Melanie Richards Griffith (born August 9, 1957) is an American actress. She began her career in the 1970s, appearing in several independent thriller films before achieving mainstream success in the mid-1980s.

Born in Manhattan, New York City, to actress Tippi Hedren and advertising executive Peter Griffith, she was raised mainly in Los Angeles, where she graduated from the Hollywood Professional School at age 16. In 1975, 17-year-old Griffith appeared opposite Gene Hackman in Arthur Penn's neo-noir film Night Moves. She later rose to prominence as an actor in films such as Brian De Palma's thriller Body Double (1984), which earned her a National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress. Griffith's subsequent performance in the comedy Something Wild (1986) attracted critical acclaim before she was cast in 1988's Working Girl, which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won her a Golden Globe.

In the 1990s Griffith performed in a series of roles which received varying critical reception; she received Golden Globe nominations for her performances in Buffalo Girls (1995), and as Marion Davies in RKO 281 (1999), while also earning a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performances in Shining Through (1992), as well as receiving nominations for Crazy in Alabama (1999) and John Waters' cult film Cecil B. Demented (2000). Other credits include John Schlesinger's Pacific Heights (1990), Milk Money (1994), the neo-noir film Mulholland Falls (1996), as Charlotte Haze in Adrian Lyne's Lolita (1997), and Another Day in Paradise (1998).

She played the voice of Margalo in Stuart Little 2 (2002), and later starred as Barbara Marx in The Night We Called It a Day (2003), and spent the majority of the 2000s appearing on such television series as Nip/Tuck, Raising Hope, and Hawaii Five-0. After acting on stage in London, in 2003, she made her Broadway debut in a revival of the musical Chicago, receiving celebratory reviews. In the 2010s, Griffith returned to film, starring opposite her husband Antonio Banderas in the science-fiction film Autómata (2014) and as an acting coach in James Franco's The Disaster Artist (2017).

Life and career

1957–1969: Early life
Melanie Richards Griffith was born on August 9, 1957 in Manhattan, New York City, to actress Tippi Hedren and Peter Griffith, a former child stage actor and advertising executive. Griffith's paternal ancestry is English, as well as Welsh, Scots-Irish, Irish, and Scottish, while her maternal ancestry is Swedish, Norwegian, and German. Her parents separated when she was two years old, after which she relocated to Los Angeles with her mother; they divorced two years later, when Griffith was four. After divorcing Hedren, her father married model-actress Nanita Greene and had two more children: Tracy Griffith, who also became an actress, and Clay A. Griffith, a set designer. Her mother married agent and producer Noel Marshall when Griffith was seven years old.

During her childhood and adolescent years, she lived part of the time in New York with her father and part-time in Antelope Valley, California, where her mother formed the animal preserve Shambala. Griffith appeared in advertisements and briefly worked as a child model before abandoning the career, citing extreme shyness as the reason. While attending the Hollywood Professional School, Griffith was advanced in her studies, which allowed her to skip a grade level and graduate at age 16.

1969–1979: Career beginnings and first marriage

Griffith's first onscreen appearances were as an extra in Smith! (1969) and The Harrad Experiment (1973). While on the set of the latter film, 14-year-old Griffith met actor Don Johnson, then 22. The two began dating, and the relationship culminated in a six-month marriage from January to July 1976. After divorcing Johnson, Griffith subsequently dated Ryan O'Neal, who is 16 years her senior . In her autobiography, A Paper Life, Tatum O'Neal alleged that Griffith dragged her into an orgy with Maria Schneider and a male hairdresser during the time of her father's relationship with Griffith.

She had her first major role at age 17 in Arthur Penn's film noir Night Moves (1975), in which she portrayed a runaway teenager pursued across the United States by a private detective, portrayed by Gene Hackman. In the film, she controversially appeared onscreen nude in several scenes. Griffith's performance in Night Moves drew attention to her and she was subsequently cast in two 1975 films: the comedy Smile, playing a pageant contestant, and Stuart Rosenberg's The Drowning Pool, a thriller in which she portrayed the daughter of a Louisiana woman (played by Joanne Woodward) involved in a crime investigation. She was also named Miss Golden Globe for 1975, helping out at the Golden Globe Awards. A contemporaneous profile of Griffith in Newsweek addressed her image at the time, in which it was noted: "She has the body of a sensuous woman, the pouting, chipmunk face of a teenager, and the voice of a childand, suddenly, she's showing them all."

In 1977, she had a supporting part playing a hitchhiker in the Lamont Johnson-directed sports drama One on One, where John Simon in his review of One on One wrote, "Griffith is miscast in a PG picture, where she is obliged to hide her one talent (or two depending on how you count it...them)". Griffith appeared in the Israeli experimental film The Garden, in which she portrayed a naked mute woman in Jerusalem whom a man mistakes for an angel. The same year, she had a supporting role in Joyride opposite Robert Carradine, in which she played a young woman who leaves California with her boyfriend, hoping to start a fishing company in Alaska.

1980–1988: Breakthrough and motherhood
Griffith appeared opposite her mother, Hedren, in the film Roar (1981), directed by her then-stepfather Noel Marshall. In the film, she portrayed the daughter of animal-keepers Madeleine (Hedren) and Hank (Marshall), whose various wild animals turn on them. Roar was a project devised by Hedren and Marshall, and has retrospectively been deemed one of the most dangerous film productions of all time. Filming of Roar had begun in 1970 and was intermittent over the following decade. On one occasion during the shoot, Griffith was mauled by a lion and had to undergo facial reconstructive surgery. Her attack and injury is visible in the finished film. Also in 1981, Griffith appeared as a Women's Army Corps recruit in the made-for-television movie She's in the Army Now (1981) with Jamie Lee Curtis and Steven Bauer. Shortly after completing the film, Griffith and Bauer married.

Griffith's well-known drug and alcohol addictions temporarily stalled her career in the early 1980s, but she made a comeback at age 26 with her role as a pornographic film actor in the Brian De Palma thriller Body Double (1984). The film, although a commercial failure, earned her the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress. She then appeared in a supporting role in Abel Ferrara's thriller Fear City (1985), playing a stripper and prostitute in Times Square being stalked by a serial killer. Griffith gave birth to her first child, Alexander Griffith Bauer, on August 22, 1985, with Bauer. The following year, she had her first starring role opposite Jeff Daniels in Jonathan Demme's comedy Something Wild (1986), playing a mysterious woman who becomes involved with a straightlaced banker on a chance meeting. Critic Roger Ebert wrote of her acting: "Griffith's performance is based not so much on eroticism as on recklessness: She is able to convince us (and Daniels) that she is capable of doing almost anything, especially if she thinks it might frighten him." Griffith's performance earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Musical.

Griffith also starred in the speculative science fiction film Cherry 2000, which followed a business executive in the year 2017, and his relationship with a sex robot. The film was released directly to-video in 1987. She subsequently starred opposite Sean Bean, Tommy Lee Jones, and Sting in Mike Figgis's neo-noir Stormy Monday (1988), portraying an American woman who becomes embroiled in her ex-boss's plot to acquire a jazz club in Newcastle upon Tyne. Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised Griffith's performance, writing: "The stellar Miss Griffith, with her sexy, singular blend of kittenishness and strength, is entirely at home here, making an irrevocably strong impression."

Griffith achieved mainstream success when Mike Nichols cast her as spunky secretary Tess McGill in the box-office hit Working Girl (1988), co-starring Harrison Ford, Sigourney Weaver, Alec Baldwin, and Joan Cusack. Variety noted of her performance: "Griffith stands apart, both for her eagerness to break out of her clerical rut and her tenacity dealing with whomever seems to be thwarting her." Griffith was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance, and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy. The film marked a professional shift for Griffith earning her accolades as an A-list actress, characterized in a 1989 Rolling Stone piece: "Before Working Girl, Melanie Griffith was known mostly for her beautiful body and the way that nearly half her directors suggested she expose it."

Griffith and Bauer separated prior to her appearance in Working Girl. Griffith later admitted to having problems with cocaine and liquor after her split from Bauer. "What I did was drink myself to sleep at night," she said. "If I wasn't with someone, I was an unhappy girl." In 1988, after completing rehabilitation, Griffith reconnected with Johnson, and the two remarried on June 26, 1989.

1989–1995: Mainstream success
On October 4, 1989, Griffith gave birth to her second child, daughter Dakota Johnson, with Don Johnson. After her pregnancy, Griffith began filming the thriller Pacific Heights (1990), directed by John Schlesinger, in which she portrayed a woman, who along with her boyfriend, becomes embroiled in a dispute with a criminal boarder in their San Francisco home. Critic Roger Ebert gave the film a middling review, and characterized it as "a horror film for yuppies". The same year, she reunited with De Palma in The Bonfire of the Vanities, a black comedy in which she portrayed a Southern belle gold-digger. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone panned the film, noting that it "achieves a consistency of ineptitude rare even in this era of over-inflated cinematic air bags...  Griffith has the curves and the Southern-belle voice of McCoy's mistress, Maria Ruskin, but the script robs this magnolia of her steel."

She was then cast in a lead role in Paradise (1991), a remake of the 1987 French film The Grand Highway, opposite then-husband Don Johnson, Elijah Wood, and Thora Birch. In the film, Griffith portrayed a woman reeling from the death of her child, who takes in her friend's son. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly criticized Griffith's "cuddly, melting softness" in the film as being at odds with her character: "The way that Griffith has been directed, Lily never seems less than supremely nurturing. And so the movie — unlike, say, The Doctor — pulls back from revealing the dark side of an ordinary person's anguish." In 1992, she starred as Linda Voss, a German Jewish secretary in Berlin, opposite Michael Douglas in Shining Through, a World War II-set drama based on the 1988 novel of the same name. Desson Howe of The Washington Post was critical of Griffith's portrayal of a German accent, writing: "In all fairness, Griffith shouldn't be lambasted for her incompetent accent. She should be lambasted for her acting, too. That baby voice of hers -- what's the deal with that? It's a liability in most of her movies. Here, it's completely ludicrous." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, however, noted Griffith as being "cannily cast" and "just about perfect".

She followed this with the Sidney Lumet-directed A Stranger Among Us, in which she portrayed a police officer posing as an Orthodox Jew while investigating a murder. Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel criticized Griffith's speaking in the film, writing: "When Griffith tries to speak in the crude manner of a streetwise cop, her baby-doll voice turns the words into strained peaches. And while she's capable of projecting the wounded quality that the role demands, she's completely unconvincing when it comes to conveying a detective's intelligence...  The miraculous thing about A Stranger Among Us is that Melanie Griffith's performance doesn't entirely ruin it. In fact, though the movie has other problems, there are sections that work quite well."

In the summer of 1992, Griffith filmed the comedy Born Yesterday (1993), a remake of the 1950 film, in the role for which Judy Holliday won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Billie Dawn is a naive, uneducated showgirl whose wealthy, powerful and crude long-term fiancé (John Goodman) hires a reporter (Don Johnson) to give her enough polish to make her presentable as his wife in Washington, D.C. "This is supposed to be snappy material, and it comes across gloomy", Roger Ebert wrote at the time. He faulted the "dumbed down" screenplay, the casting and the lack of chemistry in a film that, in the end, was "morose and mean". In 1994, Griffith headlined the romantic comedy Milk Money, playing a prostitute. Janet Maslin of The New York Times deemed the film a "brainless comedy," adding: "The film may try to renounce its own tawdriness, but not Ms. Griffith; she brings a certain irrepressible gusto to her role. Among the few genuinely amusing scenes here are those that show her flouncing through the small town where Frank and Dad live, scandalizing the locals and even finding one ex-client strolling with his wife on Main Street." The same year, she had a supporting role in Nobody's Fool, a drama starring Paul Newman, Jessica Tandy, and Bruce Willis. In the film, Griffith portrays the wife of a contractor (Willis) who has disputes with a free-spirited older man (Newman) in an upstate New York town. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times noted both Willis and Griffith as "somewhat less reliable" than Newman and Tandy.

