Harold Lloyd Jenkins (September 1, 1933 – June 5, 1993), better known by his stage name Conway Twitty, was an American singer and songwriter. Initially a part of the 1950s rockabilly scene, Twitty was best known as a country music performer. From 1971 to 1976, Twitty received a string of Country Music Association awards for duets with Loretta Lynn. He was inducted into both the Country Music and Rockabilly Halls of Fame.

Twitty was known for his frequent use of romantic and sentimental themes in his songs. Due to his following being compared to a religious revival, comedian Jerry Clower nicknamed Twitty "The High Priest of Country Music", the eventual title of his 33rd studio album. Twitty achieved stardom with hit songs like "Hello Darlin'", "You've Never Been This Far Before" and "Linda on My Mind". Twitty topped Billboard Hot Country Songs chart 40 times in his career, a record that stood for two decades until it was surpassed by George Strait, and topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart once with "It's Only Make Believe". He wrote eleven of his Billboard Hot Country Songs chart-topping hits.

Early life
Twitty was born Harold Lloyd Jenkins on September 1, 1933, in Friars Point, Mississippi. The Jenkins family were of Welsh descent. He was named by his great-uncle, after his favorite silent movie actor Harold Lloyd. The Jenkins family moved to Helena, Arkansas, when Jenkins was 10 years old. In Helena, Jenkins performed on radio when he was 10, and he formed his first singing group, the Phillips County Ramblers when he was 12, and they had their own show on the local radio station KFFA every Saturday morning. He preached at church revivals when he was a teenager.

Twitty was a baseball player with a batting average of .450 when he graduated from high school, and he was offered a contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He worked for a few months for International Harvester before accepting the Phillies offer.  However, he was drafted into the U.S. Army and served in the Far East, during which time he organized a group called the Cimmarons to entertain his fellow soldiers. The Phillies renewed their offer when he returned home, but Twitty had by now become more interested in pursuing a music career.

Soon after hearing Elvis Presley's song "Mystery Train", Jenkins began writing rock-and-roll material. Elvis was a strong influence and Jenkins tried to sound like him. He formed a band called The Rockhousers and wrote a song called "Rockhouse". He went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee a few times to record with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder.

None of Jenkins's Sun recordings were released at the time, but Roy Orbison did record his composition "Rockhouse" (given to Orbison by Phillips without Jenkins' approval), which was issued on SUN 251 (flipside "You're My Baby") in 1956.

Career

Stage name
A member of Cimmarons suggested Don Seat as a manager for Jenkins, and Seat indicated to Jenkins that he needed a name with star quality. Jenkins then adopted a stage name in 1957. In The Billboard Book of Number One Hits, Fred Bronson states that the singer named himself after two towns on a map; Conway, Arkansas, and Twitty, Texas, and chose the name Conway Twitty. Twitty himself confirmed this while appearing on the David Letterman Show on March 30, 1989. His manager Don Seat, however, said that his girlfriend came up with the name long before Jenkins used it. After Twitty had some success with rock and roll songs, he had considered using his original name Harold Jenkins for his country music releases, while keeping the name Conway Twitty for his rock and roll songs, but he abandoned rock for country in 1965 and kept his stage name.

In 1957, under his new name, he recorded briefly for Mercury Records, releasing two unsuccessful singles, "I Need Your Lovin'"/"Born to Sing the Blues" and "Shake It Up"/"Maybe Baby". "I Need Your Lovin'" reached only No. 93. Although he recorded three more songs with Mercury, his contract was soon terminated.

Rock and roll career
In 1958, using his new stage name, Twitty's fortunes improved while he was with MGM Records, and an Ohio radio station had an inspiration, refraining from playing "I'll Try" (an MGM single that went nowhere in terms of sales, radio play, and jukebox play), instead playing the B-side, "It's Only Make Believe", a song written between sets by Twitty and drummer Jack Nance when they were in Hamilton, Ontario, playing at the Flamingo Lounge. The record took several months to reach and stay at the top spot on the Billboard pop music charts in the United States and number 1 in 21 other countries, becoming the first of nine top-40 hits for Twitty. It sold over four million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. That same year, country singer Tabby West of ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee heard Twitty and booked him to appear on the show.

When "It's Only Make Believe" was first released, because of vocal similarities, many listeners assumed that the song was actually recorded by Elvis Presley, using "Conway Twitty" as a pseudonym. Twitty would go on to enjoy rock-and-roll success with songs including "Danny Boy" (Pop number 10) and "Lonely Blue Boy" (Pop number 6). "Lonely Blue Boy", originally titled "Danny", was recorded by Presley for the film King Creole but was not used in the soundtrack. This song led to him naming his band the Lonely Blue Boys. They subsequently became the Twitty Birds. As his recording career continued, Twitty's music shifted from rockabilly to rock and roll, and Twitty also recorded some R&B and blues singles.

By 1965, Twitty had become disillusioned with rock & Roll, particularly with the behavior of the fans, and walked out of a show in the middle of a performance in New Jersey. He sued his manager to be released from his contract, and moved to perform country music in Oklahoma City.

Country music career
Twitty always wanted to record country music, and, beginning in 1965, he did just that. Disc jockeys on some country-music radio stations refused to play his first few country albums, because he was known as a rock and roll singer. However, he had his first top-five country hit, "The Image of Me", in July 1968, followed by his first number one country song, "Next in Line", in November 1968. Few of his singles beginning in 1968 ranked below the top five.

In 1970, Twitty recorded and released his biggest country hit, "Hello Darlin'", which spent four weeks at the top of the country chart and is one of Twitty's most recognized songs. In 1971, he released his first hit duet with Loretta Lynn, "After the Fire Is Gone". It was a success, and many more followed, including "Lead Me On" (1971), "Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man" (1973), "As Soon As I Hang Up the Phone" (1974), "Feelins'" (1975), "I Still Believe in Waltzes", "I Can't Love You Enough", and many others. Together, Conway and Loretta (as they were known in their act), won four consecutive Country Music Association awards for vocal duo (1972–1975) and a host of other duo and duet awards from other organizations throughout the 1970s.

In 1973, Twitty released "You've Never Been This Far Before", which was number 1 in country for three weeks that September and also reached number 22 on the pop charts. Some more conservative disc jockeys refused to play the song, believing that some of the lyrics were too sexually suggestive.

In 1978, Twitty issued the single "The Grandest Lady of Them All" honoring the Grand Ole Opry. (Somewhat ironically, Twitty was never inducted into the Opry during his lifetime; he remains one of the more prominent Nashville country artists never to have been an Opry member.) The single reached the top 20, peaking at number 16, but it was well below expectations; it was the first time since 1967 that a single of his failed to reach the top ten, as some radio stations refused to play a song honoring the property of a competitor (broadcast by WSM-AM).

Twitty soon renewed his image with a new hairstyle, changing from the slicked-back pompadour style to the curlier style he would keep for the rest of his life; by the late 1970s, Twitty had shifted his musical arrangements into a country pop style he would maintain for the rest of his career. His next 23 consecutive singles all made it into the top 10, with 13 reaching number one, including "Don't Take It Away", "I May Never Get to Heaven", "Happy Birthday Darlin'", and remakes of major pop hits such as "The Rose", "Slow Hand" and "Tight Fittin' Jeans", a song written by Michael Huffman, released in June 1981 as the first single from the album Mr. T. The song was Twitty's 26th number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of 10 weeks on the country chart. In 1985, going by all weekly music trade charts, the song "Don't Call Him a Cowboy" became the 50th single of his career to achieve a number-one ranking. He would have five more through 1990, giving him a total of 55 number-one hits. George Strait matched the feat of 50 number-one hits in 2002 with his single "She'll Leave You with a Smile" and then reached number 1 for the 56th time in 2007, when the single "Wrapped" hit the top on the Media Base 24/7 list.

Throughout much of Twitty's country music career his recording home was Decca Records, later renamed MCA. He signed with the label in late 1965 but left in 1981, when it appeared MCA was marketing and promoting newer acts; management at the label had changed, in addition to other factors that brought on the decision. He joined Elektra/Asylum in 1982. That label's country music unit merged with sister label Warner Bros. Records in 1983. He stayed with Warner Bros. through early 1987 but then went back to MCA to finish his career. In 1993, shortly before he died, he recorded a new album, Final Touches.

Films
Twitty had a short career in films, appearing in a few B-movies in 1960 in which he acted and sang, starting with Platinum High School, followed by College Confidential and Sex Kittens Go to College.

Baseball

Twitty also played baseball, his second passion. He received an offer to play with the Philadelphia Phillies after high school, but he was drafted into the U.S. Army before he could sign the contract. Twitty joined the entrepreneur Larry Schmittou and other country musicians, such as Cal Smith and Jerry Reed in 1977 as investors in the Nashville Sounds, a Minor League Baseball team of the Double-A Southern League, which began playing in 1978. Twitty threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the team's inaugural home opener at Herschel Greer Stadium on April 26, 1978. Twitty would also host celebrity softball games for charity, frequently playing against a team put together by Barbara Mandrell.

Twitty City
Twitty lived for many years in Hendersonville, Tennessee, just north of Nashville, Tennessee, where he built a country music entertainment complex named Twitty City at a cost of over $3.5 million. Twitty and Twitty City were once featured on the TV series Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous, and was also seen in the Nashville episode of the BBC series Entertainment USA, presented by Jonathan King. Opened in 1982, it was a popular tourist stop throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s; it was shut down in 1994 following a year-long tribute show called Final Touches, when fans and peers in the music business dropped by. The complex was auctioned off and bought by the Trinity Broadcasting Network in June 1994.

Personal life
Twitty was married four times, to three different women. His first marriage, to Ellen Matthews, lasted from 1953 to 1954. They had married because Ellen was pregnant with their son, Michael. His second, and longest, marriage was to Temple "Mickey" Medley. They were married in 1956 and had three children: Kathy, Joni Lee, and Jimmy Twitty. The couple were divorced in early 1970, but they remarried quietly by the end of 1970. By 1984, after 28 years of marriage on and off, the stress of Twitty's frequent absences took its toll on Mickey, and she and Conway divorced. Mickey Twitty died in 2021. In 1987, Twitty married his 36-year-old office secretary, Delores "Dee" Henry, who became his widow in June 1993.

Twitty made Oklahoma City his home during most of his recording career, from 1963 to 1972. He also lived in Norman, Oklahoma. Twitty performed at the Diamond Ballroom after its opening in 1964. Conway Twitty opened one of his Twitty Burger restaurants at 7200 S. Western Avenue in Oklahoma City.

In 1981, Twitty was exiting his tour bus when he slipped on the steps and fell, hitting his head against the steps. John Hughey, who was Twitty's steel guitar player, found him on the ground. Many people, including family members, said that Twitty underwent a change in personality after the accident.

Twitty served on the board of directors of CMT (Country Music Television) from 1984 to 1988, after Music Village Group (Nyhl Henson, Gilbert Biggers, Hall Hardaway Jr. and Benny and Dean Jaggers) acquired CMTV from Glen Daniels. (Inheriting a copyright infringement suit from Viacom, owner of MTV, settled for an undisclosed sum.) The Music Village Group, built Music Village USA adjacent to Twitty City including a state-of-the-art 1,776-seat theatre where CMT uplinked its 24-hour programming and produced live concerts. When Music Village and Twitty was sold in 1989 and CMT in 1990, Conway turned his attention to the burgeoning Branson market playing to sell-out crowds. Twitty teamed up again with Nyhl Henson and his team to anchor the new musical home of Conway Twitty and inked the deal the day before his death in June 1993.

Death
On June 4, 1993, Twitty became ill while performing at the Jim Stafford Theatre in Branson, Missouri. He collapsed on his tour bus after the show and was rushed to a hospital. He was rushed into surgery, but died of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, in the early hours of the following morning at Cox South Hospital in Springfield, Missouri at the age of 59. Loretta Lynn, who frequently was his chart-making duet partner, was at the hospital because her husband, Mooney, a.k.a. Doo, was recovering from heart surgery, and saw Twitty briefly as he entered the hospital. His last studio album, Final Touches, was released two months later. Four months after Twitty's death, George Jones included a cover version of "Hello Darlin'" on his album High-Tech Redneck.

Twitty was buried at Sumner Memorial Gardens in Gallatin, Tennessee in a red granite vault under his birth name Harold L. Jenkins. There are spaces reserved next to him for his wife and his son Michael.

Estate lawsuits
After Twitty's death, his estate became entangled in a lengthy court saga between the estate and family members, heirs, employees and others that lasted over a decade. In one instance, the estate sued his two daughters, claiming loans were due to be repaid. Five years after his death, The Tennessee Appeals Court referred to that case in its opening sentence with, "This is yet another chapter in the administration of the estate of Harold L. Jenkins, a popular entertainer whose stage name was 'Conway Twitty.'" The court sided with the daughters finding that the accountants and controllers of Twitty's books while he was alive, who later became the executors of the estate, kept "limited and sketchy information" when it came to the family members. In other instances, employees sued because of oral promises "to be taken care of" by Twitty and often were successful. The court found Twitty rarely, if ever, memorialized contracts with family members, contractors and employees in writing. Oral promises included bonuses of $1000 per year of employment. The estate attempted to reduce that to $100 per year.

Posthumous releases
Since his death, Twitty's son Michael and grandson Tre have been carrying on his musical legacy. Conway's most recent appearance on the country charts was a duet with Anita Cochran, "(I Want to Hear) A Cheating Song" (2004), which was made possible by splicing Twitty's vocal from old recordings and interviews, recorded over the years. As a result, Twitty's isolated vocal track was transferred to a digital multitrack and digitally reassembled into the new performance. Like the electronic duets of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves, Hank Williams and Hank Williams Jr., or Nat King Cole and Natalie Cole, Cochran added her vocal to backing tracks that had already been produced along with Twitty's reconstructed vocals.

