Acest articol acoperă numai noțiunile de bază ale speciilor Pokémon. Pentru informații detaliate în univers, vă rugăm să consultați wiki-urile dedicate subiectului.

Prima generație (Generația I) a francizei Pokémon prezintă cele 151 de creaturi fictive introduse inițial în jocurile Game Boy din 1996, Pokemon Red and Blue.
Următoarea listă detaliază 151 Pokémon din Generația I în ordinea numerotării lor în Pokédex-ul național - o enciclopedie electronică în joc care furnizează diverse informații despre Pokémon. Primul Pokemon, Bulbasaur, este numărul 001 iar ultima, Mew, este numărul 151. Formele alternative care au ca rezultat schimbările de tip și Mega Evolutions (introduse mai târziu în Generația 6) sunt incluse pentru comoditate.

Design și dezvoltare
Toți cei 151 de Pokémon de la Generația I au fost proiectați de Ken Sugimori. Majoritatea Pokemonilor din această generație aveau desene relativ simple și erau foarte asemănătoare cu creaturile din viața reală incluzând dar fără a se limita la acestea: Pidgey (un porumbel), Rattata (șobolan), Ekans (șarpe) și Seel (o focă) . Mulți Pokémon din jocurile originale au servit drept bază pentru repetarea conceptelor din seria ulterioară.

Pokémon Soarele și Luna au introdus "Formele Alola" la diverși Pokemoni din generația I. Aceste versiuni trebuie să reprezinte "diferitele microclimate din regiunea Alola". Versiunile Alolan ale lui Pokémon precum Vulpix și Exeggutor au apariții și tipuri diferite și au fost introduse alături de generația VII Pokémon. Alex Hern de la The Guardian a sugerat că dezvoltatorii probabil au decis să reprogrameze diverse generații din generația I Pokémon, deoarece, potrivit lui, "legătura fanilor cu originalul 150 Pokémon este la fel de puternică cum a fost vreodată, în timp ce numărul de oameni care pot face diferența între Pancham și Swirlix este mult mai mic."

Lista Pokémon

Forme Mega

Forme Alola
Formele Alolan de generație I Pokémon au fost lansate doar în jocurile Pokémon Sun și Luna din 2016 și nu au apărut în niciun joc anterior.

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Alolan Pokémon forms introduced in Generation VII (2016)
|-
!scope="col" rowspan=2 width="8%"| Nume englezesc
!scope="col" rowspan=2 width="8%"| Nume japonez
!scope="col" rowspan=2 width="7%"| Număr Pokédex Național
!scope="col" colspan=2 width="15%"| Tipuri
!scope="col" class="unsortable" rowspan=2 width="12%"| Evoluează în
!scope="col" rowspan=2 width="10%"| Prima apariție
!scope="col" class="unsortable" rowspan=2 width="40%"| Note
|-
!scope="col"| Principal
!scope="col"| Secundar
|-
!scope="row"|  Rattata
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#5C483B" align=center|
|bgcolor="#A8A878" align=center| Normal
|align=center| Raticate (#020)
|
| Forma nocturnă Alola de Rattata a fost introdusă în timpul unui Nintendo Direct pe 1 septembrie 2016.
|-
!scope="row"|  Raticate
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#5C483B" align=center|
|bgcolor="#A8A878" align=center| Normal
|
|
|Totem Pokémon din procesul căpitanului Illima în Pokémon Moon.
|-
!scope="row"|  Raichu
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#F8D030" align=center| Electric
|bgcolor="#FF6996" align=center| Psihic
|align=center style="backPământ: #ececec; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na"| Nu evoluează
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Sandshrew
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#98D8D8" align=center| Gheață
|bgcolor="#B8B8D0" align=center| Oțel
|align=center| Sandslash (#028)
|
| Forma Alola Sandshrew și evoluția sa au fost proiectate pentru a se potrivi mai bine cu "mediul dur al munților de zăpadă" al lui Alola.
|-
!scope="row"|  Sandslash
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#98D8D8" align=center| Gheață
|bgcolor="#B8B8D0" align=center| Oțel
|align=center style="backPământ: #ececec; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na"| Nu evoluează
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Vulpix
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#98D8D8" colspan=2 align=center| Gheață
|align=center| Ninetales (#038)
|
| Formatul Alola Vulpix și evoluția sa au fost proiectate pentru a se potrivi mai bine cu "mediul dur al munților de zăpadă" al lui Alola.
|-
!scope="row"|  Ninetales
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#98D8D8" align=center| Gheață
|bgcolor="#EE99AC" align=center| Zână
|align=center style="backPământ: #ececec; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na"| Nu evoluează
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Diglett
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#E0C068" align=center| Pământ
|bgcolor="#B8B8D0" align=center| Oțel
|align=center| Dugtrio (#051)
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Dugtrio
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#E0C068" align=center| Pământ
|bgcolor="#B8B8D0" align=center| Oțel
|
|
|Dacă-ți păstrezi părul auriu asemănător, e ghinion.
|-
!scope="row"|  Meowth
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#5C483B" colspan=2 align=center|
|align=center| Persian (#053)
|
| Forma Alola a lui Meowth s-a dezvoltat după ce a fost crescută de familia regală a lui Alola.

|-
!scope="row"|  Persian
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#5C483B" colspan=2 align=center|
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Geodude
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#B8A038" align=center| Rock
|bgcolor="#F8D030" align=center| Electric
|align=center| Graveler (#075)
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Graveler
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#B8A038" align=center| Rock
|bgcolor="#F8D030" align=center| Electric
|align=center| Golem (#076)
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Golem
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#B8A038" align=center| Rock
|bgcolor="#F8D030" align=center| Electric
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Grimer
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#883688" align=center|
|bgcolor="#5C483B" align=center|
|align=center| Muk (#089)
|
| Forma Alola a lui Grimer și evoluția lui Muk sunt acoperite cu dungi colorate;  Paste au declarat la dezvăluirea lor că Pokémonul purpuriu al nămolului arata ca și cum ar fi fost "îmbibați în bomboane de vată".
|-
!scope="row"|  Muk
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#883688" align=center|
|bgcolor="#5C483B" align=center|
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|  Exeggutor
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#2DCD45" align=center| Iarbă
|bgcolor="#700AEE" align=center|
|align=center style="backPământ: #ececec; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na"| Nu evoluează
|
| Forma Alola a Exeggutorului este de 35 de picioare înălțime datorită luminii solare luminoasă a insulei fictive. Unul dintre "capetele" lui Pokémon a fost mutat în coadă pentru a "lua pe adversari în spate, care nu pot fi atinși de atacurile principalelor capete"." Forma a fost descrisă ca ridicolă și hilară de fani și critici.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/pokemon-fans-think-sun-and-moons-new-exeggutor-is-hilar-1784651072|publisher=Kotaku|title=Pokémon Fans Think Sun and Moon's;; New Exeggutor Is Hilarious|last=Hernandez|first=Patricia|date=2016-08-01|access-date=2016-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809022710/http://kotaku.com/pokemon-fans-think-sun-and-moons-new-exeggutor-is-hilar-1784651072|archive-date=2016-08-09|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|  Marowak
!scope="row"|
|align=center|
|bgcolor="#F08030" align=center| Foc
|bgcolor="#614C83" align=center|
|align=center style="backPământ: #ececec; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na"| Nu evoluează
|
| Totem Pokémon din procesul lui Kiawe în  Ultra Sun  și  Ultra Moon .
|-
|}

Note

Referințe
 Official anglicizations of Pokémon 1–151 from Pokémon Pinball'' (in Japanese), developed by Jupiter Corporation, published by Nintendo (14 April 1999), unless otherwise noted.

Pokémon

Lista generației I de Pokémon


Angela May Rippon  (born 12 October 1944) is an English television journalist, newsreader, writer and presenter.

Rippon presented radio and television news programmes in South West England before moving to BBC One's Nine O'Clock News, becoming a regular presenter in 1975. She was the first female journalist to be given a permanent role presenting the BBC national television news, and the third female news presenter to appear on national broadcasts on British television, after Barbara Mandell on Independent Television News (ITN) in 1955, and Nan Winton, who temporarily presented the national news on BBC Television, in 1960.

Rippon appeared on a Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1976, presented the first two series of Top Gear and also presented Come Dancing. She hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1977. She was a presenter on, and co-founder of, breakfast television franchisee TV-am. In the 1990s, she moved to radio, presenting daily news programmes for LBC Newstalk between 1990 and 1994, and appeared on Channel 4's The Big Breakfast as a stand-in newsreader. She presented the BBC broadcast of the United Kingdom Ballroom Championships at the Bournemouth International Centre in 1991.

Rippon has written fourteen books, toured with a production of Anything Goes and presented a segment of BBC One's The One Show. Since 2009, she has co-presented the BBC One consumer show Rip Off Britain with Gloria Hunniford and Julia Somerville; in 2013 and 2014 she hosted Holiday Hit Squad alongside Helen Skelton and Joe Crowley. She also voiced the BBC One game show The Wall and is often seen presenting on GB News.

Early life
Rippon was born in Plymouth, Devon, into a working-class family. Her father, John, was a Royal Marine; she first saw him in 1947 when he returned from World War II. Rippon's Scottish mother, Edna, worked at a fine china company called Lawley's and was also a seamstress. She attended Public Secondary School for Girls, Cobourg Street in Plymouth.

Career
After leaving school at 17, Rippon joined the photographic office of the Western Morning News and worked for the Sunday Independent, and later, BBC local radio and Westward Television as an editor.

Television and radio

In 1966, when she was 21, Rippon began her television career at BBC South West in Plymouth, before becoming a reporter for BBC TV news. Rippon first presented a national news programme on BBC2 in 1974. For a fortnight, she replaced newsreader Richard Baker – who was on holiday – on BBC One's Nine O'Clock News, and was offered a permanent newsreading role on that programme in 1975. Rippon was called by newspapers the first female television newsreader. However, ITN's Barbara Mandell predated her, having first appeared on the second night of ITV in 1955; Nan Winton was the first female BBC newsreader in 1960, and Mary Marquis had already been BBC Scotland's main newsreader for a few years. Rippon was the first female journalist to read the news regularly on national television.

In an interview with The Guardian, she said: "You just become an automated autocue reader and if you've half a brain you want an opportunity to use it. When I read the Nine O'Clock News, I kept my brain active by working on programmes like Antiques Roadshow (which she briefly hosted in 1979), Top Gear and In the Country." Rippon was a guest in the 1976 Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show, first appearing behind a BBC newsdesk, then emerging to perform a high-kicking dance routine. Her appearance was so popular she made a cameo appearance in the following year's show, in which she was revealed to be one of a chorus line. Rippon later presented the long-running show Come Dancing.

Rippon hosted the 1977 Eurovision Song Contest at the Wembley Conference Centre in London. She was the first presenter of BBC television's Top Gear, presenting the motoring programme from 1977 to 1979. Rippon appeared briefly on TV-am following its launch in 1983. After a much publicised exit from TV-am (with most of its other founder presenters), she worked as an Arts and Entertainments correspondent for WHDH-TV (then known as WNEV) in Boston, Massachusetts for a brief period.

Rippon co-presented the BBC's coverage of the wedding of the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981 and BBC One's coverage of the 1979 UK general election results. In the mid-1980s, she hosted the quiz show, Masterteam on BBC One, and hosted ITV's revival of the panel game What's My Line? from 1989 to 1990. In 1990, she also hosted a game show, Matchpoint, that was based on tennis format. She also became a regular presenter on BBC Radio 2, often sitting in for Jimmy Young and presenting a seasonal Friday night show from 1986 to 1989.

