was a Japanese filmmaker who worked on over 100 films in a career spanning over five decades. He is one of the most successful and critically acclaimed filmmakers in the history of Japanese cinema, having directed several jidaigeki epics such as the 1954 Academy Award-winning film Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto, and its two sequels (1955's Samurai II: Duel at Ichijoji Temple (1955) and 1956's Samurai III: Duel at Ganryu Island).

Career
Born in Tokyo as the son of a shinpa actor, Inagaki appeared on stage in his childhood before joining the Nikkatsu studio as an actor in 1922. Wishing to become a director, he joined Chiezō Kataoka's Chiezō Productions and made his directorial debut with Tenka taiheiki (1928). Returning to Nikkatsu, he continued making jidaigeki and participated in the Naritaki Group of young filmmakers such as Sadao Yamanaka and Fuji Yahiro who collaboratively wrote screenplays under the made up name "Kinpachi Kajiwara". Like others in the group, Inagaki was known for his cheerful and intelligent samurai films. Inagaki later moved to Daiei and then Toho, where he made big budget color spectacles as well as delicate works depicting the feelings of children. He also produced many films and wrote the scripts for dozens of others.

Recognition
His film Muhōmatsu no isshō (Rickshaw Man, 1943) was selected as the 8th best Japanese film of all time in a 1989 poll of Japanese critics and filmmakers. The color remake, Rickshaw Man (1958), won the Golden Lion award at that year's Venice Film Festival. His film Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1954) won the honorary Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Selected filmography

Director
 Tenka taiheiki (天下太平記) (1928)
 Hōrō zanmai (放浪三昧) (1928)
 Muhōmatsu no isshō (無法松の一生) (Rickshaw Man) (1943)
 Noroshi wa Shanghai ni agaru (狼火は上海に揚る 春江遺恨 literally: Signal Fires of Shanghai) (1944)
 Sword for Hire (戦国無頼 Sengoku burai) (1952)
 Samurai Trilogy
 Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (宮本武蔵) (1954)
 Samurai II: Duel at Ichijoji Temple (続宮本武蔵 一乗寺の決闘 Zoku Miyamoto Musashi: Ichijōji no kettō) (1955)
 Samurai III: Duel at Ganryu Island (決闘巌流島 Kettō Ganryūjima) (1956)
 The Lone Journey a.k.a. The Road (旅路 Tabiji) (1955)
 Arashi (嵐) (1956)
 Yagyu Secret Scrolls (柳生武芸帳 Yagyū Bugeichō) (1957)
 Rickshaw Man (無法松の一生) (1957)
 Yagyu Secret Scrolls part II (柳生武芸帳 双龍秘剣 Yagyū Bugeichō–Sōryū hiken) a.k.a. Ninjitsu (1958)
 The Birth of Japan (日本誕生, Nippon Tanjō), also called The Three Treasures (1959)
Life of an Expert Swordsman (或る剣豪の生涯 Aru kengō no shōgai) (1959)
 The Story of Osaka Castle (大阪城物語 Ōsaka-jō monogatari) (1961)
 Chushingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki (忠臣蔵 花の巻 雪の巻) (1962)
 The Secret Sword (秘剣 Hiken) (1963)
 Whirlwind (Shikonmado - Dai tatsumaki) (1964)
 Sasaki Kojiro—Zenpen: Fuun Osaka-jo Kohen: Ketto Ganryushima (a.k.a. Kojiro) (1967)
 Samurai Banners (風林火山 Fūrin Kazan) (1969)
 Machibuse (待ち伏せ) (1970)

Producer
 Shinsengumi (新選組) (1969)

Bibliography

References

External links

 Hiroshi Inagaki's grave

Japanese film directors
Samurai film directors
1905 births
1980 deaths
Film people from Tokyo
Japanese film producers
Directors of Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award winners
Directors of Golden Lion winners
20th-century Japanese screenwriters

Hiroshi Inagaki


Președinția română a Consiliului Uniunii Europene în 2019 a fost prima președinție a Consiliului Uniunii Europene asigurată de România. În perioada mandatului României s-au desfășurat alegeri pentru Parlamentul European.

Președinția română a urmat președinției austriece a Consiliului Uniunii Europene, care a început la 1 iulie 2018 și a precedat președinția finlandeză, care a început la 1 iulie 2019.

Pregătiri

Logo și motto
În perioada 27 septembrie - 3 noiembrie 2017 s-a desfășurat o competiție dedicată exclusiv elevilor din învățământul liceal și studenților și organizată de Ministerul Educației Naționale și Ministerul Afacerilor Externe pentru stabilirea logo-ului oficial al președinției române a Consiliului Uniunii Europene. Concursul a fost câștigat de Ioan Dobrinescu, elev în clasa a IX-a la Colegiul Național "Ion Luca Caragiale" din București și constă într-un lup stilizat.

Motto-ul Președinției României este "Coeziunea, o valoare comună europeană".

2016-2018

În iulie 2016, a fost înființată Unitatea de pregătire a Președinției Consiliului UE - UPPCUE în cadrul cancelariei prim-ministrulu Dacian Cioloș. Sarcinile Unității de pregătire includ elaborarea unui set de măsuri care urmează să fie implementate pe perioada următorilor doi ani.

În 2018 Ministerul Afacerilor Externe a constituit Forumul "EU-RO 2019", o structură consultativă, cu scopul de a afla punctul de vedere al societății civile asupra tematicilor privind preșdinția României la Consiliul UE. În mai, în urma propunerilor făcute de reprezentanți ai mediului academic, științific și publicistic, a fost adoptat motto-ului Președinției României la Consiliul Uniunii Europene, "Coeziunea, o valoare comună europeană".

Cu 50 de zile înaintea preluării Președinției Consiliului UE, ministrul delegat pentru Afaceri Europene, Victor Negrescu, și-a dat demisia în urma unei ședințe de guvern.

Context politic
Președinția românească intervine într-un context politic intern tensionat, din cauza reformelor justiției în curs, care ar putea "slăbi lupta împotriva corupției și independența sistemului judiciar", după cum a declarat vicepreședintele Comisiei Europene, Frans Timmermans; guvernul PSD-ALDE este obiectul acuzațiilor din interiorul și din exteriorul țării că subminează activitatea Direcției Naționale Anticorupție, care pune sub acuzare mai mulți membri ai guvernului și Parlamentului, inclusiv mai mulți foști miniștri.
Liderul PSD Liviu Dragnea a solicitat să fie depusă o plângere pentru înaltă trădare împotriva președintelui Klaus Iohannis care a susținut că nu suntem pregătiți pentru a prelua președinția Consiliului. Totuși, PSD n-a depus nici o cerere și în plus, în octombrie 2018, și Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, președintele ALDE, partid din coaliția de guvernare, a afirmat "În condițiile războiului politic total din aceste luni, România nu este pregătită să preia președinția Consiliului UE". Finlanda chiar și-a manifestat disponibilitatea de a prelua președinția Consiliului UE în locul României însă Ministerul Afacerilor Externe a precizat că "țara noastră este pregătită pentru acest lucru, iar pregătirile se derulează conform calendarului".

Președintele Comisiei Europene, Jean-Claude Juncker, a susținut în presa germană că România este "din punct de vedere tehnic foarte bine pregătită" pentru cele șase luni de mandat, adăugând "dar cred că guvernul de la București nu a înțeles pe deplin ce înseamnă să prezidezi țările UE".

Priorități
Programul României se înscrie într-un plan mai amplu, care rezultă din consultarea celor trei state ale tripletului (România, Finlanda și Croația); liniile principale de lucru sunt:
Europa convergenței
Europa siguranței
Europa, actor global
Europa valorilor comune

Evenimente în timpul președinției române

La Ateneul Român a avut loc ceremonia oficială de lansare a președinției române a Consiliului UE, prin vizita președintelui Consiliului European Donald Tusk, președintelui Comisiei Europene, Jean-Claude Juncker, și a Colegiului comisarilor. Discursul în limba română ținut de Donald Tusk cu trimiteri la Enescu, Eliade, Pleșu, automobile Dacia și Duckadam a impresionat mai multă lume.

În luna aprilie, președintele Comisiei pentru afaceri economice și monetare (ECON) a Parlamentului European, Roberto Gualtieri, a declarat că sub Președinția română a Consiliului Uniunii Europene "am reușit să facem un lucru pe care mulți îl credeau imposibil, și anume am reușit să finalizăm un număr uriaș de dosare legislative, care erau în pericol, pentru că nu mai aveam mult timp să le finalizăm și erau foarte multe dosare importante deschise: Invest EU și alte dosare foarte importante în domeniul serviciilor financiare".

Alegeri europene

Brexit
Ieșirea efectivă a Regatului Unit din Uniunea Europeană și Euratom era programată pentru 29 martie 2019, România urmând să joace un rol din ce în ce mai important în faza finală a retragerii și la începutul noilor relații dintre UE și Regatul Unit.

În februarie, președinția română a primit un mandat pentru a negocia cu Parlamentul European cu privire la o soluție care ar permite transportatorilor cărora li s-au acordat licențe în Regatul Unit să continue serviciile de transport aerian sau rutier de persoane și mărfuri între Regatul Unit și celelalte 27 de state membre.

La 11 aprilie 2019, Uniunea Europeană și Regatul Unit au căzut de acord să amâne Brexitul până la 31 octombrie 2019, în timpul președinției finlandeze.

Summit
În  septembrie  2017  președintele Comisiei  Europene  Jean-Claude  Juncker a cerut României și președintelui Consiliului
European, Donald Tusk, să organizeze un Summit special la Sibiu pe 30 martie 2019, a doua zi după ieșirea Regatului Unit din Uniunea Europeană. O lună mai târziu, președintele Klaus Iohannis a declarat că reuniunea celor 27 de lideri UE va fi organizată de Ziua Europei - 9 mai 2019. Summit-ul se va încheia cu adoptarea unor concluzii
asupra viitorului Europei.

