Ma and Pa Kettle are comic film characters of the successful film series of the same name, produced by Universal Studios, in the late 1940s and 1950s. "The hillbilly duo have their hands full with a ramshackle farm and a brood of rambunctious children. When the future comes a-callin' in the form of modern houses, exotic locales, and newfangled ideas, Ma and Pa must learn how to make the best of it with luck, pluck, and a little country charm."

Originally based on real-life farming neighbors in Washington, United States, Ma and Pa Kettle were composite characters created by Betty MacDonald in whose 1945 best-selling, semi-fictional memoir, The Egg and I, they appeared. The success of the novel spawned the 1947 film The Egg and I starring Claudette Colbert and Fred MacMurray, also co-starring Marjorie Main and Percy Kilbride as Ma and Pa Kettle. Main was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role.

After the audiences' positive reaction to the Kettles in the film, Universal Studios produced nine more films, with Marjorie Main reprising her role in all and Percy Kilbride reprising his in seven. The films grossed an estimated $35 million altogether at the box office and are said to have saved Universal from bankruptcy.

Premise
Phoebe "Ma" Kettle (played by Marjorie Main in all 10 films) is a raucous, hardworking country woman with a robust figure. She is  smarter than Pa, but not by much, and can easily be fooled. (In the book, she is earthier and more profane. When she was a newly emigrated Baltic teenager, she married Pa under the impression that since he owned a farm, he was a solid prospect.) Ma is content with her role as mother to 15 rambunctious, mischievous children on their ramshackle farm in rural Cape Flattery, Washington. Because she has so many children, Ma sometimes gets their names confused. A misspelled sign "Be-ware of childrun" is posted in front of the farmhouse to warn unwanted visitors of hurled rocks, projectiles from slingshots and pea shooters, and other missiles launched by the rowdy and unpredictable Kettle brood.
Franklin "Pa" Kettle (played by Percy Kilbride in the first eight films and by Parker Fennelly in the 10th and last film) is a gentle, slow-speaking, slow-thinking, and lazy man. His only talents appear to be avoiding work and winning contests. In the second film of the series, the family moves into a modern home with numerous electronic gadgets that Pa has won in a tobacco slogan-writing contest. As the series continued, various reasons were devised to have the family relocate to the "old place", sometimes for extended periods of time. Much of the comedy is cornball humor arising from preposterous situations, such as Pa masquerading as a wealthy industrialist ("P.A. Kettle" in Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki, 1955) or being jailed after he accidentally causes racehorses to eat feed laced with concrete (Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair, 1952). He has a younger brother, Sedgewick Kettle (played by Arthur Hunnicutt in the ninth film), who owns their parents' farm in Mournful Hollow, Arkansas.

Recurring characters in the series
Thomas "Tom" Kettle is the eldest of the Kettle children and is portrayed by Richard Long in the first four films. Tom works hard and goes to college at Washington State University, studying animal husbandry. He designs an improved chicken incubator. He meets his future wife, Kim, in a train ride back to Cape Flattery, but due to work issues, the two relocate to New York City.
Kimberly "Kim" Kettle (née Parker) is the wife of Tom Kettle and is portrayed by Meg Randall in three films. She was the reporter for a popular Seattle magazine and came to Cape Flattery to write a series of articles on the Kettles and their new model home. Kim is very fond of the Kettles.
Birdie Hicks is the Kettles' aging, cantankerous archenemy and is portrayed by Esther Dale in four films. She usually rides around in either her Model T car or her horse-drawn buggy with her elderly mother, lamenting Pa's laziness and the family's lack of organization. Birdie frequently competes with Ma whenever there is a quilting or jam contest at the county fair. In a rare act of kindness, she gives Ma and Pa the prize money she won at a horse race so Rosie can go to college. Apparently, her mother, Mrs. Hicks or Mother Hicks (played by Isabel O'Madigan in two films and by Hallene Hill in one), sympathizes with the Kettles.
Billy Reed is the town's local merchant, portrayed by Billy House in the first film (1947), and then by Emory Parnell in four films (1949–1954). Billy has a general store in downtown Cape Flattery where his motto is written: "If there's anything you need, just come in and see Billy Reed." He often stops at the Kettle place to visit or deliver merchandise.
Rosie Kettle is the Kettles' second-eldest daughter portrayed by Gloria Moore in one and Lori Nelson in two films. She desires to go to Sheraton College, but is unable to do so because of the family's economic instability. She is later learned to be working in Seattle. Rosie travels to Waikiki with Ma and Pa to help with cousin Rodney's pineapple enterprise.
Jonathan and Elizabeth Parker are Kim Kettle's parents portrayed by Ray Collins and Barbara Brown in two films. They travel from Boston to see Tom and Kim's newborn baby in the fourth film. Elizabeth does not get along with the Kettles at first, but over time, realizes her mistake; Jonathan enjoys being with them from the start. The Parkers invite Ma and Pa to a trip to Paris in the sixth film.
Geoduck (Oliver Blake) and  Crowbar (Teddy Hart or Stan Ross) are Pa's Native American friends and usually act as his handymen, doing various tasks around the house under Pa's "supervision." Geoduck, pronounced "jaw-duck" in The Egg and I and then standardized as "gear-duck", is the chief of their tribe.

Kettle Kids
Ma and Pa Kettle and Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town mention 15 kids (including Thomas and Rosie above), although inconsistency arises in the names

Animals on the Kettles' farm

Bossie is the Kettles' red and white milk cow, which provides Ma, Pa, and their family of with plenty of milk. Most of the time, the older Kettle boys or even Pa's Indian friends, Geoduck and Crowbar, milk her. In "Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town" (1950), Pa is seen milking Bossie while listening to the music playing on the radio.

The chickens are a flock of nearly 100 chickens kept by the Kettles on their broken-down farm, which provide them with many eggs each day. Sometimes, one or two of the hens cause mischief towards the Kettles or other characters in the films. In Ma and Pa Kettle at Home (1954), Ma Kettle's prized speckled hen is seen a few times laying eggs on Mannering's head or in his bowler hat.

Pa Kettle's team includes an old, retired trotting horse, named Emma, and a white donkey wearing a straw hat, which together pull Pa's wagon around the county. In Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair (1952), Pa buys Emma originally to win a horse race at the county fair.

Nick is the Kettles' prized black bull. He spends most of his time living on the Kettles' farm, which is his main home, but in Ma and Pa Kettle at Home, he sneaks out of the farm and lumbers towards the Maddocks' farm to visit one of John Maddocks' prize cows, Bessie. He is often seen wearing a derby hat on his head, similar to the same type of hat that Pa Kettle wears.

The goats are herd of four white Saanen goats that live on the Kettles' farm. In Ma and Pa Kettle at Home, their original owner, John Maddocks, sells them to Pa Kettle for $100 (). The goats spend most of their time grazing around the farm, but the largest of them, a large buck with massive, curved horns, often causes everyone trouble. In Ma and Pa Kettle at Home, he butts Ma, then Mannering, and lastly Pa, after they turn their backs to him. In Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm, he starts chewing on several sticks of dynamite that Pa bought to make a new well for Ma, but Pa keeps snatching them from him.

Agnes is the Kettles' family Bluetick Coonhound, which also lives on the farm. She is often seen wearing a sweater that Ma Kettle made for her. In Ma and Pa Kettle at Home, she produces a litter of puppies for the Kettles and their friends at their Christmas Eve party.

Kettle farm set

The Kettle Farm (also known as Gausman Ranch, playfully named for set decorator Russell A. Gausman) was a movie ranch in Universal Studios, where most of the Ma and Pa Kettle features were filmed. The set was redressed several times to resemble a cluttered farmhouse with dilapidating farm buildings. The Kettles' farmhouse did not appear in Ma and Pa Kettle on Vacation and Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki. The farm buildings were restored and painted for Ma and Pa Kettle at Home. The entire farm set was modified for The Kettles in the Ozarks, where it was reused as Uncle Sedge's farm in Arkansas. The remodeled farmhouse was also used for The Kettles on Old MacDonald's Farm. Prior to the Kettle Farm area being demolished in 1969 to begin construction on the Gibson Amphitheatre, it was significantly altered for the filming of Spartacus. Today, this site is The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.

The movie ranch appeared in other films and television series, including:

 The Thing That Couldn't Die (1958)
 The Deputy (1959–1961)
 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (9th season episode "The Jar")
 Adam-12 (1968–1975)

Films

The ten Kettle films are:
The Egg and I (1947)
Ma and Pa Kettle (1949) or The Further Adventures of Ma and Pa Kettle
Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town (1950)
Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm (1951)
Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair (1952)
Ma and Pa Kettle on Vacation (1953)
Ma and Pa Kettle at Home (1954)
Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki (1955)
The Kettles in the Ozarks (1956)
The Kettles on Old MacDonald's Farm (1957)

The Egg and I
Ma and Pa Kettle first appeared in supporting roles as neighbors in The Egg and I, starring Fred MacMurray and Claudette Colbert as a refined city couple who move to a rural chicken farm. Marjorie Main, a veteran character actress, played a hardy country woman in dozens of films, so was a natural for the role of Ma Kettle. Main was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Ma and Pa Kettle series
After the success of The Egg and I, Marjorie Main and Percy Kilbride starred in their own series of Ma and Pa Kettle movies, which became box-office bonanzas for Universal Pictures, having earned an estimated $35 million for the entire series.

Universal insisted on releasing only one Kettle picture annually, during the spring months. Consequently there was a backlog of completed but unreleased films. Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Paris was ultimately released as Ma and Pa Kettle on Vacation; Ma and Pa Kettle Hit the Road  Home became Ma and Pa Kettle at Home. Kilbride retired after the latter film in 1953, primarily from boredom with the character, as well as health concerns. Kilbride's farewell film was Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki, filmed in February 1952 but finally released in 1955.

The Kettles films
In 1954 Universal assigned the Kettle producer, director, and writer to make a new rustic comedy with Main but without Kilbride, Ricochet Romance, while trying to persuade Kilbride to return to the series. When Kilbride refused, the studio kept the franchise going by dropping "Pa Kettle" from the film titles and referring to the series as "The Kettles."

Arthur Hunnicutt played Pa's brother Sedge Kettle in The Kettles in the Ozarks (1956). The next film brought back Pa Kettle in the person of Parker Fennelly, who had played homespun, laconic types on radio; The Kettles on Old MacDonald's Farm (1957) was not successful enough to prolong the series, but Universal kept the older films playing in theaters into the 1960s.

Box office rankings
At the height of the popularity of the series, exhibitors polled by Quigley Publishing voted Kilbride and Main among the most popular stars in the US:
1951 - Marjorie Main alone 15th-most popular star
1952 - Main and Kilbride 25th-most popular
1953 - Main and Kilbride 13th-most popular
1954 - Main and Kilbride 15th-most popular
1955 - Main and Kilbride 25th-most popular

Adaptations and revivals

Betty MacDonald's characters Ma and Pa Kettle also appeared in television's first comedy serial, The Egg and I, which aired on CBS (September 3, 1951 – August 1, 1952). Each episode was only 15 minutes long. Ma Kettle was played by Doris Rich and Pa Kettle was played by Frank Twedell. Betty Lynn (better known as Barney Fife's girlfriend Thelma Lou from The Andy Griffith Show) played Betty MacDonald in some episodes, including "Pa Turns Over a New Leaf" (which aired on May 21, 1952).  The role was usually played by Pat Kirkland. Another episode, "The Purloined Jacket", starred Mary Perry as Cammy, Richard Carlyle as Joe Kettle, and William A. Lee as Ed Peabody.

Animator Walter Lantz produced a short-lived cartoon series for Universal Pictures called "Maw and Paw", although only four cartoons were released between 1953 and 1955.  The characters Maw and Paw (voiced by Grace Stafford and Dal McKennon, respectively) were based on the characters of Ma and Pa Kettle. The spellings of Maw and Paw Kettle appeared in the book The Egg and I (1945).  Another Walter Lantz cartoon, "The Ostrich Egg And I" (1956), from the Maggie & Sam series, was a spoof of The Egg and I, with Maggie voiced by Grace Stafford and Sam voiced by Daws Butler.

In The Munsters season-one episode "Family Portrait" (S01 E13, 1964-12-17), a magazine writer makes a reference to the Kettles when he sees the Munster home, which he implies resembles the Kettle farmhouse: "Let's see if Ma and Pa Kettle are home."