Griffith and husband Johnson separated in March 1994, reconciled later that year, but separated again in May 1995, eventually divorcing in 1996. In the midst of her separation, she appeared in an ensemble cast in the coming-of-age drama Now and Then, playing an actress who returns to her Indiana hometown to reunite with her childhood friends. Roger Ebert wrote of the film: "The adult actresses are completely superfluous to the movie, which is a contrived Stand by Me kind of story." The same year, she starred opposite Anjelica Huston and Reba McEntire in the Western miniseries Buffalo Girls, based on the 1990 novel of the same name. Tom Shales of The Washington Post wrote of the series that "Huston, Griffith, and McEntire make it not just bigger than life but, at times, better." For her performance, she was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television film.

1996–2002: Independent films and producing

In 1996, Griffith co-starred with Antonio Banderas in the comedy Two Much (1996). She and Banderas began a relationship during the film's production, and were married that year. After their respective divorces were finalized, Griffith and Banderas married on May 14, 1996, at Marylebone Town Hall in London. Their daughter, Stella del Carmen Banderas, was born on September 24, 1996. Following Two Much, Griffith starred in the neo-noir Mulholland Falls (1996), playing the wife of a Los Angeles police detective (played by Nick Nolte), a performance that won her the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress. Critics such as Roger Ebert praised the film as "the kind of movie where every note is put in lovingly. It's a 1950s crime movie, but with a modern, ironic edge," but the film was a box office flop.

Griffith was cast in the role of Charlotte Haze in Adrian Lyne's 1997 adaptation of Lolita, opposite Jeremy Irons. The film received a brief theatrical run and was subsequently shown on television, and grossed only $1.1 million against a $62 million budget. Caryn James of The New York Times noted that Griffith was "ideally cast as the annoying, widowed Charlotte. With her garish red nails, her screeching voice, her affected diction, Charlotte seems unbearable to the professorial Humbert." In 1998, Griffith had a supporting part playing a famous actress in Woody Allen's Celebrity (1998), a performance characterized by critic Peter Travers as "playfully lusty". She followed this with a starring role as a free-spirited heroin addict in Larry Clark's independent film Another Day in Paradise, opposite James Woods. Roger Ebert praised the performances, writing: "Woods and Griffith play types they've played before, but with a zest and style that brings the movie alive--especially in the earlier scenes, before everything gets clouded by doom."

On February 5, 1999, Griffith made her stage debut at the Old Vic in London, England, where she acted with Cate Blanchett in The Vagina Monologues. The same year, she starred in Crazy in Alabama, a film directed by Banderas and produced by Greenmoon Productions, the company that Banderas and she formed together. In the film, Griffith played an eccentric woman in 1960s Alabama who kills her husband and heads to Hollywood to become a movie star; this plot is set against a subplot involving a race-related murder. Rita Kempley of The Washington Post wrote that "Griffith manages to make Barbra Streisand look downright camera-shy," but criticized its dual plots, writing that the "juxtapositions are not merely preposterous, but downright tasteless. Worse yet, they unintentionally trivialize the civil rights movement by aligning it with a ding-dong belle's tenuous connection with the women's movement." This sentiment was echoed by Paul Clinton of CNN, who wrote: "The deadly serious Alabama plot line of Crazy in Alabama is much more interesting than Griffith's wacky, comic cross-country trip. These dueling stories result in a film that's oddly uneven and unlikely to generate big box-office numbers." This was followed by a role in the HBO television film RKO 281, in which Griffith portrayed 1920s and 1930s movie star Marion Davies. For her performance, she received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie.

In 1999, Griffith was cast as Honey Whitlock, an arrogant actress kidnapped by a gang of underground filmmakers, in John Waters's black comedy Cecil B. Demented. Speaking on her being cast, Waters commented that Griffiths possessed "a combination of a good sense of humor and a little bit of defiance. Like me, she's someone with a past who has made peace with it. Nobody can blackmail her. So she's happy." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote of that while the film's jokes are "hit-and-miss," Griffith "has a ball tweaking her diva image". Also in 2000, Griffith acted opposite Patrick Swayze in Forever Lulu, in which she portrayed a schizophrenic woman attempting to contact her son. Derek Elley of Variety panned the film, referring to it as "a straight-to-vidbin stiff...  this wannabe romantic comedy is chock full of phony sentiment."

In November 2000, Griffith returned to drug rehabilitation for treatment of a painkiller addiction. While in treatment, Griffith began making public blog posts in an online journal detailing her battle to beat her substance abuse. She wrote in her first post: "I am starting this recovery journal because I wanted to share with you my experiences. I am still a little shaky, but I feel it is important that I share this with you, because an addiction to prescribed pain pills can happen to anyone, and you have to be careful." Griffith had a minor role in the 2001-released youth-oriented independent film Tart, which she co-produced with Banderas under their Green Moon Productions company. The film starred Griffith's former Lolita co-star Dominique Swain, as well as Brad Renfro, Bijou Phillips, and Mischa Barton. In 2002, she voiced the character of Margalo the bird in the animated film Stuart Little 2.

2003–2012: Theater and television

In August 2003, Griffith made her Broadway debut playing Roxie Hart in a run of the musical Chicago. The run was a box-office success. Though Griffith was previously untrained in song and dance, she still impressed New York Times theater critic Ben Brantley, who wrote: "Ms. Griffith is a sensational Roxie, possibly the most convincing I have seen" and "[the] vultures who were expecting to see Ms. Griffith stumble...will have to look elsewhere." Charles Isherwood of Variety noted some weaknesses in Griffith's performance, such as her singing and dancing abilities, but conceded:

She returned to the stage in 2012 in a play written by Scott Caan, titled No Way Around but Through, in which she played his mother. She played Caan's mother again during 2014–16 in a recurring role on his television show Hawaii Five-0. In 2016, she filmed with Caan's father James Caan and Jon Voight in a TV movie titled J.L. Ranch.

Prior to Hawaii Five-0, Griffith's television work included the short-lived WB sitcom Twins (2005–06), and the 2007 series Viva Laughlin, which was canceled after two episodes.

In August 2009, Griffith returned to rehabilitation again for what her publicist called "part of a routine plan". She had a three-month stay. In December of that year, Griffith had surgery to remove skin cancer.

Her 2012 television pilot, This American Housewife (produced by Banderas), was not picked up by Lifetime. In the interim, Griffith guest-starred on Nip/Tuck and Hot in Cleveland.

2013–present: Return to film
In June 2014, Griffith and Banderas released a statement announcing their intention to divorce "in a loving and friendly manner". According to the petition filed in the Los Angeles Superior Court, the couple had "irreconcilable differences" that led to the divorce. In December 2015, their divorce was finalized. Banderas has stated that he will always love Griffith, and Griffith appeared alongside Banderas in the 2014 science-fiction film Autómata, which they filmed amid their divorce proceedings. She then had a role in Day Out of Days (2015), directed by Zoe Cassavetes. In 2016, she signed to be a guest star on Hulu's The Path.

In 2017, Griffith costarred opposite Al Pacino and Evan Peters in The Pirates of Somalia (originally titled Where the White Man Runs Away), a biopic about journalist Jay Bahadur; and played Jean Shelton in James Franco's The Disaster Artist, a comedy based on Greg Sestero's book of the same name. In mid-2018, Griffith played Mrs. Robinson in a stage version of The Graduate at the Laguna Playhouse in California. In August 2018, she revealed she had undergone further and "final" surgical treatments to remove skin cancer from her face.

Philanthropy
Griffith supports the efforts of Children's Hospital Los Angeles helping to lead Walk for Kids, a community 5K, to raise funds as part of the hospital's community awareness efforts in support of the opening of a new state-of-the-art pediatric inpatient facility. She also participated in the hospital's 2012 Noche de Niños gala as a presenter of a Courage to Care Award.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Sources

External links

1957 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
American women bloggers
American bloggers
American film actresses
American television actresses
American people of German descent
American people of Swedish descent
American people of Norwegian descent
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Big cat attack victims
Living people
Actresses from Manhattan
Actresses from Greater Los Angeles
Stella Adler Studio of Acting alumni
Melanie

Melanie Griffith


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Baron Coleridge, of Ottery St Mary in the County of Devon, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1874 for the prominent lawyer, judge and Liberal politician Sir John Coleridge. He served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 1880 to 1894. His son, the second Baron, represented Attercliffe in the House of Commons and served as a Judge of the High Court of Justice.  the title is held by the latter's great-grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 1984.

The first Baron was the son of Sir John Taylor Coleridge and the great-nephew of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

The ancestral home of the Coleridge family is The Chanter's House in Ottery St Mary. In October 2006 the increasing costs of maintaining the property caused the family trust to put the property up for sale and auction the contents.

Barons Coleridge (1874 onwards)
John Duke Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge (1821–1894)
Bernard John Seymour Coleridge, 2nd Baron Coleridge (1851–1927)
Geoffrey Duke Coleridge, 3rd Baron Coleridge (1877–1955)
Richard Duke Coleridge, 4th Baron Coleridge (1905–1984)
William Duke Coleridge, 5th Baron Coleridge (b. 1937)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son The Hon. James Duke Coleridge (b. 1967)
The heir apparent's heir presumptive is his uncle Hon. Samuel John Taylor Coleridge (b. 1942)
Next in line is the present holder's cousin Syndercombe James Duke Coleridge (b. 1941), a grandson of the 3rd Baron. He has two sons, Robert James Duke (b. 1979) and Nicholas John (b. 1981).

Arms

Notes

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1874
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Coleridge family
People from Ottery St Mary

Baron Coleridge


Turnul Alb din Salonic este un monument și muzeu în Salonic, capitala regiunii Macedonia din nordul Greciei. Turnul actual a înlocuit o fortificație bizantină mai veche, menționată în sec. XII. Otomanii au reconstruit-o, după ce sultanul Murad al II-lea a cucerit Salonicul în 1430, pentru a fortifica portul orașului. Turnul a devenit o închisoare vestită și locul mai multor execuții în masă în perioada otomană.

Turnul Alb a fost remodelat considerabil și văruit după ce Salonicul a intrat în componența Greciei (1912), fiind adoptat ca simbol al orașului.

Caracteristici

Turnul Alb are forma unui cilindru cu diametrul de 23 m și o înălțime de 34 m, deasupra căruia este amplasată un turn mai mic cu diametrul de 12 m și înălțimea de 6 m. Unele ambrazuri din zidul exterior sunt accesate prin intermediul unei rampe spiralate, altele - prin camerele centrale a celor șase etaje.

Turnul mic adăpostește o platformă cu diametrul de 10 m, iar platforma din fața lui amplasată pe acoperișul turnului principal are lățimea de 5 m.

Istorie

Turnul, care cândva apăra partea estică a zidului orașului (dinspre mare), a fost atribuit mai mult timp venețienilor. Imperiul Bizantin le-a cedat acestora Salonicul în 1423. În prezent s-a stabilit deja că otomanii l-au construit după cucerirea orașului de către armata lui Murad al II-lea în 1430. Până în 1912 o inscripție deasupra ușii scrisă în turcă data structura din anul 942 AH (1535-1536).

Istoricul Franz Babinger a lansat ipoteza că proiectul turnului a fost realizat de marele arhitect otoman Mimar Sinan, care a mai construit fortificații, inclusiv un turn similar din 1537 în portul albanez Valona.

Modificări

Turnul actual a înlocuit un turn bizantin mai vechi, menționat de arhiepiscopul Eustațiu din Salonic în descrierea sa a asediului orașului din 1185, la care a fost martor direct.

Structura construită de otomani a suferit modificări substanțiale de-a lungul anilor. În ilustrațiile timpurii turnul era acoperit de un acoperiș conic, similar turnurilor din fortărețele Edikule și Rumelihisarı ale orașului Istanbul. La baza acestuia stătea un zid adițional (chemise), demolat în 1917, care cuprindea un diametru de trei ori mai mare decât cel al turnului. Turelele octogonale și caponierele plasate în chemise aveau funcția de flancare. Nu este clar dacă acest chemise a făcut parte din proiectul original sau dacă a fost adăugat ulterior.