Note

Legături externe

 Site oficial
 Președinția României pe twitter

2019 în România
Consiliul Uniunii Europene
Relațiile externe ale României


Televisión Continental fue un canal de televisión abierta peruano, basado en Arequipa con cobertura en la región sur del país.

Historia
La Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión S.A., un conglomerado de emisoras radiales, lanzó en Arequipa Radio Continental el 11 de octubre de 1940, a cargo de los hermanos Antonio y Enrique Umbert, entonces accionistas de dicha empresa. Por esta emisora, pasaron importantes periodistas y locutores como Humberto Martínez Morosini, Zenaida Solís, Eduardo San Román, entre otros, que luego se mudarían a Lima.

Televisión Continental fue lanzado el 10 de noviembre de 1962, en el canal 6 VHF de Arequipa y se convirtió en el segundo canal de la ciudad, después del lanzamiento de Televisora Sur Peruana en el canal 2 (hoy Panamericana Televisión Arequipa). Además, se convierte en una estación afiliada de América Televisión y retransmite programación de ese canal, además realizar producciones propias.

La expansión al resto del sur peruano se inicia en 1965 con la instalación de estaciones repetidoras en Espinar (Cusco) y Toquepala (Tacna), hasta contar en 1993 con casi 30 repetidoras.

En 1979, Televisión Continental inició transmisiones a color. En 1989, un porcentaje del canal fue vendido al empresario Julio Vera Abad, conocido además por haber sido propietario de las televisoras limeñas ATV y Uranio 15.

Desde 1993, el canal entró en decadencia por razones diversas, como la venta del 42% de la Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión al grupo mexicano Televisa. Por ende, Televisión Continental quedó desligado de América Televisión, aunque siguió retransmitiendo su programación hasta 1996, cuando esta adquiere una frecuencia propia para Arequipa en el canal 13. Además, la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, la cual coproducía algunos espacios tanto en el canal 6 como en el canal 2, dejó de participar en estos canales debido a que fundó su propia productora (TV UNSA) en 1993 y en 1996 empezó a transmitir en el canal 45 UHF de Arequipa.

El canal empezó a atravesar problemas económicos. Su programación, a partir de 1996, consistía en montajes de canales de televisión por suscripción pirateados, señales en vivo de canales internacionales como C-SPAN, Deutsche Welle, Clara Visión, informerciales de Quality Products, algunos programas originales como Noticiero Continental, Deporte Total y espacios de productoras independientes. De las 30 repetidoras que poseía al nivel regional, tan solo quedaron tres en Arequipa, Punta de Bombón y Moquegua.

En 2002, Radio y Televisión Continental se dividió en dos compañías:

 Radio Bicolor: En manos de la familia Umbert; controlaba Radio Continental 740 AM.
 Televisión Continental: La cual pasaría a manos del Grupo ATV con las licencias para televisión, ya que Julio Vera Abad adquirió parte de Continental en 1989.

El edificio el cual albergaba a la emisora, ubicado en la Av. Independencia, fue vendido a un conocido instituto para cancelar parte de sus grandes deudas. La licencia de Radio Continental 93.5 FM fue transferida a Corporación Universal de la familia Capuñay y desde 2017 es propiedad del Grupo RPP. Anteriormente, por dicha frecuencia se emite Radio Corazón y actualmente se emite Radio Oxígeno.

Sucesos posteriores

El Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones ordenó el cambio de frecuencia de canal 6 a canal 5, que hizo que Andina de Radiodifusión instalase un nuevo transmisor mediante el cual iniciaría sus transmisiones como repetidora.

La producción local así como la publicidad se limitó a tempranas horas de la mañana, desde el nuevo local de Radio Continental, un espacio ya más reducido ubicado en el Edificio de la Beneficencia Pública de Arequipa. Esta práctica se mantuvo hasta el año 2011, cuando el Grupo ATV adquiere el canal 9 (hoy ATV Sur), cesando la producción regional en el canal 5 y trasladando todo el centro de operaciones del Grupo ATV al local de Cayma.

Televisión Continental S.A.C. trasladó su domicilio fiscal a Lima, bajo dicha razón social se producen algunos programas del Grupo ATV.

Radio Continental continúa transmitiendo en Arequipa por los 740 AM.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Televisión Continental, Promo 31 Aniversario
 Tesis PUCP, "Viabilidad de una emisora de TV local, en tiempos de globalización. El caso de la ciudad de Arequipa". Cáceres Calderón, Lima 2006.

Véase también
 América Televisión
 Grupo ATV
 Andina de Televisión
 ATV Sur

Canales de televisión desaparecidos de Perú
Canales de televisión de Arequipa

Televisión Continental


Love Close-up este un film românesc din 2005 regizat de Sebastian Voinea. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ana Ularu, Andi Vasluianu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2005 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2005

Love Close-up


Phineas und Ferb der Film: Quer durch die 2. Dimension ist ein US-amerikanischer Fernsehzeichentrickfilm aus dem Jahr 2011. Der Film beruht auf der gleichnamigen Serie des Disney Channels, deren Urheber Dan Povenmire und Jeff Marsh auch für das Drehbuch verantwortlich waren. Regie führte Povenmire gemeinsam mit Robert F. Hughes. Als Disney Channel Original Movie wurde der Film erstmals am 5. August 2011 im US-amerikanischen Fernsehen ausgestrahlt. Am 30. September 2011 war er im deutschen Free-TV beim Sender Super RTL zu sehen. Bereits am 9. September strahlte Disney XD die deutsche Fassung des Films im Pay-TV aus.

Handlung

Es ist fünf Jahre her, dass Phineas und Ferb das Schnabeltier Perry als Haustier aufnahmen. Ihre neueste Gerätschaft soll Perrys Reflexe für ein gigantisches Federballspiel imitieren. Gemeinsam mit ihren Freunden Isabella, Buford und Baljeet konstruieren sie ein großes Katapult. Perry wird unterdessen in seiner Funktion als Agent P. zu einer Mission gegen den Wissenschaftler Dr. Doofenshmirtz gerufen. Die Jungs, die von seinem Doppelleben nichts ahnen, sind verwundert, lassen sich aber nicht ablenken, um ihre Gerätschaft zu testen. Phineas und Ferb, die sich selbst mit ihrem Katapult über die Stadt geschossen haben, stoßen in der Luft mit Perrys Raketenfahrzeug zusammen und stürzen in Dr. Doofenshmirtzs Labor ab.

Candace, die Schwester der beiden, ist währenddessen deprimiert, weil ihr Freund Jeremy, der ein Jahr älter ist, bald aufs College geht. Sie selbst will deshalb erwachsener werden. Zeitgleich fängt sie an, an eine "Rätselhafte Kraft" zu glauben, die seltsamerweise immer genau dann das Verschwinden von Phineas und Ferbs Gerätschaften verursacht, wenn ihre Mutter auf den Plan tritt. Als Candace mit ihrer Freundin Stacy nach den Jungs sieht, ist die Gerätschaft verschwunden. Sie glaubt, dass die "Rätselhafte Kraft" sie nun als Erwachsene sieht, und folgt den Jungs voller Ehrgeiz in den Park, wo Buford mit einer anderen Gerätschaft wartet. Im Labor treffen Phineas und Ferb erstmals auf Doofenshmirtz, der gerade an einem "Andere-Dimensionen-Inator" arbeitet. Da die Maschine bei ihrem Absturz beschädigt wurde, bieten sie dem Wissenschaftler ihre Hilfe an. Als Perry hinzustößt, muss er tatenlos zusehen, wie die Jungs seinem Erzfeind helfen, da er sich den beiden gegenüber nicht als intelligentes Wesen zu erkennen geben darf. Mit Hilfe der Jungs gelingt es Doofenshmirtz tatsächlich ein Portal in eine zweite Dimension zu öffnen, in der Doofenshmirtz ein autokratischer Herrscher ist.

Als der andere Doofenshmirtz sein Ebenbild und die Jungs entdeckt, hetzt er seinen Robo-Perry auf sie. Der richtige Perry ist gezwungen, die Jungs zu verteidigen, und enthüllt so seine Geheimidentität. Im letzten Moment können sie den 'Norm-Bottern' entkommen, während Doofenshmirtz von seinem böseren Ich gefangen genommen wird. Phineas ist sauer auf Perry, da dieser so viel vor ihnen verheimlicht hat, und fühlt sich ausgenutzt. Er beruhigt sich erst, als Ferb ihn darauf hinweist, dass es angesichts der drohenden Gefahr wichtiger ist, zunächst in ihre eigene Welt zurückzukehren. Beim Versuch, mit Doofenshmirtzs Fernbedienung ein Portal zu öffnen, müssen sie feststellen, dass dieses in eine falsche Dimension führt. Sie entschließen sich, ihre alternativen Ichs um Unterstützung zu bitten, kommen jedoch zu der Erkenntnis, dass diese derart verdreht sind, dass von ihnen keine Hilfe zu erwarten ist.

Durch einen Fernsehbericht findet Perry heraus, dass der andere Doofenshmirtz Phineas und Ferb ziehen lässt, sollte Perry sich ihm ausliefern. Der Streit bricht erneut aus, als das Schnabeltier sich davonschleichen will. Perry geht schließlich und lässt den wütenden Phineas zurück. Die Jungs wollen nun die andere Isabella finden, die sich angeblich im Widerstand engagiert. Sie werden von einem Norm-Botter aufgehalten, aber durch den anderen Buford gerettet. In Isabellas Haus werden sie von den Pfadfinderinnen aufgegriffen und erfahren, dass die andere Candace den Widerstand anführt. Dr. Baljeet, der Baljeet der anderen Dimension, beschreibt das interdimensionale Reisen und öffnet ein Portal zurück in die erste Dimension.

