Egged Transportation Ltd (, ) is the largest transit bus company in Israel. Egged's intercity bus routes reach most Israeli cities, towns, kibbutzim and moshavim, and the company operates urban city buses throughout the country. It also operates in Poland and the Netherlands through a subsidiary.

Egged provides about 35% of Israel's public transport services, employs about 6,500 workers and operates a fleet of 2,950 buses. Egged buses transport about 900,000 passengers per day.

History

Egged was created in 1933 through a merger of four smaller intercity bus cooperatives in and around Tel Aviv. In 1942, it was joined with the bus company United Sharon. In 1951, Egged merged with the northern Shahar bus company and the southern Drom Yehuda bus company, creating a national public transportation network. In 1961, Egged merged with the Hamekasher bus company of Jerusalem. The name Egged (lit. Union) was given to the cooperative by the Israeli poet Hayim Nahman Bialik.

During the wars of 1956, 1967 and 1973, Egged buses and drivers helped to reinforce the logistics system of the IDF and drove soldiers and food to the battlefields. Some buses also served as ambulances to transport injured soldiers and civilians.

In late 2002, Egged sued the Palestinian National Authority and its chairman Yasser Arafat for compensation of damages and loss of income due to terrorist attacks and suicide bombings on buses during the Second Intifada, claiming that the attacks had deterred passengers from taking buses. On February 3, 2003, the Tel Aviv District Court ruled that Arafat has to pay Egged NIS 52 million in damages for the loss of one year's income and NIS 100,000 in court expenses.

Despite deregulation attempts by the Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Egged is still Israel's largest bus company, is subsidized by the government, and still controls most of the inter-city bus lines in Israel.  Netanyahu's attempts were cut short by a bus strike that brought the country to a halt, and Egged's workers and directors declared that any further attempts to undermine the company's monopoly will be met with similar measures. However, in recent years, many bus lines have begun to be operated by smaller bus companies such as Dan, Kavim, Superbus, Connex and others. In 2005, Egged and the Israeli Government reached an agreement under which by the year 2015 subsidization will be reduced to specific sectors, the disabled, soldiers and students, and for certain equipment.

In 2019, members voted overwhelmingly to convert Egged into a company from a worker cooperative. Had its members voted to not convert its ownership structure, the government could have cancelled an operating agreement it signed with Egged in November 2018, tender out its routes, and impose various sanctions until it decides to convert into a company.

Bus fleet

Egged's bus fleet include a wide variety of bus models of Mercedes-Benz, VDL, Volvo, DAF and MAN, including bulletproof versions used mostly for travel in the West Bank. Historically, the company also extensively used buses by Leyland, Neoplan, Jonckheere, International, Fiat and more.

International ventures
Egged has purchased 51% of the Bulgarian Trans-Triumph bus company, which runs service to cities such as Varna and Sofia, as well as airport and tour buses for approximately €4 million. Egged, through its affiliated company, is responsible for the operation of half the public transportation in the city of Varna, the second-largest city in Bulgaria with about half a million residents. Egged also formed a joint venture company with Rousse municipality called Egged Rousse JSC which operates the public transport in the city of Rousse.

Egged operates some 1,500 buses in Poland, where it owns the Polish bus company Mobilis it acquired for €4 million in 2006. The company operates some metropolitan bus routes, including exclusive franchises in Warsaw, Kraków and Bartoszyce. Mobilis in Warsaw operate 215 buses for public transportation and serves around 40 routes daily. Also, it uses Scania coach for football team Legia Warszawa and some other buses for special transports and tourism.

Egged Bus Services (EBS) also holds an eight-year contract (with an option for an additional two years) worth about €500 million, for public transport in the region  in the Netherlands starting December 2011. The contract drew opposition from local activist groups who accuse Egged of supporting Israel's settlements policy in the West Bank, and consider the company's winning the tender as indirect Dutch support for Israel's settlements policy, according to reports by Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Egged's Dutch subsidiary denies being involved in politics.

Jerusalem Light Rail
In October 2010, Egged bought Veolia Transport's share in the Jerusalem Light Rail after a deal with the Dan Bus Company fell through. However, in March 2018 it was revealed that Egged will be prohibited from tendering to operate the light rail over competition concerns.

Tel Aviv Light Rail
Egged has been awarded the tender to operate and maintain the Tel Aviv Red Line from October 2021 by the NTA Metropolitan Mass Transit System Ltd. tenders committee. The winning bid was from the Tevel consortium controlled by Egged (51%) with Chinese companies Shenzhen Metro (30%) and CCECC (19%). The tender win is subject to approval by the Israel Antitrust Authority.

"Mehadrin" routes

From the late 1990s until January 2011, Egged operated gender-segregated lines, commonly called Mehadrin bus lines mainly running in and/or between major Haredi population centers. In these buses, men sat at the front and women were expected to wear "modest dress." The "mehadrin" lines were criticized after a woman, Miriam Shear, was allegedly assaulted for refusing to give up her seat to a male passenger and move to the back of the bus. In January 2011, the Israeli High Court of Justice ruled that forced separation of men and women on buses was illegal but allowed voluntary separation for a one-year experimental period. The court, accepting the recommendations of an investigation committee, ordered the removal of signs designating buses as segregated and the installation of new signs informing passengers of their right to sit wherever they wanted.

The Haredi public has requested to operate private bus lines but they were blocked by the transportation ministry.

Tourism

In later years Egged Bus Cooperative has expanded its services, through its subsidiary company Egged Tours, by offering organized trips abroad for Israelis as well as daily tours in Israel for tourists. Egged Tours is an IATA licensed company which operates as a wholesale company for organized tours all over the world and Israel for groups and individuals. Its services include flights, organized tours, accommodation and trips all year round.

Criticism

Involvement in Israeli settlements

On 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of companies doing business related in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the Golan Heights. Egged was listed on the database on account of its activities in Israeli settlements in these occupied territories, which the UN considers to be illegal.

See also
List of Egged bus routes in Israel
 List of bus routes in Jerusalem
 Economy of Israel
 Transportation in Israel
 Egged Ta'avura

References

External links

 Egged Official website
 About Us – Official Egged Website
 Picture of Egged buses
 Hamekasher – A website dedicated to a bus company operated in Jerusalem until 1967

Bus companies of Israel
Cooperatives in Israel
Worker cooperatives
Transport companies established in 1933
Bus transport in the Netherlands
Bus transport in Bulgaria
Bus transport in Poland
Israeli brands
Companies based in Tel Aviv
Jewish businesses established in Mandatory Palestine
1933 establishments in Mandatory Palestine

Egged (company)


Michael "Mike" Richard Pompeo, američki je vojni kapetan, poduzetnik, doktor prava, zastupnik, državni tajnik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država u administraciji predsjednika Donalda Trumpa i bivši predsjednik Središnje obavještajne agencije CIA-e. Vojnu naobrazbu stekao je na uglednoj vojnoj akademiji West Point, a doktorat prava na Pravnoj školi Harvardskog sveučilišta.

Rođen je u Orangeu u Kaliforniji u obitelji talijanskog podrijetla s očeve strane. Nakon vojne i pravne naobrazbe, radio je kao odvjetnik u Washingtonu, kasnije i pravni zastupnik brojnih tvrtki u Kansasu. Četiri je puta izabiran za zastupnika u Zastupnički dom iz redova savezne države Kansas, kao član Republikanske stranke, unutar koje pripada pokretu »Tea-Party Movement« koji se zalaže za niže poreze i smanjenje američkog javnog duga.

Kao ravnatelj Središnje obavještajne agencije CIA-e susreo se s turskim predsjednikom Recepom Tayyipom Erdoğanom te sjevernokorejskim vođom Kim Jong-unom.

Oženjen je suprugom Susan s kojom ima sina Nicholasa.

Izvori
Pompeovi životopisi u:
 Direktoriju životopisa Kongresa SAD-a
 Stranicama Središnje obavještajne agencije CIA-e
 Stranicama Državnog tajništva SAD-a

Vanjske poveznice
 Medijska pojavljivanja na C-SPAN-u

Životopisi, Kalifornija
Američki pravnici
Američki poduzetnici
Američki političari
Ministri vanjskih poslova SAD-a

Michael Richard Pompeo


جامعة بار إيلان هي جامعة عامة في إسرائيل تأسست عام 1955. تقع في مدينة رمات غان. تأسست عام 1955, في مدينة رمات غان, سميت كذلك على اسم أحد قادة الصهيونية الدينية: مائير بار إيلان. أُقيمت الجامعة لتدعيم العلوم اليهودية وعلوم أخرى.

إحصائيات
يبلغ عدد طلاب الجامعة 26,367 طالب، منهم 6,806 طالب دراسات عليا.

تحتوي الجامعة على عدة كليات أساسية، منها كلية العلوم اليهودية، كلية الحقوق, كلية العلوم الدقيقة وعلم الأحياء.

يذكر أن الجامعة، ومع كونها تمتاز بهوية صهيونية دينية، إلا أن العديد من الطلاب العرب في إسرائيل يدرسون فيها، معظمهم من منطقة المثلث الجنوبي ومدن المركز. والحساسية السياسية بين العرب والصهيونيين الدينيين تكاد تكون معدومة داخل الحرم الجامعي.

وصلات خارجية

انظر أيضا
 بيت مئير.
 مائير بار إيلان.

مراجع

أبحاث في إسرائيل
التعليم في منطقة تل أبيب
تأسيسات سنة 1955 في إسرائيل
جامعات إسرائيل
خريجو جامعة بار إيلان
صهيونية دينية
مبان ومنشآت في رمات غان
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1955
مدارس قانون في إسرائيل

جامعة بار إيلان


A fakaleitī (or leiti or fakafefine or lady) is a Tongan individual assigned male at birth who has a feminine gender expression.  The term fakaleitī is made up of the prefix faka- (in the manner of) and the borrowing lady from English. Fakaleitīs themselves prefer to call themselves leitī or ladies.

Although leitī in Tonga do not necessarily associate with LGBT identities in the Western world, those who grow up in Tongan migrant communities in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States may find a greater level of community and affinity to similar identities than leitī in the island kingdom.

Leitī or fakafefine are similar to Samoan fa'afafine and Hawaiian .

The Tonga Leitis' Association organizes the Miss Galaxy Pageant in Tonga. They have also been involved in reforming colonially influenced laws about leitī life that remain in Tonga.  In 2018 a documentary film, Leitis in Waiting, was made about leitī leader Joey Mataele and the efforts of the Tonga Leitis' Association.  Mataele also works with the Pacific Equality Project, a non-profit group advocating for the decriminalization of LGBT peoples from post-colonial laws in the Pacific Islands.

See also
 List of transgender-related topics

References

Bibliography

External links
 Like a Lady in Polynesia

Gender in Oceania
Gender systems
Third gender
Tongan culture
Transgender in Oceania
Society of Tonga
LGBT in Tonga
Indigenous LGBT culture

Fakaleitī


Events
Antonio Salieri is appointed court composer to the Emperor Joseph II.
Domenico Cimarosa is invited to Rome for the opera season.
Charles Burney writes A Plan for a Music School.
Pascal Taskin becomes keeper of the King's instruments.
Georg Joseph Vogler becomes a pupil of Giovanni Battista Martini at Bologna.