From 1990 to 1994, she presented Angela Rippon's Morning Report, a daily radio news programme on LBC Newstalk, and, later, Angela Rippon's Drivetime. She was a stand-in newsreader on Channel 4's The Big Breakfast until 2002. In 2005, Rippon co-hosted a series of Sun, Sea and Bargain Spotting for BBC 2 and in April 2006, she toured the UK as a cast member of the musical Anything Goes. In 2007, she became a presenter on Cash in the Attic, a BBC One daytime television programme broadcast where presenters meet members of the general public, who seek out valuables and antiques to be sold at auction, in their homes.

In 1997, Rippon presented the Channel 4 show Game of War with co-presenter Paddy Griffith, a programme that re-enacted historic battles on the wargames table with modern-day military commanders re-fighting the battles. The show only aired for three episodes. The battles re-fought were Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645), Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) and Battle of Balaklava (25 October 1854).

In 2010, Rippon appeared as a guest judge on the ITV show Dancing on Ice, covering for Robin Cousins. The following year, she returned to the show as a contestant in the sixth series on 9 January 2011, with her professional partner, Canadian ice skater Sean Rice, she failed to qualify for the competition and was eliminated alongside Nadia Sawalha and Mark Hanretty. In March 2011, she appeared with Lenny Henry, Samantha Womack and Reggie Yates in a BBC documentary to raise funds for Comic Relief. It was called Famous, Rich and in the Slums, and showed four celebrities travelling to Kibera in Kenya, Africa's largest slum. In 2011 she joined The One Show, presenting a five-minute slot called "Rippon's Britain".

On 19 November 2011, Rippon appeared on Children in Need, performing alongside BBC newsreaders Sian Williams, Susanna Reid, Sophie Raworth, and Emily Maitlis in a special one-off edition of Strictly Come Dancing. In the same month she worked briefly on BBC Radio 5 Live as a stand-in presenter on the Double Take programme.

Rippon joined the BBC again, as a co-presenter on the BBC One show Holiday Hit Squad in 2013, alongside Joe Crowley and Helen Skelton. The show returned for a second series in March 2014.

In 2014, Rippon co-hosted the ITV Saturday night entertainment series Amazing Greys alongside Paddy McGuinness. The show lasted for just one series.  In April 2016, she co-presented the two-part BBC One series How to Stay Young.

In 2018, Rippon was a co-presenter of live coverage of the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle for Channel Seven (Australia) alongside Michael Usher and Melissa Doyle.

In 2022, Rippon provided analysis on the Australian television broadcaster Seven Network's coverage of the death and state funeral of Elizabeth II as a royal commentator.  She has been a stand-in presenter on GB News, first alongside Eamonn Holmes on the breakfast programme, and then on Alistair Stewart and Friends.

In August 2023, it was announced that she would be taking part in the twenty-first series of Strictly Come Dancing, over thirty years after hosting the original version of the show Come Dancing. Rippon, who turned 79 whilst participating in the series, is the oldest contestant in the show's history.

Books
In the early 1980s, Rippon wrote a series of children's books about a character called "Victoria Plum" that was published by Purnell and Sons. Victoria Plum was a tree fairy in "the Great Wood". Merchandise and a Christmas annual were released following the second series. In 1982, she wrote a book Mark Phillips, the Man and His Horses, about the Princess Royal's then husband. Rippon has since written keep-fit guides for older people, including Stay Active, Stay Supple, Stay Healthy.

Other activities
Rippon is patron of the Old Time Dance Society. In 2010, she attended the society's 25th Anniversary Ball of the Year. In 2000, Rippon was appointed Chair of English National Ballet. After several years of involvement, she resigned in late 2003 following complaints and briefings about her leadership style, which was described as "schoolmistressy" and "imperious".

Personal life
In 1967 at the age of 22, she married Christopher Dare, an engineer. They separated in 1989, divorcing later. They had no children.

Honours and awards
She was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1981 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews while signing copies of her newly published book in a store at the Brent Cross Shopping Centre.

Rippon was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2004 Birthday Honours.

Rippon was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Arts from Plymouth University in 2012.

She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to dementia care in her role as development lead with Dementia Friendly Communities.

Filmography

References

External links

 Bio at www.screenonline.org
 Angela Rippon at Knight Ayton Management

1944 births
Living people
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC Radio 2 presenters
British women journalists
British women radio presenters
British women television presenters]
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English journalists
English National Ballet
English television presenters
GB News newsreaders and journalists
Mass media people from Plymouth, Devon
Top Gear people
WFTV Award winners

Angela Rippon


Pricesaurus es un nombre informal propuesto para un género de pterosaurio pterodactiloide de edad del Aptiense en el Cretácico Inferior, siendo hallado en la formación Santana en la planicie de Araripe, Brasil.

En 1986, Rafael Gioia Martins-Neto en una conferencia durante la 38° Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência en São Paulo, reportó el hallazgo de un pterosaurio, al que denominó Pricesaurus megalodon. Los resúmenes del congreso fueron más tarde publicados ese año en la revista Ciência e Cultura. El nombre del género significa "lagarto de Llewellyn Ivor Price". El nombre de la especie se deriva del griego μέγας, megas, "grande", y ὀδών, odon, "diente".

La especie está basada en dos sintipos, que Martins-Neto consideró que porcedían de un único individuo, incluso aunque él los adquirió de manera separada de traficantes de fósiles en dos nódulos: el primero es el espécimen CPCA 3592, una punta de nueve centímetros de un hocico, y el otro es el espécimen CPCA 3591, una parte media del cráneo de dieciocho centímetros de largo. Por tanto Pricesaurus se conoce exclusivamente a partir de material craneal. Ambos especímenes fueron probablemente hallados en el Miembro Romualdo de la Cuenca de Araripe y son parte de la colección del Centro de Pesquisas Paleontológicas da Chapada do Araripe.

Martins-Neto proveyó una diagnosis con cuatro rasgos distintivos: la anchura del premaxilar; los dientes situados muy cercanamente; los profundos alvéolos dentales del premaxilar; y lo redondeado del frente de la fenestra nasoantorbitalis. Sin embargo, en 1988 Alexander Kellner concluyó que Pricesaurus era un nomen vanum, principalmente porque los especímenes en cuestión casi seguramente son de individuos diferentes. El hocico era, de acuerdo con Kellner, de un animal más grande que aquel del que procedía el fragmento medio del cráneo. Adicionalmente la diagnosis no contenía ninguna autapomorfia real.

En 2012, se publicó un estudio realizado por Felipe Lima Pinheiro et.al. en que se presentó el primer estudio detallado de los especímenes. Se concluyó que los fósiles ciertamente no provienen de un único individuo, incluso aunque sus tamaños no son necesariamente incompatibles. El hocico mostraba que el quinto y el sexto par de dientes son menores que el cuarto y el séptimo, lo cual hace al espécimen indistinguible de Anhanguera blittersdorffi y Anhanguera piscator, los cuales muestran el mismo patrón dental. Ambos especímenes fueron referidos como Anhanguera sp. Pinheiro e.a. consideraron que Pricesaurus es un nomen nudum, debido a que este no poseía rasgos diagnósticos y por haber sido nombrado en un resumen de una conferencia.

Véase también
 Anexo: géneros de pterosaurios

Referencias

Pterodactyloidea
Pterosaurios de América del Sur
Pterosaurios del Cretácico

Pricesaurus


Djevojčica je osoba ženskoga spola od rođenja kroz djetinjstvo do adolescencije, kada postaje djevojka i do odrastanja, kada postaje žena.

Svako se dijete različito razvija, no osobito je primjetna razlika u razvoju djevojčica i dječaka. Djeca postaju svjesna svog spola do dobi od 3 godine. Djevojčice mnogo ranije počinju shvaćati što je zapravo odijevanje i izražavaju želju za šarenijom odjećom. Također, djevojčice ranije razvijaju socijalne vještine i sklonije su igri s drugom djecom, dok kod dječaka ta potreba dolazi nešto kasnije. Prosječno pubertet u djevojčica započinje u 10. ili 11. godini, a u dječaka u 12. ili 13. godini i traje 2,5 godine. To je razdoblje promjena, diferencijacija u tjelesnim karakteristikama (kostur, masa i masno tkivo) između spolova. U ovom razdoblju ljudskog života, energetske i nutritivne potrebe čovjeka su najveće.

Status djevojčica u bilo kojem društvu obično je usko povezan sa statusom žena u toj kulturi. U kulturama u kojima žene imaju nizak društveni položaj, država može manje ulagati u usluge za djevojčice. Odgoj djevojčica kreće se od relativno istog kao i kod dječaka do potpune spolne segregacije i potpuno različitih uloga.

Formalno obrazovanje djevojčica tradicionalno se smatralo daleko manje važnim od obrazovanja dječaka. U Europi su iznimke bile rijetke prije izuma tiskarskog stroja, a nakon toga se raširila i poboljšala pismenost. Jedna značajna iznimka od općeg zanemarivanja pismenosti djevojčica bila je engleska kraljica Elizabeta I. Školovala se na latinskom, grčkom, španjolskom, francuskom, učila se filozofiji, povijesti, matematici i glazbi. Visokokvalitetno obrazovanje pomoglo joj je da postane uspješna vladarica. Obrazovanje u doba prosvjetiteljstva u Francuskoj dovelo je do toga da je do trećine žena postalo pismeno u vrijeme Francuske revolucije, za razliku od otprilike polovine muškaraca u to doba. Međutim, obrazovanje se još uvijek nije smatralo toliko važnim za djevojčice kao za dječake koji su se školovali za zanimanja koja su i dalje bila zatvorena za žene, a djevojčice nisu primane u srednje škole u Francuskoj do kraja 19. stoljeća. Djevojke nisu imale pravo dobiti diplomu mature u Francuskoj sve do reformi 1924. pod vodstvom ministra obrazovanja Léona Bérarda. U mnogim europskim zemljama obrazovanje djevojčica bilo je ograničeno do 1970-ih, posebno na višim razinama. To se često radilo podučavanjem različitih predmeta za svaki spol, pogotovo jer se tercijarno obrazovanje prvenstveno smatralo za muškarce, posebno s obzirom na tehničko obrazovanje. Primjerice, prestižne inženjerske škole, poput École Polytechnique, nisu dopuštale obrazovanje žena sve do 1970.-ih.

Izvori

Djeca
Antropologija
Obitelj
Razvojna psihologija

Djevojčica


El Pucará de Quitoloma es una fortaleza prehispánica (normalmente conocidas como pucarás) construida por los incas durante la conquista del norte del Ecuador, específicamente durante la Guerra contra los Caranquis y los Cayambes, pueblos que ofrecieron una larga y feroz resistencia a la conquista incaica. Esta fortaleza forma parte del complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca, en el cual se encuentran otros 18 pucarás y estructuras similares construidos sobre el volcán del mismo nombre. Sin embargo, Quitoloma es la fortaleza más grande del complejo, llegando a medir 450 metros en su eje más largo.

Los arqueólogos no han logrado encontrar ninguna señal de que el pucará haya sido habitado antes de los Incas, por lo que se cree que fue construido en su totalidad por estos. Es posible que algunas de estas fortalezas todavía estuvieran en uso al momento de la llegada de los conquistadores españoles.

Descripción

Distribución de la fortaleza

El pucará está formado por varios anillos de muros concéntricos alrededor de una colina localizada al extremo sur del complejo de fortalezas de Pambamarca. Dichos muros fueron construidos con piedras apenas trabajadas y colocadas con mortero. Al exterior de estos muros se excavaron zanjas profundas seguramente para incrementar la altura del muro. En las murallas exteriores existen un total de 7 entradas a la fortaleza.

Existen muros y zanjas que no fueron terminados, lo que indica que el pucará fue abandonado antes de finalizar la construcción, posiblemente porque dejó de ser necesario.