Candace glaubt unterdessen, dass die "Rätselhafte Kraft" ihre Brüder verschlungen hat. Als sie das Portal entdeckt, springt sie in der Absicht hindurch, Phineas und Ferb zu retten, wodurch sich das Tor hinter ihr schließt und sie ebenfalls in der anderen Dimension gefangen ist. Die Brüder wollen nicht zurückkehren, ohne zuvor Perry zu retten. Gemeinsam mit dem Widerstand und ihren alternativen Ichs starten sie eine Befreiungsaktion in Doofenshmirtzs Hauptquartier. Phineas, Ferb und Candace geraten jedoch in eine Falle und somit ebenfalls in Gefangenschaft.

Der andere Doofenshmirtz will sie zwingen, einen zweiten "Andere-Dimensionen-Inator" in Gang zu setzen, um in ihre Dimension zu wechseln und diese ebenfalls zu unterjochen. Als die Brüder ihre Unterstützung vehement ablehnen, erinnert sich ihr Doofenshmirtz, wie die Jungs es beim ersten Mal getan haben, und richtet die Maschine so aus, dass sich ein Portal in ihre eigene Welt öffnet. Der andere Doofenshmirtz, nun am Ziel seiner Pläne, wirft seine fünf Gefangenen einem Monster zum Fraß vor. Die andere Candace eilt überraschend zu ihrer Rettung. Mit Hilfe der Dimensions-Fernbedienung können sie nach der Durchquerung diverser Welten in ihre eigene zurückkehren. Der Doofenshmirtz der Paralleldimension hat seine Invasion bereits begonnen und seine Norm-Botter durch das Portal in die Stadt geschickt.

Perry nimmt Kontakt zu Major Monogram, dem Anführer seiner Geheimorganisation auf, und schließt sich der Verteidigung der Stadt an. Phineas und Ferb, deren Mithilfe (wegen der Versicherung) abgelehnt wird, gehen nach Hause. Dort entdecken sie einen von Perrys Geheimgängen und landen in seinem Versteck, in dem sich viele ihrer verschwundenen Gerätschaften anfinden. Durch eine Nachricht von Perry erfahren sie, dass das Schnabeltier die Geräte von seiner Organisation hat nachbauen lassen und sie nun bittet, ihm zu helfen. Auf dem Dach von Doofenshmirtz kommt es zum entscheidenden Kampf mit dem Bösewicht, aus dem die Protagonisten siegreich hervorgehen. Candace kommt indes auf die Idee, ihre Eltern zu holen, damit – wie in jeder Episode – die Roboter und Gerätschaften einfach auf mysteriöse Weise verschwinden. Es gelingt ihr genau in dem Moment, da Phineas, Ferb und Perry die Feinde besiegt haben, sodass sich Candace als Weltenretterin sieht.

In ihrem Siegesjubel werden die Brüder von Major Monogram darüber aufgeklärt, dass Perry sie nun, da er sein Geheimnis offenbart hat, verlassen muss. Sie verstehen nun, warum das Schnabeltier ihnen all die Jahre etwas vorgemacht hat und sind traurig. Carl, Praktikant der Organisation, kommt jedoch auf die Idee, einfach alle Erinnerungen an die Geschehnisse mit Doofenshmirtz' Amnesie-Inator zu löschen. Phineas und Ferb stimmen zu, um ihren Freund nicht zu verlieren. Kurz bevor sie ihre Erinnerungen verlieren, wird Phineas von Isabella leidenschaftlich geküsst. Am nächsten Tag, als alles wieder beim Alten und der Ausgangszustand der Serie wiederhergestellt ist, geht Perry in sein Versteck, wo er glücklich über die Ereignisse Fotos von ihrem gemeinsamen Abenteuer hochlädt.

Synchronisation

Die deutschsprachige Synchronfassung des Films entstand in den Studios der Film- & Fernseh-Synchron (FFS) unter der Dialogregie von Dominik Auer in München.

Weblinks

 Phineas und Ferb: Der Film bei Disney Deutschland

Einzelnachweise

Zeichentrickfilm
Filmtitel 2011
Science-Fiction-Film
US-amerikanischer Film
Fernsehfilm (Disney Channel)

he:פיניאס ופרב#פיניאס ופרב - הסרט - המסע אל היקום המקביל

Phineas und Ferb: Quer durch die 2. Dimension


(24837) Mšecké Žehrovice, denumire internațională (24837) Msecke Zehrovice, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
24837 Mšecké Žehrovice este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Miloš Tichý. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,36 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 4,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 24001-25000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

24837 Mšecké Žehrovice


Hraerek slongvinbaugi Halfdansson o Hrörek, también Hrœrekr, (nórdico antiguo: Hrærekr slöngvanbaugi; danés antiguo: Rørik Slængeborræ o Rørik Slyngebond) (n. 629) fue un legendario caudillo vikingo y monarca de Lejre (hoy Selandia), Dinamarca en el siglo VII que aparece citado en varias sagas nórdicas y crónicas medievales como Chronicon Lethrense, Annales Lundenses, Gesta Danorum, Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, saga de Njál, Hversu Noregr byggdist, saga Skjöldunga y Bjarkarímur. Fue padre de Harald Hilditonn y abuelo de Hrœrekr slöngvanbaugi Haraldsson (n. 698).

Al margen del nombre, las versiones danesa y noruega difieren sustancialmente tras varias generaciones desde Hrólfr Kraki. Es mucho más notable su figura como abuelo de Hamlet.

Etimología
El apodo Slængeborræ aparece en Chronicon lethrense y los Anales de Lunda como una corrupción de Slænganbøghe, que es una versión del nórdico antiguo oriental del occidental slöngvanbaugi (que significa "lanzador de anillos", un rey generoso con su oro). La versión y motivación de Saxo Grammaticus difiere, Slyngebond significa "brazalete hondero" (ver más abajo).

Tradición danesa
Rørik es hijo del rey Höðr, una forma terrenal de la figura del dios nórdico y abuelo de Hamlet. Rørik aparece en las fuentes como un poderoso rey danés.

Chronicon lethrense y Anales de Lunda
Chronicon Lethrense y los Anales de Lunda muestran a Rørik como hijo de un terrenal Höðr, quien mató a Balder hijo de Odín, en batalla. Höðr pereció en manos del hijo de Odín, Vali.

Rørik Slængeborræ fue un victorioso guerrero y conquistador de Curlandia, Wendland y Suecia y les subyugó bajo tributo. Asignó a sus caudillos Orwendel y Feng como gobernadores de Jutlandia y concedió la mano de su hermana a Orwendel, quienes fueron padres de Amblothe (Hamlet). A Rørik le sucedió Wiglek.

Gesta Danorum
Gesta Danorum (libro 3) de Saxo Grammaticus coincide con Chronicon lethrense y Anales de Lunda, Rørik Slyngebond es hijo de Höðr (Høther). Cuando Boe (Vali), el hijo de Odín, había matado a Höðr, los suecos, curonios y eslavos se rebelaron contra Dinamarca (aquí Saxo ignora de forma patriótica el hecho que él mismo presentó a Höðr como un príncipe de Suecia que gobernó Dinamarca) y atacaron a Rørik.

Cuando las fuerzas eslavas y danesas se encontraron, un hechicero eslavo propuso que en lugar de iniciar una gran batalla y la consecuente pérdida de vidas, se enfrentasen dos hombres en un holmgang (duelo). Si el eslavo vencía, no habría más tributo, pero si ganaban los daneses, deberían pagar tributo como en los viejos tiempos. Un danés preguntó a Rørik cual sería la recompensa del guerrero danés que venciese, Rørik prometió una cadena de seis brazaletes entrelazados; el danés aceptó el duelo pero fue derrotado y muerto.

Al día siguiente, el guerrero eslavo vencedor estaba exultante por su victoria y preguntó si había un segundo danés que quisiera enfrentarse en combate. Un guerrero llamado Ubbe que estaba también bien formado en conjuros seiðr, preguntó a Rørik cual sería la recompensa si vencía al eslavo. De nuevo Rørik prometió el brazalete encadenado. El danés preguntó si una tercera persona de confianza pudiera resguardar el brazalete, no fuese que Rørik se arrepintiese de su promesa a lo que el rey aceptó pero esa tercera persona estaba en otra nave, así que calculó mal cuando lanzó la cadena y cayó al agua y se perdió. Ese fue el motivo de su Slyngebond (honda de pulseras). Ubbe decidió aceptar el duelo igualmente, y en esta ocasión ambos contrincantes murieron, pero los eslavos quedaron tan impresionados que aceptaron seguir pagando el tributo.

Rørik asignó a Horwendil y Feng el gobierno de Jutlandia. Horwendil consiguió fama por sus incursiones y pillajes por lo que Rørik le concedió a su hija Gerutha (Gertrude), ambos fueron padres del legendario Amleto (Hamlet).

A la muerte de Rørik, le sucedió Wiglek.

Saga Skjöldunga
Aquí, Rørik es hijo de Ingjald Frodason (Ingeld), y hermanastro del rey Healfdene de Lejre, padre de Hroðgar. Ingeld mata a Healfdene y toma a su esposa como propia, siendo Rørik fruto de esa unión. El apodo Slöngvanbaugi tiene relación con el incidente de los brazaletes que cayeron al mar y se perdieron para siempre.