Opera
Pasquale Anfossi – Olimpiade
Christoph Willibald Gluck
Iphigenie en Aulide Wq.40
Orphée et Eurydice, Wq.41 (French revision of Wq. 30)
 Josef Mysliveček – Artaserse, ED.10:B.b5
 Giovanni Paisiello
 Il duello comico, R.1.41
 La frascatana, R.1.43
 Antonio Salieri – La Calamita de' cuori

Classical music
Carl Friedrich Abel – 6 Keyboard Concertos, Op. 11
Johann Christian Bach – Symphony in B-flat major, W.B 17
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach – Keyboard Sonata in B-flat major, F.9
Josse-François-Joseph Benaut – Mass in C major
Ernst Eichner – 2 Harpsichord Concertos, Op. 5
Joseph Haydn
Baryton Trio in D major, Hob.XI:34
Great Organ Mass
 Niccolò Jommelli – Pietà Signore, H.Anh.42
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Concertone in C major, K.190/186E
March in D major, K.237/189c
Symphony No. 29 in A
Symphony No. 30
Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges
2 Violin Concertos, Op. 3 (Paris: Bailleux)
2 Violin Concertos, Op. 4 (Paris: Bailleux)
Carl Stamitz
Concerto for Viola No. 1 in D major
6 Quartets, Op. 4
Johann Adolph Hasse – Il Ciclope

Methods and theory writings

 Martin Gerbert – De cantu et musica sacra
 Johann Adam Hiller
 Anweisung zum musikalisch-richtigen Gesange
 Exempel-Buch der Anweisung zum Singen
 Heinrich Laag – Anfangsgründe zum Clavierspielen und Generalbas
 Georg Simon Löhlein – Anweisung zum Vionlinspielen
 Giovanni Battista Mancini – Pensieri e riflessioni pratiche sopra il canto figurato
 Giovanni Battista Martini – Esemplare, o sia Saggio fondamentale pratico di contrappunto
Johann Friedrich Reichardt – Briefe eines aufmerksamen Reisenden die Musik betreffend

Births
February 16 – Pierre Rode, violinist, composer, (d. 1830)
March 5 – Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse, composer
April 17 – Václav Jan Křtitel Tomášek, organist and composer
October 7 – Ferdinando Orlandi, composer
October 23 – René de Chazet, librettist and writer (died 1844)
November 14 – Gaspare Spontini, composer
November 18 – William Horsley, composer
December 20 – Guillaume-Perre-Antoine Gatayes, composer

Deaths
January 20 – Florian Leopold Gassmann, composer, 44
January 30
Jean-Pierre Guignon, French composer (born 1702)
Frantisek Tuma, composer, 69
July 1 (buried) – Wenceslaus Wodiczka, violinist and composer
July 7 – Giuseppi Maria Carretti, composer
August 25 – Niccolò Jommelli, composer, 59
December 2 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, composer, 54

18th century in music
Music by year

1774 in music


باواي  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سان ديغو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 1 ديسمبر، 1980.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لباواي في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان باواي 48,044 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 15,467 أسرة وعدد العائلات 12,874 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 15,714 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 82.86% من البيض و1.67% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.48% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و7.46% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.28% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و3.27% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.99% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و10.35% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 15,467 أسرة كانت نسبة 50% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 68.8% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 10.5% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 3.9% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 16.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 12.6% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 4.7% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 3.08، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.35.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 36.9 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 30.7% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 7.1% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 28.1% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 25.4% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 7.9% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 97.7 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 94.8 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 71,708 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 77,875 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 53,322 دولارًا مقابل 34,742 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 29,788 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 3.1% من العائلات ونسبة 4.3% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 5.2% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 3.7% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان باواي 47,811 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 16,128 أسرة وعدد العائلات 12,940 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 16,715 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 76.93% من البيض و1.64% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.55% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و10.15% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.22% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و6.16% من الأعراق الأخرى و4.35% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و15.70% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 16,128 أسرة كانت نسبة 40.3% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 65.2% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 10.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 4.6% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 19.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 15.3% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 7.3% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.93، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.23.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 41.3 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 25% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8.2% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 22% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 32.5% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 12.3% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 49.3% ذكور و50.7% إناث.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لباواي:

أعلام

 نيت هاوسر
 جيسي تايلور
 لوك والتون
 توني غوين
 بين تشيس
 إد هيرمان
 برادلي كلان
 كيلسي بلوم
 جو بالما

مراجع

باواي (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن مقاطعة سان دييغو (كاليفورنيا)
مقاطعة سان دييغو (كاليفورنيا)

باواي (كاليفورنيا)


Mrsunja je vodotok u Hrvatskoj kod Slavonskog Broda. Lijeva je pritoka Save. Današnji vodotok nastao je hidroregulacijom poljoprivrednih površina Jelas polja. Podjelom Jelas polja na više slivova prema konfiguraciji terena i blizini crpne stanice kojoj gravitiraju kanali, riješena je unutarnja odvodnja Jelas polja. 1960. godine izgrađena je crpna stanica Mrsunja, ukupna kapaciteta 8 m3/s. Mrsunja je kanal osnovne odvodnje unutar melioracijskog područja. Preko crpne stanice Mrsunja obavlja se odvodnja za vrijeme velikih voda rijeke Save. 96 Sliv Mrsunje površine je 2.664 ha i najniži je dio Jelas polja.

Mrsunja nastaje od ispusta ribnjaka Jasinje. Teče ka istoku. Dijeli se u dva kraka kod lovišta Migalovaca. Južni krak ulijeva se u Savu, a istočni se u Savu ulijeva kod Slavonskog Broda. Kanal je širine 20 metara, dubine 12 metara i dug 26,4 kilometra. Glavni primatelj sliva Mrsunje je vodotok Mrsunja I u ukupnoj dužini od 5,4 km. Mrsunja I dio je zatečene Mrsunje, koji je glavni primatelj s poljoprivrednih površina. Glavni sabirni kanal u slivu Mrsunja I je kanal Cvitkovo. Završetak kanala Mrsunje I je kod postojeće crpne stanice i ustave Mrsunja.

Na slivnom području Brodske Posavine planirana je akumulacija/retencija Pavlovac - Mrsunja, u općini Brodski Stupnik te izgradnja obaloutvrde uz Savu od ušća Mrsunje do postojeće obaloutvrde uz centar grada.

Izložena je raznim onečišćenjima. Jedna nastaju zbog ispiranja poljoprivrednih površina. Druga su otpadne vode industrijskih pogona priključena na javni sustav odvodnje. Neki od njih nemaju izvedene uređaje za prethodnu obradu otpadnih voda, pa se u Mrsunj ispušta nepročišćena otpadna voda.

Izvori

Kanali
Pritoke Save
Građevine u Hrvatskoj

Mrsunja


Ribeira de Piquín, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin kuzeybatı köşesinde bulunan Galiçya otonom bölgesine bağlı dört eyaletten biri olan Lugo'ya bağlı 67 belediyeden biridir. Ribeira de Piquín belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 785 kişidir.

Lugo'daki belediyeler

Ribeira de Piquín


Petropigí, en , appelé Kagiá Bounár () jusqu'en 1926, puis Doukálion () jusqu'en 1954, est un village du dème de Néstos dans le district régional de Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace en Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace
Géographie de Kavála (district régional)

Petropigí


Mariano Aramburo y Machado (Camagüey, 1879-1941) fue un jurista, periodista, escritor, político y diplomático cubano.

Biografía
Doctorado en Madrid, fue presidente de la Comisión de Códigos de Cuba. Fue catedrático en la Universidad de la Habana. En el campo del periodismo fue colaborador durante años del Diario de la Marina. A nivel político, fue ministro en Chile, además de representar a su país en distintas repúblicas americanas. Escribió textos jurídicos y sobre temática literaria.

Notas

Bibliografía

Nacidos en Camagüey
Escritores de Cuba
Juristas de Cuba

Mariano Aramburo y Machado


Ratko Kacian, né le  à Zadar et mort le  à Zagreb, est un footballeur international yougoslave et croate. Il évoluait au poste d'attaquant.

Biographie

En club
Kacian est joueur du HAŠK Zagreb de 1936 à 1939.

Il devient joueur du HNK Hajduk Split en 1939.

De retour au HAŠK, sous le régime des Oustachis, il devient Champion de Croatie en 1944.

Le club du HAŠK est dissous après le rétablissement de la Yougoslavie en 1945. Kacian devient joueur du Dinamo Zagreb. Il est Champion de Yougoslavie en 1947-48.

Il meurt prématurément à 32 ans en 1949.

En équipe nationale
Ratko Kacian est sélectionné en équipe de Croatie de 1940 à 1943.

Il est d'abord sélectionné avec une équipe représentant la Banovine de Croatie le  contre la Hongrie (match nul 1-1 à Zagreb).

À partir de 1941, l'équipe nationale représente l'État indépendant de Croatie. Kacian dispute 9 matchs amicaux et inscrit un but contre la Bulgarie le .

Après le rétablissement de la Yougoslavie, Kacian joue avec l'équipe Yougoslave le  en amical contre la Tchécoslovaquie.

Il fait partie du groupe yougoslave médaillé d'argent aux Jeux olympiques de 1948 mais ne dispute aucune rencontre durant le tournoi.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international yougoslave
Footballeur international croate
Médaillé d'argent olympique yougoslave
Joueur du HNK Hajduk Split
Joueur du Dinamo Zagreb
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948
Naissance en janvier 1917
Naissance à Zadar
Naissance en Autriche-Hongrie
Décès en juin 1949
Décès à Zagreb
Décès à 32 ans
Décès en Yougoslavie

Ratko Kacian


Republika Hrvatska i Slovačka Republika održavaju diplomatske odnose od 1. siječnja 1993. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Bratislavi.

Veleposlanici
Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Slovačkoj Republici osnovano je odlukom predsjednika Republike od 29. siječnja 1993.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Slovačka na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Slovačka

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Slovačkoj


Fear of the Dark (albüm) - Iron Maiden grubunun albümü.
 Fear of the Dark (şarkı) - Iron Maiden grubunun şarkısı.

Fear of the Dark


Bedii Faik Akın (18 Nisan 1921, Bandırma - 15 Haziran 2015, İstanbul), Türk yazar.

1921 yılında Bandırma'da doğdu. İstanbul'daki Kabataş Erkek Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi'ne girdi. Okulu bitirmeden ayrıldı. Bir süre ticaret yaptı.

Tasvir gazetesinde başladığı fıkra yazarlığını Tan, Milliyet, Yeni İstanbul, Ulus gazetelerinde sürdürdü. Çeşitli gazetelerde uzun yıllar yazarlık yaptı. 1952'de Falih Rıfkı Atay'la birlikte Dünya gazetesini kurdu.

Demokrat Parti iktidarına karşı sürdürdüğü sert muhalefetiyle tanındı. 1965 genel seçimleri ardından Adalet Partisi yanlısı bir tutum izledi. 1975'te gazeteyi sattı; ama fıkra yazarlığına devam etti. Ardından Hürriyet ve Son Havadis gazetelerinde yazdı. Gazeteciliği bıraktı, yıllarca yurt dışında yaşadı ve 15 Haziran 2015 tarihinde 94 yaşında İstanbul'da öldü. 17 Haziran 2015'te Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'nda defnedildi.

Eserleri

Fıkra
 Efendime Söyleyeyim (1953)
 Rüzgar Eken (1969)

Gezi Notları
 Sam Amca'nın Evinde (1954)
 Bir Garip Ada (1957)
 Rusya'dan (1968)

Röportaj
 İhtilalciler Arasında Bir Gazeteci (1967)

Anı
 O Biçim (1958)
 Matbuat Basın Derkeeen Medya (4 cilt)
 Akıl Cumhuriyeti İsrail (1972)

Roman
 Pablo'nun Gülüşü
 Yalancı

Kaynakça

1921 doğumlular
2015 yılında ölenler
Kabataş Erkek Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Bandırma doğumlular
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Burhan Felek Basın Hizmet Ödülü sahipleri
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri

Bedii Faik Akın


The SNCASE S.E.2010 Armagnac was a large French airliner of the late 1940s built by SNCASE (Sud-Est). The aircraft's disappointing performance and range prevented it from achieving commercial success. Although the SNCASE Armagnac did not have a sterling career, its passenger compartment design gave it a much roomier feel and greater capacity and foreshadowed the future wide-body jet airliners.

Design and development
Designed originally around a French requirement for an 87-passenger, long range airliner issued in 1942, the S.E. 2000 was to have been powered by four 2,100 hp Gnome-Rhône 18R engines. At an early stage, the S.E. 2000 was abandoned in favour of a larger, more capable version, the S.E. 2010 Armagnac.
The Armagnac was a cantilever mid-wing monoplane with retractable tricycle landing gear designed for transatlantic service. A number of versions were planned from a 60-passenger "sleeping berth" version to 84-passenger, 108-passenger and 160-passenger versions.

After delays to the planning because of wartime conditions, work proceeded quickly at Toulouse, Marseilles and Paris, where various components were being built and tested. The Armagnac was designed from the outset in a Cook-Craigie production line prior to the first prototype which flew on 2 April 1949 with Sud-Est Chief Pilot Pierre Nadot at the controls but was lost on 30 January 1950 while still undergoing tests. The first production series aircraft F-BAVD flew on 30 December 1950. Examples of the S.E.2010 were demonstrated at the 1951 and 1953 Paris Grand Palais.

Although the S.E.2010 was powered by Pratt & Whitney R-4360-B13 Wasp Major engines, the most powerful piston engine ever placed into production for aircraft use, a concern that the final design was underpowered led to a planned redesign. The final (15th) production aircraft was intended to be re-engined with 5,400 hp Allison T40 turboprops, but production was curtailed at eight and the more advanced version was never built. An Armagnac, S.O. 2060, ended its days as an engine test-bed, alternately fitted with turbojet engines fitted in a nacelle below the fuselage. It was tested with two Snecma Atar 101 turbojets each engine having a different system of afterburner. The Snecma Vulcain was also tested in a similar manner.