Estructuras internas
Al interior de la fortaleza hay varios muros internos que dividen el área en 7 espacios distintos. Al extremo norte del pucará hay 3 anillos de muros concéntricos que dimitan 3 espacios dentro de los cuales existen edificaciones. En el anillo central, el cual también es el más alto se encuentra un ushnu, es decir una plataforma elevada muy común en la arquitectura Inca que se utilizaba para presidir ceremonias, el ushnu de Quitoloma es rectangular y mide 16 metros de largo, 12 de ancho y 2.7 metros de altura.

Justo al sur de estos anillos concéntricos se encuentra un gran espacio donde se han localizado 104 construcciones. Hay varias Kanchas que sirvieron como viviendas, también hay una Kallanka que mide 14 metros de largo por 7 de ancho. La mayoría de habitaciones residenciales son bastante pequeñas, midiendo 3 metros de largo por dos de ancho aproximadamente, sin embargo alrededor de la kallanka hay habitaciones algo más grandes, de 6 por 3 metros, lo cual indica que posiblemente eran habitaciones para personas de mayor jerarquía dentro del ejército inca.

Dentro de este espacio habitacional los arqueólogos han encontrado aríbalos, flautas, husos para hilar, restos de animales que posiblemente sirvieron de alimento y gran cantidad de vasijas para cocinar y comer, lo que indica que en este lugar se realizaban actividades de la vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, el artefacto más comúnmente hallado en esta zona han sido las piedras de honda, que habrían sido utilizadas como proyectiles para ser lanzadas contra los enemigos en batalla. Normalmente se encuentran en grupos de 7 o más piedras junto con hojas de obsidiana, que podrían haber sido colocadas en la cabeza de las mazas utilizados por lo guerreros incas, se ha propuesto la teoría de que bolsas con estos artefactos podrían haber sido entregadas a los soldados a modo de pertrechos. Destaca también la llamad Estructura 14, ya que dentro de esta habitación se encontraron 171 piedras de honda, lo cual indica que podría haber sido un almacén de armas.

En este espacio también se encuentra una pequeña fuente de agua.

El resto de los otros 7 espacios interiores de la fortaleza están vacíos de  edificaciones, sin embargo en ellos han varias rocas y afloramientos de la roca madre, los cuales podrían haber sido considerados como huacas por los incas, es decir objetos sagrados. También es posible que estos espacios hayan sido utilizados como zona de entrenamiento o incluso como un lugar para mantener animales.

Véase también
 Pucará
 Fortalezas de Pambamarca
 Pucará de Rumicucho
 Tomebamba
 Ingapirca

Referencias

Pucarás de Ecuador
Yacimientos arqueológicos de Ecuador
Arquitectura precolombina en Ecuador
Museos arqueológicos de Ecuador

Pucará de Quitoloma


An Cymbopogon marginatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf och Burtt-davy. An Cymbopogon marginatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cymbopogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cymbopogon

Cymbopogon marginatus


Die isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1936 war die 25. Spielzeit der höchsten isländischen Fußballliga.

Es nahmen vier Teams am Bewerb teil, in dem jede Mannschaft jeweils einmal auf jede andere traf. Valur Reykjavík konnte mit einer erfolgreichen Titelverteidigung zum vierten Mal in der Vereinsgeschichte die Meisterschaft gewinnen.

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der ersten Spalte aufgelistet, die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe. Die Ergebnisse sind immer aus Sicht der Heimmannschaft angegeben.

Weblinks und Referenzen

Fußballsaison 1936
1936

Isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1936


Mihail Viorel Bădescu () este un inginer chimist român, membru titular al Academiei Române din 2017.

Biografie

Activitatea profesională
După terminarea facultății, timp de cinci ani (1977-1982) lucrează ca inginer în industria chimică, abordând aspecte de raționalizarea fluxurilor tehnologice și economia de energie. În acest context a participat la proiecte de utilizare a energie solare folosind captatoare solare, la proiectarea unei centrale termice solare și la realizarea unui heliometru pneumatic (1975-77), precum și la realizarea de aplicații în acest domeniu - proiectarea și realizarea unei stații pilot de deshidratare și uscare a fructelor și legumelor (1978).

Ulterior (1982-1989), a lucrat în domeniul energiei nucleare,  participând la analiza solicitărilor mecanice în diferite subansambluri ale utilajelor dinamice și statice aflate în dotarea centralei nucleare de la Cernavodă.

În perioada (2008-2009) a participat la proiectarea și realizarea primei clădiri pasive de mari dimensiuni din România.

Activitatea didactică
Își desfășoară cariera didactică în cadrul Colectivului de termotehnică al Departamentului "Termotehnică, Motoare, Echipamente Termice și Frigorifice" din cadrul Facultății de Inginerie Mecanică și Mecatronică.

În perioada 2012-2016 a fost director al Școlii Doctorale de Inginerie Mecanică a Universității Politehnica din București. Activitatea didactică și de îndrumare a cercetării științifice cu studenții se desfășoară în domenii precum: termotehnică și mașini termice, transfer termic, control optimal în ingineria proceselor termice, procese avansate de transfer.

Recunoaștere
În cadrul Adunării Generale din 24 noiembrie 2017, prof. univ. dr. ing. Viorel Bădescu a fost ales membru titular al Academiei Române, în cadrul Secției de Științe Tehnice.

Note

Legături externe

 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – B

Nașteri în 1953
Ingineri chimiști români
Membri titulari ai Academiei Române
Oameni din Regiunea Argeș
Oameni de știință români în viață
Nașteri pe 24 septembrie

Mihail Viorel Bădescu


Avipes (que significa "pé de pássaro") é um gênero de arcossauros extintos representados pela única espécie Avipes dillstedtianus, que viveu durante o período Triássico médio. O único espécime fóssil conhecido, um pé parcial (metatarsos), foi encontrado em Bedheim, Turíngia, Alemanha, em depósitos de Lettenkohlensandstein (uma forma de arenito ). Avipes foi nomeado em 1932 por Huene. Embora originalmente classificado como um celurossauro ou um ceratossauro, um novo estudo do espécime fóssil descobriu que era muito incompleto para ser atribuído a um grupo mais específico do que Archosauria e, portanto, foi considerado indeterminado por Rauhut e Hungerbuhler em 2000.

Archosauromorpha

Avipes


is a town located in Hino District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan.  , the town had an estimated population of 4,144 in 1903 households and a population density of 12 persons per km2. The total area of the town is , representing 10% of the total area of Tottori Prefecture.Over 90% of the town is covered by mountains and  forest, and 5% of the land is arable. Areas of Nichinan are part of Hiba-Dogo-Taishaku Quasi-National Park.

Geography
Nichinan is a landlocked town located at the south-western tip of Hino District in the southwestern corner of Tottori Prefecture. The town is mountainous and located on the backbone of the Chūgoku Mountains.

Mountains
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Lakes

Dams

Rivers
The Hino River originates in Nichinan. Four of its major tributaries in Nichinan include:

Neighboring municipalities
Hiroshima Prefecture
Shōbara
Tottori Prefecture
Hino
Nanbu
Okayama Prefecture
Niimi
Shimane Prefecture
Okuizumo
Yasugi

Climate
Nichinan has a Humid climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm, wet summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nichinan is . The average annual rainfall is  with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . Its record high is , reached on 19 August 2020, and its record low is , reached on 16 February 2011.

Demography
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nichinan has been as follows. The town has been suffering from rural depopulation, and the population has been rapidly decreasing since the 1960s.

History
The area of Nichinan was part of ancient Hōki Province. During the Edo Period, it was part of the holdings of the Ikeda clan of Tottori Domain. Following the Meiji restoration. the area was divided into villages within Hino District, Tottori on October 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. The town of Hokunan (伯南町) was created by the merger of the villages of Hinoue and Yamagami on May 2, 1955. It merged with the villages of Takamiya, Tari, Iwami and Fukue to form the town of Nichinan on April 1, 1959.

Government
Nichinan has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Nichinan, collectively with the other municipalities of Hino District, contributes one member to the Tottori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tottori 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Nichinan is based agriculture, forestry, and seasonal tourism to its ski resorts.

Education
Nichinan has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Transportation

Railway
 JR West - Hakubi Line
  -

Highways

Local attractions
Sekka Gorge
Nichinan Historic Village
Nichinan Apple Village
Hanamiyama Ski Resort
Sasaraku-jinja
Gedatsu-ji

Cultural Institutions

The Nichinan Cultural Center (785 Kasumi, Nichinan, Tottori), located next to the Nichinan Town Hall, houses the town's three main cultural facilities in one building. The Cultural Center is accessible by bus, or a 30-minute walk, from the JR West Hakubi Line Shōyama Station.

Satsuki Hall—a 502-seat performance hall
Nichinan Library
Nichinan Art Museum

References

External links

Nichinan official website

Towns in Tottori Prefecture

Nichinan, Tottori


Lorena Maritza Herrera de la Vega, née à Mazatlán, est une actrice et chanteuse mexicaine.

Biographie
Lorena Herrera déménage avec sa famille à Mexico, où elle commence une carrière de mannequin, posant pour des publicités au Mexique et en Amérique du Sud. Elle remporte des concours dans cette discipline.

Au cours de sa carrière, elle pose nue en 1987 pour le magazine masculin Signore sous le pseudonyme de Bárbara Ferrat. En , elle pose nue pour l'édition mexicaine de Playboy.

Après avoir suivi les cours de théâtre de Silvia Derbez, elle commence en 1987 une carrière d'actrice dans des films au petit budget mexicains, le plus souvent dans des rôles érotiques. Lorena Herrera rencontre le producteur Emilio Larrosa, qui est en relation avec Televisa. En 1991, il lui donne un rôle important dans la telenovela Muchachitas, qui est un énorme succès en Amérique latine.

En 1996, Lorena Herrera fait ses débuts en tant que chanteuse avec son album éponyme, qui comprend le single Soy. Deux ans plus tard, elle publie l'album Dame amor. En 2009, elle revient à la musique avec Desnúdame el alma, dont est tiré le single Ya.

En 2015, elle publie de façon indépendante le single Masoquista et se consacre à la musique dance en assumant être une icône gay.

Filmographie (sélection)

Cinéma
 1987 : Los mayates atacan
 1989 : El mil hijos
 1991 : Maria la guerrillera
 1993 : Amargo destino
 1999 : El jardinero

Séries télévisées
 1991 : Papá soltero
 1991 : Muchachitas
 1993 : Entre la vida y la muerte
 1993 : Dos mujeres, un camino
 1994 : Hasta que la muerte los separe
 1995 : El premio mayor
 1997-1998 : María Isabel
 2000 : Mi destino eres tú
 2004 : La escuelita VIP
 2010 : Niña de mi corazón
 2015 : Amores con trampa
 2019 : Un poquito tuyo

Discographie
Albums
 1996 : Lorena Herrera
 1996 : Dame amor
 2000 : Aquí Estoy
 2004 : Sobreviviré
 2009 : Desnúdame el alma

Singles
 1996 : Soy
 1996 : Los pecados de amor
 1996 : Yo viviré
 1998 : Desnúdame el alma
 1998 : Dame amor
 2004 : Abrázame (Dance Remix)
 2009 : Ya
 2014 : Mírame
 2015 : Masoquista
 2015 : Flash
 2016 : Plastik
 2016 : Karma
 2017 : Freak
 2018 : Soy La Más
 2018 : Tócame
 2019 : Cardio

Références

Liens externes

Source de la traduction

Actrice mexicaine de telenovela
Actrice mexicaine de cinéma
Chanteuse mexicaine
Mannequin femme mexicain
Playmate
Naissance en février 1967
Naissance à Mazatlán

Lorena Herrera


Maria Ouspenskaya (, , født 29. juli 1879 i Tula, Russiske Kejserrige, død 3. december 1949 i Los Angeles, USA) var en russisk og amerikansk skuespiller og underviser.