Tradición nórdica occidental
En la tradición de Noruega e Islandia solo se menciona a Hrœrekr como un caudillo de Escania sometido a Ivar Vidfamne quien le cedió el gobierno de Dinamarca y Suecia. No aparece más información sobre parentesco y tampoco sobre Hamlet. En las fuentes occidentales Hrœrekr solo es un rey de Selandia, Skåne y Jutlandia bajo la autoridad de otros gobernantes.

Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum
Sögubrot relata cuando Ivar Vidfamne era rey de Suecia, dio a su hija Auðr a Hrœrekr, aunque ella prefería a Helgi, hermano de Hrœrekr. Auðr le dio un hijo, Harald Hilditonn. Ivar le confiesa a Hrærekr que Auðr era infiel con su hermano Helgi. La estratagema funcionó y Hrœrekr mató a su hermano, tras lo cual Ivar atacó y mató a Hrœrekr. No obstante, Auðr llegó con su ejército de Selandia y expulsó a su padre, obligándole a regresar a Suecia. Al año siguiente, Auðr fue a Gardariki con su hijo Harald y otros poderosos hombres de su séquito y casó con el rey Raðbarðr. Ivar aprovechó la oportunidad y conquistó Selandia.

Sögubrot cita a un segundo Hrœrekr slöngvanbaugi hijo de Harald Wartooth, en consecuencia compartía el mismo nombre y apodo que su abuelo.

Saga de Njal
La saga de Njal solo cita a Hrœrekr Slöngvanbaugi como ancestro de un hombre llamado Valgarðr. Relata que era padre de Harald Hilditonn, y que la madre de Harald fue Auðr, hija de Ivar Vidfamne, hijo de Halfdan el Valiente. No menciona si Hrœrekr estaba casado con Auðr, pero asume que el lector está familiarizado con la historia.

Hyndluljóð
En poema Hyndluljóð relata que la diosa Freyja se encuentra con la völva Hyndla y juntas cabalgan hacia el Valhalla. Freyja monta su jabalí Hildisvíni y Hyndla monta a un lobo. Su misión es encontrar el árbol genealógico de Óttarr para que pueda reclamar su herencia. Hyndla recita a los ancestros de Óttar y entre ellos, en la estrofa 28, aparece Hrærekr:

Hversu Noregr byggðist
Hversu Noregr byggðist, también coincide con Sögubrot dando a Hrœrekr la paternidad de Harald Hilditonn. También cita que es el padre de Randver, que sería a su vez padre del rey Sigurd Ring. Pero la misma fuente no coincide con Sögubrot y Hyndluljóð que imputan la paternidad de Randver a Raðbarðr, mientras que la saga Hervarar aporta más interrogantes, imputando la misma paternidad a Valdar.

Véase también
 Reinos vikingos de Dinamarca

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 The Chronicle of the Kings of Lejre Trad. Peter Tunstall (en inglés)
 Northvegr: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki: The Chronicle of the Kings of Lejre (en inglés)
 Gesta Danorum Online Medieval and Classical Library (en inglés)
 Sacred Texts: Appendix A: Fl. Book 1.21,22: How Norway was inhabited a translation of Hversu Noregr byggðist. (La genealliogía y ascendencia de Nór y Ættartolur no aparecen en esta versión.)
 Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum. (en nórdico antiguo)

Reyes vikingos legendarios de Lejre

Hrœrekr slöngvanbaugi


Zaljev Dungonab (arapski: خليج دنقناب) je zaljev koji zatvara poluotok Dungonab u Crvenom moru na sjeveru Sudana. U uvali se nalazi istoimeni grad Dungonab. Na području uvale nalaze se brojni otočići. Uvala je zaštićena i nalazi se u sklopu Pomorskog nacionalnog parka zaljeva Dungoaba i otoka Mukavara koji se nalazi nešto južnije od zaljeva. God. 2016., ovaj nacionali park je zajedno s Pomorskim nacionalnim parkom atola Sanganeba upisan na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Africi kao "skupina raznolikih koraljnih nakupina, šuma mangrova, polja morske trave, plaža i prevlaka koja su stanište velikom broju morskih ptica, morskih sisavaca, riba, kornjača i raža".

Pomorski nacionalni park zalljeva Dungoaba i otoka Mukavara je osnovan 2005. god. kako bi se zaštitila bioraznolikost tropskog morskog života Crvenog mora; između ostalog habitati životinja kao što su crvenomorski galeb (Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus), bengalska čigra (Thalasseus bengalensis) i morske kornjače (Chelonioidea).

Izvori

 Dungonab Bay/Mukawar Island Area (SUDAN), str. 15.

Vodene mase u Sudanu
Svjetska baština u Africi
Nacionalni parkovi u Africi
Zaljevi Indijskog oceana (Afrika)
Zaljevi Crvenog mora

Dungonab (zaljev)


An Notylia stenoglossa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Notylia stenoglossa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Notylia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Notylia

Notylia stenoglossa


Republička liga Bosne i Hercegovine je bila liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1982./83.  Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bila "Sloga" iz Doboja.

Ljestvica

 Hrasnica danas dio Sarajeva

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Regionalna liga BiH – Zapad 1982./83.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 fkbuducnostbanovici.blogspot.com, Vremeplov, pristupljeno 1. siječnja 2018.
 forum.sportsport.ba, Vremeplov 4: Ligaška takmičenja od 1945-1992. godine, (prema raznim izvorima), objave od 22. svibnja 2011., pristupljeno 21. listopada 2017.

1982-83 1
 republička
1982-83

Republička nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1982./83.


Anastasia Romanivna Stanko (en ) est une journaliste et animatrice de télévision ukrainienne, membre du mouvement Stop à la censure.

Biographie
Anastasia Stanko naît à  dans l'oblast d'Ivano-Frankivsk en Ukraine. Après avoir été diplômée de l'université de Lviv, elle travaille comme journaliste pour UA:Pershyi et TVi. En 2013, elle est l'une des fondatrices de Hromadske.TV où elle travaille désormais.

Le , elle est détenue pendant quatre heures par les troupes frontalières russes lorsqu'elle franchit accidentellement la frontière entre la Russie et l'Ukraine, dans la localité de Milove. Après sa détention, Anastasia Stanko est remise aux autorités ukrainiennes avec pour condition de payer une amende de  et de détruire tout matériel photo et vidéo. Le , Stop à la censure organise une conférence de presse à Kharkiv à laquelle est invitée Anastasia Stanko pour partager son expérience. Dans son interview à la société de télédiffusion ATN, elle déclare qu'il n'y avait pas d'identification de la frontière entre l'Ukraine et la Russie.

Le , Anastasia Stanko et Illya Bezkorovaïny, son cameraman, sont arrêtés, près de Stanytsia Louhanska, par la république populaire de Lougansk, alors qu'ils exercent leurs fonctions professionnelles. Ils sont détenus dans le sous-sol de l'un des bâtiments du centre-ville de Louhansk. Pendant son enlèvement, Anastasia Stanko refuse absolument de donner la moindre interview aux journalistes russes, notamment ceux de LifeNews. Le , elle est libérée.

Dans son interview à Podrobnosti, le , Anastasia Stanko affirme qu'elle était retenue par les mêmes personnes qui retiennent Nadia Savtchenko.

Le 5 août 2020, Nastya Stanko est devenue la rédactrice en chef de la rédaction de Hromadske.TV.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Journaliste ukrainien du XXIe siècle
Personnalité féminine ukrainienne
Étudiant de l'université de Lviv
Naissance en août 1986
Naissance en RSS d'Ukraine

Anastasia Stanko


Miladi 2. yüzyıl, 101'den 200'e kadar sürmüş yüzyıldır.

Olaylar
 96-180: Beş İyi İmparator: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrianus, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius.

Önemli kişiler
 Haham Akiva
 Commodus
 Galen
 Hadrianus
 Irenaeus
 Montanus
 Nagarjuna
 Plutarch
 Batlamyus
 Septimius Severus
 Suetonius
 Valentinius
 Zhang Daoling

İcat ve keşifler
 Cai Lun kâğıdı icat eder.
 132: Zhang Heng ilk sismometreyi icat eder.

2. yüzyıl


Olaylar
 Yunan filozof Platon, Atina'da Academus'a ait topraklarda adına Akademi adını verdiği yüksekokulu kurdu.
 Kalkedon, Pers İmparatorluğu'nun yönetimi altına girdi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

MÖ 387


Lawrence Harvey Zeiger eða Larry King (fæddur 19. nóvember 1933 í Brooklyn í New York, dáinn 23. janúar 2021 í Los Angeles) var bandarískur útvarps- og sjónvarpsmaður.

Hann öðlaðist frægð árið 1978 með útvarpsþætti sínum, The Larry King Show og síðar með viðtalssjónvarpsþáttinn Larry King Live sem var á dagskrá CNN frá 1985 til 2010.

Tenglar

King, Larry
Bandarískir útvarpsmenn

Larry King


Anay, usa nga mananap han order Isoptera, kudi yan gin-aakseptar na ilarum san infraorder Isoptera, san  order san mga bangka na Blattodea. Bisan kun an anay gintatawag san iba na "busag na tigasaw",  diri ini harani na urupod san mga tigasaw. An Isoptera (Isoptera) in uska ordo han Insecta. An Isoptera in nahilalakip ha classis nga Insecta, punoan nga Arthropoda, ngan regnum nga Animalia. An ordo nga Isoptera in naglalakip hin 96 na mga specie han anay, sumala ha Catalogue of Life.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

mananap

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Anay (insekto)


El mochuelo de jungla  (Glaucidium radiatum) es una especie de búho de la familia Strigidae. La especie es nativa de Bangladés, Bután, India, Birmania, Nepal, Sri Lanka. Habita una variedad de biomas incluyendo bosque tropical y subtropical y matorrales.  Tiene 2 subespecies reconocidas.