Currently, Bear Family Records offers the single-disc collection Conway Rocks, featuring 30 songs, and The Rock 'n' Roll Years, a comprehensive eight-disc box set showcasing his complete early recordings as a rock artist.

Legal issues

Taxes
Twitty's success in country music was a key factor in his winning the 1983 case Harold L. Jenkins (a/k/a Conway Twitty) v. Commissioner in United States Tax Court. The Internal Revenue Service allowed Twitty to deduct from his taxes, as an "ordinary and necessary" business expense, payments that he had made to repay investors in a defunct fast-food chain called Twitty Burger; the chain disestablished in 1971. The general rule is that the payment of someone else's debts is not deductible. Twitty alleged that his primary motive was "protecting his personal business reputation." The court opinion contained testimony from Twitty about his bond with country music fans. The Tax Court ruled in Twitty's favor and allowed him to deduct these repayments.

Estate
Twitty married four times (twice to Mickey). His widow in 1993, Delores "Dee" Henry Jenkins, and his four grown children from the previous marriages, Michael, Joni, Kathy and Jimmy Jenkins, engaged in a public dispute over the estate. Twitty's will had not been updated to account for the fourth marriage, but Tennessee law reserves one third of any estate to the widow. After years of probate, the four children received the rights to Twitty's music, name and image. The rest of the estate went to public auction, where much of the property and memorabilia was sold after his widow rejected the appraised value.

In 2008, controversy again erupted in his family when the four remaining children sued Sony/ATV Music Publishing over an agreement that Twitty and his family signed in 1990. The suit alleged that the terms of the agreement were not fully understood by the children, although they were all adults at the time. It sought to recover copyrights and royalty revenue that the document assigned to the company.

Discography

Awards
Academy of Country Music
 1971 Top Vocal Duo, with Loretta Lynn
 1974 Top Vocal Duo, with Loretta Lynn
 1975 Album of the Year, Feelins, with Loretta Lynn
 1975 Top Male Vocalist
 1975 Top Vocal Duo, with Loretta Lynn
 1976 Top Vocal Duo, with Loretta Lynn
 2008 Pioneer AwardCountry Music Association 1972 Vocal Duo of the Year, with Loretta Lynn
 1973 Vocal Duo of the Year, with Loretta Lynn
 1974 Vocal Duo of the Year, with Loretta Lynn
 1975 Vocal Duo of the Year, with Loretta LynnCountry Music Hall of Fame and MuseumPosthumous inductee (1999)Delta Music Museum Hall of FamePosthumous inducteeGrammy Awards 1971 Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, "After the Fire Is Gone", with Loretta Lynn
 1999 Hall of Fame Award, "Hello Darlin'"Rockabilly Hall of Fame'''
 Posthumous inductee

Covers
Twitty recorded cover versions of numerous songs, notably "Slow Hand", a major pop hit for the Pointer Sisters; "Rest Your Love on Me", a top-40 country hit for the Bee Gees; "The Rose", a major pop hit for Bette Midler; and "Heartache Tonight", a major pop hit for the Eagles. Twitty's songs have also been covered numerous times, including four notable covers, George Jones's rendition of "Hello Darlin", Blake Shelton's "Goodbye Time", The Misfits' and Glen Campbell's versions of "It's Only Make Believe" and Elvis Presley's version of "There's a Honky Tonk Angel (Who'll Take Me Back In)". In addition, Kenny Chesney's version of "I'd Love to Lay You Down" was sung and received some airplay, mostly in the concert realm.

Some artists have had hits with songs that Twitty recorded but never released as singles. Among these are the Oak Ridge Boys' top-five hit, "I Wish You Could Have Turned My Head (And Left My Heart Alone)", originally from Twitty's album Crosswinds (1979); the Statler Brothers' "You'll Be Back (Every Night in My Dreams)", from Twitty's album Rest Your Love On Me (1980); Steve Wariner's "I'm Already Taken" (which Wariner wrote), from Twitty's album Mr. T (1981); Lee Greenwood's "It Turns Me Inside Out", from Twitty's album Southern Comfort (1982); John Conlee's "In My Eyes", from Twitty's album Dream Maker (1982); John Schneider's "What's a Memory Like You (Doin' in a Love Like This?)", from Twitty's album Chasin' Rainbows (1985); and Daryle Singletary's "The Note" and Ricky Van Shelton's "Somebody Lied", from Twitty's album Don't Call Him a Cowboy (1985).

In popular culture
 The fictional character 'Conrad Birdie' in the musical and movie Bye Bye Birdie is said to be a composite of Twitty and Elvis Presley. The part was written with Twitty in mind but, after deciding to concentrate on music rather than film or theatre, he declined the role.
 For the 1959 record Songs for Swinging Sellers, Peter Sellers included a character "Twit Conway", who was a rock singer.
 The animated TV series Family Guy has used several cutaways to various performances by Twitty as non sequitur transitions to provide a diversion for Peter Griffin, or as a counter to a controversial theme. The cutaway almost always begins with: "ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Conway Twitty!" In one episode ("Lois Comes Out of Her Shell"), the Conway Twitty cutaway is used with Justin Bieber's hair superimposed onto Twitty (with him introduced as "Conway Bieber"), and in another ("It's a Trap!") wearing Darth Vader's helmet (introduced as "Darth Twitty"). In the episode "3 Acts of God", God says to Peter "Conway Twitty says Cut it out. Just write a joke." In the episode "Rich Old Stewie", Conway Twitty is one of the people that Peter sees in Heaven. Peter says he looks mad but sees that he's wearing the Darth Vader helmet.
 On April 1, 2020, comedian Gus Johnson released a cover of Conway's entire 'Greatest Hits' album.

References

Bibliography
 Cross, Wilbur, and Michael Kosser (1986). The Conway Twitty Story: An Authorized Biography. Doubleday, 1986. .
 Cross, Wilbur, and Michael Kosser (1987). The Conway Twitty Story: An Authorized Biography. Paperback ed. Toronto: Paperjacks. .
 Oermann, Robert K. (1998). "Conway Twitty". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music''. Paul Kingsbury, ed. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 553–554. lpdiscography.com.

External links

  at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

1933 births
1993 deaths
People from Friars Point, Mississippi
American rockabilly guitarists
American baritones
Country musicians from Mississippi
American male singer-songwriters
American people of Welsh descent
American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Arkansas
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
People from Helena, Arkansas
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
Grammy Award winners
MGM Records artists
Decca Records artists
Charly Records artists
Elektra Records artists
Warner Records artists
Deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysm
20th-century American songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Mississippi
Country musicians from Tennessee
Country musicians from Arkansas
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters

Conway Twitty


Dan Pagis (în ; ) a fost un poet israelian de limbă ebraică, originar din Bucovina, România, traducător și filolog, cercetător al poeziei ebraice din Spania medievală. A fost profesor la Universitatea Ebraică din Ierusalim.

"Lirismul său reținut, de factură conceptuală, se bucură de prețuire în opinia critică israeliană și în cea din Occident" (Sebastian Costin, 1992).

Biografie

Copilăria la Rădăuți
Dan Pagis s-a născut în anul 1929 la Rădăuți ca fiu al lui Josef Pagis (1904-1982) și Juliska Judith, născută Ausländer. Tatăl era originar din Chișinău, Basarabia
și stăpânea limbile idiș, rusă și română. Mama sa a crescut în cultura germană-austriacă care domina în mediul evreiesc din Rădăuți.
În anul 1934 tatăl a plecat singur în Palestina pentru a pregăti emigrarea familiei acolo.La câteva luni după aceea a murit deodată mama lui Pagis în urma unei boli rapide, iar copilul orfan, de 5 ani, s-a mutat în casa bunicilor materni. Acolo a fost crescut cu o guvernantă germană, în cultura germană-austriacă. În afară de aceasta, se pare că a învățat și ebraica cu un profesor particular. Copil introvertit, inteligent și curios, Pagis își petrecea ceasuri întregi în biblioteca cea mare a bunicului, familiarizându-se cu literatura clasică germană.

Anii Holocaustului - anii 10 -15 ai vieții
În 1939 tatăl său a venit în vizită din Palestina pentru a-l lua cu el, dar bunica s-a împotrivit ("Unde vrei să iei copilul, între nisipuri, în deșert?" ar fi spus, după un citat din fragmentele de proză "Abba" - "Tata", publicate postum în 1991). După intrarea României alături de Germania nazistă în Al Doilea Război Mondial, potrivit politicii regimului Antonescu de epurare "rasială" în nordul și estul României, de la 12 octombrie 1941 majoritatea evreilor din Bucovina au fost trimiși în deportare în condiții inumane în lagăre și locuri de concentrare în zona dintre Nistru și Bug denumită Transnistria. În anii 1941-1943 au pierit în Transnistria și in drumul spre ea circa 10,000 din evreii din Rădăuți, bărbați și femei, bătrâni și copii.Circa 6.000 au fost încărcați în vagoane pentru transport de vite și trimiși pe calea ferată mai întâi la Mărculești, în Basarabia. Cea mai mare parte a lor au fost omorâți sau lăsați să moară pe drumul de acolo în Transnistria. La 13 octombrie 1941 a plecat din Rădăuți un transport suplimentar de 4.000 evrei spre localitatea basarabeană Atachi din zona Hotin și de acolo au fost și ei deportați în Transnistria.Între aceștia din urmă s-au aflat și familia Ausländer și copilul Dan Pagis. Bunicul a fost separat de soție și nepot și a fost trimis într-un lagăr, unde a murit de pneumonie. Copilul și bunica au ajuns într-un alt lagăr.
În anii 1943-1944 în urma reculului în fața armatei sovietice, regimul Antonescu a hotărât să închidă lagărele din Transnistria și să repatrieze treptat pe supraviețuitorii evrei originari din România. Dan Pagis a părăsit lagărul singur, se pare ca a fugit, și a ajuns în cele din urmă la Rădăuți. Poetul nu a acceptat niciodată să povestească, nici mai târziu soției și copiilor, despre viața lui în anii de deportare. Bunica a supraviețuit și ea și s-a întors și ea acasă mai târziu. În 1946 Pagis a emigrat în Palestina, singur, în cadrul "Emigrației tineretului" (în ebraică "Aliyat Hanoar"), și s-a reunit acolo cu tatăl său.În urma celor îndurate în ultimii ani, legătura cu tatăl său a fost dificilă.

În Israel
După ce a ajuns în Palestina, care pe atunci se afla în ultimii ani ai regimului mandatar britanic și în care a luat ființă în mai 1948 statul evreiesc modern Israel. Pagis și-a ales numele propriu ebraic Dan. Niciodată nu a menționat care a fost numele său dinainte. A învățat în cadrul pedagogic numit Hevrat Noar (Societatea de tineret) din kibuțul Merhavia, unde l-a cunoscut pe poetul Tuvya Ruebner, originar din Slovacia, care i-a devenit bun prieten. Apoi a studiat la Seminarul kibuțurilor (Seminar Hakibutzim) la Tel Aviv.Între anii 1951-1955 a predat la școala elementară din kibuțul Gat. În anul 1956 s-a mutat la Ierusalim, unde a studiat literatura ebraica și engleza la Universitatea Ebraică. În acelaș timp a lucrat ca profesor de literatură ebraică la Gimnaziul Rehavia din capitală, și și-a continuat cariera academică. Din anul 1976 a devenit membru al corpului didactic al Universității Ebraice ca cercetător al poeziei ebraice din evul mediu iberic, devenind, în cele din urmă, profesor.

Activitatea literară și academică
În timpul anilor de kibuț Pagis a cunoscut pe poeta și filologul Lea Goldberg care i-a devenit mentor și care a dat recomandari pentru publicarea primelor sale volume de versuri. Primele versuri publicate i-au apărut in 1949 în ziarul "Al Hamishmar".
În cursul vieții Pagis a publicat șase volume de versuri. Primul dintre ele, "Sheon Hatzel" (Ceasul de umbră) l-a publicat în anul 1959.
În afară de aceasta a fost activ ca traducător și ca redactor de cărți. Între altele a îngrijit și redactat poeziile lui David Vogel.

Pagis a publicat și un număr de cercetări în domeniul poeziei ebraice medievale, și a participat în anul 1968 la editarea poeziei lui Moshe Ibn Ezra.

Dan Pagis a fost căsătorit cu Ada Pagis, originară din Polonia, profesoară, absolventă a facultății de istorie și literatură a Universității Ebraice, ulterior cunoscută ca scriitoare și poetă, cu care a avut doi copii.
El a încetat din viață la Ierusalim la 56 ani și a fost înhumat la cimitirul de pe Har Hamenuhot (Muntele odihnei) din Ierusalim.

Premii și distincții

1973 - Premiul în memoria primului ministru Levi Eshkol pentru scriitori ebraici

In memoriam
Poezia sa scurtă "Katuv beiparon bakaron hehatum" ("Inscripție cu creionul pe un vagon plumbuit") din volumul "Gilgul" a fost gravată în ebraică și în traducere engleză și polonă pe monumentul în memoria victimelor din lagărul de exterminare nazist de la Belzec, în Polonia.

Cărți

Poezie
1959 - Sheon Hatzel (Ceasul de umbră)
1964 Shehut Meuheret (Răgaz târziu)
1970 Gilgul (Transformare)(Metamorfoză)
1975 Moah (Creier)
1982 Milim Nirdafot (Double Exposure)
1984 Shneim Asar Panim (Cele douăsprezece fețe ale smaragdului)
1987 Shirim Aharonim (Ultimele poezii)
1991 Kol Hashirim (Toate versurile) - editie ingrijită de T.Carmi și Hanan Haver.

