Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (d.11 Kasım 1922; Indianapolis, Indiana - ö. 11 Nisan 2007; New York), Amerikalı hümanist yazardır.

Kurt Vonnegut, 1922 yılında ABD'nin Indianapolis şehrinde dünyaya geldi. Cornell Üniversitesi'nde biyokimya okuduktan sonra II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Avrupa'da asker olarak hizmet verdi. Almanya'da savaş esiri olarak ele geçirildi ve Dresden şehrinin Müttefik kuvvetler tarafından bombalanmasına şahit oldu. Bu olay Vonnegut'u derinden etkiledi ve sonucunda en başarılı romanı, Slaughterhouse-Five'ı (Mezbaha No 5) yazdı. Bu kitap sayesinde çağdaş Amerikan yazarlarının başta gelenlerinden biri oldu.

Savaş sonrası, yazarlığa zamanının çoğunu ayırmadan önce, Chicago Üniversitesi'nde antropoloji dalında uzmanlaştı. Başlangıçta bilimkurgu üzerinde yoğunlaştı ve ilk yayınlanan romanı, Player Piano (Otomatik Piyano), bu dalda Vonnegut'a büyük övgü kazandırdı. Sonraki zamanlarda her ne kadar bilimkurgu dalıdan uzaklaştığını belirtse de, yazdığı kitaplarda etkileri hâlen görülebilir.

Romanları
 1952 - Player Piano (Otomatik Piyano)
 1959 - The Sirens of Titan (Titan'ın Sirenleri)
 1961 - Mother Night (Gece Ana)
 1963 - Cat's Cradle (Kedi Beşiği)
 1965 - God Bless You Mr. Rosewater, veya Pearls Before Swine
 1969 - Slaughterhouse-Five, veya The Children's Crusade (Mezbaha No 5)
 1973 - Breakfast of the Champions, veya Goodbye, Blue Monday (Şampiyonların Kahvaltısı)
 1976 - Slapstick (roman), veya Lonesome No More (Hi Ho)
 1979 - Jailbird (Hapishane Kuşu)
 1982 - Deadeye Dick
 1985 - Galápagos (Galapagos)
 1987 - Bluebeard (Mavi Sakal)
 1990 - Hocus Pocus
 1997 - Timequake

Kısa hikâyeleri
 1961 - Canary in a Cat House
 1968 - Welcome to the Monkey House
 1999 - Bagombo Snuff Box

Makaleleri
 1974 - Wampeters, Foma & Granfallons
 1981 - Palm Sunday
 1991 - Fates Worse Than Death
 1999 - God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian

Sahne oyunları
 1970 - Happy Birthday, Wanda June
 1972 - Between Time and Timbuktu, veya Prometheus Five
 1993 - Make Up Your Mind
 1993 - Miss Temptation
 1993 - L'Histoire du Soldat

Hatıralar / Biyografi
 2005 - A Man Without A Country (Ülkesi Olmayan Adam)

Dış bağlantılar

 Kurt Vonnegut Resmî Sitesi
 Cold Turkey Köşe Yazıları

1922 doğumlular
2007 yılında ölenler

Amerikalı bilimkurgu yazarları
Amerikalı sosyalistler
Amerikalı savaş tutsakları
Amerikalı agnostikler
Amerikalı anarşistler
Amerikalı ateistler
Chicago Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Mor Kalp Nişanı sahipleri
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Amerikalı savaş tutsakları
Anarko-pasifistler
General Electric kişileri
Dresden Bombardımanı
New York eyaletinde kazalarda ölenler
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı roman yazarları
Amerikalı deneme yazarları
Amerikalı hümanistler
Amerikalı pasifistler
Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı hikâye yazarları
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı hikâye yazarları
Amerikalı vergi direnişçileri
Anarşist yazarlar
Carnegie Mellon Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
City College of New York öğretim üyeleri
Cornell Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
1960'lardaki karşı kültür
Guggenheim Fellows
Harvard Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
American Academy of Arts and Letters üyeleri
Postmodern yazarlar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Kara Kuvvetleri askerleri
Tennessee Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Indianapolis doğumlu yazarlar
Iowa Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Nijerya İç Savaşı'nda kişiler
Amerikalı satiristler
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı oyun yazarları
Irak Savaşı karşıtı Amerikalı aktivistler
Hristiyanlık eleştirmenleri
Düşme sonucu ölenler
Nijerya İç Savaşı muhabirleri
Sekülaristler

Kurt Vonnegut


Stomatita este inflamația gurii și buzelor. Se referă la orice proces inflamator care afectează membranele mucoase ale gurii și buzelor, cu sau fără ulcerație orală.

În sens larg, stomatita poate avea o mulțime de cauze și simptome. Printre cauzele obișnuite se numără infecțiile, carențele alimentare, reacțiile alergice, radioterapia și alte cazuri.

Atunci când apare inflamația gingiilor și gurii, se mai folosește și termenul "gingivo-stomatită", deși acesta mai este folosit câte odată ca sinonim pentru gingivo-stomatita herpetică.

Termenul provine din grecescul stoma (), însemnând "gură" și sufixul -ită (), însemnând "inflamație".

Cauze

Carențe alimentare
Malnutriția (o dietă necorespunzătoare) sau malabsorpția (o absorbție redusă a nutrienților în organism) poate conduce la stări nutrițional deficiente, dintre care unele pot provoca stomatita. De exemplu, carențele de fier, vitamina B2 (riboflavină), vitamina B3 (niacină), vitamina B6 (pyridoxină), vitamina B9 (acidul folic) sau vitamina B12 (cobalamina) se pot manifesta prin apariția stomatitei. Fierul este necesar în suplimentarea elementelor transcripționale pentru multiplicarea și refacerea celulară. Lipsa de fier poate provoca reducerea genetică a acestor elemente, conducând o refacere și regenerare ineficiente ale celulelor epiteliale, în special la gură și buze. Numeroase boli care produc malabsorbție pot conduce la deficiențe, urmate de stomatită. Exemplele includ intoleranța la lactoză.

Stomatita aftoasă
Stomatita aftoasă (afte bucale) reprezintă apariția repetată a ulcerelor gurii la persoane care nu au alte afecțiuni. Cauza nu este complet înțeleasă, dar se crede că această afecțiune este un răspuns imunitar mediat de celule T, care este declanșat de o mulțime de factori. Ulcerele (afte) reapar periodic și se vindecă complet, deși în cazuri mai grave pot apărea noi ulcere în alte părți ale gurii înainte ca cele anterioare să se vindece. Stomatita aftoasă este una dintre cele mai obișnuite afecțiuni ale mucoasei orale și se crede că afectează, într-o oarecare măsură, 20% din populația generală. Simptomele variază de la o mică pată colorată până la impactul asupra masticației, înghițirii și vorbitului, iar formele grave pot conduce la slăbire. Nu există leac pentru stomatita aftoasă, iar terapia urmărește reducerea durerii, a inflamației și ajutarea vindecării ulcerelor, dar sunt puține dovezi ale eficienței oricărui tratament care a fost folosit.

Stomatita angulară
Inflamrea colțurilor buzelor se numește stomatită sau cheilită angulară. O cauză des întâlnită la copii este linsul repetat al buzelor, iar la adulți poate indica o anemie pe baza carenței de fier, sau deficiențe de vitamina B (ex., B2-riboflavină, B9-acid folic, sau B12-cobalamina, care pot indica o dietă neadecvată sau malnutriție, precum boala celiacă).

De asemenea, cheilita angulară poate fi produsă de fălcile 'supra-închise' (strânse) ale unui pacient datorită lipsei dentiției sau uzării dinților, conducând la o apropiere a fălcilor împreunate mai mare decât în cazul dentiției complete sau neafectate. Aceasta produce cute ale pielii în jurul colțului gurii (buzelor) care sunt umezite de salivă, ceea ce produce infectarea; de cele mai multe ori cu Candida albicans sau o specie similară. Tratamentul implică de obicei administrarea de nistatin sau alt agent antifungic. Un alt tratament poate fi corectarea distanței dintre fălci, de exemplu cu o proteză.

Stomatita dentară
Aceasta este o condiție obișnuită la purtătorii de proteză dentară. Apare ca o mucoasă înroșită dar fără dureri, sub proteză. Cele mai multe dintre cazuri sunt asociate cu specia Candida, și este cea mai obișnuită formă de candidoză orală. Tratamentul este cu medicamente antifungice și igienă bucală îmbunătățită, precum scoaterea protezei dentare în timpul somnului.

Stomatita alergică de contact
Stomatita de contact alergic (numită și "gingivo-stomatită alergică" sau "gingivo-stomatită alergică de contact") este o reacție de tipul IV (întârziată) de hipersensibilitate care apare la persoane susceptibile atopic când alergenii intră prin piele sau mucoasă.

Alergenii, care diferă de la o persoană la alta, se combină cu proteinele derivate din epiteliu, formând haptene care se leagă de celule Langerhans din mucoasă și care prezintă antigenul de pe suprafața lor limfocitelor T, făcându-le sensibile la acel antigen și să producă multe clone specifice.

Stomatita migratoare

Stomatita migratoare (sau geografică) este o prezentare atipică a unei condiții care în mod normal este prezentă pe limbă, denumită limbă geografică. Este numită așa deoarece are zone atrofiate și leziuni depapilate care migrează în timp, dând un aspect de hartă.

Gingivo-stomatită herpetică

Aceasta este inflamația gurii produsă de virusul herpes simplex.

Iradiere și chimioterapie
Stomatita mai poate fi produsă de chimioterapie sau terapia cu iradiere a zonei orofaringiene.

Alte forme
Alte tipuri de stomatită: gingivo-stomatită ulceroasă necrotică, stomatita nicotinică (sau cheratoza palatală, apare la fumătorii de pipă), stomatita ulceroasă cronică, sindromul PFAPA (febră periodică, stomatită aftoasă, faringită și adenită) la copii.

Note

Legături externe
 5-Minute Clinical Consult Stomatitis

Inflamații
Boli ale sistemului digestiv

Stomatită


A Diocese de Vasai (Latim:Dioecesis Vasaiensis) é uma diocese localizada no município de Baçaim, no estado de Maarastra, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Bombaim na Índia. Foi fundada em 22 de maio de 1998 pelo Papa João Paulo II. Com uma população católica de 141.181 habitantes, sendo 3,5% da população total, possui 92 paróquias com dados de 2018.

História

Em 22 de maio de 1998 o Papa João Paulo II cria a Diocese de Vasai através do território da Arquidiocese de Bombaim.

Lista de bispos
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação da diocese em 1999.

Vasai
Vasai

Diocese de Vasai


Nye scener fra Amerika er en rejsefilm fra 2002 instrueret af Jørgen Leth efter manuskript af Jørgen Leth.

Handling
Jørgen Leths personlige og poetiske syn på Amerika, optaget i september 2001 i New York, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona og Californien. Leth og hans fotograf Dan Holmberg besluttede sig for at lave en opfølger til deres egen "66 scener fra Amerika" fra 1981, som har opnået status som en klassiker i dokumentarfilmens historie. De ville skildre det mytologiske Amerika, de endeløse veje, benzinstationerne, diner'ne, motellerne, storbyen. Blandt de personer, som medvirker i filmen, er kultfigurer som digteren John Ashbery, musikeren John Cale, skuespilleren Dennis Hopper og fotografen Robert Frank. Sidstnævntes bog fra 50'erne "The Americans" er sammen med Edward Hoppers malerier en inspirationskilde for Leths og Holmbergs oplevelse af Amerika. John Cale har komponeret musikken til filmen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Jørgen Leth
Rejsefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2002

Nye scener fra Amerika


En ventesal er et rum i en større bygning, fx en jernbanestation eller busstation, hvor den rejsende kan vente på toget eller bussen beskyttet mod vind og vejr. Ventesalen vil som hovedregel være forsynet med bænke til at sidde på, og i tilknytning til ventesalen kan være andre faciliteter fx billetsalg, kiosk og toiletter. Desuden vil man som regel kunne finde køreplaner for de forbindelser, der er med det pågældende stoppested. Ventesalen vil ofte, men ikke altid, kunne opvarmes.