Subespecies
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies, incluyendo la subespecie nominal:
 Glaucidium radiatum malabaricum (Blyth, 1846)
 Glaucidium radiatum radiatum (Tickell, 1833)

Referencias

radiatum
Aves de Asia

Glaucidium radiatum


Polystachyinae,  podtribus orhideja u tribusu Vandeae, dio potporodice Epidendroideae. Postoje 2 roda. Ime je došlo po rodu Polystachya iz tropske i suptropske Afrike, Azije i Južne i Srednje Amerike.

Rod Hederorkis ograničen je na otoke Aldabra, Mauricijus, Réunion i Sejšele u Indijskom oceanu.

Rodovi
 Hederorkis Thouars (2 spp.)
 Polystachya Hook.  (262 spp.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Polystachyinae


مقاطعة لونجفورد هي إحدى مقاطعات أيرلندا الستة والعشرين.

أعلام
 جون هولمز
 باول باردن

روابط إضافية
 الموقع الرسمي لمقاطعة لونجفورد
 مجلس مقاطعة لونجفورد
 Longford Ancestry
 Farrells of Longford

مراجع

لينستر
مقاطعات جمهورية أيرلندا

مقاطعة لونجفورد


المَعزِل أو الغَيْت يشير إلى منطقة يعيش فيها، طوعاً أو كرهاً، مجموعة من السكان يعتبرهم أغلبية الناس خلفية لعرقية معينة أو لثقافة معينة أو لدين. أصل الكلمة يعود للأشارة إلى حي اليهود في المدينة، مثل الغَيت في مركز مدينة روما. ويُشار إلى الغَيت في الدول العربية ب «حارة اليهود» أو الملاح كما يعرف في المغرب، لكن هذه الأحياء في المدن العربية كانت غير معزولة بأسوار عالية ولا مغلقة ببوابات محكمة. الغَيت أيضاً هو وصف درج على وصف الأحياء الفقيرة الموجودة في المناطق المدنية الحديثة.

الغَيتات اليهودية في أوروبا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية
تم إنشاء الغَيتات أو ""حارات اليهود" في بولندا لأول مرة بعد حزيران 1941 في الأراضي السوفييتية المحتلة بغرض عزل السكان اليهود وتسهيل عملية نهب ممتلكاتهم واستغلالهم في العمل القسري. وقد أنشئت معظم هذه الغَيتات في الأحياء الأكثر فقرا أو في الأحياء اليهودية المأهولة بكثافة، وكان العديد منها تحيط به أسوار أو أسيجة أو يتم استعمال غير ذلك من وسائل لقطع الاتصال بالعالم الخارجي.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية
 الغيتوات، موقع ياد فاشيم.

اختراعات إيطالية
تسوس حضري
جيوب عرقية
عزل عنصري
مصطلحات عمارة
معاداة السامية

غيتو


Als Gargerät bezeichnet man unterschiedliche Geräte und Ausrüstungen in Küchen. Sie dienen der thermischen Zubereitung (Garen) von Lebensmitteln. Im Alltag unterscheiden sie sich stark, je nach Anwendungsart, -ort und der Tradition der jeweiligen Anwender.

Man unterscheidet folgende Gruppen:

 Universalgeräte
 Herde wie Elektroherd und Gasherd
 Kochkessel
 wobei hier Kochkessel mit eigener Wärmezufuhr gemeint sind und Kochgeräte (z. B. Hockerkocher)
 Dampfgeräte und Druckdämpfer
 Schnellkochtopf mit eigener Wärmezufuhr und Dampfschnellgargerät
 Brat- und Backgeräte
 Kippbratpfanne, Backofen, Brat- und Grillplatten, Bratmaschinen, Barbecue-Smoker
 Fritteusen
 Grills und Röstgeräte
 Salamander, Schwenkgrill, Spießgrill, Infrarotgrill, Kontaktgrill, Griddleplatte, Toaster
 Spezial-Gargeräte
 Mikrowellenherd, Räuchergerät

Siehe auch
 Wärmegerät (Küchengerät)

Literatur
 Manfred Rohatsch u. a.: Technologie der Speisenproduktion. 1. Auflage. VEB Fachbuchverlag, Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-343-00305-0.

Gargerät


Prioneris es un género  de mariposas perteneciente a la familia Pieridae. Se encuentra en el sudeste de Asia.

Especies
 Prioneris autothisbe (Hübner, 1826)
 Prioneris clemanthe (Doubleday, 1846)
 Prioneris cornelia (van Vollenhoven, 1865)
 Prioneris hypsipyle Weymer, 1887
 Prioneris philonome (Boisduval, 1836)
 Prioneris sita (Felder, C & R Felder, 1865)
 Prioneris thestylis (Doubleday, 1842)

Referencias

Pierini
Géneros de lepidópteros

Prioneris


Glæsieðlur (fræðiheiti: Lambeosaurus) er ættkvísl risaeðlna sem lifði fyrir um 75 milljón árum síðan.

Tenglar

Risaeðlur

Glæsieðlur


Tunes Station (Tunes holdeplass) var en jernbanestation på Vossebanen, der lå i boligområdet Garnes i Bergen kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede som trinbræt 2. december 1935. 1. august 1964 omlagdes strækningen mellem Tunestveit og Bergen, hvor stationen lå, hvorved persontrafikken forsvandt. Der var dog stadig godstrafik på den gamle strækning mellem Tunestveit og Seimsmark, senere Midttun, indtil marts 2001.

Stationen ligger mellem den nedlagte Takvam Station, der ligger fra hvor den omlagte Bergensbanen er ført i tunnel mod Arna Station, og Garnes Station, der nu er endestation for veterantogene på Gamle Vossebanen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Vossebanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Jernbanestationer i Hordaland
Etableret i 1935
Ophørt i 1964

Tunes Station


An Dyckia eminens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez. An Dyckia eminens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia eminens


Donetsk ( , ;  ;  ), formerly known as Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka (or Hughesovka), Stalin and Stalino (see also: cities' alternative names), is an industrial city in eastern Ukraine located on the Kalmius River in Donetsk Oblast. The population was estimated at  in the city core, with over 2 million in the metropolitan area (2011). According to the 2001 census, Donetsk was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.

Administratively, Donetsk has been the centre of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural Donets Basin (Donbas) region. Donetsk is adjacent to another major city, Makiivka, and along with other surrounding cities forms a major urban sprawl and conurbation in the region. Donetsk has been a major economic, industrial and scientific centre of Ukraine with a high concentration of heavy industries and a skilled workforce. The density of heavy industries (predominantly steel production, chemical industry, and coal mining) determined the city's challenging ecological situation. In 2012, a UN report ranked Donetsk among the world's fastest depopulating cities.

The original settlement in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire was first mentioned as Aleksandrovka in 1779, during the reign of the Empress Catherine the Great. In 1869, the Welsh businessman John Hughes founded a steel plant and several coal mines in the region, and the town was named Hughesovka or Yuzovka (Юзовка) in recognition of his role ("Yuz" being a Russian-language approximation of Hughes). During Soviet times, the city's steel industry expanded. In 1924, Yuzovka was renamed Stalin. In 1929, Stalin was renamed Stalino, and in 1932, the city became the centre of the Donetsk region. Renamed Donetsk in 1961, the city today remains a centre for coal mining and for the steel industry.

Since April 2014, Donetsk and its surrounding areas have been one of the major sites of fighting in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, as pro-Russian separatist forces battle against Ukrainian military forces for control of the city and surrounding areas. Throughout the war, the city of Donetsk has been administered by the pro-Russian separatist forces as the center of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), with outlying territories of the Donetsk region divided between the two sides. Donetsk International Airport became the epicenter of the war in 2014 with almost a year-long battle.

, Russia has full control of the city, with Ukrainian and Russian forces still engaging in combat adjacent the city.

History

Foundation
One of the early mining settlements in the territory of Donetsk was . The existence of Aleksandrovskaya Cossack Sloboda in its place is attested by 1779, with the  eventually being opened there.

The city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by Welsh businessman John Hughes, who operated a steel plant and several coal mines at Aleksandrovka. The worker's settlement at the plant merged with Aleksandrovka and the place was named Yuzovo, later Yuzovka (), after Hughes. In its early period, it received immigrants from Wales, especially from the town of Merthyr Tydfil. By the beginning of the 20th century, Yuzovka had approximately 50,000 inhabitants, and attained the status of a city in 1917. The main district of Yuzovka is named English Colony, and the British origin of the city is reflected in its layout and architecture.

Soviet Union

When the Russian Civil War broke out, Yuzovka was part of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic from its declaration of independence on 12 February 1918. The Republic was disbanded at the 2nd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets on 20 March 1918, when the independence of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic was declared. It failed to achieve recognition, either internationally or by the Russian SFSR, and was abolished under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

In 1924, under Soviet rule, the city's name was changed to Stalin. In that year, the city's population totaled 63,708, and in the next year, 80,085. In 1929–31 the city's name was changed to Stalino. The city did not have a drinking water system until 1931, when a  system was laid underground. In July 1933, the city became the administrative center of the Donetsian Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1933, the first  sewer system was installed, and the use of gas began the next year. Some sources state that the city was briefly called Trotsk—after Leon Trotsky—for a few months in late 1923.

At the start of World War II, the population of Stalino was 507,000. After the war, the population was 175,000. The invasion by Nazi Germany almost completely destroyed the city. It was occupied by German and Italian forces as part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine between 16 October 1941 and 5 September 1943.  It was mostly rebuilt on a large scale after the war.

