Falcón State (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Coro.

The state was named after Juan Crisóstomo Falcón.

History

Early history
Present day Falcón State was first explored in 1499 by Juan de la Cosa and Américo Vespucio, as part of an expedition supervised by Alonso de Ojeda. In 1527, the city of Coro was founded by Juan Ampíes, who named it "Santa Ana de Coro".
In 1811, when Venezuela declared its independence from Spain, Coro remained faithful to the Spanish Crown and was merged with the Province of Maracaibo.  In 1815, King  Fernando VII created the Province of Coro. In 1821, the province was liberated from Spain by Josefa Camejo during the Venezuelan War of Independence  The area then became a province of the department of Zulia of the Republic of Gran Colombia.  In 1830, with the separation of Venezuela from Gran Colombia,  the Falcón area became a separate province of that nation.

By 1856, the province contained the cantons of Coro, San Luis, Casigua, Costa Arriba, Cumarebo and the Paraguaná Peninsula. In 1859, after the Federal War began on February 20 in Coro, the area was declared the Independent State of Coro. In 1864, it became a federal state, part of the United States of Venezuela.

Falcón State
In 1872 the province was renamed Falcón State, in honor of the Federal War leader Juan Crisóstomo Falcón. In 1879, along with Lara and Yaracuy, minus the Department of Nirgua, it became part of the Western Northern State. Between 1881 and 1890 is formed, with Zulia, the state of Falcón-Zulia.

In 1891 Falcón was reestablished as a separate state. In 1899 its name changed, and for a short period of time, it retook its historical denomination of Estado Coro; returning in 1901 to tFalcón .

In 1899, the territory comprising the towns of Tucacas and Chichiriviche, was annexed by Falcón.  Lara State received the municipality of Urdaneta.

Coro, the capital, founded with the name of Santa Ana de Coro, was declared National Monument in 1950, and UNESCO has named it Cultural Patrimony of the Humanity in 1993.

Geography
Falcón State is located in the north of the Corian System. To the south, Falcón contains medium-altitude mountain ranges configured from east to west, which in the eastern part of the state reach the Caribbean Sea, forming maritime valleys.

West from the city of Coro, a coastal plain runs parallel to the Gulf of Venezuela. To the north lies one of the most characteristic geographic features of the Venezuelan coast: the Paraguana Peninsula, linked to the mainland by the isthmus of Médanos de Coro National Park.

Climate
A hot arid climate (BWh according to the Köppen climate classification) of very low rainfall dominates the western coast and the Paraguaná Peninsula. Coro receives  of rain per year, which frequently fails in dry years, with an average temperature of , while in Punto Fijo there is just  of annual rainfall with average temperatures of .

The extremely dry, desert conditions, with rainfall of less than , are recognized on the western coasts of Coro and above all on the isthmus of Los Médanos de Coro, with average annual temperatures of between . In the eastern coastal sectors, rainfall increases from  per year, always with high temperatures. Somewhat more favourable, with temperatures between , are the climatic conditions of the mountainous foothills, recognizing a sub-humid climate in the higher altitudes of the Sierras de San Luis and Churuguara, with an annual rainfall of  and average temperatures of . On 29 April 2015, Coro recorded a temperature of , which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Venezuela.

Soils
On the coastline the soils are calcareous, and between the Lara and Falcón mountains, they are clay. They vary in quality, but in general, the availability of land for traditional agriculture can be classified as low, with 89% of very low potential, 3% of low potential and 6% of moderate potential.

Only 2% of it is located in the southeast valleys and alluvial areas, basins with very high potential. The limitations of the arid and semi-arid soils come from salinity, dryness caused by low rainfall, low concentration of organic matter and the influence of climatic agents such as wind.

Relief
The Corian System of Falcon State presents a diversity of landscapes ranging from coastal plains on its Caribbean side to mountain ranges formed by valleys and hills, in an area of transition between the two major mountain systems of the country. The Sierra de San Luis have the highest altitude of the entire system, but are of very modest height; the highest does not exceed 1600 meters ().

Cerro Santa Ana is another natural landmark, located in the center of the Paraguaná peninsula. Unlike the rest of the peninsula, the characteristics of Santa Ana Hill are the contrast between its greenness and the xerophytic vegetation of the Paraguaná area. It has three peaks: the Santa Ana (the highest, that ascends to about 830 meters above sea level), the Buena Vista and Moruy.

Hydrography

The state's hydrography is very poor. All the rivers flow north, either into the Caribbean Sea or the Gulf of Venezuela. However, the main Venezuelan river of the Caribbean basin, the Tocuyo, bathes a large area of the state before flowing into the Caribbean on the east coast of the state after travelling 423 km. Another river worth mentioning that flows into the Caribbean is Rio Aroa, with a length of 130 km. From the basin of the Gulf of Venezuela, the main ones are the Matícora (201 km) and the Mitare with 120 km.