Kollektiv trafik
Rum

Ventesal


Paşalimanı Adası veya eskiden Halone ( Aloni), Marmara takımadalarında Marmara Adasının güneyinde, Avşa'nın doğusunda bir adadır. Adada, Paşalimanı, Poyrazlı, Harmanlı, Balıklı ve Tuzla isimli beş köy bulunmaktadır. Balıkesir ilinin Erdek ilçesine bağlıdır. Adanın nüfusu 2 bin kadardır.

Tarihçe
Prokennoslar, MÖ 493 yılında Perslere karşı ayaklanan İyon siteleriyle birlikte oldukları için şehirleri Fenikeliler tarafından tamamen yakılınca Sisam ve Miletostan gelerek Marmara Adasına geçmişler, oraya 'Yeni Prokennos' adını vermişlerdir. Daha sonra 'harman yeri' anlamına gelen 'Haloni' adı verilmiştir. Kizikoslu Diegonos bu adadan Halone diye bahseder. Bizans zamanında adanın ismi Aulonia'ya çevrilmiştir. Tarihçi La Mottraye 18. yy başında adaya 'Alonya' dendiğini yazmaktadır. Son zamanlarda modern Yunancaya göre adaya hem 'Aloni' ya da 'Alonisos' hem de Paşalimanı denmiş ve bugün bu adla anılmaktadır.

Ada, 14. yy'da Osmanlı Egemenliğine geçmiş. I. Dünya Harbinden sonra kısa bir süre Yunan işgali haricinde tamamen Türklerin yönetiminde kalmıştır. 1949 yılına kadar Marmara Kazasına bağlı bir kaza merkeziyken sonradan Erdek ilçesine'e bağlanmıştır.

Lala Mustafa Paşanın Kıbrıs seferinden dönüşünde, çok sert bir havaya tutulması ve bu adanın kuytusuna yaklaşarak sığınması ve orada kalması üzerine, Paşa'nın Limanı anlamında Paşalimanı adını almıştır. Lala Mustafa Paşa bu ziyareti ile adada yaralı askerlerini tedavi ettirmiş, şehit askerlerini defnetmiş,  cami ve çeşme gibi halkın kullanımına açık meskenler inşa ettirmiştir. Caminin çatısını gemisinin direği ile desteklemiştir. 1935'teki depremde cami tamamen yıkılmış yerine şimdiki cami yapılmıştır. Caminin yanındaki mezar taşlarında çok eski mezarlar mevcuttur. Bunların en eskileri 'Sahib-i hayat ve hasenat Paşalimanı Zabiti Elhoş Halil Ağa 1200' ve 'Merhum Tiryaki Mehmet Paşa 1174' kitabelerini taşayan taşlardır. Bu eserler halâ ayakta durmaya çalışmaktadır.

Turizm
Paşalimanı Adası'nda beş köy bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Harmanlı (Halonia(rum=Harman yeri)) ve idari merkez olan Paşalimanı batı tarafında, kuzeyinde Poyrazlı (Voria(rum=poyrazlı)) doğusunda Tuzla (Huhla(rum=Salyangoz)) ve son olarak güneyinde Balıklı (Skupia(rum=sığınak)) köyleri bulunmaktadır. Toprak ve havasının uygunluğu nedeniyle bağcılığa son derece uygun olan adada özellikle şaraplık olarak "ada karası" üzümü yetiştirilmekte ve Avşa Adası ile birlikte burada yetiştirilen üzümler şarap yapımında kullanılmaktadır.

Başta zeytin, üzüm, elma, kara dut, incir, erik olmak üzere her türlü meyve ve sebzenin yetiştiği, havası ve doğal güzellikleri, Bizans ve Osmanlı İmparatorlukları zamanında saraydaki ruh ve sinir hastalarının tedavisinde büyük rol oynamıştır.

Marmara adası yüzünde bulunan batık gemi Paşalimanındaki yıkık limandan çıkmış bir eserdir. Zamanında sert poyraza dayanamayıp batmış bir gemidir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Paşalimanı Adası Resmi Web Sitesi
 Uzaydan Paşalimanı Adası

Kaynakça

Marmara Adaları
Balıkesir iline bağlı adalar
Marmara Denizi'ndeki adalar

Paşalimanı Adası


Dina Bell, de son nom complet Charles Dina Ebonguè  est un artiste camerounais de Makossa, genre musical de la cote littorale en pays Sawa.

Biographie

Enfance, éducation et débuts
Charles Dina Ebonguè est né le 28 mai 1953 à Douala. Il embrasse tôt la musique avec la chorale Lotin à Samè de Eboa Lotin.

Actif dans de nombreux concerts scolaires et  durant sa jeunesse.

Carrière

Discographe
En 1978 avec « Yoma Yoma », produit sous le label Azengue Productions et réalisé avec Toto Guillaume à la guitare et Aladji Touré à la basse, Dina Bell acquiert un immense succès et un disque d'or. Avec un makossa coloré d'afro-zouk, de funk et de rumba congolaise il fonde en 1983 le groupe « Bazor » qui signifierait « Pilier » en langue Duala.

Avec des albums tels que « Mbemb'a lyo » en 1980, « Longe » en 1981, « Etom'Am »... Dina Bell est l'un des chanteurs Makossa les plus prolifiques des années 80.

Personnalité
Il est réputé proche de Pierre de Moussy.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Aladji Touré, Pierre de Moussy

Liens externes

Musicien camerounais
Naissance en mai 1953
Naissance à Douala
Nom de scène

Dina Bell


Nuri al-Badran (born 1943) was the Minister of Interior in the cabinet appointed by the Interim Iraq Governing Council in September 2003. A secular Shiite Muslim, Badran served in the government of Saddam Hussein as ambassador to the Soviet Union until fleeing Iraq upon its 1990 invasion of Kuwait. In exile, he joined the Iraqi National Accord opposition group (led by his brother-in-law Ayad Allawi). Badran resigned his post in April 2004 amid a corruption scandal.

References

Interior ministers of Iraq
1943 births
Living people
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Ambassadors of Iraq to the Soviet Union
Iraqi National Accord politicians

Nuri Badran


The Sambians were a Prussian tribe. They inhabited the Sambia Peninsula north of the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). Sambians were located in a coastal territory rich in amber and engaged in trade early on (see Amber Road). Therefore, they established contacts with foreign nations before any other Prussians. However, as with all other Prussians, they were conquered by the Teutonic Knights, and, exposed to assimilation and Germanization, became extinct sometime in the 17th century.

The Sambians bordered the Natangians in the south, and the Nadruvians in the east.

History
Engaged in the amber trade, Sambia was the richest and most densely populated region of Prussia. It provides a wealth of artifacts from the Bronze Age, including imported goods from the Roman Empire. Sambians, unlike other Prussians, did not cremate their dead. They built earth barrows above graves and surrounded them with stone circles. The name of the clan was first mentioned in 1073 by Adam of Bremen, who calls them "most humane people". Warfare with Danes continued from the mid-9th century to beginning of the 13th century. It is known that there was Wiskiauten, a Viking settlement in Sambia, that flourished for about 300 years. Swedes maintained more peaceful relations and fostered trade.

The 13th century saw the rise of another enemy, the Teutonic Knights, a crusading military order from the Holy Roman Empire. Its goal was to conquer all pagans and convert them to Roman Catholicism. The conquest of Sambia during the Prussian Crusade was delayed by the First Prussian Uprising that broke out in 1242. The uprising technically ended in 1249 by signing the Treaty of Christburg, but skirmishes lasted for four more years. Only in 1254–1255 could the Knights arrange a large campaign against the Sambians. King Ottokar II of Bohemia participated in the expedition and as a tribute the Knights named the newly founded Königsberg Castle in his honor. The Sambians rose against the Knights during the Great Prussian Uprising (1260–1274), but were the first ones to surrender. When other clans tried to resurrect the uprising in 1276 Theodoric, vogt of Sambia convinced the Sambians not to join the insurrection; Natangians and Warmians followed the Sambian lead and the uprising was crushed within a year. In 1243, the Bishopric of Samland (Sambia) was established as the church administration of the region, as arranged by the papal legate William of Modena. At the end of the 13th century, Sambians numbered only about 22,000. They gave in to Germanization later than western tribes that were conquered earlier. In 1454, the region was incorporated by King Casimir IV Jagiellon to the Kingdom of Poland. After the subsequent Thirteen Years' War, the longest of all Polish–Teutonic wars, since 1466, Sambia formed part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order, and after 1525 held by secular Ducal Prussia.

According to Peter von Dusburg, Sambia was subdivided in 15 territorial units. Their German names (from east to west) are: Germau, Medenau, Rinau, Pobeten, Wargen, Rudau, Laptau, Quedenau, Schaaken, Waldau, Caimen, Tapiau, Labiau, Laukischken, and Wehlau.

References
5. Pluskowski, Aleksander. The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade-Holy War and Colonisation. New York. pp. 8, 60, 61, 62, 63, 196. ISBN 978-0-415-69171-0

Historical Baltic peoples
Old Prussians
People from Prussia proper
History of Kaliningrad Oblast

Sambians


Mirabella - género botânico com 36 espécies da família das Cactáceas
 Mirabela (ameixa) - uma subespécie de ameixeira europeia, cujo fruto se destaca pela cor amarela
 Bassia scoparia ou Mirabela - espécie de planta herbácea natural da Eurásia
 Bassia scoparia subsp. scoparia ou Mirabela - subespécie de planta herbácea natural da Eurásia e presente em Portugal
 Mirabela - município brasileiro do estado de Minas Gerais
 Mirabella (telenovela) -  telenovela filipina exibida pela ABS-CBN

Desambiguações de topônimos
Desambiguações de biologia

Mirabela (desambiguação)


Ping pong (ピンポン) est un film japonais réalisé par Fumihiko Sori, sorti en 2002.

Synopsis
Dans le club de tennis de table d'un lycée, Peco, déterminé à devenir pro, entraîne son ami d'enfance Smile.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Ping pong
 Titre original : Pinpon (ピンポン)
 Réalisation : Fumihiko Sori
 Scénario : Kankurō Kudō d'après le manga Ping pong de Taiyō Matsumoto
 Photographie : Akira Sako
 Montage : Sōichi Ueno
 Production : Shinji Ogawa et Sanae Suzuki
 Société de production : Asmik Ace Entertainment, BS-i, Imagica Corp. et Tokyo Broadcasting System
 Pays :
 Genre : Comédie dramatique
 Durée : 114 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :  (Tokyo)

Distribution
 Yōsuke Kubozuka : Yutaka « Peco » Hoshino
 Arata Iura : Makoto « Smile » Tsukimoto
 Sam Lee : Kong « China » Wenge
 Shidō Nakamura : Ryūichi « Dragon » Kazama
 Kōji Ohkura : Manabu « Demon » Sakuma
 Naoto Takenaka : Butterfly Joe
 Mari Natsuki : Obaba

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour huit Japan Academy Prizes et a remporté le prix du meilleur espoir pour Shidō Nakamura.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film japonais sorti en 2002
Comédie dramatique japonaise
Adaptation d'un manga au cinéma
Film sur le tennis de table
Film réalisé par Fumihiko Sori

Ping pong (film, 2002)


Vadodara (), also known as Baroda, is a major city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Vadodara district and is situated on the banks of the Vishwamitri River,  from the state capital of Gandhinagar. The railway line and National Highway 8, which connect Delhi with Mumbai, pass through Vadodara. The city is named for its abundance of banyan (vad) trees. Vadodara is also locally referred to as the Sanskari Nagari () and Kala Nagari () of India.