Filmografi (udvalg)
 1936 - Hr. og Fru Dodsworth intime
 1937 - Marie Walewska
 1939 - Han og hun
 1940 - Waterloo broen
 1940 - Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet
 1940 - The Mortal Storm
 1941 - The Wolf Man
 1942 - Af ild og støv
 1949 - Bli' hængende

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Rusland
Personer fra Tula oblast
Russere i 1800-tallet
Russere i 1900-tallet

Maria Ouspenskaya


NGC 6877 je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Paunu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6877
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6877 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6850 - 6899

6877

NGC 6877


El Machakheli (en georgiano: მაჭახელი, Mach'akheli, en turco: Maçahel) es una zona histórica geográfica, y un valle a lo largo del río Machakhlistskali, entre Turquía y Georgia. Hay 23 pueblos establecidos en este valle.

El área había sido parte del reino de Georgia, hasta su fragmentación en el . Luego pasó a manos de los príncipes semi-independientes de Samtskhe (también conocidos como Saatabago ; საათაბაგო), que estaban bajo el sultán otomano Mehmed II en 1479. El área se hizo famosa especialmente por su producción de fusiles apodados Machakhela desde finales del  hasta mediados del .

Machakheli cayó esporádicamente bajo el control de la Rusia Imperial en sus numerosas guerras con el Estado otomano. Después de la implementación de la nueva frontera turco-soviética de Georgia y Turquía, en 1921, Machakheli se dividió entre estas dos entidades.

Véase también
 Geografía de Georgia
 Geografía de Turquía

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre el lugar

Valles de Georgia
Valles de Turquía
Geografía de la región del Mar Negro
Provincia de Artvin
República Autónoma de Ayaria

Machakheli


The Mi'kmaq language ( ), or , is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 11,000 Mi'kmaq in Canada and the United States; the total ethnic Mi'kmaq population is roughly 20,000. The native name of the language is ,  or  (in some dialects). The word  is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular ); the adjectival form is .

Phonology
The phonemic inventory of Mi'kmaq is shown below.

Vowels

Consonants

The sounds of Mi'kmaq can be divided into two groups: obstruents () and sonorants ( and all vowels).

The obstruents have a wide variety of pronunciations. When they are located word-initially or next to another obstruent, they are voiceless . However, when they are located between sonorants, they are voiced, and appear as . When the plosives and affricate are located word-finally, they may be aspirated and appear as . An example of each kind of pronunciation is given below.

Miꞌkmaq distinguishes between long and short vowels and consonants, the latter indicated in Listuguj by doubling the consonant. Beyond expanding in length, long consonants add a schwa when they precede other consonants. For instance, compare , written in Listuguj as  ('flow away') with , written in Listuguj as  ('stick into'); or, , written in Listuguj as  ('hoist'), with , written in Listuguj as  ('loud').

Listuguj orthography occasionally begins words with consonant clusters, as in  ('ocean') and  ('ice'). However, such clusters are pronounced over separate syllables, with a schwa preceding the cluster; for instance,  is pronounced  while  is pronounced . On the other hand, word-final clusters, such as in  ('instigate') are pronounced over a single syllable: compare the pronunciation of , , with  ('taste'), .

Grammar

Syntax
Miꞌkmaq uses free word order, based on emphasis rather than a traditionally fixed order of subjects, objects and verbs. For instance, the sentence "I saw a moose standing right there on the hill" could be stated "" (I saw him/there/on the hill/right-there/a moose/he was standing) or "" (I saw him/there/a moose/on the hill/right-there/he was standing); the latter sentence puts emphasis on the moose by placing  ('moose') earlier in the utterance. Miꞌkmaq, as a polysynthetic language, has verbs which usually contain the sentence's subject and object: for instance, the aforementioned  translates to 'I saw him'.

While it is thus difficult to classify Miꞌkmaq under traditional word order categories such as SVO or SOV, a more fixed aspect in the language comes in the morphology of its verbs. Certain areas of internal morphology of verbs in Miꞌkmaq have regular placement: for instance, when the aspect of a verb is included, it appears as the first prefix, while the negative marker always appears directly after the verb root. An example for both of these instances can be seen in the Miꞌkmaq verb  (), translated as 'they cannot get out': the prefix  marks the verb as being in the completive aspect, whereas the negative marker, w, appears directly after the verb root  ('the two move'). However, these solidly placed elements of verbs are paired with markers that can appear throughout the word, depending again on emphasis; animacy in particular can appear fluidly throughout verbs. In short, while a few specific aspects of Miꞌkmaq can be predicted, its syntax in general is largely free and dependent on context.

Mi'kmaq verbs are also marked for tense.

Nouns
Nouns in Mi'kmaq are either animate or inanimate. This is a common feature among Algonquian languages. The verbs change depending on the noun's animacy. For example:

 – 'I see (inanimate noun)'

 – 'I see (animate noun)'

Writing system

Miꞌkmaq is written using a number of Latin alphabets based on ones devised by missionaries in the 19th century. Previously, the language was written in Miꞌkmaq hieroglyphic writing, a script of partially native origin. The Francis-Smith orthography used here was developed in 1974 and was adopted as the official orthography of the Míkmaq Nation in 1980. It is the most widely used orthography and is that used by Nova Scotian Mikmaq and by the Míkmaq Grand Council. It is quite similar to the "Lexicon" orthography, differing from it only in its use of the straight apostrophe  or acute accent  instead of the colon  to mark vowel length.

When the Francis-Smith orthography was first developed, the straight apostrophe (often called a "tick") was the designated symbol for vowel length, but since software applications incorrectly autocorrected the tick to a curly apostrophe, a secondary means of indicating vowel length was formally accepted, the acute accent. The barred-i  for schwa is sometimes replaced by the more common circumflex-i .

In Listuguj orthography, an apostrophe marks long vowels as well as schwa, and the letter  is used instead of the letter .

The 19th-century Pacifique orthography omits  and , using  and  for these. It also ignores vowel length. The 19th-century orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, using characters from Isaac Pitman's Phonotypic Alphabet, is also given in the table below; this orthography is more complex than the table suggests, particularly as far as vowel quantity and quality is concerned, employing various letters such as 〈a〉, 〈à〉, , , , , , , , 〈u〉, etc.

Number system

1–10

Miꞌkmaq uses a decimal numeral system. Every multiple-digit number is formed by using one of the first nine numerals as a prefix or a preceding word, as seen in the number for ten, , a combination of the prefix  (derived from ) and the root , meaning ten (the pattern can be seen in  for 20,  for 30, etc.) While 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 all use a single word containing a prefix, the tens between 60 and 90 use the numeral as a preceding word to a separate word meaning ten, : for instance, 60 is written as .

Numbers between the tens are stated by multiple-word phrases, beginning with the ten-based root number, such as , followed by  (meaning 'and' or 'also') and ending with one of the nine numerals: for instance, the number 28 is constructed as , or literally 'twenty and eight'.

For numbers beyond 99, Miꞌkmaq uses a pattern similar to that of 60 to 99, with numeral words preceding separate roots that identify higher numbers (such as , meaning 'hundred', or  meaning 'thousand'); for instance, 300 is written as , while 2,000 is written as . The exceptions to that pattern are the numbers 100 and 1,000, which are simply the roots  and , respectively. Similarly to digits between the tens, the connecting word  is used between hundreds and tens, or thousands and hundreds: for example, the number 3,452 is written as .

On top of the basic structure, numbers in Miꞌkmaq must agree with the animacy of whatever they are counting: for instance, when speaking of two people,  is used, as opposed to the number used for two days, . The suffix  to denote the counting of animate subjects and the suffix  to denote the counting of inanimate subjects are common, but animacy-marking suffixes are somewhat fluid and vary by number and dialect.

Language revitalization efforts and teaching
The Mi'kmaq language possesses a degree of endangerment level of vulnerable under the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger scale. A level of vulnerable means the language may not be used consistently and instead the dominant language English is opted for. This also means it is still somewhat commonly spoken by younger generations or children of Mi'kmaq people. A lack of fluent Mi'kmaq speakers is due to the cultural genocide performed by the Canadian government through the introduction of the Canadian Indian residential school system. These schools under the notation of assimilation, forced Indigenous children to reject their cultural identity and language. These schools resulted in a significant number of children physically and mentally abused and without the means to speak their mother tongue.

Wagmatcook, Cape Breton, is undergoing significant efforts to revitalize the language. The community created a variety of children's books suited for a range of ages to develop Mi'kmaq language skills as children mature. The use of Mi'kmaq immersion schools in this area also increased the proficiency in the language for children and an improved attachment to their Indigenous identity. The immersion schools allowed children to learn their mother tongue, which increases the number of fluent speakers while still obtaining the dominant language. Community member educators also participated in a program to obtain a Certificate in Aboriginal Literacy Education that increased their fluency in the language.

Cape Breton University's Unamaꞌki College specializes "in Miꞌkmaq history, culture and education". As of 2013, "it has some 250 aboriginal students".

Also as of 2013, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia's Miꞌkmaq Burial Grounds Research and Restoration Association has about forty students in its Miꞌkmaq language revitalization classes, and Miꞌkmaq greetings are becoming more common in public places.

In 2021, Emma Stevens, a member of the Eskasoni First Nation, recorded a cover version of the Beatles song "Blackbird" in the language to raise awareness and help in its revitalization efforts.

History and related languages

Miꞌkmaq is one of the Algic languages, a family that once spanned from a small portion of California across Central Canada, the Midwestern United States, and the northeastern coast of North America. Within this family, Miꞌkmaq is part of the Eastern Algonquian subgroup spoken largely along the Atlantic coast. It is closely related to several extant languages, such as Malecite-Passamaquoddy, Massachusett and Munsee as well as extinct languages like Abenaki and Unami. Beyond having a similar language background and sharing close geographic proximity, the Miꞌkmaq notably held an alliance with four other tribes within the Eastern Algonquian language group known as the Wabanaki Confederacy: in short, a history of long-term language contact has existed between Miꞌkmaq and its close linguistic relatives.

Miꞌkmaq has many similarities with its fellow Eastern Algonquian languages, including multiple word cognates: for instance, compare the Miꞌkmaq word for 'woman', , to the Maliseet  , or the varying related words for the color 'white':  in Miꞌkmaq,   in Maliseet,   in Munsee,   in Abenaki and   in Unami. Even outside of the Eastern Algonquian subgroup, there exist similar cognates within the larger Algic family, such as the Cree   and the Miami-Illinois  .

Like many Native American languages, Miꞌkmaq uses a classifying system of animate versus inanimate words. The animacy system in general is common, but the specifics of Miꞌkmaq's system differ even from closely related Algic languages. For instance, in Wampanoag, the word for 'sun', , is inanimate, but the word for 'earth', , is animate, a fact used by some scholars to claim that the Wampanoag people were aware of the earth's rotation around an unmoving sun; however, in Miꞌkmaq, both the word for 'sun', , and the word for 'earth', , are animate, and parallel cultural knowledge regarding astronomy cannot be gleaned through the language. Much like grammatical gender, the core concept of animacy is shared across similar languages while the exact connotations animacy has within Miꞌkmaq are unique.