In several Warner Bros. cartoons of the 1950s and 1960s, prolific voice artist June Foray imitates Marjorie Main's voice whenever a big, aggressive female character appears in the cartoon.  Many boomer kids became familiar with Foray's version of Main's voice before they discovered Marjorie Main as the source of Foray's imitation.

The satirical film Loose Shoes (1980), which starred Bill Murray, included a sketch called "A Visit With Ma and Pa", where Ma Kettle was played by Ysabel MacCloskey and Pa Kettle was played by Walker Edmiston.

DVD releases
The Adventures of Ma and Pa Kettle Volume 1

as the first part of Universal's Franchise Collection series.
The Egg and I
Ma and Pa Kettle
Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town
Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm

The Adventures of Ma and Pa Kettle Volume 2

as the second part of Universal's Franchise Collection series.
Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair
Ma and Pa Kettle on Vacation
Ma and Pa Kettle at Home
Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki

The Further Adventures of the Kettles

as a TCM Vault Collection presented by Universal Studios:
The Kettles in the Ozarks
The Kettles in Old MacDonald's Farm

The Ma and Pa Kettle Complete Comedy Collection

as a TCM Vault Collection presented by Universal Studios:
The Egg and I
Ma and Pa Kettle
Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town
Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm
Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair
Ma and Pa Kettle on Vacation
Ma and Pa Kettle at Home
Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki
The Kettles in the Ozarks
The Kettles in Old MacDonald's Farm

References

External links

Fictional characters from Washington (state)
Fictional married couples
Film series introduced in 1947
Films about farmers
Literary characters introduced in 1945
American film series

Ma and Pa Kettle


WrestleMania Backlash foi o 16º evento de wrestling profissional Backlash produzido pela WWE e contou com lutadores das marcas Raw e SmackDown. O evento foi ao ar em pay-per-view (PPV) em todo o mundo e estava disponível para transmissão através do Peacock nos Estados Unidos e pela WWE Network internacionalmente, o que o tornou o primeiro Backlash a ir ao ar no Peacock. Ocorreu em 16 de maio de 2021, no WWE ThunderDome, hospedado no Yuengling Center em Tampa, Flórida - foi o primeiro pay-per-view da WWE a apresentar o ThunderDome do Yuengling Center durante a pandemia de COVID-19, após quatro meses no Tropicana Field em São Petersburgo, Flórida. De 1999 a 2009, o conceito do pay-per-view Backlash foi baseado na reação do evento principal da WWE, WrestleMania. O evento de 2021 devolveu o Backlash à sua posição original como o PPV pós-WrestleMania, e por sua vez foi renomeado para "Backlash WrestleMania", pois foi baseado em torno da WrestleMania 37.

Sete lutas foram disputadas no evento, incluindo uma no pré-show. Na luta principal, Roman Reigns derrotou Cesaro por submissão técnica para reter o Universal Championship. Em outra luta importante, Bobby Lashley derrotou Drew McIntyre e Braun Strowman em um combate triplo para reter o WWE Championship. Também no evento, Bianca Belair derrotou Bayley para reter o SmackDown Women's Championship e Rey Mysterio e Dominik Mysterio derrotaram Dolph Ziggler e Robert Roode para vencerem o SmackDown Tag Team Championship, tornando-se assim a primeira equipe de pai e filho a vencerem um título de duplas na WWE.

O evento recebeu críticas mistas de críticos e fãs. O evento incluiu um combate promocional para o filme de zumbis Army of the Dead, estrelado pelo ex-lutador da WWE Batista. Além de Batista fazer a narração da vinheta de abertura do evento, a comabate Lumberjack entre Damian Priest e The Miz teve os "lumberjacks" atuando como zumbis. Este combate foi fortemente criticado e coberto pelo New York Post, chamando-o de "um dos momentos mais tristes da WWE".Apesar das críticas negativas, o resto do evento foi bem recebido.

Produção
Backlash é um evento pay-per-view (PPV) e da WWE Network que foi estabelecido pela WWE em 1999. Foi realizado anualmente de 1999 a 2009. O conceito original do pay-per-view foi baseado na reação do evento principal da WWE, a WrestleMania. O evento foi interrompido após 2009, mas foi restabelecido em 2016 e foi realizado todos os anos desde então, exceto em 2019; no entanto, esses eventos não continuaram o tema original do Backlash pós-WrestleMania. O 2021 Backlash foi inicialmente agendado para 20 de junho, no entanto, durante a WrestleMania 37, foi revelado que o Backlash aconteceria em 16 de maio e seria intitulado "WrestleMania Backlash", retornando assim o evento ao seu conceito original e apresentando o reação da WrestleMania 37. Foi o 16º evento na cronologia do Backlash e contou com lutadores das marcas Raw e SmackDown. Foi também o primeiro Backlash a ir ao ar no Peacock depois que a versão americana da WWE Network se fundiu sob o Peacock em março.

Impacto da pandemia COVID-19
Como resultado da pandemia COVID-19 que começou a afetar a indústria em meados de março de 2020, a WWE teve que apresentar a maior parte de sua programação a portas fechadas. Inicialmente, os programas de televisão e PPVs do Raw e SmackDown foram feitos no WWE Performance Center em Orlando, Flórida. Um número limitado de trainees do Performance Center, amigos e familiares dos lutadores foram posteriormente utilizados para servir como público ao vivo. No final de agosto, esses programas foram movidos para uma bolha "biossegura" chamada WWE ThunderDome. O seleto público ao vivo não era mais utilizado, pois a bolha permitia que os fãs comparecessem aos eventos virtualmente de graça e fossem vistos nas cerca de 1.000 placas de LED dentro da arena. Além disso, o ThunderDome utilizou vários efeitos especiais para melhorar ainda mais as entradas dos lutadores, e o áudio da arena foi mixado com o dos cantos dos fãs virtuais. Depois de ser hospedado no Amway Center de Orlando, o ThunderDome foi transferido para o Tropicana Field em São Petersburgo, Flórida, em dezembro.

Devido ao início da temporada de 2021 do Tampa Bay Rays, como o Tropicana Field é a sede do Tampa, em 24 de março de 2021, a WWE anunciou que mudaria o ThunderDome para o Yuengling Center, localizado no campus do Universidade do Sul da Flórida em Tampa, que começou com o episódio do Raw de 12 de abril. Posteriormente, WrestleMania Backlash foi o primeiro pay-per-view da WWE produzido no ThunderDome no Yuengling Center.

Enredo
O show teve sete combates, incluindo uma no pré-show. As lutas resultaram de histórias roteirizadas, nas quais os lutadores e lutadoras retratavam heróis, vilões ou personagens menos distintos em eventos roteirizados que geravam tensão e culminavam em uma luta ou série de lutas. Os resultados foram predeterminados pelos escritores da WWE nas marcas Raw e SmackDown, enquanto as histórias foram produzidas nos programas semanais de televisão da WWE, Monday Night Raw e Friday Night SmackDown.

Na WrestleMania 37, Bobby Lashley derrotou Drew McIntyre para reter o WWE Championship. No Raw da noite seguinte, o gerente de Lashley, MVP,  declarou que ninguém poderia derrotar Lashley. McIntyre interrompeu e queria outra oportunidade, alegando que ele o teria derrotado se MVP não o tivesse distraído e o impedido de realizar o chute Claymore em Lashley. Braun Strowman e Randy Orton então interromperam e declararam seus respectivos casos para disputar o título. O oficial da WWE, Adam Pearce, agendou um combate triplo entre McIntyre, Strowman e Orton, com o vencedor enfrentando Lashley pelo títulona WrestleMania Backlash, que foi vencido por McIntyre. No episódio de 26 de abril, Strowman desafiou McIntyre para uma luta com a estipulação adicional de que se Strowman vencesse, ele seria adicionado à luta pelo campeonato na WrestleMania Backlash. Strowman derrotou McIntyre, portanto, a luta pelo título tornou-se uma luta tripla.

Na WrestleMania 37, Bianca Belair venceu o SmackDown Women's Championship. No episódio seguinte de SmackDown, The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins e Montez Ford) deu a Belair uma celebração pelo título. Mais tarde, Bayley desafiou Belair pelo título. Na semana seguinte, a luta pelo título foi agendada para o Backlash WrestleMania.

Na WrestleMania 37, Rhea Ripley derrotou Asuka para vencer o Raw Women's Championship. As duas tiveram uma revanche na noite seguinte no Raw, no entanto, a luta terminou em no-contest após a interferência de Charlotte Flair, que atacou Asuka. Antes da luta, Flair, que estava fora da TV no mês passado, voltou naquela noite depois de perder sua primeira WrestleMania desde a WrestleMania 32 em 2016. Na semana seguinte, Flair perdeu para Asuka graças a uma distração de Ripley. Após o combate, Flair atacou o árbitro. Adam Pearce posteriormente suspendeu Flair, no entanto, a oficial da WWE Sonya Deville, que aparece principalmente no SmackDown, reintegrou Flair na semana seguinte depois que Flair fez um pedido público de desculpas no Raw. No episódio de 3 de maio, outra revanche entre Ripley e Asuka pelo Raw Women's Championship foi agendada para o Backlash WrestleMania. No entanto, Deville deu a Flair a chance de apresentar uma proposta e depois de ouvir o caso de Flair, Deville adicionou Flair ao combate pelo título para torná-la uma luta tripla.

No episódio de 16 de abril do SmackDown, o Campeão Universal Roman Reigns, junto com Paul Heyman e Jey Uso, gabou-se de manter seu título na WrestleMania 37. Reigns foi interrompido por Cesaro, mas antes que ele pudesse falar, Reigns, Jey e Heyman saíram do ringue e partiram para os bastidores. Mais tarde, Cesaro confrontou Adam Pearce e Sonya Deville sobre enfrentar Reigns naquela noite, mesmo sem o título. No entanto, em vez de Reigns, Cesaro enfrentou Jey no evento principal, que terminou em desqualificação quando Seth Rollins, que Cesaro havia derrotado na WrestleMania, interferiu e atacou Cesaro, proclamando que sua rivalidade não havia acabado. No especial Throwback SmackDown em 7 de maio, Cesaro estava escalado para enfrentar Rollins com a estipulação adicional de que se Cesaro ganhasse, ele ganharia uma luta pelo Universal Championship no WrestleMania Backlash. Cesaro derrotou Rollins mais uma vez, garantindo o combate pelo título. Também naquele episódio, o irmão de Jey, Jimmy, voltou de uma lesão, tendo aparecido pela última vez no Hell in a Cell em outubro de 2020, e embora em conflito no início, especialmente por causa do que Reigns fez a eles no Hell in a Cell, Jimmy também acabou se aliando a Reigns, mas logo após traiu Reigns.

Evento

Pré-show
Durante o pré-show do WrestleMania Backlash Kickoff, o campeão dos Estados Unidos Sheamus enfrentou Ricochet em uma luta não válida pelo título. No final, Sheamus aplicou um Knee Strike no Ricochet para vencer a luta.

Lutas preliminares
O pay-per-view começou com Rhea Ripley defendendo o Raw Women's Championship contra Charlotte Flair e Asuka. Nos momentos finais, após uma luta igualmente competitiva entre as três, Ripley executou o Riptide em Asuka para reter o título.

Em seguida, Dolph Ziggler e Robert Roode defenderam o SmackDown Tag Team Championship contra Rey Mysterio e Dominik Mysterio. No início da noite, Dominik foi atacado por Ziggler e Roode, e a equipe médica considerou Dominik incapaz de competir. Durante a luta, Ziggler e Roode dominaram Rey. No meio do caminho, porém, Dominik acabou entrando na luta. No final, Rey executou um 619 em Roode e passou para Dominik, que então executou um Frogsplash em Roode para ganhar o título, tornando-se assim a primeira equipe de pai e filho a deter um título de duplas na WWE.

Depois disso, Damian Priest enfrentou The Miz (acompanhado por John Morrison) em uma luta lumberjack. O ringue foi cercado por zumbis como uma ligação promocional para o filme de zumbis Army of the Dead, estrelado pelo ex-lutador da WWE Batista. Durante o combate, Priest e Miz se uniram para afastar os zumbis. No final, Morrison foi "devorado" pelos zumbis que distraíram Miz. Priest executou um Hit the Lights em Miz para vencer a luta. Após a luta, vários zumbis entraram no ringue e "devoraram" Miz.

