The Nieuport 17 C.1 (or Nieuport XVII C.1 in contemporary sources) is a French sesquiplane fighter designed and manufactured by the Nieuport company during World War I. An improvement over the Nieuport 11, it was a little larger than earlier Nieuports and better adapted to the more powerful engine than the interim Nieuport 16. Aside from early examples, it had the new Alkan-Hamy synchronization gear, permitting the use of a fuselage-mounted synchronised Vickers gun firing through the propeller disc.

At the time of its introduction in March 1916, the type's outstanding manoeuvrability and excellent rate of climb gave it a significant advantage over fighters on both sides and was described as "the best pursuit plane of the day". It was used by many operators and entered service with every Allied power and copies were also operated by the  (German Air Service). Mass-produced by several French firms, the Nieuport 17 and its derivatives were built under licence in Italy by Nieuport-Macchi and in Russia by Dux. Unlicensed copies, notably the Siemens-Schuckert D.I and the Euler D.I, were produced in Germany.

The Nieuport 21 and 23 represented relatively minor alterations. Aerodynamic refinement led to the Clerget-powered 17bis. More powerful versions of the Le Rhône rotary engines with detail improvements resulted in the Nieuport 24, 24bis and 27.

Development

Origins
When Gustave Delage was appointed as the chief designer of Nieuport, in January 1914, a series of sesquiplane designs followed. Nieuport had been famous for wire-braced monoplanes and these had reached the limit of their development. The sesquiplane configuration was adopted by Delage as a compromise between the low drag of a monoplane and the greater strength of a biplane. The first of Delage's sesquiplanes was the two-seat Nieuport 10 of 1914, which was followed the next year by the smaller Nieuport 11 single-seater, which in turn was supplemented by the Nieuport 16. The larger engine of the latter aircraft made it nose heavy and increased the wing loading, especially when armed with a synchronised Vickers gun.

Developed in parallel with the conservative Nieuport 16, the Nieuport 17 was slightly larger with longer wings and fuselage, improved aerodynamic form and better balance. It was fitted with the  Le Rhône 9J engine and later examples used  motors.

Design

The upper wings of the Nieuport sesquiplanes used a typical structure for the period, with widely spaced spars connected with full chord ribs and compression ribs, cross-braced internally with wire and by riblets on the leading edge. The lower wing's single spar was directly below the rear spar of the upper wing and was braced with a characteristic Vee strut. The ribs, composed of ash flanges and limewood webs, featured cut-outs to lighten them. Ailerons were fitted on the top wing only and had increased chord towards the wingtips for improved stall response. They were actuated by a pair of push-pull rods that connected torque tubes running to the ailerons to the control column in the cockpit. The horizontal stabilizer, elevator and rudder were built up from welded  diameter steel tube and controls for these were provided via conventional cables and pulleys. The angle of incidence on the wings could be adjusted by ground crew via a single pivot joint arrangement, which was originally intended to allow the lower wing to be rotated for low speed flight on the Nieuport 10, but was never used. No adjustment was provided for the tailplane.

Quite apart from the improvement in the pilot's downward view, there were aerodynamic gains from the reduction in area of the lower wing, which on a biplane produces far less lift than the upper wing, yet causes considerable drag. This helped give sesquiplanes a superior climb rate. Unfortunately at very high speeds (at what would now be termed its VNE, or "velocity, never exceed") the lower wing was prone to flutter, an aerodynamic phenomenon not fully understood at the time. The single spar was behind the centre of lift, which at high speeds could cause the lower wing to twist, increasing the angle of attack until the wing stalled, at which point it would return to its normal position, repeating until the wing snapped or the pilot slowed the aircraft.

British Nieuports were modified at No 2 Aeroplane Supply Depot to alleviate this problem. Late in French service, some N.17s had their lower wings replaced with spares intended for the newer Nieuport 24.

The fuselage of the 17 was built around four ash longerons which tapered from the rectangular sheet steel engine mounting to the rudder post, with the upper longerons bowed around the cockpit, giving most of the fuselage a trapezoid cross section. This was braced with spruce struts held with diagonal bracing wires and steel plate joints. The sides and top of the forward fuselage were covered in light molded plywood panels while the rear fuselage sides were covered in fabric. Behind the pilot was a headrest, molded into the plywood top decking, which was supported by longitudinal stringers. The cowling was made of aluminium, had strengthening ribs and a pair of inset holes to provide ventilation and egress of the engine exhaust underneath. It was faired with the forward fuselage via molded side pieces. A  (), resembling a spinner that didn't spin, was bolted to the front of the stationary engine crankshaft on some early examples but was generally dispensed with on later machines

Production of the new Alkan-Hamy synchronization gear permitted the wing-mounted Lewis gun on the earliest examples to be replaced with a synchronised Vickers gun mounted on the fuselage to fire through the propeller arc. The standard Royal Flying Corps synchroniser, the Vickers-Challenger gear, was unreliable and unpopular with pilots, so that in British service the over-wing Lewis gun was retained. The Lewis gun was fitted to the new Foster mounting, a curved metal rail which allowed the pilot to slide the gun back to change ammunition drums and to clear jams. Pilots could also aim the gun upwards to shoot into the underside of aircraft above which was used to good effect by several ace pilots.

Derivatives

Entering service in May 1916 but not named until September, the Nieuport 21 differed from the 17 primarily in the adoption of the lower powered  Le Rhône 9C or  Le Rhône 9Ga engine. This increased endurance and reduced wing loading and was useful for a high-altitude bomber escort but it was rarely employed as such. In French and especially Russian service, the 21 was commonly used with the Nieuport 17 in the same general fighter role, although it was also useful as an advanced trainer. The 21 has commonly been mistaken for the earlier Nieuport 11, as both lacked headrests and used the same cowling and engines, particularly when some Nieuport 11s were also fitted with molded fuselage sides. Like the 17, the 21 is larger and can be identified by the flying wires, which restrain the upper wings. On the 11 the flying wires merged to a single point, while on the 21 they ran parallel to different points on the lower fuselage.

The Nieuport 23 was largely the same as the definitive 17, differing mainly in the use of a different machine gun synchronizer. The gun was offset to starboard, the fuel and oil tank arrangement and the center section rigging were changed to suit. Nieuport 23s were operated by both French and British squadrons alongside Nieuport 17s until their replacement by the later Nieuport 24, 24bis and 27.

The more powerful  Clerget 9B nine-cylinder rotary engine was used by the Nieuport 17bis, which first appeared late in 1916. The N.17bis had stringers fairing out the fuselage sides compared to the flat sides on the 17. The major user was the British Royal Naval Air Service, which ordered 32 from Nieuport, 50 more being licence-built by the Nieuport & General Aircraft Company. Heavier than the preferred Le Rhône, output from the Clerget rotaries quickly fell below their rated power and the performance of the 17bis suffered accordingly. Armament often included a synchronised Vickers gun with the standard over-wing Lewis.

Related to the 17bis, the Nieuport 23bis combined the aerodynamic improvements of the 17bis but reverted to the Le Rhône. Few were built and the Royal Naval Air Service may have been the sole operator.

A pair of triplanes based on the Nieuport 17 were constructed for testing purposes, one for the French and the other for the British. The narrow chord wings were staggered in an unusual manner, placing the middle wing furthest forward and the top wing furthest aft. No subsequent orders came as a result of these tests. Nieuport later trialled the same layout on the Nieuport 17bis, which was tested by the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service as well, however this also remained a prototype. During flight testing, both types demonstrated favourable climbing characteristics, but were also found to be relatively tail-heavy.

Several of the experimental Berliner Helicopters, named after their German-American inventor Emile Berliner, were manufactured around Nieuport 23 fuselages, including the 1922 and 1923 versions.

Operational history

During March 1916, the new Nieuport 17 reached the front to begin replacing the earlier Nieuport 11 and 16 fighters that had been instrumental in ending the Fokker Scourge of 1915. On 2 May 1916, Escadrille N.57 became the first unit entirely equipped with the new model. During the late 1916 and into 1917, the Nieuport 17 equipped every fighter squadron of the . Almost all of the top French aces flew the nimble Nieuport during their flying careers, including Georges Guynemer, Charles Nungesser, Maurice Boyau, Armand Pinsard and René Dorme.

American volunteers of the , converted to the Nieuport 17 from Nieuport 11s and 16s, although only one achieved ace status, Raoul Lufberry.

The Nieuport 17 was ordered by the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service as it was markedly superior to British fighters. RFC squadrons that used Nieuport 17s and 23s as their main equipment included 1, 11, 29, 40 and 60 squadrons while 1, 3 and 4 Wings of the Royal Naval Air Service operated the 17 and the 17bis. Additional units in both services also had small numbers on strength.

Many British Empire air aces flew Nieuport fighters, including the top Canadian ace Billy Bishop, V.C. and Albert Ball, V.C. who often hunted alone in his Nieuport. Mick Mannock V.C. flew Nieuports early in his career with 40 Squadron. His VC award reflected his combat career – including his time on Nieuports. The top-scoring Nieuport ace was Captain Phillip Fletcher Fullard of No. 1 Squadron RFC, who scored 40 kills between May and October 1917, before breaking his leg in a football match.

Italian aces, such as Francesco Baracca, Silvio Scaroni and Pier Piccio, achieved victories while flying Nieuport fighters. In Belgium, the 1st and 5th Belgian  were equipped with the Nieuport 17 and 23. Belgian aces flying the type included Andre de Meulemeester, Edmond Thieffry and Jan Olieslagers.

The Imperial Russian Air Service operated large numbers of Nieuports of all types, including the 17, 21 and 23. Being largely reliant on aircraft procured directly from France, there was pressure within Russia to establish the domestic manufacture of fighters and the type was produced under licence however inexperience and the limited availability of trained personnel to assist, and poor quality raw materials limited quality. Many of these were operated on the Eastern Front and during the Russian Civil Wars. Russian Nieuport aces include Alexander Kazakov, who flew the type against the Germans and later against the Bolsheviks.