Turnul a fost timp de secole parte componentă a zidului Salonicului, separând Cartierul Evreiesc de cimitirele musulmanilor și evreilor. Zidurile orașului au fost demolate în 1866.

De la Turnul Roșu la Turnul Alb

Otomanii au folosit turnul succesiv pe post de fortăreață, garnizoană și închisoare. În 1826 sultanul Mahmud al II-lea a ordonat masacrarea ienicerilor rebeli întemnițați acolo. Din cauza "numeroaselor victime ale chinuitorilor și călăilor otomani" turnul a rămas cunoscut sub numele de "Turnul Sângelui" sau "Turnul Roșu" până la sfârșitul sec. XIX.

Când statul elen a anexat Salonicul de la otomani (1912) în timpul Primului Război Balcanic turnul a fost văruit, ceea ce trebuia să simbolizeze purificarea, și a adoptat numele său actual. Regele George I al Greciei a fost asasinat în apropierea Turnului Alb în martie 1913.

Acum are o culoare bej, dar a reușit să-și păstreze numele. El este amplasat în prezent pe bulevardul Nikis (al Victoriei), care se întinde de-a lungul țărmului Golfului Thermaic și este una dintre atracțiile turistice principale ale Salonicului. În turn se află și un muzeu dedicat istoriei orașului.

Muzeul Turnului Alb

Turnul găzduiește o expoziție dedicată orașului Salonic în diferite perioade ale istoriei sale, organizată de Muzeul Culturii Bizantine al orașului. Aceasta este administrată de Eforia Antichităților Bizantine a Ministerului Culturii din Grecia.

Turnul Alb este deschis publicului și vizitatorii pot vedea o hartă a orașului cu monumentele și muzeele acestuia, o cronologie a celor mai importante evenimente din istoria Salonicului, articole științifice scrise de istorici de vază, bibliografie etc. Pot fi organizate și excursii școlare, cu permisiunea Muzeului Culturii Bizantine.

Expoziția din 2002

În primele luni ale anului 2002 Turnul Alb a găzduit "Orele Bizantine", o expoziție dedicată vieții cotidiene din perioada bizantină.

Exponatele de la primul etaj formau o secție tematică cu denumirea "Meseriașii de la târg", în care erau expuse unelte și alte obiecte care au aparținut aurarilor, făurarilor, cizmarilor, sticlarilor și faianțarilor, dar și diferite monede și o machetă a pieței orașului. Al doilea etaj era dedicat călătoriilor și comerțului. El includea: obiecte și texte legate de călătorii pe mare și pe uscat, de festivaluri, spectacole și pelerinaje.

Al treilea etaj era concentrat în special pe prezentarea casei bizantine și a interiorului ei, a ornamentelor, a meselor servite și a cartierelor rezidențiale. Etajul al patrulea era o prelungire a secției etajului de mai jos, etalând diferite tipuri de încălțăminte, îmbrăcăminte, cosmetice, parfumuri, obiecte de îngrijirie personală și chiar unele superstiții. Subiectul ultimului etaj era moartea, cu obiecte legate de ritualurile funerare, morminte, ofrande aduse morților, epitafuri și unele artefacte magice.

Controversa bancnotelor cu Turnul Alb

La începutul anilor 1990, Turnul Alb, monument situat în capitala regiunii grecești Macedonia, a devenit subiectul unei controverse mari între Grecia și Republica Macedonia, stat care pe atunci abia apăruse, după destrămarea Iugoslaviei. Controversa face parte dintr-o dispută mai largă legată de numele istoric al Macedoniei.

Organizațiile naționaliste din Macedonia au creat bancnote-suvenir ("Makedonka") care ilustrau Turnul Alb din Salonic, în pofida faptului că acesta se afla în Grecia și nu în Republica Macedonia. VMRO-DPMNE a ajuns chiar să propună adoptarea oficială a bancnotei cu Turnul Alb. Guvernul din Skopje a respins ideea și a adoptat un design diferit pentru denarul macedonean, emis începând din 1992.

Cu toate acestea IMPRES a tipărit bancnote neoficiale cu ilustrația Turnului Alb, care au fost ulterior vândute ca suvenire pe străzile din Skopje cu avertismentul "Această bancnotă este un suvenir și nu este destinată uzului oficial".

Aceste suvenire au dus la apariția unor zvonuri în Grecia că moneda statului vecin conținea într-adevăr simboluri grecești - un punct extrem de controversat, având în vedere disputa cu Republica Macedonia pe tema numelui și drapelului său. Aceste bancnote nu au fost puse niciodată în circulație, dar controversa a contribuit la escaladarea ostilităților dintre cele două țări.

Galerie

Referințe

Bibliografie

Fortificații

Turnul Alb din Salonic


An Peristylus fallax in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Peristylus fallax in nahilalakip ha genus nga Peristylus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Peristylus

Peristylus fallax


Édouard Przybylski, né le  à Freyming-Merlebach en Moselle, mort le  à Embrun dans les Hautes-Alpes, est un marin français, combattant des Forces navales françaises libres pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Fusilier marin, il participe aux combats de la France libre et se distingue particulièrement dans la campagne d'Italie et la campagne de France. Il est compagnon de la Libération.

Biographie

Édouard Przybylski naît à Freyming-Merlebach en Moselle le . Fils de mineur, il effectue ses études primaires, réussit son certificat d'études, puis devient mineur lui aussi.

Il décide cependant de changer et s'engage en février 1939 dans la Marine nationale.

Au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Przybylski participe à la campagne en mer du Nord et dans la Manche. Ayant entendu de Newport l'Appel du 18 Juin par le général de Gaulle, il choisit d'y répondre, part pour Londres et s'engage dans les Forces navales françaises libres.

Il est affecté au  bataillon de fusiliers marins ( BFM) qui est en cours de formation à Aldershot. Avec le  BFM, Przybylski participe à l'opération de Dakar, à la campagne du Gabon, à la campagne de Syrie. Il est blessé lors de la campagne de Libye, par l'explosion d'une mine à la bataille d'El Alamein en octobre 1942.

À la campagne d'Italie, il est chef de char et s'illustre à la bataille du Garigliano le 12 mai 1944 où il combat avec la  division française libre. Le 10 juin suivant, il est gravement blessé dans son char lors de l'assaut du fort de Montefiascone ; brûlé au deuxième degré, il est évacué à Naples, mais s'évade de l'hôpital pour participer au débarquement de Provence.

Przybylski participe alors à la campagne pour la libération de la France, jusqu'à la bataille d'Alsace. Il se distingue de nouveau à plusieurs reprises, à Clairegoutte en Haute-Saône, puis à Frédéric-Fontaine, et ensuite lors de la prise de Rougemont dans le Doubs le , ce qui lui vaut la médaille militaire.

Il est créé Compagnon de la Libération par le décret du .

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il participe à la guerre d'Indochine jusqu'à être rapatrié sanitaire en février 1947. Il passe alors plusieurs années à l'hôpital, puis s'installe à Embrun dans les Hautes-Alpes, et reprend une activité professionnelle, en usine et en laboratoire.

Édouard Przybylski meurt le  à Embrun, où il est enterré.

Hommages et distinctions
Les décorations attribuées à Édouard Przybylski sont :
  ;
  par décret du  ;
  ;
  ;
 , quatre citations ;
  avec agrafes « Libye », « Tunisie », « Indochine » ;
  ;
  Chevalier de l'ordre royal du Cambodge.

Autres hommages

La rue Édouard Przybylski lui rend hommage à Embrun.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
  .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Appel du 18 Juin
 Forces françaises libres
 Forces navales françaises libres
 Fusiliers marins
 Compagnon de la Libération – avec la liste des Compagnons.

Liens externes

 .
 .
 « Édouard Przybylski » sur francaislibres.net.

Militaire des Forces navales françaises libres
Résistant français
Fusilier marin
Officier de la Légion d'honneur
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Titulaire de la médaille de la Résistance française
Commandeur de l'ordre national du Mérite
Naissance en septembre 1920
Naissance à Freyming-Merlebach
Décès en mai 1993
Décès à 72 ans
Décès à Embrun (Hautes-Alpes)

Édouard Przybylski


Arnold Rutkowski (* in Łódź) ist ein Tenor polnischer Herkunft.

Leben und Karriere
Rutkowski erhielt von 1999–2005 in der Grażyna-und-Kiejstut-Bacewicz-Musikakademie in Łódź eine Ausbildung. Während dieser Zeit trat er in Bornholm in Dänemark als Ferrando in Così fan tutte von Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart auf. Nach seinem Abschluss wurde er nach St. Moritz in die Schweiz eingeladen, wo er Un giorno di regno von Giuseppe Verdi sang.

Seine internationale Karriere begann 2009 nach dem Debüt in Modena im Luciano Pavarotti Theatre. In demselben Jahr wurde er von Plácido Domingo eingeladen, um während seines Konzertes in Polen aufzutreten und an dem internationalen Wettbewerb Operalia teilzunehmen, wo er den CulturArte Prize gewann.

In den Jahren 2006 bis 2008 erweiterte er sein Repertoire um die Rollen des Rodolfo, Duca, Don Jose, Alfredo und Ismaele, indem er in der Breslauer Oper und im Teatr Wielki in Warschau (Rodolfo, Stefan) auftrat. Im Jahre 2009 trat er als Don Jose im Teatro de la Opera in San Juan (Puerto Rico) und in Phoenix Metropolitan Opera (USA) auf. 2009 folgten Auftritte im Teatro Comunale in Ferrara und im Teatro Alighieri in Ravenna.

Im Jahre 2010 hatte Arnold Rutkowski sein Debüt in Deutschland und sang bei der Rigoletto Gala im Wiesbaden Opera House die Rolle des Duca. 2011 trat er während des Rheingau Musik Festival – Große Operngala auf und gab sein Radiodebüt für den Bayerischen Rundfunk mit dem Münchner Rundfunkorchester. Kurz danach sang er in Madama Butterfly in der Deutschen Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf. 2011 hatte er einen Auftritt im Michigan Opera Theatre in Detroit mit der Rolle des Duck in Rigoletto. In der Saison 2010–2011 folgten Auftritte in der Staatsoper Berlin, der Finnischen Nationaloper in Helsinki und beim Szeged Open-Air Festival in Ungarn. In der Saison 2011 sang Rutkowski ebenfalls in der Königlichen Oper in Stockholm, in der Staatsoper in Hamburg und in Wien.

2011 trat er erneut in der Staatsoper Berlin auf, als Lenski in Eugen Onegin von P. I. Tchaikovsky. Er sang auch Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Don Jose in Carmen in der Deutschen Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf und Duck in Rigoletto in Tchaikovsky Concert Hall in Moskau.

Preise
Im Jahre 2009 gewann Arnold Rutkowski den europäischen Jan-Kiepura-Wettbewerb und den CulturArte-Preis des internationalen Operalia-Wettbewerbes. Er erhielt außerdem den Publikumspreis während der Klassikmania Competition in Wien.

Weblinks
 Porträt auf der Webseite der Staatsoper Unter den Linden

Einzelnachweise

Tenor
Musiker (Polen)
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann
Pole

Arnold Rutkowski


Indenfor matematikk er Strahler number ("Strahler-tallet") eller Horton–Strahler number ("Horton–Strahlers tall")  af et træ (et træ indenfor grafteori) et numerisk mål for dets forgrenings-kompleksitet.

Indenfor hydrologi kaldes tallene Strahler stream order (- vandløbsorden) og bruges til at definere strøm størrelse baseret på et hierarki af bifloder.