The city is prominent for landmarks such as the Laxmi Vilas Palace, which served as the residence of the Maratha royal Gaekwad dynasty that ruled over Baroda State. It is also the home of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

Etymology

The city once was called Chandanavati after the rule of Chadas of the Dodiya Rajputis. The capital was also known as Virakshetra or machod (Land of Warriors). Later, it was known as Vadpatraka or Vadodará, and according to tradition, is a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word vatodar, meaning "in the belly of the banyan tree". It is, as of 2009, almost impossible to ascertain when the various changes in the name were made; early English travelers and merchants of the 15th century mention the town as Baroda, and it is from this, that the name Baroda is derived; in 1974 (well after independence), the official name of the city was changed to Vadodara.

History

Prehistory
At Akota, now a suburb of Vadodara, excavations have found rich microlith deposits, providing early evidence of habitation in the area. These prehistoric people took part in hunting and fishing and lived no later than 1000 BCE.

First millennium CE
By the first centuries CE, Akota was the site of a commercial town with far-reaching trade links. Known in antiquity as Aṅkoṭṭaka, it had well-built houses made from burnt bricks. Two re-struck coins of the early Western Satraps have been found here, along with artifacts possibly of Greco-Roman origin. A Gupta-era coin has also been found here.

Akota flourished under the Maitraka dynasty, although it experienced periodic severe flooding. A huge hoard of Jain bronzes, largely dating from this period, was found at Akota's old site, incicating that the city was a centre of Jainism. The bronzes include images of various tirthankaras as well as an elephant-shaped incense burner. Many of them have inscriptions that have been used to indicate when they were made.

In the 6th century, the town's inhabitants shifted away from the river to a new site near Akota's modern centre. At Kothi, which also now forms part of Vadodara, evidence of habitation also first emerges during this period.

An early mention of Vadodara itself is in an 812 copper-plate grant of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. It records Karka Suvarṇavasha, second ruler of the Lata branch of the Rashtrakutas, giving the village of Vaḍapadraka, in the province of Aṅkoṭṭaka and identified with present-day Vadodara, to a Brahmin from Valabhi. Meanwhile, Akota continued to flourish during this period.

Chaulukya period: from village to city
By the 11th century, under the Chaulukya dynasty, Vadodara appears to have gained in importance. A plate dated to 1077 mentions a battle on the bank of the Vishvamitri river in the vishaya of Vaṭapadraka, which had evidently replaced the earlier province of Aṅkoṭṭaka. The Akota bronzes continue until the 11th century but cease thereafter. The main centre of Jainism in the area shifted to Vadodara. By this period, Vadodara is referred to as a pura, or city, rather than just a village.

A manuscript of the Panchavastuka written at Vadodara in 1123 indicates that the province of Lāṭa was then governed by Santūka, a minister of the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja. At some point, Santūka organised a rathayatra, or chariot procession, at Vaṭapadraka. Several other manuscripts from Vadodara are known from this period, including a Prakrit work composed by Chandraprabhasuri in 1128 along with two copies of Jain works made in 1156 and 1168 respectively. Another manuscript, although copied at Dabhoi, was written by a scribe named Vosari whose father was a pandit named Kesava who came from Vadodara.

During this period, merchants from Vadodara contributed to the temples at the Chaulukya capital of Patan. At some point, the minister Tejpal, returning from a victory at Godhra, stopped at Vadodara for several days and renovated the local shrine of Parshvanatha. Around 1264, shrines to Mahavira and Adishvara were built at Vadodara by one Pethad Shah.

Delhi Sultanate
Under the Delhi Sultanate, Vadodara was home to a group of Afghan amirs known collectively as the Amir-i Sadgan, or "the nobles of the hundred", because each one commanded a force of 100 cavalry. In 1344, during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq, they revolted. Led by one Qazi Jalal, they defeated Muqbil, the sultan's main deputy in Gujarat, in a decisive battle near Dabhoi. They went on to occupy a large territory stretching from Kadi in the north to Bharuch in the south, and from Khambhat in the west to the hill country in the east. In 1345, Muhammad bin Tughluq led an army to Gujarat to put down the rebellion and, after initially camping at Pandu Mewas, defeated them in battle at Bharuch.

Gujarat Sultanate
Muzaffar Shah I, founder of the Gujarat Sultanate, appointed his son Firuz Khan as governor of Vadodara at some point. After Muzaffar Shah's death in 1411, he was succeeded by his grandson Ahmad Shah I (Firuz's nephew). Firuz immediately laid claim to the throne. Because the sultanate's central authority in central and southern Gujarat was weak at this point, Firuz had little trouble assembling an army at Vadodara. He then marched to Nadiad and then to Bharuch, which he seized by force. Ultimately, the rebellion dissipated without a pitched battle: internal tensions had already arisen among Firuz Khan's main allies, and when Ahmad Shah offered them amnesty in return for standing down, they readily complied. Firuz Khan was forgiven and given Navsari as a jagir, thus giving up his position as governor of Vadodara.

In 1451, Vadodara was sacked by troops under Mahmud Khalji, ruler of the Malwa Sultanate. Later, during the reign of Mahmud Begada, a major re-foundation of Vadodara took place. A new city called Daulatabad was built, close to the old site. The Muslim name evidently did not stick, but the city itself did, and this new foundation became the basis for the modern city of Vadodara. A later atlas by John Ogilby refers to people moving from the old town to the new one.

Mughal Empire
After Akbar conquered Gujarat in 1573, he gave Vadodara to one Nawab Aurang Khan. There was an administrative reform under Akbar's reign, and Raja Todar Mal conducted a land survey of parts of Gujarat. Vadodara, however, does not seem to have been included in this survey.

In the late 1600s, Gujarat was increasingly attacked by Maratha and Koli raids. One raid, by the Kolis, hit Vadodara in 1705; they looted the city for two days.

Geography
Vadodara is located at  in western India at an elevation of . It is the 10th-largest city in India with an area of  and a population of 3.5 million, according to the 2010–11 census. The city sits on the banks of the Vishwamitri River, in central Gujarat. The Vishwamitri frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. The city is located on the fertile plain between the Mahi and Narmada Rivers. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the cosmopolis falls under seismic zone-III, on a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).

Climate

Vadodara features a borderline tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) that despite the roughly  of rain that the city receives annually is due to the area's high potential evapotranspiration very close to being classified as a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is dry. The weather is hot during March to July, when the average maximum is , and the average minimum is . From November to February, the average maximum temperature is , the average minimum is , and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for mildly chilly days in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall is , but infrequent, torrential rains cause the river to flood like the 2005 Gujarat flood or the 2008 Indian floods, which were catastrophic.

The highest recorded temperature was  on 11 May 1960 crossed with  on 19 May 2016, while the lowest recorded temperature was  on 15 January 1935.

Demographics

At the time of the 2011 census of India, Vadodara Municipal Corporation and associated outgrowths had a population of 3,552,371. About 9.45% of the population was under 6 years of age. Vadodara had a sex ratio of 920 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 90.48%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 6.63% and 4.07% of the population, respectively.

Hinduism was the main religion, practiced by 85.39% of the population. Islam was the second-largest religion (11.20%). Jains were 2.02%, Christians 0.82%, and Sikhs 0.45%.

At the time of the 2011 census, 71.37% of the population spoke Gujarati, 14.83% Hindi, 7.60% Marathi and 1.91% Sindhi as their first language.

Economy
In Vadodara, various large-scale industries such as Gujarat Refinery of Indian Oil Corporation, Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals, Vadodara Manufacturing Division)(Formerly IPCL) of Reliance Industries Limited, Deepak Nitrite, Parikh Industries, Linde Engineering India, and Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited have come up in the vicinity of Gujarat Refinery. Other large-scale public-sector units are Heavy Water Project, Gujarat Industries Power Company Limited (GIPCL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation and Gas Authority of India Limited. Vadodara is also a manufacturing hub of power equipment, rail coaches, and defense aircraft, and several IT sector companies in Vadodara are rapidly growing. Vadodara is also a hub of pharmaceutical industries; many pharmaceutical companies are located within and nearby. Vadodara is home to many big pharmaceutical companies, and is a major hub of pharmaceutical industries in Gujarat.

Located in Vadodara are over 35% of India's power-transmission and distribution equipment manufacturers and an estimated 800 ancillaries supporting the big players in power sector equipment manufacturing and engineering industry. Larsen & Tourbo (L&T) has established "Knowledge City" in Vadodara. This Knowledge City is the hub of several key businesses of the L&T Group. The power business, mid- and downstream Hydrocarbon, L&T Technology Services, and the engineering joint venture L&T-Sargent & Lundy operate out of the facility. It also houses manufacturing facilities for switchgear, air circuit breakers, and moulded-case circuit breakers.

Bombardier Transportation, a Canadian company, has established a rail-coach manufacturing plant in Savli along with other manufacturing companies such as Alstom, Siemens, and Voltas. This plant manufactures coaches for Delhi Metro and the New Generation Rollingstock for Brisbane, Australia. The plant is also manufacturing trainsets for Delhi - Meerut RRTS. Beside this Vadodara holds a key position in Gujarat's pharmaceutical industry, as many small and big pharma companies are located in Vadodara.

Tata Advanced Systems Limited, a subsidiary of Tata Group and Airbus joint venture, has set up a C-295 transport aircraft manufacturing facility at Vadodara as part of a Rs 22,000 crore deal to supply 56 such aircraft. The C-295 will replace the Avro aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force. This project will make Vadodara a defense manufacturing hub. The first "Made in India" aircraft is expected in September 2026.

The revenue for the city is generated through taxes, service provision, and state government assistance. The taxes include general taxes, conservancy taxes, and water taxes, whereas the nontax or service revenue can include water charges, rent from municipal properties, public service charges, etc. The VMC budget for the year 2020–2021 against the proposed budget of Rs 3,554 crore last year, stood at Rs 3,770 crore this year.

Petrochemicals
Since the discovery of oil and natural gas in the area, Vadodara has become the site of various petrochemical industries. These are concenrated in the peri-urban areas to the northwest and south of the city proper.

In 1963, construction began on Gujarat Refinery outside of Vadodara, on a 1800-acre tract surrounded by the villages of Koyali, Ranoli, Karachia, and Dhanora. Jawaharlal Nehru ceremonially laid the foundation. The refinery's first trial production was in October 1965. As of 1973 it was producing 4.3 million tonnes of various products per year and it employed some 1,450 people. It was the third public-sector refinery to be built in India.

Among the refinery's products as of 1979 were gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel, and various industrial materials such as benzene, toluene, and naphtha. Crude was piped in from Ankleshwar and from northern Gujarat (around Kalol and Vadagam), and condensate was also supplied from the Khambhat gas fields.

In early 1978, two new petrochemical plants began operation in Vadodara: a naphtha cracking plant in March and a low-density polyethylene plant with an 80,000-tonne capacity in April. Both were operated by Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (now part of Reliance Industries) and both were also the first plant of their kind in Gujarat. In March 1979, IPCL also formally commissioned a major petrochemical complex at Vadodara that included an aromatics plant (producing dimethyl terephthalate and two types of xylene), an oil refinery, and seven other downstream facilities. The 7 downstream facilities were: 1. acrylonitrile, 2. synthetic rubber, 3. low-density polyethylene, 4. polypropylene, 5. ethylene glycol, 6. detergent alkylate, and 7. acrylic fibre. There were also plans in the works for a polyester yarn plant as part of the complex with a capacity of 3,500 to 7,000 tonnes per year.

Government and politics

The Vadodara city's municipal corporation or Maha Nagar Palika is a part of the Vadodara district. The district is set up in three distinct levels of administration, which are the collectorate - the district falls under the jurisdiction of a collector; the prant offices which take care of the affairs of taluka and other state government offices and the mamlatdar or taluka offices. The overall district administration has four departments: city survey, district supply office, district planning office, and district election office.