By mid-1917, the Nieuport fighters were outclassed by new German types such as the Albatros D.III so that the  SPAD S.VII had begun to replace the Nieuport fighters in French front line squadrons. The British continued to operate Nieuports until early 1918, when enough Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s had become available to replace them.

Later in its service life, the 17 was operated in large numbers as an advanced trainer. The American Expeditionary Forces purchased 75 Nieuport 17s for training and the French operated a fleet of trainers. The French  operated one Nieuport 21 for carrier training during 1920 and 1921 aboard Bapaume, a converted French Arras-class aviso, pending the delivery of carrier aircraft such as the Nieuport-Delage NiD.32RH.

Following its retirement from the European theatre, many examples were exported in small numbers for new Air Forces being formed around the world, to be used through the 1920s.

Copies
So impressive were the Nieuport fighters in early 1916 that  (the German Inspectorate of flying troops) requested their aircraft manufacturers to produce a copy. Retrieved aircraft, detailed drawings and sketches were provided and the Siemens-Schuckert D.I was produced. The copy differed primarily in minor details, was deemed to be satisfactory and went into production, although the SSW D.I was obsolete by the time it went into service and was used mainly as an advanced trainer. Another clone of the Nieuport 17 was the Euler D.I, although development work did not proceed beyond a few prototypes.

Other manufacturers, notably Albatros and Pfalz, explored a sesquiplane configuration in their own fighter designs. The Albatros D.II led to the Albatros D.III and D.V - commonly called 'V-strutters' by the RFC to distinguish them from the earlier Albatros fighters. As well as the advantages of this layout these types also exacerbated the flutter problem, which was never satisfactorily contained, in spite of strengthening. The Pfalz D.III was also a sesquiplane version of a previous biplane fighter, although it featured a more substantial lower wing with two spars that avoided the flutter problems encountered by single-spar sesquiplanes.

Variants
15 meter Nieuport
A colloquial description of the type based on nominal wing area.
Nieuport 17
The standard single-seat fighter biplane model.
Nieuport 17 Triplane
Testbed modified from Nieuport 17 for triplane with unusual wing stagger.
Nieuport 17bis
Re-engined variant, powered by a  Clerget 9B engine and fitted with fuselage stringers.
Nieuport 17bis Triplane
Testbed modified from Nieuport 17bis for triplane with unusual wing stagger.
Nieuport 21
A dedicated high altitude escort fighter/trainer variant equipped with an  Le Rhône rotary engine, horseshoe cowling and lacking a pilot's headrest.
Nieuport 23
Similar to the 17, featuring various structural changes that resulted in the Vickers machine gun being offset when installed. Only other visible difference was alterations to cabane rigging.
Nieuport 23bis
Similar to the 17bis, but powered by a Le Rhône and using 24 fuselage with 23 flying surfaces.
Siemens-Schuckert D.I
While differing in some details, the D.I was largely a copy of the Nieuport 17.
B.Kh.2 (Fighter type 2)
The Siamese designation for Nieuport 17, 21, 24, and 27.

Survivors and replicas

A single original example has survived, this being Nieuport 23 "5024", which has been preserved and following a recent restoration, was placed on static display in the Belgian Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels. The Nieuport 17 has also become a popular aircraft for replica builders. Dedicated kits for the type have been produced, including both 7/8ths scale and full size, and groups of builders have reproduced entire squadrons of aircraft in this manner. Contemporary drawings, sourced from both the original factory and a German technical report on the fighter, have facilitated the construction of various replicas, such as the example on display in the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, which was built to the original specifications, while many others have used more modern construction, often using metal tubes to replace much of the wooden structure used on authentic aircraft.

Operators

  – operated 12 Nieuport 17s and several Nieuport 23s

 Aviação Militar – operated 20 Nieuport 21s

 Aviacion Militar Chilena – operated two Nieuport 17s.

 Escuela Militar de Aviacion – operated 4 Nieuport 17s.

 Letecký sbor (Aviation Corps) – operated at least one Nieuport 17 and several 23s after WW1.

 Lennuvae Rugement (Estonia Aviation Regiment) – operated 2 Nieuport 17s, 1 Nieuport 21 and 1 Nieuport 23

 Ilmailuvoimat (Finnish Aviation Forces) – operated a single Nieuport 17 and two Nieuport 23s.

 Aéronautique Militaire – Only units whose primary equipment were Nieuport 17, 21 or 23 are included as nearly every French Escadrille operated at least a few.
 Escadrille N 23
 Escadrille N 38
 Escadrille N 62
 Escadrille N 68
 Escadrille N 69
 Escadrille N 76
 Escadrille N 77
 Escadrille N 79
 Escadrille N 87
 Escadrille N 88
 Escadrille N 90
 Escadrille N 91
 Escadrille N 92
 Escadrille N 102
 Escadrille N.153
 Escadrille N 311
 Escadrille N 312
 Escadrille N 387
 Escadrille N 392
 Escadrille N 523
 Escadrille N 581
 Escadrille Lafayette
 Group de Combat GC 11
 Escadrille N 12
 Escadrille N 31
 Escadrille N 48
 Escadrille N 57
 Escadrille N 94
 Group de Combat GC 12
 Escadrille N 3
 Escadrille N 26
 Escadrille N 73
 Escadrille N 103
 Group de Combat GC 13
 Escadrille N 15
 Escadrille N 37
 Escadrille N 65
 Escadrille N 67
 Escadrille N 84
 Escadrille N 112
 Escadrille N 124
 Group de Combat GC 14
 Escadrille N 75
 Escadrille N 80
 Escadrille N 83
 Escadrille N 86
 Group de Combat GC 15
 Escadrille N 37
 Escadrille N 78
 Escadrille N 81
 Escadrille N 85
 Escadrille N 93
 Escadrille N 97
 Escadrille N 112
 Group de Combat Chaux
 Escadrille N 49
 Escadrille N 81
 Escadrille N 82
 Aéronautique Navale
 Escadrille de chasse terrestre du CAM de Dunkerque - operated 7 Nieuport 17s

 Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca - operated one Nieuport 21 from 1925 to 1926

 Hungarian Red Air Arm – operated one captured aircraft.

 Corpo Aeronautico Militare – operated approximately 150 that were built under licence by Nieuport-Macchi
 83a Squadriglia 1st Sezione
 1st Gruppo (3rd Armata)
 77a Squadriglia
 80a Squadriglia
 2nd Gruppo (2nd Armata)
 76a Squadriglia
 81a Squadriglia
 7th Gruppo (1st and 6th Armata)
 79a Squadriglia
 9th Gruppo (1st Armata)
 71a Squadriglia
 75a Squadriglia
 10th Gruppo (Supreme Command)
 70a Squadriglia
 78a Squadriglia
 82a Squadriglia

 Luchtvaartafdeeling (Army Aviation Group)  – operated 5 Nieuport 23s as 120 HP Nieuports and 5 Nieuport 21s as 80 HP Nieuports from 1917 to 1925

Siły Powietrzne (Air Forces) – operated at least five Nieuport 17s and three Nieuport 21s

 Serviço Aeronáutico Militar - operated 8 Nieuport Ni.21 E.1 trainers from 1919.

 Corpul Aerian Român – Purchased 30 Nieuport 17s from France. Another 10 were received from Russia in 1918.
 Grupul 1 Aeronautic
 Grupul 2 Aeronautic
 Grupul 3 Aeronautic

 Императорскій военно-воздушный флотъ (Imperial Russian Air Service) – made substantial purchases of Nieuport 17s and 21s from France, with additional aircraft built under licence by Dux
 1st Fighter detachment
 2nd Fighter detachment
 3rd Fighter detachment
 4th Fighter detachment
 5th Fighter detachment
 6th Fighter detachment
 7th Fighter detachment
 8th Fighter detachment
 9th Fighter detachment
 10th Fighter detachment
 11th Fighter detachment
 12th Fighter detachment
 19th Corps Fighter detachment
 White movement
 White Army – operated an unknown number of ex-Tsarist Nieuport 17s

 Schweizerische Fliegertruppe (Swiss Air Troop) – operated five Nieuport 23s.
  Siam
 Royal Siamese Aeronautical Service – operated at least one Nieuport 17.

 Glavvozduhflot  – operated a large number of ex-Imperial Russian Air Service Nieuports
 1st Red Air Force Fighter Squadron
 2nd Aviaotryady
 3rd Aviaotryady
 4th Aviaotryady
 8th Aviaotryady
 9th Aviaotryady
 10th Aviaotryady
 12th Aviaotryady
 14th Aviaotryady
 1st Naval Istrootryady
 2nd Naval Istrootryady
 Eskadra No 2
 and flying schools.

 Kuva-yı Havaiye Müfettiş-i Umumiliği (General Inspectorate of Air Forces) - operated two captured Nieuport 17s serialed K1 and K2 in late 1918.
 West Ukrainian People's Republic
 West Ukrainian People's Republic aviation corps – operated at least three Nieuport 17s, two Nieuport 21s, and seven Nieuport 23s.
 Ukrainian People's Republic
 Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet

 Royal Flying Corps – Operated 50 Nieuport 17bis built under licence by Nieuport & General Aircraft, Nieuport 17s, and 80 French built Nieuport 23s
 No. 1 Squadron RFC
 No. 6 Squadron RFC
 No. 11 Squadron RFC
 No. 14 Squadron RFC
 No. 29 Squadron RFC
 No. 40 Squadron RFC
 No. 60 Squadron RFC
 No. 111 Squadron RFC
 No. 113 Squadron RFC
 Royal Naval Air Service – operated Nieuport 17, Nieuport 17bis and five Nieuport 21s
 No. 1 Wing
 No. 3 Wing
 No. 4 Wing
 No. 6 (Naval) Squadron
 No. 8 (Naval) Squadron
 No. 11 (Naval) Squadron

 American Expeditionary Force – purchased 175 Nieuport 17s, one Nieuport 17bis, 197 Nieuport 21s and 50 Nieuport 23s for training purposes.
 31st Aero Squadron

Specifications (Nieuport 17 C.1)

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography
  No ISBN.

