatılır, ikinci bölümde (altın) ise bu konular masallaşır. 188. sayfadaki "Burada evrim tamamlanmamıştı. Gittikçe gerileyen bir evrim zamanındaydılar ya da." cümlesi kitabın teması hakkında erken bir ipucu olabilir okuyucu için.

Çağdaş Türk romanları
2006 romanları
Türkçe romanlar
İlk romanlar

Yere Düşen Dualar


Jens Ingvald Bjørneboe (9 October 1920 – 9 May 1976) was a Norwegian writer whose work spanned a number of literary formats. He was also a painter and a Waldorf school teacher. Bjørneboe was a harsh and eloquent critic of Norwegian society and Western civilization as a whole. He led a turbulent life and his uncompromising opinions cost him both an obscenity conviction as well as long periods of heavy drinking and bouts of depression, which in the end led to his suicide.

Jens Bjørneboe's first published work was Poems (Dikt) in 1951. He is widely considered to be one of Norway's most important post-war authors. Bjørneboe identified himself, among other self-definitions, as an anarcho-nihilist.

During the Norwegian language struggle, Bjørneboe was a notable proponent of the Riksmål language, together with his equally famous cousin André Bjerke.

Early life
Jens Bjørneboe was born in 1920, in Kristiansand to Ingvald and Anna Marie Bjørneboe. He grew up in a wealthy family, his father a shipping magnate and a consul for Belgium. The Bjørneboe family originally immigrated from Germany in the 17th century and later adopted their Norwegian name. Coming from a long line of marine officers, Bjørneboe also went to sea as a young man.

Bjørneboe had a troubled childhood with sickness and depressions. He was bedbound for several years following severe pneumonia. At thirteen he attempted suicide by hanging himself. He began drinking when he was twelve, and he would often consume large amounts of wine when his parents were away. It is also rumored that he drank his father's aftershave on several occasions.

In 1943 Bjørneboe fled to Sweden to avoid forced labor under the Nazi occupation. During this exile, he met the German Jewish painter Lisel Funk, who later became his first wife. Lisel Funk introduced him to many aspects of German culture, especially German literature and the arts.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Bjørneboe reinvigorated the Norwegian anarchist movement with essays such as "Anarkismen som fremtid" ("Anarchism as Future") and "Anarkismen ... i dag?" ("Anarchism ... Today?").

Death and legacy
After having struggled with depression and alcoholism for a long time, he committed suicide by hanging on the island of Veierland on 9 May 1976.

In his obituary in Aftenposten, Bjørneboe's life and legacy were described as follows:

For 25 years Jens Bjørneboe was a center of unrest in Norwegian cultural life: Passionately concerned with contemporary problems in nearly all their aspects, controversial and with the courage to be so, with a conscious will to carry things to extremes. He was not to be pigeonholed. He dropped in on many philosophical and political movements, but couldn't settle down in any of them. He was a wanderer, always traveling on in search of what was for him the truth—and he was a free man, in that he always ruthlessly followed his innermost intentions. Perhaps he could say, like Søren Kierkegaard, that "subjectivity is truth," for he knew no other guide than his personal conviction and his own impulses—but he related not merely to himself; his deepest concern was society and the person in society. His subjective grasp always involved the totality.

Bibliography

Novels
 Ere the Cock Crows (Før hanen galer, 1952)
 Jonas (1955)
 Under a Harsher Sky (Under en hårdere himmel, 1957)
 Winter in Bellapalma (Vinter i Bellapalma, 1958)
 Little Boy Blue (Blåmann, 1959)
 The Evil Shepherd (Den onde hyrde, 1960)
 The Dream and the Wheel (Drømmen og hjulet, 1964), about author Ragnhild Jølsen
 Moment of Freedom (Frihetens øyeblikk, 1966) (translated by Esther Greenleaf Mürer, Norvik Press / Dufour, 1999)
 Without a Stitch (Uten en tråd, 1966)
 Powderhouse (Kruttårnet, 1969) (translated by Esther Greenleaf Mürer, Norvik Press / Dufour, 2000)
 Duke Hans (Hertug Hans, 1972)
 The Silence (Stillheten, 1973) (translated by Esther Greenleaf Mürer, Norvik Press / Dufour, 2000)
 The Sharks (Haiene, 1974) (translated by Esther Greenleaf Mürer, Norvik Press / Dufour, 1992)

Plays
 Many Happy Returns (Til lykke med dagen, 1965)
 The Bird Lovers (Fugleelskerne, 1966) (translated by Frederick Wasser, Sun&Moon Press, 1994)
 Semmelweis (1968) (translated by Joe Martin, Sun&Moon Press, 1999)
 Amputation (Amputasjon, 1970). Reprinted as: Amputations: Texts for an Extraordinary Spectacle (translated by Solrun Hoaas & Esther Greenleaf Mürer, Xenos Books, 2002)
 The Torgersen Case (Tilfellet Torgersen, 1972)
 Blue Jeans (Dongery, 1976)

Poem collections
 Poems (Dikt, 1951)
 Ariadne (1953)
 The Great City (Den store by, 1958)
 Happy Birthday (Til lykke med dagen, 1965)

Essay collections
 Norway, my Norway (Norge, mitt Norge, 1968)
 We Who Loved America (Vi som elsket Amerika, 1970)
 Police and Anarchy (Politi og anarki, 1972)

References

External links
 Gary Kern on Jens Bjørneboe and the History of Bestiality

1920 births
1976 suicides
Writers from Kristiansand
People educated at Kristiansand Cathedral School
Norwegian anarchists
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian male poets
Norwegian essayists
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature winners
Obscenity controversies in literature
Riksmål-language writers
Norwegian historical fiction writers
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Norwegian educators
Anthroposophists
Censorship in Norway
Dobloug Prize winners
Suicides by hanging in Norway
20th-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian male novelists
Norwegian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century essayists
20th-century Norwegian male writers
20th-century Norwegian male artists
1976 deaths

Jens Bjørneboe


Laurence David Kramer (June 25, 1935May 27, 2020) was an American playwright, author, film producer, public health advocate, and gay rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Pictures, which led him to London, where he worked with United Artists. There he wrote the screenplay for the film Women in Love (1969) and received an Academy Award nomination for his work.

In 1978, Kramer introduced a controversial and confrontational style in his novel Faggots, which earned mixed reviews and emphatic denunciations from elements within the gay community for Kramer's portrayal of what he characterized as shallow, promiscuous gay relationships in the 1970s.

Kramer witnessed the spread of the disease later known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among his friends in 1980. He co-founded the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC), which has become the world's largest private organization assisting people living with AIDS. Kramer grew frustrated with bureaucratic paralysis and the apathy of gay men to the AIDS crisis, and wished to engage in further action than the social services GMHC provided. He expressed his frustration by writing a play titled The Normal Heart, produced at The Public Theater in New York City in 1985.

His political activism continued with the founding of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) in 1987, an influential direct action protest organization with the aim of gaining more public action to fight the AIDS crisis. ACT UP has been widely credited with changing public health policy and the perception of people living with AIDS, and with raising awareness of HIV and AIDS-related diseases.

Kramer was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for his play The Destiny of Me (1992), and he was a two-time recipient of the Obie Award.

Early life
Laurence David Kramer was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the younger of two children. His mother, Rea (), worked as a shoe store employee, teacher, and social worker for Red Cross. His father, George Kramer, worked as a government attorney. His older brother, Arthur Kramer was born in 1927. The family was Jewish.

Kramer was considered an "unwanted child" by his parents, who struggled to find work during the American Great Depression. When the family moved to Maryland, they found themselves in a much lower socioeconomic bracket than that of Kramer's high school peers. Kramer had become sexually involved with a male friend in junior high school. His father wanted him to marry a woman with money and pressured him to become a member of Pi Tau Pi, a Jewish fraternity.

Kramer's father, older brother Arthur, and two uncles were alumni of Yale University. Kramer enrolled at Yale College in 1953, where he had difficulty adjusting. He felt lonely, and earned lower grades than those to which he was accustomed. He attempted suicide by an overdose of aspirin because he felt like he was the "only gay student on campus". The experience left him determined to explore his sexuality and set him on the path to fight "for gay people's worth". The next semester, he had an affair with his German professor – his first requited romantic relationship with a man. Kramer enjoyed the Varsity Glee Club during his remaining time at Yale, and he graduated in 1957 with a degree in English. He served in the U.S. Army Reserve before beginning his film writing and production career.

Career

Early writings
According to Kramer, every drama he wrote derived from a desire to understand love's nature and its obstacles. Kramer became involved with movie production at age 23 by taking a job as a Teletype operator at Columbia Pictures, agreeing to the position only because the machine was across the hall from the president's office. Eventually, he won a position in the story department reworking scripts. His first writing credit was as a dialogue writer for Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush, a teen sex comedy. He followed that with the 1969 Oscar-nominated screenplay Women in Love, an adaptation of D. H. Lawrence's novel, which was nominated for an Academy Award. He next penned what Kramer later referred to as (the) "only thing I'm truly ashamed of", the 1973 musical remake of Frank Capra's Lost Horizon, a notorious critical and commercial failure with a screenplay based very closely on Capra's film. Kramer later said that his well-negotiated fee for this work, skillfully invested by his brother, made him financially self-sufficient during the 1980s and 1990s.

Kramer then began to integrate homosexual themes into his work, and tried writing for the stage. He wrote Sissies' Scrapbook in 1973 (later rewritten and retitled as Four Friends), a dramatic play about four friends, one of whom is gay, and their dysfunctional relationships. Kramer called it a play about "cowardice and the inability of some men to grow up, leave the emotional bondage of male collegiate camaraderie, and assume adult responsibilities". The play was first produced in a theater set up in an old YMCA gymnasium on 53rd Street and Eighth Avenue called the Playwrights Horizons. Live theater moved him to believing that writing for the stage was what he wanted to do. Although the play was given a somewhat favorable review by The New York Times, it was closed by the producer and Kramer was so distraught that he decided never to write for the stage again, later stating, "You must be a masochist to work in the theater and a sadist to succeed on its stages."

Kramer then wrote A Minor Dark Age, which was never produced. Frank Rich, in the foreword to a Grove Press collection of Kramer's lesser known works, wrote that the "dreamlike quality of the writing is haunting" in Dark Age, and that its themes, such as the exploration of the difference between sex and passion, "are staples of his entire output" that would portend his future work, including the 1978 novel Faggots.