Main rivers: Tocuyo, Aroa, Güigüe, Hueque, Matícora, Mitare, Pedregal, Remedios, Ricoa, San Luis.
Lakes: under the San Luis mountain range in the Cueva del Toro, there is an underground lake, the largest known in Venezuela, called "Río Acarite".

Flora and fauna
The marine flora is very rich. There is a great diversity of algae on the rocky shores and on the reef bottoms. The fishing potential of its waters is enormous and among the species that are extracted are shrimp, octopus, squid, mackerel, corocoro, mullet, horse mackerel, lebranche and dogfish.

Other species require protection such as sea turtles and the critically endangered Orinoco crocodile. The latter inhabits the coastal mangroves of Morrocoy, Cuare and the isthmus, along with the sea shearwater, herons, , gannets and the flamingo. Among the invertebrates, the Hueque scorpion (Tityus falconensis) stands out, discovered in the caves of the Juan Crisóstomo Falcón National Park and which is distributed in a great part of the Falconian territory; the giant scolopendra, which is the largest centipede in the world, and the blue tarantula of Paraguaná (Chromatopelma cyaneopubescens) are also native.

In the cardonales and spines that occupy the lower areas, plants heavily armed with thorns predominate. The  (Falcón's emblematic tree), broom, yabo, , tunas and  are common. Aloe vera and sisal crops are scattered throughout the region. In this environment, bats, savannah rabbits, common foxes, wild mice, iguanas and lizards stand out; and among the birds are the cardinal coriano and the paraulata llanera or chuchube (Mimus gilvus). It is also the endemic site of the Hueque scorpion (Tityus falconensis), a species of native scorpion whose distribution is excluded from the state of Falcon.

On the upper slopes of the mountains, cloud forests dominate where an enormous variety of ferns and palms grow. In the limestone formations of the Sierra you can find the guácharo, as well as interesting birds such as the blacksmith's bellbird and the emerald-billed toucan, and reptiles such as the nibbling turtle, a species endemic to the mountains of the Sistema Coriano.

Geology
Early Cretaceous rocks cover the pre-existing sedimentary units in the south, in what is one of the thickest sections in South America. The rounded hills of the Cocodite table are supported by an ancient igneous-metromorphic complex and a poorly-metamorphosed Jurassic succession.

To the east of Vela de Coro and Cumarebo, the foothills are supported by outcrops of the young Tertiary, also present to the north of Urumaco, where the stones are rough and darkened by iron oxide; while the plains concentrated in the lower part of the rivers are alluvial.

The arid plain presents quaternary earthquakes, with elevations sustained by rocks from the upper tertiary.

Politics and government
As a federal state, it is autonomous and equal in political terms to the other members of the Federation. It organizes its administration and public powers through the Federal Constitution of Falcón State of 2004, issued by the Legislative Council.

Executive power

It is composed of the Governor of the State of Falcón and a group of State Secretaries of his confidence appointed and removed by the regional government. The Governor is elected by the people through a direct and secret vote for a period of four years and with the possibility of immediate reelection for equal periods, being in charge of the state administration before the Legislative Council.

The first elected governor of Falcon was Aldo Cermeño of the Social Christian Party (Copei), who governed between 1989 and 1992. The current state governor is Victor Clark, of the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) party, elected for the 2017-2021 period.

Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard.

Legislative power

The state legislature is the responsibility of the Falcón State Legislative Council. It is a unicameral and autonomous body, elected by the people through direct and secret vote every four years, and maybe re-elected for two consecutive periods, under a system of proportional representation of the population of the state and its municipalities. It has 11 legislators, of whom 3 are list and 8 are nominal.

Municipalities and municipal seats
Falcon State is subdivided into 25 municipalities (municipios), listed below with their administrative capitals, areas and populations.

The Paraguaná Peninsula comprises the municipalities of Carirubana,  and Falcón.

Demographics

The population of Falcon State in 2011 was 902,847 inhabitants, while in 2001 there were 763,188 inhabitants. Its population density has risen from 30.8 inhabitants/km2 in 2001 to 36.4 inhabitants/km2 in 2011. Due to the constant growth of urban areas, a decrease in rural life is observed, with the urban population reaching 67.3% of the total state population in 1990. In 2011 it is estimated that the urban population will be around 600,000 inhabitants, distributed in several cities headed by the conurbation of 228,931 inhabitants formed by the city of Santa Ana de Coro (192,558 inhabitants) and its port La Vela de Coro (36,373 inhabitants); and by the metropolitan area of Punto Fijo, which includes the former fishing villages of Las Piedras, Carirubana and Punta Cardón, with a population of over 300,000 inhabitants.

Other medium-sized cities structure their respective areas of influence, highlighting Puerto Cumarebo (22 047 inhabitants), Dabajuro (15 269 inhabitants), Tucacas (12 970 inhabitants), Churuguara (10 800 inhabitants) and Mene de Mauroa (10 302 inhabitants). Moreover, according to the last population census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2011, 55.7% of the population is ethnically recognized as mestizo; 38.9% as Caucasian, concentrated mainly in the city of Punto Fijo; and 4.1% identified themselves as black.