  No ISBN

External links

 Canada Aviation Museum: Nieuport 17
 Nieuport 17: At the Zenith

1910s French fighter aircraft
Military aircraft of World War I
017
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft

Nieuport 17


South Carolina State University (SCSU or SC State) is a public, historically black, land-grant university in Orangeburg, South Carolina. It is the only public, historically black land-grant institution in South Carolina, is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).

History
The university's beginnings were as the South Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical Institute in 1872 in compliance with the 1862 Land Grant Act within the institution of Claflin College—now known as Claflin University.

In 1896 the South Carolina General Assembly passed an act of separation and established a separate institution – the Colored Normal Industrial Agricultural and Mechanical College of South Carolina, its official name until 1954.

1920s–1940s
Academic programs received more attention as the student population increased, but other programs, such as the university's high school, were forced to close due to the Great Depression. The New Deal Programs were used to create, among other things, Wilkinson Hall, the university's first separate library building (now home to Admissions and Financial Aid).

1940s–1950s
The college's campus grew, as it purchased over  for agricultural learning. After World War II, many students flocked to the college, creating a classroom shortage problem for the school. In 1947, the United States Army created an ROTC detachment, in which all male students were required to enroll until mandatory enrollment ended in 1969.

The school's name changed, as well, as the South Carolina General Assembly renamed the school South Carolina State College in 1954. Because of the "separate but equal" laws in the state, the legislature gave the college large sums of money to build new academic facilities and dormitories, some of which still stand on the campus today, including the Student Union (1954), and Turner Hall (1956). This was done in order to give black students an environment of "equal" education. Also, the legislature created a law program for the college, mainly to prevent black students from attending the law school at the then-segregated University of South Carolina. The law program folded in 1966 after the University of South Carolina integrated.

1960s–1980s

During the height of the Civil Rights Movement, many students participated in marches and rallies aimed at ending segregation. The struggle came to a climax on the night on February 8, 1968, when three students were killed and 27 others were wounded by state policemen at the height of a protest that opposed the segregation of a nearby bowling alley. The tragedy, known as the Orangeburg massacre, is commemorated by a memorial plaza near the front of the campus.

From the late-1960s to the mid-1980s, under the leadership of M. Maceo Nance, the campus experienced unprecedented growth in the form of new academic buildings, such as Nance Hall (1974) and  Belcher Hall (1986), new residence halls, such as Sojourner Truth Hall (1972), which, at 14 stories, is the tallest building in Orangeburg County, and a new library building (1968), not to mention enlargements and renovations of existing facilities. The school also opened the I.P. Stanback Museum & Planetarium, which is the only facility of its kind on a historically black university campus in the United States. After Nance's retirement in 1986, Albert Smith assumed the office of the school's president and, among other achievements, created an honors college in 1988.

1990s
During the tenure of Smith, the school also gained university status from the South Carolina General Assembly, becoming South Carolina State University in February 1992. In 1993, Barbara Hatton became the school's first female president and created many improvements for the campus, such as the 1994 renovation of Oliver C. Dawson Bulldog Stadium, constructing new suites and a larger press box, as well as increasing its capacity to 22,000. Hatton also spearheaded the creation of a plaza which resides in front of the Student Union and passes by several dorms and buildings in the central portion of the campus. Under SC State's next president, Leroy Davis, South Carolina State University celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1996, and the school constructed a Fine Arts Center in 1999, giving the Art and Music departments a new home.

2000–present
Under the leadership of Andrew Hugine Jr., the school constructed a new 771-bed residence hall (Hugine Suites), which is the largest dormitory in South Carolina. The first four buildings in Phase One opened on August 26, 2006, and the last two in the first phase opened on September 10, 2006. With the opening of the new dorms, SC State has closed the following dorms, Bethea (freshmen male), Miller (female), Bradham (female), and Manning (female) Halls. Both Bradham and Manning Halls had been used since the World War I era, Miller Hall is being closed due to fire alarm system malfunctions, and Bethea is being closed after 50 years of service due to numerous building and health problems. Bethea Hall will be torn down to make way for a new $33 million complex for the School of Engineering.

The dining halls, both Washington Dining Hall and "The Pitt", located in the Student Union, received major facelifts, and the dining hall inside Truth Hall has been renovated into a cyber cafe, Pete's Arena. The university is also working to renovate Lowman Hall, which, when refurbished, will be the new administration building. South Carolina State recently broke ground on the new James E. Clyburn University Transportation Center (UTC), which will be home to the only UTC in South Carolina, one of only three among Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), and one of only 33 total UTCs in the nation. Currently work is being done to expand Hodge Hall. This science building will be gaining some much needed research and laboratory space.

South Carolina State hosted the first debate of the 2008 Democratic Party Presidential Candidate Debate series. This event, which took place on April 26, 2007, at the Martin Luther King Auditorium, was televised nationally on MSNBC. This debate made SC State the first historically black university to host a presidential candidate debate on its campus.

Hugine's contract was terminated by the SC State Board of Trustees on December 11, 2007, only four days before the Fall Commencement Exercises, by a telephone conference meeting. According to the board, his reasons for dismissal were a performance review for the 2006–2007 school year and a second education review. The board decided to conduct a national search for a new president immediately. On December 13, 2007, the board selected Leonard McIntyre, the Dean of the College of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences at SC State to serve as interim president. Hugine was the fourth president to leave SC State since Nance retired in 1986.

George Cooper, formerly with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, assumed the presidency of S.C. State on July 16, 2008, and was the tenth president. The SC State Board of Trustees voted to terminate Cooper's contract on June 15, 2010. John E. Smalls, senior vice president of finance, was appointed to lead the university in the interim. President Cooper was reinstated two weeks later after a change in board membership. His predecessor, Andrew Hugine, Jr., who was also dismissed and sued the university, eventually accepting $60,000 to drop his suit for defamation and breach of contract. Hugine, now president of Alabama A&M University, sought $1-million from South Carolina State and $2-million from the trustees who voted to oust him.

In 2021, President Joe Biden visited Orangeburg to deliver a commencement address at South Carolina State.

Academics

Colleges, departments, and schools
College of Graduate and Professional Studies
 Department of Family & Consumer Sciences
 Department of Health Sciences
 Department of Human Services
 Department of Graduate Studies
 Department of Military Sciences
 Department of Nursing
College of Education, Humanities, and Social Sciences
 Department of Education
 Department of English and Modern Languages
 Department of Social Sciences
 Department of Visual and Performing Arts
 College of Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Technology
 Department of Biological & Physical Sciences
 Department of Civil & Mechanical Engineering Technology and Nuclear Engineering
 Department of Industrial & Electrical Engineering Technology
 Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
Honors College
 School of Business
 Department of Accounting, Agribusiness, and Economics
 Department of Business Administration

Nuclear engineering program
SCSU is the only university in South Carolina and only HBCU in the nation to offer a bachelor's degree in nuclear engineering. The program is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET. Currently, it operates through a strategic partnership with North Carolina State University and University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Accreditation
South Carolina State is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).

The university was placed on probation in June 2014 for failing to meet the accreditor's standards "concerning governing board conflicts of interest and board/administration structure, as well as financial stability and controls." In June 2015, the SACS decided to allow the college to retain its accreditation, but kept them on probation for another year. In June 2016, SACSCOC decided to remove the college from probation and retain full accreditation with no sanctions.

Rankings
U.S. News & World Report currently has SC State ranked 76 out of 136 in the Regional Universities South category, and 39 out of 79 HBCUs.

Campus

The school's campus size is , with an additional  at Camp Harry Daniels in Elloree, South Carolina. Three buildings, Lowman Hall, Hodge Hall, and Dukes Gymnasium are included in the South Carolina State College Historic District, and separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The library is the Miller F. Whittaker Library.  The library was allocated $1 million from the South Carolina General Assembly in 1967 for its construction, and the library was dedicated in 1969. The library is named in honor of the university's third president. Originally two levels, a third level (the mezzanine) was added in a 1979 expansion.

Athletics

South Carolina State is a charter member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) and participates in NCAA Division I (FCS for college football). The school sponsors basketball, soccer, volleyball, softball, cross country, track and field, and tennis for women, and basketball, tennis, track and field, cross country, and football for men. The athletic teams compete as the Bulldogs or Lady Bulldogs and the school colors are garnet and navy blue.

The school's football team has won more conference championships than any other school in the MEAC with 18 championships. Three former Bulldogs are members of the College Football Hall of Fame, including coach Willie Jeffries. The team also has five Black college football national championship titles, with the most recent title won in 2021.

Student life
There are over 50 registered student organizations on campus, including the National Pan-Hellenic Council.

Marching band

The university's marching band is known as The Marching 101. The band are regular performers at football games throughout the southeast, nationally televised professional football games, and has performed in The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and The Rose Bowl Parade. The band was organized in 1918 as a "regimental band" performing military drills as well as assisting with music in the college Sunday school and other occasions. From 1924 on, a succession of band directors influenced the growth of the band as it became part of the Department of Music program. The nickname "Marching 101" came about when the band started with 100 members and 1 majorette.  Today, the band has over 150 members and is accompanied by a majorette team named "Champagne".  In 2011,2012,2014 and 2016 the Marching 101 was voted to perform at the annual Honda Battle of the Bands held in the Georgia Dome in Atlanta.

Notable alumni

Academia and research

Business

Education

Arts and media

Politics, law, and government

Military

Sports

Footnotes

Further reading
 Hine, William C. "Civil Rights and Campus Wrongs: South Carolina State College Students Protest, 1955-1968." South Carolina Historical Magazine  97#4 (1996), pp. 310–31. online
 Hine, William C. "South Carolina State College: A legacy of education and public service." Agricultural history 65.2 (1991): 149-167. online
 Hine, William C. South Carolina State University: A Black Land-Grant College in Jim Crow America (U of South Carolina Press, 2018). online
 Shuler, Jack. Blood and Bone: Truth and Reconciliation in a Southern Town. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2012. —Account of 1968 campus shooting.