Cărți pentru copii
1974, 1994 - Habeitzá shehithapsá (Oul care s-a mascat)

Scrieri filologice
1968 - Poeziile lui Levi Ibn Al-Tabban (Shirei Levi Ibn Alatabban)
1970 - Poezia laică și teoria poetică a lui Moshe Ibn Ezra și a contemporanilor săi (Shirat Ha-Hol Ve-Torat Ha-Shir Le-Moshe Eben Ezra U-Vnei Doro)
1976 - Schimbare și tradiție in poezia laică :Spania și Italia (Change and Tradition in Secular Poetry: Spain and Italy)
1979 - "Ke-Hut Ha-Shani" - Ca un fir roșu - Poezii ebraice de dragoste din Spania, Italia, Turcia și Yemen The Scarlet Thread – Hebrew Love Poems from Spain, Italy, Turkey and the Yemen (editare)
1986 - O taină pecetluită (Al Sod Hatum - Le toldot Hahida haivrit beItalia veHoland- Despre istoria șaradei ebraice în Italia și Olanda)
1993 - Ha-Shir Davur Al Ofanav (Poetry Aptly Explained – Studies and Essays on Medieval Hebrew Poetry)

Traduceri ale scrierilor sale în românește
 1992 - în La marginea cerului - Poeți ebraici contemporani, antologie și traducere de Sebastian Costin
 2014 - Poetul cu cerneala secretă, ediție ebraico-română, îngrijită de Menachem Falek

Note

Bibliografie
 Zisi Stavi, Igal Schwartz (red.)- Leksikon Heksherim lsofrim isreelim (Lexiconul "Heksherim" al scriitorilor israelieni) Editura Zmora-Bitan -Dvir, Institutul Heksherim, Beer Sheva 2014

Legături externe
 Ion Drăgușanul Dan Pagis, ascultând "sunetul paginii goale" postfață la antologia "Poetul cu cerneala secretă" 2016
 cinci poezii pe situl Yad Vashem

Nașteri în 1930
Decese în 1986
Poeți ebraici
Poeți israelieni
Poeți evrei
Evrei bucovineni
Filologi evrei
Supraviețuitori ai Holocaustului

Dan Pagis


Le congrès universel d'espéranto de 1951 est le  congrès universel d'espéranto, organisé en août 1951, à Munich en Allemagne de l'Ouest.

Contexte

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Congrès mondial d'espéranto

1951
Espéranto en Allemagne
Événement à Munich
1951 en Allemagne

Congrès universel d'espéranto de 1951


Porsuk, Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahalle, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 58 km, Çarşamba ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Porsuk Mahallesi web sitesi

Çarşamba'nın mahalleleri

Porsuk, Çarşamba


Perfect All-Kill (   ) ou PAK é uma conquista das paradas musicais na Coréia do Sul, onde uma música atinge simultaneamente o número um nos componentes em tempo real, diário e semanal do iChart, um agregador de classificação de gráficos de música operado pela Instiz. O termo "perfect all-kill" foi usado pela primeira vez quando a música " Nagging " de IU com Seulong subiu para o número 1 em todas as paradas musicais coreanas em junho de 2010. Embora o Instiz iChart tenha sido lançado em março de 2010, ele não lista os registros de 2010. Além de "Nagging", " Good Day " de IU, que liderou as paradas em dezembro de 2010, também foi reconhecida como uma música perfect all-kill. O artista que detém o recorde de maior número de músicas para alcançar um PAK é IU, com 21 músicas. A música com mais PAKs por hora é "Ditto", de NewJeans, com 655 PAKs. "Dynamite" de BTS detém o recorde para um grupo masculino, com 610 PAKs. "Celebrity" de IU detém o recorde para um ato solo, com 462 PAKs.

iChart
O Instiz iChart é o primeiro e único gráfico de música online sul-coreano que agrega os rankings dos principais serviços de streaming de música, incluindo Melon, Genie, Bugs!, Vibe e Flo, que fornecem dados diários e em tempo real. O iChart tem seus próprios rankings em tempo real e semanais com base nos pontos dados às músicas. O iChart é considerado transparente, pois calcula as pontuações com base nos dados de classificação de várias agências e atualiza seus gráficos diários e em tempo real de acordo. Os usuários também podem visitar os sites das agências de origem diretamente para comparar as classificações. Os registros podem ser acessados pelo público por três meses.

História
Antes de 2015, o iChart agregava pontuações de 10 provedores de serviços de música. Essas 10 agências foram Melon, Mnet, Bugs!, Olleh, Soribada, Genie, Naver, Daum, Cyworld e Monkey3. Cada gráfico forneceu classificações diárias e em tempo real. A remoção e/ou substituição de gráficos da lista oficial de classificação do iChart foi devido a 1 - inconsistências em seus critérios de classificação; 2 - baixo volume de usuários; ou 3 - serviço descontinuado.

Em fevereiro de 2017, Melon, Mnet e Genie mudaram seu cálculo de streaming para gráficos em tempo real apenas entre 12h e 18h. Isso significava que qualquer coisa que fosse lançada fora desse período de tempo não contaria para o gráfico até as 13h do dia seguinte. Esta grande mudança foi relatada como uma medida em busca de paradas musicais refletindo bastante a popularidade de uma música.

Em maio de 2017, Olleh e Monkey3 foram excluídos do cálculo do ranking do Instiz iChart e a pontuação do Naver Music dobrou.

Em fevereiro de 2019, Flo foi adicionado ao iChart.

Em outubro de 2019, a Mnet descontinuou seu serviço e se fundiu com a Genie, sendo posteriormente removida do gráfico. O Naver Music também foi removido e substituído pelo Naver VIBE.

Em maio de 2020, o Melon fez algumas alterações em seu cálculo de classificação em tempo real. O gráfico mudou de classificações com base no uso por hora por música para um gráfico calculado com base no número de ouvintes únicos. Os fluxos e downloads das últimas 24 horas foram calculados, em vez da última hora.

Mecanismo
Os gráficos em tempo real são atualizados ao longo do dia, 30 minutos após cada hora. Os gráficos diários, por outro lado, são atualizados uma vez ao dia, e cada plataforma de classificação atualiza seus gráficos em horários diferentes.

O iChart reúne os dados e pontos de atributos de cada música. A tabela a seguir mostra o sistema de pontos refletido nas classificações para determinar se a música alcançou um RAK, CAK ou PAK.

Além desses pontos, o Instiz iChart também atribui pontos de bônus para plataformas mais populares e amplamente utilizadas do que outras. Aplica um multiplicador aos pontos acumulados que uma música obtém de determinados gráficos. Este multiplicador só se aplica em gráficos diários.

A tabela a seguir mostra os pontos máximos para cada gráfico.

Termos relacionados
Outras categorias "all-kill" no Instiz iChart incluem Real-time All-Kill (RAK) e Certified All-Kill (CAK). O RAK é alcançado quando uma música se torna o número 1 em todos os gráficos em tempo real do iChart, enquanto o CAK é alcançado quando uma música se torna o número 1 em todos os gráficos diários e em tempo real do iChart. Para uma música alcançar um PAK, ela também precisa se tornar o número 1 no gráfico semanal do iChart.

Conquistas

As 10 canções com o maior número de PAKs por hora
A tabela a seguir lista as 10 principais músicas coreanas com o maior número de Perfect All-Kills (em horas), de 2010 até o presente.

Artistas com mais de 3 canções que alcançaram um PAK
A tabela a seguir lista os principais artistas coreanos com o maior número de músicas que alcançaram um Perfect all-kill de 2010 até o presente. Esta lista mostra os artistas com pelo menos 3 músicas que alcançaram um PAK.

Lista completa

Referências

Listas de música
Paradas de sucesso da Coreia do Sul

Perfect All-Kill


Dietmar Neutatz (* 13. April 1964 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe) ist ein deutscher Historiker. Er lehrt als Professor für Neuere und Osteuropäische Geschichte an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.

Leben und Wirken
Dietmar Neutatz besuchte von 1970 bis 1982 die Volksschule und das Gymnasium in Maria Enzersdorf, Mödling und Salzburg. Im Jahr 1982 erfolgte die Reifeprüfung und 1982/83 der Wehrdienst. Von 1983 bis 1988 studierte er Geschichte und Slawistik an der Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg. Bei Friedrich Gottas wurde er 1990 an der Universität Salzburg promoviert mit der Arbeit Die "deutsche Frage" im Schwarzmeergebiet und in Wolhynien. Politik, Wirtschaft, Mentalitäten und Alltag im Spannungsfeld von Nationalismus und Modernisierung (1856–1914). 1991 hatte er eine Assistenzvertretung am Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung der Universität Wien. Von 1992 bis 1995 war Neutatz Wissenschaftlicher Angestellter am Institut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. Dort war er von 1996 bis 2001 Wissenschaftlicher Assistent.

Im Jahr 1999 erfolgte die Habilitation in osteuropäischer Geschichte mit der Arbeit Die Moskauer Metro. Von den ersten Plänen bis zur Großbaustelle des Stalinismus (1897–1935). Es folgten Lehrstuhlvertretungen für Geschichte Osteuropas im Sommersemester 2000 an der Humboldt-Universität Berlin sowie im Wintersemester 2000/01 und Sommersemester 2001 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Im Wintersemester 2001/02 hatte er einen Lehrauftrag an der Bergischen Universität-Gesamthochschule Wuppertal. Im Wintersemester 2002/03 hatte er eine Vertretung des Lehrstuhls für Neuere und Osteuropäische Geschichte an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. Seit 2003 lehrt er dort als Professor für Neuere und Osteuropäische Geschichte. Eine Berufung 2011 an die Universität Wien auf eine Professur für Osteuropäische Geschichte lehnte er ab.

Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind die Geschichte Russlands und der Sowjetunion vom 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert, die deutschen Minderheiten im östlichen Europa, die Sozial-, Alltags- und Mentalitätengeschichte des Stalinismus, die Geschichte der Russlanddeutschen, die deutsch-tschechischen Beziehungen, die österreichisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen sowie der Konstitutionalismus und Antikonstitutionalismus im Russischen Reich. Er veröffentlichte 2013 eine Darstellung über die Geschichte Russlands im 20. Jahrhundert, die ihren Ausgang in den den 1890er Jahren im allmählich niedergehenden Zarenreich mit der ersten Volkszählung im Jahre 1897 nimmt und zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts mit der ersten Präsidentschaft Wladimir Putins und dessen Kampf gegen die sogenannten Oligarchen endet. Für seine Forschungen erhielt Neutatz 1991 den Würdigungspreis des Bundesministers für Wissenschaft und Forschung, 1992 den Fritz-Theodor-Epstein-Preis des Verbandes der Osteuropahistoriker und von 2008 bis 2010 ein Senior Fellowship am Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies.

Schriften
Monographien
 Träume und Alpträume. Eine Geschichte Russlands im 20. Jahrhundert (= Europäische Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert). Beck, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-406-64714-7.
 Die Moskauer Metro (= Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas. Band 33). Böhlau, Köln u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-412-12500-8 (Rezension).
 Die "deutsche Frage" im Schwarzmeergebiet und in Wolhynien (= Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa. Band 37). Steiner, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-515-05899-0.

Herausgeberschaften
 mit Volker Zimmermann: Von Historikern, Politikern, Turnern und anderen. Schlaglichter auf die Geschichte des östlichen Europa. Festschrift für Detlef Brandes zum 75. Geburtstag. Frank u. Timme, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-7329-0479-2.
 mit Victor Herdt: Gemeinsam getrennt. Bäuerliche Lebenswelten des späten Zarenreiches in multiethnischen Regionen am Schwarzen Meer und an der Wolga. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-447-05833-9.
 Die Deutschen und das östliche Europa. Aspekte einer vielfältigen Beziehungsgeschichte. Festschrift für Detlef Brandes zum 65. Geburtstag. Klartext-Verlag, Essen 2006, ISBN 3-89861-629-0.

Weblinks

 Seite von Neutatz an der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau

Anmerkungen

Neuzeithistoriker
Osteuropahistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1964
Mann

Dietmar Neutatz


Gaius Caesar (latină: Gaius Julius Caesar, ) a fost un consul roman în anul 1. A fost nepotul împăratului roman Augustus. Este fiul lui Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa și al Iuliei Caesaris filia, singura fiică a lui Augustus.  Gaius și fratele său mai mic, Lucius Caesar, au fost numiți de bunicul lor ca fii adoptați și moștenitori ai imperiului. A fost primul soț al Claudiei Livia Julia.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 20 î.Hr.
Decese în 4
Generali romani
Dinastia iulio-claudiană

Gaius Caesar


Chypre participe aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 9 au . Il s'agit de sa douzième participation à des Jeux d'hiver.

La délégation ne compte qu'un seul participant.

Résultats en ski alpin

Yianno Kouyoumdjian, skieur de 25 ans originaire de Nicosie, parvient à décrocher un quota sur le slalom et le slalom géant même s'il est classé au-delà de la 3000 place ; il avait fini avant-dernier aux championnats du monde en slalom.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Chypre  sur le site du CIO

Chypre
2022
Sport à Chypre en 2022

Chypre aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022


The Sharpstown scandal was a stock fraud scandal in the state of Texas in 1971 and 1972 involving the highest levels of the state government. The name came from the involvement of the Sharpstown area of Houston.

Background
The scandal revolved around Houston banker and insurance company manager Frank Sharp and his companies, the Sharpstown State Bank and the National Bankers Life Insurance Corporation (NBL). Sharp granted $600,000 in loans from his bank to state officials who would, in turn, purchase stock in National Bankers Life, to be resold later at a huge profit, after Sharp artificially inflated the company's value. One of the victims of the scandal, Strake Jesuit College Preparatory, lost $6,000,000 and a portion of the school's land following the advice of Sharp. The school bought the resold stock at $20–$26 a share. Using the stock as encouragement, Sharp pushed for legislation that would benefit National Bankers Life, increasing the value of the company to its investors—the very people who would push the legislation through.