Race and ethnicity

According to the 2011 Census, the estimated racial composition of the population was:

Main population centers

Coro, the state capital, is the axis around which the political, cultural and social life of the region revolves. Founded on July 26, 1527. The first historical and religious capital of Venezuela. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on December 9, 1993.
La Vela de Coro, the place where the national flag was first raised. Fishing, commercial and artisanal community. Along with Coro, World Heritage Site.
Mitare, a town in the west of the state, is a few kilometres from Coro. Its economy is based on the production of goats and shrimp fishing.
Puerto Cumarebo, capital of the municipality of Zamora Called La Perla de Falcon, is a fishing, commercial, tourist, agricultural and artisanal zone.
Punto Fijo, capital of the municipality Carirubana, located in the peninsula of Paraguaná. Commercial city, under the regime of Free Zone of Tourist Promotion and Investment since 1998, is the main economic, industrial, population and productive axis of Falcon.
Punta Cardón, located in the peninsula of Paraguaná. It has the "Gustavo Riera" Zoo, the only zoo in the state.
Santa Cruz de Los Taques, discovered in 1502 by Alonso de Ojeda, in this town is the bay of Amuay, a place of great scenic beauty.
Pueblo Nuevo, for many years was the largest population of the Paraguana Peninsula. Founded between 1730 and 1770, its economy is based on artisan activity, especially represented by excellent ceramists.
Adícora, primary holiday resort in the Paraguaná peninsula, located 60 km north of Coro.
Tocuyo de la Costa, a town located on the banks of the Tocuyo River in the municipality of Monseñor Iturriza.
Tocópero, a town whose economy derives from livestock and crafts, also has a cement industry that covers the entire state.
Tucacas, gateway to the state of Falcón on its eastern side. It is mainly a tourist and commercial town.
Chichiriviche, the main tourist center of the Venezuelan northwest. Located on the eastern coast of the state, it gives access to Morrocoy National Park.
Churuguara, capital of the municipality of Federación. The most important town in the Falcón mountain range, is mainly a tourist and agricultural town.
Dabajuro, has the largest commercial movement of the western Falcon. It is a collection center for the trade of agricultural and livestock products.
Mene de Mauroa, located 188 km west of Coro. Capital of the municipality of Mauroa, its economy is based on agricultural production.
Mirimire, the population of the east of the state. Its economy is based on the production of cattle, tobacco, corn and sugar cane.
Pedregal, capital of the municipality of Democracia. Cattle and artisan population of the Falconian west.
San Juan de Los Cayos, located 169 km southeast of Coro. Potential producer of fish, bananas, avocado, coconut and cattle.
Santa Cruz de Bucaral, capital of the Union municipality. It is one of the youngest towns in the Falcon Mountain Range.
Capatárida, capital of the municipality Buchivacoa, located west of Coro. It has a great historical and cultural tradition, economic activity based on goat breeding and fishing.

San Luis, a town located in the Sierra Falcon. It was initially inhabited by Jirajaras Indians.
Cabure, the old settlement of Jirajaras Indians. It was founded in 1769.
Curimagua, a valley in the Falcon Mountains. Cradle of the pre-independence movement led by the Zambo José Leonardo Chirino.
Borojó, a population of indigenous origin in the municipality of Buchivacoa located west of Falcon.

Economy

Economic resources
Its economic resources include;

Livestock: poultry, cattle, goats and pigs.
Fishing: Tuna, catfish, mackerel, corocoro and mullet (marine). Shrimp, crab and lobster, pepitonas and quigua (in) (mollusks).
Agricultural products: Sugar cane, coconut, corn, melon, yam, ocumo and sorghum.
Forest resources: Candlestick, cedar, cují, guamo, jabillo and vera.
Mineral resources: Sand, limestone, coal, chromite, gravel, oil and phosphate rocks.

Agriculture and cattle raising

The main economic activity in terms of employment is agriculture, with important crops such as coconut, onions, corn, tomatoes, patilla, melon, coffee, aloe and legumes.

The state of Falcón is the largest producer of coconut and copra, goats and goat products. It is the second largest in the production of fish, paprika and vegetables such as onions, and third in bovine milk and melon production. It also has great advantages for the production of dry floor vegetables such as melon, onions, sideburns and tomatoes. Coconuts alone represent approximately 20,000 hectares in cultivation, and there is availability to expand surface area on the eastern coast of Falcón State. Falcón State is one of the main producers of aloe vera in Venezuela, and the coffee, region has 3500 hectares in cultivation, but with a provision of 12 700 hectares, distributed in the Sierra de Coro in the south of the federal entity.

In the mountains coffee is cultivated, having prestige the productions in the Sierra de San Luis and Sierra de Churuguara.