External links

SCSU Athletics website

Historically black universities and colleges in the United States
Land-grant universities and colleges
Universities and colleges established in 1896
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
African-American history of South Carolina
Education in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
1896 establishments in South Carolina
Public universities and colleges in South Carolina

South Carolina State University


Economia verde reprezintă activitatea economică bazată pe conceptul dezvoltare durabilă, pe utilizarea resurselor naturale regenerabile, reducerea consumului de hidrocarburi, unul dintre obiectivele importante fiind protecția mediului.
Alte obiective constau în managementul apei și al deșeurilor, precum și cel teritorial (agricultură ecologică, conservarea habitatului, împăduriri etc.).

Economia verde implică anumite modificări structurale.
Sunt avantajate sectoare ca: fabricarea de celule solare, de turbine eoliene, de pile de combustie, de biciclete, plantarea arborilor, parcuri eoliene etc.
Industriile dezavantajate sunt: cele extractive (cărbune, țiței), centralele nucleare, fabricarea produselor de unică folosință, fabricarea automobilelor, defrișarea pădurilor.
Printre profesiile favorizate se pot enumera: silvicultor, hidrolog, geolog, arhitect, eco-economist, inginer în domeniile turbinelor eoliene, celulelor solare, pilelor de combustie etc.

Exploatarea resurselor naturale
Ingineria mediului înconjurător
Economie politică

Economie verde


පාෂාන යුගය ( ක්‍රි.පූ. 8000 - ක්‍රි.පූ. 4500)

රෝමානු ලේඛන, අයර්ලන්ත කාව්‍ය හා පුරාවෘත්ත වල නිර්දේශ කීපයකට අනුව,පෙර ක්‍රිස්තියානි අයර්ලන්තය ගැන තොරතුරු ලැබේ. හිම යුගය තුළ, අයර්ලන්තය ග්ලැසියර් ඛාදිත විය.
මීටර් 300 ක් පමණ ඝණකම ඇති අයිස් තට්ටු ,ගල්, සුණුවිසුනු කරමින් භූමිය මත ගලා ගිය අතර සියලුම අතීත ජනාවාස ගැන තිබූ සාක්ෂි නැති වී ගියේය.මෙය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ දකුණු ප්‍රදේශයේ විශාල හිම තට්ටු ඉවත් වී ජනාවාස ගැන තොරතුරු අනාවරණය කර ගත නොහැකි වූ සිදු වීමකට සමාන විය. අයර්ලන්තය ආක්ටික් මුඩු බිමක් හෝ හිම කතරක් විය. මිඩ්ලන්තයේ ද එසේම රටින් තුනෙන් දෙකක් පමණ අයිස් තට්ටු ඉවත්වී මුලුමනින්ම ජනාවාස පිළිබඳ ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීමට නොහැකි විය.
රට පුරා විසිරී තිබූ භූමි 6 ක පමණ ප්‍රදේශයක වැදි රංචු ජනාවාස පිහිටුවා ගත්හ. ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ඊශාන දිශාවේ මෙම මුල්ම ජනාවාස ඇතිවූ බවට සිතිය හැකිය. වර්තමානයට වඩා එකල මුහුදු මට්ටම අඩු වූවත්, ඒ කාලයේද අයර්ලන්තය දූපතක්ව පැවතිණි. මෙහි පුදුමයක් නැත. අයර්ලන්තයේ බොහෝ ජනපද මුහුදුබඩ ආශ්‍රිතව  තිබූ අතර ඔවුන්ගේ ජීවිකාව මුහුද ආශ්‍රිතව පැවතිණි. බොහෝ අය නැව්කරුවන් විය. සමහර විට මෙම ගස් රහිත හිමට යට වූ පස සාරවත් කැලෑ සහිත පස් බවට පත් වීමට පෙර බොහෝ රටවල් පසුකරමින් මෙසේ ආර්ථිකය දියුණු කර ගත්හ.

නවශිලා යුගය ( ක්‍රි.පූ. 4500 - ක්‍රි.පූ. 2500)

නවශිලා යුගය යනු ගොවිකර්මාන්තය, කුඹල් කර්මාන්තය සමඟ පැමිණි වඩා දියුණු පාෂාණ ආශ්‍රිත නිර්මාණයන් බිහිවූ යුගයකි. මෙම නව සොයා ගැනීම් නව ප්‍රජාවක්  (settlers) විසින් සිදුකරන්නට ඇතැයි මුලදී සිතුවද, මෙම කාලය හා සබැඳි විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ ආක්‍රමණයක් අයර්ලන්ත ඉතිහාසය තුළ දක්නට නොලැබේ. නවශිලා පරිවර්තනය සිදුවන යැයි සැලකීමට වඩාත්ම ඉඩකඩ ඇත්තේ එය යුරෝපා මහද්වීපයේ  වෙනත් රටවල් එංගලන්තය ආදිය සමඟ තිබු සබඳතාවල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස සිදු වු බවට වන මතයයි.

කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ක්‍රි.පූ 4500 දී පමණ ආරම්භ වුනි. එළුවන්, බැටළුවන් හා ධාන්‍ය නිරිත දිග යුරෝපයෙන් ගෙන ආ අතර, ජනගහණය සීඝ්‍රලෙස ඉහල ගියේය. වියළි ගල් තාප්ප වලින් වෙන්කරගත් C ide    වර්‍ගයේ කුඹුරු ක්‍රි.පූ 3500 සිට 3000 දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් වගාකරන ලදි. තිරුඟු හා බාර්ලි මේවායේ ප්‍රධාන අස්වැන්න විය.

කුඹල් කර්මාන්තයේ ආරම්භයද කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයත් සමඟ සිද්ධවුනි. නවශිලා යුගයේ කැපී පෙනන ලක්ෂණය වනුයේ හදිසියේ ඉස්මතු වූ ශිලාමය ස්මාරක තැනීමයි. මෙසේ බිහි වූ විශාල සොහොන් ගැබ් එම ජනතාවගේ ආගමික ඇඳහිලි සඳහා බලපාන ලදි. මෙම සොහොන් කැණිමේ දී මිනිස් මෘත ශරීරවල කොටස් අවමගුල්‍භාණ්ඩ, මැටි භාණ්ඩ, ඊතල හිස්, පොරෝ, ආදිය හමු වී තිබේ. මෙම ශිලාමය සොහොන් 1200 ක් පමණ සොයා ගෙන ඇති අතර මේවා ප්‍රධාන භාණ්ඩ 4 කට වර්‍ග කල හැක.

ආශ්‍රිත
Early history of Ireland Neolithic

ඉතිහාසය
අයර්ලන්තය

අයර්ලන්ත ඉතිහාසය


O 3º Campeonato Europeu de Halterofilismo foi realizado em Amsterdam, nos Países Baixos ao longo de 1898 ou em 25 de outubro de 1899 (datas divergentes).

Medalhistas

Notas

Quadro de medalhas

Ligações externas
Site da Federação Europeia de Halterofilismo

1898
Europeu
Halterofilismo
Halterofilismo

Campeonato Europeu de Halterofilismo de 1898


Chaves, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Alto Trás-os-Montes alt bölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Roma İmparatorluğu zamanında şehre Aquae Flaviae adı verilmişti.

Tarihî boyunca, bölgede önemli ölçüdeki Roma garnizonu bulunmasından  19. yüzyılda Napolyon dönemindeki işgallerin ön cephesi olmasına kadar Portekiz askerî tarihinin önemli bir bölgesi olmuştur. Özellikle burada geçen iki savaş ile tanınır: 1807 yılında Fransız kuvvetleri tarafından yapılmış olan "Chaves kuşatması" ve 1912'de Henrique Paiva Couceiro önderliğindeki Kralcıların saldırısı.

Yiyecekler

Bucaklar
Belediyede 51 bucak (Portekizce: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

 Chaves resmî sitesi

Chaves, Portekiz


UTC+5 er betegnelsen for den tidszone hvor klokken er 5 timer foran UTC.

UTC+5 bruges året rundt i følgende lande og områder

Asien

 Dele af Rusland (Urals føderale distrikt (Jamalo-Nenetskij autonome okrug, Khanty-Mansíjskij autonome okrug, Sverdlovsk oblast,  Tjumen oblast, Kurgan oblast, Tjeljabinsk oblast og dele af Volgas føderale distrikt (Republikken Basjkortostan, Orenburg oblast, Perm kraj)) hvor tiden kaldes Jekaterinburg tid eller MSK+2 da tidszonen er 2 timer foran Moskva tid
 Den vestlige del af Kasakhstan (regionerne Aktobe oblast, Atyrau oblast, Mangystau oblast, Vest-Kasakhstan oblast
 Usbekistan
 Tadsjikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Pakistan

Stillehavet
 Maldiverne
 Franske Sydlige og Antarktiske Territorier (hører til Frankrig)
 Heard- og McDonaldøerne (hører til Australien)

Antarktis
 Nogle baser på Antarktis

Tidszoner

UTC+5


Oberloquitz ist ein Ortsteil  von Probstzella im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Geografie
Das Dorf mit 214 Einwohnern liegt an der Bundesstraße 85 etwa fünf Kilometer nördlich von Probstzella in geschützter Lage im Tal der einst flößbaren Loquitz. Durch dieses Tal führt auch die Kreisstraße 160 nach Laasen. Der Ort Oberloquitz liegt 300 Meter über NN und die Gemarkung zum Dorf nimmt eine Gesamtfläche von 604,34 Hektar ein. Die Flur ist rainartig gen Westen angelegt. An den Steilhängen steht Wald. Durch das Tal der Loquitz führt die Bahnstrecke Leipzig–Probstzella.