Noter

Hydrologi
Grafteori

Strahler number


Siddi (sardinski: Sìddi) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 184 metra i ima 654 stanovnika. Prostire se na 11,02 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 59 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Baressa, Collinas, Gonnoscodina, Gonnostramatza, Lunamatrona, Pauli Arbarei i Ussaramanna.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Južna Sardinija

Siddi


Limatola ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Benevento in Kampanien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 32,5 Kilometer westlich von Benevento und etwa 9,5 Kilometer nordöstlich von Caserta. Limatola grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Caserta. Die nördliche Gemeindegrenze bildet der Volturno.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Kampanien

Limatola


الليث المفتي (17 مايو 1977 -)، فنان وممثل سوري.

عن الممثل
ليث المفتي هوممثل سوري مواليد 17 مايو عام 1977 في دمشق خريج المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية - قسم التمثيل. - شارك كممثل بالعديد من الأعمال التلفزيونية والسينمائية والمسرحية، بالإضافة للأعمال الإذاعية. - عضو في نقابة الفنانين منذ عام 2001.

أعماله

في المسـرح
يوميات مجنون - حكاية الشتاء - عشاء عيد ميلاد طويل - الريشة البيضاء". - "حكاية علاء الدين". * السيرك الأوسط.

مسلسلات

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون وممثلات سوريون
مواليد 1397 هـ

الليث المفتي


Daiana Mureșan () este o jucătoare română de volei. Are  și joacă pe poziția de atacant. Are 73 de selecții în echipa națională a României.

Cluburi

Lista
 Campionatul din România
 Câștigătoare: 2008, 2009, 2010.
 Cupa României
 Câștigătoare: 2008, 2009.

Note

Vezi și
 Echipa României de volei feminin

Legături externe
  Profilul de pe site-ul web al FIVB
  Profilul de pe site-ul CEV
  Profilul de pe site-ul ligii italiene
  Site-ul oficial al clubului

Nașteri în 1990
Voleibaliste române

Daiana Mureșan


was a town located in Saihaku District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,095 and a density of 84.47 persons per km². The total area was 60.32 km².

On March 28, 2005, Nakayama, along with the town of Nawa (also from Saihaku District), was merged into the expanded town of Daisen.

Nakayama was known for Taikyu Temple, built in 1357, and for its local hot spring.  It also had a well-known hiking path, as well as a golf course and river fishing. During the first week of October, the town holds an annual bicycle race.  On May 4, the day before "Children's Day," men and boys dress in samurai clothes and hold a display of ancient guns and archery.

Nakayama was a sister city of Temecula, California.

External links
 Daisen official website

Dissolved municipalities of Tottori Prefecture
Daisen, Tottori

Nakayama, Tottori


Københavns Postcenter, oprindeligt Københavns Postterminal, var et bygningskompleks opført af Post & Telegrafvæsenet, der blev indviet den 15. november 1979 af Dronning Margrethe og Prins Henrik.

Københavns Postcenter blev projekteret i foråret 1967 i samarbejde med arkitektfirmaet Holm & Grut. Det blev opført på en grund ved Bernstorffsgade, hvor Københavns Postbanegård tidligere lå, mellem Centralpostbygningen og den nye Københavns Godsbanegård. Det oprindelige byggeprojekt var planlagt til at stå færdigt i 1973, men i 1972 blev projektet udvidet betydeligt, og blev dermed forsinket. Postterminalen, som den hed dengang, blev taget i brug i maj 1979 til sortering af postpakker, og i begyndelsen af 1980 til omkartering (sortering af brevpost).

Pakkesorteringen blev i begyndelsen af 2000erne flyttet til lejede lokaler i Priorparken i Brøndby. Københavns Postcenter overtog sorteringen af post fra hele det østlige Danmark efter Nordsjællands Postcenter i Tåstrup og Midtsjællands Postcenter i Ringsted blev nedlagt i slutningen af 2000erne. Københavns Postcenters brevsortering blev i 2017 flyttet til lejede lokaler i Høje Taastrup med betegnelsen Terminal Taastrup.

I 2014 satte PostNord Danmark Københavns Postcenter, Centralpostbygningen og Girobygningen til salg. Bygningerne, som indgår i det der kaldes for Postgrunden, blev solgt i marts 2015 til Danica Pension. Med udgangen af juli 2018 var størstedelen af Københavns Postcenter revet ned.

Kildehenvisninger

Postcenter
Posten i Danmark

Københavns Postcenter


Tatjana Hüfner (doğum 30 Nisan 1983, Neuruppin) Alman kızakçı. 2003'ten bu yana yarışmaktadır. Almanya adına 2010 Kış Olimpiyatlarında tek kadınlarda altın, 2006 Kış Olimpiyatlarında ise bronz madalya kazanmıştır. Hüfner Dünya şampiyonasında (FIL World Luge Championships) üç altın madalya kazanmıştır.

1983 doğumlular
Brandenburg doğumlular
2010 Kış Olimpiyatları kızakçıları
Yaşayan insanlar
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Alman sporcular
2014 Kış Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
2010 Kış Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
2006 Kış Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar

Tatjana Hüfner


An Axonopus casiquiarensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerrit Davidse. An Axonopus casiquiarensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Axonopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Axonopus

Axonopus casiquiarensis


Dieser Artikel listet Erfolge und Mannschaft des Radsportteams TT Raiko Argon 18 in der Saison 2011 auf.

Erfolge in der Europe Tour

Mannschaft

Platzierungen in UCI-Ranglisten
UCI Africa Tour 2011

UCI Europe Tour 2011

Radsportteam 2011

TT Raiko Argon 18/Saison 2011


Ola Didrik Saugstad (født 5. mars 1947) er en norsk børnelæge og professor dr.med. Han er overlæge ved Rigshospitalet, chef for Pediatrisk forskningsinstitut og professor i medicin ved Universitetet i Oslo. Saugstad er internationalt kendt for sin forskning på genoplivning af nyfødte. Han modtog Den nordiske medicinpris i 2012, er medlem af Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi og ridder 1. klasse af St. Olavs Orden.

Noter

Læger fra Norge

Ola Didrik Saugstad


An Leersia perrieri in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Georg Oskar Edmund Launert. An Leersia perrieri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leersia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Leersia

Leersia perrieri


Mustafa Armağan (d. 24 Şubat 1961; Cizre, Şırnak),Türk yazar ve gazeteci. Özellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Türkiye yakın tarihi konusunda yazdığı tarihsel revizyonist kitaplarla tanınır.

Hayatı

İlk yılları
Şanlıurfalı bir anne-babanın çocuğu olarak 24 Şubat 1961 tarihinde, Cizre'de doğdu. İlk ve orta öğrenimini Bursa'da tamamladı.

Yazarlık kariyeri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümünden 1985 yılında mezun olduktan sonra çeşitli yayınevlerinde editör olarak çalıştı.1995-1996 arasında İzlenim dergisinin yayın yönetmenliğini yürüttü. Sosyal Bilimler Ansiklopedisi (Risale Yayınları, 4 cilt) ve Osmanlı Ansiklopedisi (Ağaç Yayıncılık, 7 cilt) adlı çalışmalarının yayın koordinatörlüklerinde bulundu. M. M. Şerif'in 4 ciltlik İslam Düşüncesi Tarihi adlı derlemesi (İnsan Yayınları, 1990-91) yayına hazırladı.

1995'ten 2015'in Ekim ayına dek Zaman'da tarihsel revizyonizm içerikli yazılar yazdı.

2000 - 2002 arasında, yine Zaman adlı gazeteye yakınlığı ile bilinen Diyalog Avrasya'nın editörlüğünü yürüttü.

Ayrıca, Samanyolu Yayın Grubu içinde yer alan Mehtap TV'de de, Tarih Aynası adlı programı hazırladı ve sundu.

Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği tarafından üç defa ödüle layık görüldü: Batı Düşüncesinde Dönüm Noktası (F. Capra'dan tercüme dalında, 1989) ve Şehir, Ey Şehir (deneme dalında, 1997), Osmanlı: İnsanlığın Son Adası (TYB Fikir Ödülü). Telif kitapları olan Gelenek (1992), Gelenek ve Modernlik Arasında (1995), Şehir Asla Unutmaz (1996) ve Bursa Şehrengizi (1998) dışında derleme ve çeviri olarak çok sayıda kitabı bulunmaktadır.

7 Mart 2016-7 Mayıs 2017 tarihleri arasındaYeni Şafak gazetesinde her pazar köşe yazısı yazdı. 18 Nisan 2021 tarihinden beri Yeni Akit gazetesinde perşembe ve pazar günleri köşe yazıları yazmaktadır.

TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi'deki Cemil Meriç maddesinin yazarıdır.

Mustafa Armağan, Nisan 2012-2021 yılları arasında Derin Tarih adlı derginin genel yayın yönetmenliği görevini de yürütmüştür.

Ayrıca Hümayun Yayınevi'nin sahibidir.

Eserleri
 Gelenek (1992)
 Gelenek ve Modernlik Arasında (1995)
 Şehir Asla Unutulmaz (1996)
 Şehir, Ey Şehir (Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği 1997 Deneme Ödülü)
 Bursa Şehrengizi (1998)
 Medya Aynasında Fethullah Gülen (Kozadan Kelebeğe) (1999, Ali Ünal ile, Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfı tarafından basıldı)
 Diyaloğa Adanmış Hayat / Kozadan Kelebeğe 2 (2000, Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfı tarafından basıldı)
 Alev ve Beton (2000)
 Osmanlı: İnsanlığın Son Adası (2003)
 İstanbul Mavi Kırpar Gözlerini (2003)
 Osmanlı Tarihinde Maskeler ve Yüzler (2005)
 Ufukların Sultanı: Fatih Sultan Mehmed (2006)
 İnsan Yüzlü Şehirler (2006)
 Abdülhamid'in Kurtlarla Dansı (2006)
 Küller Altında Yakın Tarih (2006)
 Yakın Tarihin Kara Delikleri / Küller Altında Yakın Tarih 2 (2006)
 Efsaneler ve Gerçekler / Küller Altında Yakın Tarih 3 (2007)
 Korku Duvarını Yıkmak / Küller Altında Yakın Tarih 4 (2009)
 Paşaların Hesaplaşması / Küller Altında Yakın Tarih 5 (2010)
 Osmanlı'yı İmparatorluk Yapan Şehir: İstanbul (2007)
 Büyük Osmanlı Projesi (2008)
 Osmanlı'nın Mahrem Tarihi (2008)
 Avrupa'nın 50 Büyük Yalanı (2009)
 Abdülhamid'in Kurtlarla Dansı 2 (2009)
 Kır Zincirlerini Osmanlı (2010)
 Fatih'in Rüyası (2010)
 Cemil Meriç'in Dünyası (2010)
 Türkçe Ezan ve Menderes (2010)
 Geri Gel Ey Osmanlı! (2010)
 Osmanlı'nın Kayıp Atlası (2010)
 Tek Parti Devri (2010)
 Kazım Karabekir'in Gözüyle Yakın Tarihimiz (2011)
 Bulutları Delen Kartal/Cemil Meriç ile Konuşmalar (2011)
 Osmanlı Tarihini Yeniden Yazmak (2011)
 Gerçek Tarihin Peşinde (2011)
 Kızıl Pençe (2012)
 Fetih ve Fatih (2012)
 Petersburg'da Osmanlı İzleri (2012)
 Satılık İmparatorluk (2013)
 Cumhuriyet Efsaneleri (2014)
 Ayasofya Entrikaları (2017)
 Abdülhamid'in Kurtlarla Dansı 3 (2018)
 Kızıl Pençe: Karabekir'in Gözüyle Kuruluş Yılları (2019)
 Cemil Meriçİrfana Açılan Gözler (2021)
 Ezan Şehidi Menderes (2021)
 İçimize Açılan Kapılar (2021)
 Son Demokratlar (2023)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1961 doğumlular
Cizre doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk İslamcılar
Türk komplo teorisyenleri
Türk monarşistler
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Zaman (gazete) kişileri
Yeni Şafak kişileri
Yeni Akit kişileri

Mustafa Armağan


Isidore Alexandre Augustin Pils (født 19. juli 1813 eller 7. november 1815 i Paris, død 3. september eller 3. december 1875 i Douarnenez) var en fransk maler.