On the Eastern Coast, there are important plantations of coconut trees, which have developed an important industry of oil extraction and use of copra. As for livestock, there is an abundance of goats, cattle and, to a lesser extent, pigs.

Economic activities
Falcon is the Venezuelan state with the most kilometres of coast, therefore the fishing activity has special dimensions. The annual production is 30,471 tons of fish and seafood, landed in the ports of Las Piedras, , Puerto Cumarebo, Zazárida, Chichiriviche, and La Vela de Coro, highlighting the industrialization of crustaceans with the presence on the coast of the state of shrimp farms, as in Boca de Ricoa and at various points of the Paraguaná peninsula.

In Falcón, there are some working oil fields in , Media, Hombre Pintado and Tiguaje and natural gas fields in Puerto Cumarebo and other nearby areas. However, most oil industry activity is in the Paraguaná Refining Center, one of the largest in the world, made up of the Amuay Refining Complex and the Cardón Refinery, both with a capacity of 940,000 barrels of oil per day, which represents 75% of Venezuela's total refining capacity. These refineries are fed with crude oil and gas through products coming from the Maracaibo Lake basin. Likewise, a tourist investment free zone has been consolidated in the Paraguaná peninsula.

Falcón also has mineral deposits to generate basic inputs for industries such as ceramics, fertilizers, energy, chemicals, abrasives, metalworking, pharmaceuticals, pottery, and paint, among others. Phosphates are exploited in Riecito and limestone in Chichiriviche, which are processed at the Cumarebo cement plant (Holcim de Venezuela). It also has immense coal deposits in the western zone, with proven reserves for open-pit mining in the order of 20 million metric tons, and reserves estimated at 120 million metric tons, within a radius of action of 50,000 hectares. Other minerals in the area include graphite, silica, limestone, dolomite, phosphate, chromite and marble.

Thanks to the dry and arid climate, there are five natural salt flats and some 220,000 hectares of land suitable for the construction of artificial salt flats spread throughout the Falconian territory. Of all the salt mines, only the Las Cumaraguas salt mine is under industrial exploitation, the rest being exploited by hand.

Also, thanks to its natural landscapes (like the Medanos de Coro and the National Parks Cueva de la Quebrada del Toro, Sierra de San Luis and Morrocoy) tourism is gaining importance in the economy of the State.

Infrastructure

The region is mostly coastal lowlands and the northern Andean mountain hills, and is mostly dry with limited agriculture production. Farming mostly occurs in river valleys and mountainous areas, and includes maize, coconut, sesame, coffee and sugar cane.

Coro, the state capitol and the Paraguaná Peninsula have had significant amounts of industrialization and growth. Large oil refineries such as the Paraguana Refinery Complex in the city of Punto Fijo are located on the southwestern shore of the Paraguaná Peninsula, and approximately two-thirds of Venezuela's total oil production occurs in this area, much of which is exported via tanker ships that ship internationally through the port of Amuay.

Tourism

National parks and monuments

Los Médanos de Coro National Park: Desert landscape of singular beauty, located in the heart of the city of Coro. It has an area of 91 280 hectares.
Morrocoy National Park: Made up of keys and islets of coral origin, white sand, turquoise sea and dense mangrove forests. It has an area of 32 090 hectares.
National Park Cueva de la Quebrada del Toro: Located in the Falconian mountain range, it has an area of 4885 hectares.
Juan Crisóstomo Falcón National Park: It has a great variety of natural attractions. It has an extension of 20,000 hectares.
Cerro Santa Ana Natural Monument: Located in the center of Paraguaná. It has an area of 1900 hectares and an altitude of 850 meters above sea level. It was declared a Natural Monument on June 14, 1972.

Natural heritage
Thermal waters of Cardón and Cuiva
Guaibacoa Hot Springs
Boca de Aroa Beach
Adicora Beach
Cumarebo Port Beach
Tucacas Beaches
Beaches in Chichiriviche
Beaches of Morrocoy
Manaure Well
Tacarigua-Jatira Dam
Hueque Falls
Cuare Wildlife Refuge
The Indian's Cave (Cueva del Indio)
Haiton del Guarataro

Built heritage

Athenaeum of Coro
Cathedral Basilica Menor de Santa Ana
Balcón de los Arcaya (Museum of Popular Pottery)
Balcón Bolívar (Museum of Contemporary Art)
House of 100 windows (Casa de las 100 ventanas)
Casa de las Ventanas de Hierro
Los Torres House
House of the Sun (Casa del Sol)
Treasury House (Casa del Tesoro)
Alberto Henriquez House Museum (Choir Synagogue)
Jewish cemetery in Coro
San Clemente's Cross
Church of San Nicolás de Bari
San Clemente Church
San Francisco Church
 Lucas Guillermo Castillo Diocesan Museum
Elias David Curiel School of Music
Hato Aguaque or Casa de Josefa Camejo
Taima Taima Archaeological and Paleontological Museum

Culture

Handicrafts
Falconian craftsmanship is rich in artistic expression. Within the popular handicrafts are the hammocks with unique styles, techniques and values of the state. The craft production is large and varied. The craftsmen of the towns that surround the city of Coro specialize in the manufacture of furniture with the wood of the cardon, the stick of Arch and the curarí. The wood is complemented using vegetable fibres such as sisal or with cow and goat skins. In Paraguaná the clay is worked to build objects for current domestic use, applying the same techniques used by the Caquetíos Indians. On the eastern coast, the attraction is the basketwork made with bulrush, cocuiza and vines and the hammocks made with thread.