No combate seguinte, Bianca Belair defendeu o SmackDown Women's Championship contra Bayley. Belair imobilizou Bayley usando seu cabelo trançado para ganhar força e reter o título.

Na penúltima luta, Bobby Lashley (acompanhado por MVP) defendeu WWE Championship contra Drew McIntyre e Braun Strowman. Durante a luta, Lashley e McIntyre lutaram para subir a rampa de entrada, onde McIntyre jogou Lashley através de uma placa de LED. De volta ao ringue, McIntyre e Strowman continuaram a luta. No final, quando McIntyre executou um Claymore Kick em Strowman, Lashley apareceu, jogou McIntyre para fora do ringue e executou uma Spear em Strowman para reter o título.

Evento Principal
Na luta principal, Roman Reigns (acompanhado por Paul Heyman) defendeu o Universal Championship contra o Cesaro. Ao longo da luta, Reigns mirou no braço direito de Cesaro, impedindo Cesaro de fazer seus golpes e não ser capaz de aplicar totalmente as outras manobras. No clímax, Reigns aplicou uma guilhotina em Cesaro, que desmaiou, e Reigns manteve o título por submissão técnica. Após a luta, Cesaro foi atacado por Jey Uso. Seth Rollins então apareceu. Depois de encarar Reigns, Rollins atacou cruelmente Cesaro e quebrou seu braço direito em uma cadeira de aço.

Recepção
O evento recebeu críticas mistas. Embora a maior parte do pay-per-view tenha sido bem recebida, a ligação de marketing com o Army of the Dead durante o combate lumberjack Damian Priest vs. The Miz  foi fortemente prejudicada. A estrela do filme e ex-lutador da WWE Batista respondeu às críticas dos fãs, afirmando que ele não agendou "um bando de zumbis do caralho", e que os fãs deveriam chamar o presidente e CEO da WWE, Vince McMahon pela decisão. Uma crítica de Shacknews disse que o Backlash da WrestleMania excedeu "quase todas as expectativas", exceto para a luta lumberjack. A crítica dizia que a luta já estava ruim, mas foi piorada pela inclusão dos zumbis, com Priest e Miz tendo que agir como se realmente estivessem com medo deles. As críticas negativas foram cobertas pelo meio de comunicação mainstream New York Post, chamando-o de "um dos momentos mais tristes da WWE". Eles foram positivos sobre o resto do show. Apesar das críticas negativas aos zumbis, a WWE arrecadou mais de US$ 1 milhão da Warner Bros. para a divulgação promocional.

Após o evento

Raw
Na noite seguinte no Raw, o Campeão da WWE Bobby Lashley lançou um desafio aberto. Drew McIntyre aceitou, já que ele não foi imobilizado no combate, no entanto, MVP afirmou que estava aberto a qualquer pessoa, exceto McIntyre e Braun Strowman —WrestleMania Backlash seria, por sua vez, última aparição de Strowman na WWE; ele foi liberado de seu contrato em 2 de junho. No evento principal do Raw, foi revelado que o desafio aberto era apenas para enfrentar Lashley ao invés de uma luta pelo título. Kofi Kingston, integrante do New Day, respondeu ao desafio e derrotou Lashley graças à distração de McIntyre. No episódio de 31 de maio, McIntyre derrotou Kingston para ganhar outra oportunidade pelo título contra Lashley no Hell in a Cell.

Também no Raw, Charlotte Flair confrontou os oficiais da WWE Adam Pearce e Sonya Deville, exigindo outra oportunidade contra Rhea Ripley pelo Raw Women's Championship, já que Flair não recebeu a contagem no combate triplo. Pearce e Deville afirmaram que se Flair ganhasse sua luta contra Asuka, eles considerariam isso. No entanto, Flair perdeu a luta graças a uma distração de Ripley. Uma revanche ocorreu na semana seguinte, onde Flair derrotou Asuka, ganhando assim outra luta pelo título contra Ripley no Hell in a Cell.

Naquela noite no Raw, o Campeão dos Estados Unidos Sheamus enfrentou Ricochet em uma revanche sem título, onde Sheamus saiu novamente como vencedor.

SmackDown
No SmackDown seguinte, a oficial da WWE Sonya Deville anunciou que a WWE deixaria o ThunderDome e voltaria para uma turnê ao vivo, começando com o episódio de 16 de julho do SmackDown. Ela também organizou um desfile de campeões para celebrar os campeões do SmackDown. Os novos Campeões de Duplas do SmackDown Rey Mysterio e Dominik Mysterio, a Campeã Feminina do SmackDown Bianca Belair, o Campeã Intercontinental Apollo Crews (acompanhada pelo Comandante Azeez) e as Campeãs de Duplas Femininas da WWE Natalya e Tamina estavam todos no palco. Deville então apresentou o Campeão Universal Roman Reigns, no entanto, Paul Heyman apareceu, afirmando que todos os outros eram apenas detentores do título e que Reigns era o único campeão real. Bayley então interrompeu, alegando que Belair trapaceou no Backlash usando seu cabelo. Belair e Bayley estavam programados para uma revanche no Hell in a Cell.

Também no SmackDown, Cesaro, com o braço em uma tipóia, confrontou o Campeão Universal Roman Reigns e o desafiou para outra luta no Hell in a Cell. No entanto, Seth Rollins atacou Cesaro novamente, resultando na equipe médica levando Cesaro em uma maca. Um combate entre Cesaro e Rollins foi agendado para o Hell in a Cell.

No SmackDown de 28 de maio, os novos Campeões de Duplas do SmackDown, Rey Mysterio e Dominik Mysterio, foram escalados para defender o título em uma revanche contra Dolph Ziggler e Robert Roode. Antes da luta, Rey foi atacado nos bastidores, semelhante ao que aconteceu na WrestleMania Backlash, deixando Dominik enfrentar Ziggler e Roode sozinho. No clímax da luta, Rey fez seu caminho para o ringue, o que distraiu Roode e permitiu que Dominik fizesse a contagem para reter o título. Depois de defender o título contra The Usos (Jey Uso e Jimmy Uso) na semana seguinte, que terminou com a interferência de Roman Reigns, que atacou Dominik brutalmente, os Mysterios entraram em uma rivalidade com Reigns e The Usos, resultando em Rey desafiando Reigns para um combate pelo Universal Championship.

Resultados

Notas

 O evento foi realizado sem um público pagante devido à pandemia da COVID-19 nos Estados Unidos, embora tenha apresentado uma multidão ao vivo de fãs virtuais através da experiência de visualização no WWE ThurderDome.
 Os "lumberjacks" eram vários estagiários do WWE Performance Center que estavam vestidos e agiam como zumbis como um evento promocional para o filme de zumbis, Army of the Dead.

Referências

Links externos

 Backlash (Site Oficial)
 WWE ThunderDome: Perguntas frequentes

Eventos pay-per-view da WWE em 2021

WrestleMania Backlash (2021)


La Fédération chrétienne des paysans salvadoriens (, en abrégé FECCAS) était une union paysanne salvadorienne qui avait des liens avec le Parti chrétien-démocrate.

Histoire
La Fédération chrétienne des paysans salvadoriens a été créée par l'Union nationale des travailleurs chrétiens (UNOC) en 1964. La fédération est devenue une entité indépendante en 1969 ce qui lui a permis de devenir une organisation militante. La FECCAS a reçu l'essentiel de son soutien de la population agraire pauvre de Salvador qui a souffert des politiques mises en place par le Parti de conciliation nationale (PCN). De nombreux organisateurs de la FECCAS étaient des prêtres catholiques romains jésuites. En 1974, la FECCAS, avec l'Union des travailleurs ruraux (UTC), a formé le Front d'action populaire unifié (FAPU).

Alors que la FECCAS était une organisation indépendante, faisant partie de l'Union nationale des travailleurs chrétiens et du Front d'action populaire unifié, ses membres étaient constamment ciblés par l'Organisation démocratique nationale (ORDEN), un ensemble d'escadrons de la mort et de paramilitaires créés et exploités par le gouvernement militaire. Lorsque la FECCAS a exigé des salaires ruraux plus élevés en octobre 1977, l'ORDEN a réprimé l'organisation en occupant de vastes zones à Chalatenango, le département avec son plus grand soutien, et a commis sept meurtres et trois viols.

L'organisation a cessé d'exister en 1980 avec une répression accrue et des attaques de la junte gouvernementale révolutionnaire du Salvador avec de nombreux anciens membres rejoignant l'un des cinq groupes de guérilla qui formera le Front de libération nationale Farabundo Martí et luttera contre le gouvernement pendant la guerre civile salvadorienne.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Autoritarisme militaire au Salvador
 Parti communiste du Salvador
 Front uni pour l'action révolutionnaire
 Parti démocrate-chrétien du Salvador
 Union nationale d'opposition
 Front d'action populaire unifié

Organisation paramilitaire
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1964
Histoire du Salvador


Societatea pentru crearea unui fond de teatru român din Transilvania a fost înființată în 5 octombrie 1870, în cadrul Adunării Generale de la Deva.
Această societate își propunea să acumuleze un fond financiar necesar cât să acopere cheltuielile construirii și întreținerii unui teatru în Transilvania. La acea vreme, Transilvania era inclusă în Imperiul Austro-Ungar, iar posibilitățile culturale ale românilor din această provincie erau limitate.
Ideea înființării "Societății pentru crearea unui fond de teatru român" în Transilvania, pentru adunarea de fonduri în vederea realizării unui teatru românesc profesionist, a aparținut lui Iosif Vulcan (1841-1907)Iosif Vulcan.În 1869 Iosif Vulcan a publicat în revista "Familia" două articole ce aveau acelasi titlu:Să fondăm teatrul național! "Teatrul este cea mai mare școală de educație, pe lângă biserică și școală; el este un templu al moralității, al inimii și al științei" scria Iosif Vulcan în 1869, în publicația Pantheonul român, apărută la Pesta.

Printre cei care au sustinut idea fondării unui teatru național românesc în Transilvania s-au numărat poetul Mihai Eminescu,care se afla in acea perioada la Viena(Mihai Eminescu – "Repertoriul nostru teatral" revista Familia, 1870) și George Bariț ("Thalia și Melpomene în Transilvania" articol publicat în revista "Transilvania") .Dupa dualism,a fost creata o a treia societate dupa modelul ASTRA si Societatea liberara-Societatea pentru fond de teatru roman,in scopul infiintarii unui teatru national in Ardeal si Banat.

Istoric
Societatea pentru crearea unui fond de teatru român a luat naștere din inițiativa deputațiilor români din Parlamentul Ungar, în frunte cu Iosif Hodoș. Animat de către Iosif Vulcan, Iosif Hodoș intervine în ședințele parlamentare din anul 1869 pentru a cere 200.000 florini spre înființarea unui Teatru Românesc în Transilvania. Deoarece cererile repetate nu se acceptă, inteligența română de la Budapesta decide să se ocupe singură de problema teatrului, punând la cale o viitoare Societate care să creeze fondul necesar. În primă fază, s-a format un comitet compus din Iosif Hodoș (președinte), Iosif Vulcan (secretar și casier), Vicențiu Babeș (membru), Alexandru Mocsoni (membru) și Petru Mihali (membru). Acest comitet prelua toate resposabilitățiile Societății, ocupându-se ca aceasta să funcționeze eficient și într-un cadrul legal. Pe parcursul existenței, Societatea a adunat membrii iluștrii, cu nume sonore precum Vasile Goldiș, Sextil Pușcariu, Horia Petra-Petrescu sau Tiberiu Brediceanu.

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Familia (revistă)
 Iosif Vulcan

Fondări în 1870
Instituții culturale române
Istoria Transilvaniei
Societăți literare
Teatrul românesc


Alfonso López de Avila (falecido em 30 de dezembro de 1591) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como arcebispo de Santafé en Nueva Granada (1591) e arcebispo de Santo Domingo de 1580 a 1591.

Ligações externas
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)

Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Inocêncio IX
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Gregório XIII
Mortos em 1591

Alfonso López de Avila


Praseódým er frumefni með efnatáknið Pr og sætistöluna 59. Það er af flokki lantaníða og telst til sjaldgæfra jarðmálma. Praseódým er mjúkur, silfurgrár, sveigjanlegur málmur með marga gagnlega eiginleika. Það er of hvarfgjarnt til að það finnist hreint í náttúrunni og fær á sig græna slikju þegar það kemst í snertingu við súrefni.