The City elects one member to the Lok Sabha (parliament) and five to the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha (Assembly). All of the five assembly seats of Vadodara were won by the BJP during the legislative elections in 2017. In the 2021 VMSS/VMC elections, the BJP won 69 seats, seven seats went to the Congress.

Election wards: 19
Seats (Corporators): 76
Population per ward: 87,826
Seats reserved for women: 38
Total voters (as on 1 January 2019): 1,638,300

Civic administration

According to the 2011 census, the total Urban Agglomeration (UA) population of Vadodara is 35,17,191. This is governed by the Vadodara Municipal Corporation which was founded in 1951. It was initially called the Baroda Municipal Corporation but later changed to Vadodara Municipal Corporation after the city's name was changed in the year 1974. The Bombay Municipal Corporation Act of 1951 was setup as the main legislation for the administration and governance of the Vadodara Municipal Corporation.

The city limits of Vadodara have expanded since: an area of  was added in the year 2002, followed by  of additional expansion to the north of the city in 2006. The villages Sayajipura, Bapod, Kapurai, Khatamba, Tarsal Kalali, Gorva, Chhani and Vemali were added to the VMC boundaries in 2017 and the latest expansion notice has been given to the seven villages of Sevasi, Bhayli, Vemali, Bil, Karodiya, Undera and Vadadala in the year 2020.

City governance

The Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949 governs the Vadodara Municipal Corporation. The Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act of 1949 which is derived from the Bombay Act No. LIX of 1949 is another legislation which most municipal corporation, including Vadodara in Gujarat function under.

The highest body of power in the municipal corporation is the General Board, which is composed of elected members from each ward within the VMC. There are 19 wards under the VMC, each of which consists 4 seats of councilor which has a 50% reservation of seats for women. There are a total of 76 councilors elected for this VMC term where every councilor is appointed in various committees for a period of one year.

The VMC has twelve executive committees apart from the standing committee, which look after the specialized functions of VMC. These committees include public works committee, water work committee, drainage and sewerage committee, health committee, town planning committee, estate management committee, recreation and culture committee, electric committee, and legal committee. Each committee consists of 12 councilors each. The formulation of an additional ward committee is recommended by the Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporation Act of 1949 for a city exceeding the population of three lakhs- which is above the current population of Vadodara.

Politics

Three corporators are elected from each ward, who in turn elect a mayor. Executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the Gujarat state government. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the city services, municipal school board, the city bus service, the municipal hospital and the city library. The last municipal corporation election for Vadodara took place in the year 2015 where Bhartiya Janta Party won in the majority with 57 out of the total 76 seats, followed by the Indian National Congress (INC) with 14 seats.

There are six sitting MLAs who have VMC under their jurisdiction and are currently part of the state ministry. Rajendrabhai Trivedi is the BJP MLA and incumbent 14th Speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly, who was unanimously elected on 9 February 2018. Jitendra Sukhadia is the Minister of Tourism, Non-resident Gujarati division as well as the Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs. Saurabhbhai Patel is the incumbent Energy Minister of Gujarat while Yogeshbhai Patel heads the Ministry of State for Narmada Development. The MLA Madhubhai Shrivastav is the state appointed Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation (GAIC) chief and Manisha Vakil is BJP's Vadodara City Assembly Constituency MLA.

Law and order
The Vadodara City Police are responsible for law enforcement and public safety in Vadodara, Gujarat. The Vadodara City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an IPS officer. They are a subdivision of the state police force of Gujarat and are headed by a commissioner. The Vadodara police force is responsible for the protection and safety of Vadodara citizens. Shamsher Singh, a previous serving as the Additional Director General of Police (State Crime Record Bureau cum Computer Centre), Gandhinagar, is the current Police commissioner of the Vadodara. He formally took charge on 1 January 2021.

Civic services

Three civic service departments are under the municipal corporation - the engineering department, the health department, and the support or administration department.

These departments together provide services, infrastructure, and management for the entire city. The engineering department manages infrastructure and services provided through cells or subdepartments such as bridge cell, drainage project, town development, streetlight, electrical sewerage, mechanical sewerage, building project, solid-waste management, road, storm-water drainage, water work, land, and estate. The health department takes care of public health-related issues and services through its solid-waste management, health, and ICDS subdepartments. The health department also has a subdepartment for managing birth, death, and marriage registrations. The support department handles all IT and administration-related issues and services, with cells such as IT, accounts audit, census, PRO, election, real estate (acquisition), shops and establishment, assessment, and UCD-NULM departments.

Urban planning
The two main institutions involved in planning and development in Vadodara are VMSS and the Vadodara Urban Development Authority (VUDA). The responsibilities of both these agencies are demarcated clearly not only physically but also functionally. The governing acts for both institutions differ. The principal responsibility of VUDA is to ensure a holistic development of the Vadodara agglomeration covering an area of , whereas VMSS is involved in the development of area of .

Vadodara's population grew the fastest during the decade between 1961 and 1971.  The Vadodara Municipal Corporation drew up the first official urban plan for the city's growth in 1970, the Vadodara Development Plan.  The VUDA was formed in 1980.  The second Development Plan, developed in 1984, included decentralising the city's infrastructure. During the mid-late 70s early 80s, development on the city's outskirts focused on building cheap, low-income housing for industrial workers. By the 1990s, the focus had shifted to mixed-density, "self-sustainable settlements" in peri-urban areas, especially on the west and southwest sides of town. Farmland was purchased from nearby villages to provide space for these new developments, which caused a large drop in cultivated acreage and overall agricultural produce in the area.

Initially, major industrial development happened on the city's north side; the east side also saw plenty of development because of its location near the old city core. The south and west were relatively less populated in comparison.

Various unplanned slum areas have been formed by rapid immigration from rural areas that outpaced formal city planning. These slum areas consist largely of temporary (kachcha) structures with communal toilets or none at all. They are often found in less-desired areas along river banks and nallahs or in other low-lying spots. Sanitation in these developments is generally poor.

A low of relatively lower-income, blue-collar workers live in industrial housing develoments on Vadodara's outskirts. Economically Weaker Section (EWS) housing and slums are located especially on the northwest, northeast, and east sides of the city. In recent decades (as of 2021), major industrial development has taken place along the NH-8 corridor. Religious institutions like temples and ashrams have especially developed on the east side of town, while the Transport Nagar development is located on the northeast.

Solid waste management

The municipal corporation under its health department provides the solid waste management for the Vadodara city. All zonal asst. municipal commissioners, zonal health officers, ward officers, sanitary inspectors are part of the solid waste management committee who need to be present during the weekly SWM coordination meetings. The department takes care of the sweeping, cleaning and maintenance along with complaint redressal. All zonal chief, assistant municipal commissioners, zonal health officers and other sanitary staff are expected to work on field between 7am to 11am on weekdays. The solid waste management also has a litter prevention system which carries out litter patrol and charges fines as administrative fees from the defaulters.

Water supply
An average of 53.2 million gallon (240 million litres) of water per day, or 38 gallon (190 litres) per person per day is provided the city daily to meets its daily water requirement. The water supply is provided by the water works department of the municipal corporation along with other agencies like the Sardar Sarovar Narmada limited who directly supply water to VMC which is looked after the Gujarat Pollution Control Board, the Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and the Water and Sanitation Management Organization. The city receives its drinking water supply from 16 high rise water tanks and one busting station located within the city.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam which is one of the drinking water sources for the city, had halted supply temporarily in 2019 after receiving complains about the high sulphur content from the Narmada river, but the water supply was restarted again after a few days. The other sources of water are the Mahi River for which the water is obtained from a French well that has naturally purified water through layers of sand. The Ajwa Sarovar is another source of drinking water and is filtered at Nimeta Water Purification Plant.

In January 2019, VUDA and GWSSB joined hands to reduce the acute shortage of drinking water for residential societies near close to the Vadodara city. A quantity of 3 MLD water per day for three years will be provided as a temporary measure until  water from the Timbi pond and Narmada canal reaches these residences.

Drainage and sewage

The drainage is provided under the Engineering department's drainage projects or the Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL). The department provides planning, designing, estimating, tendering, executing and operating and maintaining the sewerage systems like the sewerage network, sewage pumping stations, sewage pumping mains, sewage treatment and effluent disposal works.

The sewage as of 2001 covered 55% area and 65% of the present population when the VMC limits extended to . The Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL) has been working on a comprehensive sewerage system Master Plan for  of sewers and nine sewage treatment works. The plan master plan is designed for the year 2021 where the project aims to increase the sewage coverage from 55% to 95% by area and 65% to 93% by population for an area of .

Electricity
Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited (MGVCL) is the main electricity provision company for the Gujarat state and Vadodara. Hydroelectricity is additionally being generated by water from Sardar Sarovar Dam with six units of river bed power houses of 200 megawatt each.

Fire and emergency
Fire and rescue operations are provided by the VMC under its fire department which is provided according to the Section 285 to 289 of the BPMC Act. VMC has fixed rates for rescue operations & fire extinguishing within the VMC limits and outside it. The VMC's fire department also provide additional services like water tanker provision for domestic, religious or marriage purposes, providing ambulance, dead body carrier.

Transport
The city is on the major rail and road arteries joining Mumbai with Delhi and Mumbai with Ahmedabad.

Air
Vadodara Airport (IATA: BDQ) is located north-east of the city. Vadodara has flight connections with Mumbai, New Delhi,Hyderabad and Bangalore. Air India and IndiGo are currently operating their services from the airport. A new integrated international terminal has been constructed at the Vadodara airport and was inaugurated in October 2016. Vadodara is the first Green Airport in Gujarat and Second Green Airport in India after Kochi.

Railway

Vadodara was part of the historic Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BBCI), which arrived in the city in January 1861. On 5 November 1951 the BBCI Railway was merged with the Saurashtra, Rajputana and Jaipur railways to create the Western Railway. Vadodara Railway Station now belongs to the Western Railway zone of Indian Railways and is a major junction on the Western Railway Main Line.

The under-construction Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, India's first High-speed rail line will have a stop at the existing Vadodara Junction railway station. The station is planned for renovation to accommodate the new line.

Bus

Vadodara bus station is also beautifully designed as a symbol of Banyan (Vad) trees and located near by Railway Station. It also has a market, food court and multiplex facilities.

Sports
Vadodara has a professional cricket team, the Baroda cricket team, as well as the oldest cricket ground in Asia, called Moti Baug. The team has won the Ranji Trophy six times. Reliance Stadium, a private cricket ground owned by Reliance Industries, hosts ODIs. Some of the notable cricketer's from Baroda are Vijay Hazare,Anshuman Gaekwad,Kiran More, Nayan Mongia, Atul Bedade, Irfan Pathan, Yusuf Pathan, Hardik Pandya, Krunal Pandya, Deepak Hooda.

Vadodara too have an International cricket stadium under construction at Kotambi.Vadodara would also have a sports university in Desar.

Media
The city has five local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), Big FM (92.7 MHz), and All India Radio, Vividh Bharti (93.9 MHz)(Aakashwani). Radio City (91.1 MHz) is known all over Vadodara for its Rag Rag Ma Vadodara City profile. All India Radio is broadcast on the AM band. Satellite radio was launched in nearby city of Ahmedabad by WorldSpace in 2005. Vadodara News Magazine(VNM) is a local news TV channel that covers events in the city. Sandesh News is a local news TV channel.

Education

The city houses many Schools and Colleges, including Baroda High School. Higher Education Institutions across various disciplines attract international students mainly from the African countries such as Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa, and Kenya.