The scheme succeeded in generating profits for the investors on the order of a quarter of a million dollars, but the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) stepped in early in 1971, filing criminal and civil charges against former state attorney general Waggoner Carr (D), former state insurance commissioner John Osorio, Frank Sharp, and a number of others. By the middle of 1971, anyone in the state government who might have been connected to Sharp was heavily pressured politically. Allegations of bribery to push the favorable bills through the government spread to House Speaker Gus Mutscher Jr. (D), State Representative Thomas Clifton "Tommy" Shannon (D), state Democratic chairman and state banking board member Elmer Baum, Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes (D), and even Governor Preston Smith (D).

Outcome
Gus Mutscher was indicted by the SEC in late 1971, and subsequently tried in Abilene in 1972. He was found guilty of conspiracy for accepting a bribe from Sharp, and sentenced to five years' probation. As a convicted felon, he was forced to resign his seat. Mutscher appealed the charges, and after the scandal had calmed down, the charges were overturned. He was then elected to county judge of Washington County, and worked as a political consultant and lobbyist until his death in 2023. Sharp was also found guilty of violating federal banking and securities laws, and was sentenced to three years' probation and a $5,000 fine.

State Representative Tommy Shannon and Rush McGinty (one of Mutscher's aides) were also convicted of accepting a bribe from Sharp, and sentenced to five years' probation.

Although none of the other elected officials were found guilty, the damage had already been done to the two Democratic politicians. 1972 was an election year, and everyone who was remotely connected to the scandal was defeated by more moderate Democrats, Republicans, or other reform candidates.

Although not brought to trial, Governor Preston Smith and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes saw their political careers effectively ended. Smith, who called the special session to consider the NBL-favorable legislation and then sold his NBL stock for a $62,500 profit before vetoing the legislation, was defeated in the primaries by businessman Dolph Briscoe of Uvalde.

Attorney General Crawford Martin, who in 1967 issued a legal opinion that was said to have allowed a 2,200% increase in the bank's capitalization, was defeated in the Democratic Primary for renomination by John L. Hill.

The final impact of the stock fraud scandal on Texas politics occurred during the regular session of the legislature in 1973. The lawmakers, led by new House Speaker Price Daniel Jr. of Liberty, a political moderate and son of a former governor, supported by Attorney General Hill, Lieutenant Governor Hobby, and Governor Briscoe, passed a series of far-reaching reform laws. The legislation required state officials to disclose their sources of income, forced candidates to make public more details about their campaign finances, opened up most governmental records to citizen scrutiny, expanded the requirement for open meetings of governmental policy-making agencies, and imposed new disclosure regulations on paid lobbyists.

The "Dirty Thirty"
"Dirty Thirty" was the name given, by Dan Cain, House Committee Clerk, to thirty members of the 1971 Texas House of Representatives who grouped against Texas Speaker of the House Gus Mutscher and other Texas officials charged in the Sharpstown scandal. The coalition of thirty Democrats and Republicans, conservatives and liberals, has been given credit for keeping the Sharpstown stock fraud scandal alive as a political issue.

References

External links

Political scandals in Texas
1970s in the United States
Finance fraud

Sharpstown scandal


العدو اللدود هي فرقةٌ موسيقيةٌ سويدية لموسيقى الديث ميتال، من مدينة هالمستاد في السويد، وتم تشكيلها في عام 1996. تأسست الفرقة على يد عازفِ جيتار فرقة كاركاس مايكل آيموط، واشترك معه في ذلك يوهان ليفا، حيث كان الاثنان أعضاء في فرقة الديث ميتال واسعة النفوذ كارنيدج. أصدرت فرقة «العدو اللدود» سبعة ألبومات استوديو، وألبوما مباشرا اسمه (بيرنينج جابان لايف 1999)، واسطوانتا دي في دي، وثلاثة أغنياتٍ مطولة. كان مغني الفرقة الرئيسي يوهان ليفا؛ ولكنه استبدل بواسطة أنجيلا جوسو كمغنيةٍ رئيسيةٍ في عام 2000.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1996 في السويد
فرق موسيقى هيفي ميتال سويدية
فرق موسيقية أسست في 1996
فرق موسيقية خماسية
فرق موسيقية سويدية

ارتش انيمي


Topaz, kimyasal yapısı Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 olan, kıymetli taş özelliğine sahip florlu alüminyum silikat minerali. Beyaz topaz buji porseleni yapımında kullanılır. Isıya dayanıklılığı oldukça yüksektir. Katışıksız topaz renksiz olabilir ve pırlanta kesim yoluyla traşlandığında elmasla karıştırılabilir. Topaz sarı, kırmızı, pembe, mavi veya kahverenginin çeşitli tonlarında da olabilir. Taşın rengi çoğunlukla kararsızdır ve güneş ışığında rengini kaybedebilir. Mesela Sibirya'nın kahverengi topazı güneş ışığında beyazlaşır. 1750'lerde ilk defa bir kuyumcu Brezilya topazının hafifçe ısıtıldığında pembeleştiğini buldu. Sonra bu metot yaygınlaştı. Böyle yanık topaza çoğu yerde Brezilya yakutu denir ve nadir bulunan tabii kırmızı topaz aynı isimle anılır.

Topaz granit ve pegmatit kristalleri içinde bulunur. Brezilya'nın Ouro Preto bölgesinde çok çıkar. Sibirya, Sri Lanka ve Nijerya'da da topaz yatakları oldukça fazladır.

Topazın sertliği 8, özgül ağırlığı 3,5 - 3,6 ve kristal sistemi ortorombiktir.

Değerli taşlar
Silikat mineralleri
Utah'ın sembolleri

Topaz


O  , também conhecido como Ministério da Guerra, era o ministério de nível de gabinete no Império do Japão encarregado dos assuntos administrativos do Exército Imperial Japonês (IJA). Existiu de 1872 a 1945.

História
O Ministério do Exército foi criado em abril de 1872, junto com o Ministério da Marinha, para substituir o  do início do governo Meiji.

Inicialmente, o Ministério do Exército estava encarregado da administração e do comando operacional do Exército Imperial Japonês. No entanto, com a criação do Gabinete do Estado-Maior do Exército Imperial Japonês em dezembro de 1878, ele ficou apenas com funções administrativas. Seu papel principal era garantir o orçamento do exército, aquisição de armas, pessoal, relações com a Dieta Nacional e o Gabinete, e assuntos gerais de política militar.

O cargo de Ministro do Exército era politicamente poderoso. Embora um membro do Gabinete após o estabelecimento do sistema de gabinete de governo em 1885, o Ministro do Exército respondia diretamente ao Imperador (o comandante-chefe de todas as forças armadas japonesas sob a Constituição Meiji  e não ao Primeiro-Ministro.

Desde a sua criação, o cargo de Ministro do Exército era geralmente preenchido por um general da ativa no Exército Imperial Japonês. Esta prática foi transformada em lei sob a   em 1900 pelo Primeiro Ministro Yamagata Aritomo para conter a influência dos partidos políticos nas questões militares. Abolida em 1913 sob a administração de Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, a lei foi revivida novamente em 1936 por insistência do Estado-Maior do Exército pelo primeiro-ministro Hirota Kōki . Ao mesmo tempo, o Exército Imperial Japonês proibiu seus generais de aceitarem cargos políticos, exceto com permissão do Quartel-General Imperial. Tomados em conjunto, esses arranjos deram ao Exército Imperial Japonês um direito efetivo e legal de nomear (ou recusar a nomeação) o Ministro do Exército. A capacidade do Exército Imperial Japonês de se recusar a nomear um Ministro do Exército deu-lhe poder de veto efetivo sobre a formação (ou continuação) de qualquer administração civil e foi um fator chave na erosão da democracia representativa e na ascensão do militarismo japonês.

A partir de 1937, tanto o Ministro do Exército quanto o Chefe do Estado-Maior do Exército passaram a integrar o Quartel-General Imperial.

Com a rendição do Império do Japão na Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Ministério do Exército foi abolido junto com o Exército Imperial Japonês pelas autoridades de ocupação aliadas em novembro de 1945 e não foi revivido na Constituição do Japão do pós-guerra.

Organização

 Subsecretário do Exército (vice-ministro)
 Gabinete de Assuntos Militares
 Gabinete de Pessoal
 Gabinete de Armas
 Gabinete do Serviço do Exército
 Gabinete de Administração
 Intendência (Contas e Suprimentos)
 Médico
 Gabinete Judiciário
 Gabinete de Mobilização Econômica
 Gabinete Aeronáutico
 Mobilização Econômica (abolida em abril de 1945)

O Ministério do Exército e o Quartel-General Imperial estavam localizados em Ichigaya, que agora faz parte de Shinjuku, na capital Tóquio.

Ministros do Exército do Japão

Veja também

 Gabinete do Estado-Maior do Exército Imperial Japonês

Referências

Bibliografia

 "Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East". Adam Matthew Publications. Retrieved 2 March 2005.

Fundações no Japão em 1872
Política do Império do Japão
Exército Imperial Japonês
!Artigos com texto em japonês

Ministério do Exército (Império do Japão)


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| كومنز = Category:Championnat d'Algérie D1 (football)
}}
الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى (البطولة الوطنية الجزائرية للدرجة الأولى سابقا)، هي أعلى مسابقة للأندية في رياضة كرة القدم في الجزائر، بدأ الدوري لأول مرة عام 1904 إبان حقبة الاستعمار الفرنسي. توقفت المسابقة سنة 1958 لتستأنف بعد الاستقلال سنة 1962، وهي تضم اليوم 16 فريقاً. حقوق البث لهذه البطولة هي للتلفزيون الجزائري.

آخر من فاز بالبطولة هو نادي شباب بلوزداد عام 2023، أما أكثر الفائزين باللقب فهو شبيبة القبائل (14 مرات)، يليه نادي شباب بلوزداد (10 مرات) ووفاق سطيف واتحاد الجزائر (8 مرات) ومولودية الجزائر (7 مرات)، ثم مولودية وهران (4 مرات).

أنشأت الرابطة عام 1962عندما نالت الجزائر استقلالها. حتى عام 1950 كان التنافس على الدوريات الإقليمية فقط (الجزائر، قسنطينة، وهران). أقيمت بعض المباريات الفاصلة "الوطنية" في العقد الأول من القرن العشرين لأول مرة في عام 1904. بين عامي 1920 و 1956 لعب الفائزون في بطولة شمال إفريقيا جنبًا إلى جنب مع الفائزين بالبطولة من المغرب وتونس.

في 21 أغسطس 2010 ، أعلنت الاتحادية الجزائرية لكرة القدم عن تغيير اسم الدوري إلى الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى ليعكس طبيعة الفرق المحترفة المشاركة فيه.

 النظام
تلعب الفرق ذهابا وإيابا. البطل ووصيفه يشاركان في دوري أبطال أفريقيا. أما صاحب المركز الثالث فيشارك في كأس الاتحاد الأفريقي إلى جانب الفائز بكأس الجزائر.
 السجل التاريخي

 خلاصة البطولات الوطنية بين (1963 - 2018)

 الأبطال
 قبل الاستقلال

 الصيغة الأولى تشمل كل الجزائر
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! الموسم
! البطل
|-
| 1904 || 'سبورتينغ وهران
|-
| 1905 || سبورتينغ وهران
|-
| 1906 || -
|-
| 1907 || -
|-
| 1908 || -
|-
| 1909 || -
|-
| 1910 || -
|-
| 1911 || -
|-
| 1912 || -
|-
| 1913 || غالية سبور
|-
|}

 تقسيم البطولة إلى ثلاث مجموعات (شرق، وسط، غرب)

 ادخال البلاي اوف لتحديد البطل
بلاي اوف مكون من اربع فرق بين بطل كل رابطة (شرق وسط وغرب) و ثاني أحسن فريق من الثلاث رابطات لتحديد بطل الجزائر، وكانت لموسمين فقط.

 العودة لتنظيم بطولة شاملة لكل الجزائر

منذ الاستقلال

 ملاحظة:

 1962 - 2010 : البطولة الجزائرية القسم الأول::* من 2010 : الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى لكرة القدم

 تغيير تسميات النوادي:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! النادي
! التسمية السابقة
|-
| شباب بلوزداد || شباب بلكور، شباب ميكانيك بلكور
|-
| وفاق سطيف || وفاق بلاستيك سطيف
|-
| غالي معسكر || غالي ري معسكر
|-
| شبيبة القبائل || نادي الكوكبي، جمعية الكترونيك تيزي وزو
|-
| مولودية الجزائر || مولودية نفط الجزائر
|-
| مولودية وهران || مولودية نفط وهران
|-
| نصر حسين داي ||  ملاحة حسين داي
|-
| اتحاد الشاوية ||  الاتحاد الرياضي بلدية ام البواقي
|-
| رائد القبة || رائد صلب القبة
|}

إحصائيات

قائمة أحسن الهدافين

انظر أيضًا
 كأس الجزائر لكرة القدم
 الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الثانية لكرة القدم
 الإتحادية الجزائرية لكرة القدم
 منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم

وصلات خارجية
 الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة لكرة القدم
 كرة القدم الجزائرية دي زاد فوت

المراجع

الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة
الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى لكرة القدم
دوريات رياضية أسست سنة 1962
دوريات كرة قدم في الجزائر
دوريات كرة قدم وطنية من المستوى الأول في إفريقيا
منافسات كرة قدم في الجزائر

الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى


في الرياضيات, يكون حسبان المصفوفات  عبارة عن ترميز متخصص للقيام بحسبان متعدد المتغيرات, وخصوصاً على فراغات المصفوفات, حيث تعرف أيضاً باسم تفاضل المصفوفات . هذا النوع من الترميز مناسب تماماً لوصف أنظمة المعادلات التفاضلية, وأيضاً لأخذ تفاضلات الدوال ذو القيم المصفوفية وذلك بالنسبة إلى المتغيرات المصفوفية. يُستعمل ذا الترميز عادةً في الإحصاء وفي الهندسة, بينما يُفضل استعمال ترميز مؤشر التينسور Tensor index notation في الفيزياء.