Operational history

At the time, the Armagnac was one of the largest civil aircraft ever built with a wingspan of almost 50 meters and weight over 77 tonnes. The capacious pressurized cabin (with a near-circular fuselage section with 4.7 m/ 15 ft width and height) was intended for a three tier sleeping compartment configuration which ultimately was not fitted to any of the S.E.2010 versions. The fuselage was left with a good deal of unusable space with only open luggage shelves mounted in the upper fuselage.

Initial production of 15 aircraft was planned for delivery to launch customer Air France. After evaluation of the prototype by Air France, the airline declined delivery in 1952 when the first production aircraft was ready, citing inadequate performance. Despite being designed for transatlantic service, the aircraft's range of 5,000 km, fell short of the 6,500 km required range for this use. Additionally, the aircraft was too large to be operated profitably for shorter range routes.

Including the sole prototype, only nine aircraft were built with TAI (Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux) (later UTA) evaluating the first production aircraft in April 1952. A total of four S.E.2010s were delivered to TAI in December 1952, who used them for eight months and then discarded them as unprofitable.  The aircraft passed to SAGETA (the Société Auxiliaire de Gérance et d'Exploitation de Transport Aériens) in 1953 who operated seven Armagnacs to ferry cargo, mail and troops from Toulouse to Saigon in French Indochina. They were highly regarded in this role, but French rule in the area was almost over and they were surplus by mid-1954.

Most Armagnacs were broken up in 1955 although two were used to transport the French contingent to the 1956 Olympic Games held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Jack Russell, a retired Australian Air Traffic Controller fondly recalled the Armagnac which was the most distinctive of the various aircraft types to visit Australia for the Games. His description: "...an 80-ton aircraft which resembled two shipping containers welded together lengthways with a wing and two under-powered engines protruding on each side. The aircraft's performance matched its appearance." Visiting aircraft were ferried to Mangalore Airport. While passing above a Mangalore-bound Armagnac, a Trans Australia Airlines pilot when asked to report the S.E. 2010's position, exclaimed "If it's that block of flats below us, we're passing it now!"  F-BAVI, one of the Melbourne caravan was the last SNCASE Armagnac survivor, and was scrapped in 1975 at Bordeaux/Merignac after having lain derelict for many years.

Operators

 Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI)
 Société Auxiliaire de Gérance et de Transport Aériens (SAGETA)

Incidents and accidents
On 30 June 1950, F-WAVA, the prototype was lost after it crashed and caught fire on takeoff after a wing leading edge panel separated. Two fatalities on board and one on the ground resulted.  SAGETA F-BAVG flying out of Tunis on 29 January 1957, crashed at Paris-Orly in inclement weather, resulting in two fatalities. While flying from Algeria, on 19 December 1957, F-BAVH flying for SAGETA, was crippled midair when a bomb detonated in the lavatory, causing a large hole in the fuselage. Despite the severe damage, a safe emergency landing was carried out at Lyon, 90 minutes later.

Specifications

See also

Notes

Bibliography

 Green, William and Gerald Pollinger. The Aircraft of the World. London: Macdonald, 1955.
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
 Stroud, John. "S.E.2010 Armagnac." Aeroplane Monthly, Volume 21, no. 11, Issue no. 247, November 1993.

1940s French airliners
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Four-engined piston aircraft
Armagnac

SNCASE Armagnac


ශ්‍රී ලංකා රාමඤ්ඤ මහා නිකායේ මහානායක

වසර 2551 ක් තරම් කලක් සම්බුදු සසුන පවත්වාගෙන ඒමට හැකි වූයේ මේ කාලය තුළ වැඩ සිටි විනයධර ධර්මධර සුපේශල ශික්‍ෂාකාමී මහ සඟරුවන නිසාමය. එවන් සම්භාවනීය බුද්ධපුත්‍රයන් වහන්සේ අතර වේවැල්දෙණියේ මේධාලංකාර මහා නායක හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේද වෙති. සම්බුද්ධ ශාසනයේ චිර පැවැත්ම සඳහා මහා නායක ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ සිය පැවිදි දිවිය වසර 83 ක් පමණ දිගු කලක් මෙහෙයවා ඇති සංඝපීතෘවරයන් වහන්සේ නමකි.

මීරිගම ශාසනවර්ධන පිරිවෙන් විහාරාධිපති ශ්‍රී සද්ධර්ම වාගීශ්වරාචාර්ය සිරි සරණංකරෝපසේන වංශාවතංස අග්ගමහා සද්ධම්මජෝතිකා ධජ ශාසනශෝභන වේවැල්දෙණියේ මේධාලංකාර මහ නා හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ

උපත
1909 දෙසැම්බර් මස හත් වෙනි දින මීරිගම වේවැල්දෙණිය ගම් පියසෙහි සිංගම්කුට්ටි ආරච්චිගේ ඉසන් අප්පුහාමි උපාසක මහතා සහ රාජපක්‍ෂ විතාරණලාගේ ලියගුහාමි උපාසිකා මාතාව යන දම්පතීන්ගේ පුත් රුවනක් ලෙස උපත ලැබූහ.

1923 මැයි 26 වැනි දින අනුරාධපුර අභයගිරි ආරාමයේ දී (පූර්වාරාමය) කතලුවේ සීලවංශ සහ කදිරාගම සුමනසාර මා හිමිවරුන්ගේ ආචාර්ය උපාධ්‍යත්වයෙන් සසුන් ගත වූ මුන්වහන්සේ නිට්ටඹුව විද්‍යානන්ද මහ පිරිවෙන්හි දී මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ප්‍රාචීන භාෂාවන් පිළිබඳ මනා දැනුමක් ලබා අනතුරුව මීරිගම ශාසනවර්ධන පිරිවෙන්හි වැඩසිටි මහෝපාධ්‍යාය කදිරාගම සුමනසාර මා හිමියන්ගේ අපවත්වීමෙන් පසු එම පිරිවෙන්හි පරිවේනාධිපති තනතුරට පත්වූහ.

1930 ජූනි 16 වෙනි දින උපසම්පදා භූමියට පත් වී ඇති මුන්වහන්සේ ශාසන සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට අනුව වස් 77 ක් ඉක්ම වූ භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකි. ලක් සඟසසුනෙහි ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨම සංඝපීතෘවරයන් වහන්සේ කවරෙක්දැයි සොයා බලන්නෙකුට ඇතැම්විට අප මහානායක හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ හමුවනු ඇත. මේ සා දිගු භික්‍ෂු ජීවිතයකින් උන්වහන්සේ මීරිගම ජනතාවට පමණක් නොව මුළු මහත් ලක්වැසි ජනතාවට ද පොදුවේ බෞද්ධ ලෝකය සඳහාම සිදු කර ඇති සේවය පමණ කළ නොහැකි ය.

මහනා හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේගේ ජීවිතය භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේට පමණක් නොව ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට ආදර්ශයට ගත හැකි ජීවිතයකි. අලුයම 4.00 ට අවදිවන මුන් වහන්සේ තවමත් සිය කටයුතු තමා විසින් ම සිදු කර ගැනීමට සමත් ය. තනිව හිස රැවුල බා සිරුර කිස නිමා කොට අලුයම 5.30 ට සිය ශිෂ්‍යයන් වහන්සේලා සමඟ බුද්ධ වන්දනාවට සහභාගි වෙති. මළුපෙත්මං ඇමදීම ආදිය නිමා කොට සියලු ශිෂ්‍යයන් වහන්සේලා සමඟ දාන ශාලාවට වැඩම කොට දානය වැළඳීමට උන්වහන්සේ මහත් කැමැත්තක් දක්වති.

සිය ආචාර්යයන් වහන්සේලා ආරක්‍ෂා කළ නිකායික ප්‍රතිපත්ති එලෙසම ආරක්‍ෂා කරමින් පළමුවෙන්ම මීරිගම ප්‍රාදේශීය සංඝ සභාවේ ලේකම් තනතුරට පත් වූ මුන්වහන්සේ පසුව නිකායේ පාලක සභාවට ද කාරක සභාවට ද ප්‍රාදේශීය අධිකරණ නායක විශේෂාධිකාරී මණ්ඩලයට ද පත්වූහ. 1983 උපරිමානුවිජ්ජක තනතුරටත් පසුව සඤ්ඤාලේඛකාධිකාරී තනතුරටත් අනතුරුව නිකායේ අධිකරණ නායක තනතුරට ද පත් වී විශාල සේවයක් සිදු කළහ. 1998 දී පොත්තේවෙල පඤ්ඤාසාර මහ නාහිමියන් අපවත්වීමෙන් පසු ශ්‍රී ලංකා රාමඤ්ඤ මහා නිකායේ මහා නායක පදවියට පත් වී සිටින මුන්වහන්සේ පුරා වසර 9 ක් මේ වන විට මහා නායක පදවියෙහි කටයුතු කරමින් වැඩ වෙසෙති. අපවත් වී වදාළ මඩිහේ පඤ්ඤාසීහ මහානාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ සහ එකල මල්වතු විහාරයෙහි මහා නායක හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ මෙන්ම වත්මනෙහි අස්ගිරි පාර්ශවයෙහි මහානායක ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ සමඟ එක්ව නිකායත්‍රයෙහි සමගියට මෙන්ම ලක්වැසි ජනතාවගේ හිත සුව පිණිස සාමූහික සාකච්ඡා කිරීමටත් තීරණ නිකුත් කිරීමටත් ආරම්භ කළහ. විදේශයන්හි පවා වැඩම කරමින් බෞද්ධ ලෝකයේ ප්‍රබෝධය පිණිස කටයුතු කරන මහා නා හිමිපාණෝ ජපානය, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, බුරුමය, තායිලන්තය, සිංගප්පූරුව, මැලේසියාව, ඉන්දියාව, කොරියාව, කාම්බෝජය ආදී රටවල මේ වන විට විවිධ ආගමික කටයුතු සඳහා වැඩම කර ඇත.

මීරිගම පිරිවෙනෙන් ඇරඹි මහානාහිමියන්ගේ අධ්‍යාපනික සේවය අතිමහත් ය. පිරිවෙන් සහ පාසල් ගණනාවක් අරඹා ඇත. මුන්වහන්සේ අනුරාධපුර බුද්ධශ්‍රාවක භික්‍ෂු විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ කුලපති වශයෙන් කටයුතු කරති. එමෙන්ම පාලි හා බෞද්ධ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය සම්බන්ධව පාලන සභාවන්හි ද එහි කුලපති තනතුර ද කලක් දැරූ මහා නාහිමිපාණෝ දෙස් විදෙස් හි විශාල සේවයක් සිදු කරනු ලබන සිය ගණන් ශිෂ්‍යයන් වහන්සේගේ වන්දනීය ගුරු දේවයන් වහන්සේ නමකි.

බුදු සසුන

වේවැල්දෙණියේ මේධාලංකාර


Isaac Bickerstaff Esq was a pseudonym used by Jonathan Swift as part of a hoax to predict the death of then famous Almanac–maker and astrologer John Partridge.

"All Fools' Day" (now known as April Fools' Day which falls on 1 April) was Swift's favourite of holidays and he often used this day to aim his biting satirical wit at non-believers in an attempt to "make sin and folly bleed."  Disgruntled by Partridge's sarcastic attack about the "infallible Church" written in his 1708 issue of Merlinus Almanac, Swift carefully projected three letters and a eulogy as an elaborate plan to "predict" Partridge's "infallible death" on March 29, the anniversary of the famous 1652 "Black Monday" eclipse, widely seen as discrediting to astrology.

The first of the three letters, Predictions for the Year 1708, published in January 1708, predicts, among other things, the death of Partridge by a "raging fever."  The second letter, The Accomplishment of the First of Mr. Bickerstaff's Predictions, published in March 1708, Swift writes not as Bickerstaff but as a "man employed in the Revenue" where he "confirms" the imaginary Bickerstaff's prediction. To accompany The Accomplishments Swift also publishes an Elegy for Partridge in which, typical of Swift's satire, he blames not only Partridge, but those who purchase the Almanacs as well:

Here, five Foot deep, lies on his Back,
A Cobler, Starmonger, and Quack;
Who to the Stars in pure Good–will,
Does to his best look upward still.
Weep all you Customers that use
His Pills, his Almanacks, or Shoes;
And you that did your Fortunes seek,
Step to his Grave but once a Week:
This Earth which bears his Body's Print,
You'll find has so much Vertue in't,
That I durst pawn my Ears 'twill tell
Whate'er concerns you full as well,
In Physick, Stolen Goods, or Love,
As he himself could, when above.

