4K Download é uma gama de programas shareware e multiplataforma desenvolvidos pela Open Media LLC, uma empresa com sede em Nizhny Novgorod, Rússia. Todos os aplicativos são executados em Mac, Windows e Linux. O 4K Download permite que os usuários baixem vídeos e áudio de sites de hospedagem de vídeo como YouTube, Facebook e Vimeo, façam backup de fotos do Instagram, criem e publiquem apresentações de slides e extraiam áudio de vídeo. O nome do projeto refere-se ao nome da resolução de vídeo de 4K.

Programas
4K Download contém 6 programas:

 O 4K Video Downloader permite o download de vídeo, áudio, legendas e listas de reprodução do YouTube, Facebook, Vimeo, TikTok, Dailymotion e Metacafe.
 O 4K Stogram faz backups de fotos do Instagram em um computador desktop.
 4K YouTube para MP3, que permite que vídeos hospedados online do YouTube e outros serviços de hospedagem selecionados sejam convertidos ou baixados no formato de áudio MP3.
 O 4K Slideshow Maker cria e publica apresentações de slides com o efeito Ken Burns. Tem detecção de rosto embutido.
 Vídeo 4K para MP3 converte vídeos armazenados localmente no formato de áudio MP3.
 O 4K Tokkit permite que o usuário salve em massa desafios, legendas, contas inteiras, hashtags e vídeos únicos do TikTok.

Relações com código aberto
Os aplicativos usam bibliotecas e estruturas de código aberto: Qt, FFmpeg, boost. Antes da versão 3, estava disponível como software de código aberto.

Baixador de vídeo
O 4K Video Downloader é um software multiplataforma para baixar vídeo e áudio de sites populares do YouTube, Vimeo, Dailymotion, Facebook, Flickr e Metacafe. Ele suporta os seguintes formatos de saída: MP4, MKV, OGG Theora, MP3, M4A. O programa permite que um usuário baixe canais, playlists e legendas, bem como uma função de assinatura, que baixa automaticamente novos vídeos à medida que são lançados em um canal do YouTube especificado pelo usuário.

Recursos:

 Download de playlists.
 Baixar legendas incorporadas e legendas adicionais em diferentes idiomas, como arquivos .srt.
 Baixar listas de reprodução.
 Sites suportados incluem Dailymotion, Facebook, Flickr, Metacafe, SoundCloud, Vimeo e YouTube.
 Opções de qualidade de vídeo incluem 4K, 8K, alta resolução, baixa resolução e resolução padrão.
 Formatos de vídeo suportados: MP4, MKV, FLV, 3GP.
 Formatos de áudio suportados: MP3, M4A, OGG.
 O 4K Video Downloader foi apresentado na Steam GreenLight Community para votação e recebeu cerca de 1.500 votos.

Recursos Adicionais:

 Modo Inteligente que permite aos usuários baixar vídeos com um clique, aplicando as configurações selecionadas para todos os downloads adicionais.
 Preferências permitem escolher a qualidade do download, limitar a velocidade de download, adicionar números aos nomes de arquivos na lista de reprodução e criar arquivos .m3u para listas de reprodução baixadas.
 Integração direta de vídeos e áudios baixados no iTunes.
 Ignorar duplicatas na lista de reprodução.
 Adicionar legendas aos vídeos se disponíveis.
 Pesquisar tags de áudio com base no título da música.
 Reproduzir um som quando o download estiver concluído.
 Alterar proxy para baixar vídeos bloqueados.
 Por favor, note que algumas funcionalidades podem variar com base na versão específica do aplicativo.

Desenvolvimento
O 4K Video Downloader foi originalmente desenvolvido na linguagem de programação C++ com framework Qt usando bibliotecas como Boost, FFmpeg, OpenCV, OpenSSL, LAME e PortAudio.

Ligações externas

Crowdsourcing
Softwares multiplataformas
Software multimídia livre

4KDownload


John Ball (20 August 1818 – 21 October 1889) was an Irish politician, naturalist and Alpine traveller.

Background and education
Ball was born in Dublin, the eldest son of Nicholas Ball,  judge of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland) and his wife Jane Sherlock. He was educated at Oscott College near Birmingham, and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was 41st Wrangler but as a Roman Catholic could not be admitted to a BA degree. He showed in his early years a taste for natural science, particularly botany; and after leaving Cambridge he travelled in Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe and North Africa, studying his favourite pursuits, and contributing papers on botany and the Swiss glaciers to scientific periodicals.

Political career
In 1846 Ball was made an assistant poor-law commissioner, but resigned in 1847, and in 1848 stood unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate for Sligo. In 1849 he was appointed second poor-law commissioner, but resigned in 1852 and successfully contested the County Carlow constituency in the Whig interest. In 1854, while grave doubts were raised in well-informed quarters about entering a war with Russia, the voice of the people found expression in Ball who assured the government that justification of the Crimean war was vast, high and noble: 'the maintenance in civilised society of the principles of right and justice'. In the British House of Commons he attracted Lord Palmerston's attention by his abilities, and in 1855 was made Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, a post which he held for two years.

At the colonial office he had great influence in furthering the cause of natural science, particularly in connection with equipment of the Palliser Expedition in Canada (for his efforts, the Ball Range in the Canadian Rockies was named after him), and with William Jackson Hooker's efforts to obtain a systematic knowledge of the colonial floras.

Alpinist

In 1858 Ball stood for County Limerick, but was defeated, and he then gave up politics and devoted himself to natural history. He was the first president of the Alpine Club (founded 1857), and it is for his work as an alpinist that he is chiefly remembered. His well-known Alpine Guide (London, 1863–1868) was the result of innumerable climbs and journeys and of careful observation recorded in a clear and often entertaining style. Among his accomplishments, he was the first to climb a major Dolomites peak (Monte Pelmo in 1857). He also travelled in Morocco (1871) and South America (1882), and recorded his observations in books which were recognised as having scientific value.

Personal life
His wife was Elisa Parolini, daughter of the Italian naturalist Alberto Parolini. Ball died in London in October 1889, aged 71.

Notes

References
 NEW EDITION

Gordon L. Herries Davies, 'Ball, John (1818–1889)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004

External links

1818 births
1889 deaths
Irish mountain climbers
Irish naturalists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Politicians from County Dublin
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Carlow constituencies (1801–1922)
Whig (British political party) MPs for Irish constituencies
UK MPs 1852–1857
Presidents of the Alpine Club (UK)
Alumni of St Mary's College, Oscott

John Ball (naturalist)


හිමොග්ලොබින් යනු මිනිස් රතු රැධිර සෛලයන් තුල දක්නට ලැබෙන රැධිරය ඔස්සේ ඔක්සිජන් (O2) පරිවහනය කිරිම සදහා වැදගත් වන විශාල ප්‍රෝටීනමය අණුවකි. පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් තුල දක්නට ලැබෙන ප්‍රධාන රැධීර වර්ණකය වන්නේද හිමොග්ලෝබින්ය.

හිමොග්ලොබින් නිපදවිම
සාමාන්‍යය වැඩිහිටි පුද්ගලයකුගේ රැධිරයේ හිමොග්ලොබින් 14-16g/dL පමණ අන්තර්ගත වන අතර සැම පැයකට වරක්ම හිමොග්ලොබින් 0.3g බිඳහෙලන අතරම 0.3g නිපදවිම සිදුකරනු ලබයි.
හිමොග්ලොබින් අණූවල හීම් කාණ්ඩය නිපදවනු ලබන්නේ ග්ලයිසීන් සහ succinyl-CoA යන කාන්ඩයන් මඟිනි.

හිමොග්ලොබින්වල ව්‍යූහය
හිමොග්ලොබින් විශාල පොලිපෙප්ටයිඩ දාම හතරකින් සහ එම එක් එක් පොලිපෙප්ටයිඩ දාමයන්ට සම්බන්ධව පවතින යකඩ අන්තර්ගත හිම් කාණ්ඩයකින් සමන්විත වන චාතුර්ථ ව්‍යුහය දරනු ලබන ප්‍රෝටින අණුවකි.හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවක අණූකභාරය 64,450 ක් පමණ වේ. මෙහි එක් එක් පොලිපෙප්ටයිඩ දාමයන් ග්ලොබින් කාණ්ඩයන් ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි.

හිමොග්ලොබින්-A (Hb-A)
නිරෝගි වැඩිහිටි පුද්ගලයකුගේ රැධීරයේ වැඩිපුරම දක්නට ලැබෙන හිමොග්ලොබින් ආකාරය වනුයේ හිමොග්ලොබින්-A (Hb-A) ය.   Hb-A අණු සමන්විත වන්නේ අල්ෆා (α) සහ බීටා (β) පොලිපෙප්ටයිඩ දාමයන්ගෙනි.එ අනුව Hb-A අණුවල ව්‍යුහය 2α2β ලෙස දැක්විය හැකිය. පුද්ගලයකුගේ රැධීරය තුල 2.5% ක්පමණ හිමොග්ලොබින් A-2 අන්තර්ගත වන අතර එහි β දාමයන් වෙනුවට δ දාමයන් අන්තර්ගත වේ.

හිමොග්ලොබින්-F (Hb-F)
කළල අවස්ථාවේදි රැධිරය තුල පවත්නා හිමොග්ලොබින් අණු හිමොග්ලොබින් -F (Hb-F) ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබන අතර එහි β  දාමයන් වෙනුවට γ දාමයන් අඩංගු වේ.
(Hb-A=2α2β , Hb-A2= 2α2δ , Hb-F = 2α2γ )

හිමොග්ලොබින් වලන්  දේහයට ඇති වැදගකම
හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවල ප්‍රධාන කාර්යයභාරය වන්නේ රතු රැධිර සෛලයන් ඔස්සේ දේහ පටකයන්ට අවශ්‍ය ඔක්සිජන් පරිවහනය කිරිමයි. පෙනහළු කේශනාලිකා තුලදි රතු රැධිරසෛල තුලට ලබාගන්නා ඔක්සිජන් අණු හිමොග්ලොබින් සමග සම්බන්ධ වි රැධිරය ඔස්සේ දේහ පටකයන් දක්වා පරිවහනය වේ.දේහ පටකයන් තුල පවතින O2 අවශ්‍යයතාවයන් අනුව හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවලින් ඔක්සිජන් අණූ නිදහස් කිරිම සිදු වේ.
මිට අමතරව හිමොග්ලොබින් CO2 අණු සමඟ සම්බන්ධ විමෙන් සුළුවශයෙන් CO2  පරිවහනය කිරිමටද වැදගත් වේ.
එමෙන්ම රැධිරයේ H+ සමග සම්බන්ධ වෙමින් රැධීරයේ pHඅගය පවත්වා ගැනිම සදහා ස්වාරක්ෂකයක් ලෙසද ක්‍රියාකරනු ලබයි.හිමෝග්ලොබින් අඩු වූ විට සිරුර සුදු මැලි වීම සිදුවේ.

හිමොග්ලොබින් අණු ඔක්සිජන් පරිවහනය සිදු කිරීම
හිමොග්ලොබින් අණූ ඔක්සිජන් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වි නොමැතිවිට ඩිඔක්සිහිමොග්ලොබින් ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි.එක් හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවකට ඔක්සිජන් අණු 4 ක් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ විය හැකි අතර ඔක්සිජන් අණු සම්බන්ධ වන්නේ හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවේ හීම් කාන්ඩයටයි. හිමොග්ලොබින් ඔක්සිජන් සමග සම්බන්ධ විමෙන් පසු එම අණු ඔක්සි හිමොග්ලොබින් ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි.

හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවකට ඔක්සිජන් අණු සම්බන්ධ විමෙන් පසුවද හිම් කාණ්ඩයේ යකඩ කාණ්ඩය  Fe2+ සවරැපයේම පවතින බැවින් මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය ඔක්සිකරණයක් නොවේ.තවද හිමොග්ලොබින් සමග ඔක්සිජන් සම්බන්ධ විම ප්‍රත්‍යාවර්ත ලෙස සිදුවන ප්‍රතික්‍රියාවකි.