Universities
 The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
 Sigma Group of Institute
 Parul University
 Navrachna University
 GSFC University
 National Rail and Transportation Institute (Railway University)
 Sumandeep Vidyapeeth
 ITM Vocational University

Secondary schools
Navrachana Higher Secondary School
Navrachana Vidyani Vidyalaya
Navrachana International School
Cygnus World School
Cygnus International School
Billabong High International School

References

Further reading

External links

Metropolitan cities in India
Former capital cities in India

Vadodara


Lukovičasti dimak (runjava trava, runjavica; lat. Aetheorhiza bulbosa), vrsta glavočike raširene po Sredozemlju Europe, Afrike i Azije. Jedina je vrsta A. bulbosus, podtribus Hyoseridinae. Opisan je 1827. godine, a često se uključuje u Sonchus. Postoje dvije  ili tri podvrste

Podvrste
 Aetheorrhiza bulbosa subsp. bulbosa ; sin. Sonchus bulbosus (L.) N.Kilian & Greuter
 Aetheorhiza bulbosa subsp. microcephala Rech.f.; istočno Sredozemlje (Grčka, Turska)
 Aetheorhiza bulbosa subsp. willkommii (Burnat & Barbey) Rech.f.; Baleari

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hyoseridinae
Flora Sjeverne Afrike
Flora Europe
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Sinaja
Flora Libanona
Flora Izraela

Lukovičasti dimak


Chelsea T. Zhang (Pittsburgh, 4 de novembro de 1996) é uma atriz americana. Ela interpretou Rose Wilson na série de super-heróis da DC Universe / HBO Max, Titans (2019). Zhang teve papéis recorrentes na comédia dramática do Disney Channel Andi Mack (2017-2018) e na comédia da Netflix Daybreak (2019). Seus papéis no cinema incluem a comédia dramática Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015).

Início de vida e educação
Zhang é natural de Pittsburgh, Pensilvânia. Ela praticava patinação artística na pré-adolescência. Zhang frequentou a North Allegheny Senior High School. Aos 16 anos ela foi aceita na Universidade do Sul da Califórnia. Ela se formou na Marshall School of Business em administração de empresas em 2017.

Carreira
Zhang fez sua estreia em 2012 no filme The Perks of Being a Wallflower. Ela interpretou Naomi no filme de 2015 Me and Earl and the Dying Girl.

De 2017 a 2018, Zhang interpretou o papel recorrente de Brittany nas temporadas 1 e 2 da série do Disney Channel Andi Mack.

Zhang interpretou Sawyer no filme independente de 2018 Relish, que foi apresentado em vários festivais internacionais de cinema, incluindo o Burbank International Film Festival de 2019, onde recebeu várias indicações e prêmios de melhor atriz coadjuvante e melhor elenco.

Em março de 2019 foi anunciado que Zhang estrelaria como Rose Wilson na segunda temporada da série Titans do DC Universe. Ela também interpretou KJ na adaptação da Netflix de 2019 de Daybreak.

Em novembro de 2021, foi anunciado que Zhang interpretaria Sophie na adaptação cinematográfica de Loveboat, Taipei, de Abigail Hing Wen.

Filmografia

Filmes

Televisão

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1996
Pessoas vivas
Atrizes dos Estados Unidos
Naturais de Pittsburgh
Alunos da Universidade do Sul da Califórnia

Chelsea Zhang


جائزة لينين الدولية لتعزيز السلام بين الشعوب  كانت جائزة سوفيتية دولية ذات أهمية معنوية تمنح سنوياً. تأسست الجائزة في سنة 1956 بعد تغيير تسمية جائزة ستالين الدولية لتعزيز السلام بين الشعوب. أعيدت تسميتها إلى جائزة لينين الدولية للسلام في ديسمبر 1989.

وفق نظام الجائزة، كانت الجائزة تمنح لمواطني الدول الأجنبية بصرف النظر عن توجهاتهم السياسية وانتماءاتهم الحزبية وعقائدهم الدينية والفروق العرقية على إنجازات متميزة في مجال الكفاح من أجل السلام بين الشعوب.

تم تكليف لجنة خاصة لمنح هذه الجوائز، وكانت هذه اللجنة تؤلف من قبل رئاسة مجلس السوفيت الأعلى وتتألف من رئيس و14 عضواً من الشخصيات الاجتماعية من الاتحاد السوفيتي وممثلي بلدان أخرى، ويحق للجنة منح حتى خمس جوائز سنوياً. كان الفائزون بالجائزة يستلمون شهادة الجائزة وميدالية ذهبية ومكافأة مالية قيمتها 25 ألف روبل.

أعطت اللجنة الجوائز عن عامي 1968، 1969 في عام 1970 بمناسبة العيد المئوي لميلاد لينين. ومن الذين فازوا بالجائزة : فيدل كاسترو، مسز راتسواري نهرو، سيكوتوري، انطوان جورج ثابت، أوستاب، كوامي نكروما، فايز أحمد فايز، بابلو بيكاسو، موديبو كيتا، جورجي ترايكوف، أحمد بن بلة، رد كويل كنت، هربرت وارنك، نيجومين في دنه، جورج بوردا، روميش شاندرا، لودفيك سفوبودا، شفيع أحمد الشيخ، خالد محي الدين وكمال جنبلاط.

مصادر

 موسوعة السياسة للدكتور عبد الوهاب الكيالي.

جائزة ستالين للسلام
جوائز سلام
جوائز عالمية
حائزون على جائزة لينين للسلام
قوائم الفائزين بجوائز

جائزة لينين للسلام


Necrolust es el segundo demo de la banda de Death Metal, Vader. Es lanzado en 1989. La portada del álbum fue diseñado por Piotr Wiwczarek .

Lista de temas
 1. Decapitated Saints = 3:34
 2. Reborn in Flames = 5:39
 3. The Final Massacre = 4:29
 4. The Wrath = 3:57

Álbumes de Vader
Álbumes de 1989

Necrolust (demo de Vader)


Louis-Eugène Simonis (Lieja, 11 de julio de 1810 - Koekelberg, 11 de julio de 1882) fue un escultor belga del siglo XIX.

Biografía
Tras estudiar con François-Joseph Dewandre en la escuela de diseño de Lieja, completó su formación en Italia, primero en Bolonia y luego en Roma, entre 1829 y 1836. Gracias a una beca de la fundación Lambert Darchis, estudió con Mathieu Kessels y el ilustre Carlo Finelli. Con esa formación regresó a Bélgica y fue nombrado profesor de escultura en Lieja.

Más tarde se estableció en Bruselas, donde fue director de la Académie Royale des beaux-arts. Fue maestro de Julien Dillens y Charles Samuel.

Una de sus obras más conocidas es la Estatua ecuestre de Godofredo de Bouillón, en la Plaza Real de Bruselas. También intervino en la Columna del Congreso de la capital belga, para la que realizó unos leones en bronce y la figura alegórica de La Libertad de culto.

Bibliografía
 Vers la modernité, le XIXe siècle au Pays de Liège, Liège, 2001.
 Jean Puraye, La Fondation Lambert Darchis à Rome, Liège, 1993, p. 209.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 (en francés) Site des Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique

Escultores de Bélgica del siglo XIX
Nacidos en Lieja

Louis-Eugène Simonis


كليلة ودمنة هو عنوان لمسلسل رسوم متحركة عربي تعليمي مخصص للأطفال، وقد بث لأول مرة على قناة الجزيرة للأطفال سنة 2006م. تدور أحداث المسلسل بين عوالم الأدب الهندي والفارسي والعربي، وتصور أحاديث الأخوين «كليلة» و«دمنة» وقصص الحيوانات الأخرى بنية تعليم الأطفال الطرائف والحكم والعبر والأمثال، بالإضافة إلى تعليمهم مهارات جديدة وطرق عملية لحل المشكلات.

القصة مأخوذة من كتاب ، الذي كُتب بالسنسكريتية إحدى لغات الهند القديمة، وتُرجم بعدها إلى الفارسية، ثم نقله عبد الله بن المقفع إلى العربية، وأضاف إليه باباً جديداً وأربعةَ فصول.

انظر أيضاً
 كليلة و دمنة
 قناة الجزيرة للأطفال

المصادر

رسوم متحركة
رسوم متحركة عربية
كليلة ودمنة

كليلة ودمنة (مسلسل)


Sveti Romuald (Ravenna, oko 951. – 19. lipnja 1027.) je kršćanski svetac. Osnovao je benediktinsku granu kamaldolijanaca (kamaldulenza).

Rođen je u Ravenni oko 951. godine. S dvadeset godina bio je dionik svađe između svoga oca i jednog rođaka. U toj je svađi otac mu usmrtio rođaka. Romuald je morao za pokoru proboraviti u samostanu sv. Apolinara 40 dana. Jednog bdjenja tijekom noći ukazao mu se sam sv. Apolinar, i Romuald je odlučio postati redovnikom. U rodnoj Ravenni stupio je u samostan sv. Severa (San Severo). Redovnički život ondje nije mu bio kakav je želio, jer je tamošnje redovnike zahvatio duh raskalašenosti. Romuald je htio strožiji život. Braća bila su protiv tome, pa su ga čak htjela i likvidirati. Preživio je. Dobio je dopuštenje živjeti kao pustinjak.

Na prijelazu prvog u drugo tisućljeće boravio je u hrvatskim krajevima. Od 1001. do 1002. u Kloštru kod Vrsara izgradio je samostan. Po dovršetku posla otišao je u samotnjaštvo u Kapetanovu spilju. Budući da je bila blizu, smjestio se nešto dalje, u spilju na dnu Limskog kanala, na sjevernom obronku brijega.

Godine 1023. u Camaldoliju kod Arezza osnovao je zajednicu. Ta je zajednica postala kućom-maticom kamaldulskog reda. Romuald je umro 19. lipnja 1027. godine na glasu svetosti. Spomendan mu je isti taj dan, 19. lipnja.
Njegovo mrtvo tijelo nije se raspalo.

Izvori

Talijanski sveci
Kamaldolijanci

Sv. Romuald


Mejeririgtig eksport er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1976, der er instrueret af Henning Ørnbak efter manuskript af Hans Edvard Teglers.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1976

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Dairy Denmark by Victor Borge


යාපනය ශික්ෂා රෝහලේ සමූලඝාතනය යනු 1987 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 21 හා 22 යන දිනයන්හීදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යාපනය ශික්ෂණ රෝහල් භූමිය තුල, ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව විසින් සිදුකල සමූලඝාතනයකි. රෝහලේ සිටි ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දමිළ ජාතික රෝගීන්, හෙදියන්, වෛද්‍යවරුන් ඇතුළු රෝහලේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ 70 දෙනෙක් පමණ මෙමගින් ඝාතනය කර දමනු ලැබිණි. ත්‍රස්ථවාදී සංවිධානයක් වූ දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානය, ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය, මානව හිමිකම් සඳහා වූ විශ්වවිද්‍යාල ගුරුවරු වැනි ස්වාධීන නිරික්ෂකයින් හා අනෙකුත් විවිධ සංවිධානද මෙම සිදුවීම, සිවිල් වැසියන් ඉලක්ක කොට ගෙන සිදුකරන ලද සමූලඝාතනයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වන ලදී.

කෙසේ නමුදු මෙම හමුදා මෙහෙයුම භාරව සිටි නිළදාරියා වූ ලුතිනන් ජනරාල් දෙපින්දර් සිං (Depinder Singh) විසින් පවසා සිටියේ, මෙම සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනයට ලක්වූවේ කොටි කැරළිකරුවන් හා ඉන්දියානු හමුදාව අතර සිදුවූ ප්‍රහාර වලට මැදිවීමෙන් බවයි. එසේම මෙම ඝාතනයන්ට වගකිව යුතු හමුදා නිළදාරීන්ට එරෙහිව නඩු පැවරීමට, එකල ඉන්දියානු රජය පියවර නොගන්නා ලදී.