Many Acadian French and Chiac words are rooted in the Miꞌkmaq language, due to the Acadians and Miꞌkmaq living together prior to the Expulsion of the Acadians and the British colonization of Acadia; in French-speaking areas, traces of Miꞌkmaq can also be found largely in geographical names within regions historically that were occupied by the Miꞌkmaq people, including Quebec and several towns in Nova Scotia such as Antigonish and Shubenacadie. Moreover, several Miꞌkmaq words have made their way into colonizing languages: the English words caribou and toboggan are borrowings from Miꞌkmaq. The name caribou was probably derived from the Miꞌkmaq word  or  meaning 'the one who paws'. Marc Lescarbot in his publication in French in 1610 used the term caribou. Silas Tertius Rand translated the Miꞌkmaq word  as 'caribou' in his Miꞌkmaq-English dictionary (Rand 1888:98).

The aforementioned use of hieroglyphic writing in pre-colonial Miꞌkmaq society shows that Miꞌkmaq was one of the few Native American languages to have a writing system before European contact.

Linguist Peter Bakker identified two Basque loanwords in Miꞌkmaq, presumably because of extensive trade contact between Basque sailors and Native Americans in the 16th century. The overall friendly exchanges starting in mid-16th century between the Miꞌkmaqs and the Basque whalers provided the basis for the development of an Algonquian–Basque pidgin with a strong Miꞌkmaq imprint, which was recorded to be still in use in the early 18th century.

Placenames
 Placenames ending in Miꞌkmaq , a word used by the natives to designate a fertile area like Passamaquoddy, Shubenacadie and Tracadie.
 Amqui, from Miꞌkmaq  (place of amusement or pleasure)
Aroostook County, from Mi'kmaq meaning 'beautiful/clear water'
Bouctouche, from Mi'kmaq  (pronounced Chebooktoosk)  meaning 'great little harbour'
 Cascapédia, from Miꞌkmaq  ('broad') and  ('river').
 Causapscal, from Miꞌkmaq  (or , ), meaning 'stony bottom', 'swift water', or 'rocky point', likely referring to the rocky river bed of the Causapscal River.
 Gaspé Peninsula, from Miꞌkmaq  ('land recently acquired')
 Gaspé, Quebec,  ('land's end')
 Kouchibouguac, New Brunswick, from Miꞌkmaq  ('river of long tides')
 Matapédia, from Miꞌkmaq  ('river junction', from the parts  ('junction') and  ('river'), referring to the Matapedia River that crosses the town just before its confluence with the Restigouche River).
 Paspébiac, from Miꞌkmaq , meaning 'split flats' or 'lagoon'.
 Quebec, from Miꞌkmaq
 Restigouche, from Miꞌkmaq
 Lac-Humqui, from Miꞌkmaq  (place of amusement or pleasure)
 Sayabec, from Miꞌkmaq
 Shediac, from Miꞌkmaq , which means 'running far in' (in reference to the tide, which has a long range over the shallow, sandy beaches)
 Tatamagouche, from , which means 'barred across the entrance with sand'.

A 2012 book, by the Miꞌkmaq linguist Bernie Francis and anthropologist Trudy Sable, The Language of this Land, Miꞌkmaꞌki, "examines the relationship between Miꞌkmaq language and landscape."

Notes

References

Sources
 Maillard, M. l'abbé, redigée et mise en ordre par Joseph M. Bellenger, ptre. 1864. Grammaire de la langue mikmaque. Nouvelle-York, Presse Cramoisy de J.M. Shea. Reprinted 2007: Toronto: Global Language Press,
 Delisle, Gilles L.; Metallic, Emmanuel L. 1976. Micmac Teaching Grammar. Preliminary version. La Macaza, Quebec: Manitou Community College.
 Pacifique, Père. 1939. Leçons grammaticales théoriques et pratiques de la langue micmaque. Sainte-Anne de Restigouche, P.Q. Reprinted 2007: Toronto: Global Language Press,
 Rand, Silas Tertius. 1875. First reading book in the Micmac language. Halifax: Nova Scotia Printing Company (IA, GB). Reprinted 2006: Vancouver: Global Language Press,
 Rand, Silas Tertius. 1888. Dictionary of the language of the Micmac Indians, who reside in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and Newfoundland. Halifax: Nova Scotia Printing Company. Reprinted 1994: New Delhi & Madra
 s: Asian Educational Services,

External links

Miꞌkmaq Online Talking Dictionary
Internet Archive of "Míkmaq Language"
 Native Languages page on Míkmaq
 Chris Harvey's page on Míkmawísimk (Languagegeek)
 How to count in Miꞌkmaq
 OLAC resources in and about the Miꞌkmaq language

+
Eastern Algonquian languages
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
First Nations languages in Canada
Languages of the United States
Lexis (linguistics)

Mi'kmaq language


عدنان وحّود: عالم ومخترع سوري من مواليد أيار/مايو 1951 في مدينة دمشق. وهو من من عائلة ذات ثمانية أولاد كان سادسهم. والده كان يعمل على النول العربي. درس الثانوية الصناعية وتخرّج منها عام 1970م حاملا شهادة «البكالوريا الصناعية في حرفة النسيج». سافر بعدها إلى ألمانيا مدينة آخن غرب ألمانيا في منتصف عام 1971م، حيث انتسب إلى جامعة آخن التقنية، ودرس صناعة الآلات وعمل أثناء الدراسة في توزيع النشرات الدعائية والجرائد. نال شهادة الماجستير عام 1980م في دراسة الهندسة الميكانيكية بتخصّص آلات النسيج، وحصل بعد عامين فقط على وسام صناعة آلات النسيج في ميلانو عام 1982م. وسُجل له في العام نفسه وهو في الحادية والثلاثين من عمره، أوّل اختراع على المستوى الأوروبي، وهو صمّام تغذية الهواء في آلة النسيج. فهو صاحب أول براءة اختراع أوربية لمخترع من مواليد سورية تحت عنوان «وحدة نول لنفاثات نول ذي حدف شعاعي» رقم EP0079999. حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه 1987م حيث عين مباشرةً رئيسًا لقسم الأبحاث والتطوير في شركة دورنييه الألمانية لصناعة آلات النسيج.

حاز على وسام الإبداع لعام 2003م للشركة، ووسام المخترعين للعام نفسه لصاحب أكثر من 70 براءة اختراع وتطوير تم تسجيلها أوربيًا وعالميًا حتى الآن. أحد اختراعاته التي عرضتها الشركة في معرض ITMA 2003 باسم (Easy Leno) (لينو السهل) حيث قام بتسهيل عملية الإنتاج إلى جانب ميزات عديدة أخرى لتخفيض التكاليف ومضاعفة المردود.

أصدر كتيب بالعربية والألمانية عام 2003 حول سيرته الذاتية: عالم من دمشق.
حصل على جائزة تكريمه عالمًا مخترعًا في أيار/ مايو عام 2004م.

المراجع
 patentstorm
 Innovation and Inventor Prize 2003 awarded to Lindauer DORNIER GmbH
 المبدعون العرب
 مداد القلم
 NOZZLE CONTROL FOR AN AIR LOOM

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من دمشق
صناعة النسيج
مخترعون سوريون
مواليد 1951
مواليد في دمشق
مغتربون سوريون في ألمانيا

عدنان وحود


Anbandidijevo evanđelje (gruz. ანბანდიდი სახარება, Anbandidi sakhareba) je rukopis koji sadrži četiri gruzijska evanđelja.  Registriran je kao rukopis #107 u Fondu rukopisa Središnjeg povijesnog arhiva Gruzije. Nedostaje njegov početni dio.

Rukopis je prebačen u Odjel za rukopise iz Lenjingradske javne knjižnice 1925. godine. Ovo je dokument srednjeg formata (32,7 × 22 cm) na 132 stranice, napisan na pergamentu u dva stupca pismom Asomtavruli. Umjereno ukrašena majuskula slova izrađena su u cinabaritnoj boji. Pet komentara datiranih u 16. – 18. stoljeće, napisana su nushurijem (crkveno pismo), a koji su od manjeg značaja za povijest rukopisa. Oznake ne otkrivaju identitet pisara, kao ni mjesto i datum nastanka dokumenta.

Paleografske karakteristike evanđelja datiraju ove rukopise u 9. – 10. stoljeće. To su ponajprije: lapidarni stil pisma, oblik slova, široke margine, umjereni dekor, umjerena upotreba majuskularnih slova, neekonomska upotreba prostora (u nekim slučajevima stranica sadrži samo dva stiha), velika i široka slova. Štoviše, postoje tipični paleografski znakovi - "paleografska slova": pet slova još nemaju okomite crte (koje su se pojavile na prijelazu 8. u 9. stoljeće).

Anbandidijevo evanđelje je 2015. godine uvršteno u UNESCO-ov Program Sjećanje svijeta.

Izvori

Apokrifi
Gruzijska kultura
Kršćanstvo u Gruziji

Anbandidijevo evanđelje


الهرمون المطلِق لموجهة الدرقية أو الهرمون المطلِق لمنشط الدرقية  أو TRH. هو هرمون يفرزه تحت المهاد (بالتحديد النواة الوطائية المجاورة للبطين) ويقوم بتحفيز اٍفراز الهرمون المنبه للدرقية (TSH) والبرولاكتين من قبل النخامية الأمامية.

مصادر

هرمونات المحور تحت المهادي النخامي البرولاكتيني
هرمونات المحور الوطائي-النخامي-الكظري
أميدات
إيميدازولات
ببتيدات عصبية
بيروليدينات
جينات على كروموسوم 3
غدة درقية
هرمونات الوطاء
هرمونات ببتيدية

هرمون مطلق لموجهة الدرقية


Crochiu este un film românesc din 1989 regizat de Mircea Bunescu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1989 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1989

Crochiu


Kućna muha ili domaća muha (lat. Musca domestica) kozmopolitska je vrsta muhe iz porodice Muscidae.

Sivo-crne su boje s četiri uzdužne pruge na dorzalnoj strani prsnog dijela, blago dlakavih tijela i jednim parom opnastih krila. Imaju crvene oči, malo izbuljene kod malo većih ženki. Kućna muha jedan je od najbrojnijih kukaca, a najveća je brojnost u toplim, ljetnim mjesecima. Vjeruje se da se prvi put pojavila u kenozoiku, vjerojatno na Bliskom istoku, i vjerojatno je danas raširena po cijelom svijetu, kao ljudski komenzal. To je najčešća vrsta muhe koja se nalazi u naseljenim područjima.

Polaže serije od oko 100 jaja na raspadajuće organske tvari, poput otpadaka hrane, truleži ili izmeta. Jaja se ubrzo izlegu kao bijele ličinke bez nogu. Nakon 2 do 5 dana razvoja pretvaraju se u crvenkastosmeđe kukuljice, duge oko 8 mm. Odrasle muhe obično žive 2 do 4 tjedna, ali mogu prezimiti. Odrasle jedinke hrane se različitim tekućim ili polutekućim tvarima, kao i krutim tvarima omekšanim njihovom slinom. Ove muhe mogu na tijelu i izmetu prenositi patogene, kontaminirati hranu i pridonijeti prijenosu bolesti koje se prenose hranom, a vrlo su brojne. Iz tih razloga se smatraju štetočinama. Kućna muha je uz štakore i žohare jedna od najgorih vrsta za zdravlje ljudi i širenje epidemija. Prenosi uzročnike: tifusa, paratifusa, tuberkuloze, lepre i trahoma.

Kućne muhe korištene su u laboratoriju za proučavanje starenja i mehanizama određivanja spola. Muhe se u književnosti pojavljuju od starogrčkog mita i basne "Nesretni kukac" nadalje.

Galerija

Izvori

Muhe

Kućna muha


Wasabi puede referirse a:

 Wasabi, condimento japonés extraído de la raíz de la planta de nombre homónimo.
 Wasabi (2001), película producida por Luc Besson.
 Wasabi (2007), álbum de la banda Boom Boom Kid.