ملاحظة
تستعمل هذه المقالة تعريف آخر لحسبان المصفوفات والمتجهات عما هو موجود غالباً ضمن نظرية المقدرات وتمييز الأنماط. لذلك تظهر المعادلات الناتجة منقولةً مقارنةً بتلك المعادلات التي تُستعمل في الكتب الدراسية ضمن تلك الحقول.

الترميز
فلتكن M(n,m) هو فضاء المصفوفات n×m ذو الأعداد الحقيقية مع n صف وm عمود، يُشار إلى المصفوفات عادةً باستعمال حرف لاتيني كبير بخط عليظ مثل: A, وX, وY, إلخ. يُشار عادةً إلى عنصر M(n,1), التي تسمى بمتجه عمودي column vector, بحرف لاتيني صغير بخط عليظ مثل: a, وx, وy, إلخ. يُشار إلى العنصر M(1,1)، التي تعتبر كمية قيلسية، بحرف لاتيني صغير بخط مائل مثل: a, وt, وx, إلخ. كما يُشار XT إلى نقل المصفوفات، و tr(X) إلى الاقتفاء, و det(X) إلى المحددة. يُفترض بأن تكون جميع الدوال من صنف قابلية المفاضلة differentiability class C1 ما لم يذكر خلاف ذلك. على العموم، تُستخدم نصف الحروف الأولى الأبجدية اللاتينية (a, b, c, …) للإشارة إلى الثوابت، وتُستخدم نصف الحروف الثانية (t, x, y, …) للإشارة إلى المتغيرات.

حسبان المتجهات

بما أن فضاء M(n,1) تُعرف مع الفضاء الإقليدي Rn وفضاء M(1,1) تُعرف مع R, فأنه يمكن للترميزات المتنامية هنا بأن تستوعب في الغالب عمليات حسبان المتجهات.

يكون متجه المماس للانجناء x : R → Rn هو:

و يكون الممال gradient للدالة القياسية f : Rn → R

إذا، يكون المشتقة الإتجاهية directional derivative للدالة f في الإتجاه v هو:

يوصف الدفع الأمامي أو التفاضلي للدالة f : Rm → Rn بواسطة مصفوفة جاكوبي

يكون الدفع الأمامي على طول الدالة f للمتجه v في الظاء Rm هو:

حسبان المصفوفات
لغرض تعريف مشتقات الدوال البسيط، لن يكون هناك الكثير من التغيرات في فضاء المصفوفات; ويكون فضاء المصفوفات ذو البعد n×m مساوية لشكل فضاء المتجهات Rnm. لدى الثلاث المشتقات المعروفة في حسبان المتجهات نسخ مشابهة لها هنا، على الرغم من التحذير الموجود في قسم المطابقات الموجود أدناه حول عملية المضاعفة.

يكون متجه المماس للانحناء F : R → M(n,m) هو:

و يكون الممال gradient للدالة القياسية f : M(n,m) → R

لاحظ بأن فهرسة الممال بالنسبة إلى X هي مصفوفة منقولة بالمقارنة مع فهرسة X. كما تُعطى المشتقة الإتجاهية للدالة f في إتجاه المصفوفة Y بواسطة:

يكون تفاضل أو المشتقة المصفوفية للدالة F : M(n,m) → M(p,q) هو العنصر M(p,q) ⊗ M(m,n), وهو تنسور ذو الرتبة الرابعة (يشير انعكاس m وn هنا إلى الفضاء الثنائي للعنصر M(n,m)). وباختصار تكون المشتقة المصفوفية لتلك الدالة هي مصفوفة m×n كل عنصراً فيها هو مصفوفة p×q.

و لاحظ بأن كل ∂F/∂Xi,j هو عبارة عن مصفوفة p×q كما ذًكر في الأعلى. لاحظ أيضاً بأن لدى هذه المصفوفة مصفوفة منقولة ومفهرسة; ولديها m صف وn عمود. إذاً, يكون الدفع الأمامي على طول الدالة F للمصفوفة n×m حيث يكون Y في M(n,m) هو: مثل مصفوفات السد block Matrix.
لاحظ بأن هذا التعريف يشمل كل التعاريف السابقة حتى الحالات الخاصة.

مطابقات
لاحظ بأن عملية مضاعفة المصفوفات ليست عملية تبديلية, لذلك في هذه المطابقات، يجب أن لا يتغير الترتيب.

 قاعدة السلسلة: إذا كان Z هو دالة Y والتي بدورها هي دالة X, وإذا كان جميع تلك الدوال هي متجهات عمودية، إذاً:

قاعدة الجداء: في جميع الحالات، عندما لا تطبق المشتقات نظرية حواصل ضرب التنسور (على سبيل المثال، لدىY أكثر ممن صف واحد ولدى X أكثر من عمود واحد), يكون:

أمثلة

اشتقاق الدوال الخطية
يسرد هذا القسم بعض من أشهر الصيغ التي تستعمل لاشتقاق المتجهات في المعادلات الخطية وذلك بالتعويض في متجه.

اشتقاق الدوال التربيعية
يسرد هذا القسم بعض من أشهر الصيغ التي تستعمل لاشتقاق المتجهات في المعادلات المصفوفية التربيعية وذلك بالتعويض في كمية قياسية.

هناك إحدى المشتقات التي لها علاقة بهذا الموضوع وهي مشتقة النظيم الأقليدي Euclidean norm:

اشتقاق الاقتفاءات المصفوفية
يعرض هذا القسم أمثلة عن التفاضل المصفوفي للمعادلات الاقتفائية الشائعة.

اشتقاق المحددة المصفوفية

العلاقة مع الاشتقاقات الأخرى
هناك تعريفات أخرى تُستعمل للقيام بالاشتقاقات في الفضاء متعدد المتغيرات. فبالنسبة إلى فضاء المتجه الطوبولوجي, يكون الاشتقاق الأكثر شيوعاً هو اشتقاق فريشيه Fréchet derivative, التي تستعمل النظيم. وفي حالة فضاء المصفوفات، هناك العديد من النظيمات المصفوفية matrix norms متوفرة، والتي تُعتبر جميعها متكافئة عندما يكون الفضاء محدود الأبعاد. على أية حال، إن الاشتقاق المصفوفي المُعرف في هذه المقالة ليست لها أي فائدة لأي عملية طوبولوجية في M(n,m). كما أنها أقتصرت فقط على ناحية الاشتقاقات الجزئية, التي تُعتبر حساسة فقط للتغيرات في بعدٍ واجد في زمنٍ ما، ولذلك فأنها ليست محددة ببنية تفاضلية كاملة للفضاء. على سبيل المثال، فأنه من الممكن لخريطة واحدة أن تحوي على جميع الاشتقاقات الجزئية الموجودة في نقطة، إلا أنه لم يعد هذا موجوداً في دراسة طوبولوجيا الفضاء. أنظر مبرهنة هارتوغز Hartogs' theorem كمثال. إن الاشتقاق المصفوفي ليست حالة خاصة لاشتقاق فريشيه لفضاء المصفوفات، بل أنه ترميز مستقل وأكثر سهولة لتتبع العديد من الاشتقاقات الجزئية للقيام بالحسابات عليها، على الرغم من أن هذه الدالة في هذه الحالة تكون مفاضلة فريشيه Fréchet differentiable, إلا إن كلا الاسمين يؤديان إلى نفس المعنى.

استعمالات
تُستعمل حسبان المصفوفات لاستنتاج المقدرات العشوائية الأمثلية، وغالباً ما يتضمن على مضاعفات لاغرانج. وهذا يشمل اشتقاق:
 مرشح كالمان Kalman filter
 مرشح وينر Wiener filter
 خوارزمية التوقع الأقصى للخليط الغاوسي Expectation-maximization algorithm

بدائل
تُعتبر ترميز مؤشر التنسور وتجميع أينشتاين متشابهتين جداً لحسبان المصفوفات، عدا إنها تكتب مركبة واحدة فقط في كل مرة. وتُعتبر هذه إجابية حيث يمكن للمرء يأن يتلاعب بالتنسورات عالية الرتبة اعتباطياً, بينما أن التنسورات ذا الرتبة الأعلى-من-أثنين صعب التلاعب بها بواسطة ترميز المصفوفات. لاحظ بأن المصفوفة يمكن أن تُعتبر تنسوراً بالرتبة الثانية.

مراجع

تفاضل متعدد المتحولات
جبر خطي
نظرية المصفوفات
حساب المتجهات

حساب المصفوفات


An Eragrostis longifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Achille Richard, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter och Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Eragrostis longifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis longifolia


Hospital (llamada oficialmente San Pedro Fiz do Hospital) es una parroquia y una aldea española del municipio de Incio, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Otras denominaciones

La parroquia también es conocida por el nombre de San Pedro Fiz de Hospital.

Límites

Limita con las parroquias de Sirgueiros al norte, Santa Marina de Incio y Trascastro al este, San Pedro de Incio y Óutara al sur, e Incio al oeste.

Historia

La localidad aparece documentalmente desde el  relacionada con el complejo de hospedería y hospital existente en torno a la iglesia de San Pedro Fiz, construido por la Orden Militar y Hospitalaria de San Juan de Jerusalén, formando parte de la encomienda de Quiroga una de las siete que esta orden tenía en Galicia, integrada en el Priorato de Castilla y León.

En el , con la invasión francesa de la península, se produjeron diversos saqueos.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por seis entidades de población, constando cinco de ellas en el nomenclátor del Instituto Nacional de Estadística español:

Entidades de población

Entidades de población que forman parte de la parroquia:
 Carralcoba (Carralcova)
 Dontide
 Hospital (O Hospital)
 Madeiro
 Outeiro

Despoblado

Despoblado que forma parte de la parroquia:
 Diciona

Demografía

Parroquia

Aldea

Patrimonio artístico

El monumento más importante que se conserva es la Iglesia de San Pedro Fiz, románica de finales del , considerada Monumento Nacional en 1981, que destaca por su construcción marmórea procedente de unas canteras cercanas.

Además, destaca una torre cuadrada defensiva de la misma época que fue reconvertida en campanario exento. Una segunda torre exenta sería reconvertida en el  en panteón de los señores de Quiroga.

Festividades

Las fiestas patronales de San Bartolomé se celebran el 24 de agosto.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Hospital. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2011.
 Hospital de Incio. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2011.

Parroquias de Incio
Localidades de Incio
Localidades de la provincia de Lugo

Hospital (Incio)


Leydi Mary Wortley Montagu (26 Mayıs 1689, Londra - 21 Ağustos 1762, Londra), İngiliz yazardır. Osmanlı döneminde İngiltere tarafından İstanbul'a elçi olarak atanan Edward Wortley Montagu'nun eşiydi.

Yaşamı
Leydi Mary 1689 yılında Londra'da soylu bir ailenin kızı olarak dünyaya geldi. Çocukluk yıllarında şiir yazmaya başladı ve Latince öğrendi. Kendisinde 11 yaş büyük bir politikacı olan Edward Wortley Montagu'ya âşık oldu. Babasının onayını almadan 1712 yılında Edward Wortley Montagu'yla evlendi.

1716 yılında eşi İngiltere'nin Osmanlı elçisi olarak atandı. Leydi Montagu eşi ve oğluyla birlikte İstanbul'a geldi. Lale Devrinin başlangıcına rast gelen bu dönemde 2 yılını İstanbulda geçirdi. İngiltere'deki arkadaşlarına İstanbul'daki izlenimlerini en ince ayrıntılarıyla anlatan birçok mektuplar yazdı.

1718 yılında eşiyle birlikte Londra'ya geri döndü ve sosyetenin aranan bir üyesi oldu. Hikâyeler ve çeşitli konularda makaleler yazdı. Diğer soylularla çeşitli konularda topluma açık tartışmalara girdi. Bazı görüşlerinlerden dolayı feminizmin ilk savunucularından biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. 1738 yılında Venedikli Kont Francesco Algarotti'ye âşık oldu. Eşi ve çocuklarını terkederek İtalya'ya gitti. Kont Algarotti'yle aralarının bozulmasına rağmen yaşamının geri kalan bölümünün çoğunu İtalya'da geçirdi. 1762 yılında Londra'da öldü.

Osmanlı-Avrupa ilişkilerindeki rolü

Leydi Montagu'nun İstanbul'da yazdığı mektuplar (Şark Mektupları) ölümünden sonra 1763 yılında kitap halinde yayınlandı ve Avrupa'da ilgiyle okundu. Bu mektuplar Turkish Embassy Letters adı altında halen basılmaya devam etmektedir ve Türkçeye de tercüme edilmiştir [1]. Bu mektuplar genelde Osmanlı toplumunu olumlu bir şekilde yansıtmaktadır. Avrupalıların Osmanlılar hakkındaki önyargılarını düzeltmek için çaba göstermiştir.

Leydi Montagu Çiçek hastalığı geçirmişti ve yüzünde hastalığın izleri kalmıştı. İngiltere'de henüz bulunmayan Çiçek aşısının İstanbul'da yaygın bir şekilde kullanıldığını hayretle gördü ve hemen 2 çocuğunu İstanbul'da aşılattı. İstanbul'dan yazdığı mektuplarla ve Londra'ya döndükten sonra bizzat kendisi Çiçek aşısını İngilizlere tanıttı. Osmanlı uygarlığını övdü. Osmanlıların kadınlara verdiği değeri anlattı. Osmanlı kadını hakkında şunları dile getirmiştir; Türk kadınlarının en büyük süsü Türk oluşlarıdır. Onlar süslenmek için elmas veya zümrüt takınmıyorlar, belki üzerlerinde taşıdıkları o taşları süslemiş ve kıymetlendirmiş oluyorlar. Çünkü her Türk kadını canlı bir inci ve paha biçilmez bir pırlantadır.