Praseódým kemur alltaf fyrir í náttúrunni í tengslum við aðra sjaldgæfa jarðmálma. Það er fjórði algengasti sjaldgæfi jarðmálmurinn í jarðskorpunni og er svipað algengt og bór. Árið 1841 einangraði sænski efnafræðingurinn Carl Gustaf Mosander málmoxíð úr efnisleif sem hann kallaði "lanthana" og kallaði það didymium (úr grísku δίδυμος didymos "tvíburi"). Árið 1885 greindi austurríski efnafræðingurinn Carl Auer von Welsbach didymium í tvö efni sem bjuggu til sölt af ólíkum litum. Hann nefndi þessi efni praseodymium og neodymium. Forskeytið praseo- kemur úr grísku πράσινος prasinos "grænn".

Praseódým er notað víða, meðal annars í málmblöndur fyrir sterka segla, ásamt neódým í öryggisgler, í málmblöndu með magnesíni fyrir mjög sterka málma sem notaðir eru í flugvélahreyfla og til að gefa gleri gulan lit.

Lantaníð

Praseódým


Čistá v Krkonoších, bis 2003 Čistá (deutsch Lauterwasser) ist ein Ortsteil der Minderstadt Černý Důl in Tschechien. Er liegt sieben Kilometer östlich von Vrchlabí und gehört zum Okres Trutnov.

Geographie
Čistá v Krkonoších erstreckt sich am südlichen Fuße des Riesengebirges im Tal der Čistá (Silberbach).

Nördlich erheben sich der Bíner (Bienenberg 696 m), der Jelení vrch (Bönischberg, 1024 m) und die Černá hora (Schwarzenberg, 1299 m), im Nordosten die Smrčina (Fichtenkoppe, 686 m), südöstlich der Spálov (506 m), im Südwesten die Malá Sněžka (499 m) und westlich der Lánský kopec (Zirmkoppe, 614 m). Oberhalb des Dorfes liegt über dem Pfaffenzelltal der Burgstall Purkhybl. Gegen Süden erstreckt sich der Forstwald, südwestlich der Wald Ovčí les. Westlich verläuft die 8,25 km lange Lastseilbahn von den Kalkbrüchen am Bienenberg bei Černý Důl zum Baustoffwerk Kunčice nad Labem. Am unteren Ortsausgang quert die Straße I/14 zwischen Vrchlabí und Trutnov den Ort, die von ihr abzweigende Straße II/297 führt durch Čistá nach Černý Důl.

Nachbarorte sind Černý Důl im Norden, Na Bolkovské Pasece und Hoffmannova Bouda im Nordosten, Bolkov im Osten, Rudník im Südosten, Terezín und Lázně Fořt im Süden, Fořt, Malý Lánov und Dolní Lánov im Südwesten, Slunečná Čistá, Kovársko und Prostřední Lánov im Westen sowie Horní Lánov, Peklo und Prislova Bouda im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Die erste schriftliche Nachricht von lawtrwoser bzw. lauterwosser stammt aus dem Jahre 1437. Der Ortsname leitet sich von dem das Dorf durchfließenden gleichnamigen Bach her, der reines (lauteres) Wasser führte und auch als Silberbach oder Silberwasser bezeichnet wurde. 1512 wurde das Dorf als Lautrwaser, 1553 als Lautrwosr, 1615 als Lautterwasser und 1755 als Latterwasser bezeichnet. Das Dorf befand sich innerhalb der Ländereien der Grafen von Waldstein und gehörte zum Lehngut Forst. Ursprünglich war Lauterwasser nach Hermannseifen gepfarrt. Nachdem 1606 die neue protestantische Kirche in Forst geweiht worden war, ließ der Grundherr Hans Christian von Waldstein auf Arnau und Rochow Lauterwasser von Hermannseifen nach Forst umpfarren. Ab 1670 wurde die Pfarre Forst katholisch. In der Forster Kirchenchronik von 1674 wurde mit Christoph Baier erstmals ein Papiermacher in Lauterwasser erwähnt. Nachfolgende Grundherren waren u. a. ab 1679 Wilhelm Maximilian von Waldstein, ab 1699 Friedrich Leopold Kottulinsky von Kotulin und Křistkowitz und dessen Frau Elisabeth Ludmilla von Waldstein, später Ignaz Dominik Chorinsky von Ledska. Letzterer verkaufte 1794 den Besitz an Wenzel Berger von Bergenthal, den sein Sohn Ignaz beerbte. Haupterwerbsquelle der Bevölkerung bildeten die Rinderzucht, Papierfabrikation, Weberei und Spinnerei. Im Jahre 1834 lebten in den 136 Häusern von Lauterwasser 853 deutschsprachige Bewohner. Im Dorf bestanden ein verpachteter herrschaftlicher Meierhof mit Brennerei, je zwei Mühlen und Schenken sowie die landesbefugte Papierfabrik von Anton Kiesling & Sohn. Am Bienenberg an der Ortsgrenze mit Schwarzenthal wurden Kalkbrüche betrieben. Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb Lauterwasser immer dem vereinigten Lehngut Forst und Allodialgut Studenetz untertänig.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Lauterwasser ab 1850 eine Gemeinde im Gerichtsbezirk Hohenelbe bzw. im Bezirk Hohenelbe. Nachfolgende Besitzer der Ländereien waren Karl Berger von Bergenthal und ab 1886 der Textilunternehmer Franz Kluge. Der tschechische Ortsname Čistá wurde 1921 eingeführt. Infolge des Münchner Abkommens wurde Lauterwasser 1938 dem Deutschen Reich angeschlossen und gehörte bis 1945 zum Landkreis Hohenelbe. Im Jahre 1930 hatte die Gemeinde 716 Einwohner, 1939 waren es 772.
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg kam der Ort zur Tschechoslowakei zurück. 1961 wurde Čistá nach Černý Důl eingemeindet. Infolge der Aufhebung des Okres Vrchlabí wurde Čistá mit Beginn des Jahres 1961 dem Okres Trutnov zugeordnet. Im Jahre 1991 hatte Čistá 318 Einwohner. Beim Zensus von 2001 wurden 111 Wohnhäuser und 328 Einwohner gezählt.

Einzelnachweise

Ortsteil in Tschechien
Ersterwähnung 1437
Černý Důl

Čistá v Krkonoších


Friedrich Rudolf Wackernagel (* 7. Juni 1855 in Basel; † 16. April 1925 ebenda, reformiert, heimatberechtigt in Basel) war ein Schweizer Jurist, Archivar und Historiker.

Leben und Werk
Rudolf Wackernagel war ein Sohn des Germanisten Wilhelm Wackernagel. Nach dem Besuch des Gymnasiums in Basel studierte er in Basel und Leipzig Rechtswissenschaften. 1877 wurde er zum Dr. iur. promoviert.

Ebenfalls 1877 wählte ihn der Regierungsrat des Kantons Basel-Stadt als jüngsten von 17 Bewerbern zum ersten vollamtlichen Staatsarchivar, ein Amt, das er bis 1918 versah. Er leitete die Neuordnung der Archivbestände, die 1904 mit der Veröffentlichung des sogenannten Repertoriums und der Einrichtung eines Planarchivs abgeschlossen wurde. 1899 begründete er anlässlich des Bezugs des heutigen Archivgebäudes an der Martinsgasse die Bilder- und Negativsammlung. Von 1882 bis 1899 war er zusätzlich Sekretär des Regierungsrats.
Wackernagel betreute mehrere Quelleneditionen und veröffentlichte zahlreiche historische Untersuchungen, so eine breit angelegte Basler Geschichte, die bis zur Gegenwart konzipiert war, die er aber nur bis zur Reformationszeit realisieren konnte. Überdies unterrichtete er 1917–1918 an der Universität Basel als ausserordentlicher Professor für Geschichte.

1894 wurde er ehrenhalber Dr. phil. der Universität Basel, 1917 zudem Dr. theol. ehrenhalber. Ab 1877 gehörte Wackernagel dem Vorstand der Historischen und Antiquarischen Gesellschaft seiner Vaterstadt an und war von 1887 bis 1890 und 1898 bis 1904 deren Präsident.

Als Herausgeber der Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde war er von 1902 bis 1917 tätig. 1882–1907 war er überdies Mitherausgeber des Basler Jahrbuchs. 1920 zählte er zu den Gründern der Genossenschaft zur Herausgabe der Schweizerischen Monatshefte für Politik und Kultur. 1921 wurde er zum korrespondierenden Mitglied der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Göttinger Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt.

Rudolf Wackernagel war auch als literarischer Schriftsteller tätig, insbesondere als Verfasser von Festspielen. Zudem verfasste er das Libretto von Hans Hubers erster Oper Weltfrühling.

Wie schon sein Vater lebte Wackernagel im Hinteren Württemberger Hof. Die Liegenschaft hatte sein Vater von Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette gekauft. Hermann Hesse, ein enger Freund der Wackernagel,, hatte 1901 über den Hinteren Württemberger Hof ein Gedicht verfasst. Ab 1903 bis zu seinem Tod wohnte Wackernagel im Alten Wenken in Riehen, den seine Frau geerbt hatte. Seine letzte Ruhestätte fand er auf dem Friedhof Wolfgottesacker.

Rudolf Wackernagel war der jüngere Bruder des Indogermanisten Jacob Wackernagel und Vater des Kunsthistorikers Martin Wackernagel. Nach Rudolf Wackernagel ist in Riehen eine Strasse benannt.

Wissenschaftliche Werke und Quelleneditionen (Auswahl)
 (mit Albert Burckhardt) Geschichte und Beschreibung des Rathauses zu Basel, Basel 1886.
 Urkundenbuch der Stadt Basel, 11 Bände, Basel 1890–1910 (Bearbeiter gemeinsam mit Rudolf Thommen).
 (mit Karl Stehlin) Baugeschichte des Basler Münsters, Basel 1895.
 Mitteilungen über Raymundus Peraudi und kirchliche Zustände seiner Zeit in Basel. In: Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Bd. 2, 1903, S. 171–273 (Digitalisat).
 Geschichte der Stadt Basel, 3 Bände (in 4 Teilen), Basel 1907–1924.
 Geschichte des Elsasses, Frobenius, Basel 1919, , .
 Briefe von Jacob Burckhardt an Bernhard Kugler 1867–1875. In: Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Bd. 14, 1915, S. 351–377. (Digitalisat).

Literatur
 Claudius Sieber-Lehmann: Mit Wackernagel weiter kommen. In: Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde 112 (2012), S. 19–31.
 Andreas Staehelin: Die Geschichte des Staatsarchivs Basel. Von den Anfängen bis zur Ära Rudolf Wackernagel. In: Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Bd. 103, 2003, doi:10.5169/seals-118469#88, S. 85–148.
 René Teuteberg: Basler Geschichte, Basel 1986, S. 25–27.
 Rudolf Thommen: Rudolf Wackernagel. In: Basler Jahrbuch 1926, S. 1–43.
 Martin Wackernagel: Rudolf Wackernagel. In: Basler Jahrbuch 1930, S. 1–47.
 Hans Zwicky-Hartmann: Ausgewählte Briefe an Staatsarchivar Dr. Rudolf Wackernagel oder dessen Gattin (1882–1926). In: Basler Stadtbuch 1969, S. 41–61.
 Ernst Jenny: Aus Briefen Rudolf Wackernagels. In: Basler Jahrbuch 1931, S. 12–58.
 Martin Wackernagel: Rudolf Wackernagel. In: Basler Jahrbuch 1930, S. 1–47.