පසුබිම
1987 වර්ෂයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය සහ ඉන්දියානු රජය විසින් ඇතිකරගත් ගිවිසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම නිසා එරට ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව (IPKF), දෙමළ කොටි ත්‍රස්ථවාදීන් නිරායුධ කිරීම සහ ගිවිසුම් කටයුතු නිරික්ෂණය කිරීම වෙනුවෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට පැමිණෙන ලදී. නමුත් දෙමළ කොටි සංවිධානය, ඉන්දියානු හමුදාව සමග ගැටුමක් නිර්මාණය කර ගනිමින්, ඔක්තෝම්බර් 8 වන දින ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව වෙත මාරාන්තික ප්‍රහාරයක් කිරීම නිසා, අවසානයේදී ඔවුන්ද (සාම සාධක හමුදාව) කොටි ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් (LTTE) වෙතට ප්‍රහාර දියත් කිරීම අරඹන ලදී. ඒ අනූව 1987 ඔක්තෝම්බරයේදී ඉන්දියානු හමුදාව, එල්ටීටීඊ යට අයත්ව තුබූ යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපය තුල බලය තහවුරු කර ගැනීමට උත්සාහ දරණ ලදී.

ප්‍රහාරය එල්ල වීම
යාපනය ශික්ෂා රෝහල/යාපනය මහ රෝහල එවක ගැටුම් අතරතුරදී පවා යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපය තුල ක්‍රියාත්මකව තිබූ, ජනතාවගේ ප්‍රධානතම සෞඛ්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය විය. නමුත් එල්ටීටීඊ ත්‍රස්ත සංවිධානය සහ ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව අතර එම කාලයේ පැවැති සම්බන්ධතා ක්‍රමයෙන් දුර්වල වී යාම නිසා සහ ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව යාපනය නගරයේ බලය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වීමත් නිසා, ඉන්දියානු හමුදාවන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කල මෙහෙයුම් හේතුවෙන් හටගත් බිය හා සැක සංකා කරණකොට ගෙන රෝහලේ සමහරක් ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයන්ට එම කාලය තුලදී යම් යම් බාධා එල්ල වූ බව පැවසෙයි.

ඒ අනූව 1987 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 21 වන දින (හින්දු දීපවාලි උත්සව දිනයේදී), ඇවිලී ගිය හමුදාමය ගැටුම් හේතුවෙන්, රෝහලේ මෘතශරීරාගාරය 70 කට වැඩි පිරිසකගේ මළ සිරුරු වලින් පිරී ගිය බව සඳහන්ය.

කාලානුරූපී සිදුවීම

1987 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 21
පැය 11 – යාපනය ලන්දේසි බළකොටුව  ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සහ ඉහලින් ගමන් ගත් හෙලිකොප්ටර් මගින් එල්ල වූ කාල තුවක්කු සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රහාර වලට රෝහල් පරිසරය ගොදුරු වීම.
පැය 11 30 – රෝහලේ භාහිර රෝගී අංශ (O.P.D) ගොඩනැගිල්ලට ෂෙල් වෙඩි ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල වීම.
පැය 13 – ශාන්ති රංගහල වීදිය අසල (Shanti Theatre Lane) ඉන්දියානු හමුදාවන් ගැවසෙනු දුටු බවට, රෝහලේ රාජකාරියේ නිරතව සිටි ප්‍රධාන උපදේශකවරයා විසින් වාර්ථා කිරීම.
පැය 13 30 – වාට්ටු අංක 8 ට එල්ල වූ ෂෙල් ප්‍රහාරයකින් පුද්ගලයෝ 7 දෙනෙකු ඝාතනය වීම. තවත් වෛද්‍යවරයෙකු සමග පිටතට පැමිණි ප්‍රධාන උපදේශකවරයා විසින්, රෝහල් භූමිය තුල වැටී තුබූ හිස් පතොරම් දැකීම සහ යම් අයෙකු රෝහල් භූමිය තුල සිට වෙඩි තබා ඇතැයි අදහස් කිරීම.
පැය 14 – රෝහල් භූමියෙන් ඉවත් වන ලෙස, ආයුධ සන්නද්ධව රෝහල් භූමියේ ගැවසෙමින් සිටි එල්ටීටීඊ සාමාජිකයන් කීපදෙනෙකුගෙන්, ප්‍රධාන උපදේශකවරයා සහ වෛද්‍ය. ගණේෂරත්නම් (Dr. Ganesharatnam) ඉල්ලා සිටීම.
පැය 14 5 – තවත් එල්ටීටීඊ ත්‍රස්ත පිරිසක් රෝහල් භූමිය තුලට පැමිණ සිටින බවට වාර්ථා වීම.
පැය 14, පැය 16 – කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ කිහිපදෙනෙක් දිවා ආහාරය වෙනුවෙන් රෝහලෙන් බැහැරට යාම.
පැය 16 – රෝහල පාරේ ගැසලින් පොළක් ආශ්‍රිතව, මිනිත්තු 15 ක් 20 ක් පමණ කාලයක් පුරාවට වෙඩි ප්‍රහාර කිහිපයක ශබ්ද වාර්තා වීම.
පැය16 20 සහ ඉන් ඉදිරියට – ඇසින් දුටු සාක්ෂිකරුවෙකුට අනූව, ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව රෝහලේ ඉදිරිපස ගේට්ටුවෙන් ඇතුළුව, කොරිඩොර් ඔස්සේ ගමන් ගනිමින් එහි සිටි (රෝහලේ) සියළු දෙනාට අනතුරු හඟවා තිබිණි. තවත් සාක්ෂිකරුවෙකුට අනූව, සාම සාධක හමුදාව රෝහලේ විකිරණ කාමරයේ සිටි රෝගීන් ඇතුළු පිරිසට, වෙඩි තබා තිබිණී.
එදින රාත්‍රිය පුරාම බෝම්බ පිපිරීම් කිහිපයක් ඇසුනු බව වාර්ථා වෙයි.

1987 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 22
පැය 8 30 – වෛද්‍ය. සිවපදසුන්දරම් (Dr. Sivapathasundaram) මහතා, හෙදියන් තිදෙනෙකු සමග රෝහලෙන් පිටතට පැමිණීම. ඔවුන් දෑත් ඔසවාගෙන "අපි යටත්වනවා, අපි අහිංසක වෛද්‍යවරුන් සහ හෙදියන්" යනුවෙන් කෑගැසූ බව සඳහන්ය. කෙසේ නමුද් සිවපදසුන්දරම් මහතා ඝාතනය වූ අතර, හෙදියෝ තුවාල ලැබූහ.
පැය 11 – රෝහල් කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ සිටි 10 දෙනෙකු පමණ, ඉන්දියානු හමුදා ආරක්ෂාව යටතේ පිටතට පැමිණීම.  වෛද්‍ය. ගණේෂරත්නම් (Dr. Ganesharatnam) මහතා ඝාතනයට ලක්ව තිබීම.
දිනයේ පශ්චාත් සමයේදී, ඝාතනයට ලක්වූ සිරුරු එකතුකොට ගිනිදැල්වූ බව පැවසෙයි.

ප්‍රතිචාර
සිදුවීම සම්බන්ධව ඉන්දියානු හමුදාව ප්‍රකාශ කලේ, කැරළිකරුවන් සහ හමුදා අතර ඇතිවූ ගැටුම් වලට රෝහලේ සිටි පිරිස් මැදිවූ බවයි. හමුදා මෙහෙයුම භාරව සිටි නිළදාරියා වූ ලුතිනන් ජනරාල් දෙපින්දර් සිං විසින්ද මෙම ප්‍රකාශය නැවත නැවතත් තහවුරු කරන ලදී. නමුත් එල්ටීටීඊ සංවිධානය (LTTE) සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජයද, මෙය සිවිල් වැසියන් ඝාතනයට ලක්කල සමූලඝාතනයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වන ලදී. එසේම 2008 වසරේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය විසින් මෙම සිද්ධිය, මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහිව සිදුකරන ලද අපරාධයක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.  බොහොමයක් ස්වාධීන නිරික්ෂකයින් සහ, දිවයිනේ හා භාහිර මානව හිමිකම් සංවිධානද, මෙම සිදුවීම, සිවිල් වැසියන් ඉලක්ක කොට ගෙන සිදුකරන ලද සමූලඝාතනයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වන ලදී.

මේවාද බලන්න
 දෙමළ ඊලාම් විමුක්ති කොටි ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් සිවිල් වැසියන්ට එල්ල කල ප්‍රහාර ලයිස්තුව
 ඉන්දු-ශ්‍රී ලංකා සබඳතා

ආශ්‍රිත

භාහිර සබැදි
20ත් ඇනිවසරි ඔෆ් හොස්පිටල් මැසක්‍රෙ රිමෙම්බර්ඩ් ඉන් ජැෆ්නා
පික්චර්ස් ඔෆ් ද මර්ඩර්ඩ් ස්ටාෆ් මෙම්බර්ස්

1987 ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
යාපනය

යාපනය ශික්‍ෂණ රෝහලේ සමූලඝාතනය


Rutger Oelsen Hauer () a fost un actor neerlandez.

Rutger Hauer s-a născut pe 12 ianuarie 1944. A jucat în filmul istoric de renume mondial Evadare din Sobibor, interpretând în rolul principal pe eroul rus Aleksandr Pecerski.

Filmografie

Anii 1960

Anii 1970

Anii 1980

Anii 1990

Anii 2000

Anii 2010

Note

Legături externe

 Filmography at Rutger Hauer's website

 Filmography Rutger Hauer la Allmovie

Nașteri în 1944
Nașteri pe 23 ianuarie
Decese în 2019
Actori neerlandezi

Rutger Hauer


Atalaia Portekiz'de Vila Nova da Barquinha belediyesine bağlı olan, 14,39 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.735 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova da Barquinha

Atalaia (Vila Nova da Barquinha)


The Digger Papers was a free collective publication of the Diggers, one of the 1960s improvisational theatre groups in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. The magazine was first published in Fall 1965. Peter Berg was one of the regular contributors to the publication.

One of the first Digger activities was the publishing of various broadsides, which were printed by sneaking into the local Students for a Democratic Society office and using their Gestetner printer. The leaflets were eventually called The Digger Papers, and soon morphed into small pamphlets with poetry, psychedelic art, and essays. They often included statements that mocked the prevailing attitude of the counterculture promoted by less radical figures like the Haight-Independent Proprietors (HIP), Timothy Leary, and Richard Alpert. The first paper mocked the acid community, saying, "Time to forget because flowers are beautiful and the sun's not yellow, it's chicken!" The Digger Papers originated such phrases as "Do your own  thing" and "Today is the first day of the rest of your life." Articles rarely included authors' names, though some had pseudonyms like "George Metevsky," a reference to the "Mad Bomber" George Metesky.

The last issue of The Digger Papers, published in August 1968, featured a reprint of Richard Brautigan's poem, "All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace."

References

External links
The Digger Papers archive

1965 establishments in California
1968 disestablishments in California
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Entertainment magazines published in the United States
Free magazines
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
Magazines established in 1965
Magazines disestablished in 1968
Magazines published in San Francisco
Theatre magazines
Visual arts magazines published in the United States

The Digger Papers


Novo Oriente de Minas es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais. Se localiza en el nordeste de Minas Gerais, en el Valle del Mucuri ocupando un área de 754 km², con una población estimada de 10.339 habitantes (IBGE 2010).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Perfil en la Asamblea Legislativa del Estado de Minas Gerais

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Novo Oriente de Minas


La sixième saison de Legends of Tomorrow, série télévisée américaine dérivée d'Arrow et Flash, diffusée à partir du  sur The CW aux États-Unis.

Synopsis
Les Légendes doivent de protéger l'histoire d'un ennemi encore jamais vu : les extraterrestres ! Pour y parvenir ils devront recutrer un nouveau membre, une femme ayant été enlevée par des aliens lorsqu'elle était enfant.