Kaynakça

 Şark Mektupları, Mary Wortley Montagu, Tercümesi Ahmed Refik, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 1998 ISBN 975-362-408-5

1689 doğumlular
1762 yılında ölenler
İngiliz yazarlar
Osmanlı araştırmaları
İstanbul yazarları
Lale Devri
Mektup yazarları

Mary Wortley Montagu


Sekundærrute 265 er en rutenummereret landevej på Sjælland.

Ruten strækker sig fra Korsør til Kalvehave.

Rute 265 har en længde på ca. 91 km.

Kilder

265

Sekundærrute 265


රුද්‍රප්‍රයාග් යනු, ඉන්දියානු උත්තරාකන්ද් ප්‍රාන්තයෙහි රුද්‍රප්‍රයාග් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙහි පිහිටි සුළුනගරයක් සහ මහානගරයකි. රුද්‍රප්‍රයාග් යනු, අලකනන්දා ගංගාවෙහි පංච් ප්‍රයාග් (පංච සංයාත) අතරින් එකක් වන අතර, එය අලකනන්දා සහ මන්දාකිණි ගංගාවන්‌ගේ සංයාත ස්ථානය වෙයි.  හින්දු ශුද්ධ නගරයක් වන කේදාර්නාත්, රුද්‍රප්‍රයාග්හී සිට කිමී 68 ක් දුරින් පිහිටයි. ජිම් කෝර්බට් විසින් දඩයම් කොට ඌ පිළිබඳ පොතක් ලියැවුනු රුද්‍රප්‍රාග්හී මිනී කන දිවියා ජීවත්වූයේ මෙහිය.

රුද්‍රප්‍රයාග්


مسجد بيزانسون من (أو مسجد الفتح) هو مسجد يقع في بيزانسون في فرنسا. النصب شيد في عام 2005 ولكن ليس له مئذنة.

المساجد والجمعيات

انظر أيضا
 الإسلام في بيزانسون
 قائمة المساجد في فرنسا

بلانواز
مساجد في فرنسا

مسجد الفتح بيزانسون


Lin Zexu (30 August 1785 – 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese political philosopher and politician. He was a head of state (Viceroy), Governor General, scholar-official, and under the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty best known for his role in the First Opium War of 1839–42. He was from Fuzhou, Fujian Province. Lin's forceful opposition to the opium trade was a primary catalyst for the First Opium War. He is praised for his constant position on the "moral high ground" in his fight, but he is also blamed for a rigid approach which failed to account for the domestic and international complexities of the problem. The Emperor endorsed the hardline policies and anti-drugs movement advocated by Lin, but placed all responsibility for the resulting disastrous Opium War onto Lin.

Early life and career
Lin was born in Houguan (侯官; modern Fuzhou, Fujian Province) towards the end of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. His father, Lin Binri (), served as an official under the Qing government. He was the second son in the family. As a child, he was already "unusually brilliant". In 1811, he obtained the position of advanced Jinshi () in the imperial examination, and in the same year he gained admission to the Hanlin Academy. He rose rapidly through various grades of provincial service. He opposed the opening of China but felt the need of a better knowledge of foreigners, which drove him to collect material for a geography of the world. He later gave this material to Wei Yuan, who published the Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms in 1843. He became Governor-General of Hunan and Hubei in 1837, where he launched a suppression campaign against the trading of opium.

Campaign to suppress opium

Soon after his arrival in Guangdong in the middle of 1839, Lin wrote a memorial to the "Ruler of England" in the form of an open letter published in Canton, urging England to end the opium trade. He argued that China was providing Britain with valuable commodities such as tea, porcelain, spices and silk, with Britain sending only "poison" in return. He accused the foreigner traders of coveting profit and lacking morality. His memorial expressed a desire that the ruler would act "in accordance with decent feeling" and support his efforts. Since he believed that opium was banned in the United Kingdom, he thought it was wrong for Queen Victoria to support it in China. He wrote:

The letter elicited no response (sources suggest that it was lost in transit), but it was later reprinted in the London Times as a direct appeal to the British public.

An edict from the Daoguang Emperor followed on 18March, emphasising the serious penalties for opium smuggling that would now apply.

In March 1839, Lin started to take measures that would eliminate the opium trade. He was a formidable bureaucrat known for his competence and high moral standards, with an imperial commission from the Daoguang Emperor to halt the illegal importation of opium by the British. He made changes within a matter of months. He arrested more than 1,700 Chinese opium dealers and confiscated over 70,000 opium pipes. He initially attempted to get foreign companies to forfeit their opium stores in exchange for tea, but this ultimately failed. Lin resorted to using force in the western merchants' enclave. A month and a half later, the merchants gave up nearly 1.2 million kg (2.6 million pounds) of opium. Beginning 3 June 1839, 500 workers laboured for 23 days to destroy it, mixing the opium with lime and salt and throwing it into the sea outside of Humen Town. Lin composed an elegy apologising to the gods of the sea for polluting their realm.

Lin and the Daoguang Emperor, comments historian Jonathan Spence, "seemed to have believed that the citizens of Canton and the foreign traders there had simple, childlike natures that would respond to firm guidance and statements of moral principles set out in simple, clear terms." Neither Lin nor the emperor appreciated the depth or changed nature of the problem. They did not see the change in international trade structures, the commitment of the British government to protecting the interests of private traders, and the peril to British traders who would surrender their opium.

Open hostilities between China and Britain started in 1839 in what later would be called the "First Opium War". The immediate effect was that both sides, by the words of Charles Elliot and Lin, banned all trade. Before this, Lin had pressured the Portuguese government of Macau, so the British found themselves without refuge, except for the bare and rocky harbours of Hong Kong. Soon, however, the Chinese forces faced a British naval fleet, which included the East India Company's steam warship Nemesis and improved weapons, and were soon routed.

Exile in Xinjiang
Lin made significant preparations for war against the possible British invasion. The British sailed north to attack Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The governors of these two provinces failed to heed a warning from Lin, however, and were unprepared when the British easily landed and occupied Dinghai.

Lin became a scapegoat for these losses due to court politics. As punishment, he was exiled to the remote Ili region in Xinjiang. His position was then given to Qishan in September 1840.

While in Xinjiang, Lin was the first Chinese scholar to record several aspects of Muslim culture there. In 1850, he noted in a poem that the Muslims in Ili did not worship idols but bowed and prayed to tombs decorated with poles that had the tails of cows and horses attached to them. This was the widespread shamanic practice of erecting a tugh, but this was its first recorded appearance in Chinese writings. He also recorded several Kazakh oral tales, such as one concerning a green goat spirit of the lake whose appearance is a harbinger of hail or rain.

The Qing government ultimately rehabilitated Lin. In 1845, he was appointed Governor-General of Shaan-Gan (Shaanxi-Gansu). In 1847, he became governor-General of Yun-Gui (Yunnan-Guizhou). These posts were less prestigious than his previous position in Canton, thus his career never fully recovered from the failures there.

Death and legacy

Lin died in 1850 while on the way to Guangxi Province, where the Qing government was sending him to help put down the Taiping Rebellion. Though he was originally blamed for causing the First Opium War, Lin's reputation was rehabilitated in the last years of the Qing dynasty, as efforts were made once more to eradicate opium production and trade. He became a symbol of the fight against opium, with his image displayed in parades, and his writings quoted approvingly by anti-opium and anti-drugs reformers.

Despite the antagonism between the Chinese and the British at the time, the English sinologist Herbert Giles praised and admired Lin: "He was a fine scholar, a just and merciful official and a true patriot."

Lin's former home, situated in Fuzhou's historic Sanfang-Qixiang ("Three Lanes and Seven Alleys") district, is open to the public.  Inside, his work as a government official, including the opium trade and other work where he improved agricultural methods, championed water conservation (including his work to save Fuzhou's West Lake from becoming a rice field) and his campaign against corruption are well documented.

In China, Lin is popularly viewed as a national hero. June 3—the day when Lin confiscated the chests of opium—is unofficially celebrated as Opium Suppression Movement Day in Taiwan, whereas June 26 is recognized as the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in honour of Lin's work.
Monuments to Lin have been constructed in Chinese communities around the world. A statue of Lin stands in Chatham Square in Chinatown, New York City, United States. The base of the statue is inscribed with "Pioneer in the war against drugs" in English and Chinese. A wax statue of Lin also appeared in Madame Tussauds wax museum in London.

More recently, Lin has appeared as a character in River of Smoke, the second novel in the Ibis trilogy by Amitav Ghosh, which takes the Opium Wars as its setting to shed new light on a much-repressed history while offering a contemporary critique of globalisation. The novel takes place in 1838–1839, during which time Lin arrived in Canton and tensions escalated between the foreigners and the Chinese officials.

Three films have been made on his role in the Opium Wars such that he is now one of the symbols of modern China's resistance to European imperialism.

His grandson Commodore Lin Taizeng was an officer in the Beiyang Fleet and commanded one of China's two modern battleships purchased from Germany in the 1880s, Zhenyuan, during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895). He committed suicide with an opium overdose after the ship ran aground and had to be abandoned.

Lin descendants are living in Fuzhou, Fujian and surroundings, Jieyang (Puning), Meizhou, Guangdong and surroundings, various places in China and United States.

Lin is remembered for a couplet he wrote while serving as an imperial envoy in Guangdong:

In particular, the first half of the couplet was chosen as the motto for Chinese Wikipedia.

See also

 History of opium in China
 International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
 7145 Linzexu, minor planet named after him
 Prohibition (drugs)

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Text of Lin's Letter to Queen Victoria (Alt)
Contemporary translation of the letter in The Chinese Repository volume 8, number 1, p. 9, published in May 1839: available at HathiTrust and at the Internet Archive
an image of the original letter is also available
 Lin Zexu Memorial

1785 births
1850 deaths
19th-century Chinese philosophers
Chinese political philosophers
Qing dynasty government officials
People of the First Opium War
Political office-holders in Gansu
Political office-holders in Guangdong
Political office-holders in Hubei
Political office-holders in Yunnan
Politicians from Fuzhou
Viceroys of Huguang
Viceroys of Liangguang
Viceroys of Shaan-Gan
Viceroys of Yun-Gui

Lin Zexu


Joseph Laurent Koerber CSSp (* 3. September 1943 in Sierentz) ist ein französischer römisch-katholischer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter Apostolischer Vikar von Makokou.

Leben
Joseph Koerber trat in die Ordensgemeinschaft der Spiritaner, legte am 10. Dezember 1970 die Profess und empfing am 24. Juni 1972 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 19. März 2003 zum ersten Apostolischen Präfekten von Makokou. Mit der Erhebung der Präfektur in den Rang eines Apostolischen Vikariats durch Papst Franziskus am 11. Juli 2014 wurde er zum ersten Apostolischen Vikar von Makokou ernannt. Der Papst ernannte ihn gleichzeitig zum Titularbischof von Siccenna.

Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm der Erzbischof von Libreville, Basile Mvé Engone SDB. Mitkonsekratoren waren der Bischof von Mouila, Mathieu Madega Lebouankehan, und der Bischof von Oyem, Jean-Vincent Ondo Eyene.

Am 6. Januar 2022 nahm Papst Franziskus seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Apostolischer Vikar
Apostolischer Präfekt
Spiritaner
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Gabun
Makokou
Franzose
Geboren 1943
Mann
Person des Christentums (Gabun)

Joseph Koerber


Konstantin Novoselov ili Konstantin Sergejevič Novosjolov (rus. Константи́н Серге́евич Новосёлов; Nižnji Tagil, Sverdlovska oblast, 23. kolovoza 1974.), ruski i britanski fizičar. Diplomirao (1997.) na Moskovskom institutu za fiziku i tehniku, doktorirao (2003.) na Radboudovu sveučilištu u Nijmegenu (Nizozemska). Radi na Manchesterskom sveučilištu (od 2001.). Bavi se istraživanjem supravodiča, subatomskih gibanja magnetskih domena, nanotehnologijom, razvojem materijala koji omogućuje prianjanje u jednom smjeru (eng. gecko tape). Za pionirske pokuse na grafenu s A. K. Gejmom 2010. dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku. Član je Kraljevskog društva (engl. Royal Society) od 2011.

Nanotehnologija

Nanotehnologija ili nanotehnika (grč. ννος ili νάννος: patuljak + τεχνιϰός: vješt, uvježban, od τέχνη: umijeće, vještina) je skup disciplina koje se bave istraživanjem, razvojem i primjenom struktura, uređaja i sustava kojima su izmjere reda veličine atoma, molekula i makromolekula, dakle u području do 100 nanometara (1 nm = 10–9 m), a koji zahvaljujući svojim malim izmjerama imaju posebna svojstva. To brzo napredujuće područje isprepleće se s nizom drugih područja, na primjer s elektronikom, medicinom, znanošću o materijalima, kemijskom katalizom, a zasniva se na istraživanju osnovnih pojava i materijala u nanopodručju (nanoznanosti).

Kod dimenzija ispod 100 nm pojave kvantne fizike prevladavaju nad pojavama poznatima iz svakodnevnog iskustva (klasična fizika). To se prije svega odnosi na restrukturiranje elektronskoga sustava (kvantizacija), koje dovodi do novih elektronskih svojstava. Osim toga, vrlo mala tijela imaju znatno veći omjer broja atoma smještenih na površini i broja atoma u unutrašnjosti, no što ga imaju makrotijela. To može znatno utjecati na strukturu, stabilnost i reaktivnost malih tijela, čime materijal dobiva nova svojstva. Istraživanje i razvoj u tom području obuhvaća kontrolirano rukovanje nanostrukturama i njihovo uključivanje u veće dijelove, sustave i arhitekture, pri čem se svojstvima tih kompleksnijih struktura upravlja u nanopodručju. Gdjekad složene strukture mogu biti i veće od 100 nm, a da pokazuju jedinstvena svojstva.