In 1945, young men and women aged 17 to 35, from the Danube Swabian (Schwowe) communities of Yugoslavia, Hungary and Romania (the Batschka and Banat), were forcibly sent to Russia as Allied "war reparations", being put to work as slave labour to rebuild Stalino and to work in its mines. The conditions were so poor that many died from disease and malnutrition.

During Nikita Khrushchev's second wave of destalinization in November 1961, the city was renamed Donetsk, after the Seversky Donets River, a tributary of the Don in order to distance it from the former leader Joseph Stalin.

In 1965, the Donetsk Academy of Sciences was established as part of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

Independent Ukraine
After the declaration of independence made by the Ukrainian parliament on 24 August 1991 the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum was held on 1 December 1991. In this referendum 83.90% of Donetsk's voters voted in favour of independence.

After experiencing a tough time in the 1990s, when it was the center of gang wars for control over industrial enterprises, Donetsk modernised quickly, largely under the influence of big companies.

In 1994 a consultaitve referendum was held in Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting recognition of Russian as an official language alongside Ukrainian, and for Russian to be an official language on a regional level.

In the 1990s and the 2000s, hundreds were killed in coal mine collapses in Donetsk and the region. These included the 2008 Ukraine coal mine collapse, the 2007 Zasyadko mine disaster, and the 2015 Zasyadko mine disaster. Ukraine has had many mining accidents since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with one reason cited as the linking of miners' pay to production, which is an incentive to ignore safety procedures that slow production.

In a summit in Moscow in 2008, Donetsk was recognised as the best city in the Commonwealth of Independent States for its implemented development strategies; in 2012 and 2013 Donetsk was recognised as the best place for business in Ukraine.

Whilst getting praise for its business potential in 2009, Donetsk also received criticism for the strong mafia connection of its growing oligarchy, and for an increasing poverty rate. Some analysts warned of a long-term collapse of the Donetsk economy; and that it could share Detroit's gloomy fate, due to its failure to combat crime and poverty.

Donetsk People's Republic and Russia (2014–present)
After President Yanukovych fled Ukraine to seek asylum in Russia, Russian-backed separatists took over the  (OSA), the main government building, in Donetsk. The police did not offer resistance. Later in the week the authorities of Donetsk disallowed a referendum on the status of the region and the police retook the Donetsk OSA building. Donetsk became one of the centers of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.

On 7 April 2014, pro-Russian activists seized control of Donetsk OSA and declared the "Donetsk People's Republic", asking for Russian intervention.

On 11 May 2014, a referendum on the self-rule was held in Donetsk. The head of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic election commission, Roman Lyagin, said that almost 90 percent of those who voted in the Donetsk Region endorsed political independence from Kyiv. Ukraine does not recognize the referendum, while the EU and US stated that the polls were illegal.

Heavy shelling by the Ukrainian Army and paramilitary units have caused civilian fatalities in Donetsk. Human Rights Watch has called on both warring factions to cease using the unguided BM-21 Grad missiles in populated areas, and has said the use of these weapons systems was a violation of international humanitarian laws and could constitute a war crime. It also called on the insurgents to avoid their deployment in densely populated areas.

The 2015 IIHF World Championship Division I, Group A was scheduled for 18 to 24 April 2015 in Donetsk, but Ukraine withdrew as hosts due to the ongoing conflict in the country. Instead of Donetsk, the tournament was organized in Kraków, Poland. Eventually, Ukraine co-organized 2017 IIHF World Championship Division I, again Group A, but in its capital, Kyiv.

On 30 September 2022, Putin signed a decree claiming to annex four regions, including Donetsk, as part of Russia. This annexation has been seen by the global community as a breach of international law. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russian-installed local officials repeatedly accused Ukrainian armed forces of shelling Donetsk.

Geography

Donetsk lies in the steppe landscape, surrounded by scattered woodland, hills, spoil tips, rivers and lakes. The northern outskirts are mainly used for agriculture. The Kalmius River links the city with the Sea of Azov, which is  to the south, and a popular recreational area for those living in Donetsk. A wide belt of farmlands surrounds the city.

The city stretches  from north to south and  from east to west. There are 2 nearby reservoirs: Nyzhnekalmius (60 ha), and the "Donetsk Sea" (206 ha). 5 rivers flow through the city, including the Kalmius, Asmolivka (13 km), Cherepashkyna (23 km), Skomoroshka and Bakhmutka. The city also contains a total of 125 spoil tips.

Climate
Donetsk's climate is moderate warm summer continental (Köppen: Dfb). The average temperatures are  in January and  in July. The average number of rainfall per year totals 162 days and up to 556 millimetres per year.

Government and administrative divisions

Starting on 7 April 2014, Donetsk was de facto governed by the Donetsk People's Republic as its capital city. The Donetsk People's Republic was at that time not recognized internationally, and all UN member states recognized the city as Ukrainian. However, in February of 2022, Russia recognized the DPR and the neighboring Luhansk People's Republic as sovereign states, and later that year officially annexed them (along with various other parts of Ukraine that were then at least partially under Russian military occupation). The member states of the United Nations still overwhelmingly considered the areas to be Ukrainian, with only Syria, North Korea, and Russia itself considering them to be Russian.

The territory of Donetsk is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts), whose local government is administered by raion councils, which are subordinate to the Donetsk City Council.

Demographics
See article: Russians in Ukraine

Donetsk had a population of over 985,000 inhabitants in 2009 and over 1,566,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2004. It was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.

According to the 2001 census, the Donetsk Oblast is inhabited by members of more than 130 ethnic groups. The Ukrainian ethnicity is 56.9% of the population (2,744,100 people); the Russian ethnicity is 38.2% of the population (1,844,400 people). The native language of 74.9% of the population of the Donetsk region is Russian, compared with 24.1% Ukrainian. 58.7% of people of Ukrainian ethnicity considered Russian to be their native language.

In 1989 there were no Ukrainian language schools in Donetsk.

The structure of the Donetsk City Municipality by ethnicity in 2001 is as follows:

 Russians: 493,392 people, 48.15%
 Ukrainians: 478,041 people, 46.65%
 Belarusians: 11,769 people, 1.15%
 Pontic Greeks (including Caucasus Greeks): 10,180 people, 0.99%
 Jews: 5,087 people, 0.50%
 Tatars: 4,987 people, 0.49%
 Armenians: 4,050 people, 0.40%
 Azerbaijanis: 2,098 people, 0.20%
 Georgians: 2,073 people, 0.20%
 Other: 13,001 people, 1.27%

Total: 1,024,678 people, 100.00%
In 1991 one-third of the population identified as Russian, one-third as Ukrainian while the majority of the rest declared themselves Slavs. Smaller minorities include in particular ethnic groups from the South Caucasus and northeast Anatolia region, including Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, and Pontic Greeks (including those defined as Caucasus Greeks).

Native language of the population of the city of Donetsk as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
Russian  87.8%
Ukrainian  11.1%
Armenian  0.1%
Belarusian  0.1%

Economy

Donetsk and the surrounding territories are heavily urbanised and agglomerated into conurbation. The workforce is heavily involved with heavy industry, especially coal mining. The city is an important center of heavy industry and coal mines in the Donets Basin (Donbas). Directly under the city lie coal mines, which have recently seen an increase in mining accidents, the most recent accident being at the Zasyadko mine, which killed over 100 workers.

Donetsk's economy consists of about 200 industrial organizations that have a total production output of more than 120 billion rubles per year and more than 20,000 medium-small sized organizations. The city's coal mining industry comprises 17 coal mines and two concentrating mills; the metallurgy industry comprises 5 large metallurgical plants located throughout the city; the engineering market comprises 67 organizations, and the food industry — 32 organizations.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, Donetsk and other neighboring cities of the Donbas suffered heavily, as many factories were closed down and many inhabitants lost their jobs. About  of living space,  of gas networks, and  of water supply networks were constructed in the city during 1998–2001.

The city also houses the "Donetsk" special economic zone. Donetsk currently has nine sister cities. The German city of Magdeburg had economic partnerships with Donetsk during 1962–1996.

In 2012, Donetsk was rated the best city for business in Ukraine by Forbes. Donetsk topped the rating in five indicators: human capital, the purchasing power of citizens, investment situation, economic stability, as well as infrastructure and comfort.

The shopping areas in the city include the enclosed shopping mall Donetsk City.

Sports
Donetsk is a large sports center, has a developed infrastructure, and has repeatedly held international competitions – Davis Cup, UEFA Champions League. Representatives of the city are state leaders sports such as football, hockey, basketball, boxing, tennis, athletics and others.

The most popular sport in Donetsk is football. Donetsk is home to two major professional football clubs: Shakhtar Donetsk, which played at the Donbas Arena prior to 2014 but now plays at NSC Olimpiyskiy, and FC Olimpik Donetsk, which currently plays in Chernihiv Stadium. Until 2021, both played in the Ukraine Premier League, but in 2021, Olimpik was relegated to the Ukrainian First League. Shakhtar Donetsk won the Ukrainian Championship and Ukrainian Cup multiple times, and in 2009 they became the second team from Ukraine (after FC Dynamo Kyiv) to win a European competition, the UEFA Cup. Donetsk was also home to the women's football club WFC Donchanka, one of the most successful clubs in the history of the Ukrainian Women's League, but it ceased operations in 2014.

Donetsk is home to the football stadium Donbas Arena, which was opened in 2009. It became the first stadium in Eastern Europe designed and constructed according to the UEFA standards for stadiums of "Elite" category. When the joint bid for the UEFA Euro 2012 was won by Poland and Ukraine, Donetsk's Donbas Arena was chosen as the location for three Group D matches, one quarter-final match, and one semi-final match. The RSK Olimpiyskyi Stadium was chosen as a reserve stadium.