ඩිඔක්සි-හිමොග්ලොබින් අවස්ථාවේදි හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවල පොලිපෙප්ටයිඩ දාමයන් තදින් බැඳි පවතින අතර ඔක්සිජන් සදහා වන බන්ධන ප්‍රදේශයන් ආවරණය වි පවති.එම නිසා O2 බැඳිමට පවතින හැකියාව අඩුය.මෙම අවස්ථාවේ හිමොග්ලොබින්වල ස්වභාවය හදුන්වනුයේ T-configuration අවස්ථාව ලෙසය.

Hb-F වලට Hb-A වලට වඩා O2 අණුවලට බැඳිමට හැකිවන්නේ කෙසේද?
කළල අවස්ථාවේ පවතින හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවලට(Hb-F) වැඩිහිටි අවස්ථාවේ පවතින හිමොග්ලොබින් අණුවලට(Hb-A) වඩා O2වලට සම්බන්ධ විමට වැඩි හැකියාවක් පවති. මක්නිසාදයත් Hb-F වල β දාමය γ දාමයකින් විස්ථාපනය වි තිබෙන බැවින් එම අණුවලට 2,3-BPG සමග බැඳිමට පවතින හැකියාව සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩුය.එම නිසා Hb-F වලට O2 සමග සම්බන්ධ විමට වැඩි හැකියාවක් පවති.එමඟින් මවගේ රැධිරයෙන් කළලය වෙතට O2 ලබාදිම පහසු කරවයි.
උපත ලැබිමෙන් පසු ක්‍රමයෙන් හිමොග්ලොබින්-F හිමොග්ලොබින්-A මඟින් විස්ථාපනය වේ.
(2,3-BPG සමබන්ධ වන්නේ හිමොග්ලොබින් හි  β දාමයන්ටය,)

හිමොග්ලොබින්


Grimur Geitskor (apodado calzado de chivo) fue un vikingo de Islandia del , hermano de Úlfljótr el primer lögsögumaður de la Mancomunidad Islandesa y tuvo un papel crucial en la fundación del primer parlamento de hombres libres del país.

En Íslendingabók de Ari Þorgilsson menciona a Grímur como la persona que estuvo buscando el emplazamiento más adecuado para facilitar la participación en la asamblea de hombres libres de Islandia (Alþingi), explorando cada territorio de la isla durante los tres años que su hermano estuvo en Noruega estudiando leyes y preparándose para su responsabilidad jurídica. Las distancias, la meteorología y la compleja geografía islandesa no facilitaba un trayecto fluido y a veces se tardaba hasta 17 días en cruzar la isla de un cabo a otro, por lo tanto debía encontrar un lugar de fácil acceso para la mayoría de habitantes que finalmente fue en Þingvellir cerca del río Öxará.

La primera sesión parlamentaria tuvo lugar en el verano del año 930.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Benediktsson, Jakob (1974) "Landnám og upphaf allsherjarríkis," Saga Íslands 1, Reykjavík
 Wikisource:Íslendingabók: Section 3. On the establishment of the Alþingi (Revisado Feb 2011)
 Sigurður Líndal: "Sendiför Úlfljóts", i Skírnir 143, 1969, s. 5–26
 Sveinbjörn Rafnsson: Studier i Landnámsbók. Kritiska bidrag till den isländska fristatens historia, Lund 1974
 H. Magerøy: biografi i NBL1, bd. 17, 1975

Enlaces externos
Edición de Guðni Jónsson : Íslendingabók

Vikingos de Islandia

Grimur Geitskor


Qualificador do Santo Ofício era um funcionário com formação em Teologia nomeado por provisão régia para integrar a estrutura da Inquisição Portuguesa, num Tribunal do Santo Ofício, cuja função era dar pareceres sobre livros e proposições recolhidas em denúncias ou declarações dos réus.

Descrição
Eram teólogos escolhidos de entre os membros das ordens religiosas, tendo-se a cautela, por parte dos diversos tribunais, de encontrar um certo equilíbrio entre as ordens. A presença de um dominicano no Conselho Geral, imposta por diploma régio em 1614, veio perturbar este equilíbrio e esta lógica de funcionamento, embora o dominicano fosse escolhido entre os qualificadores que já tinham experiência de trabalho com a Inquisição.

Referências

Ligações externas
Grayce Mayre Bonfim Souza,  Para remédio das almas: comissários, qualificadores e notários da inquisição portuguesa na Bahia (1692-1804)
Sobre a Inquisição portuguesa, nos 200 anos da sua extinção.

História de Portugal

Qualificador do Santo Ofício


Die Elstermühle Grochwitz in Grochwitz befindet sich nicht direkt an der Schwarzen Elster, sondern wurde über einen Mühlgraben, der mit Wasser aus dem Fluss gespeist wurde, betrieben.

Geschichte
Bis ins Jahr 1558 wurde die Mühle fiskalisch betrieben. Dann wurde Müller Georg Nauck mit der Mühle belehnt. Im Verlauf des Dreißigjährigen Krieges brannte die Mühle im Jahre 1637 ab. Erst im Jahr 1667 wird durch den damaligen Oberförster Günter mit den Planungen der Neuerrichtung einer Mühle am bisherigen Standort begonnen. Der damalige Stadtrat von Herzberg/Elster hatte jedoch anfänglich Bedenken zum Neubau, da befürchtet wurde, dass der planende Oberförster illegal Holz zu verkaufen versuche, und dadurch die kurfürstlichen Einnahmen der Stadt gemindert werden könnten. Der eigentliche Neubau erfolgte erst im Jahre 1693 unter einem Herrn von Koseritz, dem neuen Besitzer des Mühlenstandortes.

Aufbau
Aus dem Jahre 1772 ist die Mühle wie folgt beschrieben: "… vier Mahlgänge mit zwei Vorgelegen an zwei Wasserrädern, welche als Ziehpansterräder ausgelegt waren, ein Mahlgang mit Ölmühle und Hirsestampfen an einem Ziehpansterrad, eine Schneidemühle mit einem Stockpansterrad." In den 1920er Jahren wird die Mühle als Wasser- und Motormühle beschrieben. In den 1930er Jahren erfolgte der Einbau eines neuen Wasserrades.

Weitere Eigentümer
1696 gehörte die Mühle Carl Gottlob von Römer, welcher auch die Funktion eines Stadtrates in Herzberg innehatte. 1731 wird Heinrich von Brühl, unter anderem sächsischer Kammer- und Generalkreisdirektor als Eigentümer genannt. Danach schloss Georg Gottlieb von Schenk einen Erbpachtvertrag mit Müller Johann Christian Freudenberg ab. 1826 wurde die Mühle von einer Frau Schrader für 3600 Taler gekauft. Im Jahre 1834 erfolgt ein Weiterverkauf an Friedrich Große für 6100 Taler. Ein gewisser Herr Maltitz und Frau, geb. Jahn sind 1878 Eigentümer der Mühle. 1926 wurde das Grundstück mit der Mühle durch Richard Zwiebel gepachtet, welcher dieses 1929 käuflich erwarb. Im Jahr 1958 wird Wolfgang Zwiebel der letzte Eigentümer der Mühle.

Sonstiges
Die Mühle brannte insgesamt dreimal ab. Neben der Vernichtung während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges wurde sie am 2. Februar 1806 durch ein Feuer zerstört. Am 1. Oktober 1906 wird die Feuerwehr zu einem Brand der Mühle gerufen, die Mühle selbst war jedoch nicht betroffen, in ihr findet man aber zwei gelegte Brandstellen. Das Wohnhaus der Mühle brennt an diesem Tag ab. Fünf Tage später wird die Mühle durch ein Feuer zerstört. Danach wird das Grundstück für 38.900 Goldmark verkauft und mit Hilfe der Versicherungssumme von 12.794 Goldmark wieder aufgebaut. 1961 wurden aufgrund der fehlenden Wasserkraft die Wassergebäude der Mühle abgerissen. Wolfgang Zwiebel, der letzte Besitzer, stellte den Betrieb im Jahr 1992 endgültig ein.

Einzelnachweise

Wassermühle in Brandenburg
Bauwerk in Herzberg (Elster)
Wassermühle an der Schwarzen Elster
Bauwerk im Elbe-Elster-Land
Mühle im Landkreis Elbe-Elster
Mühle in Europa

Elstermühle Grochwitz


Expurse of Sodomy je drugi EP njemačkog thrash metal sastava Sodom objavljen 1. listopada 1987. godine.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Sodom
 Tom Angelripper - vokali, bas-gitara
 Frank Blackfire - gitara
 Witchhunter - bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Harris Johns – snimanje

Izvori

Albumi sastava Sodom
Albumi iz 1987.

Expurse of Sodomy


An Stipagrostis griffithii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johannes Jan Theodoor Henrard, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni De Winter. An Stipagrostis griffithii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipagrostis

Stipagrostis griffithii


Koncelebrirana misa, koncelebracija ili suslavlje (lat. con - zajedno + celebrare - slaviti) predstavlja zajedničko misno slavlje euharistijske liturgije nekoliko biskupa ili svećenika, najčešće svečana misna slavlja o župnim ili (nad)biskupijskim, crkvenim, svetačkim i marijanskim blagdanima, spomendanima i slavljima.

Sve su papinske, kardinalske i (nad)biskupske mise u pravilu koncelebrirane.

Suslavitelji odnosno koncelebranti prema Općim uredbama Rimskog misala i tradiciji Crkve (još iz Hipolitova vremena) pridružuju se slavitelju euharistije tišim glasom, vršeći Uredbu br. 153 prema kojoj je koncelebracija »očituje jedinstvo svećeništva, žrtve i svega Božjega naroda« uz istodobno poštovanje predvoditelja misnog slavlja. Biskupima se preporučuje bogoslužje u suslavlju sa svojim prezbiterima i đakonima.

Povijest
Koncelebracija je oduvijek bila prisutna u kršćanstvu, napose Istočnome kršćanstvu, dok je u Katoličkoj Crkvi nakon Drugoga Seviljskoga sabora 613. godine, na kojem je određeno kako svećenici ne smiju koncelebrirati bez prisutnosti biskupa, sve do Drugoga vatikanskoga sabora bila strogo određena samo u dvije prigode - na svećeničkome ređenju i biskupskim misama. Od toga pravilo odstupalo se u srednjemu vijeku za vrijeme doba kuge, kada su mise zadušnice u pravilu bile koncelebrirane.

Nakon Drugoga vatikanskoga sabora, koncelebrirana misa prestaje se izdvajati od bilo koje druge svete mise na temelju zalaganja pape Pija XII., ali i s jasnim uporištem u Isusovim riječima iz Evanđelja po Mateju: »Jer gdje su dvojica ili trojica sabrana u moje ime, tu sam i ja među njima.« (Mt 18,20) Time su svećenici suslavitelji od samo prisutnih svjedoka postali punopravni sudionici misnoga slavlja, prema riječima pape Pija XII. iz apostolske konstitucije Episcopali consecrationi.

Izvori

 Koncelebracija  u mrežnomu izdanju Katoličke enciklopedije (1913.): newadvent.org
 Koncelebracija na stranicama Hrvatskoga jezičnoga portala: hjp.znanje.hr

Kršćanska liturgija

Koncelebrirana misa


جَبَلَة هضبة عملاقة في وسط نجد في (السعودية) وتقع في الجهة الشرقية من مركز الجمش بـ الدوادمي وتبعد عن مركز مدينة القرين بالجمش (8)كم، وعن مركز الحيد (11) كم، وعن محافظه الدوادمي ما يقارب الـ(70)كم، وتبعد عن الرس ما يقارب (140)كم، وتحتل مساحة تقدر بنحو (25)كم²، وترتفع عن سطح الأرض بنحو .