Pils, Lethières og Picots elev, malede til en begyndelsen billeder af religiøst indhold. Hans Rouget de Lisle syngende Marseillaisen (1849, Louvre) vakte megen opsigt, og efter hans skildringer fra krigsskuepladsen på Krim, hvis tildragelser han nøje fulgte som øjenvidne, var hans anseelse grundfæstet.

Han malede herfra ikke blot store krigsscener, men gav også i talrige skitser og småbilleder (særlig i akvarel) indblik i soldaterlivets karakter under hvil, i bivuak og i slagtummelen. Hans første større arbejde fra Krimkrigen var Løbegraven foran Sebastopol 1855, museet i Bordeaux), hans populæreste Slaget ved Alma (1859, Versailles); andre: Franske troppers landgang, Overgangen over Alma etc.

På sine senere dage var Pils, der 1863 blev professor ved École des beaux-arts, atter beskæftiget med bibelske og religiøse arbejder, særlig i dekorative øjemed (for Paris' Clotildekirke og andre steder). Hans sidste værk var loftsmalerier til Pariseroperaen (Olympens guder med mere).

Af genremalerier kan anføres Barmhjertighedssøsterens død (1851, museet i Toulouse). I malerisk henseende står især hans akvareller højt. Han raderede også.

Noter

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Slagmalere
Malere fra Frankrig
Franskmænd i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Paris
Modtagere af Prix de Rome for maleri

Isidore Pils


The Nephilim (;  Nəfīlīm) are mysterious beings or people in the Hebrew Bible who are described as being large and strong. The Hebrew word Nephilim is sometimes translated as "giants", and sometimes taken to mean "the fallen ones". Their origins are disputed. Some view them as offspring of fallen angels and humans. Others view them as offspring of the descendants of Seth and Cain.

The main reference to them is in Genesis 6:1–4, but the passage is ambiguous and the identity of the Nephilim is disputed. According to the Book of Numbers 13:33, ten of the Twelve Spies report the existence of Nephilim in Canaan, prior to its conquest by the Israelites.

A similar or identical biblical Hebrew term, read as "Nephilim" by some scholars, or as the word "fallen" by others, appears in the Book of Ezekiel 32:27 and is also mentioned in the deuterocanonical books Judith 16:6, Sirach 16:7, Baruch 3:26–28, and Wisdom 14:6.

Etymology
The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon (1908) gives the meaning of Nephilim as "giants", and holds that proposed etymologies of the word are "all very precarious". Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root  () "fall". Robert Baker Girdlestone argued in 1871 the word comes from the hif'il causative stem, implying that the Nephilim are to be perceived as 'those that cause others to fall down'. Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form: 'ones who have fallen', grammatically analogous to  'one who is appointed' (i.e., a deputy or overseer),  'one who is bound' (i.e., a prisoner), etc.

The majority of ancient biblical translations – including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Neofiti – interpret the word to mean "giants". Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones" and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones" or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]."

Origins of belief
Archaeologist George Earnest Wright believes that belief in the Nephilim, especially as giants, originated from the Hebrews' contemplation of Transjordian megalithic structures and cyclopean masonry-based walls of Canaanite cities, with some being 18 feet thick. Wright also notes that ancient tribal people were relatively short both before and after 3000 BCE, with no significant findings of abnormally sized aborigines. Biblical professor Brian R. Doak, on the other hand, believes that Nephilim lore is a polemic against the tropes of epic and heroism, commonly found in the worldviews of cultures similar to the Hebrews'. J. C. Greenfield similarly believes that Nephilim lore is based on "the negative aspects of the Apkallu tradition" in Sumerian mythology. The Apkallu were seven antediluvian culture heroes who were praised for their exceptional wisdom. In fact, some were even called the son of Ea.

The Anakites, who are associated with the Nephilim, are mentioned in the Egyptian Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC) as one of Egypt's political enemies in Canaan.

In the Hebrew Bible
In the Hebrew Bible, there are three interconnected passages referencing the nephilim. Two of them come from the Pentateuch. The first occurrence is in Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of Noah's Ark. Genesis 6:4 reads as follows:

Where the Jewish Publication Society's translation simply transliterates the Hebrew nephilim as "Nephilim", the King James Version translates the term as "giants".

The nature of the Nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". Richard Hess takes it to mean that the Nephilim are the offspring, as does P. W. Coxon.

The second is Numbers 13:32–33, where ten of the Twelve Spies describe the Anakites, a Rephaite tribe, as descendants of the Nephilim:

Outside the Pentateuch there is one more passage indirectly referencing nephilim and this is Ezekiel 32:17–32. Of special significance is Ezekiel 32:27, which contains a phrase of disputed meaning. With the traditional vowels added to the text in the medieval period, the phrase is read gibborim nophlim ("'fallen warriors" or "fallen Gibborim"), although some scholars read the phrase as gibborim nephilim ("Nephilim warriors" or "warriors, Nephilim"). According to Ronald S. Hendel, the phrase should be interpreted as "warriors, the Nephilim" in a reference to Genesis 6:4. The verse as understood by Hendel reads:

Brian R. Doak, on the other hand, proposes to read the term as the Hebrew verb "fallen" (נופלים nophlim), not a use of the specific term "Nephilim", but still according to Doak a clear reference to the Nephilim tradition as found in Genesis.

Interpretations

Giants

The earliest translations of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, composed in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE, renders the said word as gigantes. In Greek Mythology the gigantes were beings of great strength and aggression but not necessarily of great size. The choice made by the Greek translators has been later adopted into the Latin translation, the Vulgate, compiled in the 4th or 5th century CE, which uses the transcription of the Greek term rather than the literal translation of the Hebrew nefilim. From there, the tradition of the giant progeny of the sons of God and the daughters of men spread to later medieval translations of the Bible.

The decision of the Greek translators to render the Hebrew nefilim as Greek gigantes is a separate matter. The Hebrew nefilim means literally "the fallen ones" and the strict translation into Greek would be peptokotes, which in fact appears in the Septuagint of Ezekiel 32:22–27. It seems then that the authors of Septuagint wished not only to simply translate the foreign term into Greek, but also to employ a term which would be intelligible and meaningful for their Hellenistic audiences. Given the complex meaning of the nefilim which emerged from the three interconnected biblical passages (human–divine hybrids in Genesis 6, autochthonous people in Numbers 13 and ancient warriors damned in the underworld in Ezekiel 32), the Greek translators recognized some similarities. First and foremost, both nefilim and gigantes possessed an ambiguous identity, being a mixture of the human and divine. They were also viewed with fascination and moral contempt. Secondly, both were presented as impersonating chaotic qualities and posing some serious danger to gods and humans. Lastly, both gigantes and nefilim were clearly connected with the underworld and were said to have originated from earth, and they both end up closed therein.

In 1 Enoch, they were "great giants, whose height was three hundred cubits". Because cubit is , this would make them  tall.

The Quran refers to the people of Ād in Quran 26:130 whom the prophet Hud declares to be like jabbarin (Hebrew: gibborim), probably a reference to the Biblical Nephilim. The people of Ād are said to be giants, the tallest among them  high. However, according to Islamic legend, the ʿĀd were not wiped out by the flood, since some of them had been too tall to be drowned. Instead, God destroyed them after they rejected further warnings. After death, they were banished into the lower layers of hell.

Fallen angels

All early sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. From the third century BCE onwards, references are found in the Enochic literature, the Dead Sea Scrolls (the Genesis Apocryphon, the Damascus Document, 4Q180), Jubilees, the Testament of Reuben, 2 Baruch, Josephus, and the book of Jude (compare with 2 Peter 2). For example: 1 Enoch 7:2 "And when the angels, (3) the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children." Some Christian apologists, such as Tertullian and especially Lactantius, shared this opinion.

The earliest statement in a secondary commentary explicitly interpreting this to mean that angelic beings mated with humans can be traced to the rabbinical Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and it has since become especially commonplace in modern Christian commentaries. This line of interpretation finds additional support in the text of Genesis 6:4, which juxtaposes the sons of God (male gender, divine nature) with the daughters of men (female gender, human nature). From this parallelism it could be inferred that the sons of God are understood as some superhuman beings.

The New American Bible commentary draws a parallel to the Epistle of Jude and the statements set forth in Genesis, suggesting that the Epistle refers implicitly to the paternity of Nephilim as heavenly beings who came to earth and had sexual intercourse with women. The footnotes of the Jerusalem Bible suggest that the biblical author intended the Nephilim to be an "anecdote of a superhuman race". Superhuman, in this context, refers to the extremity of their wickedness.

Some Christian commentators have argued against this view, citing Jesus's statement that angels do not marry. Others disagree since Jesus also compared angels to men, thus implying the former's ability to have sex. Angels are also never explicitly described as being incapable of marriage. The absence of marriage among angels can be thus compared to wilful celibacy.

Evidence cited in favor of the fallen angels interpretation includes the fact that the phrase "the sons of God" (Hebrew: ; or "sons of the gods") is used twice outside of Genesis chapter 6, in the Book of Job (1:6 and 2:1) where the phrase explicitly references angels. The Septuagint manuscript Codex Alexandrinus reading of Genesis 6:2 renders this phrase as "the angels of God" while Codex Vaticanus reads "sons".

Another view that aligns with the fallen angel interpretation includes Nephilim being the offspring of demon possessed men and godly women. Their creation is viewed as a satanic attempt to make mankind unfit in producing the Messiah.

Second Temple Judaism

The story of the Nephilim is further elaborated in the Book of Enoch. The Greek, Aramaic, and main Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch and Jubilees obtained in the 19th century and held in the British Museum and Vatican Library, connect the origin of the Nephilim with the fallen angels, and in particular with the  (watchers). Samyaza, an angel of high rank, is described as leading a rebel sect of angels in a descent to earth to have sexual intercourse with human females:

In this tradition, the children of the Nephilim are called the Elioud, who are considered a separate race from the Nephilim, but they share the fate of the Nephilim.

Some believe the fallen angels who begat the Nephilim were cast into Tartarus (2 Peter 2:4, Jude 1:6) (Greek Enoch 20:2), a place of "total darkness". An interpretation is that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim to remain after the flood, as demons, to try to lead the human race astray until the final Judgment.

In addition to Enoch, the Book of Jubilees (7:21–25) also states that ridding the Earth of these Nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time. These works describe the Nephilim as being evil giants.

The New Testament Epistle of Jude (14–15) cites from 1 Enoch 1:9, which many scholars believe is based on Deuteronomy 33:2. To most commentators this confirms that the author of Jude regarded the Enochic interpretations of Genesis 6 as correct; however, others have questioned this.

Descendants of Seth and Cain
References to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain are found from the second century CE onwards in both Christian and Jewish sources (e.g., Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Augustine of Hippo, Sextus Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement). It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible: Henok 2:1–3 "and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, 'Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us.

Orthodox Judaism has taken a stance against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men. Shimon bar Yochai pronounced a curse on anyone teaching this idea. Rashi and Nachmanides followed this. Pseudo-Philo (Biblical Antiquities 3:1–3) may also imply that the "sons of God" were human. Consequently, most Jewish commentaries and translations describe the Nephilim as being from the offspring of "sons of nobles", rather than from "sons of God" or "sons of angels". This is also the rendering suggested in the Targum Onqelos, Symmachus and the Samaritan Targum, which read "sons of the rulers", where Targum Neophyti reads "sons of the judges".

Likewise, a long-held view among some Christians is that the "sons of God" were the formerly righteous descendants of Seth who rebelled, while the "daughters of men" were the unrighteous descendants of Cain, and the Nephilim the offspring of their union. This view, dating to at least the 1st century CE in Jewish literature as described above, is also found in Christian sources from the 3rd century if not earlier, with references throughout the Clementine literature, as well as in Sextus Julius Africanus, Ephrem the Syrian, and others. Holders of this view have looked for support in Jesus' statement that "in those days before the flood they [humans] were ... marrying and giving in marriage" (, emphasis added).