Geschichte
Am 20. Februar 1283 wurde das Dorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Lockwitz heißt auf Sorbisch Wiesenbach. Einst war im Ort ein Feudaler Adelssitz des Conradus de Obern-Lockwitz, der im Jahre 1284 erwähnt wurde. Später hörte und sah man nichts mehr von diesem Sitz. 1410 gehörte das Dorf zur Herrschaft Orlamünde-Lauenstein, dann 1440 dem sächsischen Reichsmarschall von Pappenheim zum Lehen. 1660 war das Amt Gräfenthal zuständig. Südlich des Ortes befindet sich die 1650 gebaute Mahl- und Schneidemühle. 1661 wurde die Kirche auf der romanischen Mauersubstanz einer Kapelle gebaut. Das Dorf war zu dieser Zeit wohlhabend, weil es mehrere Erwerbsquellen besaß. Es waren die Quellen: Getreideanbau, Obstbau, Viehzucht, Imkerei und der Handel mit den erzeugten Produkten. Hinzu kamen der Schieferabbau und die Ockergruben zur Farbgewinnung. 1747 wurde die Schule erbaut. 1907 übernahm die Brauerei noch die Erzeugung von Elektroenergie. 1944 erschien die Organisation Todt in Oberloquitz und richtete in der Gaststätte Eilhauer ein Lager für Zwangsarbeiter ein. Die dort untergebrachten Halbjuden mussten in den Schiefergruben der Umgebung Arbeiten verrichten. Nach 1952 baute die Kooperation Beulwitz drei Stallanlagen im Ort.

1996 wurde eine Ortsumgehung der Bundesstraße 85 gebaut.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Probstzella)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Ersterwähnung 1283
Gemeindeauflösung 1994

Oberloquitz


Salvado o salvada puede referirse a:

Definición
 Salvado, cáscara desmenuzada tras la molienda de granos de cereales;
 Estado tras la acción de salvar o tras la salvación.

Geografía
 Salvada, freguesia de Beja, Portugal;
 Sierra Salvada, sierra del norte de España;

Cine y televisión
 Salvada (Laughing Sinners) (1931), película;
 ¡Salvados!, comedia adolescente del año 2004 que trata temáticas religiosas en modo de sátira, escrita por Brian Dannelly y Michael Urban, y dirigida por Dannelly.
 Salvados, programa de televisión español producido por El Terrat, emitido por La Sexta y conducido por Jordi Évole.

Salvado (desambiguación)


Nemoossis, monotipski rod riba smješten u porodicu Albulidae. Jedina je vrsta N. belloci, morska riba iz istočnog Atlantika, od Senegala do zapadne obale Južnoafričke Republike.

Naraste do 40 cm. Zadržava se uz dno gdje se hrani sitnim račićima, kopepodima i mnogočetinašima (Polychaeta). Komercijalno nije značaja.

Izvori

Albuliformes

Nemoossis


شيلتون جاكسون «سبايك» لي  (ولد في 20 مارس 1957) مخرج أفلام أمريكي ومنتج وكاتب وممثل. حائز على جائزة الإيمي، وجائزة أكاديمية. أخرج عدة أفلام مثل مالكوم إكس والساعة 25.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

سبايك لي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ثقافة بروكلين
حائزون على جائزة الأوسكار الفخرية
حائزون على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل سيناريو مقتبس
حائزون على جائزة إيمي برايم تايم
حائزون على جائزة بافتا (أشخاص)
حائزون على جائزة سيزار
خريجو كلية مورهاوس
خريجو مدرسة تيش العليا للفنون
زملاء الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم
صانعو أفلام وثائقية أمريكيون
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب سيناريو أفارقة أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب سيناريو من ولاية جورجيا
كتاب سيناريو من ولاية نيويورك
كتاب من أتلانتا (جورجيا)
كتاب من بروكلين
كتاب من مانهاتن
كتاب من مدينة نيويورك
مخرجو أفلام أمريكيون أفارقة
مخرجو أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
مخرجو أفلام من مدينة نيويورك
مخرجو أفلام وثائقية أمريكيون
مخرجو فيديوهات موسيقية أمريكيون
مشجعون رياضيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون أفارقة
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون من أتلانتا (جورجيا)
ممثلون من مدينة نيويورك
ممثلون وممثلات من ولاية جورجيا
منتجو أفلام أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون أفارقة أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون من مدينة نيويورك
منتجون سينمائيون أمريكيون أفارقة
مواليد 1957
مواليد في أتلانتا (جورجيا)

سبايك لي


Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa () a fost un cercetător japonezo-american în domeniul studiilor religioase. A predat istoria religiilor la Facultatea de Teologie (Divinity School) a Universității din Chicago, unde a devenit apoi profesor emerit și decan. Este cunoscut în special pentru contribuțiile sale remarcabile la studiul tradițiilor religioase din Asia și la înțelegerea interculturală dintre Est și Vest.

Biografie
Kitagawa s-a născut în Prefectura Osaka. A absolvit în 1937 cursurile Universității Rikkyo din Tokyo. În 1941 a venit în Statele Unite ale Americii pentru a studia teologia. În perioada celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Kitagawa a fost internat în Centrul de Relocare Minidoka din Hunt, Idaho, unde a rămas până în octombrie 1945. Și-a continuat apoi studiile și a obținut titlul de Bachelor of Divinity la Seminarul Teologic Seabury-Western în anul 1947. După ce și-a susținut doctoratul în teologie la Universitatea din Chicago, Kitagawa a fost angajat ca profesor la Facultatea de Teologie a Universității din Chicago în anul 1951. A devenit un cetățean american în 1955.

Kitagawa a fost editor fondator al revistei History of Religion. A îndeplinit funcțiile de președinte al Societății Americane pentru Studiul Religiilor din 1960 până în 1972 și de vicepreședinte al Asociației Internaționale de Istorie a Religiilor din 1975 până în 1985. A fost, de asemenea, profesor invitat la University of California din Santa Barbara, la Universitatea din Tokyo și la Universitatea Koyasan.

Soția lui, Evelyn M. Kitagawa, a fost un renumit sociolog, iar fiica lui, Anne Rose Kitagawa, a devenit un curator cunoscut de artă asiatică.

Cărți
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1966). Religion in Japanese history. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1968). Religions of the East. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1987). On understanding Japanese religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1987). The history of religions: Understanding human experience. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1990). Spiritual liberation and human freedom in contemporary Asia. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1990). The quest for human unity: A religious history. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1992). Religious studies, theological studies, and the university-divinity school. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (1992). The Christian tradition: Beyond European captivity. Philadelphia, PA: Trinity Press International.

Cărți editate
 Kitagawa, J. M. (Ed.). (1959). Modern trends in world religions. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (Ed.). (1969). Understanding modern China. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (Ed.). (1984). American refugee policy: Ethical and religious reflections. Minneapolis, MN: Winston Press.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (Ed.). (1985). The history of religions: Retrospect and prospect. New York, NY: Macmillan.
 Kitagawa, J. M. (Ed.). (1989). The religious traditions of Asia. New York, NY: Macmillan.
 Kitagawa, J. M., & Cummings, M. D. (Eds.). (1989). Buddhism and Asian history. New York, NY: Macmillan.
 Kitagawa, J. M., & Long, C. H. (Eds.). (1969). Myths and symbols: Studies in honor of Mircea Eliade. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
 Eliade, M., & Kitagawa, J. M. (Eds.). (1959). The history of religions: Essays in methodology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Note

Nașteri în 1915
Decese în 1992
Istorici din secolul al XX-lea
Istorici ai religiilor

Joseph Kitagawa


Witness este al cincilea album de studio al cântăreței americane Katy Perry. A fost lansat pe 9 iunie 2017, de către Capitol Records. Pentru album, Perry a lucrat cu numeroși producători, printre care Jeff Bhasker, Mark Crew, Duke Dumont, Jack Garratt, Oscar Holter, Illangelo, Ilya, Max Martin, Ali Payami și Shellback. Witness este un album electropop care încorporează elemente de dans și EDM, cu versuri despre auto-împuternicire și feminism. Perry a descris albumul ca fiind unul al "eliberarii" și "pop-ului intenționat".Cinci single-uri au ajutat albumul, dintre care, trei au fost lansate înainte de album și unul a ajuns în top-zece Billboard Hot 100: single-ul principal, "Chained to the Rhythm", cu Skip Marley, a ajuns pe numărul 4 în Hot100. "Bon Appétit" cu Migos a atins numărul 59, în timp ce "Swish Swish" cu Nicki Minaj a ajuns pe numărul 46. "Save as Draft" și "Hey Hey Hey" au fost lansate ca single-uri ulterioare pe 26 iunie 2017 și 12 ianuarie 2018. Pentru a susține lansarea albumului, Perry s-a difuzat într-un stream de YouTube de patru zile, intitulat Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide. La lansare, Witness a primit recenzii în general mixte de la critici de muzică, care au criticat producția și lirismul; cu toate acestea, puțini comentatori au fost favorabili față de unele piese "esențiale", dar au descris restul drept "fillers". Vânzând 180.000 de unități echivalente de album în prima săptămână, Witness a debutat în topul Billboard 200 din SUA pe primul loc, devenind cel de-al treilea album de top al lui din Perry. Albumul a fost de asemenea în topul clasamentelor din Canada și Spania, atingând numărul doi în Australia, Coreea de Sud, Mexic și Noua Zeelandă și în primele cinci locuri din alte nouă teritorii. Pentru a promova albumul, Perry a pornit în cel de-al patrulea turneu de concert, Witness: The Tour. Înainte de lansarea albumului, Perry nu a lansat niciun material nou în patru ani, cu excepția imnului Jocurilor Olimpice de vară din 2016, "Rise". După ce a lansat Prism (2013) și a făcut turnee în 2014-2015, Perry a luat o pauză pentru a-și proteja sănătatea mentală și pentru a reveni mai târziu. Perry a decis să-și părăsească personajul pe scenă și să-și îmbrățișeze propriul ei caracter Katheryn Hudson, numele ei adevărat. Drept urmare, și-a retras părul lung și întunecat pentru o tunsoare scurtă pixie și și-a schimbat culoarea părului în blond.