Weblinks

 Luzia Knobel: Rudolf Wackernagel. In: Gemeinde Lexikon Riehen
 Veröffentlichungen von Rudolf Wackernagel im Opac der Regesta Imperii

Einzelnachweise

Archivar (Schweiz)
Landeshistoriker (Schweiz)
Mittelalterhistoriker
Sachbuchautor
Hochschullehrer (Universität Basel)
Ehrendoktor der Universität Basel
Mitglied der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Niedersächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Schweizer
Geboren 1855
Gestorben 1925
Mann

Rudolf Wackernagel


ඩැනියෙලෝ බෙගෝනියා සැන් ෆ‍්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ප‍්‍රාන්ත සරසවිය
x      සුචෙන්ග් චැන් යූ සී එස් බී

x	කැතරින් සෙනිසා චොයි බෙකර්ලි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	වෙයි මින්ග් ඩාරියෝටිස් සැන් ෆ‍්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ප‍්‍රාන්ත සරසවිය

x	යෙන් ලේ එස්පිරිචු යූ සී එස් ඞී

x	ඇන්ජි ෆා සිටි කොලේජ් ඔෆ් සැන් ෆ‍්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ

x	ඩොරති ෆුජිටා රොනි අර්වින් සරසවිය

x	එව්ලින් නකානෝ ග්ලෙන් බෙකර්ලි සරසවිය

x	ඩොන් ගොන්සාලෙස් සැන් ෆ‍්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ප‍්‍රාන්ත සරසවිය

x	ඩැරල් වයි හමාමොටෝ ඬේවිස් සරසවිය

x	බිල් ඔන්ග් හින්ග් ඬේවිස් සරසවිය

x	යූජි ඉචිකෝයා ලොස් ඇන්ජලිස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	එලේන් කිම් බෙකර්ලි සරසවිය

x	ක්ලෙරි ජේ කිම් අර්වින් සරසවිය

x	ඩැනියෙල් වයි කිම් බ‍්‍රවුන් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	සුසෑන් කොෂි යූ අයි යූ සී

x	හිම් මාර්ක් ලායි ස්වාධීන විද්‍යාර්ථියෙකි

x	රොබර්ට් ජී ලී බ‍්‍රවුන් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	කාරන් ලොන්ග් ඇරිසෝනා ප‍්‍රාන්ත සරසවිය

x	වෙයි ලී ඇරිසෝනා ප‍්‍රාන්ත සරසවිය

x	ජෝන් ලූ - අර්වින් සරසවිය

x	ලීසා ලොව් යූ සී එස් ඞී

x	මේරි ලූයි - යේල්

x	ග්ලෙස් මිමුරා - අර්වින් සරසවිය

x	මාර්ටින් මැනලැන්සන් යූ අයි යූ සී

x	ගැරී ආර් මාර් - ස්ටෝනි බෲක් හි නිව් යෝර්ක් ප‍්‍රාන්ත සරසවිය

x	ඩොන් නකනිෂි - ලොස් ඇන්ජලිස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	මිමි නගුයෙන් - යූ අයි යූ සී

x	වියෙට් එන්ගුයෙන් - යූ එස් සී

x	ගැරී ඔකිරෝ - කොලොම්බියා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	ග්ලෙන් ඔමට්සු - නොත්රිජ් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	මයිකල් ඔමි - බෙකර්ලි සරසවිය

x	රැචල් පැරෙනස් - ඬේවිස් සරසවිය

x	සෙලීන් පෙරේනාස්- ෂිමුසු සැන්ටා බාබරා සරසවිය

x	ලැරී ෂිනිග්වා  - මේරිලන්ඞ් පාර්ක් කොලේජ් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	ස්ටැන්ලි සූ ඬේවිස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	රොනල්ඞ් ටකාකි - බෙකර්ලි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	ලින්ඩා ටි‍්‍රන්හ් වො - අර්වින් සරසවිය

x	එරින් සී වොට් - ලෝන්ග් බීච් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

x	එල් ලින්ග් - චි වැන්ග් - බෙකර්ලි සරසවිය

x	ෂෝන් වොන්ග් - වොෂින්ටන් සරසවිය

x	ජූඩි යුන්ග් - සැන්ටා කෲස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American_Studies#List_of_Asian_American_Scholars

ආසියානු අමෙරිකානු අධ්‍යයන - ආසියානු අමෙරිකානු විද්‍යාර්ථීන්ගේ ලයිස්තුව


Emmerson Orlando Boyce (født 24. september 1979) er en tidligere fodboldspiller fra Barbados, som har spillet for Luton Town, Crystal Palace, Wigan Athletic og Blackpool. Han vandt også FA Cup med Wigan Athletic i en 1-0 sejr over Manchester City i 2013.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Luton Town F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Crystal Palace F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Wigan Athletic F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Blackpool F.C.
Personer fra Barbados

Emmerson Boyce


ناومي أوراسكس (بالإنجليزية: Naomi Oreskes)، بروفيسور في التاريخ والدراسات العلمية في جامعة سان دييغو بكاليفورنيا.
من أهم آرائها العلمية تأييد نظرية التغير المناخي ومنها ظاهرة الإحترار العالمي.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كاليفورنيا (سان دييغو)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة نيويورك
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة هارفارد
أعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية دارتموث
خريجو ثانوية ستايفسنت
خريجو جامعة إمبريال كوليدج
خريجو جامعة ستانفورد
زملاء لجنة التحقق من الشك
عالمات الأرض أمريكيات
عالمات مورفولوجيا الأرض
علماء أمريكيون
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 20
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كتاب بيئة غير روائيين أمريكيون
كتاب علوم أمريكيون
مواليد 1958
مواليد في نيويورك
مؤرخات أمريكيات
مؤرخو العلم
مؤرخون أمريكيون في العلم
مؤرخون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مؤرخون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مؤرخون من ولاية نيويورك
ناشطون من كاليفورنيا
مؤرخون إجتماعيون أمريكيون

ناومي أوراسكس


An Leersia tisserantii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Georg Oskar Edmund Launert. An Leersia tisserantii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leersia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Leersia

Leersia tisserantii


මානවවාදී මනෝවිද්‍යාව යනු චර්යාවාදය සහ මනෝවිශ්ලේෂණය යන ද්වයයට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන් 1950 ගණන් වලදී පැනනැගුණු මනෝවිද්‍යා විෂයපථයකි. එය නිශ්චිත වශයෙන් සැලකිල්ලට භාජනය කරන්නේ මනෝවිද්‍යාව මානවවාදී ලෙසින් මැණුම සහ මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක න්‍යාය සංවර්ධනය කෙරුමෙහිදී මානව සන්දර්භය යෙදීම පිළිබඳවයි.

සංකල්පයෙහි සම්භවය
මානවවාදී ප්‍රවේශයෙහි මූලාරම්භය  සංද්‍රෘෂ්ඨිකවාදී චින්තනය හා බැඳෙයි. ( කියකගාඩ්, නෙයිට්ස්ච්, හෙයිඩෙගර්, සහ සාර්ටේ බලන්න).  මනෝවිද්‍යාවෙහි බලකණු  ත්‍රිත්වයෙහි සන්දර්භය තුලින්ද එය සමහරවිට වටහාගැනුමට උත්සාහ කෙරේ; චර්යාවාදය, මනෝවිශ්ලේෂණය සහ මානවීයවාදය. චර්යාවාදයෙහි තිඹිරිගෙය වූයේ  තත්වාරෝපිත ප්‍රතීකය පිළිබඳ අයිවන්  පැව්ලොව් ගේ කෘතීන් වන අතර,  ජෝන්  බී. වොට්සන් සහ  බී.එෆ්. ස්කිනර් වැන්නවුන් හා සබැඳි එක්සත් ජනපදෙයහි ශාස්ත්‍රීය මනෝවිද්‍යාව සඳහා පදනම  වූයේය.  මෙම ගුරුකුලය පසුව හැඳින්වූ‍යේ චර්යාව පිළිබඳ  විද්‍යාව ලෙසිනි. ඒබ්‍රහම්  මැස්ලෝ විසින් චර්යාවාදය සඳහා පසුව ලබාදුන් නම වූයේ  "පළමු බලවේගය" යන්නය. "දෙවන බලවේගය" ඉස්මතු වූයේ  මනෝවිශ්ලේෂණය පිළිබඳ ෆ්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ පර්යේෂණ සහ, ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ඇඩ්ලර්, එරික් එරික්සන්, කාල් ජන්ග්, එරිච් ෆ්‍රොම්, කැරන් හෝර්නි, ඔටෝ රෑන්ක්, මෙලනි ක්ලෙයින්, හැරි ස්ටැක් සලිවන්, සහ අනෙකුන් ගේ මනෝවේදයන් හේතුවෙනි.  මෙම න්‍යායවාදීන් අවධානය යොමු කලේ මානව චෛත්‍යනයෙහි ගැඹුර පිලිබඳ වන අතර, ඔවුන් විසින් අවධාරනයෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කර සිටියේ, සුඛිත මානව පෞරුෂත්වයක් නිර්මාණය කෙරුම සඳහා සවිඥානක මනස හා සමග එය සංයෝග කල යුතු බවයි.

පුද්ගලානුගත වීම (ආත්ම රූපී ) නියතිවාදය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීම සහ ව්‍යාධිවේදයන්ට වඩා ධනාත්මක වර්ධනය ගැන වඩා සලකා තිබීම වැනි කරුණු නිසා මානවවේදී ප්‍රවේෂණය මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රවේෂණයන්ගෙන් වෙනස්වේ. ඇතැම් අයෙකු විසින් යහපත් වර්ධනයක් සඳහා මනෝගතික සෛද්ධාන්තයන් මග පෙන්වතැයි විවාද කළද අනෙකුත් ලක්ෂණ මගින් මානවවාදී ප්‍රවේෂණය අනෙකුත් සියළුම ප්‍රවේෂණයන්ගෙන් වෙනස්ව ප්‍රතිමාන වේ. මෙම නිසා ඇතැම් සෛද්ධාන්තිකයන් විසින් මාවනවේදී ප්‍රවේෂණය විද්‍යාව නොවන බවද ප්‍රකාශ කොට ඇත. බොහෝ මනෝවිද්‍යාඥයෝ චර්යාවන් බාහිරව හඳුනාගත හැකි බවට විශ්වාස කරති. (මධ්‍යස්ත නිරික්ෂකයෙකු මගින්) නමුදු මානවවාදීන්ගේ මතය වනුයේ මෙමගින් තමාගේ හැසිරීම් එම පුද්ගලයාටම හඳුනා ගත නොහැකි බව ගම්‍යය වන නිසා එය යහපත් පැවැත්මකට බාධා වන බවය. එමනිසා කාල් රොජර්ස් (Carl Rogers) වැනි මානව වේදීන් විසින් චර්යාවන් පුද්ගලානුබද්ධ සඳහා ආත්මරූපී වන බවට විවාද කළේය. තවද, ඔහු විසින් අවසානයේ සෑම පුද්ගලයෙකුම ආත්මරූපී වන ( පුද්ගල නිශ්‍රිත) නිසා විද්‍යාව විශ්වාස කිරීමට හේතුවනුයේ සෑම අයෙකුම මුළුමනින්ම බාහිර නිරීක්ෂණ මත පදනම් වීම නොව නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අවස්ථා විවිධ නිරීක්ෂකයන් අතර එකඟතාවයකට පත්වීමේ ස්වභාවය අනුව බවද විවාද කළේය.

මානවවාදී ප්‍රවේෂණයේ ලක්ෂණ සහ එය අනෙකුත් ප්‍රවේෂණයන්ගෙන් වෙනස්වන ආකාරය වඩා පුළුල්ව පාඨ ග්‍රන්ථයේ සඳහන්ව ඇත. නමුදු පහත සඳහන් ප්‍රභවයන් මගින් ද අමතර තොරතුරු සපයා ගත හැක. කෙසේවුවත් ඔබට මානවවාදී ප්‍රවේෂණය වඩා හොඳින් ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීමට නම් එය අමුර්ත පදයන් භාවිතයෙන් කළ නොහැක. ඒ වෙනුවට එම අදහස් ඔබගේම අත්දැකීම් හා ඇති සම්බන්ධතා විමසා බැලීම මගින් කළ හැක. එමගින් ඔබගේ චර්යාවන් ඇතිවීමට හේතුවද සොයා ගැනීමට හැක.

මානවවාදී මනෝවිද්‍යාව
මනෝවිද්‍යා ගුරුකුල
සංද්‍රෘෂ්ඨික වාදය

මානවවාදී මනෝවිද්‍යාව


باب الدكاكين هي أحد أبواب فاس الجديد بفاس، المغرب. هذه البوابة هي مدخل فاس الجديد من جهة المشور وجنان السبيل. تقع باب الدكاكين شمال فاس الجديد وكانت تُغلق قديما لحماية درب الدكاكين (جمع دكّان) من البطش وحماية التجار.