Wasabi (desambiguación)


Daydreaming is the stream of consciousness that detaches from current, external tasks when attention drifts to a more personal and internal direction. When thoughts move to a different place while daydreaming it's referred to as mind wandering. This commonality affects individuals 50% of the time while awake. Daydreaming is the term used by Jerome L. Singer whose research laid the foundation for nearly all the subsequent research today. The terminologies assigned by researchers today puts challenges on identifying the common features of daydreaming, and on building collective work among researchers.

There are many types of daydreams, and there is no consistent definition among psychologists. However, the characteristic that is common to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild dissociation. Also, the impacts of different types of daydreams are not identical. While some are disruptive and deleterious, others may be beneficial in some way.

Functions of daydreaming
Mooneyham and Schooler summarized five potential functions daydreaming serves: future thinking, creative thinking, attentional cycling, dishabituation and relief from boredom.

Daydreaming can be a useful tool to help keep people mindful of their relevant goals, such as imagining future success of a goal to motivate accomplishing a difficult or uninteresting task.

Creative thinking is another function of daydreaming associated with increased creativity. The frequency of daydreaming is the highest during undemanding and easy tasks. It is hypothesized that daydreaming plays an important role in generating creative problem-solving processes. Studies have also found that intentional daydreaming is more effective when focused on creative thought processing, rather than spontaneous or disruptive daydreams.

Attentional cycling is an adaptive function of daydreaming that helps to keep people's behaviors relatively optimal when there are multiple target problems at the same time. When people have many goals, daydreaming provides an opportunity for people to switch among different streams of information and thoughts.

Dishabituation is beneficial when the internal response to the external stimulus decreases as the external stimulus repeats during learning process. One research identified this effect in learning and showed that learning is more effective with distributed practices rather than massed practices. Daydreaming can provide the opportunity to allow thoughts to drift away from intensive learning temporarily and to focus again with the refreshed capability to continue focusing on attention-demanding tasks.

Relief from boredom is another function of daydreaming. When people are doing boring tasks, daydreaming allows their thoughts to detach from current external tasks to relieve boredom. At the same time, this temporary detachment will not stop external activities completely when these activities are necessary. Also, daydreaming can cause the perception that time moves more quickly.

Daydreaming can also be used to imagine social situations. Humans are naturally oriented to be social in behavior and actively seek the approval and company of others. Social daydreaming is imagining past social occurrences and future events and conversations. According to research, daydreaming and social cognition have strong overlapping similarities when activated portions of the brain are observed. These findings indicate that daydreaming is an extension of the brain's experience of social cognition. This is likely because daydreams are often focused on the mental representations of social events, experiences, and people. It was also observed that a large portion of implicitly occurring daydreams, approximately 71%, were social. According to recent research, it was also found that positive rumination caused increases in the imagining of positive future events. Negative rumination caused an increase in thoughts of negative future events in depressed individuals but did not cause a significant increase in thoughts of negative future events in those who were not depressed.

Default mode network

According to several studies, daydreaming appears to be the brain's default setting when no other external task is occupying its attention. A group of regions in the brain called the default mode network is lit up only when the brain is left in a sort of 'idle' state. These areas of the brain light up in sequence only when daydreaming.

Functional theories
There has yet to be a consensus on how the process of mind wandering occurs. Three theories have been devised to explain the occurrences and reasons behind why people daydream. These theories are the distractibility account, executive-function account, and the decoupling account.

The distractibility account theorizes that distracting stimuli, whether internal or external, reflect a failure to disregard or control distractions in the mind. According to this theory, the brain activity increases in response to an increase in attention to mind-wandering and the mind tends to dwell on task unrelated thoughts (TUT's).

The executive-function account theorizes that the mind fails to correctly process task relevant events. This theory is based on the observation of TUT causes an increase in errors regarding task focused thinking, especially tasks requiring executive control.

The decoupling account suggests that attention becomes removed, or decoupled, from perceptual information involving an external task, and couples to an internal process. In this process, TUT is enhanced as internal thoughts are disengaged from surrounding distractions as the participant 'tunes out' the surrounding environment.

Psychological studies
 Freudian psychology interpreted daydreaming as expression of the repressed instincts similarly to those revealing themselves in nighttime dreams. He pointed out that, in contrast to nighttime dreams, there seems to be a process of "secondary revision" in fantasies that makes them more lucid, like daydreaming. The state of daydreaming is a kind of liminal state between waking (with the ability to think rationally and logically) and sleeping.

In the late 1960s, cognitive psychologists Jerome L. Singer of Yale University and John S. Antrobus of the City College of New York, created a daydream questionnaire, called the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI). It has been used to investigate daydreams. Psychologists Leonard Giambra and George Huba used the IPI and found that daydreamers' imaginary images vary in three ways: how vivid or enjoyable the daydreams are, how many guilt- or fear-filled daydreams they have, and how "deeply" into the daydream people go.

Humanistic psychology on other hand, found numerous examples of people in creative or artistic careers, such as composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new ideas through daydreaming. Similarly, research scientists, mathematicians and artists have developed new ideas by daydreaming about their subject areas.

Self-reflection
Daydreaming can also be used to reveal personal aspects about an individual. In an experiment directed by Robert Desoille, Desoille had a subject rest on a couch and then invited them to daydream about a series of objects and events. The subjects were asked to imagine a sword or vase first, then to imagine climbing a mountain, and then ascending into space. The subject is then asked to visualize a wizard, a witch, and a dragon. Subjects who imagine more details and sleek objects often see themselves as more useful and hold a belief they are capable of growth. Through the daydream, which can involve many fantastical elements, characteristics such as a fear of men or a desire to subdue a selfish personality trait can be revealed.

Self-focused daydreaming can be beneficial/positive (i.e. a self-reflection) or detrimental/negative (i.e. a rumination). Rumination is over-thinking negative experiences from the past, and pessimistic views of the future; it generally increases negative mood-episodes, guilt, fear and poor attention controls Self-reflection generally increases happiness, anti-depressant thinking, rational planning, creativity, and positivism.

Research
Eric Klinger's research in the 1980s showed that most daydreams are about ordinary, everyday events and help to remind us of mundane tasks. Klinger's research also showed that over 75% of workers in "boring jobs", such as lifeguards and truck drivers, use vivid daydreams to "ease the boredom" of their routine tasks.

Israeli high school students who scored high on the Daydreaming Scale of the IPI had more empathy than students who scored low. Some psychologists use the mental imagery created during their clients' daydreaming to help gain insight into their mental state and make diagnoses.

Research with fMRI shows that brain areas associated with complex problem-solving become activated during daydreaming episodes.

Benefits and costs
Mooneyham and Schooler reviewed studies about daydreaming published from 1995. Some of the major costs of daydreaming summarized by the review are worse performances with reading, sustained attention, mood etc.

The negative consequences of daydreaming on reading performance have been studied the most thoroughly. Research shows that there is a negative correlation between daydreaming frequency and reading comprehension performance, specifically worsened item-specific comprehension and model-building ability.

Disruptive daydreams or spontaneous daydreaming is also characteristic of people with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD).

Negative mood is another association of daydreaming. Research finds people generally report lower happiness when they are daydreaming than when they are not. For the positive daydreaming, people report the same happiness rating between current tasks and pleasant things they are more likely to daydream about. This finding remains true across all activities. The relationship between mood and daydreaming from time-lag analysis is that the latter comes first.

In the late 19th century, Toni Nelson argued that some daydreams with grandiose fantasies are self-gratifying attempts at "wish fulfillment". In the 1950s, some educational psychologists warned parents not to let their children daydream, for fear that the children may be sucked into "neurosis and even psychosis".

While the cost of daydreaming is more thoroughly discussed, the associated benefit is understudied. One potential reason is the payoff of daydreaming is usually private and hidden compared to the measurable cost from external goal-directed tasks. It is hard to know and record people's private thoughts such as personal goals and dreams, so whether daydreaming supports these thoughts is difficult to discuss.

Immordino et al. identified a benefit of daydreaming. They argued that the mind is not idle during daydreaming, though it is at rest when not attentively engaging in external tasks. Rather, during this process, people indulge themselves in and reflect on fantasies, memories, future goals and psychological selves while still being able to control enough attention to keep easy tasks going and monitor the external environment. Thus, the potential benefits are the skills of internal reflection developed in daydreaming to connect emotional implication of daily life experience with personal meaning building process.

Despite the detrimental impact of daydreaming on aptitude tests which most educational institutions put heavy emphasis on, Immrdino et al. argued that it is important for children to get internal reflection skills from daydreaming. Research shows that children equipped with these skills have higher academic ability and are socially and emotionally better off.

See also
 Creative visualization
 Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
 Fantasy prone personality
 Fantasy (psychology)
 Maladaptive daydreaming
 Mind-wandering
 Stream of consciousness (psychology)

References

External links
 Psychology Today blog on Power of Daydreaming by Amy Fries
 Daydreams at Work: Wake-Up Your Creative Powers by Amy Fries
 Positive effects of daydreaming
 Daydreaming improves thinking (Cosmos Magazine)
 Site summarising research on mind-wandering and daydreaming

Psychological adjustment
Imagination
Abstraction
Intrapersonal communication

Daydream


Kerrera (;  or Cearrara) is an island in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, close to the town of Oban. In 2016 it had a population of 45, divided into two communities in the north and south of the island.

Geography
The island is around  long and around  wide, and is separated from the mainland by the Sound of Kerrera, about  wide. The highest point on Kerrera is Carn Breugach at . The island is linked to the mainland by two ferry services. In the middle of the island, the Caledonian MacBrayne passenger ferry MV Carvoria operates from the Gallanach Road (about  southwest of Oban). From the landing place, tracks lead to the scattered settlements in the centre and south of the island. The south end circular walking loop takes around 3 hours to walk. The northern tip of the island can be accessed by a separate marina ferry service operating from North Pier in the centre of Oban. The service runs to Oban Marina near Ardentrive Farm, which is now linked by a road to the rest of the island.

History
The island is known for the ruined Gylen Castle, a small tower house built in 1582. It was also the place where Alexander II of Scotland died in 1249. The artist J. M. W. Turner visited Kerrera in 1831 and made 25 sketches of the castle which are in the Tate Gallery, London.

Community
Most of the island is owned by the McDougalls of Dunollie, who are descended from the Norse-Gael Somerled. The  tidal island at the north-east tip of Kerrera, Rubh a' Chruidh, was sold for £426,000 in 2010 to Lanarkshire businessman David Hamilton.

In the 2011 census, Kerrera had a population of 34. However in 2019, residents said that the population had doubled to 68 people, including 18 children. There are no public buildings or facilities on the island (apart from two compost loos provided by the community). In July 2019, the Isle of Kerrera Development Trust community organisation purchased the old primary school building, close to the public ferry slip near the centre of the island; the building had been empty and deteriorating since closing in 1997. The community plans to restore the building into a multi-functional centre.

The main industries on the island are farming (sheep and Highland cattle) and tourism. There was an exotic bird sanctuary, closed . There is a tea room/café (Kerrera Tea Garden & Bunkhouse) at the south end near Gylen Castle but  no shop and no pub. The castle itself was restored to some extent in 2006 and is open to the public.

In August 2021 work began to connect the small communities in the north and south of the island by road. A forestry track was initially constructed, and in October 2022 a metalled single track road was opened.