ويمر بها خط الطول 53 - 43 شرقاً وخط العرض 47 - 24 شمالاً. تحيط بجبلة الرمال من أغلب الاتجاهات واشتهرت بشعابها وأشجارها الوافرة المظلة وأرضها المنبسطة الواسعة وآبارها القديمة المندثرة. كما اشتهرت بقصصها وأساطيرها المشهورة والمعروفة كقصة (مقيط ورشاه) وحرب (يوم جبلة) التي وقعت في أيام الجاهلية ما قبل الإسلام.

جيوغرافية
تميل إلى اللون الأحمر، تكونت من صخور الجرانيت، وتحتل مساحة تقدر بنحو خمسة وعشرين كيلا مربعاً، وترتفع عن سطح الأرض بنحو (900)م ويبلغ ارتفاع أعلى قمة فيها حوالي (500)م.
وتمتاز جبلة بموقعها الاستراتيجي الذي جعل منها منطقة حيوية ورعوية من الدرجة الأولى، فتسابق إليها الجميع طمعاً فيها لجعلها منطقة محمية، لطبيعة أراضيها وكثافة أشجارها ومساحتها الرعوية الهائلة، وقربها من وادي الرشاء الشهير الذي يمتاز بكثرة النباتات البرية من حوله، فحوت هضبة جبلة الكثير من الآثار التاريخية.

تاريخ
عرف هذا الجبل سابقاً على مر التاريخ بالملاذ الآمن لدى قطاع الطريق والخارجين على القانون وكذلك المطلوبين في دم أو ثأر، وكذلك يعتبر مؤوى للسباع والوحوش لما يتمتع به من حصانة ووعورة الطرق فيه، نسجت عنه الكثير من الحكايات والقصص ومنها:

(مقيط ورشاه): في شعب جبلة (مواجه) في موقع صعب حدثت قصة المثل الشهير (مقيط ورشاه) حيث لاحظ (مقيط) صقورا تحوم حول صغارها في قمة الجبال، فتسلق الجبل من جهة أخرى حتى وصل لموقع فروخ الصقور في وكرها، وطلب من أحد أقاربه الذي يرافقه تنزيله بعد ربط جسمه بالحبل، وقبل نزوله اتفق مع قريبه على أخذ طير حر مثله، ووجد ثلاثة فروخ للصقور اثنان من سلالة النادر المعروف، فقال واحد لي وواحد لولدي والآخر من سلالة الشبيبيط من نصيبك، فغضب قريبة فقال له "دوك أرشاك يا مقيط"، فتعلق في أحد الصدوع ومات وأصبحت جثته تذروها الرياح ونطبق عليه المثل ((مقيط ورشاه)).

 يوم شعب جبلة: من عظام أيام العرب، وقعت قبل مولد النبي محمد بتسع عشرة سنة بين بنو عامر وذبيان.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة جبال السعودية

مراجع

جبلة
عالية نجد
محافظة الدوادمي
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The concept of self-replicating spacecraft,  as envisioned by mathematician John von Neumann, has been described by futurists including physicist Michio Kaku and discussed across a wide breadth of hard science fiction novels and stories.  Self-replicating probes are sometimes referred to as von Neumann probes.    Self-replicating spacecraft would in some ways either mimic or echo the features of living organisms or viruses.

Theory
Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth. In theory, a self-replicating spacecraft could be sent to a neighbouring planetary system, where it would seek out raw materials (extracted from asteroids, moons, gas giants, etc.) to create replicas of itself. These replicas would then be sent out to other planetary systems. The original "parent" probe could then pursue its primary purpose within the star system. This mission varies widely depending on the variant of self-replicating starship proposed.

Given this pattern, and its similarity to the reproduction patterns of bacteria, it has been pointed out that von Neumann machines might be considered a form of life. In his short story "Lungfish" (see Self-replicating machines in fiction), David Brin touches on this idea, pointing out that self-replicating machines launched by different species might actually compete with one another (in a Darwinistic fashion) for raw material, or even have conflicting missions. Given enough variety of "species" they might even form a type of ecology, or – should they also have a form of artificial intelligence – a society. They may even mutate with untold thousands of "generations".

The first quantitative engineering analysis of such a spacecraft was published in 1980 by Robert Freitas, in which the non-replicating Project Daedalus design was modified to include all subsystems necessary for self-replication. The design's strategy was to use the probe to deliver a "seed" factory with a mass of about 443 tons to a distant site, have the seed factory produce many copies of itself there to increase its total manufacturing capacity over a 500-year period, and then use the resulting automated industrial complex to construct more probes with a single seed factory on board each.

It has been theorized that a self-replicating starship utilizing relatively conventional theoretical methods of interstellar travel (i.e., no exotic faster-than-light propulsion, and speeds limited to an "average cruising speed" of 0.1c.) could spread throughout a galaxy the size of the Milky Way in as little as half a million years.

Debate on Fermi's paradox
In 1981, Frank Tipler put forth an argument that extraterrestrial intelligences do not exist, based on the fact that von Neumann probes have not been observed. Given even a moderate rate of replication and the history of the galaxy, such probes should already be common throughout space and thus, we should have already encountered them. Because we have not, this shows that extraterrestrial intelligences do not exist. This is thus a resolution to the Fermi paradox – that is, the question of why we have not already encountered extraterrestrial intelligence if it is common throughout the universe.

A response came from Carl Sagan and William Newman. Now known as Sagan's Response, it pointed out that in fact Tipler had underestimated the rate of replication, and that von Neumann probes should have already started to consume most of the mass in the galaxy. Any intelligent race would therefore, Sagan and Newman reasoned, not design von Neumann probes in the first place, and would try to destroy any von Neumann probes found as soon as they were detected. As Robert Freitas has pointed out, the assumed capacity of von Neumann probes described by both sides of the debate is unlikely in reality, and more modestly reproducing systems are unlikely to be observable in their effects on our solar system or the galaxy as a whole.

Another objection to the prevalence of von Neumann probes, also known as the Great Filter, is that civilizations of the type that could potentially create such devices may have inherently short lifetimes, and self-destruct before so advanced a stage is reached, through such events as biological or nuclear warfare, nanoterrorism, resource exhaustion, ecological catastrophe, or pandemics.

Simple workarounds exist to avoid the over-replication scenario. Radio transmitters, or other means of wireless communication, could be used by probes programmed not to replicate beyond a certain density (such as five probes per cubic parsec) or arbitrary limit (such as ten million within one century), analogous to the Hayflick limit in cell reproduction.  One problem with this defence against uncontrolled replication is that it would only require a single probe to malfunction and begin unrestricted reproduction for the entire approach to fail – essentially a technological cancer – unless each probe also has the ability to detect such malfunction in its neighbours and implements a seek and destroy protocol (which in turn could lead to probe-on-probe space wars if faulty probes first managed to multiply to high numbers before they were found by sound ones, which could then well have programming to replicate to matching numbers so as to manage the infestation).  Another workaround is based on the need for spacecraft heating during long interstellar travel.  The use of plutonium as a thermal source would limit the ability to self-replicate.  The spacecraft would have no programming to make more plutonium even if it found the required raw materials.  Another is to program the spacecraft with a clear understanding of the dangers of uncontrolled replication.

Applications for self-replicating spacecraft
The details of the mission of self-replicating starships can vary widely from proposal to proposal, and the only common trait is the self-replicating nature.

Von Neumann probes
A von Neumann probe is a spacecraft capable of replicating itself. It is a concatenation of two concepts: a Von Neumann universal constructor (self-replicating machine) and a probe (an instrument to explore or examine something). The concept is named after Hungarian American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann, who rigorously studied the concept of self-replicating machines that he called "Universal Assemblers" and which are often referred to as "von Neumann machines". Such constructs could be theorised to comprise five basic components (variations of this template could create other machines such as Bracewell probes):

 Probe: which would contain the actual probing instruments & goal-directed AI to guide the construct.
 Life-support systems: mechanisms to repair and maintain the construct.
 Factory: mechanisms to harvest resources & replicate itself.
 Memory banks: store programs for all its components & information gained by the probe.
 Engine: motor to move the probe.

Andreas M. Hein and science fiction author Stephen Baxter proposed different types of von Neumann probes, termed "Philosopher" and "Founder", where the purpose of the former is exploration and for the latter preparing future settlement.

A near-term concept of a self-replicating probe has been proposed by the Initiative for Interstellar Studies, achieving about 70% self-replication, based on current and near-term technologies.

If a self-replicating probe finds evidence of primitive life (or a primitive, low-level culture) it might be programmed to lie dormant, silently observe, attempt to make contact (this variant is known as a Bracewell probe), or even interfere with or guide the evolution of life in some way.

Physicist Paul Davies of University of Adelaide has "raised the possibility of a probe resting on our own Moon", having arrived at some point in Earth's ancient prehistory and remained to monitor Earth, a concept that, per Michio Kaku, was what Stanley Kubrick used as the basis of his film, 2001: A Space Odyssey (though the director cut the relevant monolith scene from the movie). Kubrick's work was based on Arthur C. Clarke's story, "The Sentinel", expanded by the pair in the form of a novel that became the basis for the movie  and so Davies' lunar probe/observatory concept is also considered reminiscent of Clarke.

A variant idea on the interstellar von Neumann probe idea is that of the "Astrochicken", proposed by Freeman Dyson. While it has the common traits of self-replication, exploration, and communication with its "home base", Dyson conceived the Astrochicken to explore and operate within our own planetary system, and not explore interstellar space.

Anders Sandberg and Stuart Armstrong argued that launching the colonization of the entire reachable universe through self-replicating probes is well within the capabilities of a star-spanning civilization, and proposed a theoretical approach for achieving it in 32 years, by mining planet Mercury for resources and constructing a Dyson Swarm around the Sun.

Berserkers

A variant of the self-replicating starship is the Berserker. Unlike the benign probe concept, Berserkers are programmed to seek out and exterminate lifeforms and life-bearing exoplanets whenever they are encountered.

The name is derived from the Berserker series of novels by Fred Saberhagen which describes a war between humanity and such machines. Saberhagen points out (through one of his characters) that the Berserker warships in his novels are not von Neumann machines themselves, but the larger complex of Berserker machines – including automated shipyards – do constitute a von Neumann machine. This again brings up the concept of an ecology of von Neumann machines, or even a von Neumann hive entity.

It is speculated in fiction that Berserkers could be created and launched by a xenophobic civilization (see Anvil of Stars, by Greg Bear, in the section In fiction below) or could theoretically "mutate" from a more benign probe. For instance, a von Neumann ship designed for terraforming processes – mining a planet's surface and adjusting its atmosphere to more human-friendly conditions – could be interpreted as attacking previously inhabited planets, killing their inhabitants in the process of changing the planetary environment, and then self-replicating to dispatch more ships to 'attack' other planets.

Replicating seeder ships
Yet another variant on the idea of the self-replicating starship is that of the seeder ship. Such starships might store the genetic patterns of lifeforms from their home world, perhaps even of the species which created it. Upon finding a habitable exoplanet, or even one that might be terraformed, it would try to replicate such lifeforms – either from stored embryos or from stored information using molecular nanotechnology to build zygotes with varying genetic information from local raw materials.

Such ships might be terraforming vessels, preparing colony worlds for later colonization by other vessels, or – should they be programmed to recreate, raise, and educate individuals of the species that created it – self-replicating colonizers themselves. Seeder ships would be a suitable alternative to generation ships as a way to colonize worlds too distant to travel to in one lifetime.

