Royal Air Force Scampton or RAF Scampton (formerly ) is a former Royal Air Force station located adjacent to the A15 road near to the village of Scampton, Lincolnshire, and  north-west of the city of Lincoln, England.

RAF Scampton stood on the site of a First World War Royal Flying Corps landing field, which had been called Brattleby. The station was closed and returned to agriculture following the First World War, and reactivated in the 1930s. It has provided an airfield for fighters in the First World War, bombers during the Second World War and V-force Avro Vulcans during the Cold War.

The station was temporarily closed in 1996, but subsequently re-opened to provide a home for the RAF Aerobatic Team the Red Arrows, and to private companies, temporarily, such as Hawker Hunter Aviation, for the maintenance and storage of aircraft.

In July 2018, the Ministry of Defence announced that Scampton would close and be sold, with all units relocated elsewhere. The station closed on 31 March 2023.

History

First World War
Home Defence Flight Station Brattleby (also known as Brattleby Cliff) was opened on the site of the current RAF Scampton in late 1916. The airfield was bounded to the east by Ermine Street, to the south by Pollyplatt Lane, to the west by Middle Street, and to the north by Aisthorpe House. The form of the airfield was very similar to that of Hackthorn Park to the north east, which is likely to have been created in the same way. In addition to field boundaries, a number of other features were demolished or used for the airfield, including Aisthorpe House and a farm complex to the east of the site.

The aerodrome covered  consisting of a landing ground and six single-span end-opening General Service Flight Sheds arranged in pairs with their doors at 90° to the landing ground. Technical buildings were set out behind these, followed by domestic accommodation close to Ermine Street. These were subdivided into smaller groups depending on rank. Accommodation for women was based around a Women's Hostel.

The first operational unit was A Flight, No. 33 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps, which flew the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b, defending against the Zeppelin threat. The site then developed into a training aerodrome, supporting No. 60 Training Squadron, followed by No. 81 and No. 11 Training Squadrons, flying the Sopwith Camel, Pup and Dolphin. The station was renamed as Scampton in 1917 following which it was designated as 34 Training Depot Station and continued with its operational programme until it was closed in April 1919.

All of the buildings on the airfield were temporary, even the hedgerows and trees which existed around the field boundaries were retained, so that between the wars the area was returned to its previous form. By 1920 all the buildings, including the hangars, had been removed.

Inter-war period
By 1936, the Royal Air Force Expansion Scheme had overseen a period of rapid increases both in terms of new squadrons and the development of new stations. The former Brattleby site was one of many earmarked under the expansion programme, situated between three villages; Aisthorpe, Brattleby and Scampton, with its main entrance situated on the A15 road (Ermine Street) heading north from Lincoln. The site was to be constructed to the latest specifications and on completion would form a fully equipped bomber station. From its reopening in August 1936, the station was known as Royal Air Force Station Scampton.

The station consisted of four large C-Type hangars with permanent brick-built technical and domestic buildings. The remaining aerodrome buildings (for technical activities and accommodation) were built in a compact layout behind the hangars, in an arrangement replicated across all of the expansion period airfields: Technical Area, Station Offices, Officers' Mess, Sergeants' Mess, Airmen's' Quarters, Married Quarters, and Officers' Married Quarters. Roads were arranged either parallel or perpendicular to Ermine Street (A15) with the Guardroom at 90° to the main entrance and the Station Headquarters facing Ermine Street. This resulted in the base occupying an area of .

As it developed, RAF Scampton made an increasingly dramatic imposition on the surrounding rural landscape, such as to the Lincolnshire Edge, a Jurassic limestone ridge, which forms the distinctive backbone of the county from Whitton on the Humber Estuary in the north, down to Grantham in the south. Along the top of the Edge, a series of airfields were developed, including RAF Waddington, RAF Cranwell and RAF Scampton.

Upon opening, No. 9 Squadron and No. 214 Squadron were the first residents of the station, arriving in October 1936, operating the Handley Page Heyford and Vickers Virginia. No. 9 Squadron stayed at Scampton until March 1938, No. 214 Squadron having departed for RAF Feltwell in April 1937. Another squadron which was stationed at the base was No. 148 Squadron formed from C Flt of No. 9 Squadron operating the Hawker Audax and later the Vickers Wellesley. The term of residence of No. 148 Squadron was brief being replaced by No. 49 Squadron and No. 83 Squadron in March 1938. At this time both No. 49 Squadron and No. 83 Squadron were operating the Hawker Hind, before re-equipping with the Handley Page Hampden.

Second World War

1939–1942

At the outbreak of the Second World War, Scampton transferred to No. 5 Group within RAF Bomber Command, playing host to the Hampdens of No. 49 Squadron and No. 83 Squadron. On 3 September 1939, six hours after the declaration of war, RAF Scampton launched the first offensive by the RAF when six Hampdens of No. 83 Squadron, led by (the then) Flying Officer Guy Gibson and three No. 49 Squadron Hampdens, one piloted by Flying Officer Roderick Learoyd, were despatched to conduct a sweep off Wilhelmshaven in Germany. Further operations involving Scampton's squadrons concerned them with the hazardous task of low level minelaying (code named 'Gardening').

For a short time the station was home to the Avro Manchester, operated by No. 49 Squadron and No. 83 Squadron. This was a brief liaison, with the squadrons subsequently converting to the Avro Lancaster. Forming No. 83 Conversion Flight (CF) on 11 April 1942, which in turn was followed by No. 49 CF on 16 May, both squadrons were fully equipped with the Lancaster by the end of June. It was during this period that No. 83 Squadron took delivery of Lancaster Mk.I R5868 which would one day become the Station's gate guardian.

In turn both resident squadrons were then replaced at Scampton by No. 57 Squadron. The first departure was that of No. 83 Squadron which left in August 1942, transferring to RAF Wyton in order to become part of the fledgling Pathfinder Force. This departure resulted in No. 83 CF moving to RAF Wigsley, where it was disbanded into No. 1654 Heavy Conversion Unit. On 2 January 1943, No. 49 Squadron departed for RAF Fiskerton with No. 49 CU disbanding, subsequently becoming 'C' Flight of No. 1661 Heavy Conversion Unit at RAF Waddington. By early January 1943 this left No. 57 Squadron as the sole occupier of the base.

1943–1945
Following the development of the Upkeep bouncing bomb, No. 617 Squadron, originally referred to as "Squadron X", was formed at Scampton in order to carry out the proposed raid, codenamed Operation Chastise. More commonly referred to as the "Dambusters Raid", the raid would go down as the most famous and widely remembered in the history of the RAF.

On the night of 16–17 May 1943, No. 617 Squadron despatched nineteen Lancasters from Scampton. Led by Wing Commander Guy Gibson, the main bulk of the squadron attacked the Sorpe, Eder and Möhne dams with an additional aircraft tasked to perform an attack on the Schwelm Dam. Both the Eder and Möhne dams were breached, however eight of the Lancasters despatched failed to return and fifty-three aircrew were lost. Following the raid Wing Commander Gibson was awarded the Victoria Cross, becoming Scampton's third recipient of the award. On the day of the raid, Wing Commander Gibson's dog, Nigger, was run over and killed on the A15 outside the entrance to the base. He was buried later that night, his grave situated outside Gibson's office at No. 3 Hangar.

In July 1943, No. 617 Squadron was again involved in a precision operation, when twelve aircraft of the squadron took off from Scampton to attack targets in Northern Italy, following which the aircraft continued on to North Africa. The operation met little opposition but the targets were obscured by valley haze and they were not destroyed. The twelve crews returned to Scampton on 25 July from North Africa after bombing Leghorn docks on the return journey. Later in the month nine aircraft took off from Scampton to drop leaflets on Milan, Bologna, Genoa and Turin in Italy. All aircraft completed the mission and landed safely in Blida, Algeria.

At the end of August 1943, No. 57 Squadron and No. 617 Squadron moved to RAF East Kirkby and RAF Coningsby respectively, so that Scampton's runways could be upgraded. With the increased all up weight of the Lancaster it was apparent that the load bearing of hardened runways would be required. The airfield closed at the end of August 1943 for the work to take place re-opening in October 1944. Three concrete runways were laid out. The three runways available were: 05/23 at , 01/19 at  and 11/29 at . A total of eleven loop hard-standings were laid down along the perimeter track to replace those lost or isolated by the construction. The work also saw new bomb stores constructed on land north of the north-west corner of the airfield. The personnel at Scampton at this time was given as 1,844 males and 268 females. On completion of the required work the area of land which the base occupied had now increased to .

Following the work control of the station passed from No. 5 Group to No. 1 Group with a new arrival following the upgrade being No. 1690 Bomber Defence Training Flight (BDTF) which arrived on 13 July 1944. The BDTF operated the Supermarine Spitfire, Hawker Hurricane and Miles Martinet, the flight undertaking fighter affiliation against bombers. This unit stayed at the station until September 1944, when it moved to RAF Metheringham. It was replaced by No. 1687 BDTF, which arrived in early December 1944, and departed for RAF Hemswell in April 1945. Two Lancaster squadrons, No. 153 Squadron, and later No. 625 Squadron, of No. 1 Group also arrived at Scampton.

The last bombing mission of the Second World War launched from RAF Scampton was on 25 April 1945, when aircraft from No. 153 Squadron and No. 625 Squadron were despatched as part of the Bombing of Obersalzberg. During the war RAF Scampton lost a total of 551 aircrew and 266 aircraft. Of these 155 were Hampdens and fifteen Manchesters.

Post-Second World War
Following the end of hostilities No. 153 Squadron disbanded on 28 September 1945, followed by No. 625 Squadron on 7 October. The station continued to operate the Lancaster when No. 100 Squadron arrived in December 1945. They were to be the last Lancaster squadron on the station, departing for RAF Lindholme in May 1946. Returning to their former home in December 1945, No. 57 Squadron introduced the Avro Lincoln to the station.

From July 1948, Scampton was home to the 28th Bombardment Group of the United States Air Force (USAF), operating the Boeing B-29 Superfortresses as part of a network of Emergency War Plan Airfields. With its main runway less than  in length and a chronic shortage of suitable hardstandings, Scampton was far from ideal as a base for the thirty USAF and RAF B-29 Superfortresses, the latter's known as "Washington B.1". In January 1949, as circumstances changed, the USAF squadrons were withdrawn and RAF Scampton was handed back to the RAF.

Cold War

1950s
During this period RAF Scampton was supporting four English Electric Canberra squadrons; No. 10 Squadron, No. 18 Squadron, No. 21 Squadron and No. 27 Squadron. The Canberras moved out in 1955 when the station was earmarked as a V-bomber base, in the case of Scampton, the Avro Vulcan. This required extensive new ground facilities, including a high security area for the storage and maintenance of nuclear weapons and heavy-duty hardstandings for the aircraft.

The first nuclear weapons to be delivered to Scampton arrived during 1958 and comprised twenty kiloton (20kt) atomic bombs given the Rainbow Code, Blue Danube. They were replaced by the smaller Yellow Sun Stage 1 (Mk.1) which were the first of the UK's operational thermonuclear weapons. The development of the stand-off nuclear missile Blue Steel required the construction of new specialist buildings: the Missile Servicing and Storage Building (MSSB) which was erected between the main hangars and the airfield, and the highly volatile High Test Peroxide (HTP) and kerosene fuel storage buildings which were located at some distance from the MSSB.

Additional structures and parts of the layout were also altered. In particular the runway was rearranged to a NE/SW (current designation alignment 04/22) and extended to . This caused the runway to project beyond the north east corner of the base and required the re-routing of Ermine Street (A15), the most noticeable artificial landscape feature in the area and the historic boundary for such elements as parish boundaries and field systems. Trees along the former tree-lined avenue to Hackthorn Park were also removed between the old line of Ermine Street and the end of the runway. The eastward bulge in the A15 road can still be seen north of Lincoln.