Some individuals and groups, including St. Augustine, John Chrysostom, and John Calvin, take the view of Genesis 6:2 that the "Angels" who fathered the Nephilim referred to certain human males from the lineage of Seth, who were called sons of God probably in reference to their prior covenant with Yahweh (cf. ; ); according to these sources, these men had begun to pursue bodily interests, and so took wives of "the daughters of men", e.g., those who were descended from Cain or from any people who did not worship God.

This also is the view of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, supported by their own Ge'ez manuscripts and Amharic translation of the Haile Selassie Bible—where the books of 1 Enoch and Jubilees, counted as canonical by this church, differ from western academic editions. The "Sons of Seth view" is also the view presented in a few extra-biblical, yet ancient works, including Clementine literature, the 3rd century Cave of Treasures, and the c. 6th century Ge'ez work The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan. In these sources, these offspring of Seth were said to have disobeyed God, by breeding with the Cainites and producing wicked children "who were all unlike", thus angering God into bringing about the Deluge, as in the Conflict:

Offspring of Orion
In Aramaic culture, the term nephilim refers to the offspring of Orion in mythology. However the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon notes this as a "dubious etymology" and "all very precarious".

Arabian paganism
Fallen angels were believed by Arab pagans to be sent to earth in form of men. Some of them mated with humans and gave rise to hybrid children. As recorded by Al-Jahiz, a common belief held that Abu Jurhum, the ancestor of the Jurhum tribe, was actually the son of a disobedient angel and a human woman.

Fossil remains of giants

Alleged discoveries of Nephilim remains have been a common source of hoaxing and misidentification.

In 1577, a series of large bones discovered near Lucerne were interpreted as the bones of an antediluvian giant about  tall. In 1786, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach found out that these remains belonged to a mammoth. Cotton Mather believed that fossilized leg bones and teeth discovered near Albany, New York, in 1705, were the remains of nephilim who perished in a great flood. Paleontologists have identified these as mastodon remains.

In popular culture

The name and idea of Nephilim, like many other religious concepts, is sometimes used in popular culture. Examples include the gothic rock band Fields of the Nephilim; The Renquist Quartet novels by Mick Farren; The Mortal Instruments, The Infernal Devices, The Last Hours, The Dark Artifices and other books in The Shadowhunter Chronicles series by Cassandra Clare; the Hush, Hush series by Becca Fitzpatrick; the book Many Waters by Madeleine L'Engle; and TV series The X-Files and Supernatural.

In the video game series Darksiders, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are said to be Nephilim, wherein the Nephilim were created by the unholy union of angels and demons. Dante and Vergil, the main characters of the game DmC: Devil May Cry (2013), a reboot of the popular original series Devil May Cry, are also referred to as Nephilim; being the offspring of the demon Sparda and the angel Eva. In the trading card game Magic: The Gathering, the Nephilim are interpreted as Old Gods from before modern society. In Diablo 3, the Nephalem were the first humans upon Sanctuary, created as a result of the union between angels and demons. In the heist-themed first person shooter Payday 2, several paintings, artifacts, and far off visuals reference the Nephilim, and a secret ending to the game brings in alien technology supposedly left by the Nephilim. A creature referred to as "Nephilim" appears in Season 2 of the Japanese animated series Symphogear. Nephilim is a role-playing game about powerful elemental entities reincarnating into human beings.

See also

 Anakim
 Asura
 Book of Giants
 Cain tradition
 Cambion
 Demigod
 Emim
 List of angels in theology
 List of giants in mythology and folklore
 Neanderthal
 Nephele

 Quinametzin
 Rephaim
 Serpent seed
 Titan (mythology)

References

External links
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Fall of Angels
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Angels

Angels in Christianity
Angels in Judaism
Arabian legendary creatures
Bereshit (parashah)
Book of Genesis people
Classes of angels
Demons in Christianity
Demons in Judaism
Fallen angels
Giants in the Hebrew Bible
Mythological human hybrids
Book of Jubilees
Primeval history
Rephaites

Nephilim


Varhaňovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prešov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.470 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Varhaňovce este atestată documentar din 1393.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Varhaňovce


Hrvatska se natječe na Olimpijskim festivalima europske mladeži pod vodstvom Hrvatskoga olimpijskoga odbora.

Zaključno s ljetnim festivalom 2022., hrvatski športaši osvojili su ukupno 82 odličja, od čega 77 na ljetnim festivalima.

Na zimskim festivalima odličja su osvajali Ana Jelušić (zlato, veleslalom, 2003.), Sofija Novoselić (bronca, veleslalom, 2007.), Leona Popović (zlato, slalom, 2015.), Leon Nikić (zlato, slalom, 2017.) te Dante Brčić (zlato, daskanje na snijegu, 2022.).

Izvori

Šport u Hrvatskoj

Hrvatska na Olimpijskim festivalima europske mladeži


În termochimie, fugacitatea unui gaz real reprezintă presiunea parțială efectivă ce este utilizată pentru a determina cât mai corect constanta de echilibru. Fugacitatea măsoară abaterea de la starea de idealitate a unui gaz real și este egală cu presiunea corespunzătoare unui gaz ideal, care are același potențial chimic ca și gazul real.

Relația dintre presiunea gazului ideal și fugacitatea se face cu ajutorul unui coeficient adimensional numit coeficient de fugacitate φ:

De exemplu, pentru azot la 100 atm, coeficientul de fugacitate este 97,03 atm / 100 atm = 0,9703. Pentru un gaz ideal, fugacitatea și respectiv presiunea sunt egale, astfel încât coeficientul φ este egal cu 1.

Vezi și
 Chimie fizică
 Termodinamică chimică
 Termochimie
 Activitate termodinamică
 Ecuația lui Nernst
 Factor de compresibilitate

Referințe

Termodinamică
Chimie fizică
Proprietăți termodinamice

Fugacitate


Azot Grubu (5A grubu), periyodik tablodaki gruplardan biridir. Bu grubun genel özellikleri aşağıdaki şekilde tanımlanır;

 Azot grubu şeklinde adlandırılırlar
 Azot (N), Fosfor (P), Arsenik (As), Antimon (Sb) ve Bizmut (Bi) elmentlerinden oluşur
 En son elektron kabuklarında 5 elektron bulunur ve son yörüngeleri np3 ile sonlanır
 Bileşiklerinde genellikle -3 değerliklerini alırlar
 Azot ve fosfor ametal, arsenik ve antimon yarı metal, bizmut metaldir.
 Sulu çözeltileri asidiktir.

Gruplar (periyodik tablo)

Azot grubu


An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin. From Greek ἴδιος idios "one's own" and πάθος pathos "suffering", idiopathy means approximately "a disease of its own kind". For some medical conditions, one or more causes are somewhat understood, but in a certain percentage of people with the condition, the cause may not be readily apparent or characterized. In these cases, the origin of the condition is said to be idiopathic. With some other medical conditions, the root cause for a large percentage of all cases have not been established—for example, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or ankylosing spondylitis; the majority of these cases are deemed idiopathic. Certain medical conditions, when idiopathic, notably some forms of epilepsy, and stroke are preferentially described by the synonymous term of cryptogenic.

Medical advances and this term
Advances in medical science improve the understanding of causes of diseases and the classification of diseases; thus, regarding any particular condition or disease, as more root causes are discovered and as events that seemed spontaneous have their origins revealed, the percentage of cases designated as idiopathic decreases.

Usage of synonyms
The word essential is sometimes synonymous with idiopathic (as in essential hypertension, essential thrombocythemia, and essential tremor) and the same is true of primary (as in primary biliary cholangitis, or primary amenorrhea), with the latter term being used in such cases to contrast with secondary in the sense of "secondary to [i.e., caused by] some other condition." Another, less common synonym is agnogenic (agno-, "unknown" + -gen, "cause" + -ic).

The word cryptogenic (crypto-, "hidden" + -gen, "cause" + -ic) has a sense that is synonymous with idiopathic and a sense that is contradistinguished from it. Some disease classifications prefer the use of the synonymous term cryptogenic disease as in cryptogenic stroke, and cryptogenic epilepsy. The use of cryptogenic is also sometimes reserved for cases where it is presumed that the cause is simple and will be found in the future.

Some congenital conditions are idiopathic, and sometimes the word congenital is used synonymously with idiopathic; but careful usage prefers to reserve the word congenital for conditions to which the literal sense of the word applies (that is, those whose pathophysiology has existed since the neonatal period).

Syndrome without a name
The term syndrome without a name (SWAN) is used "when a child or young adult is believed to have a genetic condition and testing has failed to identify its genetic cause". It is believed that "about half (50%) of children with learning disabilities and approximately 60% of children with congenital disabilities (disabilities which are apparent from birth) do not have a definitive diagnosis to explain the cause of their difficulties".

See also
 Diagnosis of exclusion
 Embolic stroke of undetermined source
 Functional disorder
 Idiosyncratic drug reaction
 Fever of unknown origin

References

External links

Medical terminology
Nosology

Idiopathic disease


La Sœur de Satan () est un film d'épouvante yougoslavo-italo-britannique réalisé par Michael Reeves et sorti en 1966.

Synopsis
Une jeune femme en voyage de noces, Veronica, roule avec sa Coccinelle sur la rive d'un lac dans les Carpates lorsqu'elle a un accident et que sa voiture s'enfonce dans l'eau. Son corps est possédé par l'esprit de Vardella, une sorcière transylvanienne du  qui a été tuée par des villageois locaux.

Dans sa vengeance, elle tuera de nombreuses personnes, avant d'être finalement éliminée par le comte van Helsing.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : La Sœur de Satan
 Titre original britannique :  ou
 Titre italien :  ou
 Réalisateur : Michael Reeves
 Scénario : Michael Reeves (sous le nom de « Michael Byron »), F. Amos Powell (non crédité), Charles B. Griffith (non crédité), Mel Wells (non crédité)
 Photographie : Gioacchino Gengarell
 Montage : Nira Omri
 Musique : Paul Ferris, Ralph Ferraro (version américaine)
 Maquillage : David Pollack
 Production : Paul Maslansky
 Société de production : Leith Productions, Euro American Pictures
 Pays de production :  -  -
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 2,35:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 79 minutes ()
 Genre : Film d'épouvante
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis :  (Atlanta)
 Royaume-Uni : Fin 1966 (Londres)
 Italie :  (Milan)

Distribution
Barbara Steele : Veronica
John Karlsen : Comte von Helsing
Ian Ogilvy : Philip
Mel Welles : Ladislav Groper
Jay Riley : La sorcière
Richard Watson : Le lieutenant de police
Ed Randolph : L'homme en vélomoteur / L'homme en pull rouge
Peter Grippe : Un policier
Lucrezia Love : La petite-fille de Groper
Tony Antonelli : Le chauffeur de camion
Kevin Welles : Le garçon dans le flashback
Woody Welles : Le garçon au combat de coqs
Charles B. Griffith : Un policier
F. Amos Powell : L'homme en imperméable / Un policier

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film britannique sorti en 1966
Film italien sorti en 1966
Film yougoslave sorti en 1966
Film d'horreur italien
Film d'horreur britannique
Film d'horreur yougoslave
Film fantastique italien
Film fantastique britannique
Film fantastique yougoslave
Film en anglais
Film italien tourné en anglais
Film tourné en Yougoslavie
Film tourné à Rome
Film tourné dans la province de Viterbe
Film se déroulant en Transylvanie
Film fantastique mettant en scène une sorcière
Premier long métrage sorti en 1966

La Sœur de Satan


Munje Catatumba ili gromovi Catatumba () je izraz za atmosferski fenomen u Venecueli. Događa se u području u kojem se rijeka Catatumbo ulijeva u jezero Maracaibo.