The hoax, gaining immense popularity, plagued Partridge till the true end of his life. Mourners, believing him dead, often kept him awake at night by crying outside his window. Accounts of an undertaker arriving at his house to arrange drapes for the mourning, an elegy being printed and even a gravestone being carved, culminate in Partridge publishing a letter in hopes of having the last word and proclaiming (and reclaiming) himself as living.  In 1709 Swift, writing as Bickerstaff for the last time, publishes A Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff in which he abandons any real attempt to maintain the hoax but disputes Partridge's public letter, saying, "There were sure no man alive ever to writ such damned stuff as this."   He goes on sarcastically to reason that "Death is defined by all Philosophers [as a] Separation of the Soul and Body. Now it is certain, that the poor Woman, who has best Reason to know [Partridge's wife], has gone about for some time to every Alley in the Neighbourhood, and swore to the Gossips, that Her Husband had neither Life nor Soul in Him.."

Later influence
Later in 1709, Richard Steele bolstered the release of his new paper The Tatler by naming the fictitious Isaac Bickerstaff Esq. as editor. The Tatler had occasional contributions from Swift, although largely written by Steele and Joseph Addison.

Benjamin Franklin based the persona of "Poor Richard", the author of Poor Richard's Almanack, on Swift's Bickerstaff character.

In Jules Verne's 1895 novel Propeller Island, the governor of the titular island is named Cyrus Bikerstaff, in tribute to Swift's character.

H. P. Lovecraft used the pseudonym "Isaac Bickerstaffe [sic], Jr." in 1914 for a series of letters to the editor of The Providence Evening News, refuting the predictions of an astrologer the paper published.

The Canadian caricaturist Don Evans (born Toronto, 1936) published in 1975-85 three volumes of cartoons under the pseudonym Isaac Bickerstaff.  He lives in Orillia, Ontario, where he is active in local politics. Personal archives including 300 drawings are at the University of Calgary.

In the novel The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society (2008) and its eponymous 2018 film adaptation, the lead character, author Juliet Ashton, writes under the pen name Izzy Bickerstaff.

Adam J Smith and Jo Waugh of The Conversation and Patricia Casey, writing for the Irish Independent, have suggested that fictional Twitter user Titania McGrath, created by comedian and Spiked'' columnist Andrew Doyle, was influenced by Bickerstaff.

References

External links

Isaac Bickerstaff, physician and astrologer by Sir Richard Steele
 Museum of Hoaxes: The Predictions of Isaac Bickerstaff
 The Extraordinary Astrologer Isaac Bickerstaff from damninteresting.com

British literature
Literary forgeries
Collective pseudonyms
Jonathan Swift

Isaac Bickerstaff


Hudoljetnica (lat. Erigeron), biljni rod iz porodice glavočika kojemu pripada preko 460 vrsta jednogodišnjeg i dvogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica čija je domovina Sjeverna Amerika, odakle su se neke vrste raširile po drugim krajevima svijeta.

Na području Hrvatske rastu kamenjarska hudoljetnica (Erigeron acris), Erigeron karvinskianus, oštra hudoljetnica (Erigeron acer) s Velebita i Biokova i jednogodišnja krasolika (Erigeron annuus), a sve su one došle s američkog kontinenta. Kanadska hudoljetnica (E. canadensis) je uvezena u Europu i Hrvatsku.