Gastronomy
The typical Falconian food allows the enjoyment of a variety of flavors represented in its specialities, such as goat talkarí, , goat milk cheese, custard, peeled arepa and goat milk candy. At a national level, rice with coconut and rice pudding is one of the most popular sweets, especially during the Easter season.

Folklore
Folkloric, traditional and religious expressions offer a seal of originality in the state. In typical celebrations, features of African, indigenous and European cultures are associated. Among these celebrations is the Baile de las Turas, which has its origin in an indigenous dance related to the hunting season and the harvesting of the corn crop. It is celebrated in San Pedro, El Tural and Mapararí in the mountain region, between 23 and 24 September. The drum dances in the cities of Coro, La Vela and Puerto Cumarebo are very joyful and colourful, and the celebration of the Day of the Mad (December 28) in La Vela de Coro, with masked parades in the streets and public squares, reaches a display similar to that of the great carnivals of the world.

Sports

 Unión Atlético Falcón (Second Division of Venezuela): a professional football club based in the city of Punto Fijo, Falcon State, Venezuela. It was founded in 2006, in the city of Santa Ana de Coro.
 Cachorros de Falcón (Bolivarian National Baseball League): It is one of the teams that has remained since the birth of the Bolivarian National Baseball League 15 years ago, which was champion of the Central Western Region on a couple of occasions, in 2012 by the hand of former professional baseball player Yony Naveda, and in 2016, under the helm of Roberto Chirinos, the latter, who is again in charge of the Westerners in 2019.

Sports facilities
Pedro Conde Stadium
José David Ugarte Stadium
Eduardo "Tata" Amaya Stadium
Carlos Sanchez Covered Gym
Fenelon Diaz Covered Gym
Ramon Pena Gilly Gym

See also
 States of Venezuela
 List of Venezuela state legislatures

References

External links

States of Venezuela
States and territories established in 1864
1864 establishments in Venezuela

Falcón


Jean Baptiste Racine (d. 22 Aralık 1639 - ö. 21 Nisan 1699), 17. yüzyıl Fransız edebiyatının önde gelen şairlerinden ve trajedi yazarlarından olan Racine iyi bir eğitim görmüştür. Özellikle Yunan trajedi şairi Euripides (Öripid)'den etkilenen Racine, Fransız klâsik trajedisinin gelişmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır. XIV. Louis (Lui) döneminde saray tarihçiliği de yapmış olan Racine, eserlerinde Yunan mitolojisi, Filistin tarihi ve İngiliz saraylarından seçilmiş konulara yer vermiştir. Racine, eserlerinde genellikle tutkularına esir olmuş kişilere yer vermiştir.

Tanzimat Dönemi'nde yaşayan Türk edebiyatçılar üzerinde de etkili olan Racine'nin, Andromaque (Andromak), Bérénice (Berenis), Bajazet (Bayazıt), Iphigénie (İfijeni) ve Phèdre (Fedra) adlı eserleri ünlüdür.

Kaynakça

1639 doğumlular
1699 yılında ölenler
17. yüzyıl oyun yazarları
Fransız şairler
Fransız oyun yazarları
Fransız Akademisi üyeleri
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres üyeleri
Paris'te defnedilenler

Jean Racine


ෆෝලන් යනු ඇමෙරිකානු රොක් සංගීත කණ්ඩායමක් වන එවැනසෙන්ස් විසින් නිපදවනු ලැබූ මුල්ම ස්ටූඩියෝ ඇල්බමය යි. 2003 මැදින්මස 4දා Wind-up Records තුලින් එය නිකුත්වුණි. මෙම ඇල්බමය හොලිවුඩ් හි Conway Recording Studios ඇතුලු සිටූඩියෝ රාශියකදී පටිගත කරන ලදී. මෙය කණ්ඩායමේ වැඩිම ආර්ථික සාර්ථකත්වයකට පැමිණි අල්බමය වන්නේ, එහි පිටපත් මිලියන 7ක් ඇමෙරිකාව තුල පමණක් ද, මිලියන 17ක් ලොව පුරා ද විකිණිනු බැවිනි. අන්තර්ජාතිකව, රටවල් 10කට වැඩි සංඛ්‍යාවක ගීත දර්ශකවල ඉහලටම පැමිණීමටද එයට හැකිවිය. ඇමෙරිකාවේ RIAA ප්ලැටිනම් සහතිකය හත් වතාවක් ද, ලොව වටා නානාවිධ සහතික රාශියක් ද මෙම ඇල්බමයට හිමිවුණි.