During the Cold War, the airfield developed its current form, imposing on the landscape in a much more spectacular way. Its extent was no longer bounded by existing field boundaries, but by the shape required for the runway extension. This caused the south-west and north-west corners of the base to jut out from the earlier rectangular plan. Areas of hard standing with associated Operational Readiness Platforms (ORPs) were also provided as were technical buildings. The Unit Storage buildings to the far north of the site were constructed for storage and maintenance of nuclear bombs. Upon the introduction of the Blue Steel stand-off missile, new buildings were constructed just to the north-east of the hangars, to develop, maintain and fuel the missiles. A new control tower was constructed close to these buildings to provide a view of the newly expanded runway.

The work undertaken increased the land area of the station to  acres. On completion No. 617 Squadron returned to their former home, re-forming in May 1958.

1960s–1980s
In October 1960, No. 83 Squadron arrived at Scampton from RAF Waddington and equipped with the Vulcan B.2. Together with No. 27 Squadron and No. 617 Squadron, who by this time had also taken delivery of the Vulcan, the "Scampton Wing" was formed, the aircraft equipped with the Blue Steel stand-off missile.

On 30 June 1968, Blue Steel operations at Scampton were terminated, as the Royal Navy, with the submarine launched Polaris missile, assumed responsibility for the UK nuclear deterrent. Scampton squadrons were assigned to the tactical nuclear and conventional bombing roles. This led to the disbandment of No. 83 Squadron in August 1969, however in December 1969 No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit moved to RAF Scampton from RAF Finningley.

Part of the post-war development and upgrading of the station, in common with many other RAF stations at the time, saw the establishment of a primary school for the children of those personnel stationed on the base. Located to the south of the base entrance, and adjacent to the eastern perimeter fence, the current school was built in 1961 and replaced the makeshift schooling which had been provided in the Officer's Mess since 1951. The official opening of the school took place on 24 November 1961, and the first children attended the school in January 1962. The buildings are typical of small primary schools built in the 1960s, with a flat roof, large windows and uniformly one storey high. There are several prefabricated extensions which present an informal building layout.

Individual unit allocations were re-introduced in 1971, and throughout the decade Scampton continued to be home to No. 27 Squadron, No. 617 Squadron and No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit, with No. 35 Squadron joining them from RAF Akrotiri in 1975.

With disbandment of No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit and the cessation of No. 617 Squadron's Vulcan operations in 1981, followed by the cessation of Vulcan flying at Scampton by No. 27 Squadron and No. 35 Squadron in 1982, Scampton was transferred to RAF Support Command and became home to the Central Flying School (CFS) in 1983. This role for the station saw the CFS operating such aircraft as the BAC Jet Provost, Scottish Aviation Bulldog and the Short Tucano, sharing the air space with the Hawker Siddeley Hawks of the Red Arrows. A further addition to the complement of the station occurred in 1984 with the arrival of the Tornado Radar Repair Unit. The first Jet Provost retired during March 1988 due to the replacement of the type by the Short Tucano T.1.

Post-Cold War

1990s
In August 1990, RAF Scampton became home to the Joint Arms Control Implementation Group, a joint service organisation responsible for overseeing the implementation of the Control of Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention, Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, Treaty on Open Skies and the Vienna Document.

In the mid 1990s, Scampton was mothballed under the Front Line First programme, with the CFS moving to RAF Cranwell. The decision was initially taken to close the base completely along with RAF Finningley, this being confirmed by Nicholas Soames MP in a statement to the House of Commons on 25 March 1995. Opposition to the planned closure was strong and a group was formed called "Save our Scampton" (SOS), backed by the Lincolnshire Echo, the County Council and the MP for Gainsborough and Horncastle, Edward Leigh. One plan put forward for the base following its proposed redundancy involved turning the site into a prison, but this plan was not continued with.

The Red Arrows, though, continued to train in the airspace surrounding the airfield (Restricted Zone EG R313) and accommodation at Scampton continued to be used as overflow from RAF Waddington. During this intervening period 110 of the post-war non-commissioned officer married quarters were sold to Welbeck Estate Group who had previously acquired technical and domestic sites at RAF Hemswell, married quarters at RAF Faldingworth and RAF Strike Command Headquarters at RAF Bawtry.

RAF Scampton received the Freedom of Lincoln on 14 May 1993.

21st century
In early 2000 following a revaluation of the logistics of the Red Arrows' operation as well as the lack of available space at RAF Cranwell, it was decided to re-base the Red Arrows at Scampton.

In 2005 Scampton was again placed under the control of RAF Strike Command, becoming home to the UK Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS) Control and Reporting Centre (CRC) and Mobile Meteorological Unit (MMU). The No.1 Air Control Centre (No.1 ACC) deployed to Afghanistan in 2006 as part of Operation Herrick, the deployment lasting until 2009.

By 2008, the future once again looked uncertain for Scampton. A decision was taken by the then Labour Government that the base would be "downsized", the Red Arrows would move to RAF Waddington by July 2011 and ASACS would also be relocated from the base taking up residence at RAF Coningsby by 2014. However the Strategic Defence Spending Review and operations in Libya meant the plan was suspended with the decision put on hold pending a further review in 2011. The review concluded that keeping the Red Arrows at Scampton was the best way for them to operate, without affecting other operational flying bases.

In July 2018, the Ministry of Defence announced that Scampton would close and then be sold off with all remaining units relocated to other RAF bases by 2022. In May 2020, it was announced that the Red Arrows would move to RAF Waddington, and No. 1 ACC to RAF Boulmer in Northumberland.

In April 2022, the Aviation Medicine Flight, part of the RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine relocated to Scampton from MOD Boscombe Down after retiring their BAE Systems Hawk T1 aircraft. The moves allowed the flight to continue its work using Hawks operated by the Red Arrows.

On 6 September 2022 a fly past of the Red Arrows and Avro Lancaster bomber aircraft took place in anticipation of the closure of the base in December 2022. During October 2022 the Red Arrows left the base for RAF Waddington. The station closed on 31 March 2023.

Role and operations

RAF Scampton was home to the Control and Reporting Centre Scampton, and the Mobile Meteorological Unit.

The Red Arrows were previously based here and fell under No. 22 Group, although RAF Scampton is actually administered by No. 1 Group. The reason for this being that No. 1 Air Control Centre is a No. 1 Group air defence radar unit, with its permanent operations room, Control and Reporting Centre Scampton, providing assistance to the coverage at RAF Boulmer. RAF Scampton's primary responsibility is training, but it can also provide defence coverage following any technical disruptions at RAF Boulmer. Another responsibility of the station is the provision of deployable command and control capability using containerised equipment that can be delivered worldwide, thereby delivering similar capability to that of the permanent Control and Reporting Centres. No. 1 ACC provides the main operational unit for fighter controllers and aerospace systems operators in the RAF. Operators usually train at the Control and Reporting Centres of Boulmer and Scampton before putting their training into practice at No. 1 ACC or on the Boeing E-3D Sentry.

Until the closing of RAF Kirton in Lindsey, Scampton had administrative control over the satellite site, fifteen miles to the north.

In 2015, part of the accommodation facilities at Scampton underwent significant refurbishment, particularly those of Gibson Barracks. The improvements consisted of replacement of windows, refurbishment and repair of external concrete areas and provision of new escape stairs. The barracks had lain unused for over twenty years, and as a consequence of the neglect had fallen into a state of disrepair. The building was converted into teaching space in the 1980s, but with the subsequent lack of investment on the station the block was allowed to fall into disuse. Following a re-examination of the viability of the base undertaken following the closure of RAF Kirton in Lindsey and the resulting transfer of personnel, as well as the realisation by English Heritage of the importance of the structure and its association with the Dams Raid, it was decided to convert the block back to residential use. Although the building is not listed, it is situated within a site of significant heritage value due to its links to Operation Chastise. The accommodation consists of 48 bedrooms with communal facilities.

Met Office meteorological data
The Mobile Meteorological Unit was staffed by full-time RAF reserve officers as part of the civilian Meteorological Office, aiding in providing weather and climate information for local forecasts. The unit maintains and repairs equipment for the support of out of area flying operations.

In a typical year at RAF Scampton, the warmest day reaches a high temperature of at least , whereas the coldest day should always reach a low of .

The record high at Scampton peaked at  in the afternoon of 19 July 2022 during the 2022 United Kingdom heat wave, beating not only the previous local record of  from a three-day heatwave on 26 July 2019, but also the former national record of , also from July 2019.

The absolute minimum temperature of  was recorded on 7 December 2010, during the record-breaking winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland. In a year, 48.98 nights register an air frost.

The length of the day varies extremely over the course of the year at Scampton. The shortest day may have 7 hours and 30 minutes of daylight, and the longest as much as 17 hours of daylight. The earliest sunrise is at around 4:30 am in June, and the latest sunrise is at 8:30 am in December. The earliest sunset is at 3:30 pm in December, and the latest is at 9:30 pm in June. Daylight saving time (DST) is observed at Scampton, starting in the spring, lasting about 7 months, and ending in the autumn.

Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Heavy snow is rare but snow usually falls at least once each winter. Spring and autumn can be pleasant.

RAF Scampton Victoria Cross recipients
During the station's history, three personnel based at RAF Scampton have been recipients of the Victoria Cross.

Roderick "Babe" Learoyd

On 12 August 1940, No. 83 Squadron's aircraft were part of a raid against the Dortmund-Ems Canal. Two aircraft had been lost due to anti-aircraft fire prior to Wing Commander Roderick 'Babe' Learoyd making his attack, which would involve an attack at low level. During his attack, Learoyd's aircraft was caught in the searchlights, taking two hits in one wing. Despite this Learoyd was still able to provide his bomb aimer with a steady platform in order to deliver his bombs. Learoyd then nursed the Hampden back to England, arriving in the vicinity of Scampton at 02:00. Although the aircraft was flyable, its hydraulic systems had been damaged and the wing flaps were inoperable. The undercarriage indicators had also failed and rather than risk a landing in the dark, Learoyd circled for three hours before making a landing at first light. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his courage, skill and determination.

John Hannah

Wireless Operator/Air Gunner Flight Sergeant John Hannah was also a member of No. 83 Squadron. On 15 September 1940 his aircraft was involved in a raid on a target near Antwerp during which the Hampden received a hit in the bomb bay, leading to an explosion and serious fire. Both Hannah's position and that of the rear gunner were engulfed in fire, and although the rear gunner had bailed out, Hannah elected to remain at his post, fighting the fire with extinguishers, and when these expired his log book.

He successfully prevented the fire from reaching the aircraft's ruptured fuel tanks, despite ammunition exploding and the floor beneath him melting. Although severely burned, Hannah forced his way forward to the navigator's station, only to find the navigator had also baled out. He then passed the navigation logs and charts to the pilot and assisted him in navigating the Hampden back to Scampton.

Guy Gibson

On the night of 16–17 May 1943, Wing Commander Gibson led No. 617 Squadron on the raids against the Ruhr Dams, Operation Chastise. The task was fraught with danger and difficulty. Gibson personally made the initial attack on the Möhne Dam. Descending to within a few feet of the water and taking the full brunt of the anti-aircraft defences, he delivered his attack with great accuracy.

Afterwards he circled very low for 30 minutes, drawing the enemy fire on himself in order to leave as free a run as possible to the following aircraft which were attacking the dam in turn. Wing Commander Gibson then led the remainder of his force to the Eder Dam where, with complete disregard for his own safety, he repeated his tactics and once more drew on himself the enemy fire so that the attack could be successfully developed.