Donetsk, together with the nearby Mariupol, were the host towns of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. The stadiums hosting the event on behalf of Donetsk were RSC Olimpiyskiy (which hosted the final) and the Metalurh Stadium.

Donetsk is home to the ice hockey club HC Donbass, playing at the Druzhba Arena since 2011 (but discontinuing operations is 2014 and then moving to Druzhkivka in 2015), which won the 2011 Ukrainian Hockey Championship, and which is the only elite level team in the country. After playing a single season in the Russian Major League, the club upgraded its arena to Kontinental Hockey League regulations, and joined the league in 2012. When moving to the KHL, the club created a local farm club to play in the Ukrainian Championship under the name HC Donbass-2, which won the 2012 and 2013 national titles. In 2013 Donetsk was hosting the 2012–13 IIHF Continental Cup ice hockey Super Final, which HC Donbass won, and the 2013 IIHF World Championship Division I – Group B, where Ukraine finished 1st and earned promotion to Group A (both were hosted at the Druzhba Arena). After the team resumed operations in 2015, it withdrew from the KHL, ultimately ending up in the Ukrainian Hockey League, where it has won four of the last five championships.

Donetsk was also home to the basketball club BC Donetsk, which played in the Ukrainian Basketball Super League, and won the 2012 champion title. The club played at the Druzhba Arena, and Donetsk had been chosen as one of the 6 Ukrainian cities to host the FIBA EuroBasket 2015. However, the club discontinued play after 2014 due to the ongoing war, and the 2015 FIBA tournament had to be moved out of the country.

The city used to be the home of few notable at the time yet now defunct clubs. The MFC Shakhtar Donetsk club won the Ukrainian futsal championship five times, but was dissolved in January 2011 midway through the season due to financial problems (at the time – the most titled club in Ukraine). One of the top Soviet volleyball teams at the time, VC Shakhtar Donetsk, who were the last team to win the Soviet Volleyball Championship, in 1992. The team also won the first two championships in the independent Ukraine league, in 1992 and 1993 (the 1992 Ukraine championship was held in Donetsk), and won the Ukraine Cup in 1993, but after having financial issues, the club was relegated in 1997, and after one season in the second tear it was shut down.

Donetsk hosted the USSR Tennis Championship in 1978, 1979 and 1980, and hosted some tennis matches of the 2005 Davis Cup. Donetsk was home to the Alexander Kolyaskin Memorial, which was held between 2002 and 2008 and part of the ATP Challenger Series, and Donetsk is the home of the female Viccourt Cup, which is classified as an ITF Women's Circuit and started in 2012.

Donetsk was always an important athletics centre, and hosted various events. Donetsk was one of the host towns for the 1978 and 1980 Soviet Athletics Championships, and was the sole host town of the event in 1984. Donetsk also hosted the 1977 European Athletics Junior Championships. The stadium used for those athletics events was the RSC Olimpiyskiy (at the time called RSC Lokomotiv).

Among the different track and field sports, Donetsk especially has a big name in pole vaulting. Serhii Bubka, regarded by many as the greatest pole vaulter in history, grew up in the city, and also started in 1992 an annual pole vaulting event in Donetsk, called Pole Vault Stars. Bubka himself set the world indoor record at the event three times (1990, 1991, 1993). His indoor world pole vault record of 6.15m, set in the Donetsk Olympic Stadium on 21 February 1993, was not broken until 2014. The Russian female pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva set a new world record at the event every year between 2004 and 2009.

The 2015 IIHF World Championship Division I ice hockey tournament had been scheduled for 18 to 24 April 2015 in Donetsk but was later moved to Kraków, Poland due to the ongoing war.

Professional sports teams
The following is a list of existing professional sports teams, and notable (title-winning) defunct clubs. None of the clubs currently play in the city due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Culture

Attractions

First Line Avenue (Artema Street)

First Line Avenue, also known as Artema Street, is considered to be the main part of Donetsk. It generally functions as the foremost place to start for any tourist trip around the city. The street hosts a mix of new and old architecture together with small parks, hotels, shopping centers and restaurants. Noteworthy sites include Lenin Square, the Opera & Ballet Theatre, Monument to Coalminers and Donetsk Drama Theatre.

Statue of Artyom (Fyodor Sergeyev)
This six meter tall statue on Artema Street is a tribute to Soviet politician Fyodor Sergeyev.

Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theatre
Built in 1936, the Donetsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre has been home to the Donetsk Ballet company since 1946.

Donbass Palace

This 5-star hotel in the center of Donetsk is the only ex-Ukrainian hotel to join The Leading Hotels of The World and was Ukraine's leading business hotel according to the World Travel Awards Association. It was built in 1938 by order of Shuvalova and Rechanikov. During the Nazi occupation of Donetsk, the Gestapo occupied the hotel as a headquarters; the building was partially destroyed during the war. The hotel was reopened after the reconstruction in 2004.

Pushkin Boulevard

A  long greenway that features fountains, cafes, and a number of statues such as the monument to Taras Shevchenko. The Mertsalov Palm sculpture is also located on Pushkin Boulevard. Originally created for an exhibition in 1896 by Aleksei Mertsalov, a local blacksmith, out of a single rail, it was meant to represent the skills and power of the heavy industry in Czarist Russia.

Monument to John Hughes
This 2001 statue located in front of Donetsk National Technical University honors the work of Welsh city founder John James Hughes, who built the city's Yuzovka Steel Plant which gave Donetsk its industrial history.

Forged Figures Park
Forged Figures Park was opened in 2001. The International Smithcraft Festival takes place in the park every year. Some prize-winning works are gifted to the city and remain in the park, periodically increasing the number of sculptures.

Aqua park
Donetsk Aquapark "Royal Marine" was opened in Scherbakova Park in late 2012. The free-standing dome, made with an aluminum truss structure, is  high with a diameter of , and features a retractable design that slides open to reveal up to 50% of the structure to sunlight. The  aqua park, one of the largest indoor water parks in the world, was built by Canadian company OpenAire, Inc.

Architecture

Donetsk, at the time Yuzovka, was divided into two parts: north and south. In the southern part were the city's factories, railway stations, telegraph buildings, hospitals and schools. Not far from the factories was the English colony where the engineers and the management lived. After the construction of the residence of John Hughes and the various complexes for the foreign workers, the city's southern portion was constructed mainly in the English style.

These buildings used rectangular and triangular shaped façades, green rooftops, large windows, which occupied a large portion of the building, and balconies. In this part of the town, the streets were large and had pavements. A major influence on the formation of architecture in Donetsk was the official architect of a Novorossiya company — Moldingauyer. Preserved buildings of the southern part of Yuzovka consisted of the residences of John Hughes (1891, partially preserved), Bolfur (1889) and Bosse.

In the northern part of Yuzovka, Novyi Svet, lived traders, craftsmen and bureaucrats. Here were located the market hall, the police headquarters and the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Jesus. The central street of Novyi Svet and the neighbouring streets were mainly edged by one- or two-story residential buildings, as well as markets, restaurants, hotels, offices and banks. A famous preserved building in the northern part of Yuzovka was the Hotel Great Britain.

The first general plan of Stalino was made in 1932 in Odesa by the architect P. Golovchenko. In 1937, the project was partly reworked. These projects were the first in the city's construction bureau's history.

A large portion of the city's buildings from the second half of the 20th century were designed by the architect Pavel Vigdergauz, which was given the Government award of the USSR for architecture in the city of Donetsk in 1978.

Religion

Donetsk's residents belong to religious traditions including the Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Catholic Churches, Protestantism, and the Roman Catholic Church, as well as Islam and Judaism. The religious body with the most members is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) and Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate.

In 2014, a leaflet carrying the signature of the "Chairman of Donetsk's temporary government Denis Pushilin" was distributed to Jews on the festival of Passover. The leaflet asked Donetsk's Jewish citizens to register themselves, their property, and their families to the pro-Russian authorities. The leaflet claimed that failure to comply with its demands would result in the revocation of citizenship and confiscation of property. The leaflet prompted confusion and fear among Donetsk's Jewish population, who saw echoes of the Holocaust in the leaflet. Pushilin denied any connection with the leaflets and called them a provocation.

Media
Five television stations operate within Donetsk:

 TRK Ukraina ()
 KRT, Kyivska Rus' ()
 First Municipal ()
 Kanal 27 ()
 TRK Donbass ()

In Donetsk, there is the 360-metre tall TV tower, one of the tallest structures in the city, completed in 1992.