එහි නිකුත්වීමත් සමග, "ෆෝලන්" වෙත ගීත විචාරකයන් වෙතින් මිශ්‍ර මෙන්ම ධනාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාර ලැබුණි. එහි තනි ගී 4ක්: "Bring Me to Life", "My Immortal", "Going Under", හා "Everybody's Fool" ඇතුලත් විය. "Bring Me to Life" සහ "My Immortal", ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, හා එක්සත් ජනපදය ඇතුලු රටවල් 10ක ගීත දර්ශකවල මුදුන් පැමිණියේය. ඇල්බමය නිසා එවැනසෙන්ස් කණ්ඩායම 46වැනි ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන උළෙලේ "වසරේ ඇල්බමය" , "හොඳම රොක් ඇල්බමය" සහ "හොඳම රොක් ගීය" යන සම්මානවලට නිර්දේශ වුනු අතර "හොඳම නැගීඑන කලාකරුවා" සහ "හොඳම හාඩ් රොක් ප්‍රදර්ශනය" යන සම්මාන දිනාගත්තේ ය.

පසුබිම සහ පටිගතකිරීම

ඒමි ලී හා බෙන් මූඩි විසින් 1995දී එවැනසෙන්ස් ආර්ම්භකළ පසු, ඔවුන් විසින් විස්තෘත පටි (වි.ප.) 3ක් සහ එක් ආදර්ශ සංයුක්ත තැටියක් නිකුත්කළ අතර, 2001 දුරුතුමස ඔවුන් ඔවුන්ගේ පළමු ලේබලය වන "Wind-up Records" සමග අත්සන් තබන ලදී. ඇල්බමයේ ගීත රචනය සඳහාම අවුරුදු අටක් ගතවී ඇත. MTV සමග තැබූ සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡාවකදී, බෙන් මූඩි විසින් තමා ලී සමග එක්ව ගීත ලිවීම නොකළ බවද, "අවුරුදු අට ඇතුලත සම්හරවිට දෙතුන්පාරක් විතරයි අපි එක කාමරේ වාඩිවෙලා ලියුවේ" යැයි ද හෙළිකළේය.

නිර්මාණය

ගීත හා පදවැල්

ඒමි ලීට අනුව, "Going Under" ගීතයට පාදක වී ඇත්තේ පූර්වකාලීන කායිකව හා මානසිකව අසහනකාරී සම්බන්ධයකි. ඈ මේ පිලිබඳ වැඩිදුරටත් පැවසූයේ, "මෙය හරියට ඔබ ඔබේ ලණුවේ අග කෙළවරට ළඟාවී, ඔබේ ඉවසීමේ සීමාව ඉක්මවා ගොස් ඇති වෙලාවක, ඔබට තවදුරටත් මෙය දරාගැනීමට බැරි බව දැනෙන්නාක් වගේ. මේක නියමයි. හරිම බලසම්පන්න ගීතයක්." එය ඇල්බමයට ලියූ අවසන් ගීතය වන අතර පළමු තනි ගීතය ලෙස ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට යෙදී තිබුණු නමුත්, "Bring Me to Life" එහි ප්‍රධාන තනි ගීය බවට පත්කෙරුණු නිසා එය දෙවැනි ගීතය ලෙස යෙදිණ. "Bring Me to Life" ලියැවුණේ ලී, බෙන් මූඩි, සහ ඩේවිඩ් හොජ්ස් විසින් වන අතර, එයට පාදක වූයේ ලී ගේ මිතුරියක විසින් අවන්හලකදී ඇය ඇගේ පවත්නා ප්‍රේම සම්බන්ධය පිළිබඳ සතුටට පත්වේදැයි ඇසීමය. තමා සැබැවින්ම සතුටින් නොසිටින බව ලී හට වැටැහී ඇත්තේ එවිට වන අතර, තමා හදිසියේම "ඇහැරුණු" සේ දැනුණු නිසා ම "wake me up inside" යන පදපෙල ගීයට යොදා ඇත. එම ගීය තම 2007 සිට සැමියා සහ දීර්ඝකාලීන මිතුරා වන ජොශ් හාට්ස්ල' වෙත වන බව ද ලී තවදුරටත් පැවසුවා ය.