Faggots

In 1978, Kramer delivered the final of four drafts of a novel that he wrote about the fast lifestyle of the gay men on Fire Island and in Manhattan. In Faggots, the primary character was modeled on himself, a man who is unable to find love while encountering the drugs and emotionless sex in the trendy bars and discos. He stated his inspiration for the novel: "I wanted to be in love. Almost everybody I knew felt the same way. I think most people, at some level, wanted what I was looking for, whether they pooh-poohed it or said that we can't live like the straight people or whatever excuses they gave." Kramer researched the book, talking to many men, and visiting various establishments. As he interviewed people, he heard a common question: "Are you writing a negative book? Are you going to make it positive? ... I began to think, 'My God, people must really be conflicted about the lives they're leading.' And that was true. I think people were guilty about all the promiscuity and all the partying."

The novel caused an uproar in the community it portrayed; it was taken off the shelves of the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookstore – at the time New York City's only gay bookstore – and Kramer was banned from the grocery store near his home on Fire Island. Reviewers found it difficult to believe that Kramer's accounts of gay relationships were accurate; both the gay and mainstream press panned the book. On the reception of the novel Kramer said: "The straight world thought I was repulsive, and the gay world treated me like a traitor. People would literally turn their back when I walked by. You know what my real crime was? I put the truth in writing. That's what I do: I have told the fucking truth to everyone I have ever met." Faggots, however, became one of the best-selling gay novels of all time.

In 2000, Reynolds Price wrote that the novel's lasting relevance is that "anyone who searches out present-day responses on the Internet will quickly find that the wounds inflicted by Faggots are burning still". Although the novel was rejected by the people from whom Kramer expected praise, the book has never been out of publication and is often taught in gay studies classes. "Faggots struck a chord," wrote Andrew Sullivan, "It exuded a sense that gay men could do better if they understood themselves as fully human, if they could shed their self-loathing and self-deception...."

Gay Men's Health Crisis

While living on Fire Island in the 1970s, Kramer had no intention of getting involved in political activism. There were politically active groups in New York City, but Kramer noted the culture on Fire Island was so different that they would often make fun of political activists: "It was not chic. It was not something you could brag about with your friends ... Guys marching down Fifth Avenue was a whole other world. The whole gestalt of Fire Island was about beauty and looks and golden men."

However, when friends he knew from Fire Island began getting sick in 1980, Kramer became involved in gay activism. In 1981, although he had not been involved previously with gay activism, Kramer invited the "A-list" (his own term) group of gay men from the New York City area to his apartment to listen to a doctor say their friends' illnesses were related, and research needed to be done. The next year, they named themselves the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) and became the primary organization to raise funds for and provide services to people stricken with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the New York area. Although Kramer served on its first board of directors, his view of how it should be run sharply conflicted with that of the rest of its members. While GMHC began to concentrate on social services for men who were dying, Kramer loudly insisted they fight for funding from New York City. Mayor Ed Koch became a particular target for Kramer, as did the behavior of gay men, before the nature of how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was transmitted was understood.

When doctors suggested men stop having sex, Kramer strongly encouraged GMHC to deliver the message to as many gay men as possible. When they refused, Kramer wrote an essay entitled "1,112 and Counting", which appeared in 1983 in the New York Native, a gay newspaper. The essay discussed the spread of the disease, the lack of government response, and the apathy of the gay community. The essay was intended to frighten gay men and provoke them to protest government indifference. Michael Specter wrote in The New Yorker, "it was a five-thousand-word screed that accused nearly everyone connected with health care in America – officials at the Centers for Disease Control, in Atlanta, researchers at the National Institutes of Health, in Washington D.C., doctors at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, in Manhattan, and local politicians (particularly Mayor Ed Koch) – of refusing to acknowledge the implications of the nascent AIDS epidemic. The article's harshest condemnation was directed at those gay men who seemed to think that if they ignored the new disease, it would simply go away. Tony Kushner, who won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play Angels in America about the impact of AIDS in the United States, described the essay as "With that one piece, Larry changed my world. He changed the world for all of us."

Kramer's confrontational style proved to be an advantage, as it earned the issue of AIDS the attention of the New York media that no other individual could get. He found it a disadvantage when he realized his own reputation was "completely that of a crazy man". Kramer was particularly frustrated by bureaucratic stalling that snowballed in cases where gay but closeted men were the ones in charge of agencies that seemed to ignore AIDS. He confronted the director of a National Institutes of Health agency about not devoting more time and effort toward researching AIDS because he was closeted. He threw a drink in the face of Republican fundraiser Terry Dolan during a party and screamed at him for having affairs with men but using the fear of homosexuality to raise money for conservative causes. He called Ed Koch and the media and government agencies in New York City "equal to murderers". Even Kramer's personal life was affected when he and his lover – also a GMHC board member – split over Kramer's condemnations of the political apathy of GMHC.

Kramer's past also compromised his message, as many men who had been turned off by Faggots saw Kramer's warnings as alarmist, displaying negative attitudes toward sex. Playwright Robert Chesley responded to Kramer's New York Native article, saying, "Read anything by Kramer closely, and I think you'll find the subtext is always: the wages of gay sin are death". The GMHC ousted Kramer from the organization in 1983. Kramer's preferred method of communication was deemed too militant for the group.

In 1990, Kramer appeared in Rosa von Praunheim 's award-winning film Positive about the fight of activists in New York City for AIDS-education and the rights of HIV infected people.

The Normal Heart

Astonished and saddened about being forced out of GMHC, Kramer took an extended trip to Europe. While visiting the Dachau concentration camp he learned that it had opened as early as 1933 and neither Germans nor other nations did anything to stop it. He became inspired to chronicle the same reaction from the American government and the gay community to the AIDS crisis by writing The Normal Heart, despite having promised never to write for the theater again.

The Normal Heart is a play set between 1981 and 1984. It addresses a writer named Ned Weeks as he nurses his lover, who is dying of an unnamed disease. His doctors are puzzled and frustrated by having no resources to research it. Meanwhile, the unnamed organization Weeks is involved in is angered by the bad publicity Weeks' activism is generating, and eventually throws him out. Kramer later explained, "I tried to make Ned Weeks as obnoxious as I could ... I was trying, somehow and again, to atone for my own behavior." The experience was overwhelmingly emotional for Kramer, as at one time during rehearsals he watched actor Brad Davis hold his dying lover played by D. W. Moffett on stage; Kramer went into the bathroom and sobbed, only moments later to find Davis holding him. The play is considered a literary landmark. It contended with the AIDS crisis when few would speak of the disease afflicting gay men, including gays themselves; it remains the longest-running play ever staged at the Public Theater, running for a year starting in 1985. It has been produced over 600 times in the U.S., Europe (where it was televised in Poland), Israel, and South Africa. The Polish television adaptation débuted on the TVP channel on May 4, 1989, one month before the first free election in the country since 1928.

Actors following Davis who have portrayed Kramer's alter ego Ned Weeks include; Joel Grey, Richard Dreyfuss (in Los Angeles), Martin Sheen (at the Royal Court in London), Tom Hulce and then John Shea in the West End, Raul Esparza in a highly acclaimed 2004 revival at the Public Theater, and most recently Joe Mantello on Broadway at the Golden Theater. Upon seeing the production of The Normal Heart, Naomi Wolf commented, "No one else on the left at that time ... ever used the moral framework that is so much a part of Kramer's voice, and that the right has coopted so skillfully. Conscience, responsibility, calling; truth and lies, clarity of purpose or abandonment of one's moral calling; loyalty and betrayal ..."

In a review for The New York Times, Frank Rich said:
In 2014, HBO produced a film version directed by Ryan Murphy with a screenplay by Kramer. It starred Mark Ruffalo, Matt Bomer (who won a Golden Globe Award for his performance), Taylor Kitsch, Jim Parsons, Alfred Molina, Julia Roberts, Joe Mantello, Jonathan Groff, and BD Wong.

ACT UP

In 1987, Kramer was the catalyst in the founding of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), a direct action protest organization that chose government agencies and corporations as targets to publicize lack of treatment and funding for people with AIDS. ACT UP was formed at the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community Services Center in New York City. Kramer was asked to speak as part of a rotating speaker series, and his well-attended speech focused on action to fight AIDS. He began by having two-thirds of the room stand up, and told them they would be dead in five years. Kramer reiterated the points introduced in his essay "1,112 and Counting": "If my speech tonight doesn't scare the shit out of you, we're in real trouble. If what you're hearing doesn't rouse you to anger, fury, rage, and action, gay men will have no future here on earth. How long does it take before you get angry and fight back?" Their first target became the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which Kramer accused of neglecting badly needed medication for HIV-infected Americans.

Engaging in civil disobedience that would result in many people being arrested was a primary objective, as it would focus attention on the target. On March 24, 1987, 17 people out of 250 participating were arrested for blocking rush-hour traffic in front of the FDA's Wall Street offices. Kramer was arrested dozens of times working with ACT UP, and the organization grew to hundreds of chapters in the U.S. and Europe. Immunologist Anthony Fauci stated, "In American medicine there are two eras. Before Larry and after Larry." Playwright Tony Kushner offered his opinion of why Kramer fought so relentlessly: "In a way, like a lot of Jewish men of Larry's generation, the Holocaust is a defining historical moment, and what happened in the early 1980s with AIDS felt, and was in fact, holocaustal to Larry."

Two decades later Kramer continued to advocate for social and legal equity for homosexuals. "Our own country's democratic process declares us to be unequal, which means, in a democracy, that our enemy is you," he wrote in 2007. "You treat us like crumbs. You hate us. And sadly, we let you."

In later decades, Kramer also continued to argue for funding research into cures for AIDS, contending that existing treatments disincentivized the pharmaceutical industry from developing cures. This distrust of the industry was demonstrated in Kramer's final public statement about curing AIDS, via a question posed to Joe Biden at a town hall during the 2020 presidential campaign, in which he accused pharmaceutical companies of "profit[ing] irrationally from HIV-positive Americans who depend on the medications forever," and asking "as president, how would you finance a CURE and scale back the avarice of pharmaceutical companies."

Just Say No, A Play about a Farce

Continuing his commentary on government indifference toward AIDS, Kramer wrote Just Say No, A Play about a Farce in 1988. In the dramatic work he highlighted the sexual hypocrisy in the Reagan and Koch administrations that allowed AIDS to become an epidemic; it concerns a First Lady, her gay son, and the closeted gay mayor of America's "largest northeastern city". Its New York production, starring Kathleen Chalfant, Tonya Pinkens, and David Margulies, was prized by the few who came to see it after its negative review by The New York Times. Social critic and writer Susan Sontag wrote of the piece, "Larry Kramer is one of America's most valuable troublemakers. I hope he never lowers his voice."