Charts

Top-uri saptamanale

Top-uri de sfarsit de an

Certifications

Personal

 Nelson Beato – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Jeff Bhasker – producer, keyboards and drums programming (track 14)
 Cory Bice – assistant engineer (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 9, 11); engineer (track 17)
 Edie Lehmann Boddicker – vocal contracting, gospel choir conducting, gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Alexandra Brown – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Denise Carite – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Charlean Carmon – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Carmen Carter – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Tom Coyne – mastering (track 9)
 Mark Crew – production, keyboards, programming (track 17)
 Aubry Delaine – additional engineering, Nicki Minaj vocal recording (track 4)
 Francesco Donadello – engineer (track 15)
 Monique Donnelly – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Duke Dumont – producer, synths, drums, programming (track 4)
 Carmel Echols – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Luke Edgemon – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Anthony Evans – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Tinashe Fazakerley – chitară electrică, bass, programming (track 17)
 Iain Findlay – vocal assistant engineering (Nicki Minaj's vocals, track 4)
 Rachael Findlen – engineer (tracks 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14-17); vocal production (tracks: 7, 8)
 Nicole Franz – art direction
 Sia Furler – background vocals (track 9)
 Jack Garratt – production, all instruments (track 6)
 James Alan Ghaleb – chitară (track 9)
 Serban Ghenea – mixing
 Jim Gilstrap – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Lauren Gluckman – A&R
 John Hanes – mixing engineer
 Sam Holland – engineer (track 1, 3, 9, 11, 17)
 Oscar Holter – keys (track 11, 12); production, vocal production, programming (track 12)
 Casey Hooper – chitare (track 10)
 Stephen Hybicki – engineer (track 10)
 Illangelo – additional production, additional drum programming (track 14)
 Ilya – production, programming, arranging, drums, percussion, chitară, chitară bas, keys (track 17)
 Clydene Jackson – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Hayden James – production; chitară, chitară bas, background vocals, synths (track 5)
 Peter Karlsson – vocal editing (tracks 1, 2, 3, 9, 11, 14); additional vocal production (track 8); percussion (track 9)
 Briana Lee – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Jeremy Lertola – assistant engineer (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 9, 11); engineer (track 17)
 David Loucks – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Elof Loelv – production, engineer, programming, drums, bass, piano, synthesizers (track 14)
 Ted Lovett – layout
 Skip Marley – featured vocals, background vocals (track 9)
 Max Martin – background vocals, programming, Prophet 6, solina (track 9), percussion; chitară acustică (track 8); vocal production (tracks: 8, 13), executive producer
 Migos – featured vocals (track 11)
 Jamie McCrary – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Randy Merrill – mastering
 Zeke Mishanec – assistant engineer (track 4)
 Ryan Nasci – engineer (track 14)
 Dustin O'Halloran – producer, all instruments, arrangement (track 15)
 Pino Palldino – bass (track 14)
 Noah Passovoy – additional keys, programming (track 4, 10); engineer (tracks: 4, 6, 10, 14, 16, 17), vocal production (tracks 5, 6, 10, 14, 16, 17); vocal editing (track 7, 12); additional production (tracks 4, 10); percussion (track 10)
 Ali Payami – chitară acustică (track 1); drums, bass, synths, piano (tracks: 1, 8, 9); additional vocal production, programming, keys, chitară electrică, background vocals, production (track 8); percussion (tracks: 8, 9); hand claps (track 9)
 Louis Price – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Katy Perry – background vocals (tracks: 3, 9), vocals, executive producer
 Daryl McPherson – Migos vocal production
 Joshua Moreau – bass (track 10)
 Corin Roddick – production, vocal production (track 12)
 David Rudnick – front and back cover art direction
 Scooly – production (track 10)
 Aretha Scruggs – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Tony Scruggs – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Shellback – production; background vocals (track 3); keys, programming (track 11)
 PJ Sledge – keyboards (track 4)
 Felix Snow – production, vocal manipulations, programming, chitară (track 16)
 Thomas Stell – synths (track 5)
 Carmen Twillie – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Oren Waters – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Will Wheaton – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Mike Will Made It – production (track 10)
 Eyvonne Williams – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Brandon Winbush – gospel studio choir (track 14)
 Jason Woods – gospel studio choir (track 14)

Albume din 2017

Witness


An Digitaria myurus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Digitaria myurus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria myurus


Mattoangin Stadyumu, Endonezya'nın Makasar şehrinde çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum.

Çoğunlukla futbol müsabakalarının yapıldığı Mattoangin Stadyumu, 30.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Endonezya'daki stadyumlar

Mattoangin Stadyumu


تلبنت قيصر إحدى قرى مركز طنطا التابع لمحافظة الغربية بجمهورية مصر العربية، ومن أعلامها الفريق حمدى وهيبة رئيس أركان القوات المسلحة المصرية السابق.

التاريخ
ذكرها علي مبارك في كتابه الخطط التوفيقية باسم "تلبنت"، حيث ذكر أنها من قرى مديرية الغربية بقسم محلة مليج، بها جامع وعدة أشجار.

التعليم
تصل نسبة الأمية في القرية إلى 47.34% بين من تجاوزوا العاشرة من عمرهم، بينما تصل نسبة من حصلوا على تعليم جامعي إلى 2.11% من جملة السكان.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان تلبنت قيصر 14,238 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة قرى محافظة الغربية

مصادر

الوحدة المحلية لقرية برما (طنطا)

تلبنت قيصر


Le prince Filip Karađorđević (en serbe cyrillique, Филип Карађорђевић ; prononcé []), né le  à Fairfax (États-Unis), est deuxième fils du prince Alexandre, éphémère prince héritier de la monarchie yougoslave en 1945, et de la princesse Maria da Glória d'Orléans-Bragance. Il a un frère jumeau, Aleksandar.

Petit-fils du roi , dernier roi de Yougoslavie, Filip est considéré par certains monarchistes comme étant l'actuel prince héréditaire de Serbie, à la suite de la renonciation, le , de son frère aîné Petar, puisqu'il est par ordre de primogéniture mâle le deuxième à la succession de son père, chef de la maison royale de Serbie depuis 1970.

Biographie

Mariage
Le , le prince Filip épouse, à Belgrade, Danica Marinković (née le ), artiste plasticienne, fille du célèbre peintre impressionniste serbe, Milan Marinković. Le couple a un enfant :
 le prince Stefan (né à Belgrade le ).

Le couple attend son deuxième enfant d'ici fin 2023.

Successions et affiliations aux maisons royales européennes
Le prince Filip apparaît dans l'ordre de succession au trône britannique, en tant que descendant du duc  (1844-1900), quatrième enfant de la reine Victoria du Royaume-Uni, et compte tenu de l'Acte de naturalisation de la princesse Sophie et de sa descendance.

En lignée matrilinéaire pure, le prince Filip est un descendant de la reine de France Marie Leszczyńska (issu de la ), ce qui l'apparente à toutes les branches royales et princières de la maison de Bourbon : l'ancienne branche aînée (par Louise-Élisabeth de France, duchesse de Parme), la nouvelle branche aînée (par Marie-Isabelle d'Espagne, reine des Deux-Siciles), la branche sicilienne (par Marie-Christine des Deux-Siciles), la branche parmesane (par Marie-Louise de Parme, reine d'Espagne), la branche orléanaise (par Marie-Isabelle d'Orléans, comtesse de Paris) et enfin par la branche brésilienne (par sa mère née princesse d'Orléans-Bragance).

Filip appartient par les lignées patrilinéaire et matrilinéaire de sa grand-mère Alexandra de Yougoslavie (1921-1993), née princesse de Grèce et de Danemark, à la maison royale de Grèce d'une part, et à la dynastie des Comnène d'autre part via la reine Olga, de la maison impériale de Russie.

Titulature

 depuis le  : Son Altesse Royale le prince héréditaire de Serbie.

Alors que son père le prince Alexandre continue depuis 1945 à utiliser la titulature qu'il a légalement reçue à sa naissance (même depuis qu'il est l'aîné de la maison Karageorgevitch), à savoir celle de prince héritier de Yougoslavie (ou prince royal), le prince Filip porte depuis sa naissance le titre de prince de Yougoslavie, avec le prédicat d'altesse royale. Pour se distinguer de son père, il est également titré prince héréditaire [de Serbie] à la renonciation de son frère aîné Petar..

Ascendance

Notes et références

Sources

Références

Annexes

Une de magazine
  « Baptême de Pierre de Yougoslavie » dans Point de vue n° 1671 du

Articles connexes
 Alexandre de Yougoslavie
 Royaume de Yougoslavie
 Maria da Glória d'Orléans-Bragance (issue de la branche de Pétropolis de la maison d'Orléans-Bragance)
 Liste des héritiers des Couronnes serbe et yougoslave

 Dynastie Karađorđević

Liens externes
  Site officiel de la famille royale de Serbie

Naissance à Chicago
Naissance en février 1980
Prince de Serbie au XXe siècle
Prince de Serbie au XXIe siècle
Maison Karađorđević

Filip Karađorđević


Ürgüp (în , în greacă capadociană: Προκόπι (Prokópi), în ) este un oraș și district din provincia Nevșehir, regiunea Anatolia Centrală, Turcia. El se află în regiunea istorică Cappadocia și în apropierea bisericilor săpate în stâncă din Göreme. Potrivit recensământului din 2010, populația districtului este de 34.372 de locuitori, dintre care 18.631 de locuitori trăiesc în orașul Ürgüp. Districtul are o suprafață de 563 km2 și orașul se află la o altitudine medie de 1.043 m.

Cappadocia este una dintre cele principalele regiuni producătoare de vinuri din Turcia, având centrul economic la Ürgüp. Celebra vinărie Turasan furnizează 60% din vinurile din Cappadocia și oferă tururi gratuite și degustări în crama sa sculptată în stâncă.

Istoric
În timpul Războiului Ruso-Turc (1710-1711), un tânăr din armata lui Petru cel Mare fost luat prizonier și apoi vândut ca sclav comandantului cavaleriei otomane, ajungând la Ürgüp. El a ajuns cunoscut mai târziu ca Sf. Ioan Rusul.