In fiction

Von Neumann probes

 2001: A Space Odyssey: The monoliths in Arthur C. Clarke's book and Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey were intended to be self-replicating probes, though the artifacts in "The Sentinel", Clarke's original short story upon which 2001 was based, were not.  The film was to begin with a series of scientists explaining how probes like these would be the most efficient method of exploring outer space. Kubrick cut the opening segment from his film at the last minute, however, and these monoliths became almost mystical entities in both the film and Clarke's novel.
 Cold As Ice: In the novel by Charles Sheffield, there is a segment where the author (a physicist) describes Von Neumann machines harvesting sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, helium-4, and various metals from the atmosphere of Jupiter.
 Destiny's Road: Larry Niven frequently refers to Von Neumann probes in many of his works. In his 1998 book Destiny's Road, Von Neumann machines are scattered throughout the human colony world Destiny and its moon Quicksilver in order to build and maintain technology and to make up for the lack of the resident humans' technical knowledge; the Von Neumann machines primarily construct a stretchable fabric cloth capable of acting as a solar collector which serves as the humans' primary energy source. The Von Neumann machines also engage in ecological maintenance and other exploratory work.
 The Devil's Blind Spot: See also Alexander Kluge, The Devil's Blind Spot (New Directions; 2004.)
 Grey Goo: In the video game Grey Goo, the "Goo" faction is composed entirely of Von Neumann probes sent through various microscopic wormholes to map the Milky Way Galaxy. The faction's units are configurations of nanites used during their original mission of exploration, which have adapted to a combat role. The Goo starts as an antagonist to the Human and Beta factions, but their true objective is revealed during their portion of the single-player campaign. Related to, and inspired by, the Grey Goo doomsday scenario.
 Spin: In the novel by Robert Charles Wilson, Earth is veiled by a temporal field. Humanity tries to understand and escape this field by using Von Neumann probes. It is later revealed that the field itself was generated by Von Neumann probes from another civilization, and that a competition for resources had taken place between earth's and the aliens' probes.
 The Third Millennium: A History of the World AD 2000–3000: In the book by Brian Stableford and David Langford (published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1985) humanity sends cycle-limited Von Neumann probes out to the nearest stars to do open-ended exploration and to announce humanity's existence to whoever might encounter them.
 Von Neumann's War: In Von Neumann's War by John Ringo and Travis S. Taylor (published by Baen Books in 2007) Von Neumann probes arrive in the solar system, moving in from the outer planets, and converting all metals into gigantic structures. Eventually, they arrive on Earth, wiping out much of the population before being beaten back when humanity reverse engineers some of the probes.
 We Are Legion (We Are Bob) by Dennis E. Taylor: Bob Johansson, the former owner of a software company, dies in a car accident, only to wake up a hundred years later as a computer emulation of Bob. Given a Von Neumann probe by America's religious government, he is sent out to explore, exploit, expand, and experiment for the good of the human race.
 ARMA 3: In the "First Contact" single-player campaign introduced in the Contact expansion, a series of extraterrestrial network structures are found in various locations on Earth, one being the fictional country of Livonia, the campaign's setting. In the credits of the campaign, a radio broadcast reveals that a popular theory surrounding the networks is that they are a type of Von Neumann probe that arrived on Earth during the time of a supercontinent.
 Questionable Content: In Jeph Jacques' webcomic, Faye Whitaker refers to the "Floating Black Slab Emitting A Low Hum" as a possible Von Neumann probe in Episode 4645: Accessorized.
 In the third act of the incremental game Universal Paperclips, after all of Earth's matter has been converted into paperclips, players are tasked with sending Von Neumann probes into the universe to find and consume all matter in service of making paperclips, eventually entering a war with another class of probes called "drifters" that are created as a result of random mutations.

Berserkers

 In the science fiction short story collection Berserker by Fred Saberhagen, a series of short stories include accounts of battles fought against extremely destructive Berserker machines. This and subsequent books set in the same fictional universe are the origin of the term "Berserker probe".
 In the 2003 miniseries reboot of Battlestar Galactica (and the subsequent 2004 series) the Cylons are similar to Berserkers in their wish to destroy human life. They were created by humans in a group of fictional planets called the Twelve Colonies. The Cylons created special models that look like humans in order to destroy the twelve colonies and later, the fleeing fleet of surviving humans.
 The Borg of Star Trek – a self-replicating bio-mechanical race that is dedicated to the task of achieving perfection through the assimilation of useful technology and lifeforms. Their ships are massive mechanical cubes (a close step from the Berserker's massive mechanical Spheres).
 Science fiction author Larry Niven later borrowed this notion in his short story "A Teardrop Falls".
 In the computer game Star Control II, the Slylandro Probe is an out-of-control self-replicating probe that attacks starships of other races. They were not originally intended to be a berserker probe; they sought out intelligent life for peaceful contact, but due to a programming error, they would immediately switch to "resource extraction" mode and attempt to dismantle the target ship for raw materials. While the plot claims that the probes reproduce "at a geometric rate", the game itself caps the frequency of encountering these probes. It is possible to deal with the menace in a side-quest, but this is not necessary to complete the game, as the probes only appear one at a time, and the player's ship will eventually be fast and powerful enough to outrun them or destroy them for resources – although the probes will eventually dominate the entire game universe.
 In Iain Banks' novel Excession, hegemonising swarms are described as a form of Outside Context Problem. An example of an "Aggressive Hegemonising Swarm Object" is given as an uncontrolled self-replicating probe with the goal of turning all matter into copies of itself.  After causing great damage, they are somehow transformed using unspecified techniques by the Zetetic Elench and become "Evangelical Hegemonising Swarm Objects". Such swarms (referred to as "smatter") reappear in the later novels Surface Detail (which features scenes of space combat against the swarms) and The Hydrogen Sonata.
 The Inhibitors from Alastair Reynolds' Revelation Space series are self-replicating machines whose purpose is to inhibit the development of intelligent star-faring cultures.  They are dormant for extreme periods of time until they detect the presence of a space-faring culture and proceed to exterminate it even to the point of sterilizing entire planets.  They are very difficult to destroy as they seem to have faced every type of weapon ever devised and only need a short time to 'remember' the necessary counter-measures.
 Also from Alastair Reynolds' books, the "Greenfly" terraforming machines are another form of berserker machines. For unknown reasons, but probably an error in their programming, they destroy planets and turn them into trillions of domes filled with vegetation – after all, their purpose is to produce a habitable environment for humans, however in doing so they inadvertently decimate the human race. By 10,000, they have wiped out most of the Galaxy.
 The Reapers in the video game series Mass Effect are also self-replicating probes bent on destroying any advanced civilization encountered in the galaxy. They lie dormant in the vast spaces between the galaxies and follow a cycle of extermination. It is seen in Mass Effect 2 that they assimilate any advanced species.
 Mantrid Drones from the science fiction television series Lexx were an extremely aggressive type of self-replicating Berserker machine, eventually converting the majority of the matter in the universe into copies of themselves in the course of their quest to thoroughly exterminate humanity.
 The Babylon 5 episode "Infection" showed a smaller scale berserker in the form of the Icarran War Machine. After being created with the goal of defeating an unspecified enemy faction, the War Machines proceeded to exterminate all life on the planet Icarra VII because they had been programmed with standards for what constituted a 'Pure Icaran' based on religious teachings, which no actual Icaran could satisfy. Because the Icaran were pre-starflight, the War Machines became dormant after completing their task rather than spreading. One unit was reactivated on-board Babylon 5 after being smuggled past quarantine by an unscrupulous archaeologist, but after being confronted with how they had rendered Icara VII a dead world, the simulated personality of the War Machine committed suicide.
 The Babylon 5 episode "A Day in the Strife" features a probe that threatens the station with destruction unless a series of questions designed to test a civilization's level of advancement are answered correctly. The commander of the station correctly surmises that the probe is actually a berserker and that if the questions are answered the probe would identify them as a threat to its originating civilization and detonate.
 Greg Bear's novel The Forge of God deals directly with the concept of "Berserker" von Neumann probes and their consequences.  The idea is further explored in the novel's sequel, Anvil of Stars, which explores the reaction other civilizations have to the creation and release of Berserkers.
 In Gregory Benford's Galactic Center Saga series, an antagonist berserker machine race is encountered by Earth, first as a probe in In the Ocean of Night, and then in an attack in Across the Sea of Suns.  The berserker machines do not seek to completely eradicate a race if merely throwing it into a primitive low technological state will do as they did to the EMs encountered in Across the Sea of Suns.  The alien machine Watchers would not be considered von Neumann machines themselves, but the collective machine race could.
 On Stargate SG-1 the Replicators were a vicious race of insect-like robots that were originally created by an android named Reese to serve as toys. They grew beyond her control and began evolving, eventually spreading throughout at least two galaxies. In addition to ordinary autonomous evolution they were able to analyze and incorporate new technologies they encountered into themselves, ultimately making them one of the most advanced "races" known.
 On Stargate Atlantis, a second race of replicators created by the Ancients were encountered in the Pegasus Galaxy. They were created as a means to defeat the Wraith. The Ancients attempted to destroy them after they began showing signs of sentience and requested that their drive to kill the wraith be removed. This failed, and an unspecified length of time after the Ancients retreated to the Milky Way Galaxy, the replicators nearly succeeded in destroying the Wraith. The Wraith were able to hack into the replicators and deactivate the extermination drive, at which point they retreated to their home world and were not heard from again until encountered by the Atlantis Expedition. After the Atlantis Expedition reactivated this dormant directive, the replicators embarked on a plan to kill the Wraith by removing their food source, i.e. all humans in the Pegasus Galaxy.
 In Stargate Universe Season 2, a galaxy billions of light years distant from the Milky Way is infested with drone ships that are programmed to annihilate intelligent life and advanced technology. The drone ships attack other space ships (including Destiny) as well as humans on planetary surfaces, but don't bother destroying primitive technology such as buildings unless they are harboring intelligent life or advanced technology.
 In the Justice League Unlimited episode "Dark Heart", an alien weapon based on this same idea lands on Earth.
 In the Homeworld: Cataclysm video game, a bio-mechanical virus called Beast has the ability to alter organic and mechanic material to suit its needs, and the ships infected become self-replicating hubs for the virus.
 In the SF MMO EVE Online, experiments to create more autonomous drones than the ones used by player's ships accidentally created 'rogue drones' which form hives in certain parts of space and are used extensively in missions as difficult opponents.
 In the computer game Sword of the Stars, the player may randomly encounter "Von Neumann". A Von Neumann mothership appears along with smaller Von Neumann probes, which attack and consume the player's ships.  The probes then return to the mothership, returning the consumed material.  If probes are destroyed, the mothership will create new ones.  If all the player's ships are destroyed, the Von Neumann probes will reduce the planets resource levels before leaving.  The probes appear as blue octahedrons, with small spheres attached to the apical points.  The mothership is a larger version of the probes. In the 2008 expansion A Murder of Crows, Kerberos Productions also introduces the VN Berserker, a combat oriented ship, which attacks player planets and ships in retaliation to violence against VN Motherships. If the player destroys the Berserker things will escalate and a System Destroyer will attack.
 In the X Computer Game Series, the Xenon are a malevolent race of artificially intelligent machines descended from terraforming ships sent out by humans to prepare worlds for eventual colonization; the result caused by a bugged software update.  They are continual antagonists in the X-Universe.
 In the comic Transmetropolitan a character mentions "Von Neumann rectal infestations" which are apparently caused by "Shit-ticks that build more shit-ticks that build more shit-ticks".
 In the anime Vandread, harvester ships attack vessels from both male- and female-dominated factions and harvest hull, reactors, and computer components to make more of themselves. To this end, Harvester ships are built around mobile factories. Earth-born humans also view the inhabitants of the various colonies to be little more than spare parts.
 In Earth 2160, the Morphidian Aliens rely on  strain aliens for colonization. Most -derived aliens can absorb water, then reproduce like a colony of cells. In this manner, even one  Lady (or Princess, or Queen) can create enough clones to cover the map. Once they have significant numbers, they "choose an evolutionary path" and swarm the enemy, taking over their resources.
 In the European comic series Storm, numbers 20 & 21, a kind of berserk von Neumann probe is set on a collision course with the Pandarve system.
 In PC role-playing game Space Rangers and its sequel Space Rangers 2: Dominators, a league of 5 nations battles three different types of Berserker robots. One that focuses on invading planets, another that battles normal space and third that lives in hyperspace.
 In the Star Wolves video game series, Berserkers are a self-replicating machine menace that threatens the known universe for purposes of destruction and/or assimilation of humanity.
 The Star Wars expanded universe features the World Devastators, large ships designed and built by the Galactic Empire that tear apart planets to use its materials to build other ships or even upgrade or replicate themselves.
 The Tet in the 2013 film Oblivion is revealed to be a Berserker of sorts: a sentient machine that travels from planet to planet, exterminating the indigenous population using armies of robotic drones and cloned members of the target species. The Tet then proceeds to harvest the planet's water in order to extract hydrogen for nuclear fusion.
 In Eclipse Phase, an ETI probe is believed to have infected the TITAN computer systems with the Exsurgent virus to cause them to go berserk and wage war on humanity. This would make ETI probes a form of berserker, albeit one that uses pre-existing computer systems as its key weapons.
 In Herr aller Dinge by Andreas Eschbach, an ancient nano machine complex is discovered buried in a glacier off the coast of Russia. When it comes in contact with materials it needs to fulfill its mission, it creates a launch facility and launches a space craft. It is later revealed that the nano machines were created by a pre-historic human race with the intention of destroying other interstellar civilizations (for an unknown reason). It is proposed that the reason there is no evidence of the race is because of the nano-machines themselves and their ability to manipulate matter at an atomic level. It is even suggested that viruses could be ancient nano machines that have evolved over time.