Reports from the Holocaust: The Making of an AIDS Activist

First published in 1989, and later expanded and republished in 1994, Reports from the Holocaust: The Making of an AIDS Activist contains a diverse selection of the non-fiction writings of Larry Kramer focused on AIDS activism and LGBT civil rights, including letters to the editor and speeches, which document his time spent at Gay Men's Health Crisis, ACT UP, and beyond, with the updated edition being organised chronologically from 1978 to 1993.

The central message of the book is that gay men must accept responsibility for their lives, and that those who are still living must give back to their community by fighting for People With AIDS and LGBT rights, for, as Kramer states, "I must put back something into this world for my own life, which is worth a tremendous amount. By not putting back, you are saying that your lives are worth shit, and that we deserve to die, and that the deaths of all our friends and lovers have amounted to nothing. I can't believe that in your heart of hearts you feel this way. I can't believe you want to die. Do you?" The first publication provides a portrait of Kramer as activist, and the 1994 edition contains commentary written by him that reflects on his earlier pieces and provides insight into Larry Kramer as writer.

Kramer directly and deliberately defines AIDS as a holocaust because he believes the United States' government failed to respond quickly and expend the necessary resources to cure AIDS, largely because AIDS initially infected gay men, and, quite soon after, predominantly poor and politically powerless minorities. In Report from the Holocaust, he wrote: "One inadvertent fall-out from the Holocaust is the growing inability to view any other similar tragedies as awful". Through speeches, editorials, and personal, sometimes publicized, letters to figures such as politician Gary Bauer, former New York Mayor Ed Koch, several New York Times reporters, and head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Anthony Fauci, Kramer personally advocates for a more significant response to AIDS. He implores the government to conduct research based on commonly accepted scientific standards and to allocate funds and personnel to AIDS research. Kramer ultimately states that the response to AIDS in America must be defined as a holocaust because of the large number deaths that resulted from the negligence and apathy that surrounded AIDS in the Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and early Bill Clinton presidencies.

The Destiny of Me

The Destiny of Me picks up where The Normal Heart left off, following Ned Weeks as he continues his journey fighting those whose complacency or will impede the discovery of a cure for a disease from which he suffers. The play opened in October 1992 and ran for one year off Broadway at the Lucille Lortel Theatre by the Circle Repertory Company. It was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, was a double Obie Award winner and received the Lortel Award for Outstanding Play of the Year. The original production starred John Cameron Mitchell, "a young actor who dominates the show with a performance at once ethereal and magnetic", according to The New York Times reviewer Frank Rich. Most powerful, Rich wrote, was the thematic question Kramer posed to himself: "Why was he of all people destined to scream bloody murder with the aim of altering the destiny of the human race?" Kramer states in his introduction to the play:

Its 2002 London Finborough Theatre production was the No. 1 Critics Choice in The Evening Standard.

The Tragedy of Today's Gays

Tragedy was a speech and a call to arms that Kramer delivered five days after the 2004 re-election of George W. Bush and later published as a book. Kramer believed that Bush was re-elected largely because of his opposition to same-sex marriage, and found it inconceivable that voters would respond so strongly to that issue when there were so many more pressing ones:

The speech's effects were far-reaching and had most corners of the gay world once again discussing Kramer's moral vision of drive and self-worth for the LGBT community.

Kramer even stated: "Does it occur to you that we brought this plague of AIDS upon ourselves? I know I am getting into dangerous waters here but it is time. With the cabal breathing even more murderously down our backs it is time. And you are still doing it. You are still murdering each other."

Kramer, again, had his detractors from the community. Writing for Salon.com, Richard Kim felt that once again Kramer personified the very object of his criticism: homophobia.

The American People: A History
Around 1981, Kramer began researching and writing a manuscript called The American People: A History, an ambitious historical work that begins in the Stone Age and continues into the present. For example, there is information relating to Kramer's assertion that Abraham Lincoln was gay. In 2002, Will Schwalbe, editor-in-chief of Hyperion Books – the only man to have read the entire manuscript to that date – said, "He has set himself the hugest of tasks," and he described it as "staggering, brilliant, funny, and harrowing." In 2006, Kramer said of the work, "[It is] my own history of America and of the cause of HIV/AIDS ... Writing and researching this history has convinced me that the plague of HIV/AIDS has been intentionally allowed to happen."

The book was published as a novel by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in 2015. In The New York Times Book Review, Dwight Garner wrote, "I wish I could report that The American People, Volume 1 had power to match its scope. It does not. As a work of sustained passion, it is formidable. As a work of art, it is very modest indeed. The tone is talky and digressive; few real characters emerge; one feels lashed to the mast after only 50 pages or so." In the book, Kramer writes that in addition to Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Andrew Jackson, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Mark Twain, Herman Melville, and Richard Nixon were gay. The second volume, 880 pages, was published in 2020.

Larry Kramer Initiative for Lesbian and Gay Studies
In 1997, Kramer approached Yale University, to bequeath several million dollars "to endow a permanent, tenured professorship in gay studies and possibly to build a gay and lesbian student center." At that time, gender, ethnic and race-related studies were viewed warily by academia. The then Yale provost, Alison Richard, stated that gay and lesbian studies was too narrow a specialty for a program in perpetuity. Kramer's rejected proposal read: "Yale is to use this money solely for 1) the study of and/or instruction in gay male literature, by which I mean courses to study gay male writers throughout history or the teaching to gay male students of writing about their heritage and their experience. To ensure for the continuity of courses in either or both of these areas tenured positions should be established; and/or 2) the establishment of a gay student center at Yale."

In 2001, both sides settled upon establishing the Larry Kramer Initiative for Lesbian and Gay Studies, which would include visiting professors and a program of conferences, guest speakers and other events. Arthur Kramer endowed the program at Yale with $1 million to support a five-year trial. Kramer agreed to leave his literary papers and those chronicling the AIDS movement and his founding of GMHC and ACT UP to Yale's Beinecke Library. "A lot has changed since I made my initial demands," said Kramer. "I was trying to cram stuff down their throat. I'd rather they fashion their own stuff. It may allow for a much more expandable notion of what lesbian and gay studies really is." The five-year program ended in 2006.

An Army of Lovers Must Not Die
In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Kramer began to write a play titled An Army of Lovers Must Not Die.

Personal life

Relationship with his brother

Larry and Arthur Kramer were eight years apart. Arthur was the founding partner of the law firm Kramer Levin. Their relationship was portrayed in Kramer's The Normal Heart (1984). In the play, Kramer portrays Arthur (as Ben Weeks) as more concerned with building his $2 million house in Connecticut than helping his brother's cause. Humorist Calvin Trillin, a friend of both Larry and Arthur, once called The Normal Heart  "the play about the building of [Arthur's] house". Anemona Hartocollis observed in The New York Times that "their story came to define an era for hundreds of thousands of theatergoers". Arthur, who had protected his younger brother from the parents they both disliked, could neither reject Larry, nor accept his homosexuality. This caused years of arguing and stretches of silence between them. In the 1980s, Arthur refused Larry's request for Kramer Levin to represent the fledgling Gay Men's Health Crisis, blaming the need to clear it with his firm's intake committee. When Larry called for a boycott of MCI, a prominent Kramer Levin client, Arthur took it as a personal affront. In 1992, after Colorado voters endorsed Amendment 2, an anti-gay rights referendum, Larry supported a boycott of the state, while Arthur refused to cancel a ski trip to Aspen.

Throughout their disagreements, the two remained close. In The Normal Heart, Larry wrote: "The brothers love each other a great deal; [Arthur's] approval is essential to [Larry]."

In 2001, Arthur endowed a $1 million grant for Yale University to establish the Larry Kramer Initiative for Lesbian and Gay Studies, a program focusing on gay history.

Kramer Levin LLP would later become a staunch advocate for the gay rights movement, assisting the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund on high-profile cases as Lawrence v. Texas before the U.S. Supreme Court and Hernandez v. Robles before the New York Court of Appeals. Arthur Kramer retired from the firm in 1996 and died from a stroke in 2008.

Health
In 1988, stress over the closing of his play Just Say No, only a few weeks after its opening, forced Kramer into the hospital after it aggravated a congenital hernia. While in surgery, doctors discovered liver damage due to hepatitis B, prompting Kramer to learn that he was HIV positive.

In 2001, at the age of 66, Kramer was in dire need of a liver transplant, but he was turned down by Mount Sinai Hospital's organ transplant list. People living with HIV were routinely considered inappropriate candidates for organ transplants because of complications from HIV and perceived short lifespans. Out of the 4,954 liver transplants performed in the United States, only 11 were for HIV-positive people. The news prompted Newsweek to announce Kramer was dying in June 2001; the Associated Press in December of the same year mistakenly reported Kramer's death. Kramer became a symbol for infected people who had new leases on life due to advances in medicine. "We shouldn't face a death sentence because of who we are or who we love", he said in an interview. In May 2001, the Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute at the University of Pittsburgh, which had performed more transplants for HIV positive patients than any other facility in the world, accepted Kramer as a potential transplant recipient. Kramer received a new liver on December 21, 2001. In April 2019 he suffered a broken leg.

Relationships
Kramer and his partner, architectural designer David Webster, were together from 1991 until Kramer's death. Webster's ending of his relationship with Kramer in the 1970s had inspired Kramer to write Faggots (1978). When asked about their reunion decades later, Webster replied: "He'd grown up, I'd grown up." On July 24, 2013, Kramer and Webster married in the intensive care unit of NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City while Kramer recovered from surgery.

Residence
Kramer divided his time between a residence in Manhattan, near Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village, and Connecticut. Another resident of Kramer's Manhattan residential complex was Kramer's longtime nemesis, Ed Koch, who had been mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989. The two saw each other relatively infrequently, since they lived in different towers. When Kramer saw Koch looking at the apartment in 1989, Kramer reportedly told him, "Don't move in here! There are people here who hate you!" On another occasion, Koch tried to pet Kramer's Wheaten Terrier dog, Molly, in the building's mail area, and Kramer snatched the dog away, telling her that Koch was "the man who killed all of Daddy's friends."

Death
Kramer died of pneumonia on May 27, 2020, at age 84, less than a month short of his 85th birthday.