Osnovni su ciljevi istraživanja u području nanotehnike: razumijevanje temeljnih pojava na nanoljestvici; sposobnost oblikovanja i sinteze materijala na atomskoj razini radi postizanja ciljanih svojstava i funkcija; razumijevanje osnovnih procesa kojima živi organizmi stvaraju materijale i funkcionalne komplekse, te upotreba tog znanja kao putokaz za nove sintetske procese i umjetne materijale; razvoj eksperimentalnih alata za određivanje svojstava nanostrukturiranih materijala kao i teorija i modela potrebnih za ostvarenje ciljeva.

Pojavu nanotehnike omogućio je razvoj eksperimentalnih alata i teorijskih modela koji su pak omogućili manipulaciju pojedinačnim atomima, nakupinama atoma i molekulama. Pritom je osobitu ulogu imao izum pretražnog mikroskopa s tuneliranjem (eng. Scanning Tunneling Microscope ili STM) i metoda koje su se razvile iz nje i uz nju, kao i značajno povećanje razlučivosti elektronske mikroskopije, koje je danas ispod 0,1 nm. Pretražni mikroskop s tuneliranjem omogućuje oslikavanje položaja atoma u realnom prostoru i njihovo preslagivanje u nove strukture. Takav pristup stvaranju nanostruktura omogućuje istraživanja, ali ne i proizvodnju velikoga broja struktura u kratkom vremenu. Drukčiji je pristup pojava samoorganiziranja, na primjer molekula u otopinama i metalnih atoma koji se samoorganiziraju u pravilno raspoređene gomilice atoma jednakih veličina na površini poluvodiča i oksida.

Grafen

Grafen (prema grafit) je sloj grafita debljine jednoga atoma i duljine do nekoliko mikrometara, dvodimenzionalna mreža ugljikovih atoma šesterokutne (heksagonalne) strukture. Zbog iznimnih mehaničkih svojstava (velike gustoće, čvrstoće, elastičnosti), velike električne vodljivosti i gotovo potpune prozirnosti može se primijeniti u izradi kompozitnih materijala, elektroničkih i logičkih sklopova, te zaslona osjetljivih na dodir (eng. touch screen) i sunčanih članaka.

Izvori

Ruski fizičari
Britanski fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Konstantin Novoselov


කහානි (; "කථාව") යනු සුජෝයි ඝෝෂ් විසින් සම-රචනය, සම-නිෂ්පාදනය සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද 2012 ඉන්දියානු හින්දි-භාෂා අබිරහස් සංත්‍රාස චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන විද්‍යා බාලන්, සත්‍යෝකි "රාණා" සිංහා (පරම්බ්‍රතා චැටර්ජී) සහ ඛාන්ගේ (නවාසුද්දීන් සිද්දිකි) සහාය ඇතිව කොල්කතාවේ දුර්ගා පූජා උත්සවය අතරතුර සිය නැතිවූ සැමියා සොයන විද්‍යා බාග්චි නම් ගර්භනී කාන්තාවගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරයි.

ක පිරිවැයක් දරා නිපදවූ කහානි පිළිබඳ සංකල්පය සහ සංවර්ධනය සිදුකළේ ඝෝෂ් විසිනි. ඔහු අද්වෛතා කාලා සමග එක්ව චිත්‍රපටයේ සම-රචනය ද සිදුකළේ ය. කොල්කතා නගරයේ වීදිවල රූගත කිරීම්වල දී චිත්‍රපට කණ්ඩායම බොහෝවිට ගරිල්ලා චිත්‍රපට නිමැවුම් ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කළේ අවධානය තමන් දෙසට යොමුවීම වළක්වා ගැනීමටයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය නගරය දක්ෂ ලෙස නිරූපණය සහ ප්‍රදේශයේ ජනයා හා රංගන ශිල්පීන් රැසක් යොදාගැනීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් ප්‍රකට විය. කහානි මගින් පුරුෂාධිපත්‍යයෙන් යුත් ඉන්දියානු සමාජයේ ස්ත්‍රීවාදී සහ මාතෘවාදී තේමාවක් නිරූපණය කෙරේ. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය තුළ සත්‍යජිත් රායි චාරුලතා (1964) සහ ආරන්‍යර් දින්රාත්‍රී (1970) වැනි චිත්‍රපට පිළිබඳ ඉඟිලෑම් ද සිදු කෙරේ.

2012 මාර්තු 9 දින කහානි ලොවපුරා මුදාහැරිණි. මෙහි තිරරචනය, සිනෙමාරූපණය සහ ප්‍රධාන නළු නිළියන්ගේ රංගනය විචාරක පැසසුම් හිමි කරගත්තේ ය. විචාරක පැසසුම් සහ මුඛ්‍ය ජනප්‍රියත්වයෙන් පසු මෙම චිත්‍රපටය දින 50ක් ඇතුළත ලොවපුරා ක ආදායමක් උපයාගත්තේ ය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ජාතික චිත්‍රපට සම්මාන තුනක් සහ ෆිල්ම්ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන පහක් ඇතුළු සම්මාන කිහිපයක් ද හිමි කරගත්තේ ය. ෆිල්ම්ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී මෙයට හොඳම අධ්‍යක්ෂක (ඝෝෂ්) සහ හොඳම නිළිය (විද්‍යා) සම්මාන ද හිමි විය. කහානි 2: දුර්ගා රාණි සිං වූ මෙහි අනුගාමී චිත්‍රපටයක් 2016 දෙසැම්බර් 2 දින මුදාහැරිණි.

කථාපුවත
කොල්කතා මෙට්‍රෝ දුම්රිය වේදිකාවට එල්ලවන විෂ වායු ප්‍රහාරයකින් මගීන් රැසක් එතරනම ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත්වේ. වසර දෙකකට පසු, විද්‍යා බාග්චි (විද්‍යා බාලන්) නම් ගර්භනී මෘදුකාංග ඉංජිනේරුවරිය ලන්ඩනටය් සිට කොල්කතාව වෙත පැමිණෙන්නේ සිය අතුරුදන් සැමියා වූ අර්නාබ් බාග්චි සොයමිනි. මේ වනවිට නගරයේ දුර්ගා පූජා උත්සවය පැවැත්වේ. සත්‍යෝකි "රාණා" සිංහා (පරම්බ්‍රතා චැටර්ජී) නම් පොලිස් නිලධාරියා ඇයට උපකාර කරයි. අර්නාබ් ජාතික දත්ත මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (NDC) පැවරීමක් සඳහා අර්නාබ් කොල්කතාව වෙත පැමිණියේ යැයි විද්‍යා පැවසුව ද, මුල් විමර්ශනවලින් එවැන්නකු  NDCහි සේවය කළ බවට වාර්තා නොවේ.

NDCහි මානව සම්පත් ප්‍රධානීවරිය වන ඇග්නස් ඩි'මෙලෝ පවසන්නේ ඇගේ සැමියා මෙහි හිටපු සේවකයකු වන මිලන් දාම්ජීට (ඉන්ද්‍රනීල් සේන්ගුප්තා) පෙනුමින් සමාන බවයි. ඔහුගේ ලිපිගොනුව පැරණි NDC කාර්යාලයේ ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ඇග්නස් ඇයට උපකාර කරන්නට පෙර බොබ් බිස්වාස් (සාස්වත චැටර්ජී) නම් රක්ෂණ නියෝජිතයකු ලෙස වෙස්වලාගත් ඝාතකයකු විසින් ඇග්නස්ව ඝාතනය කෙරේ. විදයා සහ රාණා NDC කාර්යාලයට කඩාවැදී දාම්ජීගේ ලිපිගොනුව සොයන අතර, එම අරමුණින්ම එතැනට පැමිණි බොබ්ගෙන් ඔවුන් බේරෙන්නේ අනූ නවයෙනි. මේ අතර, දාම්ජිගේ ලිපිගොනුව ලබාගැනීමට දරන ප්‍රයත්නය දිල්ලියේ බුද්ධි කාර්යාංශ (IB) නිලධාරීන් දෙපළක වන ප්‍රධානී භාස්කරන් කේ. (ධ්‍රිතිමාන් චැටර්ජී) සහ ඔහුගේ නියෝජ්‍ය ඛාන්ගේ (නවාසුද්දීන් සිද්දිකි) අවධානයට යොමුවේ. කොල්කතාවට පැමිණෙන ඛාන් අනාවර්ණය කරන්නේ දාම්ජී විෂ වායු ප්‍රහාරයට වගකිව යුතු ත්‍රස්තවාදියා බවයි. ඛාන්ගේ අනතුරු හැඟවීම නොතකා විද්‍යා සිය සෙවීම දිගටම අරඹන්නේ අර්නාබ් සහ දාම්ජීගේ පෙනුමේ ඇති සමානභාවය නිසා ඔහුට කරදරයක් වී ඇතැයි සිතමිනි.

දාම්ජීගේ වාර්තාවෙහි සඳහන් ලිපිනයේ ඇත්තේ ජරාවාස වූ මහල් නිවාසයකි. යාබද තේ වෙළඳසැලේ සේවක ළමයකු විසින් ආර්. ශ්‍රීධර් (ශාන්තිලාල් සුඛර්ජී) නම් NDC නිලධාරියා දාම්ජීගේ නිවස වෙත නිතර ආගිය තැනැත්තකු බැව් හඳුනා ගනියි. බොබ් විද්‍යාව මරාදැමීමට උත්සාහ කරන නමුත්, හඹායන අතරතුර දී ඔහු කාර්යක ගැටෙයි. බොබ්ගේ ජංගම දුරකථනය පරීක්ෂා කර බැලීමේ දී විද්‍යා සහ රාණා හට ඇයව මරාදමන්නට උපදෙස් එවූ අයිපී ලිපිනයක් සොයා ගන්නට හැකිවේ. අයිපී ලිපිනය තහවුරු කරගැනීමට ඔවුන් ශ්‍රීධර්ගේ කාර්යාලයට කඩාවදින නමුත්, ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථය මගින් ඔවුන්ව හඳුනාගැනෙයි. කලබලය අතරතුර විද්‍යාගේ වෙඩි පහරින් ශ්‍රීධර් මියයයි. ශ්‍රීධර්ව පණපිටින් අවශ්‍ය කර තිබූ ඛාන් මේ නිසා කෝපයට පත්වේ.

ශ්‍රීධර්ගේ පරිගණක දත්ත මගින් කේතයක් අනාවරණය වන අතර, එය කියවීමේ දී භාස්කරන්ගේ දුරකථන අංකය අනාවරණය වේ. තමන් ශ්‍රීධර්ගේ කාර්යාලයේ තිබී සංවේදී තොරතුරු සොයාගත් බවත්, මෙම ලේඛන අවශ්‍ය නම් සිය සැමියා සොයාගන්නට උදව් කරන ලෙසත් ඇය භාස්කරන්ට පවසයි. නමුත් භාස්කරන් ඇයට පවසන්නේ එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පොලීසියේ උපකාර ලබාගන්නා ලෙසයි. මඳ වේලාවකින් විද්‍යාට නාඳුනන අංකයකින් ඇමතුමක් ලැබෙන අතර, ඉන් කියැවෙන්නේ ඇයට ඇගේ සැමියා පණපිටින් අවශ්‍ය නම් එම ලේඛන කථා කරන්නාට ලබා දිය යුතු බවයි. ඛාන් සිතන්නේ මෙසේ කථා කරන්නේ මිලන් දාම්ජී බවයි.

විද්‍යා දාම්ජී හමුවීමට යයි. රාණා සහ ඛාන් ඇය පසුපස එති. මෙම සංවේදී ගොනුවට හිලව් වශයෙන් සිය සැමියා නැවත හිමිවන්නේ දැයි විද්‍යා ඇසීමත් සමග දාම්ජී මෙම හමුව අවසන් කරයි. ඔහු පලායන්නට තැත් කරයි. විද්‍යා ඔහුව නැවැත්වීමට උත්සාහ දරන අතර, ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා අතර ගැටුමක් ඇතිවේ. දාම්ජී ඇය වෙත තුවක්කුව යොමු කරයි. නමුත් සිය ව්‍යාජ උදරය උපයෝගී කොටගෙන ඔහුව නිරායුධ කරන ඇය සිය කොණ්ඩා කටුවෙන් ඔහුට අනියි. අනතුරුව ඔහුගේම ගිනිඅවියෙන් ඔහුට වෙඩි තබයි. විද්‍යා සැබැවින්ම ගර්භනියක නොවී ය. ඇය එසේ හඟවා ඇත.  පොලීසිය පැමිණීමට පෙර ඇය ජනයා අතර සැඟවී පලා යයි. ඇය රාණාට ස්තූති කොට සටහනක් සහ ශ්‍රීධර්ගේ පරිගණකයේ වූ දත්ත ඇතුළත් පෑන් ධාවකයක් තබා යයි. එහි තොරතුරු අනුව භාස්කරන්ව අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනේ. රාණා විශ්වාස කරන්නේ විද්‍යා හෝ අර්නාබ් බාග්චි යන්නකු සැබැවින්ම කිසිදින නොසිටි බවයි. විද්‍යා විසින් පොලීසිය සහ බුද්ධි අංශය භාවිතාකොට ඇත්තේ ඇගේ අරමුණ ඉටු කරගැනීම සඳහායි.

විද්‍යා යනු සැබැවින්ම දාම්ජී සමග එකම ආයතනයේ සේවය කළ බුද්ධි අංශ නිලධාරියකු වූ අරූප් බාසුගේ (අබීර් චැටර්ජී) වැන්දඹුවයි. විෂ වායු ප්‍රහාරයේ දී බාසු මරණයට පත්වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ දේහය දැකීමෙන් සිහි විසඥ වූ විද්‍යාගේ දරුගැබ ද ගබ්සා වී ය. සිය සැමියාගේ සහ නූපන් බිළිඳාගේ මරණයේ පළිය ගැනීම වෙනුවෙන් විද්‍යාට විශ්‍රාමික බුද්ධි අංශ නිලධාරියකු වූ ප්‍රතාප් බාජ්පායීගේ (දර්ශන් ජාරිවාලා) සහාය හිමි විය. ඔහු සැකකළේ මෙම ප්‍රහාරයට ඉහළ පෙළේ බුද්ධි අංශ නිලධාරියකු ද සම්බන්ධ බවයි.