Relații internaționale

Orașe înfrățite
Ürgüp este înfrățit cu următoarele orașe:

  Larisa, Grecia (din 1996)
  Kireas, Grecia (din 2004)

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

  District governor's official website
  District municipality's official website
 Map of Ürgüp district
 St George and the dragon
 Administrative map of Ürgüp district
 Hundreds of pictures of Ürgüp

Cappadocia
Orașe din Turcia

Ürgüp


Babiana ringens, appelée en Afrique du Sud , littéralement , est une espèce de plante à fleurs endémique de la province du Cap en Afrique du Sud.

Description
Son feuillage est long et dressé avec une inflorescence constituée d'une tige principale stérile adaptée à l'ornithophilie, pollinisation par les oiseaux. La plante porte des fleurs tubulaires rouge vif sur des branches latérales proches du sol. C'est une plante vivace qui pousse dans un sol sableux pauvre en nutriments et fleurit pendant les pluies hivernales.

La tige principale agit comme un perchoir pour les oiseaux, permettant à ceux-ci d'atterrir à portée des fleurs de la plante. L'adaptation de la tige a été remarquée pour la première fois par Rudolf Marloth. Le principal pollinisateur de cette plante est le Souimanga malachite (Nectarinia famosa). Le souimanga mâle est deux fois plus susceptible de se percher sur la tige que la femelle et, en moyenne, passe quatre fois plus de temps sur un perchoir. Cette tige-«perchoir» semble jouer un rôle dans la pollinisation car les plantes sans tige ne produisent que la moitié du nombre de graines et voient moins de pollinisation croisée que les plantes avec une tige intacte. L'accès à la fleur à partir de cette tige entraîne la projection de poussière de pollen sur la poitrine des souimangas, bien que les oiseaux puissent également se poser sur le sol pour accéder aux fleurs dépourvues de tiges. Il a été suggéré que l'évolution de l'axe nu et des fleurs portées à la base pourrait avoir été déterminée par la sélection due à l'action des herbivores brouteurs.

Sous-espèces
Deux sous-espèces sont enregistrées. B. ringens ringens se trouve au nord de la faille de Fish Hoek, tandis que B. ringens australis se trouve plus au sud, avec un positionnement au nord de Scarborough, à proximité du Cap de Bonne Espérance.

 Babiana ringens subsp. australis Goldblatt & JCManning
 Babiana ringens subsp. ringens

Notes et références

Liens externes

Iridaceae
Espèce d'Asparagales (nom scientifique)
Flore endémique d'Afrique du Sud

Babiana ringens


José María Castro Madriz (1 September 1818 – 4 April 1892) was a Costa Rican lawyer, academic, diplomat, and politician.  He served twice as President of Costa Rica, from 1848 to 1849, and from 1866 to 1868. On both occasions he was prevented from completing his term of office by military coups. During his first administration, on 31 August 1848, he formally declared Costa Rica an independent republic, definitively severing Costa Rica's ties to the moribund Federal Republic of Central America.

Castro was born in San José and educated at the University of León in Nicaragua, where he graduated as bachelor of philosophy and doctor of law.  He occupied many public offices throughout his life, both before and after serving as President.  He was the rector of the national University (which he had helped to create) for sixteen years, and served several administrations as cabinet minister and ambassador.  He also presided over the judiciary (as chief judge of the Supreme Court of Justice from 1860 to 1866 and from 1870 to 1873) and the legislature (as president of the Congress of Deputies in 1844-1845 and of the fourth Constitutional Convention in 1859), making him the only other Costa Rican besides Ricardo Jiménez to have headed all three branches of the government.

An active Freemason, Castro was consistently critical of the political influence of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was also a strong defender of freedom of the press at a time when many Costa Rican governments practiced widespread censorship.  His constitutional reform of 1848, however, established the most restricted suffrage that ever existed in independent Costa Rica.  As president his lack of a committed political base made him an easy target for overthrow by the military.  As the minister of foreign affairs, education, justice, public aid, and religious affairs, Castro was the most influential figure in the government of his brother-in-law, President Próspero Fernández (1882–1885), and he was largely responsible for the anti-clerical legislation adopted by that government.

He was married to Pacífica Fernández, who designed the 1848 version of the Costa Rican flag.  His daughter Cristina Fernández Castro married Minor C. Keith in 1883. Their grandson, Rafael Yglesias, served as President of Costa Rica from 1894 to 1902.

Inaugurated at age 29, he was the youngest person to ever serve as President of Costa Rica.

References

1818 births
1892 deaths
Politicians from San José, Costa Rica
Costa Rican people of Galician descent
Costa Rican people of Spanish descent
Presidents of Costa Rica
Vice presidents of Costa Rica
Foreign ministers of Costa Rica
Costa Rican Freemasons
19th-century Costa Rican people
19th-century Costa Rican lawyers
Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica judges
Costa Rican liberals

José María Castro Madriz


كَلي (بالسنسكريتية: कलि، من جذر يعني المعاناة والأذى والأسى) هو رب عصر كالي يوغا وعدو كالكي التجسد العاشر والأخير للإله فيشنو في الهندوسية. وحسب فيشنو بورانا فهو مظهر سلبي لفيشنو ويعمل على تدمير هذا العالم بالتعاون مع أسرته الشريرة. وهو شكل بدائي للشيطان كروني وتجسده كاليان في الميثولوجيا اليافالية.
كما توضح الصورة أن «كلي» متمثل في شخص رجل.

المراجع

كالي (شيطان)
أساطير هندوسية
راكشا
رواية الشياطين في الهندوسية
عدو المسيح

كالي (شيطان)


Henning Gerdes (* 1591; † 1663 in Greifswald) war ein deutscher Jurist und Bürgermeister von Greifswald.

Leben
Henning Gerdes war ein Sohn des Neubrandenburger Ratsverwandten Johann Gerdes und der Anna Oeverdijks. Gerdes schrieb sich 1612 in die Matrikel der Universität Rostock ein. Der promovierte Jurist war Anwalt am Fürstlich-pommerschen und später königlich-schwedischen Hofgericht. Er wurde Syndikus von Greifswald und war von 1647 bis 1663 Bürgermeister der Stadt, die er auch als Landrat vertrat.

1646 gehörte er mit Joachim Kuno von Owstin und Berendt von Tessin, dem Direktor des Pommerschen Hofgerichts, einer Abordnung der pommerschen Landstände an, die am Hof in Stockholm die Erhaltung des Instanzenzuges an das Reichskammergericht oder einen gleichwertigen Ersatz forderte. 1653 nahm er an der Eröffnungsfeier des Wismarer Tribunals teil.

Henning Gerdes war in erster Ehe mit Margareta Krauß († 1630) verheiratet. Ihr gemeinsamer Sohn Johannes Gerdes (1624–1673) war Theologe und Orientalist. Seine zweite Ehe schloss er mit Elisabeth Mevius, der Schwester des Juristen David Mevius. Der Ehe entstammte der Jurist Friedrich Gerdes (1634–1695).

Literatur
 Gabriel Anrep: Svenska adelns Ättar-taflor. Band 1. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm 1858, S. 698 (Google books).

Einzelnachweise

Landrat (Schwedisch-Pommern)
Bürgermeister (Greifswald)
Jurist in der Frühen Neuzeit
Geboren 1591
Gestorben 1663
Mann

Henning Gerdes


David Solari (* 6. Juni 1968 in Adelaide, Australien) ist ein ehemaliger australisch-italienischer Radrennfahrer.

1986 belegte David Solari bei den Junioren-Bahnweltmeisterschaften zwei dritte Plätze, in der Mannschafts- und in der Einerverfolgung. 1988 startete er für Italien bei den Olympischen Spielen in Seoul und belegte Platz sechs in der Mannschaftsverfolgung, gemeinsam mit Ivan Beltrami, Gianpaolo Grisandi, Fabrizio Trezzi und Fabio Baldato. Bei den UCI-Bahn-Weltmeisterschaften 1989 in Lyon belegte der italienische Bahnvierer mit Solari, Marco Villa, Giovanni Lombardi und Ivan Cerioli Rang drei. 1990, 1991 und 1992 wurde er Vize-Weltmeister der Amateur-Steher. Achtmal startete er bei Weltmeisterschaften.

Insgesamt errang Solari, der zwei Staatsangehörigkeiten hat, acht italienische Meistertitel und zwei australische; 1985 wurde er australischer sowie italienischer Meister und ist somit der einzige Radsportler, der im selben Jahr Meister in zwei Ländern wurde. 1987 gewann er den Giro del Salento und 1992 Vicenza-Bionde.

2001 übernahm David Solari von seinem Vater Nino ein italienisches Restaurant in Royston Park, einem Stadtteil von Adelaide. Nino Solari war ebenfalls selbst ein erfolgreicher Radrennfahrer war und gewann zweimal das Sechstagerennen von Adelaide, 1962 mit Giuseppe Ogna und 1963 mit Sid Patterson.

Erfolge
1986
  Junioren-Bahnweltmeisterschaft – Einerverfolgung, Mannschaftsverfolgung (mit Gianluca Bortolami, Fabio Baldato und Endrio Leoni)
1989
  Amateur-Weltmeisterschaft – Mannschaftsverfolgung (mit Marco Villa, Giovanni Lombardi und Ivan Cerioli)
1990
  Weltmeisterschaft – Steherrennen (hinter Walter Corradin)
 eine Etappe Cinturón a Mallorca
1991
  Weltmeisterschaft – Steherrennen (hinter Walter Corradin)
1992
  Weltmeisterschaft – Steherrennen (hinter Walter Corradin)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1988
Radsportler (Italien)
Radsportler (Australien)
Italienischer Meister (Radsport)
Australischer Meister (Radsport)
Olympiateilnehmer (Italien)
Bahnradfahrer
Australier
Italiener
Sportler (Adelaide)
Geboren 1968
Mann

David Solari


Un saloon este un fel de bar tipic Vestului Sălbatic. Printre clienții acestui gen de local se aflau vânătorii de animale pentru blană, cowboy, militari, tăietori de lemne, oameni de afaceri, polițiști, mineri și pariori. Un saloon era cunoscut în limba engleză și sub denumirile "watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill". Primul saloon a fost deschis în 1822 în localitatea Brown's Hole din Wyoming, fiind adresat vânătorilor de animale pentru blană.