Replicating seeder ships

 Code of the Lifemaker by James P. Hogan describes the evolution of a society of humanoid-like robots who inhabit Saturn's moon Titan. The sentient machines are descended from an uncrewed factory ship that was to be self replicating, but suffered radiation damage and went off course, eventually landing on Titan around 1,000,000 BC.
 Manifold: Space, Stephen Baxter's novel, starts with the discovery of alien self-replicating machines active within the Solar system.
 In the Metroid Prime subseries of games, the massive Leviathans are probes routinely sent out from the planet Phaaze to infect other planets with Phazon radiation and eventually turn these planets into clones of Phaaze, where the self-replication process can continue.
 In David Brin's short story collection, The River of Time (1986), the short story "Lungfish" prominently features von Neumann probes. Not only does he explore the concept of the probes themselves, but indirectly explores the ideas of competition between different designs of probes, evolution of von Neumann probes in the face of such competition, and the development of a type of ecology between von Neumann probes. One of the vessels mentioned is clearly a Seeder type.
 In The Songs of Distant Earth by Arthur C. Clarke, humanity on a future Earth facing imminent destruction creates automated seedships that act as fire and forget lifeboats aimed at distant, habitable worlds. Upon landing, the ship begins to create new humans from stored genetic information, and an onboard computer system raises and trains the first few generations of new inhabitants. The massive ships are then broken down and used as building materials by their "children".
 On the Stargate Atlantis episode "Remnants", the Atlantis team finds an ancient probe that they later learn was launched by a now-extinct, technologically advanced race in order to seed new worlds and re-propagate their silicon-based species. The probe communicated with inhabitants of Atlantis by means of hallucinations.
 On the Stargate SG-1 episode "Scorched Earth", a species of newly relocated humanoids face extinction via an automated terraforming colony seeder ship controlled by an Artificial Intelligence.
 On Stargate Universe, the human adventurers live on a ship called Destiny. Its mission was to connect a network of Stargates, placed by preceding seeder ships on planets capable of supporting life to allow instantaneous travel between them.
 The trilogy of albums which conclude the comic book series Storm by Don Lawrence (starting with Chronicles of Pandarve 11: The Von Neumann machine) is based on self-replicating conscious machines containing the sum of all human knowledge employed to rebuild human society throughout the universe in case of disaster on Earth. The probe malfunctions and although new probes are built, they do not separate from the motherprobe, which eventually results in a cluster of malfunctioning probes so big that it can absorb entire moons.
 In the Xeno series, a rogue seeder ship (technically a berserker) known as "Deus" created humanity.

See also

 Asteroid mining
 Astrochicken
 Bracewell probe
 Embryo space colonization
 Generation ship
 Interstellar ark
 Interstellar travel
 Self-replicating machine
 Sleeper ship
 Space colonization
 Transcension hypothesis

References

 Boyce, Chris. Extraterrestrial Encounter: A Personal Perspective. London: David & Charles, Newton Abbot (1979).
 von Tiesenhausen, G., and Darbro, W. A. "Self-Replicating Systems," NASA Technical Memorandum 78304. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1980).
 Freitas Jr., Robert A. "A Self-Reproducing Interstellar Probe," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 33, 251–264 (1980). rfreitas.com, also molecularassembler.com
 Valdes, F., and Freitas, R. A. "Comparison of Reproducing and Non-Reproducing Starprobe Strategies for Galactic Exploration," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 33, 402–408 (1980). rfreitas.com

Artificial life
Fictional spacecraft by type
Hypothetical spacecraft
Self-replicating machines

Self-replicating spacecraft


Prestwick () is a town in South Ayrshire on the west coast of Ayrshire in Scotland about  southwest of Glasgow. It adjoins the larger town of Ayr to the south on the Firth of Clyde coast, the centre of which is about  south, and the small village of Monkton to the north. It had a population of 14,901 at the 2011 census.

The town is served by Glasgow Prestwick Airport, which serves many European destinations as well as transatlantic and other international cargo flights.

The town was the first home of the Open Golf Championship, which was played on the Prestwick Old Course from 1860 to 1872.

History

Prestwick's name comes from the Old English for, priest's farm: preost meaning "priest" and wic meaning "farm". The town was originally an outlying farm of a religious house. George T. Flom suggested that the name was of Old Norse origin. In this case, it would mean "priest's bay".

From Robert the Bruce to James VI, King of Scots, numerous Kings have traversed the coastal walks in and around Prestwick and Troon. Bruce is reputed to have been cured of leprosy by the waters of the well at St Ninians church. The well still exists behind the church.

Although it has been a Burgh of Barony for over a thousand years, it was a village until the railway arrived in the 1840s and the middle class from Glasgow started to build large houses along the coast. Prestwick Burgh Hall was completed in around 1837.

The Prestwick Bathing Lake, known as the Lido, was opened in 1931 by the Secretary of State for Scotland, William Adamson. It was the largest swimming pool north of the border. It could accommodate 1200 bathers and 3000 spectators. It hosted swimming galas, diving exhibitions, moonlight swimming sessions and regular fireworks displays and was the venue of some of the Miss Scotland competitions. It was closed in 1972 and subsequently demolished.

On 28 August 1944, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster (42-72171) of the United States Army Air Forces, on approach into Glasgow Prestwick Airport in bad weather, crashed into a residential area of Prestwick, killing all 20 passengers and crew and five people on the ground.

Transport
Glasgow Prestwick Airport, formerly Prestwick International Airport, opened in the 1930s. The airport was a transatlantic gateway for over half a century. It lies close to, and was the last European re-fuelling way-point on, the Great Circle route from London via Thule in Greenland to San Francisco in the US; it is now no longer relevant for modern aircraft with non-stop range. During World War II the US Army Air Corps had a base at the airport, and Elvis Presley set foot in the UK for the only time there on 3 March 1960, when his US Army transport aircraft stopped for refuelling en route from Germany. Though a period of decline in the 1980s and 1990s saw it lose its status as Scotland's primary transatlantic airport, Prestwick continues to handle US military flights. In July 2005, the airport was the main transport hub for world leaders attending the G8 conference in Gleneagles.

The airport now caters to one low-cost airline, Ryanair. In addition, BAE Systems, Goodrich Corporation, Spirit AeroSystems and GE Aircraft Engines have maintenance/manufacturing facilities adjacent to the airfield.

Prestwick has a Royal Navy Air Station, also known as HMS Gannet, where Sea King search and rescue helicopters are stationed. Prestwick is a major air traffic control centre, with both the Scottish Air Traffic Control Centre (controlling 70% of UK airspace) and Prestwick Oceanic Area Control Centre (Shanwick Oceanic Control - responsible for air traffic over the eastern half of the North Atlantic) located at the NATS owned 'Scottish and Oceanic Area Control Centre'.

Prestwick is on the Ayrshire Coast Line between Glasgow Central and Ayr. Three trains per hour call at both  and , with additional services at peak times. Glasgow is approximately 50 minutes from Prestwick by rail. The line continues south to the port of Stranraer on the Wigtownshire coast, but a change of trains at Ayr is usually required.

The bus routes that run through Prestwick are usually run by Stagecoach Western including an express service to and from Glasgow known as the "X77".

The A79 road runs directly through the town, and is normally reached from the A77 trunk road between Glasgow and Stranraer, or from the A78 Ayrshire coastal route to Largs and Greenock.

Landmarks

The remains of the old parish church are located near Prestwick railway station. Thought to have originally been built in the 12th century, the small church building is now a ruin, and is surrounded by an ancient graveyard.

Prestwick has a  esplanade alongside Prestwick Bay, part of the Firth of Clyde. It has two children's playgrounds. At the north end Kid'zplay, an indoor activity centre, can be found next to the large play-area that was formerly a large open air swimming pool. Parallel to the esplanade is a line of large houses overlooking Arran.

The Prestwick Old Course hosted the first Open Golf Championship in 1860. The first twelve Open Championships were played there, from 1860 to 1872. (the Championship was not played in 1871). The town also hosts two other golf courses, St. Nicholas and St. Cuthberts. St. Nicholas is a traditional links course south of the town.

Prestwick St Ninians Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1912. The club continued until the 1950s.

The Shaw Monument stands on the high ground overlooking Prestwick Airport.

On Ardayre Road in Prestwick is a Polish memorial. Its origins can be traced to a memorial erected by the Polish Air Force at Monkton. Discovered there in a dilapidated and vandalised condition, it was moved by Kyle and Carrick District Council in 1986 to its present site in the gardens of the RAFA Club which overlooks the sea. The memorial was repaired and placed on a new plinth. On 2 May 1987 the memorial was unveiled with a commemorative plaque by the Polish Naval, Air Force and Ex-Combattants' Associations. On the 45th anniversary of the sinking of the ORP Orkan (G90), 8 October 1988, another commemorative plaque was installed in memory of the Polish Navy, Merchant Navy and Coastal Command airmen who died in the Battle of the Atlantic. On Polish Navy Day (10 February) at the memorial, in a service that both Polish and Scottish ex-servicemen participate in, the memories of those that perished are remembered in a spirit of friendship and comradeship between Polish and Scottish ex-servicemen.

The Oval is a public park in the centre of Prestwick with two full size football pitches with indoor changing rooms, a tennis centre with three indoor courts and eight outdoor, a 25m indoor swimming pool and gym, indoor bowling green and cricket club. The park was gifted to the town in 1954.

Population
Prestwick census locality has a population of 14,934; the civil parish of Monkton and Prestwick has a population of 14,261.

Governance
Prestwick lies within the South Ayrshire Council area.

Prestwick is part of the Ayr Scottish parliamentary constituency which has been represented by SNP MSP Siobhian Brown since the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. The constituency also incorporates the towns of Ayr and Troon. At Westminster, Prestwick forms part of the Central Ayrshire constituency. It is represented by SNP MP Philippa Whitford: the constituency extends north into Troon and rural South Ayrshire and further north into Irvine and part of Kilwinning in North Ayrshire.

Councillors
Four Councillors currently represent the area of Prestwick as part of South Ayrshire Council.

Geography

Prestwick is geographically split into two main areas by the Main Street running parallel to the railway line. Most people live on the east side of Main Street. Here there is a mixture of council and private housing. The main neighbourhoods on the east of the Main Street are Shawfarm, Marchburn, Glenburn, Powmill, Kingcase, Moorfield and East Road/Kings Meadow. On the west side of the Main Street is a mixture of council, privately owned, rented and hotel/B & B accommodation.

Climate

Education
Prestwick has five schools, four primary and one secondary, one of which is a denominational school, serving Prestwick and north of Prestwick. The schools are:

 Prestwick Academy
 Glenburn Primary
 Kingcase Primary
 St. Ninian's Primary: denominational (Catholic) Primary
 Heathfield Primary: Officially in Ayr, on border of Prestwick and Ayr

Prestwick Academy is a secondary school fed by all these primary schools. St. Ninian's pupils can go on to Queen Margaret Academy or Prestwick Academy. The primary schools in the outlying villages of Monkton and Symington also 'feed' the secondary school.