Uzrokuju ga olujni oblaci na visini većoj od 1 km, te joj je učestalost čak 260 noći u godini, odnosno 10 sati munja dnevno ili 280 gromova po satu. To je gotovo 40.000 udara munje po noći ili 1,2 milijuna udara munje godišnje. Ovaj fenomen je jedinstven po svijetu te se odigrava oko jezera Maracaibo, često oko blata i močvarne regije uz rijeku Catatumbo koja se ulijeva u jezero.

Catatumbine munje mijenjaju učestalost tokom godine, te se mijenja iz godine u godinu. Primjerice, bile su potpuno prestale od siječnja do ožujka 2010., vjerojatno zbog suše, što je zabrinulo mještane da je ovaj fenomen trajno nestao.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

A place in Venezuela that gets 40,000 lightning strikes per night

Venezuela
Meteorologija

Munje Catatumba


Eerste Kamer (fuldt hollandsk navn: Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal) er overhuset i det hollandske parlament, Generalstaterne. Ordet betyder direkte oversat første kammer. Eerste Kamer har 75 pladser som vælges af provinsparlamenterne i Hollands 12 provinser hvert 4. år inden for 3 måneder efter provinsvalgene. Både Eerste Kamer og parlamentets underhus, Tweede Kamer, mødes i bygningskomplekset Binnenhof i Haag.

Medlemmerne er Eerste Kamer er ofte deltidspolitikere som også har andre poster. De får et honorar som er omkring en fjerdedel af honoraret til medlemmerne af Tweede Kamer. Eerste Kamer holder kun møde en gang om ugen.

Eerste Kamer kan stadfæste eller forkaste lovforslag som er vedtaget af Tweede Kamer, men kan ikke ændre dem eller selv stille lovforslag. Når et lovforslag er vedtaget af Tweede Kamer, sendes det til Eerste Kamer hvor det behandles af et udvalg. Udvalget bestemmer om lovforslaget skal optages på dagsordenen for Eerste Kamer med det samme, eller om lovforslaget først skal studeres nærmere. Hvis lovforslaget sættes på dagsordenen for Eerste Kamer med det samme, bliver det vedtaget som en formalitet uden debat.

Eksterne henvisninger

Politik i Nederlandene

Eerste Kamer


Hans Stuck (Varšava, tada Rusko Carstvo, danas Poljska, 27. prosinca 1900. – Grainau, Bavarska, Njemačka, 9. veljače 1978.) je bio njemački vozač automobilističkih utrka i otac Hansa-Joachima Stucka.

Trkačku karijeru započeo je 1922. godine, a u Europskom automobilističkom prvenstvu se natjecao od 1932. do 1939. U Formuli 1 je nastupao od 1951. do 1953., no nije uspio osvojiti bodove.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Hans Stuck - Stats F1

Njemački vozači Formule 1

Hans Stuck


Quintus Caecilius (* um 130 v. Chr.; † 58 v. Chr.) war ein wohlhabender römischer Ritter und spielte als Onkel des Titus Pomponius Atticus, als familiaris des Lucius Licinius Lucullus und als Geldverleiher für die römische Aristokratie eine gewisse Rolle im spätrepublikanischen Rom.

Leben

Über Caecilius' Familie ist nur bekannt, dass er zu den Caecilii Metelli gehörte und seine Schwester die Mutter des Titus Pomponius Atticus war. Seit 65 v. Chr. war er in Rom in Geldgeschäften tätig. 58 v. Chr. starb er und hinterließ seinem Neffen Titus Pomponius Atticus, den er testamentarisch adoptierte, 10 Millionen Sesterzen und ein Anwesen auf dem Quirinal. Er wurde am fünften Meilenstein der Via Appia beigesetzt.

Charakter

Cornelius Nepos schildert Caecilius als "quem nemo ferre posset", also als unerträglichen Menschen.
Valerius Maximus überliefert, dass er sich verpflichtet hatte, seinen Freund Lucius Licinius Lucullus zum Erben einzusetzen und dann doch unerwartet für Atticus – der sich die Gunst seines charakterlich so schwierigen Onkels bis zu dessen hohem Alter zu bewahren wusste – testiert habe. Empört "legte das römische Volk dem Leichnam des falschen, arglistigen Menschen einen Strick um den Hals und schleppte ihn durch die Straßen".

Geschäftstätigkeit

Quintus Caecilius war in Rom in Geldgeschäften für die römische Aristokratie tätig. Wie Olaf Perlwitz ausführt, waren dabei durchaus Gefahren bis hin zum Verlust des eingesetzten Kapitals zu gewärtigen. So berichtet Cicero an Atticus, dass sein Onkel um eine ansehnliche Summe betrogen worden war. Auch gegenüber seinen Freunden ging Quintus Caecilius, der als Wucherer galt, nicht von seinem üblichen Zinssatz ab: "denn bei Caecilius kann sein eigenes Blut keinen Groschen für weniger als 12 % flüssig machen".
Cicero pflegte ebenfalls geschäftliche Beziehungen mit Quintus Caecilius und war bestrebt, mit ihm auf gutem Fuß zu stehen. Caecilius wurde von Lucius Licinius Lucullus gefördert und führte möglicherweise einen Teil seiner Geschäfte in dessen Auftrag aus, der wegen seines Ranges als Senator keine Geldgeschäfte machen konnte.

Literatur

 Arthur Keavaney: Lucullus. London und New York 1992.

 Olaf Perlwitz: Titus Pomponius Atticus. Stuttgart 1992.

Quellen

 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Atticus-Briefe, herausgegeben und übersetzt von Helmut Kasten,  Düsseldorf/Zürich 1998
 Cornelius Nepos, Biographien berühmter Männer, übersetzt und herausgegeben von Peter Krafft und Felicitas Olef-Krafft, Stuttgart, 2006
 Valerius Maximus, Sammlung merkwürdiger Reden und Thaten übersetzt von D. Friedrich Hoffmann, Stuttgart, 1828

Anmerkungen

Politiker (Römische Republik)
Caecilier
Geboren im 2. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
Gestorben 58 v. Chr.
Mann

Quintus Caecilius


John Geoffrey Inge (* 26. Februar 1955 in Folkestone, Kent) ist ein britischer anglikanischer Theologe. Er ist seit 2007 Bischof von Worcester in der Church of England.

Leben
Inge besuchte zunächst das Kent College in Canterbury. Anschließend setzte er seine Ausbildung am St. Chads College in Durham fort; dort schloss er 1977 mit einem Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) im Fach Chemie ab. Nach Erlangung seines Postgraduate Certificate in Education im Jahre 1979 unterrichtete Inge Chemie am Lancing College in Sussex. Inge entschloss sich danach jedoch für eine Laufbahn als Priester. Er studierte daraufhin Theologie am College of the Resurrection in Mirfield, Yorkshire. Seine Ordination erfolgte in der Diözese von Chichester. 1983 wurde er zum Diakon geweiht. 1984 folgte die Weihe zum Priester.

Von 1984 bis 1986 war Inge Hilfskaplan (Assistant Chaplain) am Lancing College; dort unterrichtete er als Lehrer Chemie und Religionslehre. Von 1986 bis 1990 war er als Kaplan an der Harrow School tätig, von 1986 bis 1989 zunächst als Junior Chaplain, 1989/1990 dann als Senior Chaplain. Von 1990 bis 1996 war er als Pfarrer (Vicar) an der St. Luke's Church, einer Innenstadtgemeinde, in Wallsend im Verwaltungsbezirk Tyneside in der Diözese Newcastle upon Tyne tätig. Inge setzte sich in dieser Zeit insbesondere für die Belange von sozial schwachen Gemeindemitgliedern ein.

1996 wurde er als Domherr und Domgeistlicher (Canon Residentiary) an die Kathedrale von Ely berufen; dieses Amt hatte er bis 2003 inne. Von 1999 bis 2003 war er dort gleichzeitig stellvertretender Domdekan der Kathedrale von Ely (Vice Dean of the Cathedral). Zu seinen Tätigkeitsschwerpunkten dort gehörten Erziehung und Ausbildung sowie die kirchliche Missionsarbeit. Er führte die Aufsicht über die Lektoren und war für die Zusammenarbeit von Laien und Theologen in der Kirche verantwortlich. Dabei unterstützte er intensiv die Laienarbeit in der Diözese.

Am 9. Oktober 2003 wurde Inge zum Bischof geweiht. Von 2003 bis 2007 war er Bischof von Huntingdon; in dieser Funktion war er als Suffraganbischof in der Diözese von Ely tätig. Im Juli 2007 wurde seine Ernennung zum Bischof von Worcester als Nachfolger von Peter Selby offiziell bekanntgegeben. Sein Amt trat er offiziell am 1. Oktober 2007 an; bis Ende 2007 erfüllte Inge noch weiterhin seine Aufgaben in der Diözese von Ely. Ende 2007 zog Inge nach Worcester. Am 1. März 2008 wurde er mit einem feierlichen Gottesdienst in der Kathedrale von Worcester in sein Amt eingeführt.

Weitere Ämter
Inge ist Mitglied der Faith and Order Commission (FAOC) der Generalsynode der Church of England.

Inge ist Vorsitzender (Chairman) des Verwaltungsrates (Board) des College of Evangelists. Seit 2008 gehört er dem Verwaltungsrat (Council) des Ridley Hall College, einem theologischen College für die Ausbildung von Priestern, in Cambridge an.

Er ist langjähriges Mitglied des World Development Movement und Mitglied von Amnesty International. Er war von 2005 bis 2011 Treuhänder (Trustee) der Organisation Common Purpose, einer international tätigen Organisation, die Personen in Führungspositionen berät und unterstützt, ihre Entscheidungen effektiver für die eigene Organisation, für die örtliche Gemeinschaft und für die Gesellschaft insgesamt zu gestalten. Seit 2011 übernimmt Inge dort die Funktion eines Trust Protectors. Königin Elisabeth II. ernannte ihn am 15. Februar 2013 zum Office of High Almoner.

Mitgliedschaft im House of Lords
Inge gehört seit 2012 als Geistlicher Lord dem House of Lords an. Im House of Lords tritt er die Nachfolge von John William Hind, dem Bischof von Chichester, an. Hind trat am 30. April 2012 offiziell in den Ruhestand. Das House of Lords führt Inge seit 9. Mai 2012 als offizielles Mitglied. Seine offizielle Einführung ins House of Lords fand am 25. Juni 2012 mit Unterstützung von Rowan Williams und David Urquhart statt.

Privates
Inge ist verheiratet. Seine Frau Denise ist Schriftstellerin und gilt als anerkannte Expertin für das Werk des zu den Metaphysical Poets gehörenden englischen Dichters Thomas Traherne (1636/1637–1674). Aus der Ehe gingen zwei Töchter hervor. Seine privaten Interessen sind Theater, Musik, Lesen, Radfahren, Schwimmen und Reisen.

Weblinks
 John Inge – Biografie bei Debretts (englisch, Webarchiv)

Einzelnachweise

Bischof von Worcester (anglikanisch)
Anglikanischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Anglikanischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Anglikanischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied des House of Lords
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Brite
Geboren 1955
Mann

John Inge


Jarad Anthony Higgins ( fæddur 2. desember, 1998 – 8. desember 2019), betur þekktur sem Juice Wrld var bandarískur rappari frá Chicago. Hann hlóð fyrsta laginu sínu "Forever" á Soundcloud 8. febrúar 2015. Á  þeim tíma kallaði hann sig JuiceTheKidd en nafnið Juice fékk hann frá mynd sem var í uppáhaldi hjá honum. Hann hóf samstarf við Lyrical Lemonade og gaf út plötu 2018 með rapparanum Future "WRLD ON DRUGS".

Juice Wrld lést vegna ofneyslu fíkniefna.

Bandarískir tónlistarmenn

Juice Wrld


Canalul Sfântul Gheorghe (în , în , în ) este un canal maritim care leagă Marea Irlandei de la nord de Marea Celtică de la sud-vest.