Notable people

The citizens of Donetsk are commonly called Donchyani (, ). The following is a list of famous people who were born or brought up in the city:

 Rinat Akhmetov (born 1966), a Ukrainian billionaire businessman
 Emma Andijewska (born 1931), a modern Ukrainian poet, writer and painter
 Alexander Anoprienko (born 1957), Professor of Computer Engineering in Donetsk
 Zalman Aran (1899–1970) a Zionist activist, educator and Israeli government minister
 Serhiy Arbuzov (born 1976), head of Ukrainian Bank, 2010–2012
 Mykola Azarov (born 1947), Prime Minister of Ukraine, 2010 to 2014
 Fyodor Berezin (born 1960), a Russian science fiction writer and active supporter of the Donetsk People's Republic
 Volodymyr Biletskyy (born 1950), a Ukrainian mining engineer and scientist
 Viktor Burduk (born 1957), artist and blacksmith
 Vera Filatova (born 1982), a Ukrainian British actress
 Anatoly Fomenko (born 1945), mathematician, academic and promoter of New Chronology
 Dmytro Gnap (born 1977), journalist, investigates corruption
 Ismail Abdullaiev (born 23 May 1966), pro-Russian television director
 Yuri Kara (born 1954), Russian film director, screenwriter and producer
 Yevgeny Khaldei (1917–1997), Red Army naval officer and Soviet photographer
 Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971), Premier of the Soviet Union 1953–1964, grew up in Yuzovka
 Iya Kiva (born 1984), Ukrainian poet, translator, journalist, critic
 Valeriy Konovalyuk (born 1966), economist and businessman
 Anna Korsun (born 1986), Ukrainian singer, pianist, organist, conductor and composer
 Tatyana Kravchenko (born 1953), Soviet and Russian actress
 Mikhail Krichevsky (1897–2008), WW I veteran who fought for the Russian Empire
 Alexander Kuzemsky (born 1944), Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist
 Make Me Famous (2010–2012), English language Metalcore band
 Oleksiy Matsuka (born 1983), Ukrainian journalistand corruption investigator
 Siouzana Melikián (born 1986), Russian-Mexican actress
 Vadym Pysarev (born 1965), Ukrainian dancer and art Director
 Aleksandr Revva (born 1974), stand-up comedian, TV host and voice actor
 Volodymyr Rybak (born 1946), Mayor of Donetsk and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada
 Vladislav Rusanov (born 1966), Russian-language science fiction writer
 Denis Stoff (born 1992), Ukrainian musician, vocalist for Asking Alexandria
 Natan Sharansky (born 1948), former anticommunist, Zionist, Israeli politician and writer
 Ihor Sorkin (born 1967), former head of the Ukrainian National Bank
 Anatoliy Solovianenko (1932–1999), Soviet operatic tenor
 Oleg Stefan (born 1959), Soviet and Russian actor
 Vasyl Stus (1938–1985), Ukrainian poet and publicist and member of the dissident movement
 Petro Symonenko (born 1952), head of the Communist Party of Ukraine
 Kirill Tolpygo (1916–1994), Soviet physicist worked on condensed matter theory
 Marina Tsvigun (born 1960), religious sect leader, new age movement
 Viktor Yanukovych (born 1950), former president of Ukraine; deposed in 2014
 Pavlo Vigderhaus (1925–2013), Soviet architect, Monument to a Miner creator
 Vladimir Zakharov (1901–1956), Soviet composer and choir conductor

Sport
 Polina Astakhova (1936–2005), Ukrainian gymnast, multiple Olympic medallist
 Serhii Bubka (born 1963), Ukrainian pole vault athlete; gold medallist 1988 Summer Olympics
 Yuriy Dehteryov (born 1948), goalkeeper, 321 caps with Shakhtar Donetsk and 17 with the USSR
 Yuriy Gavrilov (1967–2021), volleyball player, Olympic gold medallist
 Julia Glushko (born 1990), Israeli tennis player
 Aleksandr Lebziak (born 1969), Russian boxer
 Natalya Mammadova (born 1984), Azeri volleyball player
 Evgenij Miroshnichenko (born 1978), Ukrainian chess player
 Ilya Mate (born 1956), Soviet Ukrainian freestyle wrestler, gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics
 Oleksiy Pecherov (born 1985), a Ukrainian basketball player
 Lilia Podkopayeva (born 1978), a Ukrainian gymnast, and the 1996 Olympic All Around Champion
 Serhii Rebrov (born 1974), footballer with 425 club caps and 75 for Ukraine
 Viktor Smyrnov (born 1986), Paralympic swimmer
 Viktor Sidyak (born 1943), fencing, first Soviet individual sabre Olympic gold medal in Munich 1972
 Nadiya Tkachenko (born 1948), Olympic-gold winning pentathlete
 Oleg Tverdovsky (born 1976), ice hockey player
 Alexander Yagubkin (1961–2013), 1982 World heavyweight amateur boxing champion
 Oleg Verniaiev (born 1993), Gymnast, Olympic gold medallist

Museums

Donetsk is home to about 140 museums. Among them, two large regional museums – Donetsk Region History Museum and Donetsk Regional Art Museum.

Donetsk Region History Museum reveals the city's true identity and covers to the entire local community, diverse as it is. Set up in 1924, it offers an extensive expo with 120,000 exhibits: from archeological findings dating back to pre-historic times to the founding of the city by John Hughes, development of industry and coal mining, World War II and the Soviet times. On 21 August 2014, the mayor of Donetsk reported that the roof and walls of the Donetsk Regional History Museum had been destroyed by shellfire early that morning.

FC Shaktar Museum was opened in 2010. This museum was the first Ukrainian museum to be nominated for a European Museum of the Year Award.

Transport

Local transport

The main forms of transport within Donetsk are: trams, electric trolley buses, buses and marshrutkas (private minibuses). The city's public transport system is controlled by the united Dongorpastrans municipal company. The city has 12 tram lines (~130 km), 17 trolley bus lines (~188 km), and about 115 bus lines. Both the tram and trolley bus systems in the city are served by 2 depots each. Another method of transport within the city is taxicab service, of which there are 32 in Donetsk.

The city also contains autostations located within the city and its suburbs: autostation Yuzhny (South), which serves mainly transport lines to the south, hence its name; autostation Tsentr (Centre), which serves transport in the direction of Marinka and Vuhledar as well as intercity transport; the autostation Krytyi rynok (Indoor market), which serves mainly transport in the north and east directions; and the autostation Putilovsky, which serves mainly the north and northwest transport directions.

The construction of the metro system in the city, begun in 1992, was recently abandoned due to the lack of funding. No lines or stations have been finished.

Railways

Donetsk's main railway station, which serves about 7 million passengers annually, is located in the northern part of the city. There is a museum near the main station, dealing with the history of the region's railways. Other railway stations are: Rutchenkovo, located in the Kyivskyi Raion; Mandrykino (Petrovskyi Raion), and Mushketovo (Budionivskyi Raion). Some passenger trains avoid Donetsk station and serve the Yasynuvata station, located outside the city limits. Although not used for regular transport, the city also has a children's railway. As of September 2009, a new railway terminal facility to comply with UEFA requirements (since Donetsk was one of the host cities for UEFA EURO 2012) was planned.

The Donetsk Oblast was an important transport hub in Ukraine, so was its centre Donetsk. The Donetsk Railways, based in Donetsk, is the largest railway division in the Republic. It serves the farming and industrial businesses of the area, and the populations of the Donetsk and Lugansk Republics and parts of the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kharkiv oblasts.

Road transport
The  highway, part of the International E-road network, runs through the city en route to Rostov-on-Don in Russia.

In addition, another international road runs through the city: the M 04. Also, three national Ukrainian roads (N 15, N 20, and N 21) pass through the city.

The construction of the fourth stage of a circular road bypassing Donetsk was to be completed in 2014.

Air travel
In addition to public and rail transport, Donetsk used to have an international airport. It was constructed during the early 1940s and early 1950s.  It was rebuilt in 1973 and again from 2011 to 2012. Because of fighting the airport has been closed as of 26 May 2014 and the airport has since then largely been destroyed. The airspace above Donetsk has also been closed since the MH17 disaster.

Education

Donetsk has several universities, which include five state universities, 11 institutes, three academies, 14 technicums, five private universities, and six colleges.

The most important and prominent educational institutions include Donetsk National Technical University, founded in 1921 ("Donetsk Polytechnical Institute" in 1960–1993), as well as the Donetsk National University which was founded in 1937. The National Technical University held close contacts with the university in Magdeburg. Since 1970, more than 100 students from Germany (East Germany) have completed their higher education at either one of the two main universities in Donetsk. Donetsk is also the home of the Donetsk National Medical University, which was founded in 1930 and became one of the largest medical universities in the Soviet Union. There are also several scientific research institutes and an Islamic University within Donetsk.

Donetsk is also the home of the Prokofiev Donetsk State Music Academy, a music conservatory founded in 1960.

Twinnings

Donetsk participates in international town twinning schemes. Partners include:

 Baku, Azerbaijan (2009)
 Bochum, Germany (1987)
 Charleroi, Belgium
 Katowice, Poland
 Kutaisi, Georgia
 Matagalpa, Nicaragua (2004)
 Pittsburgh, United States
 Sheffield, United Kingdom
 Taranto, Italy (1984)
 Vilnius, Lithuania

References

Sources

External links

General
 donetsk.org.ua — Donetsk city administration website
 stroit.dn.ua  — Construction site of Donetsk
  partner.donetsk.ua — Informational portal about Donetsk
 Official site of the Donetsk international airport
 Shakhtar Donetsk  official website of the Shakhtar football team
 dntsk.net — old and recent photos of Donetsk

Historical
 geocities.com — History of Donetsk and the story of the founder John Hughes
 bfcollection.net — Historic images of Donetsk
 alldonetsk.info  – The history of the city of Donetsk
  – Language Sandarmokh of Donetchyna, Mariya Oliynyk (UKR)

Maps
 citylife.donetsk.ua — City map in English language for foreigners
 maps.google.com — Google Maps satellite view of Donetsk
 wikimapia.org — Wikimapia view of Donetsk
 gorod.dn.ua — City map browsable and searchable by address

Cities in Donetsk Oblast
Special economic zones
Populated places established in 1869
Mining cities and regions in Ukraine
Articles containing video clips
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Populated places established in the Russian Empire
1869 establishments in the Russian Empire
Former Soviet toponymy in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine
Bakhmutsky Uyezd
De-Stalinization
Territorial disputes of Ukraine
Donetsk urban hromada

Donetsk


Visoka poslovna škola Zagreb je visokoškolska ustanova u Zagrebu, osnovana 2006. godine.

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Visoko obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj

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