Sport and recreation
St. Ninian's Park, nicknamed The Oval, is a public park located in the centre, and consists of 2 full size football pitches with indoor changing rooms, a tennis centre with 3 indoor courts and 8 outdoor, a 25m indoor swimming pool and gym, indoor bowling green and cricket club.

Prestwick Golf Club is a classic links golf course, built on the rolling sandy land between the beach and the hinterland. The course is near the Prestwick airport, and some holes run along railway tracks on the eastern side of the course. The Open Championship originated at the club, and was played there 24 times between 1860 and 1925.

Famous sportspeople from Prestwick are footballers Bob Anderson, Craig Conway, James Forrest, Giovanni Moscardini, Andrew Thomson, footballer turned MP Ian Welsh, professional wrestler Drew McIntyre and figure skater Lewis Gibson.

Town twinning
Prestwick is twinned with:

  Lichtenfels, Bavaria
  Vandalia, Ohio
  Ariccia, Italy

References

External links

 Prestwick - About Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland About Prestwick
 Prestwick Bathing Lake Prestwick had real pooling power
 Photo tour of Prestwick
 South Ayrshire Council
 Video and commentary on the Shaw Monument
 Video and commentary on St Nicholas Kirk, Prestwick
 Video and commentary on Bruce's or Kingcase Well

Towns in South Ayrshire
Firth of Clyde

Prestwick


Rhoptropus es un género de gecos de la familia Gekkonidae. Son gecos  diurnos y terrestres endémicos en ciertas regiones áridas de África ( Namibia y Angola, en particular).

Especies
Se reconocen las siguientes siete especies:
 Rhoptropus afer Peters, 1869
 Rhoptropus barnardi Hewitt, 1926
 Rhoptropus biporosus Fitzsimons, 1957
 Rhoptropus boultoni Schmidt, 1933
 Rhoptropus bradfieldi Hewitt, 1935
 Rhoptropus diporus Haacke, 1965
 Rhoptropus taeniostictus Laurent, 1964

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de reptiles

Rhoptropus


Hédi Fried () a fost o psihologă și scriitoare de origine evreiască, supraviețuitoare a Holocaustului. După ce s-a salvat din lagărele Auschwitz și Bergen-Belsen a emigrat în Suedia în iulie 1945.

Biografie
În 1944 Hédi Fried a fost deportată de autoritățile maghiare din nord-vestul Transilvaniei, împreună cu familia sa și cu alți evrei din Sighetu Marmației, în Lagărul de concentrare Auschwitz. Părinții și rudele ei apropiate au murit acolo. A fost transferată apoi în lagărul de exterminare de la Bergen-Belsen  de unde, cu ajutorul Crucii Roșii s-a stabilit în Suedia, unde a ajuns cu vaporul M/S Rönnskär.

Hédi Fried a lucrat în Suedia ca psiholog și a participat la educarea tinerelor generații, promovând toleranța și înțelegerea între oameni. În plus, a publicat cinci cărți cu conținut autobiografic, care au fost traduse în peste 20 de limbi. Trei cărți au fost traduse în limba română: Frânturi dintr-o viață. Drumul la și de la Auschwitz, A treia viață, Pendulul Vieții - Fragmente, experiente, reflecții - Date istorice și îndrumător pentru profesori.

Premii și distincții
Hédi Fried a fost distinsă cu medalia Illis Cvorum și a fost numită Europeanul Anului în 1997. Ea a primit în 1998 Natur & Kulturs Kulturpris, un premiu cultural pentru opera ei literară. În 2015 a fost distinsă cu Ordinul Național "Steaua României" în grad de Cavaler, la propunerea ministrului afacerilor externe, "în semn de profund respect pentru suferințele îndurate, în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, în lagărele de concentrare de la Auschwitz-Birkenau, pentru contribuția deosebită avută la promovarea valorilor toleranței și la mai buna cunoaștere a istoriei Holocaustului - o tragedie pe care omenirea nu trebuie să o mai cunoască", și în 2017 cu Ordinul de Merit al Republicii Federale Germania.

În decembrie 2017 i s-a acordat Premiul Olof Palme pe anul 2017 pentru "eforturile neobosite de apărare a egalității în drepturi a tuturor oamenilor, precum și pentru munca de o viață de a face cunoscute atrocitățile produse de nazism și rasism, violență și prejudecăți".

S-a stins pe 20 noiembrie 2022, la vârsta de 98 de ani

Cărți
 1992 – Skärvor av ett liv. Vägen till och från Auschwitz, Natur & Kultur,
 1995 – Livet tillbaka, Natur & Kultur,
 2002 – Ett tredje liv: från jordbävning i själen till meningsfull tillvaro, Natur & Kultur,
 2003 – Livets pendel. Fragment, erfarenheter, insikter, Lärarhandledning Natur & Kultur,
 2017 – Frågor jag fått om Förintelsen, Natur & Kultur,

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1924
Nașteri pe 15 iunie
Oameni din Sighetu Marmației
Evrei români
Evrei maghiari
Evrei suedezi
Supraviețuitori ai lagărului de concentrare Auschwitz
Supraviețuitori ai Holocaustului
Decese în 2022
Decese pe 20 noiembrie
Ofițeri ai Ordinului Crucea Federală de Merit a Republicii Federale Germania
Cavaler al Ordinului Steaua României
Români expatriați în Suedia

Hédi Fried


was a town located in Abu District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,605 and a density of 41.37 persons per km². The total area was 87.15 km².

On March 6, 2005, Susa was merged into the expanded city of Hagi along with the town of Tamagawa, and the villages of Asahi, Fukue, Kawakami and Mutsumi (all from Abu District).

External links
 Hagi official website

Dissolved municipalities of Yamaguchi Prefecture
Hagi, Yamaguchi

Susa, Yamaguchi


{{Info/Canção
| nome = Garden (Say It like Dat)
| artista = SZA
| tipo = single
| lançada =
| formato = * Download digital
 streaming
| gênero = * [[R&B alternativo|R&B alternativo]]
 trap| duração =
| gravadora = * Top Dawg
 RCA
| compositor = * Solána Rowe
 Daniel Tannenbaum
 Craig Balmoris
| produtor = Bēkon
| álbum = Ctrl
| título anterior = Broken Clocks
| ano anterior = 2018
| título seguinte = Power Is Power
| ano seguinte = 2019
}}

"Garden (Say It like Dat)" é uma canção gravada pela cantora estadunidense SZA, presente em seu álbum de estreia Ctrl (2017). Composta pela própria artista em conjunto com Daniel Tannenbaum e Craig Balmoris, e produzida por Bēkon. A faixa foi lançada em 19 de junho de 2018 como o quinto e último single de divulgação do álbum nas rádios urbanas, através das gravadoras Top Dawg Entertainment e RCA Records.

 Vídeo musical
O vídeo musical foi lançado em 20 de maio de 2018 e dirigido por Karen Evans.

O vídeo mostra SZA cantando diante de várias paisagens com uma atmosfera "sonhadora". Ele apresenta cenas em uma selva onde os links com seu amante retratados por Childish Gambino após sua aparição no vídeo "This Is America". O vídeo também apresenta uma participação especial da mãe de SZA, Audrey Rowe, que também pode ser ouvida em faixas do álbum Ctrl em várias discussões.

 Performances ao vivo
A canção foi incluída no repertório da turnê Ctrl the Tour''.

Histórico de lançamento

Referências

Singles de 2018
Canções de 2018
Canções gravadas por SZA
Canções compostas por SZA

Garden (Say It like Dat)


We Survive er det tredje engelsksprogede studiealbum og sjette i alt af den danske sangerinde Medina, der udkom den 26. februar 2016. Albummet indeholder 10 nye sange, samt engelske versioner af Medinas danske hits, "Jalousi" ("Jealousy"), "Giv slip" ("Let Go"), og "Når intet er godt nok" ("Good Enough").

Titelsangen "We Survive" udkom som albummet's første single den 12. februar 2016. Albummet blev dårligt modtaget af anmelderne og fik én og to stjerner i flere dagblade. De kritiserede bl.a. hendes engelsk.

We Survive debuterede som nummer 20 på den danske hitliste, med salgsscore på 367. I Tyskland debuterede albummet som nummer 39.

Cover
Albummets cover forestiller et redigeret billede af en Medina, med sort hår, der omfavner en Medina med hvidt hår. Coveret fik stor opmærksomhed for dens atypiske motiv. I Politikens anmeldelse af We Survive, skrev Simon Lund: "Er det for sjov? Er det en ironisk kommentar til Medinas rolle som repræsentant for den generation, der dyrker sig selv uden af skamme sig? Eller er det 1:1 et udtryk for titlen: Medina slutter ring om sig selv og skal nok overleve i en verden fuld af hån og haters? Det er os (mig og mig) mod rosset." Lund mente at Medina havde valgt at "iscenesætte sig selv som udstødt" på coveret.

Anmeldelser
Jens Dræby fra Gaffa gav albummet to ud af seks stjerner, og skrev at albummet bestod af "variationer på de samme tre-fire sange". I sin anmeldelse for Politiken, skrev Simon Lund at Medina mister sin personlighed når hun synger på engelsk, og at sangene var middelmådige.

Berlingskes anmelder Michael Charles Gaunt skrev: "Det er lidt en kliche, men det bliver bare mere distanceret og uvedkommende at høre Medina arbejde sig igennem natklubben på et andet sprog. Særkendet forsvinder, og tilbage står Medinas sårede stemme og græder krokodilletårer i de top-professionelle produktioners blændende skær."

Spor

Hitlister

Kilder

Medina-album
Album fra 2016

We Survive


Det 57. britiske parlamentsvalg blev afholdt den 8. juni 2017.

Valgresultat
De 650 mandater i Underhuset blev fordelt således mellem partierne. Resultatet fra valget i 2015 står i parentes:
 Det konservative parti (De konservative): 317 medlemmer (331)
 Arbejderpartiet (Labour): 261 medlemmer (232)
 Det skotske nationale parti: 35 medlemmer (56)
 De liberale demokrater (Liberaldemokraterne): 12 medlemmer (8)
 Demokratisk unionistparti (Nordirland): 10 medlemmer (8)
 Sinn Féin (Nordirland): 7 medlemmer (4)
 Det walisiske parti: 4 medlemmer (3)
 Det britiske uafhængighedsparti (UKIP): 0 mandater (1)
 Det grønne parti (De Grønne): 1 medlem (1)
 Det socialdemokratiske arbejderparti (Nordirland): 0 medlemmer (3)
 Ulster unionist parti (Nordirland): 0 medlemmer (2)
 Andre: 1 medlem (1)

Valg i enkeltmandskredse
Det britiske valg fandt sted i enkeltmandskredse. Mandattallet var blevet en del anderledes, hvis der havde været forholdstalsvalg.

For udvalgte partier betød valgmetoden:
 De konservative havde stemmer til 273 mandater (42,4 procent), de fik 317.
 Labour havde stemmer til 260 mandater (40,0 procent), de fik 261.
 Liberaldemokraterne havde stemmer til 46 mandater (7,36 procent), de fik 12.
 De Grønne havde stemmer til 13 mandater (1,63 procent), de fik 1.
 UKIP havde stemmer til 13 mandater (1,85 procent), de fik 0.

Noter

Storbritannien 2017
Politiske valg i Storbritannien

Parlamentsvalget i Storbritannien 2017


Charles Marie de La Condamine (28 January 1701 – 4 February 1774) was a French explorer, geographer, and mathematician. He spent ten years in territory which is now Ecuador, measuring the length of a degree of latitude at the equator and preparing the first map of the Amazon region based on astro-geodetic observations. Furthermore he was a contributor to the Encyclopédie.Biography
Charles Marie de La Condamine was born in Paris as a son of well-to-do parents, Charles de La Condamine and Louise Marguerite Chourses. He studied at the Collège Louis-le-Grand where he was trained in humanities as well as in mathematics.  After finishing his studies, he enlisted in the army and fought in the war against Spain (1719).  After returning from the war, he became acquainted with scientific circles in Paris.  On 12 December 1730 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences and was appointed Assistant Chemist at the Academy.