Vrste

 Erigeron abajoensis Cronquist
 Erigeron abyssinicus (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf. & Asch.
 Erigeron acomanus Spellenb. & P.J.Knight
 Erigeron acris L., kamenjarska hudoljetnica
 Erigeron adscendens Turcz.
 Erigeron aequifolius H.M.Hall
 Erigeron algidus Jeps.
 Erigeron aliceae Howell
 Erigeron allisonii D.B.Poind., B.R.Keener & Noyes
 Erigeron allochrous Botsch.
 Erigeron allocotus S.F.Blake
 Erigeron alpicola (Makino) Makino
 Erigeron alpiniformis Cronquist
 Erigeron alpinus L.
 Erigeron altaicus Popov
 Erigeron alternifolius (Lawesson & Adsersen) N.Andrus & Tye
 Erigeron altissimus R.R.Stewart, 1972
 Erigeron anchana G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron andicola DC.
 Erigeron angustissimus Lindl. ex DC.
 Erigeron anisophyllus Rech.f.
 Erigeron annuactis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., jednogodišnja hudoljetnica
 Erigeron aphanactis Greene
 Erigeron apiculatus Benth.
 Erigeron aquarius Standl. & Steyerm.
 Erigeron arachnoideus Bornm.
 Erigeron aragonensis Vierh.
 Erigeron arenarioides (Eaton ex A.Gray) Rydb.
 Erigeron argentatus A.Gray
 Erigeron arisolius G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron arizonicus A.Gray
 Erigeron asperugineus A.Gray
 Erigeron astranthioides De Jong & G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron atticus Vill.
 Erigeron aurantiacus Regel
 Erigeron aureus Greene
 Erigeron azureus Regel ex Popov
 Erigeron badachschanicus Botsch.
 Erigeron baicalensis Botsch.
 Erigeron barbarensis G.L.Nesom & T.Van Devender
 Erigeron barbellulatus Greene
 Erigeron basalticus Hoover
 Erigeron basaseachensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron basilobatus S.F.Blake
 Erigeron baumii O.Hoffm.
 Erigeron bellidiastroides Griseb.
 Erigeron bellidiastrum Nutt.
 Erigeron bellidiformis Popov
 Erigeron bellioides DC.
 Erigeron bigelovii A.Gray
 Erigeron biolettii Greene
 Erigeron blakei Cabrera
 Erigeron blochmaniae Greene
 Erigeron bloomeri A.Gray
 Erigeron bonariensis L., kovrčava grmika
 Erigeron borealis Simmons
 Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz.
 Erigeron breweri A.Gray
 Erigeron burejensis Barkalov
 Erigeron cabelloi A.Pujadas, García-Salmones & E.López
 Erigeron caeruleus Urb.
 Erigeron caespitans Kom.
 Erigeron caespitosus Nutt.
 Erigeron calcicola Greenm.
 Erigeron calderae A.Hansen
 Erigeron calvus Coville
 Erigeron campanensis Valdeb., Lowrey & Stuessy
 Erigeron canaani S.L.Welsh
 Erigeron canadensis L.,  kanadska grmika, kanadska hudoljetnica
 Erigeron canus A.Gray
 Erigeron capillipes Ekman ex Urb.
 Erigeron caramanicus Bornm.
 Erigeron cardaminifolius Wedd.
 Erigeron cascadensis A.Heller
 Erigeron caucasicus Steven
 Erigeron caulinifolius G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron cavernensis S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood
 Erigeron cedretorum Rech.f.
 Erigeron celerieri Emb. & Maire
 Erigeron cervinus Greene
 Erigeron chiangii G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron chihuahuanus Greene
 Erigeron chionophilus Wedd.
 Erigeron chrysopsidis A.Gray
 Erigeron cieloensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron cilicicus Vierh.
 Erigeron cinereus Hook. & Arn.
 Erigeron circulis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron clokeyi Cronquist
 Erigeron columnaris G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron compactus S.F.Blake
 Erigeron compositus Pursh
 Erigeron concinnus Torr. & A.Gray
 Erigeron conditii D.J.Keil
 Erigeron consimilis Cronquist
 Erigeron conyzoides F.Muell.
 Erigeron cordatus (Kuntze) Cabrera
 Erigeron coronarius Greene
 Erigeron coroniglandifer G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron corrales-molinensis Danton
 Erigeron × corymbosus Nutt.
 Erigeron coulteri Porter & J.M.Coult.
 Erigeron crenatus Eastw. ex I.M.Johnst.
 Erigeron cronquistii Maguire
 Erigeron cuatrocienegensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron cuneifolius DC.
 Erigeron cyanactis Rech.f.
 Erigeron dactyloides (Greenm.) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron daenensis Vierh.
 Erigeron darrellianus Hemsl.
 Erigeron daveauanus (Sennen) Greuter
 Erigeron davisii (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron decumbens Nutt.
 Erigeron delphinifolius Willd.
 Erigeron denalii A.Nelson
 Erigeron disparipilus Cronquist
 Erigeron dissectus Urb.
 Erigeron divergens Torr. & A.Gray
 Erigeron domingensis Urb.
 Erigeron dryophyllus A.Gray
 Erigeron eatonii A.Gray
 Erigeron ecuadoriensis Hieron.
 Erigeron elatior Greene
 Erigeron elatus Greene
 Erigeron elborsensis Boiss.
 Erigeron elegantulus Greene
 Erigeron elmeri Greene
 Erigeron emodi I.M.Turner
 Erigeron engelmannii A.Nelson
 Erigeron epiroticus (Vierh.) Halácsy
 Erigeron eriocalyx (Ledeb.) Vierh.
 Erigeron eriocephalus J.Vahl
 Erigeron eruptens G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron evermannii Rydb.
 Erigeron exilis A.Gray
 Erigeron eximius Greene
 Erigeron fasciculatus Colla
 Erigeron fernandezianus (Colla) Solbrig
 Erigeron filifolius Nutt.
 Erigeron flabellifolius Rydb.
 Erigeron flagellaris A.Gray
 Erigeron flagellifolius Cabrera
 Erigeron flahaultianus Thell.
 Erigeron flettii G.N.Jones
 Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch.Bip.
 Erigeron foliosus Nutt.
 Erigeron formosissimus Greene
 Erigeron forreri (Greene) Greene
 Erigeron fraternus Greene
 Erigeron frigidus Boiss. ex DC.
 Erigeron fuertesii Urb.
 Erigeron fukuyamae Kitam.
 Erigeron fundus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron galeottii (A.Gray ex Hemsl.) Greene
 Erigeron garrettii A.Nelson
 Erigeron geiseri Shinners
 Erigeron gilliesii (Hook. & Arn.) Cabrera
 Erigeron glabellus Nutt.
 Erigeron glabratus Hoppe & Hornsch. ex Bluff & Fingerh., planinska hudoljetnica
 Erigeron glacialis (Nutt.) A.Nelson
 Erigeron glaucus Ker Gawl.
 Erigeron goodrichii S.L.Welsh
 Erigeron gouanii L.
 Erigeron gracilis Rydb.
 Erigeron grandiflorus Hook.
 Erigeron greenei G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron griseus (Greenm.) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron guatemalensis (S.F.Blake) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron heleniae G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron heliographis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron hessii G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron heteromorphus B.L.Rob.
 Erigeron hillii Domke
 Erigeron himalajensis Vierh.
 Erigeron hintoniorum G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron hirtellus DC.
 Erigeron hispanicus Maire
 Erigeron hissaricus Botsch.
 Erigeron howellii A.Gray
 Erigeron humilis Graham
 Erigeron hungaricus (Vierh.) Pawl.
 Erigeron hyoseroides Griseb.
 Erigeron hyperboreus Greene
 Erigeron hyrcanicus Bornm. & Vierh.
 Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx.
 Erigeron illapelinus Phil.
 Erigeron imbricatus Vierh.
 Erigeron incaicus Solbrig
 Erigeron incanus Vahl
 Erigeron incertus Skottsb.
 Erigeron ingae Skottsb.
 Erigeron inoptatus A.Gray
 Erigeron inornatus A.Gray
 Erigeron irazuense Greenm.
 Erigeron jaeschkei Vierh.
 Erigeron jamaicensis L.
 Erigeron janivultus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron jenkinsii G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron jonesii Cronquist
 Erigeron kachinensis S.L.Welsh & Gl.Moore
 Erigeron karvinskianus DC., meksička hudoljetnica
 Erigeron katiae S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood
 Erigeron kiukiangensis Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron klamathensis (G.L.Nesom) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron krylovii Serg.
 Erigeron kumaunensis (Vierh.) Wendelbo
 Erigeron kunshanensis Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron kuschei Eastw.
 Erigeron lachnocephalus Botsch.
 Erigeron lackschewitzii G.L.Nesom & W.A.Weber
 Erigeron laevigatus Rich.
 Erigeron lalehzaricus (Rech.f.) Šída f.
 Erigeron lanatus Hook.
 Erigeron lanceolatus Wedd.
 Erigeron lancifolius Hook.f.
 Erigeron lanuginosus Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron larrainianus (J.Rémy) Cabrera
 Erigeron lassenianus Greene
 Erigeron latifolius Hao Zhang & Zhi F.Zhang
 Erigeron latus (A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.) Cronquist
 Erigeron laxiflorus Baker
 Erigeron lechleri Sch.Bip.
 Erigeron leibergii Piper
 Erigeron leiolepis Solbrig
 Erigeron leiomerus A.Gray
 Erigeron leioreades Popov
 Erigeron lemmonii A.Gray
 Erigeron lepidopodus (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron leptocladus Rech.f.
 Erigeron leptopetalus Phil.
 Erigeron leptorhizon DC.
 Erigeron leucoglossus Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron libanensis Urb.
 Erigeron libanoticus Vierh.
 Erigeron linearis (Hook.) Piper
 Erigeron lobatus A.Nelson
 Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook.
 Erigeron longipes DC.
 Erigeron lorentzii (Griseb.) Cabrera
 Erigeron luteoviridis Skottsb.
 Erigeron luxurians (Skottsb.) Solbrig
 Erigeron macdonaldii G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron maguirei Cronquist
 Erigeron major (Boiss.) Vierh.
 Erigeron mancus Rydb.
 Erigeron maniopotamicus G.L.Nesom & T.W.Nelson
 Erigeron mariposanus Congdon
 Erigeron mashadansis Parsa & Maleki
 Erigeron matthiolifolius Parsa
 Erigeron maxonii S.F.Blake
 Erigeron mayoensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron melanocephalus A.Nelson
 Erigeron mendocinensis D.J.Keil
 Erigeron metrius S.F.Blake
 Erigeron mihianus S.F.Blake
 Erigeron mimus (S.F.Blake) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron miser A.Gray
 Erigeron miyabeanus (Tatew. & Kitam.) Tatew. & Kitam. ex H.Hara
 Erigeron modestus A.Gray
 Erigeron mohinorensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron monorchis Griseb.
 Erigeron monticolus DC.
 Erigeron morelensis Greenm.
 Erigeron morrisonensis Hayata
 Erigeron muirii A.Gray
 Erigeron multiceps Greene
 Erigeron multifolius Hand.-Mazz.
 Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. & Hook.f.
 Erigeron muralis Lapeyr.
 Erigeron myosotis Pers.
 Erigeron nacoriensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron nannogeron Rech.f.
 Erigeron nanus Nutt.
 Erigeron narcissus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron nauseosus A.Nelson
 Erigeron neglectus A.Kern.
 Erigeron nematophylloides S.L.Welsh & A.Huber
 Erigeron nematophyllus Rydb.
 Erigeron neomexicanus A.Gray
 Erigeron nitens G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron nivalis Nutt.
 Erigeron oaxacanus Greenm.
 Erigeron ochroleucus Nutt.
 Erigeron ocoensis Urb. & Ekman
 Erigeron olympicus Schott & Kotschy
 Erigeron onofrensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron oreades (Schrenk) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Erigeron oreganus A.Gray
 Erigeron oreophilus Ridl.
 Erigeron oreophilus Greenm.
 Erigeron othonnifolius Hook. & Arn.
 Erigeron ovinus Cronquist
 Erigeron oxyphyllus Greene
 Erigeron pacalis Björk
 Erigeron pacayensis Greenm.
 Erigeron pallens Cronquist
 Erigeron pallidus Popov
 Erigeron palmeri A.Gray
 Erigeron pamiricus Botsch. & Kochk.
 Erigeron pampeanus Parodi
 Erigeron paolii Gamisans
 Erigeron parishii A.Gray
 Erigeron parryi Canby & Rose
 Erigeron patagonicus Phil.
 Erigeron patentisquama Jeffrey
 Erigeron pattersonii G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron paucilobus Urb.
 Erigeron pauper Benoist
 Erigeron pazensis Sch.Bip.
 Erigeron peregrinus Greene
 Erigeron petiolaris Vierh.
 Erigeron petroiketes Rech.f.
 Erigeron petrophilus Greene
 Erigeron philadelphicus L.
 Erigeron pinkavii B.L.Turner
 Erigeron pinnatisectus (A.Gray) A.Nelson
 Erigeron piperianus Cronquist
 Erigeron piscaticus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron plesiogeron Rech.f.
 Erigeron podophyllus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron poliospermus A.Gray
 Erigeron polycephalus (Larsen) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron polycladus Urb.
 Erigeron popayanensis Hieron.
 Erigeron popovii Botsch.
 Erigeron porphyrolepis Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron porsildii G.L.Nesom & D.F.Murray
 Erigeron potosinus Standl.
 Erigeron primulifolius (Lam.) Greuter
 Erigeron pringlei A.Gray
 Erigeron procumbens (Mill.) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron pseuderiocephalus Popov
 Erigeron pseudohyrcanicus Grierson ex R.R.Stewart
 Erigeron pseudoseravschanicus Botsch.
 Erigeron pseudotenuicaulis Brouillet & Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron psilocaulis Urb.
 Erigeron pubescens Kunth
 Erigeron pulchellus Michx.
 Erigeron pulcher Phil.
 Erigeron pulcherrimus A.Heller
 Erigeron pumilus Nutt.
 Erigeron punjabensis T.Akhtar & Chaudhri
 Erigeron purpurascens Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron purpuratus Greene
 Erigeron pygmaeus Greene
 Erigeron pyrami Botsch.
 Erigeron quattuordomuum Molinari
 Erigeron quercifolius Lam.
 Erigeron quiexobrensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron radicatus Hook.
 Erigeron raphaelis Cuatrec.
 Erigeron reductus (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron reinanus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron religiosus Cronquist
 Erigeron rhizomactis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron rhizomatus Cronquist
 Erigeron robustior (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron rosulatus Wedd.
 Erigeron roylei DC.
 Erigeron rupicola Phil.
 Erigeron rybius G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron rydbergii Cronquist
 Erigeron sachalinensis Botsch.
 Erigeron salishii G.W.Douglas & Packer
 Erigeron salmonensis Brunsfeld & G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron sanctarum S.Watson
 Erigeron saxatilis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron sceptrifer G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron schalbusii Vierh.
 Erigeron schikotanensis Barkalov
 Erigeron schimperi (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf.
 Erigeron schleicheri Gremli
 Erigeron schmalhausenii Popov
 Erigeron schnackii Solbrig
 Erigeron scoparioides G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron scopulinus G.L.Nesom & V.D.Roth
 Erigeron seemannii (Sch.Bip.) Greene
 Erigeron semibarbatus DC.
 Erigeron seravschanicus Popov
 Erigeron serpentinus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron silenifolius (Turcz.) Botsch.
 Erigeron sionis Cronquist
 Erigeron sivinskii G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron socorrensis Brandegee
 Erigeron sogdianus Popov
 Erigeron sparsifolius Eastw.
 Erigeron speciosus DC.
 Erigeron spiciformis Griseb.
 Erigeron spiculosus Hook. & Arn.
 Erigeron stanfordii I.M.Johnst. ex G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron stanselliae K.L.Chambers
 Erigeron steudelii (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf.
 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd.
 Erigeron strigulosus Greene
 Erigeron subacaulis (McVaugh) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron subalpinus Urb.
 Erigeron subglaber Cronquist
 Erigeron sublyratus Roxb. ex DC.
 Erigeron subtrinervis Rydb. ex Porter & Britton
 Erigeron sumatrensis Retz., sumatranska grmika
 Erigeron supplex A.Gray
 Erigeron swatensis Grierson ex R.R.Stewart
 Erigeron taipeiensis Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen
 Erigeron talyschensis Tzvelev
 Erigeron taylorii Britton & P.Wilson
 Erigeron tenellus DC.
 Erigeron tener A.Gray
 Erigeron tenuifolius Hook.f.
 Erigeron tenuis Torr. & A.Gray
 Erigeron tephropodus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron thermarum (Phil.) Cabrera
 Erigeron thrincioides Griseb.
 Erigeron thunbergii A.Gray
 Erigeron tianschanicus Botsch.
 Erigeron tracyi Greene
 Erigeron trifidus Hook.
 Erigeron trihecatactis S.F.Blake
 Erigeron trimorphopsis Botsch.
 Erigeron tuerckheimii Urb.
 Erigeron tunariensis Kuntze
 Erigeron turnerorum G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron tweedyi Canby
 Erigeron uintahensis Cronquist
 Erigeron uliginosus Benth.
 Erigeron uncialis S.F.Blake
 Erigeron unguiphyllus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron uniflorus L.
 Erigeron untermannii S.L.Welsh & Goodrich
 Erigeron ursinus D.C.Eaton
 Erigeron utahensis A.Gray
 Erigeron vagus Payson
 Erigeron variegatus (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf. & Asch.
 Erigeron variifolius S.F.Blake
 Erigeron vegaensis Urb.
 Erigeron velutipes Hook. & Arn.
 Erigeron veracruzensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron verguinii Sennen
 Erigeron vernus (L.) Torr. & A.Gray
 Erigeron versicolor (Greenm.) G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron vetensis Rydb.
 Erigeron vicarius Botsch.
 Erigeron vichrenensis Pawl.
 Erigeron vicinus G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron violaceus Popov
 Erigeron vreelandii Rydb.
 Erigeron watsonii (A.Gray) Cronquist
 Erigeron wellsii G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron wendelboi Rech.f.
 Erigeron wightii DC.
 Erigeron wilkenii O'Kane
 Erigeron wislizeni (A.Gray) Greene
 Erigeron yukonensis Rydb.
 Erigeron zacatensis G.L.Nesom
 Erigeron zederbaueri Vierh.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Conyzinae

Hudoljetnica


ساحة المنجي بالي هي إحدى ساحات تونس العاصمة، وتوجد بين شارع جمال عبد الناصر ونهج المحطة. وهي بذلك قريبة من محطة تونس للقطارات، ومن ساحة برشلونة، وفي الجهة المقابلة للتمثال توجد السفارة الإيطالية. يتوسط هذه الساحة منذ عام 1962 تمثال القائد الكشفي المنجي بالي.

ساحات تونس

ساحة المنجي بالي


{{Kişi bilgi kutusu
| ad                 = Coşkun Göğen
| resim              = Coşkun Göğen.jpg
| resimboyutu        =
| altyazı            = Günah Keçisi filminin galasında, Ocak 2011
| genişlet           =
| artalan            = sinema oyuncusu
| diğeradları        = Tecavüzcü Coşkun
| doğumtarihi        =
| yer                = Samatya, İstanbul, Türkiye
| ölümtarihi         =
| ölümyeri           =
| milliyet           = Türk
| vatandaşlık        =
| ikamet             = Antalya
| evlilik            =
| ilişkiler          =
| çocukları          = 3
| ebeveyn            =
| meslek             = Oyuncu, iş insanı
| köken              =
| etkinyılları       = 1962-günümüz
| etkiledikleri      =
| etkilendikleri     =
| website            =
| ödüller            =
| imza               =
| diğer              =
}}
Coşkun Göğen (14 Haziran 1946, İstanbul), Türk sinema oyuncusudur.

 Hayatı
Makedonya göçmeni bir ailede doğdu. Ortaokul ikinci sınıfta eğitimini bırakmasının ardından berber çırağı olarak iş hayatına atıldı. Daha sonra dans ve fotoromanlık ile ilgilendi. 17 yaşında bulunduğu dans grubu sayesinde Yeşilçam'a girdi. Tecavüzcü Coşkun rolleri ile ünlenmiştir. 1970'li yıllarda Osmanbey Gazi Pasajının altında bir giyim dükkânı işletti. 1971-1997 yılları arasında evli kalmıştır. 3 kız çocuğu babasıdır. Antalyaspor taraftarı olarak takımın amigoluğunu yapmaktadır. Ayrıca Antalya'da bar işletmeciliği de yapmaktadır. 2018 yılında 36 yaşındaki kızı Dünya Göğen yakalanmış olduğu kanser hastalığından dolayı ölmüştür.