"Everybody's Fool" ලී,මූඩි හා හොජ්ස් විසින් ලියැවී ඇති අතර, ඉන් කියැවෙනුයේ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ප්‍රෝඪාකාරී ප්‍රතිරූප මවාගත් ජනප්‍රිය පුද්ගලයින් පිළිබඳව ය. VH1 නාලිකාව සමග කළ සාකච්ඡාවකදී, ලී කියාසිටියේ, "මගේ නැගණිය මේ වගේ, කාටවත් බනිනවා නොවෙයි, ඒත්, ප්‍රෝඪාකාරී, වංචනික ප්‍රතිමූර්තිවලට අහුවෙලා හිටියේ. ඇය ඔවුන් වගේ අඳින්න-පළඳින්නත් පටන්ගත්තේ අවුරුදු 8 දි විතර. ඉතින් මම ඇයට මේ ගැන පහදලා ගීතයක් ලිවුවා." යන්නයි. "My Immortal" පියානෝ රොක් බැලඩ් ගීයක් වන අතර, ලී විසින් කොටස් යොදා ප්‍රතිනිමවන්නට පෙරම මූඩි විසින් ඔහුගේ කෙටි කතාවකට ලියන ලද්දකි. මූඩි කියාසිටියේ එය ඔහුගේ සීයා වන බිල් හොල්කොම්බ් වෙත පිදෙන වගයි. "Haunted" ද ඔහුගේම තවත් කෙටි කතාවකට ලියන ලද්දක් වන අතර, අනතුරුව එම කතාව කණ්ඩායමේ එව්පුවරුවට ද එක්කරන ලදී. "Tourniquet" ක්‍රිස්තියානි මෙට්ල් කණ්ඩායමක් වන "Soul Embraced" වෙත පළමුව ලියන ලද්දක් සේ සැලකෙන්නේ මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ පූර්ව සාමාජිකයෙකු වන "රොකී ග්‍රේ" එවැනසෙන්ස් කණ්ඩාමට බැඳීම නිසා ය.

සේවක මඬුල්ල
"Allmusic" වෙතිනි,

බෙව'ලි ඇලන් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
ජෙරී ඇලන් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
සැක් බය'ඩ් – ප්‍රෝග්‍රැමින්
ජේ බෝම්ගාඩ්න' – මික්සින්
සර්ජියෝ චාවේස් – සහායක ඉන්ජිනේරු
ජේසන් කප් – සහායක ඉන්ජිනේරු,ඉන්ජිනේරු
මාක් කියුරී – ඉන්ජිනේරු,මික්සින්
ෆ්‍රැන්සෙස්කෝ දි කොස්මෝ– බේස්
ඩේව් ෆෝට්මන් – මික්සින්,නිෂ්පාදක
ජෝෂ් ෆ්‍රීස් – බෙර
ඇල් ෆුජිසකි – සහායක ඉන්ජිනේරු
රොකී ග්‍රේ – රචක
ඩේවිඩ් හොජ්ස් – රචක, ඕගන, පියානෝ, ප්‍රෝග්‍රැමින්, තත් සැකසීම
මෙලනී ජැක්සන් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
ටෙඩ් ජෙන්සන් – මෙහෙයවීම
ක්‍රිස් ජොන්සන් – ප්‍රෝග්‍රැමින්
ජෝන් ලි කොම්ට් – රචක
ඒමි ලී – සැකසුම්, රචක, ඕගන, පියානෝ, කටහඬ

පෝල් මැකෝයි - "Bring Me To Life" හි ආගන්තුක කටහඬ
ඩයනා මෙල්ට්ස' – A&R
බෙන් මූඩි – රචක, ගිටාර, ඉන්ජිනේරු, නිෂ්පාදක
වික්ට' ම'ගට්‍රොයිඩ් – නිෂ්පාදන මෙහෙයවීම්
ඩීන් නෙල්සන් – සහාකාර ඉන්ජිනේරු
ජොවෑන් පැරටෝර් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
ජෙරමි පාක' – ඉන්ජිනේරු
ලෙස්ලි පේට්න් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
ග්‍රියැම් රෙවෙල් – තත් සැකසුම්
ජෝන් රොඩ් – ඉන්ජිනේරු
එඩ්ව'ඩ්ස් ශ'මන් – කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂක
ටොම් ස්ටීල් – වේදිකා පිරිස
ඩ්වයිට් ස්ටෝන් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
සෑම් ස්ටෝරි – සහාකාර ඉන්ජිනඑරු
රිච'ඩ් ස්ටබ්ස් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
බිල් ටැල්බට් – ඉන්ජීනේරු
ඩේමන් ටෙඩෙස්කෝ – වේදිකා පිරිස
ටලායා ට්‍රිගරෝස් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ
සූසන් යන්ග්බ්ලඩ් – ගීතිකා,සමූහ

References

වෙනත් සබැඳි

Fallen at Discogs

ෆෝලන් (එවැනසෙන්ස් ඇල්බමය)


La Casa Sindical (también llamado Edificio Sindicatos) es un edificio ubicado en el Paseo del Prado en Madrid. Es la sede tradicional del Ministerio de Sanidad. Desde 2020, a los ministerios de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030 y de Consumo.