චරිත නිරූපණය
 විද්‍යා බාලන්, විද්‍යා වෙන්කටේසන් බාග්චි ලෙස
 පරම්බ්‍රතා චැටර්ජී, සත්‍යෝකි "රාණා" සිංහා ලෙස
 නවාසුද්දීන් සිද්දිකි, ඒ. ඛාන් ලෙස
 ඉන්ද්‍රනීල් සේන්ගුප්තා, මිලන් දාම්ජී ලෙස
 ධ්‍රිතිමාන් චැටර්ජී, භාස්කරන් කේ. ලෙස
 සාස්වත චැටර්ජී, බොබ් බිස්වාස් ලෙස
 දර්ශන් ජාරිවාලා, කර්නල් ප්‍රතාප් බාජ්පායී ලෙස
 අබීර් චැටර්ජී, අරූප් බාසු ලෙස
 ශාන්තිලාල් මුඛර්ජී, ආර්. ශ්‍රීධර් ලෙස; NDCහි ප්‍රධාන තාක්ෂණ නිලධාරියායි.
 ඛරාජ් මුඛර්ජී, ඉන්ස්පෙක්ටර් චැටර්ජී ලෙස; කාලිඝාට් පොලිස් ස්ථානයේ මිත්‍රශීලී පොලිස් පරීක්ෂකවරයෙකි.
 කොලීන් බ්ලාන්චේ, ඇග්නස් ඩි'මෙලෝ ලෙස
 නිත්‍ය ගංගුලි, දාස් මහතා ලෙස; තානායමේ හිමිකරුවායි.
 රිතාබ්‍රතා මුඛර්ජී, බිෂ්ණු ලෙස; තානායමේ සේවකයෙකි.
 පැමෙලා භුටෝරියා, සප්නා ලෙස; NDCහි සේවකයෙකි.
 කල්‍යාණ් චැටර්ජී, පරේශ් පාල් ලෙස; මැටි නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියකු වන මොහු පොලිස් ඔත්තුකරුවෙකි.
 රිද්ධි සේන්, පොල්ටු ලෙස; තේ වෙළඳසලේ සේකයෙකි.
 මසෝද් අඛ්තර්, රසික් ත්‍යාගී ලෙස; NDC හි පද්ධති අධීක්ෂක

ධ්වනිපථය

මෙහි සංගීත ස්කෝරය නිමවන ල්දදේ විශාල්–ශේඛර් විසිනි. චිත්‍රපටයේ ගීත හය සඳහා පද රචනය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ විශාල් දඩ්ලානි, අන්විතා දත්, සහ සංදීප් ශ්‍රීවාස්තව විසිනි. ආර්. ඩී. බර්මන්ගේ හින්දි සහ බෙංගාලි සංරචන කිහිපයක් මෙහි පසුබිමෙහි භාවිතා වේ. මෙහි ඇල්බසමය 2012 පෙබරවාරි 22 මුදාහැරුණු අතර ඩිජිටල් සංගීත වේදිකාවක් වන ඇපල් අයිටියුන්ස් ඉන්ඩියා ඔස්සේ ද මුදාහැරිණි.

මෙහි ධ්වනිපථය යහපත් ප්‍රතිචාර හිමි කරගත්තේ ය. මෙහි බෙංගාලි සහ හින්දි පද සංකලනය පැසසුමට ලක් විය. CNN-IBNහි විචාරයක දැක්වෙන්නේ "ආමි ෂොට්ටි බොල්චි" ගීතයට කොල්කතාවේ හැඟීම දැනවීමට හැකි බවයි. මුම්බායි මිරර් පුවත්පත ඇල්බමයට තරු 5න් 3ක් ලබා දී තිබිණි. ඉන්ඩියාටයිම්ස් වෙනුවෙන් මෙහි ධ්වනිපථය පිළිබඳ විචාරයේ යෙදුණු ආනන්ද් වෛෂ්ණව් සඳහන් කොට තිබුණේ "කහානි ඇල්බමයක් ලෙස චිත්‍රපටයේ තේමාවට අවංකව ගොඩනගා ඇති බවයි".

පිළිගැනීම

අනුගාමී කෘති

2012 මාර්තුවේ දී, ඝෝෂ් නිවේදනය කළේ කහානි චිත්‍රපට මාලාවක් ලෙස ගොඩනැගීමට තමන් අදහස් කරගෙන සිටින බවයි. ඔහු මේ කෙරෙහි පෙළඹුණේ සත්‍යජිත් රායිගේ ෆෙලූඩා රහස් පරීක්ෂක කතාමාලාවෙනි. ඔහුට විද්‍යා බාග්චිගේ කතාපුවත එලෙසම විද්‍යා බාලන් සමගින් ඉදිරියට ගෙනයාමට අවශ්‍ය විය. කහානි 2 හි රූගත කිරීම් 2013දී ඇරඹීමට සැලසුම් කෙරිණි. නමුත් 2013 ජූලි මස සුජෝයි ඝෝෂ් සහ සෙසු සම-නිෂ්පාදකවරුන් අතර මතභේද ඇති විය. 2014 පෙබරවාරියේ, මෙම චිත්‍රපටය සිදුනොවන බව විද්‍යා පැවසූයේ මෙම මතභේද නිසායි. නමුත් වසර දෙකකට පසුව, මෙම චිත්‍රපටය විද්‍යා ද සමගින් පූර්ව-නිෂ්පාදනයේ ඇති බව ඝෝෂ් සනාථ කළේ ය. කහානි 2 ලෙස නම්කළ මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 2016 මාර්තු මස රූගත කිරීම් ඇරඹුණේ අර්ජුන් රාම්පාල් සහ විද්‍යා ප්‍රධාන නළු නිළියන් ලෙස දායක කරගනිමිනි. එය 2016 දෙසැම්බර් 2 දින මුදාහැරිණි.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 නිල ට්‍රේලරය—සිනෙමැක්ස්

2012 චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ සංත්‍රාස චිත්‍රපට
රහස් පරීක්ෂක චිත්‍රපට
ස්ත්‍රීවාදී චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියාවේ කාන්තාවන් පිළිබඳ චිත්‍රපට
කොල්කතාව පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු සංත්‍රාස චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු රහස් පරීක්ෂක චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ හින්දි-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
කොල්කතාවේ රූගත වූ චිත්‍රපට
ගර්භනී චිත්‍රපට
පළිගැනීම පිළිබඳ චිත්‍රපට
වෙනත් භාෂාවලින් ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය වූ හින්දි චිත්‍රපට
නැතිවූ ජනයා පිළිබඳ චිත්‍රපට
විශාල්–ශේඛර්ගේ චිත්‍රපට ස්වර මාලා
ප්‍රබන්ධ තුළ බුද්ධි අංශය (ඉන්දියාව)
සංස්කාරක හොඳම චිත්‍රපට සංස්කරණ ජාතික සම්මානය ලද චිත්‍රපට

කහානි


එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේදී අපි හොදින් දන්නා හදුනන දේවල් පිළිබදව දාර්ශනිකව - ගැඹුරෙන් - සිතා බැලීමෙදී එහි අර්ථය පිළිබදව හාත්පසින්ම වෙනස් දැක්මක් උදාවේ.

"විශේෂයන් (particulars) වන ජම්බුගෙඩිය, ලියුම් පෙට්ටිය, එරබුදු මල, මොටර් රථය යනාදිය ලොව පවතින වස්තු විශේෂයෝ වෙති. එහෙත් 'රතුපාට' එවැන්නක් නොව සාමාන්‍යයකි (universal).මේ සාමාන්‍යය විශේෂයක් නොවේ. සාමාන්‍යයයන් කිසි ස්ථානයක පවතින ද්‍රව්‍ය වස්තූහුද නොවෙති. එසේ නම්, මෙවැනි සාමාන්‍යයන්ගෙන් ඇති ප්‍රයෝජනය කිම? යන්න, දර්ශනයේ සාමාන්‍ය පිළිබද ගැටලුව නම් වේ."

සාමාන්‍යයන් පිළිබඳ ගැටලුව


A Mouthful es el primer álbum de la banda franco-finlandesa The Dø, publicado el 14 de enero de 2008. El disco encabezó las listas de Francia en su primera semana. Tuvo una versión para EE. UU. lanzada en el 2010, incluyendo versiones adicionales de 3 de sus canciones como bonus.

Lista de canciones

Canciones Bonus en el álbum para EE.UU.
On My Shoulders (Chamber Version) – 5:35
Unissasi laulelet (Chamber Version) – 3:55
Playground Hustle'N'Bustle – 11:19

Sencillos
On My Shoulders (2007)
At Last! (2008)
Stay (Just a Little Bit More) (2009)

Listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
The Dø MySpace
The Dø Music
The Dø info

Álbumes de 2008
Álbumes de música folk

A Mouthful


Bei Open Return Tickets handelt es sich um Flugtickets, bei denen der Rückflug offen gelassen und nicht fest eingebucht wird. Bei einem solchen Ticket kann dennoch aus technischen Gründen ein fiktives Rückflugdatum als vorläufiger Platzhalter stehen, was in diesem Fall ignoriert werden kann, da keine Flugnummer genannt wird.

Anbieter
Tickets dieser Art sind bei Linienfluggesellschaften und spezialisierten Reisebüros buchbar. Der Hin- und der Rückflug werden zum Zeitpunkt des Ticketkaufs bezahlt, mit der Garantie, dass der Reisende zu den mit dem Erwerb des Tickets vereinbarten Konditionen von seinem Reisezielort zurück in seine Heimat befördert wird. Das bedeutet, dass die gleiche Tarifklasse auf dem Rückflug frei sein muss.

Das Datum des Rückfluges muss mit dem Aussteller des Tickets (meist Reisebüro, Reiseveranstalter oder bei den Airlines) vereinbart werden. In der Regel kann bei einem Open Return Ticket das Datum geändert werden, manche Fluggesellschaften erlauben auch das Ändern des Rückflugortes im gleichen Land wie beim Hinflug.

Gültigkeit
Die Gültigkeit der Open Return Tickets hängt von den Verträgen der Anbieter dieser Tickets und den Airlines selbst ab. Derzeit gibt es Tickets von 3- bis zu 20-monatiger Gültigkeit. Außerdem begrenzen die Fluggesellschaften diese Tickets gerne auf ein bestimmtes Alter. Kernzielgruppe sind die 18- bis 35-Jährigen.

Abgrenzung
Sobald im persönlichen Flugplan oder auf der Bestätigung/Rechnung ein Rückflugdatum mit Flugnummer und Flugzeiten ausgewiesen wird, handelt es sich um einen fest gebuchten Rückflug und kein Open Return. Dieses Ticket muss vor dem fest gebuchten Rückflug umgebucht werden, da das Rückflugticket in diesem Fall verfällt. Je nach gebuchtem Flugtarif kann es bei der Umbuchung zu Kosten kommen.

Quellen
 Weitere Informationen zu offenen Tickets
 Open Return Tickets in 2019 bei aroundtheworldticket.de
 Open Return Tickets bei openreturnticket.de

Ticket
Flugreisen
Passagierluftfahrt

Open Return Ticket


Jerko Bulić (Dubrovnik, 25. rujna 1924. – Dubrovnik, 11. lipnja 2008.), hrvatski atletičar. Natjecao se za Jugoslaviju.

Natjecao se na Olimpijskim igrama 1948. u štafetnoj utrci 4 x 400 metara. Nastupio je u prednatjecanju.

Bio je član zagrebačkih HAŠK-a, Slavije i Dinama.

Izvori

Hrvatski sprinteri

Jerko Bulić


Die Saison 1930/31 war die zweite reguläre Saison der International Hockey League (IHL). Meister wurden die Windsor Bulldogs.

Teamänderungen
Folgende Änderungen wurden vor Beginn der Saison vorgenommen:
 Die Hamilton Tigers stellten den Spielbetrieb ein.
 Die Niagara Falls Cataracts stellten den Spielbetrieb ein.
 Die Toronto Millionaires stellten den Spielbetrieb ein.
 Die Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets wurden als Expansionsteam in die Liga aufgenommen.
 Die Syracuse Stars wurden als Expansionsteam in die Liga aufgenommen.

Modus
In der Regulären Saison absolvierten die sieben Mannschaften jeweils 48 Spiele. Für einen Sieg erhielt jede Mannschaft zwei Punkte, bei einem Unentschieden einen Punkt und bei einer Niederlage null Punkte.

Reguläre Saison

Tabelle
Abkürzungen: GP = Spiele, W = Siege, L = Niederlagen, T = Unentschieden, GF = Erzielte Tore, GA = Gegentore, Pts = Punkte

Weblinks
 Die Spielzeit bei hockeydb.com

1930
Eishockeysaison 1930/31

IHL 1930/31


Venezuela:
 Cariaco, grad u Venezueli, u saveznoj državi Sucre
 Cariaco (zaljev), zaljev u Karipskom moru
 Cariaco (bazen), sedimentni bazen

Cariaco (razdvojba)


Île de la Harpe es una isla artificial, construida alrededor de 1835 sobre un fondo arenoso alto. Su superficie es de 2.368 m², con una longitud de 110 metros una anchura de 30 m, que está a 80 m de la orilla.
Fue un grupo de comerciantes que decidió alrededor del año 1835, construir una isla para proteger el puerto. A la muerte de Frédéric-César de La Harpe en 1838, su nombre se le dio a esta isla. Un comité erigió un obelisco en su memoria diseñado por el arquitecto Veyrassat, de Lausanne. La isla es propiedad de la ciudad de Rolle.

Véase también
 Geografía de Suiza
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Foto de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Suiza
Islas artificiales de Suiza

Île de la Harpe