 Filmografisi

 1972: Asi Gençler 1975: Cellat 1976: Aile Şerefi 1976: Mağlup Edilemeyenler 1976: Sahte Kabadayı 1976: Arzu 1976: İntikam Meleği / Kadın Hamlet 1977: Kan 1977: Sivri Akıllılar 1978: Batan Güneş 1979: Dokunmayın Şabanıma 1979: İstanbul 79 1979: İsyankar 1979: Yanmışım 1980: Gerzek Şaban 1981: Yüz Karası / Şöhretin Sonu 1982: Kördüğüm 1982: Kaçak 1982: Yürek Yarası 1983: Kurban 1983: Badi 1983: Beyaz Ölüm 1983: Bin Kere Ölmek 1983: Günahkar 1984: Damga 1984: Kayıp Kızlar 1984: Ortadirek Şaban 1985: Ölüm Yolu 1986: Kıskıvrak 1986: Tarzan Rıfkı 1986: Vazife Uğruna 1986: Akrep 1986: Ayrılmayalım 1986: Kader Kurbanları 1987: Alamancının Karısı 1987: Alışırım 1987: Çember 1987: Her Yer Karanlık 1988: Acıların Günlüğü 1988: Canım Oğlum 1988: Yengeç Burcu 1989: Kara Sevda 1989: Polis Dosyası 1992: Taşların Sırrı 1993: Öp Babanın Elini 1994: Kuşku 1998: Hain Geceler 1999: Kimsecikler 2000: Yaralı Kurt 2000: Kahpe Bizans 2003: G.O.R.A 2003: Ömerçip 2004: Çocuklar Duymasın 2005: Tatlı Bela 2011: Günah Keçisi 2017: Hep Yek 2 2018: Benim Adım Osssman''

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 TSA´de Coşkun Göğen

Yaşayan insanlar
1945 doğumlular
Fatih doğumlular
Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
Türk erkek dizi oyuncuları

Coşkun Göğen


Castro şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Castro, Şili
 Castro, Puglia
 Castro, Lazio
 Castro, Lombardiya
 Castro, Ticino

Castro


මෙය මෑත කාලයේ බිහිවුණ සටන් ක්‍රීඩාවකි.

කරාටේ ක්‍රීඩාවේ විකාශය

      ජපානයේ නිරිතදිග දෙස"රියුකියු"දූපත් නම් මාලයක් වැනි දූපත් පෙළ සටන් කලාවන්හි පුදබිමකි.මෙහි පිහිටි ඔකිනාවා නම් දූපත කරාතේ ශිල්පයේ මුල්බිම විය. ඔකිනාවා දුරාතීතයේදී චීනයට අයත්ව තිබූ දුපතෙහි චීන වෙළඳුන් සංක්‍රමණිකයන් නාව්කයන්වෙතින් එම චීන කලා ආභාෂය නිරතුරු ඹකිනාවා වැසියන්ට ලැබුණි.මේ අතර එකළ ඔකිනාවා වැසියන් අතර තිබුණු"තේ"සහ"ජූත්සු" සටන් ක්‍රම මෙම චීන සටන් කලාවත් සමඟ මිශ්‍රවී විශිෂ්ඨ ශිල්පයකට පදනම දැමීය.එය"චීන අත"යන අරුත ඇතිව "තෝ දේ" ලෙස හැඳින්විණි.1733 වසරේ ඔකිනාවා හි ෂූරි ප්‍රදේශයෙහි උපත ලද සකුගාවා කන්ගා, පෙයිඩීන් තකහාරා නම් සමුරායිවරයා වෙතින් සටන් කලා ඉගෙනුම අරඹා චීන ජාතික "කුසත්කු"නම් සටන් විශාරදයා වෙතින් විශිෂ්ඪත්වයට පත්වී එකළ"තෝ දේ"ලෙස හැඳින්වූ කරාතේ ශිල්පයට මූලික අඩිතාලම දැමුවේය. මෙතුමා තකහාරා ගුරුතුමා විසින් මරණ මංචකයේදී තෝ දේ සකුගාවා ලෙස නම්කළේය.
	 කරාතේ හෙවත් හිස්අත් සටන්ක්‍රමයේ පියා ලෙස තෝ දේ සකුගාවා විරුදාවලි ලබයි.මෙතුමාගේ ප්‍රධාන සිසුවා වන සොකොන් මත්සුමුරා නම් විශිෂ්ඨ ශිල්පියා සකුගාවාතුමාගේ සටන් සම්ප්‍රදාය තවදුරටත් ශක්තිමත්කර ෂූරි සම්ප්‍රදාය ශක්තිමත් කළේය.
1851උපත ලද කන්රියෝ හිගාෂි ඔන්නා නම් ශිල්පියා චීන සටන් ක්‍රමවල ආභාෂය මත මෟදු චලන සහ ශ්වසන අභ්‍යාස සහිතව නහාප්‍රාදේශිකයආශ්‍රිතව"නහා"සම්ප්‍රදාය ගොඩනැගුවේය.1888උපතලද චෝජුන් මියාගි මෙතුමාගේ ප්‍රධාන සිසුවා විය.මියාගිතුමා"රළු හා මෳදු බවේ මග"ලෙසහඳුන්වන"ගෝජු-රියු"ශෛලියෙහි නිර්මාතෳවරයායි.කොකසු මත්සුමුරා නම් ශිල්පියා තොමරි ප්‍රදේශය ආශ්‍රිතව බිහි වූ"තොමරි තේ" සම්ප්‍රදායේ ආරම්භකයා විය.මෙකළ තෝ දේ හෙවත් කරාතේ සටන් කලාව ෂූරි හා තොමරි ප්‍රදේශයන්ට අනුව බෙදී තිබුණි. ෂූරිතේ සහ තොමරි තේ සම්ප්‍රදායන් එක්වී සොකොන් මන්සුමුරා දැමූ පදනම මත ෂෝරින් රියු ශෛලිය බිහිවුණි."පයින් වනාන්තර ශෛලිය"යන අරුත දෙන ෂෝරින් රියු ලොව පුරාම කරාතේ ශෛලිය විය.ඒ අනුව ලොව ප්‍රථම කරාතේ ශෛලිය ලෙස ෂෝරින් රියු ශෛලිය වඩා වැදගත්කමක් උසුලයි

ෂෝරින් රියු සම්ප්‍රදාය

ලොව මුල්ම කරාතේ ශෛලිය ලෙස ෂෝරින් රියු ව්‍යාප්තියට ඉමහත් සේවයක්කළ ෂෝකොන් මත්සුමුරාගේ ශිෂ්‍ය ඉතෝෂුඅන්කෝතුමා යි.කරාතේ ඔකිනාවා උසස් පාසල්පද්දතියට ඇතුලත්කිරීමට මෙතුමා මහත් වෙහෙසක්දැරුවේය.මෙය මෙතෙක් කල් රහසිගත ශිල්පයක් ලෙස තිබූ කරාතේ කලාවේ ව්‍යාප්තිය සඳහා දැමූ පළමු පදනම විය.මේ සඳහා එතුමා වයස 77දී පිනෑත් හෙවත් සන්සුන් මනස නම් ක්‍රම 05 කින් යුත් "තාහා කාතා" අභ්‍යාස නිර්මාණය කළේය. චොසින් විධානා(තොබයාෂි රියු) ත්යාන් චොතොකු(ෂොබයාෂි රියු) යබු තෙන්සු ,මොරතාබු චොසි, ගිචින් ෆනාතොෂි, මාබුනි තෙන්ඩෝ, චෝමෝ හනෂිරෝ,මෝදෙන් යබිකු, ශින්පන් ගුසු ආදී විශිෂ්ඨතම ශිල්පීන් ගණනාවකගේ ගුරුවරයා වීමට මෙතුමා කරාකතේ ශිල්පයට කළ සේවය කියාපායි.		ෂෝරින් රියු සම්ප්‍රදාය ෂොබයාෂි,ෂොබයාෂි,මන්සුබයාෂි,මත්සුමරා සෙයිකෝ ලෙස ප්‍රධාන කොටස් හතරකට බෙදුණි.මෙයින් තොබයාෂි ෂෝරින් රියු සම්ප්‍රදාය"තරුණ පයින් වනාන්තර ශෛලිය" චොසින් විධානා අතිනුත්,ෂොබයාෂි සම්ප්‍රදාය "කුඩා පයින් වනාන්තර ශෛලිය වශයෙන් කයාන් චොතෙකු අතිනුත් බිහිවිය.

චිබනාගේ සිසුවකු වූ අන්හිචි අරතකිගෙන් ද මොහොබුචොකි හා ක්යාන්චොතකුගෙන් ද කරාතේ හැදෑරූ ෂොෂින් නාගමිනේ මත්සුබයාෂි සම්ප්‍රදාය බිහිකළේ ය. සොකොන්මත්සුමරාගේ මුණුපුරකු වූ තෝහා සොකෙන් ඉමතාසු අතින් වෙනස්වූ මත්සුමරාගේ පවුලේ සටන්ක්‍රමය මත්සුමරා සෙච්‍තතෝ නම් ශෛලියක් ලෙස ගොඩනැගුවේය. විධානාගේ තොබයාෂි සම්ප්‍රදාය යුචොකු හිගා(හියුදෝකාන්),ෂුංගාගේනකාසාතෝ, ෂෝරින්තාන්,කත්සුරා මියහිරා ආදී ගුරුවරුන් වෙතින් ද ක්යාන්ගේෂොබයාෂි සම්ප්‍රදාය අරතිචි,අන්තිචි,අන්කිචි,සෙන්රියෝෂිමබුකුරෝ, ජොඑන නකරාතෝ ආදී ගුරුවරු වෙතින් ඉදිරියට ගියේය. ක්යාන් චොතකු ගේ සිසුවකු වූ තත්සුමෝ ෂිටබුතුරෝ නිර්මාණයකළ ඉෂින් රියු ශෛලිය ද ඔකිනාවා හි ප්‍රමුඛස්ථානයක් ගනී.සෙයකි අරතකි විසින් ගෝහන්සොකෙන් ගේ සම්ප්‍රදාය රැකගත්තේය.

ගෝජුරියුසම්ප්‍රදාය

ෂෝරින් රියු සම්ප්‍රදාය තුළ රළුබව,ශක්තිය,වේගය,ඉණ උස්පහත්කර ගමන්කිරීම,කෙටි ඉරියව්, පහරදීම් ලක්ෂණ වැඩිවීම සහ ස්වභාවික ශ්වසනය යන මූලධර්ම ගැබ්වී තිබුණි. නහාතේ සම්ප්‍රදායේ රළු හා මෟදුබව පහත්වූ ඉරියව් තුළ තිබේ.ලක්ෂණ සහ ආයාසකර ශ්වසන අභ්‍යාස කුළුගැන්වී තිබේ.හිගා ඔන්කා ගේ සදු මියානි චෝජුන් ගුරුතුමා මෙම සම්ප්‍රදාය"රළු සහ මෳදුබව"යන අරුතැති ගෝ ජු රියු ලෙස නම්කළේය. මෙහිදී එතුමාට ජුහාත්සු තියෝදෝ නම් ගුරුවරයා මහත්සේ උපකාරවුණි. මෙම ශෛලිය ජිනන් ෂින්සාතෝ,මෙයි කෝකු යාගි,යෝගි සබුරෝ,උළුහෙරා,කෙයි මියානි,එයිචි මියා සාතෝ,කොෂින් ඉනා ආදී ගුරුවරු විශාල පිරිසක් අතින් ඉදිරියට පැමිණිනි.											ඔකිනාවා හිබිහිවූ අනෙකුත් ශෛලින් කන්චු උච්චිතුමා නිර්මාණයකළ උච්චි රියු ශෛලියන් වැදගත් වේ. මෙයින් ඔකිනාවා හි ප්‍රදාන ශෛලින් හතර ලෙස ෂෝරින් රියු, ගෝ ජු රියු,උච්චි රියු සහ මත්ෂුබයාෂි සලකනුලබයි.