Former station commanders

 Group Captain John C Russell (1936–38)
 Wing Commander W A B Bowen-Buscarlet (1938)
 Group Captain O C Bryson (1938–39)
 Group Captain E C Emmett (1939–40)
 Group Captain Hugh S Walmsley (1940–41)
 Group Captain W J M Akerman (1941)
 Group Captain R H S Spaight (1941–42)
 Group Captain John N H Whitworth (1942–43)
 Group Captain Adolphus D Davies (1943–44)
 Group Captain John W F Merer (1944)
 Group Captain C R D L Lloyd (1944–46)
 Group Captain P J Harris (1946–48)
 Group Captain Thomas A B Parselle (1948)
 Group Captain H J Pringle (1948–51)
 Group Captain G A G Johnson (1951–53)
 Group Captain David J P Lee (1953–55)

 Group Captain Hubert P Connolly (1955)
 Squadron Leader R C Wood (1955–57)
 Group Captain Stafford P Coulson (1957–60)
 Group Captain Harry Burton (1960–62)
 Group Captain Jack Garden (1962–63)
 Group Captain K G Hubbard (1963–64)
 Group Captain R G Wakeford (1964–65)
 Group Captain Allen H Mawer (1965–68)
 Group Captain D Jack Furner (1968–69)
 Group Captain T M Fennell (1969–71)
 Group Captain L E H Scotchmer (1971–73)
 Group Captain F R Lockyer (1973–74)
 Group Captain John B Fitzpatrick (1974–75)
 Group Captain G H Burleigh (1975–78)
 Group Captain C A Herbert (1978–79)
 Group Captain V L Warrington (1979–82)

 Group Captain A P Singleton (1982–83)
 Group Captain I Thomson (1983–85)
 Group Captain R G Curry (1985)
 Group Captain Allan Blackley (1985–87)
 Group Captain C C N Burwell (1994–95)
 Wing Commander D Bolsover (2000–01)
 Wing Commander W J Ramsey (2001–05)
 Wing Commander David Middleton (2005–05)
 Group Captain Tim L J Bishop (2005–06)
 Wing Commander Archie McCallum
 Wing Commander Alex Stylianides
 Wing Commander Richard D Turner
 Wing Commander Michael Harrop (2014–16)
 Wing Commander Joanne Campbell (2016–2018)
 Wing Commander James Parker (2018–2020)
 Wing Commander Neill Atkins (2020 – present)

Scampton Airshow

On 19 February 2016, an announcement was made concerning plans for the creation of an airshow to take place at Scampton in 2017.

In the wake of the decision to discontinue with a display at RAF Waddington following the 2014 airshow, there was a high degree of dissatisfaction regarding the announcement. The airshow had become one of the leading attractions in the UK during the summer months, the 2014 airshow at Waddington witnessed numbers in the region of 135,000 attending the display weekend, raising approximately £260,000 for Service and local charities.

Following on from the announcement in February 2016 of the station staging an airshow in 2017, it was announced that the Royal Air Force Charitable Trust, organisers of the Royal International Air Tattoo had agreed to organise a new event at Scampton. However, the requirements for the upgrading of the base's infrastructure so as to be able to stage such an event meant that no airshow was able to take place until 2017.

During the late spring of 2016, preparations continued for the organisation of the event and an official announcement was made at the Station Commander's Reception on 26 May. The dates for the airshow were confirmed on 10 November, been set for 9–10 September 2017.

2017
The first airshow to be held at RAF Scampton since 1991 saw participation of 104 aircraft, with 41 taking part in the flying displays and 63 forming the static line-up. Aircraft types ranged from a display by a vintage Avro Anson to a modern Typhoon, with visitor numbers in the region of 50,000. Guests of honour at the event were Battle of Britain veteran Terry Clark, and former Scampton resident Johnny Johnson.

2018
On 14 December 2017, the organisers of the Scampton Airshow issued a statement with regard to the 2018 event. The statement read that following the 2017 airshow the organisers required time to reflect on certain issues and to look at how the airshow could be improved. In view of this, the statement continued that there were still areas of the event which required improvement and consequently there would be no running of the Scampton Airshow in 2018. The statement did however conclude that the organisers, following the review, intend to run an improved Scampton Airshow in 2019.

Heritage

Station badge and motto
RAF Scampton's badge, awarded in December 1958, features a gold coloured long-bow and arrow against the backdrop an azure coloured roundel. The roundel represents the RAF, whilst the bow and arrow form a topographical representation of the station. The arrow acts as the lengthened runway; the bow-string is the former route of Ermine Street located near the station; and the bow the re-aligned road required to accommodate the extended runway.

The station's motto () is in Latin and translates as "An armed man is not attacked".

Archaeology
The remnants of a Roman Villa are situated to the south-west of RAF Scampton. Excavation of the site and its subsequent documentation were undertaken for Channel 4 television's Time Team programme.

Dambusters commemorations
1991

In May 1991, Scampton was the venue for a BBC broadcast of Friday Night is Music Night, set to coincide with the anniversary of the Dambusters Raid. The transmission was from No. 1 Hangar and of added interest was the arrival of a British Airways Boeing 747-400 (G-BNLT). The aircraft, a new addition to the British Airways fleet, had been named City of Lincoln in a ceremony held at RAF Coningsby after which it was flown to RAF Scampton. City of Lincoln is the same name as that bestowed on Lancaster PA474 of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight (BBMF) and both aircraft featured in the show, the BBMF's Lancaster in No. 1 Hangar forming the focal point of the concert. The Boeing 747 was parked on Echo Dispersal and was made available for members of the audience to visit.

1993

A special commemorative BBC television broadcast of Songs of Praise marking the 50th anniversary of Operation Chastise was staged at Scampton in 1993, in which Boeing 747-400 City of Lincoln returned to the base. Presented by Sally Magnusson, the event was attended by 2,500 invited guests, including several veterans of the raid as well as Richard Todd.

2013

Marking the 70th anniversary of the raid in 2013, the BBC again featured a programme from Scampton, hosted by Dan Snow. Attended by Les Munro and "Johnny" Johnson, the telecast featured the Lancaster of the BBMF as well as two Panavia Tornados of No. 617 Squadron.

In addition there was also a broadcast by BBC Radio 2 of The Chris Evans Breakfast Show in which Evans conducted interviews with various station personnel and current members of No. 617 Squadron. Following the show Evans boarded Lancaster PA474 of the BBMF and flew from Scampton to Biggin Hill which was the venue for a special edition of Friday Night is Music Night as part of the commemoration.

Gate guardians

In all there have been three gate guardians at RAF Scampton during the station's history.

Lancaster R5868 Q-Queenie/S-Sugar
The first was Avro Lancaster S-Sugar along with the large Tallboy and Grand Slam bombs which the type had carried. It was placed on display at the main gate of Scampton in No. 467 Squadron markings in 1960. With the arrival of 83 Squadron at Scampton in October 1960, it was noted that S-Sugar had strong links to the squadron. It transpired that the aircraft had originally served at Scampton with No. 83 Squadron and was given the squadron code OL-Q (Q-Queenie). When No. 83 Squadron converted to the Lancaster Mk.III in September 1943, Lancaster Q-Queenie was transferred to No. 467 Squadron who were then based at RAF Bottesford. The aircraft was subsequently re-coded PO-S (S-Sugar).

Lancaster R5868 was dismantled at Scampton in November 1970, by personnel from No. 71 Maintenance Unit. It was removed and is now on permanent exhibition at the Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon.

Lancaster NX611 Just Jane
The next gate guardian was another restored Lancaster, repatriated from a French island in the South Pacific. This later Lancaster, Just Jane NX611, is now at the Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre at the former RAF East Kirkby.

Hawk XX306
The current gate guardian at Scampton is a former Red Arrows Hawk T.1 XX306. Positioned in front of the Station Headquarters, it was unveiled by the then Station Commander Wing Commander Michael Harrop during a ceremony on 12 October 2015.

The aircraft was constructed at BAe Dunsfold and handed over to the RAF on 23 May 1980. The jet spent two months at RAF Valley before flying to RAF Kemble (the Red Arrows' previous home) and joined the Squadron on 3 July 1980, being one of the first of its type operated by the Red Arrows following their conversion from the Folland Gnat at the end of the 1979 display season.

During its operational life XX306 amassed a total flying time of 7,378hrs 15 mins accumulating 13,007 landings. It was retired from the aerobatic team on 20 October 2012, having last been used in a display on 26 September of that year.

RAF Scampton Heritage Centre
RAF Scampton was home to a heritage centre, detailing the station's history and displaying several hundred artefacts including a Blue Steel Missile. More ambitious plans were put forward in 2013 to turn part of RAF Scampton into a major tourist attraction. This project was driven by Lincolnshire County Council. It had been estimated that the total investment required for the complete plan would be £80 million, of that total £40 million would be required to complete the first phase, which concerned two hangars and an exhibition hall. Such amounts would have required substantial monetary grants from the National Lottery in order for it to succeed.The plans would have converted two of the station's four hangars into exhibition halls and the Officer's Mess into a hotel. Council officials held talks with the RAF and the Defence Infrastructure Organisation, which managed the Ministry of Defence's estate, regarding the proposals which estimated the creation of 100 jobs locally and annual visitor numbers in the region of 200,000.

An independent study commissioned by Lincolnshire County Council in October 2013, concluded that the proposal was viable and had the potential to succeed.

Exhibitions would focus on the Red Arrows, aviation in the First and Second World Wars, the Cold War as well as Lincolnshire's aviation engineering heritage and the Dambusters Raid. It was hoped the project would secure the future of the station and complement the proposals to establish an air show at Scampton. It was hoped that the facility would have been opened by 2018 in order to mark the centenary of the creation of the RAF. In July 2020 campaigners were hoping to establish a charitable trust to raise funds for the scheme.

Current use

The site is home to a number of temporary accommodation units for asylum seekers using the same parking area as the Red Arrows aircraft were parked on.

See also

 List of V Bomber dispersal bases
 List of surviving Avro Lancasters

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

UK Military Aeronautical Information Publication – Scampton (EGXP)

Royal Air Force stations in Lincolnshire
World War I airfields
Airports in England
Military units and formations established in 1936
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Royal Flying Corps airfields
World War I sites in England

RAF Scampton


Anthon Ulrich (4 octombrie 1633 – 27 martie 1714) a fost duce de Brunswick-Lüneburg și a domnit asupra subdiviziunii Wolfenbüttel a ducatului din 1685 până în 1702 împreună cu fratele său, și singur din 1704 până la moartea sa.

Biografie

Anthon Ulrich a fost al doilea fiu al lui August al II-lea de Brunswick-Lüneburg; el a studiat la Universitatea din Helmstedt. După decesul tatălui său în 1666, fratele mai mare, Rudolf August, a devenit duce. În 1685, Rudolf l-a făcut pe Anton Ulrich co-regent cu drepturi egale. Rudolf August nu prea era interesat de guvernare și a lăsat cele mai multe decizii în mâinile fratelui său.

În timp ce Hanovra și Lüneburg s-au situat de partea împăratului Leopold I în Războiul Succesiunii Spaniole, Anthon Ulrich a decis să intre într-o alianță cu Franța. Ca urmare, Hanovra și Lüneburg au invadat Principatul de Wolfenbüttel în martie 1702; Anthon Ulrich a fost aproape capturat în timp ce călătorea din Wolfenbüttel la Braunschweig. Din ordinul împăratului, Anthon Ulrich a fost detronat ca duce împotriva protestelor fratelui său și Rudolf Augustu a rămas singurul conducător, în timp ce Anthon Ulrich a plecat în Saxa-Gotha. În aprilie 1702, Rudolf Augustu a semnat un tratat cu Hanovra și Lüneburg la care mai târziu Anthon Ulrich a aderat și el.

După moartea fratelui său în 1704, Anthon Ulrich a preluat din nou guvernarea. El a continuat să stabilească diferite dispute cu Hanovra, până s-a ajuns la un acord final între cele două principate surori în 1706.