مراجع

بوابات فاس
عمارة مرينية
عمارة مغربية
مبان ومنشآت في فاس

باب الدكاكين


NGC 171 sau NGC 175 este o galaxie spirală barată localizată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 20 octombrie 1784 de către William Herschel. De asemenea, a fost numită NGC 175 după observația acesteia de către John Herschel din 11 noiembrie 1834.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 170
 NGC 172

Legături externe
 NGC 171 pe WikiSky
 NGC 171 pe spider.seds.org

Galaxii spirale barate
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1784
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 171


University of Phoenix (UoPX) is a private for-profit university headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. Founded in 1976, the university confers certificates and degrees at the certificate, associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree levels. It is institutionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and has an open enrollment admissions policy for many undergraduate programs. The school is owned by Apollo Global Management and Vistria Group, two US private-equity firms, but is in the process of being acquired by Four Three Education, a  non-profit organization affiliated with the University of Idaho.

History

Foundation and rapid growth (1970s–2000s)
University of Phoenix was founded in 1976 by John Sperling and John D. Murphy. In 1980, it expanded to San Jose, California, and launched its online program in 1989. Much of UoPX's revenue came from employers who were subsidizing the higher education of their managers. Academic labor underwent a process of unbundling, in which "various components of the traditional faculty role (e.g., curriculum design) are divided among different entities, while others (e.g., research) are eliminated altogether".

In 1994, UoPX leaders made the parent company, Apollo Group, public. Its enrollment exceeded 100,000 students by 1999. Senator Tom Harkin, who chaired hearings on for-profit colleges, said, "I think what really turned this company is when they started going to Wall Street." The sentiment was echoed by Murphy in his book Mission Forsaken: The University of Phoenix Affair with Wall Street. In 2004, Murphy thought that "the University of Phoenix abandoned its founding mission of solely serving working adult learners to admit virtually anyone with a high school diploma or GED." In terms of revenue, UoPX began to rely less on corporate assistance and more on government funding. In 2007, The New York Times reported that the school's graduation rate had plummeted and that educational quality had eroded.

In 2000, the federal government fined the university $6 million for including study-group meetings as instructional hours. In 2002, the Department of Education relaxed requirements on instructional hours.

A 2003 lawsuit filed by two former university recruiters alleged that the school improperly obtained hundreds of millions of dollars in financial aid by paying its admission counselors based on the number of students they enrolled, a violation of the Higher Education Act. The university's parent company settled by paying the government $67.5 million, plus $11 million in legal fees, without admitting any wrongdoing.

In 2004, the Department of Education alleged that UoPX violated Higher Education Act provisions that prohibit financial incentives to admission representatives, and pressured its recruiters to enroll students. UoPX disputed the findings but paid a $9.8 million fine as part of a settlement where it admitted no wrongdoing and was not required to return any financial aid funds. The university also paid $3.5 million to the Department of Labor to settle a violation of overtime compensation regarding hours worked by UoPX's recruiters. UoPX settled a false claims suit for $78.5 million in 2009 over its recruiter-pay practices.

In 2008, Pereira & O'Dell became the lead ad agency for UoPX for a reported $220 million. During the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the UoPX student body received more Pell Grant money ($656.9 million) than any other university and was the top recipient of student financial aid funds, receiving almost $2.48 billion.

For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the university's student body received more Pell Grant money than any other university. The university's graduation rate was 17 percent, according to federal data that measures first-time, full-time (FTFT) undergraduate students who complete their programs at 150% of the normal time. University of Phoenix has been the largest recipient of federal G.I. Bill tuition benefits and the largest for-profit recipient by Pell Grant assistance funding.

In 2009, the Department of Education produced a report claiming the untimely return of unearned Title IV funds for more than 10 percent of sampled students. The report also expressed concern that some students register and begin attending classes before completely understanding the implications of enrollment, including their eligibility for student financial aid. In January 2010, the parent company Apollo Group was required to post a letter of credit for $125 million by January 30 of the same year. In 2010, UoPX came under government scrutiny after its Phoenix and Philadelphia campuses were found to have engaged in deceptive enrollment practices and fraudulent solicitation of FAFSA funds.

Enrollment decline, transition to online courses (2010s)
In 2010, UoPX claimed a peak enrollment of more than 470,000 students with a revenue of $4.95 billion. A 2010 report found that its online graduation rate at the time was only five percent. Later in the year, the university paid $154.5 million for 20-year naming rights for advertising purposes of the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The company terminated the naming rights deal on April 11, 2017, and on September 4, 2018, the stadium's naming rights were acquired by State Farm.

In August 2010, an ABC News investigation identified a UoPX recruiter who sought new students from Y-Haven, a homeless shelter in Cleveland, Ohio. Another University of Phoenix recruiter falsely claimed that the university's Bachelor of Science in Education degree would be sufficient to qualify the producer to teach in Texas or New York.

In a December 2010 Bloomberg article, former UoPX senior vice president Robert W. Tucker noted that "at critical junctures, [co-founder] John [Sperling] chose growth over academic integrity, which ultimately diminished a powerful educational model". At its peak, UoPX operated more than 500 campuses and learning sites. The university began to focus on opening new resource centers for online students to provide spaces for alumni to network and current students to seek assistance from professors and peers.

In August 2011, Apollo group announced it would buy 100% of Carnegie Learning to accelerate its efforts to incorporate adaptive learning into its academic platform. Controversies concerned its marketing and recruitment practices, instructional hours, its status as one of the top recipients of student aid, and a student body carrying the most student debt of any college.

In 2013, the Department of Defense ended its contract with University of Phoenix for military bases in Europe. U.S. military commanders at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, allowed UoPX representatives to advertise and place promotional materials in high-traffic areas. Access was provided in exchange for cash. Some critics of for-profit higher education have alleged that Apollo Education Group and University of Phoenix "prey upon veterans".

Murphy wrote in Mission Forsaken (2013) about the school's degeneration from a provider of working adult continuing education programs to a money making machine whose sole criterion for admission was eligibility for federally funded student loans.

In 2014 the Department of Education's Office of the Inspector General demanded records from the school and Apollo Group going back to 2007 "related to marketing, recruitment, enrollment, financial aid, fraud prevention, [and] student retention". In the same year, Arthur Green, a former UoPX enrollment advisor, sued the school and claimed that it had violated the US False Claims Act. According to Green, he was fired for uncovering billions of dollars in fraud. Five years later, the case was dismissed in 2019 after the US Department of Justice under William Barr decided not to take the case and the records were sealed.

In 2014, UoPX partnered with 47 historically black colleges and universities to offer UoPX classes that transfer to these institutions. 142,500 students enrolled on August 31, 2016, and 119,938 during the 2016–17 school year. UoPX was under investigation by the US Federal Trade Commission from 2015 to 2020. During this time, the university continued to spend tens of millions of dollars on marketing and advertising, including $27 million on internet paid search advertising. The Brookings Institution reported that UoPX spent $76 million on advertising in 2017.

From 2009 to 2015, University of Phoenix received an estimated $1.2 billion of federal money issued through the G.I. Bill. The university enrolled almost 50,000 such students in 2014, twice as many as any other institution.

In October 2015, the Department of Defense suspended the school's ability to recruit on U.S. military bases and receive federal funding for educating members of the U.S. military. Some federal legislators, including senators John McCain, Jeff Flake, and Lamar Alexander, protested the suspension, which was lifted in January 2016.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) began investigating the university in 2015 in regards to an advertising campaign it ran from 2012 to 2014.  On December 10, 2019, UoPX agreed to pay a settlement of $191 million related to charges that it recruited students using misleading advertisements.  NPR reported the amount included $50 million in cash, as well as a $141 million cancellation in student debt, though the cancellations "won't affect student borrowers' obligations for federal or private loans".  The institution admitted no wrongdoing as part of the settlement, which was at the time the largest FTC settlement against a for-profit school.

In 2015, MarketWatch reported that UoPX students owed more than $35 billion in student loan debt, the most of any US college at the time.

Between 2010 and 2016, enrollment declined by more than 70 percent amid multiple investigations, lawsuits, and controversies.

In 2016, Apollo Education Group shareholders filed a class-action lawsuit against the corporation, arguing that it withheld information leading to large losses in stock prices. Several of the allegations related to UoPX's recruiting of military personnel and veterans.

In February 2016, Apollo Group announced its sale to a private investment group comprising Apollo Global Management, the Vistria Group, and the Najafi Companies, for $1 billion. Former U.S. Department of Education deputy secretary Anthony W. Miller, partner and chief operating officer of Vistria, became chairman. The sale was approved by both the Department of Education and the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). In December 2016, the U.S. Department of Education approved of the sale of Apollo Education Group to Apollo Global Management. The company provided a letter of credit for up to $385 million. In February 2017, after the takeover by Apollo Global Management, UoPX laid off 170 full-time faculty members. In 2019, former UoPX students, represented by Harvard Law School's Project on Predatory Student Lending, were part of a lawsuit against the Department of Education, demanding student loan forgiveness. Education Department officials cited pending litigation as a reason why they have not approved or denied any of the borrower defense claims. According to the 2019 academic report, degreed enrollment was 87,400.

Acquisition of University of Phoenix (2020s)
In March 2020, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) announced that they had suspended certification for G.I. Bill funds for new students at UoPX, citing a history of deceptive recruiting practices. The VA withdrew its threat of sanctions in July 2020. The same year, UoPX received $6.5 million in CARES Act funding and $7.4 million in the second round of COVID-19 relief funds. In 2020, UoPX began experimenting with micro-campuses, giving the centers a "WeWork vibe".

In 2021, the Federal Trade Commission began distributing checks to more than 100,000 former students who were enrolled from 2012 to 2016 when UoPX was using deceptive advertising. In 2021, Bloomberg reported that Apollo's higher education investment had gained about 50 percent in value: from its $634 million initial investment to $956 million. UoPX also received $3.4 million in aid through the American Rescue Plan. In 2021, UoPX continued to close campuses, including Atlanta and Salt Lake City. The Phoenix, Arizona campus was the only location accepting new in-person students. Lobbyists for Apollo Education, UoPX's parent company, were reduced from 27 in 2018 to 10 in 2021. By mid-2021, discussions were held for the sale of the school.

In 2022, UoPX announced that only one campus would remain open in 2025.

In 2022, University of Phoenix was one of 153 institutions included in student loan cancellation due to alleged fraud. The class action was brought by a group of more than 200,000 student borrowers, assisted by the Project on Predatory Student Lending, part of the Legal Services Center of Harvard Law School. A settlement was approved in August 2022, stating that the schools on the list were included "substantial misconduct by the listed schools, whether credibly alleged or in some instances proven." In April 2023, the Supreme Court rejected a challenge to the settlement and allowed to proceed the debt cancellation due to alleged fraud.

On September 20, 2023, the Biden administration canceled nearly $37 million of federal student loan debt for more than 1,200 borrowers who were enrolled at the University of Phoenix between September 21, 2012, and December 31, 2014.

Proposed Acquisition by Four Three Education
After a cancelled sale to the University of Arkansas System, on May 17, 2023, the University of Idaho (U of I) announced a deal to acquire University of Phoenix for $550 million, which would in turn provide $200 million in cash and convert from for-profit to nonprofit status. The total cost would be $685 million which would be raised through bonds. A new entity was created for the purchase by U of I named "NewU, Inc." NewU University in Washington DC, which is not affiliated with either institution, filed a claim for trademark infringement of its registered trademark "NewU Inc.", causing U of I to change of the name of its newly formed entity to Four Three Education.

The Idaho Attorney General, Raúl Labrador, and his solicitor general, Theo Wold, sued the University of Idaho to void the contract, alleging that the Idaho State Board of Education broke the law when it held meetings in closed session regarding the proposed acquisition. The Idaho State Board of Education hired an outside law firm to defend itself against the lawsuit. The board had previously cited an exemption in Idaho's open meetings law, "to consider preliminary negotiations involving matters of trade or commerce in which the governing body is in competition with governing bodies in other states or nations." On June 30th, 2023, Idaho State Board Executive Director Matt Freeman sent a letter to Labrador's office, stating that the board consulted with Labrador's office before the closed-door meeting on May 15th to ensure it was conducted legally. He was quoted as stating the following in the letter: "Additionally, the deputy attorney general your office assigned to the board was present for the entirety of the May 15 meeting and no concerns with its legality were ever raised to the board." On August 18th, 2023, the board reconvened in an open session after considering the lawsuit privately and voted to adopt a determination that no open meetings law violation occurred at the May 15 meeting. U of I President Scott Green was in attendance for the vote.