In 1729 La Condamine and his friend Voltaire exploited a loophole in the French government's lottery, which brought them large profits.

In May 1731 La Condamine sailed with the Levant Company to Constantinople (now Istanbul), where he stayed five months. After returning to Paris, La Condamine submitted in November 1732 a paper to the Academy entitled Mathematical and Physical Observations made during a Visit of the Levant in 1731 and 1732.

In South America

Three years later he joined the French Geodesic Mission to territory which is now Ecuador which had the aim of testing a hypothesis of Isaac Newton. Newton had posited that the Earth is not a perfect sphere, but bulges around the equator and is flattened  at the poles. Newton's opinion had raised a huge controversy among French scientists. Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Alexis Claude Clairaut, and Pierre Charles Le Monnier traveled to Lapland, where they were to measure the length of several degrees of latitude orthogonal to the arctic circle, while Louis Godin, Pierre Bouguer, and La Condamine were sent to South America to perform similar measurements around the equator.

On 16 May 1735, La Condamine sailed from La Rochelle accompanied by Godin, Bouguer and a botanist, Joseph de Jussieu.  After stopovers in Martinique, Saint-Domingue, and Cartagena, they sailed southward through Panama, arriving at the Pacific port of Manta on 10 March 1736.

La Condamine's associations with his colleagues were unhappy. The expedition was beset by many difficulties, and finally La Condamine split from the rest and made his way to Quito, Ecuador separately, following the Esmeraldas River, becoming the first European to encounter rubber in the process. La Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Académie Royale des Sciences of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the Académie (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber. He joined the group again on 4 June 1736 in the city of Quito.

The meridian arc whose length La Condamine and his colleagues chose to measure passed through a high valley perpendicular to the equator, stretching from Quito (now the capital of Ecuador) in the north to Cuenca in the south.  The scientists spent a month performing triangulation measurements in the Yaruqui plains—from 3 October to 3 November 1736—and then returned to Quito.

After they had come back to Quito, they found that subsidies expected from Paris had not arrived. La Condamine, who had taken precautions and had made a deposit on a bank in Lima, traveled in early 1737 to Lima to collect money. He prolonged this journey somewhat to study the cinchona tree with its medicinally active bark (containing the anti-malarial drug quinine), the tree being hardly known in Europe. Because cinchona only grows at high altitudes the plants did not survive.
He described how the plants were brought to France:

On June 3rd I spent the whole day on one of these mountains [near Loja in present-day Ecuador]. Though assisted by two Americans of the region whom I took with me as guides, I was able to collect no more than eight or nine young plants of Quinquina [cinchona] in a proper state for transportation. These I had placed in earth taken from the spot in a case of suitable size and had them carried on the shoulders of a man whom I kept constantly in my sight, and then by canoe. I hoped to leave some of the plants at Cayenne [in Guiana] for cultivation and to transport the others to the King's garden in France.

He collected valuable seeds, sarsparilla, guaiacum, ipecacuanha, cacao, vanilla and simarouba.

After returning to Quito on 20 June 1737, he found that Godin refused to disclose his results, whereupon La Condamine joined forces with Bouguer.  The two men continued with their length measurements in the mountainous and inaccessible region close to Quito.  When in December 1741 Bouguer detected an error in a calculation of La Condamine's, the two explorers got into a quarrel and stopped speaking to each other.  However, working separately, the two completed their project in May 1743.

Return to Europe
Insufficient funds prevented La Condamine from returning to France directly. Thus La Condamine chose to return by way of the Amazon River, a route which is longer and more dangerous. His was the first scientific exploration of the Amazon. He reached the Atlantic Ocean on 19 September 1743, having made observations of astronomic and topographic interest on the way.  He also made some botanical studies, notably of cinchona and rubber trees.

In February 1744 he arrived in Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana. He did not dare to travel back to France on a French merchant ship because France was at war (the Austrian Succession War of 1740–1748), and he had to wait for five months for a Dutch ship, but made good use of his waiting time by observing and recording physical, biological and ethnological phenomena.  Finally leaving Cayenne in August 1744, he arrived in Amsterdam on 30 November 1744, where he stayed for a while, and arrived in Paris in February 1745. He brought with him many notes, natural history specimens, and art objects that he donated to the naturalist Buffon (1707–1788).

La Condamine published the results of his measurements and travels with a map of the Amazon in Mém. de l'Académie des Sciences, 1745 (English translation 1745–1747). This included the first descriptions by a European of the Casiquiare canal and the curare arrow poison prepared by the Amerindians. He also noted the correct use of quinine to fight malaria. The journal of his ten-year-long voyage to South America was published in Paris in 1751. The scientific results of the expedition were unambiguous: the Earth is indeed a spheroid flattened at the poles as was believed by Newton.

La Condamine and Bouguer failed to write a joint publication, and Bouguer's death in 1758 put an end to their relationship. The other expedition member, Godin, died in 1760. Being the only surviving member, he received most of the credit for the expedition which drew a great deal of attention in France, as he was a gifted writer and popularizer.

On a visit to Rome La Condamine made careful measurements of the ancient buildings with a view to a precise determination of the length of the Roman foot. He also wrote in favour of inoculation, and on various other subjects, mainly connected with his work in South America.

La Condamine had contracted smallpox in his youth.  This led him to take part in the debate on variolation against the disease and to propagate inoculation against smallpox. Assisted by the clarity and elegance of his writing, he presented several papers at the Academy of Sciences in which he defended his ideas with passion. He became a corresponding member of the academies of London, Berlin, Saint Petersburg and Bologna, and was elected to the l'Académie française on 29 November 1760.  In August 1756, he married, with papal dispensation, his young niece Charlotte Bouzier of Estouilly.  La Condamine had many friends, the closest one being Maupertuis, to whom he bequeathed his papers. La Condamine died in Paris on 4 February 1774, following a hernia operation.

Works

South AmericaJournal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'équateur (Paris 1751, Supplement 1752)Relation abrégée d'un voyage fait dans l'intérieur del'Amérique méridionale (Paris 1759)
"Mémoire sur quelques anciens monumens du Perou [sic], du tems des Incas", in: Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres II (1746), Berlin 1748, S. 435–456 (PDF).

OthersLa figure de la terre déterminée (Paris 1749)Mesure des trois premiers degrés du méridien dans l'hémisphère australe (Paris 1751)Histoire de l'inoculation de la petite vérole (Amsterdam 1773)

References

Victor Wolfgang von Hagen: South America called them; explorations of the great naturalists: La Condamine, Humboldt, Darwin, Spruce. New York: Knopf, 1945
Robert Whitaker: The Mapmaker's Wife. London: Doubleday, 2004. (The full story of the expedition to South America, drawn from the original documents.)
Neil Safier, Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America'', Univ. of Chicago Press, 2008.

External links

French Academy of Sciences biography

 Voyages of Discovery : The Figure of Earth (BBC documentary) / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKulxEp2aqk

Scientists from Paris
1701 births
1774 deaths
18th-century French astronomers
French geographers
Explorers of South America
La Condamine, Charles Marie de
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)

Charles Marie de La Condamine


Prix Génie (1980-2013), récompenses cinématographiques de l'Académie canadienne du cinéma et de la télévision
 Prix Génie de la meilleure actrice
 Prix Génie de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle
 Prix Génie de la meilleure direction artistique
 Prix Génie de la meilleure réalisation
 Prix Génie du meilleur acteur
 Prix Génie du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle
 Prix Génie du meilleur film
 1re cérémonie des prix Génie
 2e cérémonie des prix Génie
 3e cérémonie des prix Génie
 4e cérémonie des prix Génie
 5e cérémonie des prix Génie
 6e cérémonie des prix Génie
 7e cérémonie des prix Génie
 8e cérémonie des prix Génie
 9e cérémonie des prix Génie
 10e cérémonie des prix Génie
 11e cérémonie des prix Génie
 12e cérémonie des prix Génie
 13e cérémonie des prix Génie
 14e cérémonie des prix Génie
 15e cérémonie des prix Génie
 16e cérémonie des prix Génie
 17e cérémonie des prix Génie
 18e cérémonie des prix Génie
 19e cérémonie des prix Génie
 20e cérémonie des prix Génie
 22e cérémonie des prix Génie
 23e cérémonie des prix Génie
 24e cérémonie des prix Génie
 25e cérémonie des prix Génie
 26e cérémonie des prix Génie
 27e cérémonie des prix Génie
 28e cérémonie des prix Génie
 29e cérémonie des prix Génie
 30e cérémonie des prix Génie
 31e cérémonie des prix Génie
 32e cérémonie des prix Génie
 33e cérémonie des Prix Génie, 1re cérémonie des prix Écrans canadiens

Voir aussi

Prix Génie (homonymie)


Louise de Reuss-Greiz (en allemand, Luise Caroline Reuss zu Greiss), née le  à Greiz et morte à Ernstbrunn, Basse-Autriche, le , est un membre de la maison Reuss, devenue par mariage, de 1842 à 1852, princesse de Saxe-Altenbourg, puis, de 1854 à 1875, princesse de Reuss-Köstritz.

Biographie

Famille
Louise de Reuss-Greiz est la fille aînée de Henri XIX de Reuss-Greiz (1790-1836), prince régnant à Greiz de 1817 à 1836, et de Gasparine princesse de Rohan-Rochefort (1798-1871). Elle a une sœur cadette : Élisabeth (1824-1861) qui épouse en 1844 Charles-Egon III de Fürstenberg (1820-1892).

Mariages et descendance
Louise de Reuss-Greiz épouse à Greiz le  le prince Édouard de Saxe-Altenbourg (né le  à Hildburghausen, dans le duché de Saxe-Hildburghausen, et mort le  à Munich, dans le royaume de Bavière). Veuf d'Amélie de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen depuis le , Édouard est le douzième et dernier enfant du duc Frédéric  de Saxe-Hildburghausen (1763-1834) et de la princesse Charlotte de Mecklembourg-Strelitz (1769-1818).

Deux enfants sont issus de cette union :

 Albert de Saxe-Altenbourg (1843-1902), qui épouse, en 1885, Marie de Prusse (1855–1888) puis, en 1891, Hélène de Mecklembourg-Strelitz, dont deux filles du premier mariage ;
 Marie-Gasparine de Saxe-Altenbourg (1845-1930), qui épouse, en 1869, Charles-Gonthier de Schwarzbourg-Sondershausen, sans postérité.

Veuve depuis le , Louise de Reuss-Greiz épouse à Greiz, le  Henri IV futur prince régnant (1878) de la branche cadette de Reuss-Köstritz, né à Dresde, le  et mort à Ernstbrunn, le , fils de Henri LXIII de Reuss-Köstritz et d'Éléonore de Stolberg-Wernigerode.

Six enfants sont issus de cette union :

 Henri XXIV de Reuss-Köstritz (1855-1910), épouse en 1884 Éléonore de Reuss-Köstritz (1860-1931), dont cinq enfants ;
 Un fils mort-né à Trebschen, le  ;
 Un fils mort-né, le  ;
 Éléonore de Reuss-Köstritz (1860-1917), épouse en 1908 Ferdinand, tsar de Bulgarie (1861-1948), sans postérité, et devient, de 1908 à 1917, reine consort de Bulgarie ;
 Un fils mort-né à Ernstbrunn, le  ;
 Élisabeth de Reuss-Köstritz (1865-1937), sans alliance.

Mort
Louise de Reuss-Greiz meurt, à l'âge de  à Ernstbrunn, Basse-Autriche, le .

Références

Bibliographie

 .
 .

Liens externes

Princesse de Saxe-Altenbourg
Louise
Naissance en décembre 1822
Naissance à Greiz
Naissance dans la principauté de Greiz
Décès en janvier 1875
Décès en Basse-Autriche
Décès à 52 ans

Louise Reuss de Greiz


Mülki idare, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası'na göre Türkiye, yerinden yönetim esasına göre yönetilir. İlin ve ilçenin başındaki idarecilere mülki idare amiri denir.