Production
Le , la série a été renouvelée pour une sixième saison, diffusée à partir du 2 mai 2021.

Distribution

Acteurs principaux
 Caity Lotz  : Sara Lance / White Canary
 Amy Pemberton  : Gideon (voix)
 Nick Zano  : Nathaniel Heywood / Steel
 Tala Ashe  : Zari Tomaz/Tarazi
 Jes Macallan  : Ava Sharpe
 Matt Ryan  : John Constantine
 Olivia Swann  : Astra Logue
 Shayan Sobhian  : Behrad Tarazi
 Adam Tsekhman  : Gary Green
 Lisseth Chavez  : Esperanza « Spooner » Cruz
 Dominic Purcell  :

Acteurs récurrents
 Raffi Barsoumian  : Bishop (7 épisodes)
 Aliyah O'Brien  : Kayla (6 épisodes)

Invités
 Mina Sundwall  : Lita (2 épisodes)
 Nic Bishop  : Général Kilgore / Levi Stapleton / Mike The Strike (3 épisodes)
 Alexandra Castillo  : Gloria Cruz (2 épisodes)
 David Ramsey  : Bass Reeves
 Mitra Lohrasb  : Nasreen Tarazi
 Jen Oleksiuk: Amelia Earhart
 Thomas Nicholson : David Bowie
 Shawn Roberts  : Spartacus
 Aaron Craven : John F. Kennedy
 Preston Vanderslice  : Bobby Kennedy
 Tim Perez : Fidel Castro

Liste des épisodes

Épisode 1 : Un signe de l'univers

Épisode 2 : Burger sauce alien

Épisode 3 : Da Throne: La plus belle voix

Épisode 4 : La baie des Calamars

Épisode 5 : AbracadAstra

Épisode 6 : Un alien en colère

Épisode 7 : Retour vers le futur

Épisode 8 : Pour quelques aliens de plus

Épisode 9 : Rencontre du troisième trip

Épisode 10 : Frère de sang

Épisode 11 : Une légende dans un jeu de quilles

Épisode 12 : La Bête Humaine

Épisode 13 : Association de malfaiteurs

Épisode 14 : Attrape Bishop si tu peux

Épisode 15 : Un mariage presque parfait

Notes et références

 Imdb
 Allociné

Doublage :
 RS-Doublage
 Allodoublage
 DSD-Doublage

Saison de Legends of Tomorrow

Saison 6 de Legends of Tomorrow


Kol kısalığı, kemik gelişim sürecinde kemiklerin tam gelişememesi neticisinde sağ kolun sol kola göre veya sol kolun sağ kola göre kısa kalması veya her iki kolda vucuta orantısız kol boyu oluşmasıdır.

Engellilik

Kol kısalığı


Private Snafu (Soldado Snafu) é o personagem-título de uma série de curtas-metragens animados adultos instrucionais americanos em preto e branco, de tom irônico e humorístico, produzidos entre 1943 e 1945 durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Os filmes foram projetados para instruir o pessoal de serviço sobre segurança, hábitos de saneamento adequados, armadilhas e outros assuntos militares e para melhorar o moral da tropa. Principalmente, eles demonstram as consequências negativas de fazer as coisas erradas. O nome do personagem principal é uma brincadeira com o acrônimo da gíria militar SNAFU, "Situation Normal: All Fucked Up" (Situação Normal: Tudo Fudido). A versão limpa dessa frase, geralmente usada no rádio e na mídia impressa, era "Situation Normal: All Fouled Up" (Situação Normal: Tudo Sujo).

A série foi dirigida por Chuck Jones e outros proeminentes animadores de Hollywood, e a voz do Soldado Snafu foi interpretada por Mel Blanc.

O personagem foi criado pelo diretor Frank Capra, presidente da Primeira Unidade de Cinema da Força Aérea do Exército dos EUA, e a maioria foi escrita por Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, Philip D. Eastman e Munro Leaf. Embora o Exército dos Estados Unidos tenha dado a Walt Disney a primeira chance de criar os desenhos animados, Leon Schlesinger, do estúdio de animação Warner Bros., fez um lance inferior à Disney em dois terços e ganhou o contrato. A Disney também exigiu a propriedade exclusiva do personagem e os direitos de merchandising. Os desenhos animados, portanto, representavam uma colaboração multitalentosa de alguns dos melhores da América em seus respectivos campos, uma ocorrência comum no esforço de guerra.

O objetivo era ajudar homens alistados com habilidades de alfabetização fracas a aprender por meio de desenhos animados (e também histórias em quadrinhos complementares). Eles apresentavam linguagem simples, ilustrações atrevidas, palavrões moderados e moralização sutil. O soldado Snafu faz (quase) tudo errado, de modo que seu exemplo negativo ensinou lições básicas sobre sigilo, prevenção de doenças e protocolos militares adequados.

Os desenhos animados do Private Snafu eram um segredo militar - apenas para as forças armadas. Pesquisas para determinar os filmes favoritos dos soldados mostraram que os desenhos do Snafu geralmente tinham a classificação mais alta ou a segunda mais alta. Cada desenho foi produzido em seis semanas. As curtas eram documentos secretos do governo. Martha Sigall, funcionária do departamento de tintas e tintas, lembrou as medidas de segurança do governo impostas aos funcionários que trabalham nelas. Eles tiveram que tirar as impressões digitais e receber autorizações de segurança do FBI. Eles também tiveram que usar crachás de identificação no trabalho. Os funcionários do departamento de tintas e tintas recebiam apenas dez células por vez, em um esforço para impedi-los de descobrir o conteúdo da história.

O nome "Private Snafu" vem do acrônimo militar não oficial SNAFU ("Situation Normal: All Fucked Up") (Situação Normal: Tudo F*****), com o narrador de abertura no primeiro cartoon meramente insinuando seu significado usual como "Situation Normal, ... All Fouled Up!" (Situação Normal, ... Tudo Sujo!)

Ligações externas
 Private Snafu no IMDb
 Desenhos do Private SNAFU no Internet Archive
 Bright Lights Film Journal
 Storyboard de Weapon of War apresentado no iMovie
 Private Snafu no YouTube

Séries de filmes de animação
Personagens de Looney Tunes
Soldados fictícios
Estadunidenses fictícios
Dr. Seuss

Private Snafu


ولاية الجازر هي إحدى ولايات محافظة الوسطى في سلطنة عمان، تقع على الشريط الساحلي من محافظة الوسطى، يحدها من الشمال ولاية الدقم، ومن الجنوب ولاية شليم التابعة لمحافظة ظفار، ومن الغرب ولاية هيما ومن الشرق بحر العرب. تضم حوالي 11 قرية، يقطنها حوالي 2000 نسمة.

الصناعات التقليدية
يصنع أهالي الولاية المجاديف وشباك الصيد، نظراً لتميزها بالعديد من الشواطئ الواقعة على مياه بحر العرب، كما يصنعون بعض الأدوات من جلود الحيوانات إلى جانب الخوصيات.

الشواطئ
ولاية الجازر كغيرها من ولايات المنطقة الوسطى الساحلية الآخرى، حيث تتعدد شواطئها وأهمها: نيابة «اللكبي» التي تبعد عن «الكحل» حيث مركز الولاية بحوالي 40كيلومتراً، حيث مجموعة من المساكن والخدمات الضرورية الحديثة، ثم نيابة ريما ثم وادي «رونب»، ثم «الخضراء» الواقعة على الشاطئ، والتي تتميز بتجمعها السكاني وسط أشجار «السمر» وكذلك شاطئ «ماذر» و«فاضي».

الحياة والسكان
هناك قبل عام 1970م كان أهالي المنطقة من الصيادين «في الغالب» يعيشون في «الكهوف المظلمة» والتي يشيدونها من الحجارة، المرصوص بعضها فوق الأخر دون مواد لاصقة بينها، وهو ما يجعل ساكنيها عرضة للإصابات البليغة التي قد تنشأ عن سقوط هذه الحجارة بفعل العواصف الشديدة التي تتميز بها المنطقة في بعض الأحيان، كما يجعلهم فريسة سهلة للعقارب والأفاعي، خاصة وإن الكهوف خالية تقريباً من سقف يحميها، فلم يكن هذا السقف سوى بضعة أخشاب مفرقة أيضاً.

الصورة الآن مختلفة تماماً، فقد تحولت تلك الكهوف التي كانت مسكناً قبل عام 1970م إلى مخازن مهجورة للمخلفات، بعد أن انتشرت المساكن الحديثة بالمنطقة، فضلاً عن الخدمات الضرورية المختلفة من مدرسة ومركز صحي ومكتب لمساعد الوالي. أما مركز ولاية الجازر، في منطقة «الكحل» فهو يضم مجمعاً إدارياً وتجارياً متكاملاً، حيث يضم عدداً من المحلات التجارية التي توفر احتياجات المواطنين، فضلاً عن المدارس الابتدائية والإعدادية والثانوية وكذلك مستشفى.
الشيوخ:
الشيخ/ سليم بن صالح بن حمدون الجنيبي وهو من قام بتاسيس مركز الولاية بموقعه الحالي وذلك بمساعدة من الحكومة الرشيدة وهو من قام بإنشاء أول مطار فالولاية

الشيخ/حمود بن حمد المجعلي وهو من أهم رجال الولاية وكان عضو في مجلس الدولة

وصلات خارجية

ولاية الجازر
أماكن مأهولة في سلطنة عمان
جغرافيا سلطنة عمان

ولاية الجازر


Le siège de Jonvelle est une bataille qui eut lieu du 15 au  à Jonvelle, durant la guerre de Dix ans, l'épisode comtois de la guerre de Trente Ans. Elle oppose les troupes françaises de François de L'Hospital du Hallier  aux troupes comtoises commandées par le gouverneur de Jonvelle "Gaucher du Magny". Le siège est suivi de l'exécution de tous les défenseurs comtois malgré les promesses et engagements des Français.

Contexte

En 1639, la France et le comté de Bourgogne sont en guerre. Louis XIII avait investi le comté de Bourgogne, et ses troupes, dirigées par le prince de Condé, avaient échoué à prendre Dole en août 1636. Jusqu'en , la guerre avait plutôt été favorable aux Comtois pourtant inférieurs en nombre. Mais l'armée comtoise a été décimée à la bataille de Cornod. Forts de ce succès et débarrassés de l'armée comtoise, les Français alliés aux Suédois peuvent maintenant traverser la Franche-Comté pour anéantir ses villes et villages.

En septembre 1639, le gouverneur de Lorraine, François de L'Hospital du Hallier, décide de mettre fin aux raids des Comtois en Lorraine en regroupant une armée de 2500 hommes et la lançant sur le nord de la Franche-Comté. Il passe la frontière à Châtillon-sur-Saône et met le siège devant Jonvelle le 15 septembre au matin. Jonvelle est la principale place forte qui garde le nord de la Comté. Le gouverneur de Jonvelle est Jean de Warrods, seigneur du Magny surnommé Gaucher du Magny. Il est issu d'une famille originaire de Gueldres, implantée depuis deux générations à Gy.

La bataille

La place de Jonvelle est très rapidement cernée et reconnue. Sommé de se rendre par les français, du Magny répond « Non ! » très gaillardement. La cité n'est défendue que par deux cents hommes et quelques pièces d'artillerie. Les fortifications ne sont pas en bon états mais encore capable de tenir. Les canons français sont mis en batterie devant la plus découverte des courtines du nord. Ceux ci vont tonner toute la journée et à la fin de celle ci, une brèche est enfin ouverte, malgré les tirs de défense de l'artillerie Comtoise. A la nuit, les assiégés parviennent à colmater efficacement la brèche et le lendemain les français découvrent que tout est à recommencer.