În 1709, Anthon Ulrich s-a convertit la romano-catolicism însă a garantat supușilor săi că acest lucru nu va influența guvernarea sa. A murit la Schloss Salzdahlum, pe care el l-a construit în 1714, și a fost succedat de fiul său cel mare, August Wilhelm.

Copii
Anthon Ulrich s-a căsătorit cu Elizabeth Juliana, fiica lui Frederick, Duce de Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Nordborg, în 1656. Ei au avut următorii copii care au atins vârsta adultă:
 augustus Frederick (1657–1676)
 Elizabeth Eleanore Sophie (1658–1729), căsătorită cu Johann Georg, Duce de Mecklenburg-Mirow și Bernhard I, Duce de Saxa-Meiningen
 Anne Sophie (1659–1742), căsătorită cu Karl Gustav de Baden-Durlach
 Augustu Wilhelm (1662–1731), Duce de Brunswick-Lüneburg
 Augusta Dorothea (1666–1751), căsătorită cu Anton Günther II, Conte de Schwarzburg-Sondershausen-Arnstadt
 Henrietta Christine (1669–1753), stareță de Gandersheim
 Ludwig Rudolf (1671–1735)

Nașteri în 1633
Decese în 1714
Poeți germani
Duci de Brunswick-Lüneburg
Cavaleri ai Ordinului Elefantului

Anthon Ulrich, Duce de Brunswick-Lüneburg


Zgrada Zavičajnog muzeja je zgrada u Imotskome.

Povijest
Djelo arhitekta Augusta Thare. Zgrada Zavičajnog muzeja u Imotskom dio je kompleksa Režije duhana, čija je gradnja počela  a završena je izgradnjom ove zgrade. Služila je kao dnevna bolnica i menza za radnike koji su radili u Duhanskoj stanici. Kompleks je bio među 5 najvećih kompleksa takve vrste u Austro-Ugarskoj.

Nakon preuređenja zgrade blagavaonice 2004.g., u nju je useljen zavičajni muzej. Zgrada je visoka prizemnica s podrumom i visokim potkrovljem, projektirana s tlocrtom u obliku križa. Građena je od pravilnih klesanaca, s većim prozorima s nadvojima od opeke. Po sredini južnog pročelja je glavni ulaz te drveni trijem natkriven dvostrešnim krovom. U prizemlju je muzejski postav podijeljen u tri cjeline: arheološka, kulturno-povijesna i etnografska zbirka. U potkrovlju je galerijski prostor te uredske prostorije. Zgrada je natkrivena dvostrešnim krovom s pokrovom od utorenog crijepa.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6500 zavedeno je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, profana graditeljska baština, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Građevine u Imotskom
Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Zgrada Zavičajnog muzeja u Imotskom


The Battle of Nedao was a battle fought in Pannonia in 454 CE between the Huns and their former Germanic vassals. Nedao is believed to be a tributary of the Sava River.

Battle
After the death of Attila the Hun, allied forces of the subject peoples under the leadership of Ardaric, king of the Gepids, defeated the Hunnic forces of Ellac, the son of Attila, who had struggled with his brothers Ernak and Dengizich for supremacy after Attila's death. Ellac himself was killed in the battle.

According to the 6th-century historian Jordanes:
And so the bravest nations tore themselves to pieces. For then, I think, must have occurred a most remarkable spectacle, where one might see the Goths fighting with pikes, the Gepidae raging with the sword, the Rugii breaking off the spears in their own wounds, the Suavi fighting on foot, the Huns with bows, the Alani drawing up a battle-line of heavy-armed and the Heruli of light-armed warriors...     ...after many grave clashes, victory surprisingly favours the Gepids for the sword and plotting of Ardaric killed nearly thirty thousand men, Huns as well as other tribes who brought them aid. In this battle, the eldest son of Attila, named Ellac,
whom his father was said to have loved so much more than the rest that he favoured him above all his various sons in his empire, was killed.

According to the medieval Hungarian chronicles:

Modern views
Jordanes claimed that at the Battle of Nedao the Ostrogoths fought against the Huns, but this is rejected by modern historians such as Herwig Wolfram and Hyun Jin Kim. The latter believes that this is a forged story and that the Ostrogoth king Valamir himself fought alongside the Huns. Alternatively, J.R. Martindale and Franz Altheim accept that the Ostrogoths were among the victors of Nedao, while many others, including Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, believe that none of this existed at all.

Aftermath
Hunnic dominance in Central and Eastern Europe was broken as a result of the battle. It is hard to reconstruct the exact course of events, but by the early 460s the Hunnic Empire was dissolved with the Gepids, Rugii, Heruli, Suebi, and Ostrogoths achieving independence and eventually becoming federates of the Eastern Roman Empire. The Huns, reorganized under Dengizich, moved to the east, where they attacked the Eastern Roman Empire and were decisively defeated in 469. After that point, the Huns cease to exist in European history.

See also
The Battle of the Goths and Huns

References

Sources

Herwig Wolfram. History of the Goths, transl. Thomas J. Dunlap., University of California Press, 1990, .

454
450s conflicts
Battles involving Russia
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the Huns
Battles involving the Ostrogoths
Battles involving the Suebi
Battles involving the Heruli

Battle of Nedao


Ram Jati Singh est un fermier, enseignant et homme politique fidjien.

Biographie
Il est le fils de Lachman Singh, ouvrier agricole issu de la caste kshatriya dans un village de ce qui est aujourd'hui le Madhya Pradesh en Inde. À l'âge de 19 ans, en 1902, Lachman Singh émigre à la colonie britannique des Fidji comme ouvrier rural sous statut d'indenture. Il y épouse la fille d'un policier de la communauté indienne des Fidji, et Ram Jati Singh naît en mer durant un trajet en bateau de Taveuni à Suva.

Lachman Singh s'assure que son fils soit éduqué, et en 1929 Ram Jati Singh est diplômé d'une école de formation d'enseignants à Lautoka. La première école dans laquelle il enseigne, à Nausori sur l'île de Viti Levu, est détruite par un ouragan et il participe à sa reconstruction. Par la suite, il achète une parcelle de terre à Bua sur l'île de Vanua Levu et y cultive le riz tout en fondant une nouvelle école. En 1963 il sauve la vie d'une fillette fidjienne autochtone noyée en parvenant à la ressusciter par réanimation cardiopulmonaire.

Membre du Parti de la fédération, il est élu au Conseil législatif de la colonie aux élections de 1966. Député d'opposition au gouvernement conservateur du grand chef autochtone Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, il visite l'Inde et y rencontre la Première ministre Indira Gandhi pour lui demander de soutenir le mouvement indépendantiste principalement porté par la communauté indienne aux Fidji. Les Fidji accèdent à l'indépendance en 1970 et Ram Jati Singh est réélu député à la Chambre des représentants aux élections de 1972, siégeant toujours sur les bancs de l'opposition au gouvernement Mara. Il ne se représente pas à celles de 1977.

En 1984 il est fait officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique par la reine des Fidji, Élisabeth II, sur recommandation de Ratu Kamisese Mara, pour services rendus à son pays.

Descendance
Parmi ses enfants,  (1950-2020) est un avocat et homme politique, député à la Chambre des représentants de 1992 à 1999 et président du Parti de la fédération nationale de 2005 à 2014. Un autre de ses fils, Narendra Singh, est ambassadeur adjoint à la mission permanente des Fidji auprès des Nations unies à New York. Sa petite-fille , fille d'un autre de ses fils, est membre du Sénat fédéral australien de 2011 à 2019 ; elle décrit son grand-père comme ayant inspiré son entrée en politique.

Références

Personnalité politique fidjienne
Officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique

Ram Jati Singh


Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører (EDR) er en national almennyttig organisation for amatørradio entusiaster i Danmark.  EDR medlemsfordele omfatter sponsering af radioamatørdiplomer og contests - og et QSL-bureau for medlemmer som kommunikerer med radioamatører i andre lande.

EDR repræsenterer danske radioamatører i forbindelse med telemyndigheder.  EDR er den nationale medlemsforening som repræsenterer Danmark i International Amateur Radio Union (IARU).

EDR udgiver et medlemblad kaldet OZ.

Se også
 Radiopejleorientering - RPO også kaldet rævejagt.
 Danske telemyndighed

Kilder/referencer

Foreninger fra Danmark
Etableret i 1927
Amatørradio

Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører


La Themed Entertainment Association (TEA) es una asociación internacional sin ánimo de lucro que representa a los creadores, desarrolladores, diseñadores y productores de la industria del entretenimiento ligada a los parques temáticos. Según sus estatutos, su misión es la de facilitar el diálogo y la comunicación entre sus miembros, estimular el conocimiento y el crecimiento profesional y aumentar el tamaño, la diversidad y la presencia de la industria ligada a los parques temáticos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Página web oficial

Parques de atracciones

Themed Entertainment Association


Bambusinae, je podtribus biljaka iz porodica trava (Poaceae), dio tribusa Bambuseae. Postoje 22 roda, a ime dolazi po rodu Bambusa

Rodovi

 Kinabaluchloa K. M. Wong (2 spp.)
 Holttumochloa K. M. Wong (4 spp.)
 Nianhochloa H. N. Nguyen & V. T. Tran (1 sp.)
 Bonia Balansa (5 spp.)
 Laobambos Haev., Lamxay & D. Z. Li (1 sp.)
 Neomicrocalamus Keng fil. (3 spp.)
 Temochloa S. Dransf. (1 sp.)
 Soejatmia K. M. Wong (1 sp.)
 Pseudoxytenanthera Soderstr. & R. P. Ellis (5 spp.)
 Maclurochloa K. M. Wong (4 spp.)
 Melocalamus Benth. (17 spp.)
 Bambusa Schreb. (154 spp.)
 Dendrocalamus Nees (79 spp.)
 Gigantochloa Kurz (68 spp.)
 Phuphanochloa Sungkaew & Teerawat. (1 sp.)
 Oreobambos K. Schum. (1 sp.)
 Oxytenanthera Munro (1 sp.)
 Vietnamosasa T. Q. Nguyen (3 spp.)
 Thyrsostachys Gamble (2 spp.)
 Cochinchinochloa H. N. Nguyen & V. T. Tran (1 sp.)
 Yersinochloa H. N. Nguyen & V. T. Tran (1 sp.)
 Ruhooglandia S. Dransf. & K. M. Wong (1 sp.)

Izvori

Bambuseae

Bambusinae


Starr Jocelyn Murphy (* 17. Juni 1860 in Avon, Connecticut; † 4. April 1921 in Daytona, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Rechtsanwalt und von 1904 bis 1921 bei der Standard Oil Company beschäftigt.

Murphy war der Sohn von Reverend Elijah Douglass Murphy, dessen Vorfahren aus Irland eingewandert waren. Seine Mutter war ebenfalls die Tochter eines Geistlichen, Rev. Simeon Smith Jocelyn, aus New Haven. Der Name "Starr" kam von ihrer Großmutter Harriette Starr. 1858 war sein Vater Pastor der Congregational Church in Avon und ab 1864 an der Port Society's Church in Montclair, bis er aus Gesundheitsgründen 1888 sein Amt aufgab und 1890 verstarb.  Starr hatte zwei Brüder und eine Schwester.

Murphy besuchte die Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn und dann das Amherst College, das er 1881 mit dem Bachelor abschloss. Danach war er Student an der Law School der Columbia University und beendete 1883 sein Studium mit "summa cum laude" (LL.b.), so dass er im Mai d. J. sofort als Anwalt im Staate New York zugelassen wurde.

Seine erste Anstellung war bei Chamberlain, Carter & Hornblower und danach als Anwalt bei Murphy, Lloyd & Boyd. Zehn Jahre später hieß die Anwaltskanzlei Murphy & Lloyd.

Am 9. Juni 1887 heiratete Murphy Julia Brush Doubleday, Tochter von John Mason Doubleday, einem angesehenen Bürger von Montclair, so dass er sich hier niederließ. In Montclair lernte er auch Frederick Taylor Gates kennen, der ebenfalls dort lebte.