Geology
The oldest bedrock of Kerrera is black slate ascribed to the Easdale Subgroup of the Dalradian Argyll Group.  Overlying this across half of the island are conglomeratic sandstones and basalt and augite-andesite lavas of early Devonian age, the former being the local representative of the Old Red Sandstone and the latter constituting part of the Lorne Plateau Lavas. Ripple marks and sun cracks are preserved in  shale strata on the south coast, belying the subaerial environment in which deposition of these sediments took place. There are thin limestones within both the Easdale Slate Formation and the younger sandstones. All of these strata are cut by NW-SE aligned igneous dykes forming part of the North Britain Palaeogene Dyke Suite associated with early Palaeogene volcanism. A number of geological faults cut across Kerrera, the majority are aligned NE-SW.
Modern beach deposits and raised marine deposits of Holocene age are found around the island particularly on the north coast and along the Sound of Kerrera.

Gallery

References

External links

Islands of Argyll and Bute
Islands of the Inner Hebrides

Kerrera


La Carretera de Nebraska 109, y abreviada NE 109 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 109) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nebraska. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  en Wahoo hacia el Norte en la  sur de Fremont. La carretera tiene una longitud de 25,9 km (16.08 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera de Nebraska 109 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Carreteras de Nebraska por sus siglas en inglés NDOR.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de NDOR

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska

Carretera de Nebraska 109


Vox Machina pode referir-se a:

 Critical Role (campanha 1), primeira campanha da websérie de Critical Role, que transmitiram pelo Twitch suas sessões de Dungeons & Dragons interpretando o grupo Vox Machina
 Critical Role: Vox Machina Origins, série de quadrinhos que conta a história do grupo Vox Machina antes do início da transmissão da primeira campanha no Twitch
 The Legend of Vox Machina, série animada que adaptou a primeira campanha de Critical Role para uma animação distribuída pela Amazon Prime Video

Vox Machina


Colegi
iul Național "Ion C. Brătianu" este un liceu din Pitești, județul Argeș, România. Se află pe Strada Armand Călinescu, nr. 14.

Date istorice
Un eveniment important din istoria orașului Pitești a fost înființarea "Gimnaziului teoretic" la 6 septembrie 1866, cunoscut o perioadă sub denumirea de Liceul "Nicolae Bălcescu", astăzi Colegiul Național "Ion C. Brătianu".  În anul școlar 1873 - 1874, gimnaziul a funcționat cu toate cele 4 clase și cu un număr de 6 profesori (4 plătiți de stat și 2 de județ). De la 1 aprilie 1877, plata tuturor profesorilor a fost făcută din bugetul statului (9 profesori).

În anul 1894, în urma unor numeroase intervenții adresare ministerului de către profesorii gimnaziului, autorități și o serie de cetățeni din Pitești, gimnaziul s-a transformat în liceu, înființându-se clasa a V-a, iar în următorii ani și celelalte clase.

În anul 1897 s-a pus piatra fundamentală a localului propriu care s-a dat în folosință în anul 1899. Întregul ansamblu de clădiri s-a construit pe cheltuiala Ministerului Instrucțiunii Publice, directorul liceului în această perioadă fiind profesorul de geografie cu studii la Paris, Nae Gh. Dumitrescu. Corpul principal de clădire realizat în stilul arhitecturii tradiționale românești după planurile arhitectului C. Al. Băicoianu, se numără printre cele mai impunătoare construcții din municipiul Pitești.

La 26 octombrie 1899, noul local al liceului (corpul principal, casa directorului în care se află astăzi Secretariatul și celelalte anexe) a fost recepționat în prezența constructorului Cretzianu.

În anul 1898, Colegiul a primit numele lui "Ion C. Brătianu" - revoluționarul de la 1848 și cunoscutul om de stat de mai târziu, care se născuse aici în anul 1821.

Foști elevi ai Colegiului Național "Ion C. Brătianu" - personalități de ieri și azi

Personalități de ieri

 CONSTANTIN CHRISTESCU (1881) - general de armată, eroul de la Mărășești din 1917.
 COSTIN PETRESCU (1891) - pictor, autorul marii fresce de la Ateneul Român, profesor de pictură murală la Școala Națională de Bele-Arte din Lyon.
ION MINULESCU (1897) - poet.
GEORGE VÂLSAN (1899) - poet, prozator, etnograf și geograf; primul doctor în geografie din România, fondatorul etnografiei românești.
RUDOLF SCHWEITZER-CUMPĂNA (1901) - pictor și grafician, maestru emerit al artei.
GEORGE ULIERU (1903) - medic și scriitor.
ION TRIVALE (IOSIF NETZLER) - critic literar, căzut pe front în 1916.
ARMAND CĂLINESCU (1912) - prim-ministru al României 1938-1939.
DAN BARBILIAN (ION BARBU) - matematician și poet.
TUDOR TEODORESCU - BRANIȘTE (1918) - ziarist și prozator.
VLADIMIR STREINU (N. IORDACHE) (1920) - critic literar.
NICOLAE BRÂNZEU (1926) - compozitor, dirijor al Filarmonicii din Arad. Laureat al premiului pentru compoziție George Enescu.
GHEORGHE MARINESCU (1941) - medic specialist în inframicrobiologie, laureat al Academiei Franceze de Medicină, autor a numeroase lucrări științifice.
CONSTANTIN BĂLĂCEANU STOLNICI (1941) - academician, specialist în cibernetică, neurologie, gerontologie.
MARIUS IOSIFESCU (1954) - matematician, doctor docent în științe, membru al Academiei Române.
DUMITRU CONSTANTIN DULCAN (1956) - medic neuropsihiatru, savant de recunoaștere internațională.
EMIL CONSTANTINESCU (1956) - profesor universitar, președinte al României în perioada 1996-2000.
CAROL CORBU - maestru emerit al sportului, multiplu campion național, medaliat cu aur, argint și bronz la campionatele europene.
ION A. ANGELESCU - redactor la Academia Comercială București.
NICOLAE BĂNESCU - academician.
MIRCEA PENESCU (1970) - profesor universitar doctor, Directorul Spitalului Clinic de Nefrologie Alexandru Davila, București.
ION SĂLIȘTEANU - pictor.
SORIN ILFOVEANU - pictor, decan la Academia de Artă.
VIRGIL TEMPEANU - profesor universitar București, membru corespondent al Academiei din Munchen.
LEON TEODORESCU - profesor universitar, primul doctor din România în științe ale educației fizice și sport, rector al Academiei Naționale de Educație Fizică și Sport.

Personalități de azi
La Colegiul Național "Ion C. Brătianu" au studiat elevi de elită care au câștigat premii la olimpiadele internaționale și au studiat la cele mai prestigioase universități din lume. După studii, mulți și-au luat doctoratul la universități de top mondial și au ajuns să predea sau să lucreze, majoritatea în S.U.A. Iată câteva:

 Raul Horia Rădulescu - Medalia de argint la Olimpiada Internațională de Fizică, 1981. Universitatea Texas din Austin, S.U.A.
 Silviu Ștefan Pufu - Medalia de bronz la Olimpiada Internațională de Fizică 2001, argint 2002 și aur 2003. Profesor la Universitatea Princeton, S.U.A.
 Cristian Proistosescu - Medalia de argint în 2004 și Medalia de aur în 2005 la Olimpiada Internațională de Fizică. Premiul II La Olimpiada Internațională Pluridisciplinară, Yakutia, Rusia, 2003. Universitatea Princeton, doctoratul la Harvard, unde predă din 2009.
Andrei Constantin - Medalia de argint la Olimpiada Internațională de Fizică 2003, aur 2004, argint 2005. Premiul III la Olimpiada Internațională Pluridisciplinară, Yakutia, Rusia, 2002.
Ciprian Manolescu - Medalia de aur la Olimpiada Internațională de Matematică, de trei ori consecutiv: 1995, Canada, 1996, India, 1997, Argentina, cu punctaj maxim. De trei ori medalia de aur la Balcaniada de Matematică. A absolvit cu Magna cum laude Universitatea Harvard, unde și-a luat și doctoratul, în 2004. Tot la Harvard a câștigat numeroase concursuri internaționale. La ora actuală, el predă la UCLA, în California.
Mihai Horia Tohăneanu - Medalia de argint la Olimpiada Internațională de Matematică. Medalie de aur la Balcaniada de Matematică. A absolvit Darmouth College în S.U.A., și-a luat doctoratul la Universitatea Berkeley în 20009, iar acum predă matematica la Purdue University, în statul american Indiana și la Johns Hopkins University.
Liviu Suciu - premiul I la Balcaniada de Matematică, 1986. Doctoratul la Universitatea Pennsylvania. Acum lucrează la o companie din New York.
Paula Enache - Medalie de bronz la Olimpiada Internațională de Biologie 2010, locul III 2011.
Alexandra Crai - Premiul I la Olimpiada Internațională de Limba și Literatura Română 2010, locul III 2011.
Iagăru Dina - Sorin Marian - Premiul I la Olimpiada de Limba și Literatura Română, 2011. Medalia de bronz la Concursul Internațional de Matematică și Literatură, 2011.
Cosmina-Andreea Manea - Medalia de aur la Olimpiada Internațională de Geografie 2013. Medalia de Aur și Locul I pe echipe la Olimpiada Internațională de Chimie.
Titus Teodorescu - studii postdoctorale la Minessota University, profesor la Oklahoma State University și la College of New Jersey S.U.A.
Liviu Ilinca - asistent la Rutgers University, în statul american New Jersey.
Tiberiu Dondera - studii universitare și postuniversitare la Politehnica din București, Universitatea Claude Bernard din Lyon și Ecole polytechnique federale din Lausanne. În prezent, locuiește la Paris, este CEO la firma ProNET Consulting și consultant la firma Mediaplazza.
Anca Tohăneanu - A absolvit Dartmouth College, ca și fratele ei, tot acolo luându-și și doctoratul. În prezent lucrează la New York la J.P. Morgan, cea mai mare bancă din S.U.A. și, de asemenea, cea mai mare companie publică din lume.
Alina Nedea - Masterat la Universitatea Sorbona din Paris, vorbește șase limbi străine, expertă în drept comunitar, avocat în Bruxelles și Madrid, iar acum lucrează la Strasbourg pentru Uniunea Europeană, la oficiul Ombudsmanului European. În 2009, cel mai important ziar de limbă spaniolă din lume - El Mundo - a prezentat într-un articol sugestiv adresa elitelor românești din Spania.

Corala Brătianu
Corala Colegiului Național I"on C. Brătianu" a fost creată în anul 2006 de către profesor și dirijor Maria Cosmescu. Repertoriul coralei este alcătuit din cântece folclorice, patriotice, religioase, precum și din lucrările unor compozitori celebri. Corul a participat la numeroase festivaluri și concursuri naționale și internaționale, unde, de fiecare dată, a primit premii și medalii. Dintre acestea, se remarcă Festivalul Internațional de Muzică Corală D.G. Kiriac, la care corul a fost invitat în fiecare an, începând cu anul 2006. De asemenea, în 2008, la Festivalul Internațional de Muzică Corală Antonio Vivaldi corul colegiului a obținut de două ori premiul II și două medalii de argint, iar la Festivalul de datini și obiceiuri de Crăciun și Anul Nou Florile dalbe a primit premiul I în fiecare an. La Festivalul Internațional de Muzică Religioasă și Cântece de Crăciun a obținut medalia de bronz. În anul 2010 a obținut medalia de bronz la Festivalul Internațional de Crăciun cu premiul PetrEben, din Praga, iar în 2012 a participat la Festivalul de colinde din Belgrad. În primăvara anului 2013 a primit premiul I la reuniunea corurilor din Argeș, premiul I la etapa regională a Olimpiadei Naționale de Muzică Corală, iar în noiembrie, medalia de bronz la Festivalul Internațional de Crăciun cu premiul PetrEben, din Praga, iar în anul 2014 la Festivalul Internațional Gheorghe Cucu de la Slatina, Corala a primit premiul de excelență și invitația din partea reprezentantei UNESCO din Grecia și a Corului Semeli (Atena) de a participa la unul dinte Festivalul Internațional de Crăciun cu premiul PetrEben din Praga, iar în 2012 a participat la Festivalul de colinde din Belgrad. În primăvara anului 2013 a primit premiul I la reuniunea corurilor din Argeș, premiul I și același premiu și la faza regională, la Târgoviște. Corala Brătianu a fost prezentă la toate fazele naționale ale Olimpiadei Naționale Corale, obținând în anul 2015 la Oradea diploma de excelență. În urma rezultatelor obținute, Corala Brătianu este una dintre formațiile corale care a cântat în Festivalul Internațional de muzică corală "D.G. Kiriac" - 2015, Pitești.