Academics
UoPX has an open admissions policy by which most of its undergraduate programs are accessible to anyone with a high school diploma, GED, or their equivalent. Prior to 2010, the university recruited students using high-pressure sales tactics, including assertions that classes were filling fast, by admissions counselors who are paid, in part, based on their success in recruiting students. The university recruits students and obtains financial aid on their behalf, such as the Academic Competitiveness Grant, Federal Pell Grant, National Science & Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant (National SMART Grant), Federal Direct Student Loan Program, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, Federal Direct PLUS Loans, Federal Perkins Loan, and the Wounded Warrior Project. In the 2017–18 award year, 51,990 UoPX received the Federal Pell Grant.

Besides postsecondary degree-level programs, the school offers continuing education courses for teachers and practitioners, professional development courses for companies, and specialized courses of study for military personnel. Students spend 20 to 24 hours with an instructor during each course, and are required to collaborate on learning team projects.

Students have access to class-specific online resources, which include an electronic library of textbooks and other course materials. Some academics and former students argue the abbreviated courses and the use of learning teams result in an inferior education. UoPX has been criticized for lack of academic rigor; Henry M. Levin, a professor of higher education at Teachers College at Columbia University, called its business degree an "MBA Lite", saying "I've looked at [its] course materials. It's a very low level of instruction." The university's "corporate articulation agreements" provide an alternative assessment program for people working at other companies to earn college credit for training they have completed at their jobs. To qualify for college credit, students either write an "experiential essay" or create a professional training portfolio, the latter of which is a collection of documents such as transcripts from other schools, certificates, licenses, workshops or seminars.

UoPX has been regionally accredited since 1978 by the HLC. In February 2013, a peer review group recommended to the HLC that the university be put on probation because it "has insufficient autonomy relative to its parent corporation". On May 9, 2013, the Apollo Group filed a report with the Securities and Exchange Commission which stated that the HLC Institutional Actions Council First Committee (IACFC) had recommended to the HLC that the university retain its regional accreditation, but that the university be placed on "notice" for two years. Their concerns centered on the university's governance, student assessment, and faculty scholarship in relation to Ph.D. programs. In July 2015, the HLC removed University of Phoenix from Notice Status.

University of Phoenix has 18 programs with business, healthcare, nursing, counseling and education having programmatic or specialized accreditation. Some individual colleges within University of Phoenix hold specialty accreditation or are pre-accredited by accrediting agencies that are recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.
 School of Business accreditation through the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP) including an Associate of Arts with a concentration in accounting or business fundamentals, a Bachelor of Science in business, a Master of Business Administration and a Doctor of Management. Because UoPX's business programs are not accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), some companies will not provide tuition reimbursement for employees attending the university.
 College of Education Master of Arts in Education for Elementary, Secondary and Special Education as well as a Master of Arts in Administration and Supervision is accredited by the Teacher Education Accreditation Council.
 College of Nursing B.S. and M.S. degree programs are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. Graduates are eligible to take the National Council Licensure Examination, which is required in order to become a practicing registered nurse. Degrees in programs for medical, public health and health administration professionals are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education iMaster of Health Administration.
 College of Social SciencesThe Master of Science in Counseling program in Community Counseling (Phoenix and Tucson campuses only), the Master of Science in Counseling program in Mental Health Counseling (Utah campuses only), and the Master of Science in Counseling program in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (Phoenix and Tucson campuses only) are accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.

Rankings
UoPX was ranked 386th out of 391 schools in the 2021 Washington Monthly list of national universities. The university is ranked #331-440 in the 2022 edition of the U.S. News & World Report National Universities.

Ownership and leadership
UoPX is a subsidiary of Apollo Global Management and Vistria Group. The president is Chris Lynne and the chief academic officer is John Woods. Lynne previously worked at Arthur Andersen, Education Management Corporation, Northcentral University, and HotChalk. Woods has a PhD in higher education administration from Bowling Green State University.

Student demographics
According to the College Scorecard, the University of Phoenix student body's ethnic composition is 39 percent unknown, 26 percent white, 20 percent black, 11 percent Hispanic, 2 percent multiracial, with 1 percent each for Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander . The 2020 Academic Annual Report for UoPX indicated women make up two-thirds of the student body, the average student age is 37, and more than 83 percent of its students are employed while in school.  The 2020 report also noted that 21% of the student body were affiliated with the military, of which 41% are women. 26% of 2020 graduates were military-affiliated graduates.

In 2020–21, 1,316 students used Department of Defense Tuition Assistance and 7,380 students used G.I. Bill funds. University of Phoenix has been a partner of U.S. Army University and has had a presence at a few military bases.

Faculty
The institution depends almost entirely on contingent faculty: about 97 percent of Phoenix instructors teach part-time, compared to 47 percent nationwide. This reliance on part-time faculty has been criticized by regulators and academic critics. Most of the classes are centrally crafted and standardized to ensure consistency and to maximize profits. No faculty members get tenure. Adjuncts earn approximately $1000–$2000 per course. Approximately 21 cents of every tuition dollar is spent on instruction.

According to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, the student to faculty ratio is 92 to 1 in the Arizona segment. The university reported 76 full-time and 3,143 part-time faculty in its Arizona segment; full-time faculty make up 2 percent of the total faculty.

Student outcomes
In 2016, a Brookings Institution study estimated University of Phoenix's five-year student loan default rate at 47 percent. The College Navigator lists University of Phoenix's overall graduation rate at 15 percent. According to the College Scorecard, of student debtors two years into repayment, 32 percent were in forbearance, 28 percent were not making progress, 13 percent were in deferment, 11 percent defaulted, 7 percent were making progress, 5 percent were delinquent, 2 percent were paid in full, and 1 percent were discharged.

Alumni and affiliations

Phoenix alumni in the government sector include Howard Schmidt, Mary Peters (1994), and Brad Dee (1991). In the private sector, alumni include former MBA Chair at the Forbes School of Business & Technology and radio host Diane Hamilton. In military and law enforcement, alumni include Kirkland H. Donald and Harold Hurtt (1991). Former MSNBC anchor and a host of NBC's Early Today Christina Brown is also an alumna of the university.

Athletes who have earned degrees from the university include Shaquille O'Neal (2005), Lisa Leslie, Michael Russell (2012), and Larry Fitzgerald (2016). Fitzgerald graduated with a bachelor's degree shortly before his 33rd birthday (he began college in 2002 at the University of Pittsburgh) and was a spokesman for UoPX.

Several American policymakers have been affiliated with University of Phoenix and Apollo Education. Former secretary of the Department of Education, Margaret Spellings, is a member of the Apollo Group Board of Directors. Jane Oates, a former staffer for Senator Ted Kennedy and the Department of Labor, became the Apollo Group's vice president for external relations in 2013. Nancy Pelosi's close friendship with Sperling has been documented by Suzanne Mettler in Degrees of Inequality. University of Phoenix has community partnerships with Boys and Girls Clubs of America, the American Red Cross, and the Junior League. In 2016, University of Phoenix partnered with the ASIS Foundation to provide scholarships for students studying for security-related degrees. In March 2016, the first ten scholarship recipients were announced. In 2017, the Vistria Group was part of the deal with Apollo Global Management to take over the schools. Vistria included two friends of Barack Obama: Miller and Martin Nesbitt. In 2019, the Apollo Education Group was the third largest higher education lobby, and has 18 lobbyists at the federal level. In 2021, UoPX demanded that the Republican Attorneys General Association refund a donation of more than $50,000 after the organization was allegedly involved in instigating the 2021 United States Capitol attack.

Notes

References

External links

 Official website
 "College, Inc.", PBS Frontline documentary, May 4, 2010

Universities and colleges established in 1976
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
University of Phoenix
1976 establishments in Arizona
2023 mergers and acquisitions

University of Phoenix


La Société internationale d'urologie est une société savante d'urologie fondée en 1907 à Paris par Félix Guyon. Depuis 1999, son siège social est à Montréal.

Liens externes

Urologie
Société savante liée à la médecine

Société internationale d'urologie


Gravesend is a town in Kent, England.

Gravesend may also refer to:

Places
Gravesend, New South Wales, Australia
Gravesend, Hertfordshire, England, a hamlet
Gravesend, Brooklyn, a neighbourhood of New York City, United States

Other uses
Gravesend (film), a 1997 criminal drama film
 "Gravesend", a song by Stone Sour from House of Gold & Bones – Part 2

Gravesend (disambiguation)


Dworki (, ) ist ein Ort in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad. Er gehört zur kommunalen Selbstverwaltungseinheit Stadtkreis Gurjewsk im Rajon Gurjewsk.

Geographische Lage
Dworki liegt 19 Kilometer östlich der Oblasthauptstadt Kaliningrad (Königsberg) an der neuen Trasse der Föderalstraße A229 (heute auch Europastraßen 28 und 77). Durch den Ort führt die Kommunalstraße 27K-213, die Wyssokoje (Pogauen) mit dem früheren und heute nicht mehr existierenden Siedlungsplatz Gruschewka (Kalkeim) verbindet. Bis 1945 war Pogauen die nächste Bahnstation an der Strecke von Königsberg (Preußen) über Prawten (russisch: Lomonossowo) nach Possindern (Roschtschino) und weiter nach Tapiau (Gwardeisk) der Königsberger Kleinbahn.

Geschichte
Das vor 1946 Rogahnen genannte Dorf blickt auf 1405 als Jahr seiner Gründung zurück. Mit dem Ortsteil Klein Rogahnen (Försterei, heute nicht mehr existent) kam der Ort 1874 zum Amtsbezirk Heiligenwalde im Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen) (1939 bis 1945 Landkreis Samland) im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen.

Im Jahre 1910 zählte Rogahnen 142 Einwohner. Am 15. November 1928 gab Rogahnen seine Eigenständigkeit auf und schloss sich mit der Landgemeinde Pogauen (russisch: Wyssokoje) und dem Gutsbezirk Groß Hohenrade (Worobjowo) zur neuen Landgemeinde Pogauen zusammen.

1945 kam Rogahnen innerhalb des nördlichen Ostpreußens zur Sowjetunion. Im Jahr 1947 erhielt der Ort die russische Bezeichnung Dworki und wurde gleichzeitig dem Dorfsowjet Nisowski selski Sowet im Rajon Gurjewsk zugeordnet. Von 2008 bis 2013 gehörte Dworki zur Landgemeinde Nisowskoje selskoje posselenije und seither zum Stadtkreis Gurjewsk.

Kirche
Bis 1945 gehörten Rogahnen und Klein Rogahnen mit ihrer überwiegend evangelischen Bevölkerung zum Kirchspiel der Kirche Heiligenwalde (russisch: Uschakowo) im Kirchenkreis Königsberg-Land II innerhalb der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union. Letzter deutscher Geistlicher war Pfarrer Paul Kortzitzki.

Heute liegt Dworki im Einzugsbereich der evangelisch-lutherischen Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad (Königsberg). Sie ist die Hauptkirche der in den 1990er Jahren neu gebildeten Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland.

Weblinks
 Dworki auf bankgorodov.ru

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Rajon Gurjewsk (Kaliningrad)

Dworki (Kaliningrad)


لوس ألتوس  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سانتا كلارا، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 1 ديسمبر، 1952.

توأمة
للوس ألتوس (كاليفورنيا) اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 بنديجو

 سيكتيفكار (1998 - )

أعلام

 نانسي هولدر
 كيلي جيمس
 ديف رود
 جون لي هوكر
 مارتينا فرانكو

مراجع

الموقع الجغرافي
الموقع الجغرافي للمناطق المحيطة بهذه النقطة هو كالتالي:

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1952
تأسيسات سنة 1952 في كاليفورنيا
مدن منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن مقاطعة سانتا كلارا (كاليفورنيا)
وادي السيليكون

لوس ألتوس (كاليفورنيا)


«واو»  هي أغنية للفنانة الأسترالية كايلي مينوغ وأخذت من ألبومها العاشر إكس (2007). وهو من تأليف مينوغ، جريج كورستين، كارين بول، في حين تولى كورستين الإنتاج. طلبت مينوغ إنشاء استوديو في إيبيزا مع بول وكورستين حيث سجلت هذه الأغنية مع غيرها من الأغاني. وتم إصدارها بوصفها ثاني منفردة من الألبوم في 15 فبراير 2008 من قبل بارلوفون.