1904 beanspruchte John Davison Rockefeller (Gates) Murphy mit der Prüfung der rechtliche Seite bei seiner $1 Mio. Spende für neue Gebäude der Harvard Medical School. Damit war er dermaßen zufrieden, dass er Murphy bat, seine Kanzlei aufzugeben und in das Standard Oil Gebäude 26, Broadway umzuziehen.

Murphy war Trustee im General Education Board und später Mitbegründer der Rockefeller Foundation und beriet die Rockefellers bei der Vergabe von Mitteln aus ihren Stiftungen. 1910 stellte er gemeinsam mit Gates die Pläne für die Foundation der Presse vor. Im Unterschied zum GEB, deren Tätigkeit auf die USA beschränkt war, sollte die Foundation flexibel sein und weltweit agieren können.

Literatur
 Raymond Blaine Fosdick: The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. Verlag: Harper & Brothers 1952. Neuauflage: Transaction Publisher,  März 1989.  ISBN 978-0887382482
(Fosdick war Präsident der Rockefeller Foundation 1936–1948)
 Raymond Blaine Fosdick: Adventures in Giving: The Story of the General Education Board. Verlag: Harper and Row, New York 1962.
 Barry D. Karl and Stanley E. Katz: American Private Philanthropic Foundations 1890–1930 (PDF; 1,1 MB), S. 244 ff

Weblinks
 MONEY GIFTS TO HARVARD.; $250,000 from Mrs. C.P. Huntington Secures J.D. Rockefeller Fund. The New York Times, March 14, 1902
 STARR J. MURPHY DIES IN FLORIDA; Personal Counsel for John D. Rockefeller Succumbs at Daytona After Two Operations. HANDLED IMMENSE GIFTS He Was Legal Investigator for Foundation for 17 Years--Examined Projects Before Donations Were Made. Special to The New York Times.  April 05, 1921
 HENRY H. KLEIN: Dynastic America and Those Who Own It. Published by HENRY H. KLEIN, New York 1921 Holdings of Rockefeller Foundation and General Education Board – Seite 134–138

Einzelnachweise
 Henry Whittemore: History of Montclair township. New Jersey; including the history of the families who have been identified with its growth and prosperity The Suburban Publishing Co., New York 1894, Seite 274–75

US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1860
Gestorben 1921
Mann
Rockefeller

Starr J. Murphy


عقد 1560 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1560 و31 ديسمبر 1569 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1550 ولحقه عقد 1570.

أحداث

 تمرد الشمال (1569)
 معاهدة أدرنة (1568)
 قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 1564 (1564)

مواليد

 غاسبار بوهان (1560)
 المير داماد (1561)
 جاكوبو بيري (1561)
 أنيبيل كاراتشي (1560)
 جاكوب أرمينيوس (1560)
 سانتوريو سانتوري (1561)
 وليم بدول (1561)
 لويس دي جونجورا (1561)
 كريستيان الأول، ناخب ساكسونيا (1560)
 إليزابيث باثوري (1560)
 إدوارد رايت (1561)

وفيات

 فيليب ملانكتون (1560)
 أوزديمير باشا (1561)
 جورج كافنديش (1562)
 ماري من غيس (1560)
 شاهزاده بايزيد (1561)
 جواشان دي بيليه (1560)
 رستم باشا (1561)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1560 ابتداءً من

عقد 1560


Kirsten Hansteen (Lyngen, 5 de janeiro de 1903 – Oslo, 17 de novembro de 1974) foi uma editora e bibliotecária norueguesa. Ela foi nomeada Ministra de Assuntos Sociais do Primeiro Gabinete de Gerhardsen em 1945 e foi a primeira mulher membro do gabinete na Noruega.

Biografia
Ela nasceu em Lyngen em Troms, na Noruega. Seus pais se chamavam Ole Christian Strøm Moe (1866–1907) e Gerda Sophie Landmark (1871– 1934). Seu pai morreu quando ela tinha apenas quatro anos, e sua mãe transferiu seus cinco filhos para Kristiania (agora Oslo). Ela se formou artium em 1921 e depois estudou alemão e norueguês na Universidade de Oslo.

Em 1930, casou-se com o advogado Viggo Hansteen (1900–1941). Seu marido foi executado em 1941 durante a ocupação da Noruega pela Alemanha nazista. Ela editou o jornal de resistência e feminista Kvinnefronten (Frente das Mulheres) durante a ocupação alemã.

Após a libertação da Noruega no final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, ela refundou a revista Kvinnen og Tiden com Henriette Bie Lorentzen (1911–2001). Lorentzen e Hansteen trabalharam como editores-chefes conjuntos da revista que estava em publicação de dezembro de 1945 até 1955. Kirsten Hansteen também foi membro do parlamento norueguês de Akershus como representante do Partido Comunista da Noruega de 1945 a 1949. Entre 25 de julho e 5 de novembro de 1945, atuou como Conselheira Consultiva de Estado no Ministério de Assuntos Sociais sob o primeiro-ministro Einar Gerhardsen. A partir de 1959, Kirsten Hansteen trabalhou na Biblioteca da Universidade de Oslo como bibliotecária até se aposentar em 1970. Ela morreu durante 1974 em Oslo.

Bibliografia

Jornalistas da Noruega
Políticos da Noruega
Mortos em 1974
Nascidos em 1903
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Kirsten Hansteen


Grupul de Manevră a fost o mare unitate de cavalerie și infanterie, de nivel tactic, din Armata României, care a participat la Bătălia de pe Tisa din perioada  20-26 iulie (1919), fiind formată din trei divizii Divizia a 2-a de cavalerie, Divizia 1 de infanterie și Divizia a 6-a de infanterie. Comanda grupului a fost încredințată generalului Moșoiu.

Compunerea de luptă
În perioada Bătăliei de pe Tisa din 1919, Grupul a avut următoarea compunere de luptă:
Grupul de Manevră
Divizia a 2-a de cavalerie - comandant: general Davidoglu
 Regimentul 4. roș. - maior:  Maior Chiciu Gh.
 Regimentul 5. roș. - locotenent: colonel  Andronescu Gh.
 Regimentul 10 roș. - locotenent: colonel  Pascu
Divizia 1 de infanterie  - generalul Obogeanu
Divizia a 6-a de infanterie - general Olteanu Marcel

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1919

În cadrul acțiunilor militare postbelice, Grupul de Manevră a participat la Operația ofensivă a Armatei României la vest de Tisa (1919).

Comandanți
 General Moșoiu Traian

Note

Bibliografie
 Drăgănescu Constantin, Campaniile din 1848/1849 și 1919 în Transilvania și Ungaria, Tipografia "Isvorul", București, 1930
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989

Vezi și
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României în Transilvania, iulie 1919

Unități militare române participante la operațiile militare postbelice (1918-1920)

Grupul de Manevră, 1919


La roseraie de Berne (Rosengarten Bern) est un jardin public et une roseraie située en Suisse, dans la partie nord-est de la vieille ville de Berne, le quartier de Schosshalde. Une vue agréable se dégage des hauteurs des jardins vers la vieille ville, la collégiale et la boucle de l'Aar. On y trouve un restaurant, une aire de jeux pour les enfants et une bibliothèque avec un jardin de lecture.

L'endroit sert de cimetière (du nom de Schosshaldenfriedhof) de 1765 à 1877, et en 1913 il laisse la place à un grand jardin public. C'est à partir de 1917 que l'on commence à y planter des roses.

On y érige en 1918 près de l'étang deux groupes sculptés, Europe et Neptune de Karl Hänny. Le parc est redessiné en 1956. Un buste de Jeremias Gotthelf réalisé par Arnold Huggler en 1937 fait place à la nouvelle construction du restaurant d'été en 1960 et est déplacé devant le pavillon avec la bibliothèque.

La roseraie cultive aujourd'hui 223 sortes de roses, 200 variétés d'iris et 28 sortes de rhododendrons. Les allées en croix sont plantées en 1997 de nouveaux tilleuls comme au temps de l'ancien cimetière.

Références

Voir aussi
Liste de roseraies

Liens externes

 Vom Rosengarten aus aufgenommene Bilder der Berner Altstadt
 Informations, site touristique de Berne

Berne
Berne
Parc ou jardin public en Suisse

Roseraie de Berne


Stöde kanal er en kanal som ligger i Medelpad, i Västernorrlands län, i elven Ljungan mellem Torpsjön og Stödesjön.

Kanalen blev bygget 1864-70 og er 48 kilometer lang, hvoraf 0,7 kilometer er bearbejdet. Kanalen er 1,5 meter dyb. I forbindelse med at trafikken på Sundsvall-Torpshammars Järnväg åbnede, ophørte trafikken på Stöde kanal 1877. I 1880 blev vedligeholdspligten hævet.

Referencer
 Svensk uppslagsbok, 26. Malmö 1935

Kanaler i Sverige

Stöde kanal


Le belvédère Claude-Gérard-Marcus est une voie située dans le  de Paris, en France.

Situation et accès
Il est situé à l'intersection de la rue La Fayette et du boulevard de La Villette, en contrebas de la place de la Bataille de Stalingrad et en surplomb du canal Saint-Martin.

Ce site est desservi par la station de métro Jaurès.

Origine du nom
La voie porte le nom de Claude-Gérard Marcus (1933-2020), homme politique français et maire de l'arrondissement entre 1983 et 1989.

Historique

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies du 10 arrondissement de Paris
 Liste des places de Paris

Notes, sources et références

Claude-Gérard-Marcus
Claude-Gérard-Marcus

Belvédère Claude-Gérard-Marcus


Griffinia, biljni rod lukovičastih geofita iz potporodice Amaryllidoideae, dio tribusa Griffineae. Postoji dvadesetak vrsta raširenih po Južnoj Americi. Sve su Brazilski endemi.

Rod je opisan 1820. nakon šta je iz roda Amaryllis isključena vrsta Amaryllis hyacinthina, koja je prvo uključena u rod Lycoris (1819) i konačno 1820. postaje tipčna u novom rodu Griffinia, sada pod imenom G. hyacinthina

Vrste
 Griffinia alba K.D.Preuss & Meerow
 Griffinia angustifolia Campos-Rocha, Dutilh & Semir
 Griffinia aracensis Ravenna
 Griffinia arifolia Ravenna
 Griffinia capixabae Campos-Rocha & Dutilh
 Griffinia colatinensis Ravenna
 Griffinia concinna (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Ravenna
 Griffinia espiritensis Ravenna
 Griffinia gardneriana (Herb.) Ravenna
 Griffinia hyacinthina (Ker Gawl.) Ker Gawl.
 Griffinia ilheusiana Ravenna
 Griffinia intermedia Lindl.
 Griffinia itambensis Ravenna
 Griffinia liboniana É.Morren
 Griffinia meerowiana Campos-Rocha & M.Peixoto
 Griffinia mucurina Ravenna
 Griffinia nocturna Ravenna
 Griffinia ornata T.Moore
 Griffinia parviflora Ker Gawl.
 Griffinia paubrasilica Ravenna
 Griffinia rochae G.M.Morel
 Griffinia rostrata Ravenna

Izvori

Amaryllidoideae

Griffinia


Joachim Knappe (* 31. März 1929 in München; † 5. Juni 2003 in Heidelberg) war ein deutscher Biologe. Von 1976 bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1997 war er Direktor des Institutes für Biologische Chemie der Universität Heidelberg, danach bis 2000 Forschungsgruppenleiter am Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH).

Sein Vater Heinrich Knappe war Kapellmeister und Professor für Tonkunst in München.

Nach dem Abitur an der Luitpold-Oberrealschule begann er im Sommersemester 1948 mit dem Studium an der Universität München, das er 1957 mit der Promotion über die Carboxylierung von Enzym-gebundenem Biotin bei dessen Funktion als aktivierender CO2-Überträger unter seinem Doktorvater Feodor Lynen beendete.