Biblioteca "Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion" din cadrul Colegiului Național "Ion C. Brătianu"
Biblioteca "Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion" din cadrul Colegiului Național "Ion C. Brătianu" a fost înființată în anul 1878 într-o sală de clasă, prin implicarea Paraschivei Ștefu Nicolau, care a decis să facă o investiție, donând prin testament suma de 200 de galbeni, punând astfel piatra de temelie a primei biblioteci publice. La începuturile sale, Biblioteca a fost adăpostită într-una dintre camerele gimnaziului din localitate (unica în acea vreme). Pe atunci, fondul bibliotecii număra 230 de cărți, crescând progresiv prin donații, printre care cele mai numeroase făcute de Alex. Vericeanu (5.000 de lei în 1902, din care fost cumpărate cărți de la Paris, Viena, Roma) și de Gheorghe Ionescu-Gion. În 1904, Ana Ciupagea, soția lui Ionescu-Gion, a donat peste 1.000 de volume din biblioteca personală, în limbile română, franceză și italiană.

Pe parcursul anilor, fondul bibliotecii a crescut, ajungând în momentul de față la aproape 36.000 de volume.

Muzeul memorial al Colegiului Național "Ion C. Brătianu"
Muzeul Colegiului Național Ion C. Brătianu a fost înființat din inițiativa profesorului de limba și literatura română Marin Manu Bădescu.

Decizia pentru înființarea acestui muzeu poartă nr. 269 din 23 mai 1976 și este semnată de profesorul Alexandru Doagă, directorul școlii în acea perioadă.

Printre obiectele expuse în muzeu se află și câteva portrete (pictură pe pânză în ulei) ale foștilor directori, lucrate de profesorul de desen Atanasie Iliescu, primele cinci numere ale revistei Junimea, apărute în anul 1908, două numere ale revistei Trivalea (1935,1936), colecția revistei Mlădițe (1966-1978), colecția revistei Junimea - serie nouă, care a apărut până în anul 2008, Revista Catedrei de Limba și Literatura Română, numeroase fotografii și documente, două viori, o violă și un violoncel. Instrumentele muzicale au fost lucrate de profesorul de biologie Remulus Macarie. Au fost apreciate atât în țară, cât și în străinătate. Pe una din viori a concertat marele compozitor George Enescu.

În muzeu se află, de asemenea, lucrări ale foștilor elevi și profesori precum Virgil Tempeanu, Ion Minulescu, Vladimir Streinu etc., dar și ale profesorilor de azi: Mona Maria Vâlceanu, Lucian Costache, Iudita Dodu Ieremia, Constantin Vărășcanu, Iulian Untaru ș.a. Zestrea muzeului este scoasă în evidență prin lucrările profesorului N. Apostolescu,specialist în materie de istorie și critică literară. N. Apostolescu, este cel care a avut sarcina de secretar al consiliului, pentru ridicarea bustului lui G. Ionescu-Gion, ca omagiu pentru donarea bibliotecii sale Colegiului.

Printre cei care s-au ocupat de dotarea acestui muzeu, a fost și profesorul de limba și literatura română Constantin Fulgeanu, fost elev al profesorului M.M. Bădescu. A fost cel care a condus activitatea muzeului între anii 1978-1998. În prezent, custodele muzeului este profesorul Lucian Costache, care a completat fondul de obiecte, cărți, documente etc. legate de viața Colegiului.

Note
Licee din Pitești

Bibliografie

 Bădescu, N., Mateescu, N., Liceul "Nicolae Bălcescu" din Pitești. Documente inedite, Pitești, 1971.
 Popa, Petre, Dicu, Paul, Silvestru Voinescu. Istoria municipiului Pitești, Editura Academiei, București, 1988.
 Ieremia, Iudița Dodu, Colegiul Național Ion C. Brătianu, Editura Livable Impex RO S.R.L., s.a.
 Popa, Petre, Pitești 630. Memento, Editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 2020.
 Paraschivescu, George, Corala D.G. Kiriac - 1955 - 2015: Trăim prin muzică, Studiu Gaudeamus, 2015.

Colegiul Național „Ion C. Brătianu” din Pitești


Die Ker-Frisbie-Doktrin, in jüngerer Zeit gelegentlich auch als Ker-Frisbie-Alvarez-Doktrin bezeichnet, ist ein in den USA geltender juristischer Grundsatz, der durch die Rechtsprechung des Obersten Gerichtshofs der Vereinigten Staaten etabliert wurde und die Umstände der Überstellung von Personen, bei denen der Verdacht einer Straftat vorliegt, an das für sie zuständige Gericht betrifft. Sie besagt, dass Verdächtige auch dann vor amerikanischen Gerichten angeklagt werden dürfen, wenn sie nicht rechtmäßig ausgeliefert wurden, sondern durch eine gewaltsame Entführung in den Zuständigkeitsbereich des Gerichts gelangt sind.

Rechtsgrundlagen

Die erste der für die Ker-Frisbie-Doktrin relevanten und namensgebenden Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs war Ker v. Illinois (119 U.S. 436) aus dem Jahr 1886, die eine Klage zur Rechtssicherheit eines aus Peru entführten Angeklagten zum Inhalt hatte. Dem folgte 1952 das Urteil Frisbie v. Collins (342 U.S. 519), welchem der Fall eines Angeklagten zugrunde lag, der aus Chicago im US-Bundesstaat Illinois nach Michigan entführt und dort vor Gericht gestellt wurde. Der Oberste Gerichtshof fand in beiden Fällen weder in den Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten noch in anderen Gesetzen oder, im Rahmen der Entscheidung Ker v. Illinois, in dem mit Peru bestehenden Auslieferungsabkommen eine Grundlage dafür, dass eine gewaltsame Entführung ein ausreichender Grund sei, warum ein Angeklagter sich nicht einem rechtmäßigen Verfahren vor einem zuständigen Gericht stellen müsse, wenn er in dessen Jurisdiktion gelangt sei.

Mit dem Urteil United States v. Alvarez-Machain (504 U.S. 655) aus dem Jahr 1992, das die Entführung eines mexikanischen Arztes betraf, der wegen Beteiligung an der Ermordung eines Mitarbeiters der amerikanischen Drug Enforcement Administration in den USA angeklagt wurde, bestätigte der Oberste Gerichtshof seine vorherige Rechtsprechung und damit die Gültigkeit der Ker-Frisbie-Doktrin. Das Gericht befand insbesondere, dass keine Verletzung des Auslieferungsabkommens mit Mexiko vorlag, da weder dessen Bestimmungen noch seine Entstehungsgeschichte oder die Praxis seiner Umsetzung die Annahme eines Verbots von Entführungen stützen würden.

Literatur

 Andreas Lowenfeld: Still More on Kidnapping. In: American Journal of International Law. 85(4)/1991. American Society of International Law, S. 655–661,
 Mitchell J. Matorin: Unchaining the Law: The Legality of Extraterritorial Abduction in Lieu of Extradition. In: Duke Law Journal. 41(4)/1992. Duke University School of Law, S. 907–932,
 Aaron Schwabach, S. A. Patchett: Doctrine or Dictum: The Ker-Frisbie Doctrine and Official Abductions Which Breach International Law. In: The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 25(1)/1993. Joe Christensen Inc., S. 19–56,
 Carl Friedrich Stuckenberg: US Supreme Court v. 15.6.1992 - US v. Alvarez-Machain. In: Jörg Menzel, Tobias Pierlings, Jeannine Hoffmann: Völkerrechtsprechung: Ausgewählte Entscheidungen zum Völkerrecht in Retrospektive. Mohr Siebeck, 2004, ISBN 3-16-148515-7, S. 307–312

Weblinks

 Ker v. Illinois - 119 U.S. 436 (1886) (englisch)
 Frisbie v. Collins - 342 U.S. 519 (1952) (englisch)
 United States v. Alvarez-Machain - 504 U.S. 655 (1992) (englisch)

Recht (Vereinigte Staaten)
Doktrin (Vereinigte Staaten)

Ker-Frisbie-Doktrin


Cephaloziaceae, porodica jetrenjarki iz reda Jungermanniales. Postoji devedesetak priznatih vrsta unutar devet rodova. Ime je dobila po rodu Cephalozia.

Rodovi
 Genus Alobiella  (Spruce) Schiffn.
 Genus Alobiellopsis R.M. Schust.
 genus: Anomoclada Spruce
 Genus Cephalozia (Dumort.) Dumort.
 genus: Cladomastigum Fulford
 genus: Cladopodiella H. Buch
 genus: *Cladopus (Spruce) Meyl., nom. illeg.
 genus: Eucephalozia Spruce
 Genus Fuscocephaloziopsis Fulford
 Genus Haesselia Grolle & Gradst.
 genus: Iwatsukia N. Kitag.
 genus: Metahygrobiella R.M. Schust.
 Genus Nowellia  Mitt.
 Genus Odontoschisma (Dumort.) Dumort.
 genus: *Pleuroclada Spruce, nom. illeg.
 genus: Pleurocladula Grolle
 Genus Schiffneria Steph.
 genus: Schofieldia J.D. Godfrey
 genus: **Simia S.W. Arnell, nom. inval.
 genus: *Sphagnoecetis Nees, nom. illeg.
 Genus Trabacellula Fulford
 genus: Trigonanthus Spruce

Izvori

Cephaloziineae

Cephaloziaceae


Hyan ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Hans Hyan (1868–1944), deutscher Kabarettist, Gerichtsreporter und Schriftsteller
 Jacques D. Hyan (1937–2008), deutscher Maler und Zeichner
 Käthe Hyan (1875–1958), deutsche Kabarettistin

Hyan


Yari (槍) je izraz za tradicionalno izrađenu japansku oštricu (nihonto). Borilačka vještina vladanja yarijem naziva se Sođucu.

Izvori

Japansko oružje

Yari (koplje)


Roots est un album studio du duo country rock américain The Everly Brothers, sorti en 1968. Initialement sur le label Warner Bros., l'album a été réédité sur CD en 1995 par Warner Bros. et en 2005 par Collectors' Choice Music. L'album est un exemple classique du country rock des débuts.

Références

Album musical sorti en 1968
Album des Everly Brothers

Roots (album des Everly Brothers)


Le gouvernement Soler () est le gouvernement des îles Baléares du  au , sous la  du Parlement.

Historique
Ce gouvernement est dirigé par le nouveau président des îles Baléares conservateur Cristòfol Soler. Il est constitué du seul Parti populaire (PP) et dispose de  sur 59, soit 50,8 % des sièges du Parlement.

Il est formé à la suite de la démission du président sortant Gabriel Cañellas impliqué dans des affaires de corruption.

Formation
Le , Cristòfol Soler remporte le vote d'investiture au Parlement par  favorables et . Nommé président le  suivant, le nouveau gouvernement de Cristòfol Soler entre en fonctions le .

Composition

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Élections au Parlement des îles Baléares de 1995
 Président des îles Baléares

Liens externes
 .

Soler

Gouvernement Soler