أدخلت الأغنية أصوات القيثارة، والمزج الإلكتروني ولوحات المفاتيح والطبل، إلى جانب وصلات البيانو في بعض المقاطع. تم وضع الأغنية على إيقاع الرقص مع إدخال عناصر إلكترونية أخرى. تلقت الأغنية ردود فعل متباينة من النقاد الموسيقى المعاصرين عند صدورها، الذي أشادوا بالإنتاج؛ إلا أن النقاد رأوا أن توقيتها كان سيئاة. ومع ذلك، فقد حققت نجاحا تجاريا. وصلت الأغنية إلى العشرين الأوائل على قائمة بيلبورد لأغاني الرقص والنوادي، في الأم بلدها أستراليا، والمملكة المتحدة وايرلندا وفرنسا ونيوزيلندا وهنغاريا.

أدت مينوغ الأغنية على ثلاث من جولاتها. وأدتها أول مرة في أول جولاتها العالمية، كايلي إكس 2008، في فقرتها تشير سكواد، حيث أدت أيضا أغاني «هارت بيت روك» و «شوك». ثم ظهرت على جولتها كايلي يو إس أيه 2009. كما أدت الأغنية في عام 2014 في جولة كيس مي ون مور تايم وفي عام 2015 على جولة كايلي سامر 2015. كما ظهرت الأغنية في العديد من الإنتاجات الإعلامية. وقد تم استخدمت كموسيقى خلفية في مسلسل ربات بيوت يائسات، وبرنامج كايلي وأدرجت في الموسيقى التصويرية للفيلم بيفرلي هيلز تشيواوا.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أصدرت الأغنية مرتين في المملكة المتحدة بإصدارات بديلة بدلا من نسخة واحدة. تم إخراج فيديو كليب الأغنية من قبل ميلينا ماتسوكاس، وتظهر مينوغ بزي مستقبلي في نادي وترقص مع أشخاص بأزياء فضائية. تلقي الفيديو كليب مراجعات إيجابية، معظمها حول الشكل المستقبلي للفيديو.

مراجع

أغان كتبتها كايلي مينوغ
أغان كتبها غريغ كورستين
أغان كتبها كارين بول
أغان منفردة في 2008
أغاني 2007
أغاني ديسكو
أغاني رقص البوب
أغاني كايلي مينوغ
تسجيلات أغاني من إنتاج غريغ كورستين
مقاطع فيديو موسيقية أخرجها ميلينا ماتسوكاس

واو (أغنية)


Befolkningens beskyttelse er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1953 instrueret af Christen Jul efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Med Kongens Have som symbolsk ramme skildres det danske civilforsvar. Filmen fortæller om det offentliges indsats på dette område og opfordrer til personlig deltagelse i civilforsvaret ud fra dagligdagens naturlige hjælpsomhed i det små.

Medvirkende

 Gunnar Strømvad
 Tudlik Johansen
 Ebba With

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1953

Befolkningens beskyttelse


Wayne Clarke (* 28. Februar 1961 in Willenhall) ist ein ehemaliger englischer Fußballspieler. Der Stürmer begann als letzter von fünf profifußballspielenden Brüdern seine Laufbahn bei den Wolverhampton Wanderers und feierte beim FC Everton mit dem Gewinn der englischen Meisterschaft 1987 den größten Erfolg.

Sportlicher Werdegang

Wolverhampton Wanderers (1978–1984)
Nachdem bereits vier ältere Brüder den Weg ins Profifußballgeschäft eingeschlagen hatten und Wayne im Alter von elf Jahren den Siegtreffer von Bruder Allan Clarke für Leeds United im FA-Cup-Finale gegen den FC Arsenal in Wembley miterlebt hatte, ging auch der jüngste Sprössling auf den ähnlichen Pfaden. Im Alter von 15 Jahren schloss sich Wayne Clarke im Juni 1976 der Jugendabteilung der Wolverhampton Wanderers an und galt als Auswahlspieler für die englische Schülernationalmannschaft als großes Talent. Schnell arbeitete er sich in die Reservemannschaft hoch und erhielt im März 1978 den ersten Profivertrag bei den "Wolves".

Obwohl er in der Stürmerrangordnung noch hinter Spielern wie Mel Eves, John Richards und Billy Rafferty zurückstand, ermöglichte ihm Trainer Sammy Chung nach bereits zwei Ligakurzeinsätzen anstellte von Rafferty gegen Ipswich Town im September 1978 sein Debüt in der Startelf. Zwar ging die Partie gegen den amtierenden FA-Cup-Sieger mit 1:3 verloren, aber Clarke behielt fortan seinen Platz und schoss gegen die Queens Park Rangers das erste Meisterschaftstor. Als die Wolves zur neuen Saison 1979/80 mit Andy Gray einen weiteren Stürmer verpflichteten, schienen sich Clarkes Perspektiven zu verschlechtern, aber mit 16 Ligaeinsätzen blieb er weiterhin im erweiterten Kreis der Mannschaft. Beim 1:0-Finalsieg im Ligapokal 1980 gegen Nottingham Forest kam er jedoch trotz einer Kadernominierung nicht zum Einsatz. Auch in der folgenden Saison 1980/81, als mit Rückkehrer Norman Bell weitere Konkurrenz aufkam, blieb er dem Klub weiter erhalten und entwickelte sich ungeachtet dessen immer mehr zum Stammspieler. Der sportliche Durchbruch erfolgte schließlich in der Spielzeit 1982/83, nachdem der Klub im Jahr zuvor in die Zweitklassigkeit abgestiegen war.

In der Second Division traf Clarke in zwölf Ligaspielen, war damit hinter Eves zweitbester Torschütze und verhalf seinem Klub über den Gewinn der Vizemeisterschaft zur Rückkehr in die englische Eliteklasse. Dort konnten sich die Wolves jedoch ein weiteres Mal nicht halten und stiegen auf direktem Weg wieder in die zweite Liga ab. Clarke entschloss sich daraufhin zu wechseln und heuerte im August 1984 für eine Ablösesumme von 80.000 Pfund beim Lokalrivalen Birmingham City an, das ebenfalls zu den Erstligaabsteigern der abgelaufenen Saison gezählt hatte.

Birmingham City & FC Everton (1984–1989)
Dass der Wechsel nach Birmingham die richtige Entscheidung war, zeigte sich schnell, denn während Wolverhampton als Schlusslicht der Second Division in die dritte Liga durchgereicht wurde, gelang den "Blues" die sofortige Rückkehr in die First Division und mit 17 Ligatreffern in der Saison 1984/85 hatte "Toptorjäger" Clarke daran maßgeblichen Anteil. In der Spielzeit 1985/86 hatte er häufig mit kleineren Verletzungen und Sperren zu kämpfen. Er schoss lediglich fünf Tore und musste am Ende bereits zum dritten Mal in seiner noch jungen Karriere einen Erstligaabstieg begleiten. Er blieb seinem Klub zunächst treu und entwickelte sich wieder zum gewohnten Torjäger, bevor das gleichsam um den Klassenerhalt und mit einer finanziellen Drucksituation kämpfende Birmingham City einem Transfergesuch des FC Everton nachkam. Gemeinsam mit dem zumeist in der Reservemannschaft stürmenden Stuart Storer wechselte Clarke schließlich zu den "Toffees" und sorgte dafür, dass im März 1987 etwa 300.000 Pfund in die klamme Kasse der Blues gespült wurden. In diesem Zusammenhang erhob die Klubführung von Ex-Klub Wolverhampton Wanderers Vorwürfe in Richtung Birmingham Citys, dass durch die Transferbündelung der Wert von Storer als zu hoch und damit der von Clarke als zu gering taxiert und folglich die bestehende Weiterverkaufsklausel der Wolves wertgemindert wurde.

In Everton traf Clarke, der vordergründig als kurzfristiger Ersatz für Graeme Sharp verpflichtet worden war, auf seinen ehemaligen Mitspieler Andy Gray und in zehn Ligapartien gelangen ihm fünf Tore – darunter der 1:0-Siegtreffer beim FC Arsenal und alle drei Tore zum 3:0 gegen Newcastle United. Am Ende gewann er mit seinem neuen Klub die englische Meisterschaft und in der anschließenden Charity-Shield-Partie schoss er den Treffer zum 1:0-Sieg gegen Coventry City. Es war der Auftakt zum ertragreichsten Erstligajahrs in der Karriere von Wayne Clarke, als ihm in der Saison 1987/88 zehn Ligatore gelangen. Die Nachhaltig blieb danach aber aus und die Spielzeit 1988/89 markierte letztlich Clarkes Ende in Everton. In 20 Meisterschaftsspielen stand er nur zwölfmal in der Startformation und im Juli 1989 wechselte er im Tausch für Mike Newell zum Zweitligisten Leicester City.

Letzte Karrierestationen (1989–1996)
Clarkes Aufenthalt in Leicester war nur von kurzer Dauer und nach nicht einmal einem halben Jahr und zwölf Pflichtspieleinsätzen kehrte er im Januar 1990 für 500.000 Pfund in die erste Liga zu Manchester City zurück und traf dort auf Trainer Howard Kendall, der ihn bereits zum FC Everton "gelotst" hatte. Aber auch dort gelang es ihm nicht, einen Stammplatz zu ergattern, zumal Kendall – wie bereits zuvor beim FC Everton – den Verein kurz nach seiner Verpflichtung den Klub verließ. Stattdessen liehen ihn die "Citizens" in der Saison 1990/91 gleich zweimal an Drittligisten aus. Dabei war besonders die erste Station ab Oktober 1990 bei Shrewsbury Town mit sechs Toren aus sieben Ligaspielen äußerst erfolgreich; beim zweiten Ausflug ab März 1991 für Stoke City standen am Ende neun Meisterschaftsbegegnungen und drei -tore zu Buche. Es folgte im September 1991 eine kurze Rückkehr nach Wolverhampton, wo er schnell als möglicher Sturmpartner für Steve Bull gehandelt wurde. Aber nach bereits 20 Minuten im ersten und einzigen Spiel für die Wolves zog er sich eine Rippenverletzung zu, die sich sogar auf einen Lungenflügel auswirkte, und die dazu führte, dass er vorzeitig nach Manchester zurückberufen wurde. Die aktive Laufbahn in den obersten Spielklassen ging offensichtlich ihrem Ende entgegen und so wechselte er im Sommer 1992 ablösefrei zum Viertligisten FC Walsall.

Wayne Clarke war nach seinen Brüdern Derek, Allan und Kelvin bereits der vierte aus seiner Familie, der Profifußball für die "Saddlers" spielte und mit 21 Ligatoren in der Saison 1992/93 führte der neue Torjäger den Klub in die Play-off-Spiele. Diese gingen dann bereits im Halbfinale gegen Crewe Alexandra deutlich mit 1:5 und 2:3 verloren und zur folgenden Spielzeit 1993/94 wechselte Clarke zum Lokalrivalen, Ligakonkurrenten und zur Ex-Leihstation Shrewsbury Town. Mit den vom ehemaligen Wolverhamptoner Torhüter Fred Davies trainierten "Shrews" gewann der Neuzugang in seinem ersten Jahr die Viertligameisterschaft und holte damit seinen verpassten Aufstieg des Vorjahres nach. Mit elf Toren war Clarke hinter Dean Spink zweitbester Torjäger und wie schon in Walsall etatmäßiger Elfmeterschütze. In der letzten Profisaison 1994/95 hatte Clarke ab November 1994 mit einer Reihe von kleineren Verletzungen zu kämpfen. Zwar schoss er noch einmal zwölf Pflichtspieltore, aber im Sommer 1995 wurde sein auslaufender Vertrag nicht weiter verlängert.

Unmittelbar darauf übernahm er in der Football Conference die Funktion des Spielertrainers bei Telford United und hielt diese bis zu seinem Rücktritt im November 1996 inne.

Titel/Auszeichnungen
 Englische Meisterschaft (1): 1987
 Charity Shield (1): 1987

Literatur

Weblinks

 Statistische Daten der Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Database

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Wolverhampton Wanderers)
Fußballspieler (Birmingham City)
Fußballspieler (FC Everton)
Fußballspieler (Leicester City)
Fußballspieler (Manchester City)
Fußballspieler (Shrewsbury Town)
Fußballspieler (Stoke City)
Fußballspieler (FC Walsall)
Fußballspieler (Telford United)
Fußballtrainer (England)
Englischer Meister (Fußball)
Brite
Engländer
Geboren 1961
Mann

Wayne Clarke