Anschließend beschäftigte er sich mit der anaeroben α-Spaltung von Pyruvat.

1960 wurde er von Georg Wittig als wissenschaftlicher Assistent an das Organisch-Chemische Institut der Universität Heidelberg gerufen, wo er sich 1963 mit einer Arbeit über die Coenzym-Wirkung des Biotins, zu der er Markierungsversuche, chemische und enzymatische Modifizierungen anstellte, habilitierte. 1969 wurde er dort zum ordentlichen Professor berufen. Einen Ruf auf den Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Universität Münster hatte er 1968 abgelehnt.

Veröffentlichungen
 mit Dorothea Kessler, Werner Herth: Ultrastructure and pyruvate formate-lyase radical quenching property of the multienzymic AdhE protein of Escherichia coli. In: The Journal of biological chemistry. Band 267, Nummer 25, September 1992, S. 18073–18079, . PMID 1325457.
 mit A. F. Wagner, Manfred Frey, Franz A. Neugebauer, W. Schäfer: The free radical in pyruvate formate-lyase is located on glycine-734. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Band 89, Nummer 3, Februar 1992, S. 996–1000, . PMID 1310545. .
 mit Hans P. Blaschkowski, Peter Grobner, Thomas Schmitt: Pyruvate Formate-Lyase of Escherichia coli: the Acetyl-Enzyme Intermediate. In: European Journal of Biochemistry. 50, 1974, S. 253–263, doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03894.x.
 mit Thomas Schmitt: A novel reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine correlated with the activation of pyruvate formate-lyase. In: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 71, 1976, S. 1110–1117, doi:10.1016/0006-291X(76)90768-3.

Auszeichnungen
 1963: Stipendium der Karl-Winnacker-Stiftung der Hoechst AG
 1997: Eduard-Buchner-Preis der Gesellschaft für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie

Weblinks
 Nachruf auf biospektrum.de
 Lebenslauf Joachim Knappe auf der Website der Karl-Winnacker-Stiftung (S. 24, PDF; 639 kB)

Biologe
Hochschullehrer (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1929
Gestorben 2003
Mann

Joachim Knappe (Biologe)


10042 Budstewart este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10042 Budstewart este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,57 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 12,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

10042 Budstewart


Tjornokozyntsi-borgen er ruinen af en befæstet bygning, der blev opført i slutningen af 1300-tallet eller begyndelsen af 1400-tallet nær landsbyen Tjornokozyntsi i Kamjanets-Podilskij rajon i Khmelnytskyj oblast, Ukraine. Fra midten af 1400-tallet til slutningen af 1700-tallet fungerede borgen som sommerresidens for de romersk-katolske biskopper i Kamjanets.

I 1500-tallet blev borgen to gange ødelagt af tatarer, og i 1674 hærgede tyrkerne den. I 1795 kom borgen under den russiske stat.

Borgen var omgivet af en voldgrav og bestod af en gammel og en nyere del, der var adskilt af en mur med en port. Det havde fire tårne, men der er kun bevaret dele af to af disse.

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Ukraine

Tjornokozyntsi-borgen


An Anthurium vinillense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Sydney Bunting. An Anthurium vinillense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium vinillense


Joseph Malet est un sculpteur français né le  à Millau et mort le  à Malakoff.

Biographie
Joseph Malet naît le  à Millau, fils de Frédéric Bernard Malet, employé de la Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi et de Mathilde Rose Durand, sans profession.

Il est élève des sculpteurs Alexandre Falguière, Antonin Mercié et Laurent Marqueste aux Beaux-Arts de Paris.

Il expose au Salon des artistes français à Paris, recevant une mention honorable en 1900 et des médailles en 1905 et 1922.

Il réalise un grand nombre de monuments aux morts de la Première Guerre mondiale, des bustes et statues installés dans des lieux publics, ainsi que des petits sujets en bronze.

Joseph Malet meurt le  dans son domicile du 31, rue Gambetta à Malakoff.

Il est enterré au cimetière vieux de Béziers, dans le caveau familial dont il a réalisé le monument funéraire.

Œuvres dans les collections publiques

 Arvieu : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918 et de 1939-1945.
 Auzits : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918 et de 1939-1945.
 Bédarieux :
 Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918, 1923, bas-relief en pierre ;
 Monument à Noémie Berthomieu, 1936, buste en pierre.
 Bertholène : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918 et de 1939-1945.
 Béziers, cimetière vieux : Monument funéraire de la famille Malet, 1914, pierre.
 Carlat : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918.
 Cassagnes-Bégonhès : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918, de 1939-1945 et de la guerre d'Algérie.
 Marcillac-Vallon : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918..
 Millau :
 parc de la Victoire :
 Monument à Léopold Constans, 1909, buste en bronze ;
 Monument à André Balitrand, 1933, buste en marbre de Carrare ;
 école primaire Jean-Henri Fabre : Jean-Henri Fabre, 1926, statue en plâtre ;
 église Saint-François, tympan : saint François d'Assise recevant les stigmates, 1928 ;
 square André Malraux : Monument à Claude Peyrot, 1909, buste en bronze.
 Mostuéjouls : Monument à Édouard-Alfred Martel et à Louis Armand, 1927, buste en bronze. Portrait en haut-relief d'Armand en buste tenant une lampe de spéléologue de la main droite et de la main gauche un barreau d'échelle de corde fixée à un pieu et dont la corde retombe au bas de la plaque de dédicace, inauguré le .
 Moyrazès : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918, de 1939-1945, de la guerre d'Indochine et de la guerre d'Algérie.
 Nasbinals :
 Monument à Pierrounet, buste en bronze. Pierre Brioude, dit Pierrounet, né en 1832 et mort en 1907, berger célèbre pour ses pouvoirs de guérisseur ;
 Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918, 1922, avec la statue du Salut au héros.
 Privas : Monument aux Mobiles de l'Ardèche, édifié en 1909.
 Recoules-Prévinquières : Monument à Victorin Mas, buste.
 Rodez, musée Denys-Puech : Il passe ; Le Temps, 1904, groupe en plâtre.
 Saint-Hippolyte : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918, de 1939-1945 et de la guerre d'Algérie.
 Saint-Léons : Monument à Jean-Henri Fabre, 1924, statue en bronze.
 Villefranche-de-Rouergue : Monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918, 1925.

Récompenses et distinctions
 1900 : Salon des artistes français, section de sculpture, mention honorable.
 1905 : Salon des artistes français, section de sculpture, troisième médaille.
 1910 : lauréat du prix Cabrol décerné par la Société des lettres, sciences et arts de l'Aveyron.
 1922 : Salon des artistes français, médaille.

Hommages
Une impasse à Millau porte son nom.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sculpteur français du XIXe siècle
Sculpteur français du XXe siècle
Élève de l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts au XIXe siècle
Naissance en janvier 1873
Naissance à Millau
Décès en juillet 1946
Décès à Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)
Décès à 73 ans

Joseph Malet


Lehigh Valley International Airport , formerly Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton International Airport, is a domestic airport located in Hanover Township in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. Lehigh Valley International Airport is located in the center of the Lehigh Valley, roughly  northeast of Allentown,  northwest of Bethlehem, and  southwest of Easton.

Lehigh Valley International Airport is the fourth-busiest airport in Pennsylvania, after Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Harrisburg international airports and the only commercial passenger service airport located in the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania's third-most populous metropolitan region. As of 2020, the airport is utilized by 851,000 passengers annually.

The airport is also heavily utilized for the transport of air cargo due to growth of e-commerce and its close proximity to major population centers on the East Coast.  As of 2016, the airport ships more than 126 million pounds of cargo annually with growth of nearly 166% in cargo tonnage shipped between 2015 and 2016. Companies such as Amazon.com are using the airport, a major factor in its growth.

History

Lehigh Valley International Airport opened in 1929. Scheduled airline flights began on September 16, 1935 with flights by United Airlines' Boeing 247s. The airport hangar initially served as the passenger terminal. The first terminal building at the airport was built in 1938 as part of a Works Progress Administration project.

During World War II, the U.S. Navy's V-5 flight training program was conducted at the airport in conjunction with ground training held at Muhlenberg College in nearby Allentown. In addition, the headquarters of Group 312 of the Civil Air Patrol was at Allentown–Bethlehem Airport. One of its activities was to provide a courier service for cargo defense plants. Allentown CAP pilots also patrolled the Atlantic coastline and were active in recruiting young men for the United States Army Air Forces's air cadet program.

By January 1944, work on a new runway was completed and a Class A United States Weather Bureau station had been installed. About 1,000 Naval Aviation Cadets were trained in 1943, and civil and military air traffic had increased. In late July, the War Production Board approved the construction of a second story addition to the administration building. The building housed the Lehigh Aircraft Company, the weather bureau station, the Civil Aeronautic communications station, and the office and waiting room of United Air Lines. In August, the V-5 flight training program ended when the Navy decided to move all flight training to naval air bases under Navy pilots.

In April 1946, the Lehigh Airport Authority was created to own and manage the airport. The October 1946 command and general staff diagram shows four runways forming an asterisk: runway 1 was 2680 feet long, runway 6 was 4000 feet, runway 9 was 3800 feet and runway 14 was 3100 feet.

Construction on a new passenger terminal began in 1948 and was finished in 1950. Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton (ABE) Airport, as it was then called, had flights on United, Trans World Airlines since 1947, and Colonial Airlines since 1949–50. Douglas DC-4s and DC-6s appeared after runway 6 was extended to 5,000 feet. TWA left in 1967, replaced by Allegheny Airlines; Colonial's successor Eastern Air Lines remained until 1991. Republic Airlines' McDonnell Douglas DC-9's offered nonstop flights to Detroit and were continued by Northwest Airlines after Northwest's acquisition of Republic. Northwest also offered one-stop flights to Detroit with a stop in Harrisburg. Regional partners replaced successor Northwest around 2003. Delta Air Lines started nonstop flights to Atlanta and Harrisburg in 1991 and later added flights to Cincinnati, initially operated by Delta until changing to Delta Connection carrier Comair.

In 2012, Frontier Airlines started twice a week nonstop Airbus A319 flights to Orlando International Airport; they ended in 2013. Allegiant Air now flies nonstop from Lehigh Valley to Orlando via Orlando Sanford International Airport (SFB) in nearby Sanford, Florida.

Construction began on the present terminal in 1973. The project, designed by Wallace & Watson, was completed in 1976.

The most recent terminal renovations were completed in two phases:

 Phase I (April 2009). Cost: $7,253,235; PENNDOT grant amount: $3 million; general contractor: Lobar, Inc. (Dillsburg, PA); architect: Breslin, Ridyard, Fadero Architects (Allentown, PA); square footage of the Phase I project: 24,000 sq.ft., 7,000 sq.ft. of which is new space.
 Phase II (November 2010). Cost: about $7,225,000; PENNDOT grant amount: $3.5 million; general contractor: E.R. Stuebner Construction, Inc. (Reading, PA); architect: Breslin, Ridyard, Fadero Architects (Allentown, PA); square footage of renovated space: 33,600 sq.ft.

On May 26, 2016, Solar Impulse 2 (SI2), piloted by Bertrand Piccard, completed the 13th leg (from Dayton, Ohio) of the first around the world (43,041 km) fuel-less flight by this solar-powered plane with a landing at ABE. On June 11, 2016, André Borschberg began the 14th leg (ABE to JFK, which included a dramatic Statue of Liberty flyover). While at ABE, an open house was held for public viewing of the SI2 aircraft.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 categorizes Lehigh Valley International Airport as a small hub primary commercial service facility. In 2019 to 2023, the FAA categorized the airport as a "non-hub primary" and previous years it was categorized as a "small hub."