ජපානය තුළ ව්‍යාප්තිය
ඔකිනාවා ජපන් පාලනයට නතු වූ පසු කරාතේ ජපන් මධ්‍ය දේශයට ගෙනයාමට ප්‍රබල උත්සාහයක් දැරීමට සිදුවිය. මෙයට හේතුව ජපන් වැසියන් ඔකිනාවා තම දේශයේ කොටසක් ලෙස නොසැලකීමයි. ඔවුහු කරාතේ ක්‍රෑර ශිල්පයක් ලෙස හැඳින්වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. මෙහිදී තෝකියෝවට ගොස් කරාතේ ව්‍යාප්තියට මහත්සේ වෙහෙසවූවන් අතර ගිචින් ෆුනා තොෂි ගුරුතුමා හැඳින්විය හැකිය. මෙතුමා මෙතෙක්කල් කරාතේ ශිල්පය හැඳින්වීමට යෙදූ චීන අත යන අරුත් දෙන "තෝ දේ"යන්න වෙනුවට "කරාතේ"හෙවත්"හිස්අත" යන්න යෝජනාකර සම්මතකරගැනීමෙහිලා පුරෝගාමී විය. ඔහු නවීන කරාතේ ශිල්පයේ පියා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ එබැවිණි.											 තමා උගැන්වූ ෂෝරින් රියුශෛලිය වෙනුවට කාටත් පුහුණුවිය හැකි ශෛලියක් ලෙස ෆුනා තොෂි තුමා ෂෝතෝකාන් නම් ශෛලිය තෝකියෝවේදී නිර්මාණයකළේ ය. ඔහුගේ සිසුවකු වූ හිරොනරි ඔන්සකාතුමා අහිංසාවේ මග යන අරුත ඇති"වාදෝ රියු"ශෛලිය බිහිකළේ ය.				 හිගාෂි ඔන්කා සහ ඉතෝෂු යන නහාතේ සහ ෂූරි තේ සම්ප්‍රදායන් දෙකෙහි විශිෂ්ඨතම ගුරුවරුන් අතින් පුහුණුව ලද කෙන්වා මාබුනිතුමා ජපානයේදී ෂිතෝ රියු නම් ශෛලිය තම ගුරුවරුන්ගේ නම්වල කොටස් ඇසුරින් නිර්මාණය කළේය."ෂි" අක්ෂරය හිගාෂි ඔන්කා සහ"තෝ" යන්න ඉතෝසු යන නමින් ගෙන සෑදූ මෙම ශෛලිය ජපන් මධ්‍යදේශයේ දී ෂූරි හා නහා තේ ශෛලීන් එක්කරනලදි.					 ජපානය තුළ ප්‍රධාන ශෛලීන් ලෙස ෂෝතෝකාන්,වා දෝ රියු,ෂිතෝ රියු,ගෝ ජු රියු, ශෛලීන් සැලකේ.මත්ස්‍යාසු ඔයාමා නිර්මාණය කළ කියොකුෂින් ශෛලිය ද අද ඉමහත් ජනප්‍රියත්වයක් ලබාගෙන ඇත.											 ඉහත සඳහන් කරාතේ ශෛලීන්,සම්ප්‍රදායන් පදනම්කරගෙන බොහෝ කරාතේ ශෛලීන් බිහිවී ඇත.කේන්ෂින්, බ්‍යකුරෙන්,බූඩෝකාන්,අෂිහරා වැනි කරාතේ ශෛලීන් උදාහරණ වේ.
මේඅනුව කරාතේ ක්‍රීඩාවක් වශයෙන් අද ලෝකයේ බෙහෙවින් ජනප්‍රියවී ඇත.කවර
ශෛලියකට,සම්ප්‍රදායකට අයත්වුවද මෙහි මූලය එකම මූලයකී. එය දිවයන්නේ අරමුණක් ඔස්සේය. එය ලෞකික නොවූ අධ්‍යාත්මික වූවකි.

මුලාශ්‍ර

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර සබැඳි
 Shōrin-ryū Shorin-ryu Shōrin-ryū (ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව)
 Ueshiro Shorin-Ryu Karate USA
 Okinawan Shorin-ryu Karate

සටන් කලා
ක්‍රීඩා

කරාටේ


Olaylar
 18 Mayıs - Jönköping, resmen İsveç kenti oldu.
 Osmanlı Beyliği - İnegöl Tekfurluğu arasında Ermenibeli Savaşı gerçekleşmiştir.

Doğumlar
 25 Nisan - II. Edward, İngiltere Kralı (ö. 1327)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Fatma Hatun, Osmanlı Devletinin kurucusu olan Osman Bey ile Malhun Hatun'ın tek kızı (ö. 1347)

Ölümler
 4 Nisan - X. Alfonso, Kastilya kralı (d. 1221)
 20 Nisan - Hōjō Tokimune, Kamakura şogunluğunun sekizinci shikkeni (d. 1251)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 III. Gıyâseddin Keyhüsrev, Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı ve IV. Kılıç Arslan'ın oğlu (d. 1259)
 Ahmed Teküder, İlhanlı hükümdarı, Hülagü'nün oğlu ve Abaka Han'ın kardeşi
 Nasreddin Hoca, Türk halk bilgesi, Anadolu Selçukluları döneminde Hortu ile Akşehir ve çevresinde yaşayan efsanevi kişi (d. 1208)
 Bayhoca, Osmanlı Devleti'nin kurucusu Osman Gazi'nin kardeşi Savcı Bey'in oğlu (d. 1268)

1284


The British Columbia Electric Railway (BCER) was an historic railway which operated in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Originally the parent company for, and later a division of, BC Electric Company (now BC Hydro), the BCER assumed control of existing streetcar and interurban lines in southwestern British Columbia in 1897, and operated the electric railway systems in the region until the last interurban service was discontinued in 1958. During and after the streetcar era, BC Electric also ran bus and trolleybus systems in Greater Vancouver and bus service in Greater Victoria; these systems subsequently became part of BC Transit, and the routes in Greater Vancouver eventually came under the control of TransLink. Trolley buses still run in the City of Vancouver with one line extending into Burnaby.

History

Streetcar and interurban services were inaugurated in southwestern British Columbia between 1890 and 1891, operated by the following companies:
 National Electric Tramway and Lighting Company Limited, which launched the streetcar service in Victoria on February 22, 1890;
 Vancouver Electric Railway and Light Company Limited, which launched Vancouver's streetcar system on June 27, 1890; and
 Vancouver & Westminster Tramway Company, which launched New Westminster's streetcar system on October 8, 1891, as well as the Vancouver–New Westminster interurban line (via Central Park in Burnaby) in the same year.

With the global depression in the 1890s, all three companies went into receivership, and were amalgamated in 1895 into the Consolidated Railway and Light Company. The newly founded company was forced into receivership again after a streetcar accident in Victoria (the Point Ellice Bridge Disaster) resulted in 55 deaths, and was reorganized as the British Columbia Electric Railway Company Limited in April 1897.

Power supply
Power was supplied by then-innovative diversion projects at Buntzen Lake and on the Stave River system farther east, all of which were built primarily to supply power for the interurbans and street railway.

Interurban rail lines

Vancouver–Marpole

BCER began the Vancouver-Steveston interurban and freight service in 1905 after leasing the line from Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and electrifying it. The Vancouver-Marpole line's right-of-way (whose northern section runs beside Arbutus Street) remained under the ownership of the CPR, which continued running freight trains on the corridor until June 2001. With the end of freight operations on the line in sight, Vancouver City Council adopted the Arbutus Corridor Official Development Plan in 2000, designating the corridor as a transportation/greenway public thoroughfare to prevent other types of development from taking place along the right-of-way.

Marpole–Steveston (Lulu Island Branch)

The Steveston line's alignment on Lulu Island can be traced by Railway Avenue, Granville Avenue, Garden City Road, and Great Canadian Way. After the end of passenger service in 1958 the Granville and Garden City section of the line was relocated largely parallel to River Road north of Westminster Highway.

Marpole–New Westminster

Interurban service between Marpole and New Westminster along the North Arm of the Fraser River was started in 1909. Still in operation today, as part of the Southern Railway of British Columbia.

New Westminster–Chilliwack (Fraser Valley Branch)

Opened October 4, 1910 (also used by freight) and still in operation today, as part of the Southern Railway of British Columbia. This line made use of the New Westminster Bridge, opened in 1904.

 Burnaby Lake Line

The Burnaby Lake line's right-of-way is largely taken up by the Trans-Canada Highway, but sections of it survive as walking and biking trails.

Central Park Line

Following the cessation of interurban services on the Central Park Line, the right-of-way remained under the control of BC Hydro. By 1975, the Greater Vancouver Regional District proposed incorporating the right-of-way into a light rail line linking Vancouver and New Westminster, thereby reinstating passenger rail service on the corridor. The provincial government eventually took over the project, which evolved into the Vancouver SkyTrain's Expo Line.

New Westminster–Queensborough

The tracks from New Westminster to Queensborough and the 'Railway Bridge' across the north arm of the Fraser River are still in operation today, as part of the Southern Railway of British Columbia.

New Westminster – Fraser Mills

Opened in 1912, construction of ramps leading to and from the new Pattullo Bridge resulted in the closure of the Queensborough and Fraser Mills lines in 1937, as well as the truncation of the Burnaby Lake line to Sapperton.

Victoria – Deep Bay

Now called Deep Cove, the Victoria to Deep Cove line (1913), was one of three passenger railways to serve the Saanich Peninsula, and was closed on November 1, 1924, due to low ridership. The Victoria-Deep Cove interurban's alignment can be traced by Burnside Road, Interurban Road and the Interurban Rail Trail, West Saanich Road, Wallace Drive, Aldous Terrace, Mainwaring Road, one of Victoria International Airport's runways, and Tatlow Road to Deep Cove. Besides the stretch through the airport, the stretch at the Experimental Farm (now called the Sidney/Centre for Plant Health) has also been blocked.

Stave Lake

A  steam train branch line, the Stave Falls Branch, (constructed during the building of the original Stave Falls hydroelectric plant) was isolated from the main interurban network, and linked the power plant and community at Stave Falls to the Canadian Pacific Railway station at Ruskin. The route of the Stave Falls Branch along Hayward Lake is also now a walking trail managed by BC Hydro and the District of Mission, with sections of it south of Ruskin Dam used as local powerline and neighbourhood walking trails.

Port Moody–Coquitlam

The Port Moody-Coquitlam Railway connected the Port Moody – Ioco spur of the Canadian Pacific Railway to the Coquitlam Dam in order to haul supplies and materials to the dam.

Alouette Lake

Similar to the Stave Lake and Port Moody-Coquitlam lines, the Alouette Lake dam tracks connected power facilities to the CPR that ran on the north side of the Fraser River at Kanaka Creek in Haney.

Jordan River

This 5.3-mile railway connected the powerhouse and harbour at the mouth of the Jordan River to the Jordan River Dam.

"Rails-to-Rubber" transition

BCER ended streetcar service in New Westminster on December 5, 1938. The company then announced its "Rails-to-Rubber" conversion programme on September 30, 1944, with North Vancouver's last streetcar service and two of Vancouver's streetcar lines ending in April 1947, and Victoria's streetcar service ending on July 4, 1948. In Vancouver, many streetcar lines were converted to trolley buses, with the first route of BCER's Vancouver trolley bus system opening on 16 August 1948.

The Chilliwack line ceased service in 1950, followed by the Vancouver-Marpole line in 1952 and the Burnaby Lake line in 1953. The stretch of the Central Park line in Burnaby and New Westminster was closed on October 23, 1953, followed by the rest of the line through Vancouver on July 16, 1954. The last streetcar line in Vancouver, the 14 Hastings East, ran on April 22, 1955. The Marpole-New Westminster interurban line was closed in 1956, followed by the Marpole-Steveston line on February 28, 1958, marking the complete closure of the interurban system.

In 1961, the provincial government took over BC Electric, with the railway becoming a division of Crown corporation BC Hydro.  In August 1988, BC Hydro sold their freight division which included rolling stock and rails and the rights to run freight trains through Fraser Valley Subdivision, not the corridor, to a company known as Itel of Chicago who resold it to a new shortline operator and the railway is now known as the Southern Railway of British Columbia and is exclusively a freight railway.

At the time, BC Hydro did not specifically reserve rights to operate passenger rail service using Southern Railway of British Columbia's facilities, but did retain the ability to grant operating rights to others, including to providers of passenger rail service, that do not materially interfere with Southern Railway of British Columbia's operations.

In addition, BC Hydro in 1988 also sold the track assets of a section between Cloverdale from Pratt Junction through Langley City and beyond to CP Rail, but retained ownership of the right-of-way. At the time, BC Hydro also granted CPR a statutory right-of-way to use this section of the corridor in perpetuity, but put agreements in place to retain partial running rights for passenger service, which were renewed in 2009.

While there has been a number proposals regarding the restart of a commuter passenger rail service along the line, a review was conducted by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure in 2010. The review noted issues around high cost per ride and low projected ridership relative to bus alternatives.

Subsequently, TransLink conducted a study as part of the 2010–2012 Surrey Rapid Transit Study to explore merits of utilizing the Interurban corridor for fast, frequent, and reliable rapid transit service. The interurban corridor was not selected, nor recommended for further consideration because the corridor does not directly connect relevant regional destinations of Surrey Central and Langley City, resulted in less attractive travel times between key destinations, and would require significant capital investments to meet safety requirements and reliability objectives compared to alternatives.