Bibliography and works

Drama
 Sissies' Scrapbook, aka Four Friends (1973)
 A Minor Dark Age (1973)
 The Normal Heart (1985)
 Just Say No, A Play about a Farce (1988)
 The Furniture of Home (1989)
 The Destiny of Me (1992)

Fiction
 Faggots (1978)
 The American People Volume 1, Search for My Heart (2015)
 The American People: Volume 2, The Brutality of Fact (2020)

Nonfiction
 Reports from the Holocaust: The Making of an AIDS Activist (1989, revised 1994)
 The Tragedy of Today's Gays (2005)
 Act Up! (2012) key figure in documentary, by director Scott Robbe

Screenplays
 Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1967) - Writer (additional dialogue)
 Women in Love (1969) – Writer/producer
 Lost Horizon (1973) – Writer
 The Normal Heart (2014) – Writer

Speeches
 The Tragedy of Today's Gays, November 10, 2004.
 We are not crumbs, we must not accept crumbs, remarks on the occasion of the 20th Anniversary of ACT UP, NY Lesbian and Gay Community Center, March 13, 2007.

Articles
 "1,112 and Counting", New York Native, March 1983
 "Be Very Afraid", POZ, October 2000

Awards and recognition
 1970: Nominated for the Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay for Women in Love for his screenplay adaptation of the novel by D. H. Lawrence
 1993: Pulitzer Prize finalist for The Destiny of Me
 1993: Winner of two Obie Awards for The Destiny of Me
 1996: American Academy of Arts and Letters, Award in Literature
 1996: Public Service Award from Common Cause
 1999: The Normal Heart named as one of the Hundred Best Plays of the 20th Century by the National Theatre of Great Britain
 2005: Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 2006: Named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month.
 2011: The Normal Heart won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play
 2012: Montgomery Fellowship at Dartmouth College
 2013: PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award for a Master American Dramatist
 2014: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special for the HBO movie adaptation of The Normal Heart
 2015: Inaugural Larry Kramer Activism Award from Gay Men's Health Crisis
 2020: In June 2020, Kramer was added among American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history.

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of LGBT people from New York City
 Paul Monette: The Brink of Summer's End

In the media

 Kramer's early activism is featured in the second episode of the fifth season of the podcast Fiasco, hosted by Leon Neyfakh.

References

Further reading
 Clendinen, Dudley, and Nagourney, Adam (1999). Out for Good, Simon & Schuster.
 Marcus, Eric (2002). Making Gay History, HarperCollins Publishers.
 Mass, Lawrence, ed. (1997). We Must Love One Another or Die: The Life and Legacies of Larry Kramer, St. Martin's Press.
 Shilts, Randy (1987). And The Band Played On, St . Martin's Press.
 "The Making of an AIDS Activist: Larry Kramer," pp. 162–164, Johansson, Warren and Percy, William A. Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. New York and London: Haworth Press, 1994.
 "Public Nuisance, Larry Kramer the man who warned America about AIDS, can't stop fighting hard and loudly." Michael Specter, The New Yorker, May 13, 2002.

External links

 Video from TODAY Show 1983: A vivid reminder of initial AIDS scare TODAY Show
 Interviewed in 1994 for a segment on "Stonewall: 25 years" by The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour in the American Archive of Public Broadcasting
 Larry Kramer Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1935 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American health activists
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American gay writers
HIV/AIDS activists
HIV/AIDS in the United States
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish American novelists
LGBT Jews
American LGBT dramatists and playwrights
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Connecticut
American LGBT rights activists
American LGBT screenwriters
Lambda Literary Award winners
Liver transplant recipients
Members of ACT UP
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Novelists from Connecticut
Writers from Greenwich Village
People with HIV/AIDS
Screenwriters from Connecticut
Writers from Bridgeport, Connecticut
21st-century American Jews
American activists with disabilities
Jewish American activists
American writers with disabilities

Larry Kramer


As enchentes e deslizamentos de terra em Petrópolis, cidade localizada na Região Serrana no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ocorreram no fim da tarde e na noite de 15 de fevereiro de 2022. Foram 775 deslizamentos de terra em toda a cidade, além de diversas ruas alagadas. Segundo o Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (Cemaden), foi a segunda maior tempestade da história de Petrópolis, sendo superada pelo temporal do dia 20 de março de 2022. Em seis horas, foram 260 mm de chuva, ultrapassando a média climatológica normal do mês, que é de 232 mm.

As enchentes e deslizamentos de terra causados pelas chuvas de fevereiro e de março, deixaram um total de 241 mortos; 1 pessoa está desaparecida,  segundo o portal de desaparecidos da Polícia Civil. A tragédia é a maior da história da cidade, superando a de 1988, que deixou 171 vítimas e a de 2011, deixando 73.

A prefeitura de Petrópolis declarou estado de calamidade pública. A Fecomércio calculou os prejuízos do município com o desastre em 78 milhões de reais, enquanto a Firjan calculou o prejuízo em 665 milhões de reais, o equivalente a 2% do PIB do município.

Antecedentes

Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos

A prefeitura de Petrópolis tinha conhecimento, ao menos desde maio de 2017, de um estudo que identificou 15.240 moradias com risco "alto" ou "muito alto" de destruição por consequência de chuvas no 1º Distrito da cidade. O Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos foi realizado pela empresa Theopratique Obras e Serviços de Engenharia e Arquitetura. Nos cinco distritos do município, foram mapeados 27.704 imóveis considerados de risco, que ocupavam à época 10% da área urbanizada de Petrópolis.

Aviso do Cemaden

As autoridades locais foram avisadas pelo Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (Cemaden) da possibilidade de "chuvas isoladas ao longo do dia, podendo deflagrar deslizamentos pontuais, especialmente nas regiões de serra e/ou densamente urbanizadas".  Entretanto, a despeito da intensidade da tragédia que viria a se desenhar algumas horas mais tarde, este alerta foi emitido colocando a situação apenas sob uma classificação de "risco moderado de ocorrência de deslizamentos".

Embora tenha emitido o alerta, o próprio Cemaden reconheceu ter sido incapaz de prever com antecedência  a intensidade do fenômeno. O órgão alega que não haviam condições que possibilitassem a previsão de uma chuva dessa magnitude num espaço tão curto de tempo.

Tempestade

No dia 15 de fevereiro de 2022, uma tempestade inesperada fez cair três horas seguidas de chuvas. De acordo com o Cemaden, foram registrados 259,8 milímetros de chuva durante o dia todo, sendo 250 mm foram apenas entre 16h20 e 19h20. A média climatológica para fevereiro na cidade é de 185 milímetros. Foi a maior tempestade da história de Petrópolis, desde que se iniciaram as medições, em 1932. O recorde anterior havia ocorrido no dia 20 de agosto de 1952, quando choveu 168,2 mm em 24 horas.

Impactos econômicos
Uma pesquisa realizada pelo Instituto de Pesquisas e Análises da Fecomércio e divulgada em 17 de fevereiro, mostrou que as fortes chuvas provocaram um prejuízo de mais de 78 milhões de reais no setor de bens, serviços e turismo do município.

Em 21 de fevereiro, a Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Firjan) divulgou os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o impacto financeiro da tragédia. A perda estimada foi de 665 milhões de reais, o equivalente a 2% do PIB do município. Segundo o presidente da entidade, Eduardo Eugenio Gouvêa Vieira, as perdas superam 1 bilhão de reais, se incluídos os gastos com a reconstrução. Ainda segundo a instituição, as chuvas afetaram 65% das empresas da cidade, sendo que 85% ainda não haviam retomado as atividades.

Vítimas
No mesmo dia, a unidade do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar na cidade já havia identificado pelo menos 18 mortos por causa dos eventos, número que aumentou para 94 no dia seguinte e para 181 no sétimo dia de buscas.

O número de desaparecidos foi divulgado oficialmente e chegou a 218, porém concluiu-se que o saldo poderia ser maior. Em 21 de fevereiro, a Secretaria de Estado de Polícia Civil informou a identificação de 146 vítimas, incluindo 103 mulheres e 68 homens, dos quais 29 eram menores de idade. 24 pessoas foram resgatadas com vida.

Novos temporais
Mais de um mês depois da tragédia, novos temporais atingiram o município, segundo a Defesa Civil do Rio de Janeiro. Ao menos 5 pessoas morreram e outras 3 estão desaparecidas. Segundo informações da imprensa, o volume pluviométrico no distrito de São Sebastião, chegou a 415 milímetros em apenas dez horas.

Reações

Governos estaduais
O governador do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Cláudio Castro (PL), avisou em suas redes sociais que mobilizou mais bombeiros e ambulâncias. O governador também foi até a região mais afetada de Petrópolis juntamente à Defesa Civil e o presidente da Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro (ALERJ), André Ceciliano (PT), para analisar como proceder após o desastre.

São Paulo
O governo de São Paulo, enviou através do comando de seu governador João Dória (PSDB), equipe com quatro bombeiros e dois cães farejadores, após solicitação feita pelo governador do Rio de Janeiro Cláudio Castro (PL). Além dos bombeiros com cães farejadores, o governo do estado de São Paulo também disponibilizou Helicópteros Águia da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo.

Rio Grande do Sul
O governador do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Eduardo Leite (PSDB), já havia disponibilizado a Defesa Civil e Corpo de Bombeiros para as buscas em Petrópolis logo após a divulgação da catástrofe ocorrida na cidade. Por conta da complexa logística de locomoção até a região, os bombeiros chegaram à cidade apenas no dia 20 de fevereiro. Os soldados gaúchos foram responsáveis por encontrar outra família de gaúchos que estavam soterrados sob os escombros, a família estava desaparecida após o desmoronamento de uma residência na região e com o auxílio dos cães farejadores do Corpo de Bombeiros da Brigada Militar foram localizados, infelizmente já sem vida.

Governo federal

O presidente Jair Bolsonaro (PL), que estava visitando a Rússia e a Hungria, entrou em contato com o ministro do Desenvolvimento Regional e o ministro da Economia para auxiliar as vítimas, além de conversar com o governador do estado do Rio. De acordo com o seu filho, Flávio Bolsonaro (PL), e depois confirmado em suas próprias redes sociais. Bolsonaro visitou Petrópolis no dia 18 de fevereiro. O governo federal também anunciou um aporte mínimo de R$ 2,3 milhões para a cidade.

A Caixa Econômica Federal informou que abriu uma agência em caráter emergencial para atender as vítimas de Petrópolis que necessitem efetuar o saque Calamidade do Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço (FGTS).