Pe la sfârșitul anilor 1850 termenul saloon a început să apară în cărțile de adrese și să fie folosit pentru stabilimentele specializate în vânzarea de bere și de alte băuturi alcoolice, care închiriau în unele cazuri camere în regim hotelier și preparau la cerere mâncăruri pentru călători. În anul 1880 a avut loc o creștere explozivă a localurilor de tip saloon. În Leavenworth, Kansas funcționau "aproximativ 150 de saloon și patru stabilimente pentru vânzarea de băuturi spirtoase". Unele localuri de tip saloon din Vestul Sălbatic erau, de fapt, cazinouri, bordeluri și localuri pentru consumul opiumului.

Istoric
Saloon-urile din SUA au început să aibă o strânsă legătură cu fabricile de bere la începutul anilor 1880. Odată cu creșterea capacității de producție peste o anumită limită, fabricile de bere au început să adopte sistemul britanic de control al desfacerii prin deținerea propriilor localuri de consum. Fabricanții de bere au achiziționat sute de localuri, mai ales în colțurile străzilor, pe care le-au închiriat investitorilor care doreau să deschidă acolo stabilimente de tip saloon, împreună cu mobilier și cu alte echipamente de agrement, cum ar fi mese de biliard și piste de bowling. Schlitz Brewing Company și alte câteva au construit localuri de tip saloon pentru a atrage clienții și a-și promova marca lor de bere.

Factorii legislativi au jucat, de asemenea, un rol important în răspândirea localurilor deținute de producătorii de bere. Consiliul Local din Chicago a crescut taxa de licență pentru un saloon de la 50$ la 500$ între 1883 și 1885 pentru a remunera forțele de poliție suplimentare necesare pentru a asigura menținerea ordinii în zonele unde se aflau astfel de localuri. Puțini proprietari independenți de localuri și-au putut permite să plătească astfel de sume.

Politicienii frecventau, de asemenea, saloon-urile locale datorită naturii sociale a activității lor. În cartierele cu un grad scăzut de alfabetizare barul reprezenta locul principal pentru schimbul de informații cu privire la locuințele de închiriat și la locurile de muncă disponibile. Un politician cu simț practic putea profita de prezența acolo a unui număr mare de clienți pentru a-și spori numărul votanților. În localurile de tip saloon din zonele industriale aveau loc târguri de locuri de muncă și ședințele de sindicat, aici plătindu-se deseori salariile muncitorilor.

Saloon-urile tradiționale au intrat în declin cu mai mulți ani înainte de Prohibiție. Răspândirea automobilelor a determinat creșterea mobilității populației, în timp ce deschiderea tot mai multor săli de cinema a preluat o parte din clienții saloon-urilor. Un număr tot mai mare de angajatori au cerut autorităților să impună abstinența în timpul zilei de lucru. Autoritățile sanitare ale orașului au adoptat, de asemenea, reglementări cu privire la masa de prânz gratuită. În cele din urmă, Primul Război Mondial a adus nu numai o boicotare a produselor de origine germană, ci și o interdicție temporară privind consumul berii.

Localuri notabile

Printre cele mai familiare localuri de tip saloon au fost First Chance din Miles City, Montana; Bull's Head din Abilene, Kansas; Arcade Saloon din Eldora, Colorado; Holy Moses din Creede, Colorado; Long Branch Saloon din Dodge City, Kansas; Birdcage Theater din Tombstone, Arizona; Bucket of Blood Saloon din Virginia City, Nevada, și Jersey Lilly din Langtry, Texas. Multe dintre aceste stabilimente erau deschise douăzeci și patru de ore pe zi, șase zile pe săptămână, cu excepția zilelor de duminică și a Crăciunului.

Galerie

Note

Vechiul Vest al Statelor Unite ale Americii

Saloon


Basilio Faber (Żary, 1520-Érfurt, 1576) teólogo y escolástico luterano alemán.

En 1538 entró en la Universidad de Halle-Wittenberg como pauper gratis de Philipp Melanchthon.  Llegó a ser rector de las escuelas de Nordhausen, Tennstadt (1555), Magdeburg (1557) y Quedlinburg (1560), pero de este último puesto fue destituido en diciembre de 1570 por criptocalvinista. En 1571 fue nombrado director (Vorsteher), no rector, del Rathsgymnasium de Erfurt, puesto que ocupó hasta su muerte.

Se le conocen sus traducciones de los comentarios del Génesis de Martín Lutero de 1557 como medio para difundir la ideología luterana. Además contribuyó en las Centurias de Magdeburgo.

Obra principal
Thesaurus eruditionis scholasticae (1571)
Libellus de disciplina scholastica (1572).

Referencias

Religiosos de Alemania del siglo XVI
Escritores en alemán del siglo XVI
Escritores en latín del siglo XVI
Luteranos de Alemania
Teólogos protestantes
Nacidos en Żary

Basilio Faber


Ruslands Dag er den Russiske Føderations nationaldag og markerer den Russiske Socialistiske Føderative Sovjetrepubliks uafhængighedserklæring fra Sovjetunionen d. 12. juni 1990. Dagen har siden 1991 være en national fridag og siden 1992 været nationaldagen.

Se også
 Mærkedage i Rusland

Eksterne henvisninger

Nationaldage
Dag

Ruslands Dag


Thomas Philipp (* 1975 in Linz) ist ein in Linz lebender österreichischer Sozialwissenschafter und Künstler.

Leben
Philipp studierte Sozialwirtschaft und Soziologie an der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz. Er ist Mitbegründer und Leiter des Forschungsinstituts LIquA – Linzer Institut für qualitative Analysen, Lehrbeauftragter am Institut für Gesellschafts- und Sozialpolitik an der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz und am Institut für Medien an der Kunstuniversität Linz sowie Verfasser zahlreicher wissenschaftlicher Publikationen im sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Zusammenhang. Im kulturellen Feld ist er u. a. als Gründungsmitglied der Linzer Künstlergruppe qujOchÖ, als Fachbeirat des Museum Arbeitswelt Steyr oder als Mitglied des Oberösterreichischen Landeskulturbeirats aktiv.

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten (Auszug)
 Der neue Kulturentwicklungsplan für die Stadt Linz. Linz 2011.
 Konkrete Utopien für den ländlichen Raum. In: Pollak Sabine (Hrsg.), Die Freuden des Landlebens. Zur Zukunft des ruralen Wohnens, Sonderzahl Verlag, Wien 2011: ISBN 978-3-85449-345-7.
 Ein Rendez-Vous mit Peter Behrens. In: Andrea Bina (Hrsg.): Tabakfabrik Linz. Verlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7025-0633-9.
 Juwel in Transformation. Gedanken zur Zukunft der Linzer Tabakfabrik. In: Ars Electronica (Hrsg.): REPAIR – sind wir noch zu retten. Katalog zur Ars Electronica 2010. Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern-Ruit 2010, ISBN 978-3-7757-2723-5.
 Stadt im Glück. Ausstellungsprojekt im Rahmen von Linz 2009. Linz 2009.
 Der Mehrwert von Kunst und Kultur für den städtischen Raum. Linz/ Wien 2008.
 flexible@art. Prekarisierung(stendenzen) des Kunst- und Kulturfeldes. Wien 2007.
 Kreativwirtschaft in der Stadtregion Linz. Linz 2006.

Künstlerische Arbeiten (Auszug)
 Stuttgart intim: Vier Hochzeiten und ein Todesfall. Stuttgart 2011.
 Das große Manöver. Steirischer Herbst, Graz 2010.
 Mythos Hofer. Innsbruck 2009.
 Leben im Strafraum. Lentos Kunstmuseum Linz, Linz 2008.

Einzelnachweise

Soziologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Bildender Künstler (Österreich)
Person (Linz)
Österreicher
Hochschullehrer (Universität für künstlerische und industrielle Gestaltung Linz)
Geboren 1975
Mann

Thomas Philipp (Soziologe)


NGC 5686 est une galaxie lenticulaire située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5686 a été découverte par l'astronome britannique John Herschel en 1827.

Trois des quatre sources consultées classe NGC 5686 comme une spirale, mais sur l'image obtenue du relevé SDSS seule une barre au centre de la galaxie est visible et aucun bras spiral ne semble partir de ce bras. La classification de galaxie lenticulaire (S0/a) par la base de données NASA/IPAC semble mieux décrire cette galaxie.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5686 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5686
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie lenticulaire
Objet céleste découvert en 1827
Objet céleste découvert par John Herschel

NGC 5686


Savez socijalističke omladine Jugoslavije (SSOJ; slo. Zveza socialistične mladine Jugoslavije, mkd. Сојуз на социјалистичката младина на Југославија) je bio omladinski ogranak Saveza komunista Jugoslavije od 1974. do 1990. godine.

Povijest
On je nastao ujedinjenjem Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije (SKOJ) i Ujedinjenog saveza antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije (USAOJ) u organizaciju jugoslavenske omladine - Narodna omladina Jugoslavije (NOJ) (USAOJ je još 1946. promijenio naziv u Narodna omladina, ali je s ujedinjenjem SKOJ-em izmijenjen) prosinca 1948. godine. 1963. godine, ova organizacija je promijenila naziv u Savez omladine Jugoslavije (SOJ; slo. Zveza mladine Jugoslavije, mkd. Сојузот на младината на Југославија), a 1974. godine u Savez socijalističke omladine Jugoslavije. Ova organizacija postojala je sve do 1990. godine, kada se raspala zajedno sa Savezom komunista Jugoslavije. U okviru SSOJ-a je djelovao i Savez pionira Jugoslavije.

Vidi još
 Savez socijalističke omladine Hrvatske
 Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije
 Savez komunista Jugoslavije

Hrvatska povijest
Politika Jugoslavije