Mülki idare


Eugen Ovidiu Chirovici assina como E. O. Chirovici (Făgăraș, 11 de maio de 1964) é um economista, ex-jornalista e escritor de ficção romeno que vive na Europa Ocidental desde 2012 e também escreve em inglês.

Biografia
Ele nasceu na região da Transilvânia na Romênia, em uma família romeno-húngara-alemã. Ele fez sua estreia literária com uma coleção de contos, e seu primeiro romance, Masacrul (1991), vendeu mais de 100.000 cópias na língua romena, um número sem precedentes naquele mercado.

Em 1988 graduou-se na Academia de Estudos Econômicos de Bucareste. Trabalhou como economista e também estudou na Universidade de Glasgow, além de um treinamento no Banco Mundial.. Ele possui doutorado em Economia, Comunicação e História, e é membro da Academia de Ciências Romena.

Começou também a trabalhar como jornalista . Entre 1992 e 2000 foi primeiro repórter, depois editor, chefe de departamento, editor-chefe adjunto e, finalmente, editor-chefe do Curierul Național. Também colaborou com canais de rádio e televisão como: Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, BBC e TVR . Em 2000 trabalhou como diretor executivo na criação da B1 TV, onde liderou até 2002 . No mesmo ano, tornou-se conselheiro econômico do primeiro-ministro Adrian Nastase. Entre 2003 e 2007 foi Presidente-Secretário de Estado da ex-Agência Nacional das Pequenas e Médias Empresas, depois, de 2008 a 2012, assessor do Conselho de Administração do Banco Nacional da Romênia. Publicou inúmeros artigos e livros na sua área profissional  .

Sua primeira grande paixão artística foi a pintura . No final dos anos 1980 e início dos anos 1990, vendeu dezenas de obras para galerias, tornando-se posteriormente pintor secundário.

Em 2012, o filho de E. O. Chirovici se formou na faculdade na Inglaterra e trabalhou lá, e sua esposa recebeu uma oferta de emprego na Inglaterra. Por conta disso, Chirovici, então com 48 anos, renunciou ao cargo no Banco Nacional e mudou-se para a Inglaterra com a ideia de continuar apenas escrevendo.

Carreira literária
Ele já tinha publicado vários livros na Romênia mas na Inglaterra ele conseguiu publicar o romance, The Book of Mirrors, somente em 2015, após muitas tentativas. Durante um ano, ofereceu-o a mais de uma centena de agências literárias americanas. Ao final, dez pediram o manuscrito, mas todos recusaram sem motivação. Desta vez, de três agências na Inglaterra, uma aceitou o romance imediatamente e em um mês o vendeu em 30 países. . Em 2018, o livro fora publicado em 39 idiomas, em mais de 40 países, e vendeu 400.000 exemplares.
Em 2017, quando a sua esposa começou a trabalhar para a  Comissão Europeia, o escritor também se mudou para Bruxelas.

Em 2020, o escritor mudou-se para Florença na Itália, mas retornou periodicamente a Bucareste, capital da Romênia. Seus livros também são publicados em romeno, e ele ainda é cidadão romeno.

Prêmios
Recebeu a Medalha Kent, em 2009, pelas mãos do príncipe inglês Edward, Duque de Kent.

Obras
 Masacrul (1991)
 Comando pentru general (1991)
 A doua moarte (2006)
 Suflete la preț redus (2007)
 La broasca leșinată (2007)
 Labyrinth.com (2009)
 Voodoo (2010)
 Pulbere neagră (2010)
 Hoodoo Creek (2011)
 Cine a ucis-o pe Nora Jones? (2011)
 Sanitarium. Locul în care nimic nu este ce pare a fi (2012)
 O amintire de la Paris (2012)
 The Second Death (2014)
 The Book of Mirrors (2015) O Livro dos Espelhos (Record, 2017)
 Bad Blood (2018) Sangue Ruim (Record, 2021)

Ensaios (Não-ficção)
 Națiunea virtuală. Eseu despre globalizare (2001)
 Misterele istoriei. Religie, politică, bani (2005)
 Noua economie. ABC pentru viitorii milionari (2008)
 Puterea (2009)
 Gods, Weapons and Money: The Puzzle of Power (2014)
 Rumors That Changed the World. A History of Violence and Discrimination (2014)

Jornalistas da Roménia
Economistas da Roménia
Romancistas da Roménia
Ensaístas da Romênia
Escritores de suspense

E. O. Chirovici


Mácher es una localidad de Lanzarote, perteneciente al municipio de Tías. Con una población de 1.253 habitantes (según INE, 2018). Está situado en el sur de la isla de Lanzarote, a unos 14 kilómetros de la capital Arrecife, y a 9 kilómetros del aeropuerto. Se caracteriza por tener un asentamiento disperso a ambos lados de la carretera Arrecife-Yaiza-Playa Blanca (LZ-2). Está situado muy cerca de Puerto del Carmen, prácticamente sin separación y a unos 2 kilómetros de Puerto Calero

Historia
Zona histórica agrícola de Lanzarote, en el pasado se caracterizó por el cultivo de tomates y cebollas principalmente, existiendo una curiosa división agraria. En los terrenos situados al norte de la carretera es donde se cultiva la cebolla, mientras que en los que se hallan al sur, de la misma, se dedica al tomate. En la actualidad la mayor parte de sus habitantes se dedica a la actividad turística y servicios.

El origen de su nombre, posiblemente proviene del término italiano "Maschera", del que ha ido derivando a Mácheres, y finalmente Mácher. Junto a La Asomada forman un todo que va desde la Montañas de Guardilama, Gaida y Tinasoria hasta el Mar.

Entre los atractivos más destacados, aún podemos encontrar viejos caserones de siglos pasados, además digno de mención es la Molina de Mácher. Entre los atractivos naturales encontramos la montaña de Guardilama (la tercera más alta de Lanzarote) o la montaña de Tinasoria. En esta última se práctica el Parapente y Ala Delta, uno de los lúgares más usados por los aficionados a este deporte junto al Macizo de Famara. En la costa de Mácher, entre Puerto Calero y Puerto del Carmen, existe una zona rocosa donde se práctica el nudismo, denominada Barranco del Kikere.

Fiestas
El Patrón del pueblo es San Pedro, celebrándose unas fiestas muy reconocidas en la isla, se celebra el 29 de junio. Se caracterizan estas fiestas por la sencillez de sus actos y el mantenimiento de sus tradiciones.

Infraestructuras
Posee un Colegio de Infantil y Primaria de reciente construcción, "CEIP La Asomada-Mácher"; además está muy cerca del Instituto de Yaiza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Tías (Las Palmas)

Mácher


Sarah (ou Sara) Tyson Hallowell née le  à Philadelphie (Pennsylvanie) et morte le  à Moret-sur-Loing, est une conservatrice de musée américaine.

Elle organise un certain nombre d'expositions majeures à Chicago dont les peintures murales du Women's building de l'Exposition universelle de 1893 à Chicago en collaboration avec Bertha Palmer. Elle s'installe ensuite à Paris, où elle travaille pour l'Art Institute of Chicago pour repérer des œuvres d'intérêt. Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, elle se porte volontaire dans un hôpital en France puisqu'elle y vit.

Famille

Sarah Tyson Hallowell est née à Philadelphie, Pennsylvanie le 7 décembre 1846. Ses parents sont Caleb W. Hallowel, et Mary Morris Tyson Hallowell mariés le 11 juin 1840. Caleb Hallowell est un marchand de Philadelphie  né en 1815 et mort de la tuberculose en 1858. Sa mère est née en 1820 et décédée en 1913 à Moret-sur-Loing.

Mary et Caleb sont tous deux nés dans un milieu quaker mais avaient pris leur distance au moment de leur mariage. Leurs enfants restent influencés par le biais de leurs familles.

Le neveu de Sarah Tyson Hallowell est l'artiste américain George Hawley Hallowell (1872-1926) de Boston. Sa nièce, qui vit avec elle en France, est la peintre Harriet Hallowell.

Carrière
À l'âge de , Sarah Tyson Hallowell déménage avec sa mère à Chicago et organise des expositions d'art moderne. En 1870, elle vit avec quatre de ses cinq frères et sœurs dans la maison de sa mère.

Elle se rend aux poles artistiques européens pour trouver des œuvres d'art pour les expositions de Chicago et rentre en contact avec William Merritt Chase, James McNeill Whistler, John Singer Sargent et d'autres artistes de l'École de Barbizon ou d'ailleurs. Elle popularise l'impressionnisme en exposant les œuvres de Degas, Monet, Pissarrol, Alfred Sisley, et Pierre-Auguste Renoir dans le salon Inter-États de Chicago de 1890 avec la collaboration de la galerie Durant-Ruel.

Sarah Tyson Hallowell travaille pour des collectionneurs d'art de Chicago dont Bertha Palmer. Elle est également membre de l' Antiquarian Society , une association d'antiquaires. Elle aide à promouvoir le développement de l'Art Institute of Chicago. Elle a des responsabilités croissantes dans la gestion des expositions. Carolyn Kinder Carr, auteur de Sara T. Hallowell: Forsaking Plain for Fancy, a déclaré qu'elle fut la première femme à gérer des expositions. Elle aurait fait partie d'un groupe de femmes qui furent étudiantes à l'École de l'Art Institute de Chicago.

Exposition universelle de 1893

Sarah Tyson Hallowell est l'une des organisatrices puis le chef adjoint du Département des beaux-arts de l'Exposition universelle de 1893 à Chicago. Au départ, elle postule pour le poste de responsable ayant plus de dix ans d'experience à organiser de grandes expositions et à développer des relations importantes au sein de la communauté artistique. Elle bénéficie à cette époque de puissants soutiens sociaux et politiques qui font pression pour qu'elle obtienne le rôle. Bien qu'étant une candidate bien placée, elle n'est pas nommée. L'auteur Carolyn Kinder Carr déclare : .

Sarah Tyson Hallowell est chargée de gérer la venue des œuvres d'origine européennes et de trouver des femmes artistes pour des peintures murales. Travaillant principalement depuis Paris et à la demande de Berthe Palmer, elle identifie Mary Fairchild et Mary Cassatt, qui devient l'une de ses amies par la suite dans les années 1890. Soap Bubbles d'Elizabeth Gardner fait partie des œuvres sélectionnées par Sarah Tyson Hallowell.

Sarah Tyson Hallowell, qui rencontra Auguste Rodin au début des années 1890 lors de la préparation de l'exposition universelle devient sa « meilleure amie américaine ».

Vie en France
En 1894, Sarah Tyson Hallowell s'installe à Paris avec sa mère et sa nièce. Elle travaille principalement pour le compte de l'Art Institute of Chicago. Elle sélectionne et envoie à l'Art Institute les œuvres d'artistes français comme Rodin et Robert Henri.

Au tournant du siècle, sa mère et sa nièce et elle-même vivent à Moret-sur-Loing, près de Fontainebleau.

Elle cesse de travailler pour l'Art Institute of Chicago lorsque la Première Guerre mondiale éclate.

Participation à l'effort de guerre
Sarah et sa nièce vivent à Moret-sur-Loing pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et elle se porte volontaire à l'hôpital local. [nb 2] Leurs domicile devient un atelier de couture pour repriser les vêtements pour les soldats et les réfugiés. Leurs efforts, qui se sont poursuivis après la guerre, sont soutenus par des dons de leur cousin, T. Morris Perot de Pennsylvanie entree autres.

Sarah Tyson Hallowell meurt le 19 juillet 1924 à Moret-sur-Loing, où elle est enterrée.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Exposition universelle de 1893

 Women's building
 Art Institute of Chicago

Liens externes

Conservateur américain de musée
Américain expatrié en France
Exposition universelle de 1893
Quaker américain
Art Institute of Chicago
Naissance en décembre 1846
Naissance à Philadelphie
Décès en juillet 1924
Décès à 77 ans
Décès à Moret-Loing-et-Orvanne

Sarah Tyson Hallowell


Gara Fetești este o stație de cale ferată din municipiul Fetești, România.

Note

Fetești

Gara Fetești