O Ministério da Saúde informou que deslocou equipes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para atender a região. Também foram doados 500 kg de medicamentos para o atendimento pós desastre, ao todo, foram enviados 32 tipos de medicamentos e 16 insumos para Petrópolis. Estes medicamentos serão utilizados para evitar proliferações de verminoses e viroses comuns após enchentes. Também foi estimado que 13 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento (UPA) e dois outros serviços de saúde tenham sido danificados pelo desastre.

Governos estrangeiros

Vaticano
Em 18 de fevereiro, o Papa Francisco enviou uma mensagem ao bispo de Petrópolis, Gregório Paixão Neto, em que lamentou e declarou rezar pelas vítimas da tragédia. Em 20 de fevereiro, após a tradicional oração do Angelus, na Praça de São Pedro, no Vaticano, o pontífice falou sobre o assunto. Em sua declaração, citou os moradores de Petrópolis e da ilha de Madagascar, na África - recentemente atingida por tempestades tropicais e ciclones:

Reino Unido
Em 21 de fevereiro, a Rainha Elizabeth II enviou uma mensagem de condolências ao Brasil para o presidente Jair Bolsonaro (PL). A monarca declarou profunda tristeza pela destruição causada na cidade.

Questão do laudêmio

A questão do laudêmio refere-se à taxa paga pela população de Petrópolis aos herdeiros do imperador Pedro 2º, que é recolhida pela CIP (Companhia Imobiliária de Petrópolis), administrada por dez herdeiros da Casa de Orleans e Bragança, da antiga Família Imperial brasileira.

Bertrand de Orleans e Bragança, pretendente ao título de príncipe imperial do Brasil e membro da família, lamentou as fortes chuvas que atingiram a cidade e negou no Twitter que sua família imediata receba recursos do laudêmio.

Contudo, houve críticas pela permanência da cobrança de tal tributo e, nesse contexto, o então deputado federal Marcelo Freixo (PSB-RJ) propôs um projeto de lei para destinar o laudêmio para ajudar na reconstrução da cidade.

Ver também
 Enchentes e deslizamentos de terra no Rio de Janeiro em 2011
 Enchentes na Bahia e em Minas Gerais em 2021–2022
 Inundações e deslizamentos de terra no estado de São Paulo em 2022

Ligações externas

Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Desastres no Brasil em 2022
2022 no Rio de Janeiro
Enchentes em 2022
História de Petrópolis
Desastres no Brasil

Enchentes e deslizamentos de terra em Petrópolis em 2022


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Meryem Ana Manastırı, Orta Çağ'dan kalma olup, Giresun ilinin Şebinkarahisar ilçesinin 11 km doğusunda Sarıyer Köyü Kayadibi Mahallesindedir. Yapısı bakımından yekpare bir kayanın içi oyularak yapılmış olan manastırdır. Manastır 4 katlı olup, dördüncü katı kilisedir, diğer katlar çeşitli hizmetlere elverişli 32 odadan ibarettir. Duvarları resimlerle süslenmiştir. 1939 depreminden sonra manastıra çıkış iniş hayli zorlaşmıştır. Sümela Manastırı'ndan sonra Türkiye'de bulunan en büyük doğal ve oyma manastırdır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Şebinkarahisar Belediyesi

Şebinkarahisar'daki yapılar
Giresun'daki kiliseler
Ana Manastırı
Türkiye'deki harap kiliseler
Türkiye'deki Rum Ortodoks kiliseleri
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yapılar

Meryem Ana Manastırı


ක්‍රිපූ 479 යනු, පූර්ව-ජූලියානු රෝමානු දින දසුනෙහි වසරකි. එකල එය හැඳින්වුනේ, විබුලනුස්ගේ සහ රුටිලුස්ගේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික වසර (හෝ, එතරම් ප්‍රචලිත නොවන අයුරින්, අබ් ඌර්බෙ කෝන්ඩිටා 275 වසර) ලෙසිනි. මෙම වසර සඳහා ක්‍රිපූ 479 යන නාමය භාවිත වීම ඇරඹුනේ මුල්  මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී, වසර නම් කිරීම සඳහා යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රචලිත භාවයට පත් ක්‍රමය ලෙසින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දින දසුන් යුගය ඇරඹීම හා සමගය.

ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු
පූර්ව-ජූලියානු රෝමානු දින දසුනෙහි අවුරුදු

ක්‍රිපූ 479


Shun Morishita (født 11. maj 1986) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Júbilo Iwata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shun Morishita


The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (, ), or San Andrés and Providencia, is one of the departments of Colombia, and the only one located geographically in Central America. It consists of two island groups in the Caribbean Sea about  northwest of mainland Colombia, and eight outlying banks and reefs. The largest island of the archipelago and Colombia is called San Andrés and its capital is San Andrés. The other large islands are Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands which lie to the north-east of San Andrés; their capital is Santa Isabel.

Name
The name is sometimes abbreviated to "Archip. de San Andres".  The official website abbreviates it as San Andrés ("Gobernación de San Andrés"). ISO 3166-2:CO lists it as "San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina".  Statoids lists it as "San Andrés y Providencia".

History
Spain formally claimed the archipelago of San Andres and Providencia in 1510, a few years after the voyages of Christopher Columbus. In 1544, the territory was placed under the administration of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. During the early years, Spain concentrated on exploring and colonizing the mainland and hardly settled the islands.

In 1630, English Puritans arrived in Providence Island, under the aegis of the Providence Island Company. The Puritans decided to settle the tropical islands, rather than cold, rocky New England, but the Providence Island colony did not succeed in the same way as the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They established slave-worked plantations and engaged in privateering, which led to the Spanish and Portuguese conquering the colony in May, 1641. In 1670, English buccaneers, led by Henry Morgan, took over the islands, which he used as a base to attack Panama. The buccaneers abandoned the islands by 1672. There is no record of anyone inhabiting the islands from then for another century.

In 1775, Lieutenant Tomás O'Neil, a Spaniard of Irish descent, was given military command of the islands and, in 1790, was named governor. He requested the transfer of the islands to the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, which was granted in 1803. That year, Spain assigned the islands, together with the province of Veraguas (western Panama and the east coast of Nicaragua), to the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The territory was administered from the province of Cartagena. Soon, trade links with Cartagena were greater than those with Guatemala.

On 4 July 1818, a French corsair, Louis-Michel Aury, with 400 men and 14 ships flying the Argentine flag, captured Old Providence and St. Catherine islands. The island was populated by white English-speaking Protestants and their slaves. Aury and his team used the islands as their new base from which to pursue Central American independence. However, his efforts to also support Bolivar in his fight for Venezuelan and Colombian independence were repeatedly turned down.

After the Spanish colonies became independent, the inhabitants of San Andrés, Providence and St. Catherine voluntarily adhered to the Republic of Gran Colombia in 1822, which placed them under the administration of the Magdalena Department. The First Mexican Empire, which was succeeded by the United Provinces of Central America (UPCA), also claimed the islands. Gran Colombia, in turn, protested the UPCA's occupation of the eastern coast of Nicaragua. The UPCA broke up in 1838 to 1840, but Nicaragua carried on the dispute, as did Gran Colombia's successors: New Granada and Colombia. A local administration (intendencia) was established in the islands in 1912 by Colombia.

In 1928, Colombia and Nicaragua signed the Esguerra-Bárcenas Treaty, which gave control of the islands to Colombia. However, when the Sandinista government assumed power in the 1980s, Nicaragua repudiated the treaty. Colombia argues that the treaty's final ratification in 1930 (when the US forces were already on their way out) confirms its validity. Colombia and Honduras signed a maritime boundary treaty in 1999, which implicitly accepts Colombian sovereignty over the islands.

In 2001, Nicaragua filed claims with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over the disputed maritime boundary and claimed  in the Caribbean, including the San Andrés and Providencia Archipelagoes. Colombia responded that the court has no jurisdiction over the matter and increased its naval and police presence in the islands. Colombia also defended its claim in the ICJ. On 13 December 2007, the ICJ ruled that the islands were Colombian territory but left the maritime border dispute unresolved. On 19 November 2012, the ICJ held that Colombia had sovereignty over the islands.

United States claims
In the 19th century, the United States claimed several uninhabited locations in the area under the Guano Island Act, including several now claimed by Colombia. In 1981, the US ceded its claims to Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to Colombia and abandoned its claim to Quita Sueño Bank. The US still maintains claims over Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank and considers them both to be unincorporated territories of the United States.

Declaration of self-determination

In 1903, the local Raizal population rejected an offer from the US to separate from Colombia in the wake of Panama's secession from Colombia. However, the island's native population soon changed its mind when the policies of successive Colombian governments tried consistently to modify the majority Raizal and British ethnic composition of the Islands by the extensive migration of Spanish-speaking mainland Colombians. The efforts at assimilation and immigration were led largely by Catholic missionaries, which angered the Protestant native population.

Local government and representation

2007 elections
A member of the departmental assembly for 15 years, Pedro Gallardo Forbes, of the Regional Integration Movement (MIR), won the 28 October 2007 gubernatorial election, with support from the Colombian Conservative Party and the Radical Change party. He succeeded a governor from the Colombian Liberal Party. He got 8,187 votes (38.93%), Aury Guerrero Bowie (Liberal Party, with support from the Democratic Colombia Party) 8,160 votes (38.8%), and Jack Housni Jaller (Social National Unity Party) 4,063 votes (19.3%). Only 21,991 out of 41,197 potential electors voted in the gubernatorial election.

At the departmental assembly, elected the same day, the 9 seats were distributed among 6 parties: three Liberals (Arlington Howard, Qwincy Bowie Gordon, and Leroy Carol Bent Archbold), two MIR (Jorge Méndez and Freddy Herazo) two Democratic Colombia Party (former MP María Teresa Uribe Bent and former Interior Secretary Rafael Gómez Redondo), two SNUP (Fernando Cañon Florez and María Said Darwich), one Radical Change (Heber Esquivel Benitez), and one Conservative (Julio César Gallardo Martínez).

The new mayor of Providence, Janeth Archbold (Team Colombia party), a political ally of the new governor, was elected with 1,013 votes against Liberal Mark Taylor (515 votes), SNUP Arturo Robinson (514 votes) and Conservative Peter Bent.

Geography
Besides the San Andrés and Providencia island groups, there are eight atolls that belong to the department, including submerged Alice Shoal.

Island of San Andrés

San Andrés Island

This is the main island of the San Andrés group, and the largest of the department. It is located at . It measures  in length with a width of  and covers an area of . There is a tiny lagoon in the centre of the island called Big Pond. The principal town is San Andrés in the north of the island. Another town is San Luis on the east coast. Cayo Johnny (Johnny Caye) lies  ENE of German Point (Punta Norte), the island's northern tip, and Haynes Cay about the same distance east of the island. Cotton Cay is less than  south of San Andrés town, on the northeastern coast.