After several years of falling passenger counts in the early 2000s, the airport has lately experienced a significant rebound in passenger totals due to it being an alternative to congested airports in Philadelphia and Newark, its facility improvements, a rapidly growing regional population, carrier expansions (especially Allegiant Air), and multiple new routes being added for popular destinations and major hubs across the country. The airport was utilized by 911,970 passengers in 2019, which represents an increase of 15.01% over its use the previous year, in 2018. Much of this growth has been driven by Allegiant Airlines' expansion at the airport.

One of the shortest scheduled jet flights in the contiguous US operated between Lehigh Valley (ABE) and Philadelphia International (PHL) airports. Piedmont Airlines operating as American Eagle (airline brand) regularly flew an Embraer ERJ-145 regional jet on the 55-mile route on behalf of American Airlines via a code sharing agreement. The average time in the air was 20 minutes. It was the shortest flight in the contiguous United States until 2017, when it was surpassed by United Express's San Francisco to Santa Rosa route in 2017, which had an average time in the air of 16 minutes. The ABE-PHL flights ended in 2020.

Facilities
The airport covers  at an elevation of 393 feet (120 m). It has two asphalt runways: 6/24, 7,599 by 150 feet (2,316 x 46 m) and 13/31, 5,800 by 150 feet (1,768 x 46 m). The airport has nine gates to service the passengers. The airport has six holding spots for cargo aircraft. Mainly Boeing 757 cargo aircraft fly in and out of the airport for FedEx along with Amazon Prime Air Boeing 767s.

In the year ending December 31, 2018 the airport had 75,231 aircraft operations, an average of 206 per day: 73% general aviation, 14% commercial airline, 12% air taxi, and <1% military. In May 2020, 137 aircraft were based at the airport: 73 single-engine, 11 multi-engine, 52 jet, and 1 helicopter.

In the year ending March 2020 the airport handled about  of freight/mail.

The Lehigh-Northampton Airport Authority also operates two nearby general aviation airports, Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport in Allentown and Braden Airpark in Easton.

Fire department
Aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) is provided by the LNAA ARFF Department, which consists of seven full-time and three part-time personnel, operating from a 13,000 sq.ft. facility commissioned in October 2003.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Cargo
Amazon.com uses the Lehigh Valley International Airport (LVIA) as one of only 11 locations in the country for their Amazon Air shipping service. LVIA was one of the first airports selected for the pilot concept of the program due to its close proximity to large population centers, cost-effectiveness, robust infrastructure, and comparative ease of use. This location now ships more merchandise, has more flights and serves more people (over 75 million from Boston to Washington, D.C., as of late 2016) for Amazon than any other facility in the country. Both Amazon and LVIA continue to invest heavily in the local area to better support the ever-increasing demand for air cargo driven in large part by the explosive growth of e-commerce and the need for faster, more efficient delivery of merchandise.

Due to the same aforementioned reasons for Amazon increasing its operations at the airport, FedEx Ground has selected an area near LVIA to construct its largest terminal in the country.

ABE currently has six cargo parking spots for cargo operations.

Former carriers

Southeast Airlines (November 2002–August 2012)
AirTran Airways (April 2009–August 2012)
Air Canada, Air Toronto, Air Georgian (until 2012)
Trans World Airlines (November 1993-)
Provincetown-Boston Airlines
Freedom Airlines
Eastern Airlines
Frontier Airlines
US Airways, USAir, Allegheny Airlines
Republic Airlines
Continental Airlines, Continental Express
Piedmont Airlines, Piedmont Connection
Presidential Airways
Colgan Airways
Suburban Airlines
Altair Airlines
Monmouth Airlines
Canadian Partners, Ontario Express
Holiday Airlines
Hooters Air (May 2005-April 2006)

Bus service
Trans-Bridge Lines runs several daily buses from ABE to Manhattan, stopping at both Newark (EWR) and New York (JFK) Airports. Travel time to EWR is about 75 minutes.

United Airlines also has a bus service to Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR). Continental Airlines, which later merged into United, previously operated flights from Allentown to Newark but switched to a bus service in 1995 due to constant delays from air traffic control. The distance is . , the service was eight times daily. Today, the service is offered three times daily. By February 2010, bus was the only form of service offered by Continental after it cancelled its Allentown to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport flights.

American Airlines operates a bus service to Philadelphia International Airport.

LANta provides local bus service to the airport with routes 215 (Bethlehem), 319 (Lehigh Valley Mall-Bethlehem Square), and 325 (Allentown).

Statistics

Annual traffic

Carrier shares

Top destinations

Incidents and accidents

20th century
 On May 5, 1972, Eastern Air Lines Flight 175, a Boeing 727 en route to Washington National Airport was hijacked by Frederick Hahneman, a Honduran-American. The plane eventually landed in Honduras after Hahneman parachuted in mid-flight with $300,000 in ransom money. There were no fatalities or injuries.

21st century
 On September 19, 2008, Mesa Airlines Flight 7138, a Bombardier CRJ700, was forced to make a high-speed aborted takeoff and swerve in order to avoid a collision with a Cessna 172 that had yet to exit the airport's runway after landing. There were no fatalities or injuries.
 On November 16, 2008, US Airways Flight 4551, a US Airways Express De Havilland Canada Dash 8 turboprop operated by Piedmont Airlines, took off from Lehigh Valley International Airport at 8:20 am headed to Philadelphia International Airport when the flight was forced to make an emergency landing. The flight crew indicated that the front nose gear had not come down, and the plane had to make a flyover of the runway for confirmation. There were no injuries among the 35 passengers and three crew members.
 On June 27, 2009, Allegiant Air Flight 746, a McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft, made an emergency landing at the airport after flames were observed coming from the aircraft's left engine. The flight was bound for Orlando Sanford International Airport. During takeoff, one of the aircraft's tires shredded and part of it was sucked into the engine, causing engine failure and a momentary fire. The plane landed safely minutes later with no injuries reported.
 On February 27, 2023, Mark Muffley, a passenger from Lansford, Pennsylvania, attempted to board an Allegiant Air flight from Lehigh Valley International Airport to Orlando International Airport after having allegedly checked luggage that included an explosive device. After being paged, the passenger fled the airport and was later arrested by federal agents and charged with "possessing an explosive in an airport and attempting to place an explosive on an aircraft", according to New York Post.

Notable visits
In 1960, then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy made campaign stops at ABE. President George H. W. Bush visited ABE in 1992 onboard Air Force One, a Boeing VC-25 (747). Former President Donald Trump also made two campaign stops at ABE in May and October 2020.

References

External links

1929 establishments in Pennsylvania
Airports established in 1929
Airports in Pennsylvania
Transportation buildings and structures in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Allentown, Pennsylvania

Lehigh Valley International Airport


William Barford (décédé en novembre 1792) est un érudit anglais et un pasteur anglican.

Biographie
Barford fait ses études au Collège d'Eton et entre au King's College de Cambridge en 1737. Il obtient un BA en 1742, MA en 1746 et DD en 1771. Il devient tuteur de son collège, est trois fois modérateur à l'école des Sophs, surveillant en 1761 et de 1762 à 1768 orateur public, ne démissionnant du poste que pour se présenter au poste de professeur de grec, qu'il n'obtient pas. En 1768, son collège le présente pour la cure de Fordingbridge, dans le Hampshire, et l'année suivante, il est nommé aumônier du président de la Chambre des communes par John Cust, alors président, mais n'occupe le poste que pendant une seule session. L'orateur suivant nomme un autre aumônier, et les amis de Barford craignent qu'il ne soit privé de l'avancement habituel conféré aux titulaires de la charge; mais sous prétexte qu'il devait être considéré comme aumônier, nommé non par l'orateur mais par la maison, il est résolu, le 9 mai 1770, qu'une demande soit faite au roi pour lui conférer quelque dignité. Il est par conséquent installé prébendier de Cantorbéry en juin de la même année. En 1773, il démissionne de Fordingbridge pour le presbytère de Kimpton, Hertfordshire, qu'il occupe avec le poste d'Allhallows, Lombard Street, jusqu'à sa mort en novembre 1792. Il se marie en 1764.

Le  Jacob Bryant, dans la préface du troisième volume de son New System of Mythology, rend un hommage appuyé aux talents et à l'érudition de Barford, le remerciant pour son «zèle», son «assistance» et ses «remarques judicieuses». Dans la vie de Bryant, préfixée à l'édition en six volumes du New System, Barford est mis en tête de la liste de ses amis.

Œuvres
Une dissertation latine de Barford sur le « Premier Pythien » est publiée dans l'édition de Henry Huntingford des œuvres de Pindare, à laquelle est annexée une courte vie de l'auteur, une liste de ses œuvres et un éloge de son savoir. La liste se compose de poèmes sur divers événements politiques en latin et en grec, écrits en sa qualité d'orateur public, une oraison latine aux funérailles de William George, prévôt du King's College, 1756, et un Concio ad Clerum, 1784, écrit après son installation comme chanoine de Cantorbéry.

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de King's College (Cambridge)
Élève du collège d'Eton
Décès en novembre 1792

William Barford


عبد القادر حلمي (1948- ) عالم صواريخ ومهندس عسكري مصري، ولد في 10 فبراير عام 1948م، عمل لسنوات في مجال تطوير الصواريخ الباليستية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

نشأته ودراسته
ولد المهندس عبد القادر حلمي في قرية الأشمونين في ملوي بمحافظة المنيا في 10 فبراير عام 1948م، كان ضمن العشرة الأوائل في الثانوية العامة بمصر، التحق بالكلية الفنية العسكرية وتخصص في دراسة الهندسة النووية والكيميائية. تخرج في الكلية الفنية العسكرية المصرية في العام 1970، حاصل على المركز الأول بامتياز مع مرتبة الشرف من قسم الهندسة الكيميائية وتخصص في أنظمة الدفع الصاروخي.

تم إلحاقة بالأكاديمية العسكرية السوفييتية ليحصل علي درجتي الماجستير والدكتوراه في مجال تطوير أنظمة الدفع الصاروخي ومكونات الصواريخ الباليستية في فترة كانت مصر تفتقر فيها إلى الصواريخ الباليستية فقد كان أقصى مدى لصواريخها 350 كيلومتر في ذلك الوقت.

عمله في مجال الصواريخ
تم إعفاؤه من الخدمة العسكرية وإلحاقة بأحد المصانع الحربية وهو مصنع قادر للصناعات المتطورة لثلاث سنوات قبل أن يتم انتقاله إلى كندا للعمل كخبير صواريخ في أواخر السبعينات وفي تلك الفترة كان اللواء محمد عبد الحليم أبو غزالة يشغل منصب مدير عام المخابرات الحربية، وبعد ستة أشهر تم زرعه في شركة Teledyne Corporation المتخصصة في إنتاج أنظمة الدفع الصاروخي لصالح وزارة الدفاع الأمريكية وانتقل للاستقرار في ولاية كاليفورنيا وطيلة الفترة منذ مغادرة مصر في السبعينات وحتى 1984م بقي الدكتور عبد القادر حلمي عميلاً نائماً لصالح وطنه مصر.

دوره مع المخابرات المصرية
قام بتسريب المعلومات والتصميمات الكاملة للجيش المصري وأظهرت تقارير السي أي إيه أنه ظل يقوم بإمداد دوري مستمر لآخر أبحاث هذا النوع من القنابل لصالح مصر حتى السابع من مارس 1986 بمستندات وتصميمات عالية السرية

على صعيد موازي كان اللواء عبد الحليم أبو غزالة قد بدأ مشروعاً طموحاً لإنتاج الصواريخ الباليستية في أوائل الثمانينيات بالتحالف مع الأرجنتين و العراق عرف باسم مشروع بدر 2000 حيث تقوم العراق بتمويل أبحاث صاروخ الكوندور وتقوم الأرجنتين بتوفير الخبرة التكنولوجية والاتصالات وتقوم مصر بالدور الاستخباراتي في مجال تطوير الأبحاث.