Din punct de vedere istoric, numele de "Canalul Sfântul Gheorghe" a fost folosit intermitent cu "Marea Irlandei" sau "Canalul Irlandez", denumiri care ar cuprinde toate apele dintre Irlanda la vest și Marea Britanie la est. Unii geografi îl restricționează la porțiunea ce desparte Țara Galilor de Leinster,, uneori extinzându-l la sud la apele între West Country  din Anglia și de Munsterul de Est; aceste din urmă întinderi de apă au ajuns să fie numite de prin anii 1970 Marea Celtică. În Irlanda, "Canalul Sfântul Gheorghe" este o denumire aplicată în general actualmente numai celei mai înguste porțiuni a canalului, între Carnsore Point din Wexford și Capul St David din Pembrokeshire. Cu toate acestea, în Irlanda în continuare se vorbește despre "călătorii peste canal", "fotbalul de peste canal" etc., unde "peste canal" înseamnă "către/din Marea Britanie".

Actuala ediție (ediția a treia, 1953) a publicației Organizației Hidrografice Internaționale Limitele oceanelor și mărilor definește limita sudică a "Mării Irlandei și a Canalului Sfântul Gheorghe" ca fiind "o linie care unește Capul Sf. David () de Punctul Carnsore ( )", ea nu definește separat cele două corpuri de apă. Proiectul celei de a patra ediții din 2002 omite cu totul partea de denumire "și canalul Sfântul Gheorghe".

O scrisoare din 2004 a companiei St. George's Channel Shipping adresată Seascapes, un program RTÉ Radio, afirmă că Canalul Sfântul Gheorghe mărginește coasta irlandeză între Howth Head și Kilmore Quay și îi critica pe redactorii programului care foloseau denumirea de "Marea Irlandei" pentru aceste ape.

Numele "canalului Sfântul Gheorghe" este atestat din 1578 în însemnările lui Martin Frobisher din a doua sa călătorie. Se spune că el derivă dintr-o legendă conform căreia Sfântul Gheorghe ar fi plecat spre Marea Britanie din Imperiul Bizantin, apropiindu-se de Marea Britanie prin canalul care îi poartă numele. Numele a fost popularizat de către coloniștii englezi din Irlanda după colonizări.

Note

Geografia Irlandei

Canalul Sfântul Gheorghe


La Bandera de San Eustaquio fue adoptada el 16 de noviembre de 2004 (Statia Day).

Descripción

La bandera es rectangular con los colores azul, rojo, blanco, dorado y verde, y dividido en cuatro de cinco lados cuadrados azules, cada uno de color rojo fiambrado. En su centro hay un diamante desde el campo blanco; en el diamante está la silueta de la isla en verde. En el centro de la parte superior del diamante hay una estrella de cinco puntas de oro.

Sint Eustatius
Historia de San Eustaquio

Bandera de San Eustaquio


Le dème d'Ithômé, en  / Dímos Ithómis, est un ancien dème du district régional de Messénie, en Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Messini.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Le nom du dème fait référence au mont Ithômé.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

District municipal dans le Péloponnèse (périphérie)
Ancien dème en Grèce
Messénie

Dème d'Ithômé (Messénie)


An Stelis brachiata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer. An Stelis brachiata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis brachiata


NGC 25 este o galaxie lenticulară situată în constelația Phoenix. A fost descoperită în 28 octombrie 1834 de John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 Listă a obiectelor NGC

Obiecte NGC
Galaxii lenticulare
Constelația Phoenix
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1834
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de John Herschel

NGC 25


Die Avenue C ist eine Straße im Viertel Alphabet City von New York Citys Stadtbezirk Manhattan, Vereinigte Staaten. Die Straße wird auch Loisaida Avenue genannt.

Lage
Die Avenue C befindet sich zwischen der Avenue B und Avenue D. Sie beginnt an der East Houston Street und endet an der 23rd Street. Sie verläuft ab der 18th Street beinahe unter dem FDR Drive.

Gentrifizierung

Die Mieten entlang der Avenue C steigen schnell und viele alteingesessene Einwohner und Geschäfte können sich die Mietsteigerungen nicht mehr leisten. Dies ist typisch für viele Gegenden in Manhattan seit 1990.

Puerto-ricanisches Erbe
Die Avenue C heißt auch Loisaida Avenue in Anerkennung für das puerto-ricanisches Erbe des Viertels. Loisaida ist Spanglish und entspricht dem Klang wenn New Yorker aus Puerto Rico bzw. Latinos "Lower East Side" aussprechen. Die Geschichte des Viertels wird im Buch Selling The Lower East Side dargestellt. Obwohl die Zuschreibung des Viertels zum East Village fast durchgängig akzeptiert ist, betrachten viele langjährige Einwohner die Gegend weiterhin als Teil der Lower East Side.

Gemeinschaftsgärten
An der Ecke von Loisaida und 9th Street gibt es zwei ziemlich große Gemeinschaftsgärten, die von der umliegenden Nachbarschaft gepflegt werden. Deren Öffnungszeiten variieren mit den Jahreszeiten und den Möglichkeiten der Freiwilligen. Sie sind für jedermann zugänglich und es wird keine Eintrittsgebühr erhoben. Bei besonderen Anlässen wird hier auch Alkohol ausgeschenkt – anders als in den anderen Parks bzw. öffentlichen Plätzen der Stadt.

Nahverkehr

Die Avenue C wird von den Buslinien M9 und M14D (MTA New York City Transit bus) bedient. Die nächste Brücke ist die Williamsburg Bridge, die nach Brooklyn führt und in Manhattan in die Delancey Street mündet – gerade ein paar Blocks südlich von East Houston Street. Der nächste Tunnel ist der Queens Midtown Tunnel, der Queens erschließt und in Manhattan in die East 34th Street (Midtown Manhattan) mündet. Der East River Park ist über Fußgängerbrücken an der 10th Street, 6th Street und der Houston Street erreichbar. Eine Fahrradspur gibt es in der Avenue C seit 1999.

Weblinks

 Website der Loisaida Inc.
 Selling The Lower East Side (englisch)
 New York Songlines: Avenue C – ein virtueller Spaziergang (englisch)

Straße in Manhattan

Avenue C (Manhattan)


L'église Saint-Denis est une église paroissiale dans la commune d'Amboise, dans le département français d'Indre-et-Loire.

Ancienne collégiale jusqu'à la Révolution française, elle devient ensuite église paroissiale. Sa construction commence au  mais elle est remaniée aux . L'édifice est classé comme monument historique en 1968.

Localisation
L'église se situe au pied de l'oppidum des Châteliers, premier noyau habité de la Préhistoire à la fin de l'Antiquité. Au Moyen Âge, les secteurs habités se déplacent vers la vallée de la Loire, et c'est autour de l'église que se construit la ville médiévale.

Histoire
En 1107, Hugues I d'Amboise, seigneur de Touraine, débute la construction de l'église actuelle à en remplacement d'un oratoire édifié par Martin de Tours. De cette campagne de construction datent le chœur et le transept. La nef et ses collatéraux sont ajoutés à la fin du . Le chevet est remanié au  par l'adjonction de deux absidioles latérales. Le collatéral sud est doublé au . Le clocher situé sur la croisée du transept s'effondre au  mais il est immédiatement reconstruit.

Description

Architecture

L'église, dans sa configuration initiale, affecte la forme d'un croix latine avec une nef, un transept et un chevet. Très vite, les bas-côtés de la nef prennent la largeur du transept. De l'autre côté du transept, deux absidioles, de chaque côté du chœur, viennent compléter le volume de l'église avant qu'un second bas-côté, au sud, ne soit construit.

La façade occidentale, percée d'un portail en plein cintre, est flanquée de deux contreforts massifs. Le bas-côté sud ajouté au , plus long que la nef, déborde sur cette façade. Le bas-côté nord, divisé en trois travées par des contreforts, est lui aussi percé d'un portail en plein plein cintre donnant sur le parvis. Le clocher, bien que refait au , conserve côté nord sa base d'origine. Les baies des absidioles du chevet sont reprises au , celle de l'abside principale au . Elles ont toutes reçu un décor gothique flamboyant.

Intérieurement, la nef est divisée en trois travées aux voûtes très bombées.

Décor et mobilier

Intérieurement, les chapiteaux sont sculptés de scènes religieuses mais il s'y trouve également des personnages du Roman de Renart. Dans l'absidiole méridionale se trouve un retable du  et le mur du fond du collatéral méridional est occupé par une sculpture représentant la Mise au tombeau.

Notes et références

Pour en savoir plus

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques d'Amboise
 Liste des monuments historiques protégés en 1968

Liens externes

Monument historique classé en 1968
Patrimoine du XIIe siècle
Patrimoine du XVe siècle
Patrimoine du XVIe siècle
Amboise
Amboise Saint-Denis
Monument historique à Amboise

Église Saint-Denis d'Amboise


(12409) Bukovanská, denumire internațională (12409) Bukovanska, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12409 Bukovanská este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť par l'Observatorul Kleť. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,42 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 0,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

12409 Bukovanská


Imunološki zavod je zdravstvena ustanova u Zagrebu. Osnivač i dugogodišnji ravnatelj bio je hrvatski akademik i imunolog Drago Ikić.

Glavna je djelatnost Imunološkog zavoda proizvodnja biotehnoloških proizvoda, za proizvodnju lijekova, farmaceutskih proizvoda i znanstveno-istraživački rad. Proizvodi Zavoda kakvoćom pripadaju svjetskom vrhu, kako je ocijenila Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO). Od ranih 1960-ih Zavod proizvodi lijekove iz ljudske krvi ili ljudske plazme. Krvne derivate proizvodi isključivo iz plazme prikupljene na području Republike Hrvatske. To je najbolje rješenje, jer proizvodi iz plazme vlastitog podrijetla namijenjeni vlastitoj populaciji ujedno i najbolje rješenje. Zavod proizvodi jedan od najboljih na svijetu antitoksina za otrov europskih zmija (konjski). Pokazala je to uspješna polustoljetna klinička primjena, te izostanak komplikacija pri uporabi. Cjepiva Imunološkog zavoda gotovo su u potpunosti eliminirala morbile i rubele u Hrvatskoj, a pobol od parotitisa smanjila za 99%. Cijenjen je u svijetu proizvod cjepivo protiv morbila, priređeno sa sojem Edmonston-Zagreb, djelo stručnjaka Imunološkog zavoda. Primijenjene su stotine milijuna doza u djece u tridesetak zemalja svijeta i pritom nisu prijavljeni štetni učinci niti mortalitet.

Čudnim odlukama izvjesnih tijela dovedena je u pitanje opstojnost Zavoda, premda su kvaliteta, siguran profit i tržište za proizvode bili sigurni diljem svijeta. Narodnom inicijativom Visia Croatica uspješno je spriječena privatizacija Imunološkog zavoda i prodaja budzašto nepoznatim ulagačima te buduća kupnja iz inozemstva po skupljoj cijeni proizvoda koje Zavod bolje i jeftinije proizvodi. Inicijativu za spas i zaštitu Imunološkog zavoda su poduprijeli hrvatski intelektualci, javno neki saborski zastupnici, potom i hrvatski bolnički liječnici (HUBOL), sindikat liječnika (HLS) i liječnička komora (HLK) te pozvali svoje članstvo da se kupnjom uloga u društvu Visia Croatica priključe Inicijativi. Prikupljeni su komanditni ulozi,08 milijuna kn. Nakon pojave inicijative, misteriozni inointeresenti su nestali, a Visia Croatica bila je jedini ponuđač. Obvezujuća ponuda Visia Croatice za kupnju 54% dionica Imunološkog zavoda d.d. Zagreb predana je u srijedu 25. ožujka 2015.

Do polovice ljeta 2015. djelovao je Zavod kao trgovačko društvo Imunološki zavod d.d. Vladinom uredbom donesenoj na sjednici 20. kolovoza 2015. godine, Imunološki zavod je javna zdravstvena ustanova od strateškog i općeg gospodarskog interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku (NN 91/2015).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Imunologija
Zagreb
Zdravstvene ustanove u Hrvatskoj

Imunološki zavod