Cayos de Albuquerque (Cayos de S.W., Southwest Cays)
This atoll is southwest of San Andrés at . It is the westernmost point of Colombia. The reef is about  across. In the southern part are Cayo del Norte and Cayo del Sur. Cayo del Norte, the larger of the two, is up to  high and overgrown with palm trees and bushes. Cayo del Sur, a few hundred metres further South, reaches a height of a little more than  and is vegetated with a few bushes, and in the South with mangroves. There is a lighthouse on Cayo del Norte, at , operating since 1980. It is maintained by the Colombian Navy.

Cayos del Este Sudeste (Courtown Cays, Cayos de E.S.E.)

This atoll is  east-south-east of San Andrés Island and  northeast of Cayos de Alburquerque, at . It is  long and  wide. There are a few sand cays in the southeast. The largest ones are Cayo del Este, Cayo Bolivar, West Cay, and Cayo Arena, none of which are higher than . All cays are overgrown with palm trees and bushes, and surrounded by mangroves. There is a Colombian Navy lighthouse on Cayo Bolivar. The cays are regularly visited by fishermen from the Colombian mainland and San Andrés. There are two concrete buildings on Cayo Bolivar, and a few wooden huts on the other cays.

Banks and shoals
Colombia claims sovereignty over six additional outlying banks and shoals: Alice Shoal, Bajo Nuevo Bank, Serranilla Bank, Quita Sueño Bank, Serrana Bank, and Roncador Bank.

Demographics

The Departamento de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina covers a land area of  and had a census population of 59,573. The latest official estimate for 2007 is 72,923.

Before 1960, the population of the islands was almost entirely Raizals, who are an Afro-Caribbean group, Protestant in religion, speaking San Andrés–Providencia Creole. There is a minority of white English-speaking Protestants of British descent. Colombia has promoted the migration of Spanish-speaking mainlanders, with Catholic missions participating since 1947. This policy seems to be an answer to growing discontent within the Raizal community that could strengthen separatist movements; a Raizal majority would in this case win a pro-independence referendum but this could be neutralized by outnumbering them with mainland Colombians.

By 2005, Raizals were only 30% of the 60,000 or more inhabitants of the islands, with the rest being mainland Colombians and English-speaking whites of British descent. Most Raizals are multilingual and can speak Spanish, Creole, and English.

Transportation

Airports
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport (IATA: ADZ) serves the towns of San Andrés and San Luis, but also commercially serves the nearby island of Providencia Island through feeder flights from El Embrujo Airport.
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport was initially called Sesquicentenario International Airport. It is the 6th busiest airport in Colombia, handling 836,234 passengers in 2006. Most of these passengers come from the continental part of the country, due to poor international direct service to the island. Many international tourists have to fly to one of Colombia's largest airports to be able to reach the islands. Copa Airlines maintains a passenger service between San Andrés and Panama City. In 2021, American Airlines began serving San Andrés nonstop from Miami. In recent years, San Andrés has also received seasonal charter flights, mainly from Canada and a few Central American countries.

The airport is one of Colombia's fastest growing airports with a 13.4% increase in the number of passengers between 2005 and 2006.

See also

List of Caribbean islands#San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina

References

Sources

External links

 Official website:
 Geotoutism http://www.caribbeancolombia.com/ San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina are a perfect spot to explore Geoutourism. Visit the website made with National Geographic where you can find an interactive mapguide the places to visit and much more

 ICJ Nicaragua v. Colombia (Preliminary Objections) and (Merits) and 2007 Preliminary Objections Judgment and ASIL and BBC and Colombia President and Colombia MFA and Analysis 20 Hague YIL 75-119 2008
 Tour Operator in the island, website with satellite map (Spanish)
 Tour Operator with Travel tips and must see in San Andrés in (en;es;de)
 Scuba diving information about San Andrés (Spanish)
 Information on some Atolls (German)
 Information on Colombian lighthouses (German)

 New York Times article on independence movement

Caribbean region of Colombia
Departments of Colombia
Caribbean islands of Colombia
Islands of the West Caribbean
Atolls of Colombia
Biosphere reserves of Colombia
English-speaking countries and territories
1630 establishments in the British Empire
1630 establishments in South America
States and territories established in 1991
1991 establishments in Colombia
Former English colonies
1991 establishments in North America


Kabotaj, bir devletin kendi içinde taşımacılıkta tanıdığı ayrıcalıktır. Bu ayrıcalıktan yalnızca yurttaşlarının yararlanması, millî ekonomiye önemli bir katkı sağlayacağından, devletler yabancı bandıralı gemilere ve yabancı bayraklı uçaklara kabotaj yasağı koyma yoluna gitmişlerdir. Bazı uluslararası sözleşmelerde de kabotaj yasağı koyma yetkisine ilişkin hükümler yer alır.

Fransızca kökenli bir sözcüktür.

Türkiye'de deniz kabotajı
Osmanlı Devleti'nin kapitülasyonlar çerçevesinde yabancı ülke gemilerine tanıdığı kabotaj ayrıcalığı Lozan Barış Antlaşması'yla 1923 yılında kaldırıldı. 20 Nisan 1926 tarihinde de kabul edildi. Kabotaj Kanunu 1 Temmuz 1926'da yürürlüğe girdi. Bu yasaya göre; akarsularda, göllerde, Marmara denizi ile boğazlarda, bütün kara sularında ve bunlar içinde kalan körfez, liman, koy ve benzeri yerlerde, makine, yelken ve kürekle hareket eden araçları bulundurma; bunlarla mal ve yolcu taşıma hakkı Türk yurttaşlarına verildi. Ayrıca; dalgıçlık, kılavuzluk, kaptanlık, çarkçılık, tayfalık ve benzeri mesleklerin Türk yurttaşlarınca yerine getirilebileceği belirtildi. Yabancı gemilerin yalnız Türk limanlarıyla yabancı ülkelerin limanları arasında insan ve yük taşıyabileceği kabul edildi.

Denizcilik terimleri
Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Kabotaj


Reggio Emilia er hovedbyen i provinsen Reggio Emilia i Italien. Formelt hedder byen Reggio nell'Emilia, men det forkortes normalt til Reggio Emilia, eller uformelt blot  til Reggio.

Reggio Emilia ligger på Posletten nord for Appenninerne. Floden Crostolo løber gennem byen på sin vej fra Appenninerne til Po. Byen har 171.491 indbyggere pr. 31. december 2016.

Referencer

Byer i Emilia-Romagna

Reggio Emilia


Mammal Species of the World (engelsk for "Verdens pattedyrsarter") er et engelsksproget videnskabeligt zoologisk klassisk referenceværk som indeholder beskrivelser og bibliografiske data for alle kendte, nulevende arter af pattedyr. Værket er redigeret af Don E. Wilson og DeeAnn M. Reeder.

Den 3. udgave udkom i 2005. Den er udgivet i 2 bind med i alt 2.142 sider, og indeholder beskrivelser af 29 ordener og 5.416 arter. Der er fulde online versioner på Smithsonian Museum of Natural History og Bucknell Universitys hjemmesider, og en delvis online version på Google Books (se "Eksterne henvisninger" nedenfor).

En 4. udgave er under udarbejdelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Bogen på Smithsonians hjemmeside
Bogen på Bucknell Universitys hjemmeside
Bogen på Google Books

Faglitterære bøger

Mammal Species of the World


Irgandı Köprüsü, Bursa kentinde, zanaatçıların geleneksel el sanatlarını icra ettiği köprü. 1442 yılında Irgandılı Ali'nin oğlu Hacı Muslihiddin tarafından inşa edildi. 1854 yılında  Büyük Bursa Depremi'nde hasar gördü. Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Yunan ordusu tarafından bombalandı. Irgandı Köprüsü, 2004 yılında  Osmangazi Belediyesi tarafından yenilendi ve kullanıma açıldı.

Yerel olarak Irgandı Köprüsü, dünyada üstünde çarşı bulunan sadece dört köprüden biri olduğu iddia edilmiştir, bu iddia doğru değildir. Bulgaristan'da Osma Köprüsü (Lofça), İtalya'da Ponte Vecchio Köprüsü (Floransa) ve Rialto Köprüsü (Venedik) bir yana, Almanya'da Krämerbrücke (Erfurt), İngiltere'de Pulteney Köprüsü (Bath) ve High Bridge (Lincoln), Fransa'da Pont de Rohan (Landerneau) ve Pont des Marchands (Narbonne) körprüleri bulunmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki köprüler listesi
 Türkiye'deki tarihi köprüler

Kaynakça

Bursa'daki köprüler
Türkiye'deki Osmanlı köprüleri
Bursa'da Osmanlı mimarisi

Irgandı Köprüsü


Elisabeta Cumana (1244-1290) a fost regina consoartă a regelui Ștefan al V-lea al Ungariei. A fost regentă a Ungariei între 1272-1277, cât timp fiul ei, regele Ladislau al IV-lea, a fost minor.

A fost supranumită "Cumana" deoarece era de origine cumană.

Note

Nașteri în secolul al XIII-lea
Decese în secolul al XIII-lea
Regine ale Ungariei
Dinastia Arpadiană
Cumani

Elisabeta Cumana


දික්වැල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, දකුණු පළාතේ,   මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි.ජනගහනය 55000කට වඩා (2012)වන ත්රදාසන්නන කලාපයකි.

ප්‍රධාන පාසල් ලෙස මාතර විජිත විද්‍යාලය, මුනිදාස කුමාරතුංග පාසල,මින්හාත් ජාතික පාසල,උතුර විද්‍යාලය,වේ.

ජනානුපාතය අනුව මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ වැඩිම මුස්ලිම් ජනගහනයක් සිටී. සිංහල 52000 පමණ වේ.

ජනගහනය
ජනග්‍රහය අතින්ද ආර්ථිකමය වශයෙන් ද වේගයෙන් සන්නද්ධ වෙමින් පවතින නගරය කි.

ග්‍රාම නිළධාරි වසම්

ආර්ථිකය

ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සේවා හා කර්මාන්ත ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇති අතර , සැලකිය යුතු ප්‍රමාණයක් කෘෂි ආර්ථිකයද දක්නට ලැබේ.

තවද මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ වේගයෙන් දියුණු වන නගරයක්ද වීමට සමත්ව ඇත.

ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ ප්‍රධාන බෞද්ධ රූපවාහිනී නාලිකාවක් වන වැව්රුකන්නල විහාරට අයත් දම්සතර නාලිකාව ද කලකට ඉහත ආරම්භ කළ කේබල් රූපවාහිනී සේවය ක් වන රුහුණු බ්‍රොඩ්කාස්ටින් ආයතනයේත් ආරම්භය වූ නගරය යි

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 Divisional Secretariats Portal

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

දික්වැල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය


CS Phoenix Galați este un club românesc de baschet din orașul Galați. Clubul a participat în Divizia A începând cu sezonul 2015-2016, atunci când a obținut promovarea din liga secundă. Echipa s-a înființat la finele anului 2001 avându-i ca membri fondatori pe Florin Nini,Gelu Cazanoschi și Diana Lungu.

Lotul sezonului 2015-2016
Actualizat la: 21.10.2015

Conducerea

Referințe

Cluburi românești de baschet
Fondări în 2006

CSU Phoenix Galați


HMAS Snipe (M1102) (formerly HMS Alcaston) was a  which served in the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Construction
The ship was constructed by John I. Thornycroft and Company at Southampton and launched on 4 September 1952.

Operational history

United Kingdom
The ship was completed on 16 December 1952, and commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS Alcaston, being allocated the pennant number M.1102. Alcaston served with the 104th Mine Sweeping Squadron, and in November 1956 took part in Operation Musketeer, the Anglo-French attack on the Suez Canal. In 1961 she was sold to Australia along with five other Ton-class minesweepers.

Australia
Following her sale, the ship was refitted with her engines replaced by Napier Deltic diesel engines, stabilisers being fitted and air conditioning added to better suit the ship for Australian service. The ship recommissioned as HMAS Snipe on 11 September 1962.

In September 1963, Snipe took part in Operation Gardening, a large scale operation by Australian minesweepers to clear magnetic mines laid during the Second World War in the approaches to Tonolei harbour, Bouganville. On 10 February 1964, the aircraft carrier  and destroyer  collided, sinking Voyager. Snipe took part in search for survivors from Voyager. During the mid-1960s, Snipe was one of several ships operating in support of the Malaysian government during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. This service was later recognised with the battle honour "Malaysia 1964–66". Her first tour took place between May 1964 and January 1965, with a second tour lasting from September 1965 to August 1966. On 16 December that year, Snipe was paid off into reserve.

Snipe remained in RAN service until her decommissioning on 3 June 1983.

References

Citations

Sources

Ton-class minesweepers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Southampton
1952 ships
Cold War minesweepers of the United Kingdom
Ton-class minesweepers of the Royal Australian Navy
Cold War minesweepers of Australia
Ships built by John I. Thornycroft & Company

HMAS Snipe


Heinrich Nikolaus Gerber (født 6. september 1702 i Wenigenehrich ved Sondershausen i Thüringen, død 6. august 1775 i Sondershausen) var en tysk komponist og organist.

Liv og virke
Gerber boede i Leipzig i nogen år fra 1724, og fik i denne periode undervisning i klaverspil og generalbas af Johann Sebastian Bach. Mange af klaviaturværkerne af Bach er kun bevaret gennem Gerbers kopier.

I 1726 eller 1727 vendte Gerber tilbage til hjemstedet, hvor han virkede som organist og klaver- og kompositionslærer. Johann Adolph Scheibe og Johann Philipp Kirnberger var blandt Gerbers bekendtskabskreds.

Sønnen, Ernst Ludwig Gerber, blev Gerbers efterfølger som hoforganist i Sondershausen.

Gerber skrev mange værker for klaviaturinstrumenter, som klaver- og orgelkoncerter, præludier og fugaer, sonater, suiter og andet, endvidere motetter og kantater. Gerber var også instrumentnager, blandt andet lavede han tekniske forbedringer af klavikord og orgel.

Litteratur
 Ernst Ludwig Gerber: Historisch-Biographisches Lexicon der Tonkünstler, welches Nachrichten von dem Leben und Werken musikalischer Schriftsteller, berühmter Componisten, Sänger, Meister auf Instrumenten, Dilettanten, Orgel- und Instrumentenmacher, enthält. bind.: 1, A – M, Leipzig, 1790, s. 490–497.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Heinrich Nicolaus Gerber (Composer, Bach's Pupil), bach-cantatas.com

Komponister fra Tyskland
Organister fra Tyskland
Personer fra Kyffhäuserkreis

Heinrich Nicolaus Gerber


19392 Oyamada este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19392 Oyamada este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nanyo de Tomimaru Okuni. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,29 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 6,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

19392 Oyamada


Origin je sedmi studijski album norveškog metal sastava Borknagar. Album je 30. listopada 2006. godine objavila diskografska kuća Century Media Records.

O albumu
Za razliku od ostalih albuma sastava, Origin je karakterističan po tome što sadrži pjesme svirane uglavnom akustičnim glazbalima. Na albumu prevladavaju progresivni te tradicionalni glazbeni elementi grupe.

Iako je napustio sastav tijekom snimanja albuma Epic, na Originu se u ulozi gostujućeg basista pojavio Tyr te se nakon snimanja albuma ponovno pridružio sastavu.

"Oceans Rise" je akustična prerada pjesme koja se izvorno pojavila na albumu The Archaic Course iz 1998. godine.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Eduardo Rivadavia, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu tri od pet zvjezdica te je izjavio: "Možda osjećajući kako je njegovoj karijeri kao važnog, dosljednog ali ipak ne dovoljno cijenjenog black metal sastava (sporednoj Emperoru, Darkthroneu i još nekima) bila potrebna velika reorganizacija, Borknagar je došao do radikalne zamisli pri stvaranju svojeg sedmog albuma Origin, uglavnom blage kolekcije akustičnih pjesama, prožetom i narodnom i klasičnom glazbom. [...] Jasno je da [je na snimanje albuma], zajedno s članovima sastava, [...] bilo dovedeno nekoliko gostujućih glazbenika kako bi doprinijeli albumu sviranjem orkestralnih žičanih instrumenata i narodnih puhačkih glazbala na svih devet pjesama. [...] Na čistim interludijima kao što su "Signs" i "Cynosure" slatke i nježne flaute pružaju osebujan osjećaj usamljene melankolije, dok se na skromno nazvanoj pjesmi "White" sve mijenja te se zbijeni i dramatični zamasi orkestracije koriste kako bi uspješno preveli strukturalnu složenost black metala i emocionalnu nelagodu u ovu jednostavniju okolinu. Čak i tako, teško je ne pretpostaviti kako će mnogi slušatelji koji će naići na ovaj album bez predznanja o Borknagarovoj prethodnoj povijesti mogli krivo pomisliti da prikazuje svakodnevni glazbeni teren sastava, a ne potpuno odstupanje. I to je, umjesto [pukog] nagađanja njegovih vrijednosti u usporedbi s drugim uglavnom akustičnim albumima, vrlo vjerojatno najveća potvrda njegove cjelokupne kvalitete."

Osoblje

Borknagar
 Øystein G. Brun – gitara, miksanje
 Lars A. Nedland – vokali (na pjesmi 5), klavijature, prateći vokali, orgulje, klavir
 Vintersorg – vokali
 Asgeir Mickelson – bubnjevi, naslovnica, fotografija
Ostalo osoblje
 Christophe Szpajdel – logotip
 Børge Finstad – miksanje, koproducent

Dodatni glazbenici
 Erik Tiwaz – bas-gitara
 Sareeta – violina
 Thomas Nilsson – violončelo
 Steinar Ofsdal – flauta, snimači

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Borknagar - Origin  (Službena podstranica sastava koja opisuje sedmi album)
 "Origin" na discogs.com

Albumi iz 2006.
Albumi sastava Borknagar

Origin


Türkler İslamiyet öncesi belli dönemlerde, "sığır töreni" adı verilen av törenlerinde, "Toy / Şölen"
adı verilen kurban törenlerinde ziyafetler ve kazanılan savaşlar sonunda, tüm boyların
erkekleri bir araya gelerek eğlenirdi. Bu eğlencelerde söylenen çoklukla aşk, doğa ve
yiğitlik konularını işleyen ve "kopuz" adı verilen sazla birlikte söylenen şiirlere "koşuk" adı verilir. Koşuklar İslamiyet sonrası edebiyatta yerini: Halk edebiyatında koşmalara, Divan edebiyatında ise gazellere bırakmıştır. Koşuklar dörtlük biçiminde yazılmış ve hece ölçüsüyle söylenmiştir. Ayrıca koşuklar kopuz eşliğinde söylenirdi Uyak düzenleri: aacb nmuh jklm şeklindedir.

Örnek Koşuk

Özgün şekli
Öpkem kelüp ogradım
Arslanlayu kökredim
Alplar başın togradım
Emdi meni kim tutar
Kanı akıp yoşuldu
Kabı kamug deşildi
Ölüg birle koşuldu
Togmuş küni uş batmaz
Kaklar kamug köldi
Taglar başı ilerdi
Ajun tını yılırdı
Tütü çeçek çerkeşür
Etil suvı aka turur
Kaya tübi kaka turur
Balık telim baka turur
Kölün takı küşerür

Günümüz Türkçesiyle
Öfkelenip dışarı çıktım
Arslan gibi kükredim
Yiğitler başını doğradım
Şimdi beni kim tutar
Kanı akıp boşandı
Derisi baştan başa deşildi
Ölülerle bir oldu
Doğan güneş işte batardı
Kuru yerler hep gülerdi
Dağbaşları göründü
Dünyanın soluğu ılındı
Türlü çiçekler sıralandı
İtil suyu akar durur
Kaya dibini oyar durur
Bütün balıklar bakar durur
Gölü bile taşırırlar

Kaynakça

Şiir
Türk edebiyatı

Koşuk


KDE (K Desktop Environment - K Masaüstü Ortamı) Unix ve Unix benzeri işletim sistemleri için geliştirilmiş bir masaüstü ortamıdır. Trolltech' in QT kütüphanesi ve kendine ait KDE kütüphaneleri (kdelibs olarak adlandırılır) kullanılarak geliştirilen KDE, GNU/Linux, Solaris, BSD' ler (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD vb. Unix ve Unix benzeri işletim sistemleri üzerinde çalışmasının yanı sıra (Mac OS X dahil) Cygwin aracılığıyla da Microsoft Windows üzerinde de çalışabilmektedir. KDE 4.0.0 sürümü, kullandığı QT 4 kütüphanelerinin Windows'ta doğrudan çalışabilmesi sayesinde Windows üzerinde cygwin katmanı olmadan çalışabilmektedir.