In particular, TransLink noted that the routing of the interurban line does not directly connect to the largest regional centre in the South of Fraser – Surrey Metro Centre – which is expected to be the focus of future population and employment growth, and the current alignment is indirect and through lower density and diverse areas, with a low ridership catchment near potential stations. Also, TransLink estimated that the interurban estimated travel times are not competitive with rapid transit along Fraser Highway or King George Boulevard, with transit times estimated to be around 63 minutes to travel between Langley and Surrey Central, which is double that of a possible bus rapid transit line or a Skytrain route along the Fraser Highway. Finally, TransLink has indicated that freight traffic along the line is expected to increase along the corridor, due to increased traffic at the Port of Metro Vancouver, in particular the Roberts Bank Superport.

Remaining BCER cars
After the decommission of the BCER streetcar and interurban system, most of the cars were either scrapped or burned underneath the Burrard Bridge, but some cars were sold for various other uses such as becoming bunkhouses, storage sheds and in some cases decor. A handful of cars were also donated to various museums mostly in the U.S. Since then however, many preservation societies have bought back the cars and begun restoring them. The following is a list of the known BCER cars in existence and their current locations (as of January 2016).

Streetcars
 #53   Built in 1904, operated in Vancouver, on permanent static display inside The Old Spaghetti Factory in Gastown, Vancouver, BC.
 #153 Built in 1908, operated in North Vancouver, currently on display at the Museum of North Vancouver (MoNoVa), North Vancouver, BC.
 #400 Built in 1922, operated in Victoria, now located at the Nelson Electric Tramway Society in Nelson, BC.

Interurban cars
 #1207 Built in 1905, operated on the Marpole–Steveston Line, was located at the Downtown Historic Railway in Vancouver, BC. As of January 2016, it has been relocated to the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.
 #1220 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston Line, currently being restored at the Steveston Tram Museum, Richmond, BC.
 #1223 Built in 1913, operated on the Burnaby Lake Line, on static display at the Burnaby Village Museum, Burnaby, BC.
 #1225 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston and Burnaby Lake Lines, currently in operation at the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.
 #1231 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston and Burnaby Lake Lines, now located at the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.
 #1235 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston Line, located at the Canada Science and Technology Museum, Ottawa, ON
 #1304 Built in 1911, operated on the Fraser Valley – Chilliwack Line, currently under restoration at the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.

Accidents and Incidents
On November 10, 1909, a BCER Streetcar train collided with a flatbed truck carrying lumber at Lakeview Train Station, 14 people were killed and 9 people were injured.

See also
 Nelson Electric Tramway (restoration/operation of a former BCER tram)
 Trolleybuses in Vancouver

Footnotes

References
   (Also includes pictures of BCER railcars on this run from the Royal BC Museum collection)

External links
 History of the BC Electric Railway
 Preserving BC Hydro's History (defunct link now visible on the Wayback Machine)

Defunct British Columbia railways
British Columbia Electric Railway
Defunct intermodal transport authorities
Interurban railways in British Columbia
Economy of Vancouver
History of British Columbia
Street railways in British Columbia
Railway companies established in 1897
Railway companies disestablished in 1989
Standard gauge railways in Canada
Electric railways in Canada

British Columbia Electric Railway


Die Monatsschrift Westerwälder Schauinsland war eine Publikation des Westerwald-Vereins, die ab 1908 erschien und ab dem 1. Juni 1938 in Der Westerwald – Heimatzeitschrift für Volkstum und Wandern umbenannt wurde.

1938 erschien die Vereinsschrift beim Westerwälder Volksblatt in Hachenburg, wo sie auch gedruckt wurde.

Literatur
 Joachim Jösch, Uli Jungbluth u. a. (Hrsg.): Juden im Westerwald. Leben, Leiden und Gedenken. Ein Wegweiser zur Spurensuche. Montabaur 1998, S. 257. (mit Faksimile der Titelseites des Westerwälder Schauinsland vom "1. April (Ostermond) 1938")

Weblinks
 Zeitschriftenverzeichnis

Kulturzeitschrift (Deutschland)
Geschichte des Westerwaldes
Zeitschrift (Deutschland)
Ersterscheinung 1908
Deutschsprachige Zeitschrift

Westerwälder Schauinsland


Jadeclaw is a role-playing game set in the same world as Ironclaw, in a far off kingdom called Zhongguo (lit: Mandarin for "China"), inspired by Chinese Mythology, where anthropomorphic fantasy creatures control the fates of both Heaven and Earth.

Description
Jadeclaw uses the same system as the prior Ironclaw RPG. Changes include more "traits" (martial arts), and there are now non-mammalian "races". There are now Birds, Reptiles (Snakes and Tortoises), and races from Chinese Mythology (such as Dragons). There are also some strange servitor races of insects (scorpions, centipedes, etc.), which are strictly NPC's (Non-Player Characters).

Publication history
Eos Press published Jadeclaw in 2007 for Sanguine Productions.

After the publication of Ironclaw 2nd edition Jadeclaw was updated for the new edition in the form of the Book of Jade supplement by Sanguine Productions.

Reception

References

Fantasy role-playing games
Furry role-playing games
Historical role-playing games

Jadeclaw


La temporada 1995-96 de la Liga Nacional de Básquet de la Argentina corresponde a la décimo segunda edición de la máxima competencia argentina de clubes en dicho deporte. Se inició en octubre de 1995 y finalizó el 15 de junio de 1996 con el séptimo partido de la serie final entre el Olimpia Basketball Club y Atenas de Córdoba en el Estadio Olimpia de la ciudad de Venado Tuerto, en donde se consagró campeón como local el equipo venadense, luego de ganar la serie final 4 a 3.

Respecto la temporada pasada, el descendido Santa Paula de Gálvez fue reemplazado por Luz y Fuerza de Posadas.

Posiciones finales

1: Sufrieron el descuento de 1 punto por resolución del Tribunal de Penas.

Final

Olimpia (Venado Tuerto)CampeónPrimer título

Plantel campeón

Walter Guiñazú
Alejandro Montecchia
Jorge Racca
Sebastián Uranga
Alejandro Burgos
Leonardo Gutiérrez
Federico Helale
Carlos López Jordan
Andrés Rodríguez
Lucas Victoriano
Todd Jadlow
Michael Wilson
DT Horacio Seguí

Referencias

Enlaces externos
LNB 1995-96 en web oficial

Liga Nacional de Básquet
Baloncesto en 1995
Deporte en Argentina en 1995
Baloncesto en 1996
Deporte en Argentina en 1996

Liga Nacional de Básquet 1995-96


167875 Kromminga este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
167875 Kromminga este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Calvin-Rehoboth la Observatorul Calvin College. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,32 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 5,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 167001-168000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2005
Centura de asteroizi

167875 Kromminga


Lactarius fuliginosus (Karl von Krapf, 1782 : Elias Magnus Fries, 1821 ex Elias Magnus Fries, 1838) din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Russulaceae și de genul Lactarius, denumit în popor râșcov brun este o specie de ciuperci Ciuperci necomestibile care coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord crește pe sol bogat în păduri de foioase și mixte, preferat sub fagi, fiind mai rar de asemenea în simbioză cu carpeni, stejari sau chiar și conifere. Apare de la câmpie la munte, din iunie până în octombrie (noiembrie). Epitetul este derivat din cuvântul latin (=funingine).

Taxonomie
Specia a fost descrisă de prima dată de consilierul de curte și medicul personal austriac Karl von Krapf în volumul 1 al lucrării sale "Ausführliche Beschreibung der in Unterösterreich, sonderlich um Wien herum wachsenden essbaren Schwämme sammt der ihnen unessbaren, schädlichen, giftigen oder auch verdächtigen" din 1782. și sancționat  ca Agaricus fuliginosus de renumitul savant suedez Elias Magnus Fries în volumul 1 al operei sale Systema mycologicum din 1821. Apoi, în 1838, tot Fries a transferat soiul la genul Lactarius sub păstrarea epitetului, de verificat în cartea sa Epicrisis systematis mycologici, seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Acest taxon este valabil până în prezent (2019).

Denumirile Galorrheus fuliginosus lui Paul Kummer din 1871 și Lactifluus fuliginosus a lui Otto Kuntze din 1891 sunt văzute drept sinonime obligatorii.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 3-8 (10) cm, este puțin cărnoasă, la început conică cu marginea (pentru mult timp) răsucită în jos, devenind odată cu vârsta din ce în ce mai plată deseori ușor ondulată cu crestături precum adâncită în centru, dar niciodată în formă de pâlnie cu cocoș. Cuticula este netedă, mată, catifelată și uscată, fiind colorată în diverse nuanțe de brun cu aspecte cenușii. Conține destul de mult lapte alb.
 Lamelele: sunt subțiri, dense, ceva bombate, intercalate, bifurcate spre picior și adesea ușor decurente. Muchiile sunt netede. Coloritul variază între slab gălbui și crem-ocru, fiind spre tijă mai deschis.
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de 4-9 cm și o lățime de 1-1,8 cm, este îngustat spre pălărie, mai întâi plin, odată cu maturitatea gol pe dinăuntru, catifelat și de aceiași culoare cu pălăria. Spre ea este ceva îngroșat, iar spre bază îngustat și albicios. După o secțiune longitudinală se decolorează repede roz.
 Carnea: este albă, fragilă și se colorează după tăietură roz de somon. Mirosul este plăcut și aromatic, gustul din cauza laptelui iute și amar.
 Laptele: este mai întâi alb, apoi apos, preluând decolorarea cărnii după taiere. La degustare este în primul moment dulceag, devenind însă repede foarte iute și amar.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori rotunjori până slab elipsoidali, reticulați în formă de stinghii și amilozi (ce înseamnă colorabilitatea structurilor tisulare folosind reactivi de iod), având o mărime de 7,5-10 x 6,5-8 microni. Pulberea lor este de un ocru deschis. Basidiile în formă de măciucă măsoară 40-60 x 10-12 microni, iar cistidele fusiforme 40-45 x 6-8 microni.
 Reacții chimice: Carnea buretelui se decolorează cu fenol mai întâi murdar roșu și după 10 minute brun ca ciocolata, cu guaiacol imediat roșu ca carnea, iar după 5 minute ruginiu până la brun-negricios, cu sulfat de fier slab gri-măsliniu și cu tinctură de Guaiacum imediat verde închis.

Confuzii
Rașcovul brun poate fi confundat cu câteva alte specii, cum sunt: Lactarius acris (necomestibil), Lactarius azonites (necomestibil, crește preponderent sub fagi și stejari) Lactarius decipiens (necomestibil), Lactarius hysginus (necomestibil), Lactarius lignyotus (comestibil), Lactarius oedematopus (comestibil, cuticulă negricioasă, în rest asemănător Lactarius volemus), Lactarius picinus (necomestibil, este similar, are loc în aceleași situri printre molizi vechi, dar nu prezintă cocoș, laptele buretelui arde fierbinte), Lactarius quietus (comestibil, de calitate inferioară), Lactarius serifluus (necomestibil), Lactarius subdulcis (comestibil), Lactarius subumbonatus (necomestibil), Lactarius tithymalinus (necomestibil, miros de ploșnițe de câmp și gust foarte amar, crește numai în păduri de foioase), Lactarius turpis (posibil letal), Leucopaxillus mirabilis sin. Tricholoma mirabile (comestibil, fără lapte, crește sub pini) sau
Melanoleuca vulgaris (comestibil, fără lapte, crește ubicuitar în păduri).

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Deși neotrăvitoare, specia nu este comestibilă din cauza laptelui foarte iute.

Micologii americani Patrick F. Dowd și Orson K. Miller Jr. au constatat într-o publicație din 1990, că buretele are proprietăți insecticide. Cercetări ulterioare au evidențiat prezența unui ester al acidului stearic care, la rănirea ciupercii, se transformă într-un compus de fenol iute care oxidează la un amestec de pigmenți de benzofuran și benzopirină roșie.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012,  ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, volumul 1-3, vezi note
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "700 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, ISBN 3-85502-0450
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001,  ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Axel Meixner: "Chemische Farbreaktionen von Pilzen", Editura J. Cramer, Lehre 1975
 Meinhard Michael Moser: " Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Lactarius fuliginosus, film în limba rusă
Lactarius
Micoriză
Ciuperci necomestibile
1782 în știință

Lactarius fuliginosus