Le commandement français décident tout de même d'opérer un assaut. Les soldats se lancent à l'attaque des remparts mais c'est un échec cuisant: ils seront rejetés dans les fossés avec des pertes considérables. Du Magny soutient bravement l'assaut, l'épée à la main, encourageant ses hommes et se battant comme un soldat. Le chevalier de Tonnerre fut du nombre des morts.

Les français savent que le rapport de forces jouent en leur faveur et décident un deuxième assaut, Cette fois, ils parviennent à rentrer dans la cité et Gaucher l'abandonne, pour se replier dans le château. Le château de Jonvelle était une puissante forteresse capable de soutenir un siège et de résister à des forces importantes. Des quatre tours qui le flanquaient jadis, il n'y en avait plus qu'une seule qui fût entière ; toutefois la forteresse était bonne et bien remparée, et ses murailles, surtout celles de la tour, avaient une épaisseur et une structure telles, que ni le canon ni la mine n'y pouvaient rien par le dehors. Du Hallier connait bien le capitaine du Magny et sait ce dernier très attaché aux honneurs et à l'argent, va recourir à un autre stratagème que la force. Le lendemain matin, après les menaces d'un sévère traitement s'il résistait encore, il lui représente les avantages que pourrait lui offrir une prompte capitulation. Du Magny fut gagné par la proposition, et au lieu de soutenir le courage de ses soldats, comme la veille, il se mit à les solliciter avec instance de rendre la place pour ne pas se faire écharper. Mais ses hommes ne sont pas d'accord avec lui et souhaitent ardemment continuer le combat. Néanmoins, le commandant comtois donne finalement l'ordre officiel de déposer les armes et de cesser le combat.

Reddition et exécution des défenseurs
A 14h ce 17 septembre, la petite garnison ouvre les portes de la forteresse, sous la condition verbale d'avoir la vie et les bagues sauves. Elle défile désarmée, son chef en tête, sur le front des lignes françaises. Le marquis de Livron, qui gardait naturellement une grosse rancune contre les comtois, pour les dévastations de Bourbonne et des autres lieux , ne crut pas manquer à l'honneur en insultant de lâche, le vaincu, lorsqu'il passa devant lui. Gaucher du Magny releva fièrement ses injures et ses menaces. À ce moment il fut arrêté avec tous ses hommes, malgré la parole du général français. Il portait sur lui son trésor, qu'il remit à du Hallier, en l'adjurant sur l'honneur de le lui conserver. La chose lui fut promise, et c'est tout ce que l'ennemi tint de ses engagements.

Les derniers défenseurs de Jonvelle sont alors tous passés par les armes ou pendus aux créneaux. Pour le gouverneur de Jonvelle, il fut emmené en captivité le lendemain, par le baron de Marey; d'abord à Langres, ensuite au château de Grancey.

Les conséquences
Les français peuvent à présent dévaster le bailliage d'amont, l'actuelle Haute-Saône. Demangevelle, Magny-lès-Jussey, Bourguignon, Scey sur Saône, Ray sur Saône, Saint-Rémy et jusqu'à Vesoul le 29 septembre qui capitulera aussi en échange d'une sauvegarde de 3000 pistols.

Bibliographie
 Histoire de Jonvelle et de ses environs, Jean-Baptiste Coudriet, Pierre-François Chatelet, Jacquin, 1864

Notes et références

Franche-Comté à l'époque moderne
Bataille de la guerre de Trente Ans
Bataille impliquant la France
Bataille de 1639
Siège de l'époque moderne
Histoire de la Haute-Saône

Siège de Jonvelle (1639)


Radojica Fran Barbalić (Pula, 21. travnja 1914. – Rijeka, 29. studenoga 1994.), hrvatski pisac i pomorski povjesničar

Životopis
Rođen u Puli. Studij prava pohađao u Zagrebu, gdje je 1959. i doktorirao. Radio u Ministarstvu narodnoga gospodarstva NDH u Zagrebu 1941. – 45., Inspektoratu pomorstva Vojne uprave JA u Rijeci 1945. – 47., lučkim kapetanijama u Rijeci, Zadru i Puli 1947. – 72. te u Jadranskom institutu HAZU i Povijesno-pomorskom muzeju Hrvatskog primorja u Rijeci do umirovljenja 1979. Proučavao teme iz povijesti istarskog i kvarnerskog pomorstva, brodarstva i nautičkog turizma. Važnija su mu djela Poškropjeni z morem. Anegdote o pomorcima (1970.), Brodarstvo Istre u doba propadanja jedrenjaka i stvaranja parobrodarstva (1971.).

Izvori

Životopisi, Pula
Životopisi, Rijeka
Pomorstvo
Hrvatski povjesničari

Radojica Fran Barbalić


Adolf Eduard von Thile (* 2. April 1784 in Dresden; † 24. August 1861 in Frankfurt (Oder)) war ein preußischer General der Infanterie.

Leben

Familie
Adolf Eduard war der Sohn des preußischen Generals Alexander Heinrich von Thile (1742–1812) und dessen zweiter Gemahlin Henriette Friedericke, geborene von Runckel (1747–1829). Der Ehe entstammten vier Kinder, von denen nur eine Schwester, Emilie Charlotte Auguste, verehelichte von Thiesenhausen (* 1777), und sein älterer Bruder Ludwig Gustav von Thile das Erwachsenenalter erreichten.

Adolf Eduard, der zur Unterscheidung von seinem älteren Bruder auch als Thile II bezeichnet wird, heiratete 1811 auf Gut Zschernowitz bei Guben Auguste Ulrike Antoinette von Schöning (1788–1859), Tochter des Landrates Carl Heinrich von Schöning. Der Ehe entstammten sieben Kinder, darunter der spätere preußische General Rudolf von Thile (1826–1893), Anna (1830–1908), Gemahlin des Regierungspräsidenten Gustav von Diest, und Hermann von Thile (1812–1889), deutscher Diplomat, ferner Hugo (1817–1894) der General der Infanterie wurde.

Militärkarriere
Seine Laufbahn in der Preußischen Armee begann Thile 1795 als Junker im Infanterieregiment "von Arnim", welches in Berlin stationiert war. Als junger Offizier wurde er häufig zu militärischen Vermessungsarbeiten eingesetzt. In der Schlacht bei Jena und Auerstedt und in der Schlacht von Pułtusk nahm er 1806 als Generalstabsoffizier bei der russischen Armee und 1807 im Korps L'Estocq teil.

Nach dem Tilsiter Frieden befand sich Thile als Generalstabsoffizier bei den niederschlesischen Brigaden unter Friedrich von Kleist in Frankfurt (Oder). Unter seinem Kommando nahm Thile am Russlandfeldzug teil und erwarb sich in den Gefechten bei Eckau, Ruhenthal und Kyopen den Orden Pour le Mérite sowie das Kreuz der Ehrenlegion. Yorck wählte ihn für die delikate Aufgabe aus, die unterzeichnete Konvention von Tauroggen dem König nach Berlin zu überbringen.

Zu Beginn der Befreiungskriege wurde er zum Chef des Generalstabs im Korps Kleist ernannt. Für seinen Einsatz in der Schlacht von Dresden erhielt er das Eiserne Kreuz I. Klasse. Thile nahm an allen entscheidenden Schlachten der Befreiungskriege teil. Am 23. Juni 1815 wurde er dazu auserwählt, die Siegesnachricht von Belle Alliance dem König nach Merseburg zu überbringen und an diesem Tag erhielt er das Eichenlaub zum Orden Pour le Mérite.

Auf eigenen Wunsch wurde er im September 1815 aus dem Generalstabsdienst entlassen und dem Kaiser Alexander Grenadier-Regiment zugewiesen, wo er den Frontdienst kennenlernte. Nachdem er ab 1816 zum Kommandeur des 33. Infanterie-Regiments in Stralsund ernannt worden war, wurde er 1817 zum Inspekteur der Landwehr im Regierungsbezirk Oppeln befördert. Seine Kritik an den mangelhaften Zuständen der preußischen Landwehr legte er in einer Denkschrift 1818 nieder.

1821 wurde er Mitglied der Kommission zur Revision des Exerzierreglements für die Infanterie, bei der der Prinz von Preußen den Vorsitz innehatte. Aus dieser Zusammenarbeit entstand ein Nahverhältnis zum preußischen Königshaus. So wurde er vom Prinzen Wilhelm 1823 als Begleiter auf einer Reise nach Brest-Litowsk und 1830 vom Kronprinzen als Begleiter auf einer Reise nach Warschau ausgewählt. Im selben Jahr wurde er zum Kommandeur der 7. Division ernannt. Thiele war ein hervorragender Truppenführer, der die 7. Division durch unermüdliche Tätigkeit und dabei immer gleichbleibendes kameradschaftliches Wesen auf eine hohe Stufe der Ausbildung brachte.

Nach achtjähriger Tätigkeit als Divisionskommandeur erhielt der inzwischen zum Generalleutnant beförderte Thile 1838 als Kommandierenden General das III. Armee-Korps in Frankfurt (Oder). 1840 versetzte König Friedrich Wilhelm III. ihn in gleicher Funktion zum VIII. Armee-Korps nach Koblenz. In diesen Jahren wurde er häufig zu in- und ausländischen Truppeninspektionen befohlen, da man auf sein kluges Urteil, sein offenes Wort und seinen umsichtigen Rat größten Wert legte. Am 3. März 1842 erhielt er die Erlaubnis zum Tragen des Großkreuzes des Militär-Karl-Friedrich-Verdienstordens. 1845 berichtete Thile dem Kriegsminister Hermann von Boyen von einer zunehmenden Missstimmung im Offizierskorps. Er benannte die Ursachen und ahnte dabei die im Jahre 1848 ausbrechende Revolution voraus. In Würdigung seiner langjährigen Verdienste zeichnete ihn König Friedrich Wilhelm IV. am 27. Februar 1846 mit den Brillanten zum Roten Adlerorden I. Klasse aus.

Als er am 29. Februar 1848 den Befehl zur Mobilmachung seiner Truppen erhielt, sah er sich den Anstrengungen nicht mehr gewachsen und bat um seinen Abschied, den ihm der König mit einem Schreiben vom 30. März 1848 genehmigte.

Thiele zog sich nach Frankfurt (Oder) zurück, wo er gemeinsam mit seiner Frau und dem unverheirateten älteren Bruder Louis Gustav bis zu seinem Tod lebte.

Literatur
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 4, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1937], , S. 382–386, Nr. 1358.

Einzelnachweise

General der Infanterie (Königreich Preußen)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Träger des Eisernen Kreuzes I. Klasse
Träger des Militär-Karl-Friedrich-Verdienstordens (Großkreuz)
Träger des Ordens des Heiligen Wladimir
Träger des Roten Adlerordens 1. Klasse
Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Preußen)
Adolf Eduard
Adliger
Deutscher
Geboren 1784
Gestorben 1861
Mann

Adolf Eduard von Thile


En sang om frihed er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Johanne Hesseldahl og Ayo Degett.

Handling
Phillip og George synger i Sydsudans nationalkor, som blev stiftet efter landet fik sin uafhængighed fra Sudan. Efter 50 års blodig borgerkrig prøver korets medlemmer at bearbejde deres erfaringer gennem de fædrelandssange, de skal synge på uafhængighedsdagen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

En sang om frihed


Nicolae Dimitrie Racoviță a fost un politician român din secolul al XIX-lea, ministru al cultelor în al doilea guvern  Nicolae Kretzulescu (1), format la București, între 24 iunie 1862 - 11 octombrie 1863, format după unirea administrativă a Principatelor Române.

Guvernele Nicolae Kretzulescu
Miniștri cultelor ai guvernului României
Miniștri români
Politicieni români
Politicieni români din secolul al XIX-lea
Români din secolul al XIX-lea

Nicolae Dimitrie Racoviță