K harfinin, başlarda Kool sözcüğünün kısaltması olması düşünülmesine rağmen, kısa süre içinde herhangi bir anlam ifade etmemesine karar verildi.

Tasarının maskotu, Konqi isminde yeşil bir ejderhadır.

KDE masaüstü ortamının Qt5 üzerinde geliştirilmeye başlanmasıyla üç temel bileşene ayrılmıştır;

 KDE Plasma—Masaüstü ortamı bileşenlerini oluşturur.Sürüm döngüsü üçer aylık dönemlerden oluşur.
 KDE Frameworks—Yazılım kütüphaneleri ve geliştirme bileşenlerini oluşturur. Sürüm döngüsü aylık dönemlerden oluşur.
 KDE Applications—KDE uygulamalarını bulundurur. Sürüm isimlerini yayın tarihinden alır.

Qt 5 üzerinde geliştirilen KDE masaüstü ortamının Sürüm döngüsü
<noinclude>

Geçmiş
KDE 1996 yılında Matthias Ettrich tarafından; Tübingen Üniversitesi'nde okurken geliştirilmiştir. O dönemde UNIX ile sorunlar yaşayan Ettrich, bir newsgroup'a attığı iletiyle aradığı yazılımları ve nasıl hissettiğini yazmıştır. Kullanımı kolay olan bir masaüstü ortamını, o dönemde kız arkadaşı kullanmakta zorluk çekiyor diye başlatmıştır. Bu oldukça ilgi çekmiş ve KDE projesi doğmuştur.

En başta; Qt toolkit kullanan KDE, birçok KDE/Qt yazılımı çıkarmıştır. 1997 itibarıyla de çok daha gelişmiş yazılımlar çıkmıştır. Qt'deki lisans sorunları yüzünden, iki yeni proje başlamıştır. Bunlardan ilki Harmony, ikincisi de GNOME projeleridir.

1998'in kasım ayında Qt toolkit'in açık kaynakla Q Public License (QPL) 'ı çıkarmasıyla KDE Free Qt foundation kurulmuş ve Qt özgür olma garantisi altına alınmıştır.

GPL ile uyum sorunları çözüldükten sonra, Qt 4.0 ile artık Unix, Mac ve Windows platformlarında da çalışır hale gelmiş bu da KDE'yi bu platformlara da taşımıştır.

KDE ve GNOME Freedesktop.org üyesidir ve Unix masasüstü ortamını geliştirmek için her ne kadar aralarında dostça bir rekabet olsa da birlikte uğraşırlar.

KDE Tasarısının düzenlenmesi
Vikipedi gibi birçok açık kaynak tasarısı katılımcıların gönüllü ve özverili katkılarıyla gerçekleşmektedir. Ancak Novell (SuSE), Trolltech ve Mandriva gibi şirketler de birçok geliştiricisini tasarının içinde çalıştırmaktadır. Bu katılımcılarla birlikte KDE'ye birçok kod, tercüme ve sanatsal destekte bulunulmaktadır. Birçok sorun e-posta listelerinde tartışılmakta ve çözülmektedir.

Bunun yanı sıra; IBM ve Dell de başta olmak üzere; Ubuntu tasarısının sahibi Mark Shuttleworth yaptığı yüksek bağış ile (15 Ekim 2006) KDE'nin en büyük sponsoru olmuştur. Nokia da yeni sponsorlardan biridir ve yeni cep telefonlarında KDE'nin kullanılabilirliğini araştırmaktadır.

KDE geliştiricilerinin yanı sıra; özellikle önemli ve resmî değişiklikler kde-core-devel listesi tarafından yapılmaktadır. Kendileri kaynak geliştiriciler olarak tanımlanırlar. Uzun süredir KDE'ye katılım gösterirler ve oylama yerine e-posta listelerinde tartışmaların çözülmesiyle sonuca giderler.

Geliştiricilerin Dünya'nın dört bir yanından katılım göstermesinin yanı sıra, tasarının en fazla katılımcısı Almanya'dan olmaktadır. Sunucuları Kaiserslautern ve Tübingen Üniversitelerinde bulunmaktadır. KDE toplantıları da Almanya'da yapılmaktadır.

Başlıca KDE yazılımları

Bunların yanı sıra; kdeedu'''de KDE'ye özgü eğitim yazılımları, kdegamesde KDE'ye özgü oyunlar, ve kdetoys''da da masaüstü oyuncakları ve eğlenceleri bulunmaktadır. Daha fazla bilgi için; KDE uygulamaları listesi

Sürüm dönemleri ve sürüm numaraları

Tasarının tarihine göre, KDE oldukça sık bir şekilde yeni sürümlerle çıkmaktadır. Öngörülen tarihten bir iki hafta geciktiği olmuştur, tarihinde en uzun geçiken sürüm, kodlardaki güvenlik açıkları nedeniyle bir aydan uzun süre ertelene KDE 3.1 sürümü olmuştur.

Ana sürümler

Şu ana kadar 22 adet ana sürüm gerçekleşmiştir. 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8,    4.9 ve 4.10

KDE 2'de hazırlanmış yazılımlar, KDE 3'e uyumsuzdur. KDE 1 ve 2'deki de API değişiklikleri yüzünden uyum sorunları yaşanmıştır.

Her büyük sürüm duyurusu yapıldığında, bir sonraki ana sürüm için çalışmalar başlar. KDE 4'te Qt 4.x baz olarak kullanılacak ve birçok değişiklikler olacaktır.
Ana sürüm numaraları büyük değişiklikleri gösterir. KDE4 tamamen tekrar yazılmıştır, KDE3'ten tamamen farklıdır.

Ara sürümler

Ara sürümlerde 3 adet sürüm numarası vardır, örn. KDE 1.1.1 ve genelde hataları çözmek için veyahut da küçük değişiklikler ve kullanılış kolaylığını arttırmak için kullanılır. Ara sürümleri daha kısa sürelerde gerçekleşir.
Ara sürümlerde büyük değişiklikler olmaz. Sadece küçük güncellemeler bulunur.

Adlandırmalar

Birçok KDE yazılımı isminin başında ya da sonunda K harfini içerir. Genelde bu harf büyük yazılır ama bazı istisnalar da mevcuttur. (Amarok ve kynaptic gibi) Bazen de eğer ki özgün kelime Q ya da C ile başlıyorsa, bu harfin yerini K alır (Konsole ve Kuickshow gibi).

Mimari

KDE mimarisinde başlıca şu mimaride işler :

 aRts - ses sistemi
 DCOP - işlemler arasındaki sistem komünikasyonu
 KHTML - HTML işlemcisi
 KIO - KDE yazılımlarında network açıklığı ile ulaşımı
 Kiosk - KDE'nin daha fazla kontrol edilen bir ortam olmasının engellenmesi
 Kwin - Pencere yöneticisi
 KConfigXT - XML dosyalarının işleyişi
 Qt - Platformlar arası grafiksel bir toolkit
 XMLGUI - UI elementlerinin menu ve araç çubuklarında XML dosyalarını açabilmesi

Paketleme
KDE'nin büyüklüğüne karşın KDE birkaç küçük pakete bölünmüştür. Nedeni ise kurulumu kolaylaştırmaktır.Mobil sürümler ve özelleştirilebilir sürümler için KDE 4.7 sürümü ve sonrası bazı paketlerin içerisindeki programlar ayrı birer paket haline getirilmiştir.

Yerelleştirme
KDE projesinde yer alan programlar kendi bünyesinde bulunan çeviri sistemi üzerinden gönüllüler tarafından yapılmaktadır.
Yerelleştirme ekibi iletişimleri posta listesi üzerinde koordine etmektedir.Çeviri ekibine katılmak için sadece posta listesine üye olmak yeterlidir.

Türkçe yerelleştirme ekibi posta listesi: https://mail.kde.org/mailman/listinfo/kde-l10n-tr

Ayrıca bakınız
 KDE Plasma 5
 KDE uygulamaları listesi
 GNOME
 Xfce

Dış bağlantılar
 KDE resmi web sitesi*
 KDE Türkçe belgelendirme çalışması  (debian.org.tr)
 "KDE on Windows" proje sayfası

Kaynakça

KDE
Özgür ve açık kaynak yazılım kuruluşları
Özgür masaüstü ortamları
Linux
Kullanılabilinir grafik arabirim kütüphaneleri

KDE


مارتن هارنيك  ، من مواليد 10 يونيو 1987 في هامبورغ في ألمانيا ، لاعب كرة قدم نمساوي.

يلعب مع نادي شتوتغارت الألماني منذ عام 2010.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب النمسا لكرة القدم في عام 2007.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب مارتن هارنيك خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 6 أندية في ثمانية عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 113 هدف ضمن 377 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسم واحد بالكأس ولم يفز بأي دوري.

خاض مارتن هارنيك مسيرته مع  في موسم 2005–06 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 54 مباراة سجل خلالها 13 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي فيردر بريمن في موسم 2007–08 في المرة الأولى ولمدة موسمين ثم في موسم 2018–19 ولمدة موسمين، حيث شارك طوالها في 37 مباراة سجل خلالها 5 أهداف. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي فورتونا دوسلدورف في موسم 2009–10 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 30 مباراة سجل خلالها 13 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي شتوتغارت في موسم 2010–11 ليلعب معه ستة مواسم، مشاركًا في 173 مباراة سجل خلالها 53 هدفًا. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي هانوفر 96 في موسم 2016–17 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 60 مباراة سجل خلالها 26 هدفًا. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي هامبورغ في موسم 2019–20 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 23 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية نمساويون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ألمان من أصل نمساوي
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2016
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الرابعة
لاعبو شتوتغارت
لاعبو فورتونا دوسلدورف
لاعبو فيردر بريمن
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من هامبورغ
لاعبو كرة قدم نمساويون
لاعبو منتخب النمسا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب النمسا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب النمسا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو هامبورغ
لاعبو هانوفر 96
مواليد 1987
نمساويون من أصل ألماني
لاعبو نادي شتوتغارت
لاعبو فيردر بريمن 2

مارتن هارنيك


La route régionale 352 () est une route régionale allant de Aittakorpi à Kotka jusqu'à Etukyĺä à Kotka en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 352 est une route régionale de la Vallée de la Kymi.
La route relie la route régionale 355 et la route régionale 170 et à la route européenne 18.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

352

Transport à Kotka

Seututie 352