عند هذه المرحلة كانت مراحل التصنيع وصلت لذورتها وتوقفت عند احتياج المشروع لبرمجيات عالية السرية وحساسة لتوجية الصورايخ وضبط اتجاهاتها، عندها قام الدكتور عبد القادر حلمي بالتعاون مع اللواء خيرت ولواء آخر هو عبد الرحيم الجوهري مدير مكتب تطوير الأسلحة الباليستيه بوزارة الدفاع المصرية والمسؤول الأول عن عملية بدر 2000 بتجنيد عالم أمريكي آخر هو جيمس هوفمان الذي سهل لهم دخول مركز قيادة متقدم في هانتسفيل - بالولايات المتحدة تابع للقيادة المتقدمة الإستراتيجية ومسؤول عن تطوير برمجيات لأنظمة توجية صواريخ باتريوت، وتجنيد عالم برمجيات أمريكي آخر هو كيث سميث وبذلك تم اختراق تصميمات شبكة الدفاع الصاروخي الأولى للولايات المتحدة بالكامل.

استطاع المهندس عبد القادر حلمي فك شفرة صواريخ توماهوك الأمريكية، فاكتشف الدكتور عبد القادر وجود أبحاث في مركز آخر تابع لقيادة سلاح الجو الأمريكي لصناعة نوع من أنابيب الكربون النانومترية حيث يجري طلائها على جسم (الطائرة أو الصاروخ.. إلخ) لتعمية أنظمة الرادار وتخفي أي بصمة رادارية له لتحوّل الصاروخ إلى شبح في الجو لا يمكن رصده وهو ما يعرف بتقنية التخفي كما أنها تقلل احتكاك رأس الصاروخ بالهواء بنسبة عشرين بالمائة وبالتالي ترفع مداه القتالي وتحسن دقة إصابته للهدف.

وبدأت عملية محمومة للحصول علي هذه المادة وشحنها إلى معامل الأبحاث والتطوير هي ونوع خاص من الصاج المعالج الذي يتم طلاؤه بها ليكون جسم الصاروخ

في 19 مارس 1988م قام دبلوماسي مصري يدعى محمد فؤاد بالطيران إلى واشنطن، والتقى بالدكتور عبد القادر حلمي وقاما بشحن صندوقين سعتهما 436 رطلاً من نوع من ألياف الكربون تُدعى MX-4926  عبر سيارة دبلوماسية تابعة للسفارة المصرية بقيادة عقيد يُدعى محمد عبد الله وتحت إشراف اللواء عبد الرحيم الجوهري لنقلها إلى طائرة شحن عسكري مصرية من طراز C-130 رابضة في مطار بولاية ماريلاند في 23 مارس 1988م وتكررت العملية في 25 يونيو في نفس العام.

القبض عليه ومحاكمته
رصدت المخابرات الأمريكية مكالمة هاتفية تتحدث عن مواد لا يمكن شحنها دون رقابة صادرة من دكتور عبد القادر حلمي لحسام خيرت وتم القبض عليه عام 1989م وتشير بعض الدلائل بأن هذا هو السبب الرئيسي في إقالة رئيس الجمهورية في ذلك الوقت محمد حسني مبارك للمشير أبو غزالة بناءاً على طلب أمريكي بضرورة إقالة المشير.

حوكم عبد القادر حلمي ب12 تهمة منها:
 غسيل الأموال.
 انتهاك قانون الذخائر والأسلحة وتصدير مواد محظورة شملت هوائيات عالية الموجة للاستخدام العسكري ومطاط وكربون معالج للصواريخ وأنظمة توجية وصاج معالج لبناء الصواريخ ووثائق ومخططات سرية. وتم القبض على زوجته وتم ضم أبناؤه إلى أسرة أمريكية للرعاية وصودرت أوراقه وأبحاثه وممتلكاته وحساباته المصرفية. في عام 1989م تمت إدانته والحكم عليه بالسجن لستة وأربعين شهراً والمراقبة لمدة ثلاث سنوات وغرامة قدرها 358,690 دولار، وظل قيد الإقامة الجبرية في الولايات المتحدة لمدة 25 عاما حتى قامت الإدارة الأمريكية بالإفراج عنه في 2013 وهو الآن مقيم في مصر .

وصلات خارجية
 تقارير وكالات الأنباء الأمريكية عن قضية عبد القادر حلمي.

مراجع

عسكريون مصريون
مهندسون مصريون
مواليد 1948
ضباط عسكريون مصريون

عبد القادر حلمي


Hyacinthe este un prenume, în general masculin.  Forma Hyacinth poate fi feminină sau masculină.

Oameni având acest prenume
 Hyacinthe Rigaud, pictor baroc francez;
 Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen, fost arhiepiscop de Paris;
 Hyacinthe Klosé, clarinetist francez;
 Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, teolog și cardinal italian;
 Hyacinthe Thiandoum, fost arhiepiscop de Dakar, capitala Senegalului;
 Hyacinthe Jadin, compozitor francez al anilor 1700;
 Hyacinthe Francois Joseph Despinoy, general francez al războaielor Revoluției franceze;
 Hyacinthe de Bougainville, ofițer naval francez;
 Hyacinthe Collin de Vermont, pictor francez;
 Hyacinthe Gaëtan de Lannion, politician francez din secolul al XVIII-lea;
 Hyacinthe de Valroger, preot Romano-catolic francez;
 Hyacinthe Aube, amiral francez;
 Hyacinthe Loyson, preot Romano-catolic francez controversat;

Variante lingvistice
 în germană și engleză: Hyacinth
 în italiană: Giacinto, Giacinta
 în spaniolă și portugheză: Jacinto, Jacinta
 în catalană: Jacint, Jacinta
 în poloneză: Jacek, Jacenty
 în maghiară: Jácint

În ficțiune
 Hyacinthe, personaj ficțional character din seria de romane  Kushiel's Legacy ale autoarei Jacqueline Carey.

Alte articole
 Hyacinthe (dezambiguizare)
 Hyacinth (prenume)

Prenume masculine
Nume

Hyacinthe


Durania je rod rudista koji pripada porodici Radiolitidae.

Rasprostranjenost
Ostatci roda Durania pronađeni su u: Albaniji, Crnoj Gori, Egiptu, Francuskoj, Grčkoj, Hrvatskoj, Iranu, Italiji, Jamajci, Jordanu, Kubi, Meksiku, Njemačkoj, Omanu, Peruu, Rumunjskoj, Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, Sloveniji, Somaliji, Srbiji, Španjolskoj, Turskoj i Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima. Među lokacijama u Hrvatskoj gdje su pronađeni ostatci ovog roda su: Brač, Fenoliga i južna Istra.

Taksonomija
Rodu Durania pripadaju sljedeće vrste:

 Durania arundinea Parona, 1911.
 Durania hippuritoidea Parona, 1911.
 Durania inermis Douvillé, 1913.
 Durania radiata Z.-R. Yang, 1984.
 Durania xinjiangensis Z.-R. Yang, 1984.

Izvori

Rudisti

Durania (rod rudista)


An Dyckia tweediei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez. An Dyckia tweediei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia tweediei


Richard Hol (født Rijk Hol) (født 23. juli 1825 i Amsterdam, død 14. maj 1904 i Utrecht, Holland) var en hollandsk komponist og dirigent.

Hol skrev 4 symfonier, orkesterværker, 2 operaer, sange, klavermusik, oratorier, orgelmusik etc. Han hører til de betydningsfulde komponister i Holland i det 19. århundrede.

Han var influeret af den tyske skole og komponister som Ludwig van Beethoven og Robert Schumann.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni nr. 1 (i C-mol)  (1863) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 2 (i D-mol)  (1866) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 3 (i Bb-dur) (1884) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 4 (i A-mol)  (1889) - for orkester
 "Floris V" (1892) - opera
 "Ud af Surf" (1894) - opera
 "Hvorfor og en vandresang (1855) - for sanger
 "David"'' (1881) - oratorium (dramatisk digt) - for solister, kor og orkester

Noter
 om Richard Hol på musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Nederlandene
Dirigenter fra Nederlandene

Richard Hol


Gurbannazar Ezizow (1 de março de 1940 - 20 de setembro de 1975) foi um poeta turquemeno e vencedor do Prêmio Magtymguly do Turquemenistão.

Gurbannazar nasceu em 1 de março de 1940 em Asgabade. Ele começou a frequentar a escola em 1948 e se formou na Escola Nº 29 em Asgabade em 1959. Nesse mesmo ano, ele entrou para a Faculdade de Filologia da Universidade Estadual do Turcomenistão. Graduou-se na universidade em 1964 e foi designado para o conselho editorial da United Children's Literature Publishing House. No mesmo ano, ele foi convocado para o serviço militar. Após a exoneração em 1965, atuou como diretor da seção de poesia do jornal Edebiýat ("Literatura e Arte") até 1970. De 1972 até o fim de sua vida trabalhou como consultor literário na União de Escritores do Turquemenistão. Poemas arquivados também foram preservados na própria leitura de Ezizow.

Gurbannazar Ezizow morreu tragicamente, morto a tiros por um soldado soviético, em uma rodovia perto de Gazanjyk em 20 de setembro de 1975, após uma reunião de jovens escritores e poetas em Turkmenbashy.

Colaboração com Nury Halmammedow
O compositor turquemeno Nury Halmammedov colocou a poesia de Ezizow na música, mais notavelmente na composição Türkmen sähra ("T steppe turcomena").

Vida pessoal
Gurbannazar nasceu em uma família de joalheiros e foi ensinado a arte das joias por seu pai Abdyleziz. É por isso que entre a nação turquemena Ezizow é conhecida como "zergär şahyr", traduzida como "poeta joalheiro". Mais tarde, após a morte de seu pai, sua mãe Gulnabat manteve todas as joias artesanais que ainda estão passando de geração em geração como herança.

Ezizow se casou em 1966, aos 26 anos. Ele teve quatro filhas (Yazgul, Arzygul, Sahragul, Ogulabat) e um filho (Serdar). Sua esposa, Halsoltan, era governanta até que seu marido morreu e ela teve que cuidar de suas filhas e um filho recém-nascido.

A mãe de Ezizow, Gulnabat, faleceu em 25 de abril de 2017, aos 97 anos. Seu pai, Abdyleziz, morreu logo após a morte do poeta.

A viúva e os filhos do poeta estão vivendo no Turquemenistão.

Links externos

 Gurbannazar Ezizowyě ömri nós döredijiligi
 Gurbannazar Ezizowyě saýlanan eserleri

Poetas do Turcomenistão
Naturais de Asgabate
Nascidos em 1940
Mortos em 1975
Turquemenos

Gurbannazar Ezizow


اوليسيا رولين(بالروسية: Oлeся Pулин ولدت في (17 مارس 1986) في موسكو روسيا. ممثلة ومغنية روسية-أمريكية، اشتهرت بعد دورها في الفيلم الغنائي  الذي قدمته قناة ديزني.

أصلها
رولين ولدت في موسكو وقتها الاتحاد السوفيتي. وأمضت طفولتها في مدينة ليخوسلافل ثم أنتقلت مع عالتها إلى موسكو.
هي تقيم اليوم في سولت ليك في .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أمريكيون من أصل روسي
روس مهاجرون في الولايات المتحدة
مغنيات روسيات في القرن 21
ممثلات أطفال أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات سوب أوبرا أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل روسي
ممثلات من تكساس
ممثلات من موسكو
ممثلات من يوتا
ممثلو هاي سكول ميوزيكال
ممثلون أمريكيون ظهروا في مسلسلات تلفازية طويلة
ممثلات روسيات في القرن 21
مواليد 1986
مواليد في موسكو

أوليسيا رولين