Es obra del arquitecto español Francisco de Asís Cabrero en colaboración con Rafael Aburto; la edificación se inicia en el año 1949 y finaliza en 1951. El edificio, de dieciséis plantas de altura, posee los tres elementos constructivos tradicionales de la ciudad de Madrid: ladrillo, la piedra granítica y piedra caliza. Su construcción supone uno de los primeros ejemplos del regreso de la arquitectura racionalista al país en la segunda etapa de la arquitectura franquista.

Historia
En 1949 el Ministerio de Trabajo convoca un concurso de arquitectos para realizar el proyecto de la Casa Sindical de Madrid, sede central del Sindicato Vertical. Resultaron ganadores la pareja de arquitectos españoles Francisco de Asís Cabrero y Rafael Aburto. El diseño ganador procede de una adaptación a un anteproyecto que antes había realizado Francisco de Asís Cabrero. Se emplea para su edificación los solares del recién derribado Palacio de Xifré, edificio situado enfrente del Museo del Prado.

Algunos autores posteriores se han inspirado en este edificio, como Rafael Moneo en el Edificio Bankinter del Paseo de la Castellana (n.º 29). La urbanización del complejo se completó en 1959, con la construcción del edificio que acogería la sede del diario Pueblo obra de Rafael Aburto y situado al sur de la sede de la Delegación Nacional de Sindicatos.

Usos
Desde su construcción hasta 1977, el edificio fue la sede central de la Delegación Nacional de Sindicatos. Este organismo tuvo rango de secretaría de Estado durante toda su existencia. Hasta 1971 dependió del Ministerio de la Secretaría General del Movimiento, siendo transferido a partir de dicha fecha y hasta su extinción al Viceministerio de Relaciones Sindicales, dependiente del Ministerio de Gobernación.

Tras la disolución de las Cortes Españolas y la celebración de elecciones anticipadas en 1977, el edificio fue reconvertido, siendo en muchas legislaturas la sede habitual del ministerio del Gobierno con competencias en materia sanitaria. En la actualidad, alberga, siguiendo la tradición histórica, la sede del Ministerio de Sanidad. Además, también en él se ubican las dependencias de la Vicepresidencia segunda del Gobierno, del Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030, y del Ministerio de Consumo.

Descripción
Su diseño se aleja del historicismo previo de la arquitectura del franquismo, recibiendo influencias racionalistas de la arquitectura fascista italiana.La disposición recuerda a la exposición E42 realizada en la Roma de Mussolini, concretamente a su Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana. Se compone de un grupo simétrico de tres bloques, donde resalta la visión geométrica del central, en forma de cubo y similar a una torre de homenaje. Su gran tamaño serviría para monumentalizar al Sindicato Vertical, una de las principales organizaciones del franquismo.Destaca el ritmo de las ventanas de la fachada, formando una cuadrícula perfecta.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Edificios institucionales de Madrid
Edificios del paseo del Prado de Madrid
Memoria histórica de la guerra civil española y de la dictadura franquista
Política, instituciones y leyes del franquismo
Arquitectura de España de los años 1950
Arquitectura de España de 1951
Arquitectura del Movimiento Moderno en España
Arquitectura en la Comunidad de Madrid en el siglo XX
Edificios institucionales de España del siglo XX
Paseo del Prado y el Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias

Casa Sindical de Madrid


The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A osmi je studijski album thrash metal sastava Exodus. Diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast objavila ga je 23. listopada 2007. u Sjevernoj Americi i 8. studenoga 2007. u Europi. Drugi je album skupine na kojem se nalaze pjevač Rob Dukes i gitarist Lee Altus, ali i drugi album na kojem se vratio izvorni Exodusov bubnjar Tom Hunting; Hunting je prethodno posljednji put svirao s grupom na njezinu albumu Tempo of the Damned iz 2004.

Pozadina
U ožujku 2007. bubnjar Tom Hunting vratio se u skupinu nakon što je riješio privatne probleme zbog kojih ju je na neko vrijeme napustio. Na prethodnom ga je albumu Shovel Headed Kill Machine zamijenio Paul Bostaph. Gitarist Gary Holt skladao je sve pjesme i napisao sve tekstove za njih; iznimka je pjesma "Children of a Worthless God", čiju je glazbu uglavnom skladao Lee Altus, a tekst je napisao pjevač Rob Dukes.

Snimanje albuma počelo je 10. lipnja 2007. u studiju Sharkbite Studios u Oaklandu. Tijekom rada na albumu snimljeno je devet pjesama koje su se na kraju pojavile na albumu, ali je skupina odlučila snimiti još njih četiri za idući studijski album; članovi sastava u početku su taj album namjeravali snimiti i objaviti 2008., no na kraju je snimanje počelo u prosincu 2009.

Andy Sneap producent je albuma i miksao ga je u Backstage Studiosu u Derbyju.

U rujnu 2007. snimljen je spot za pjesmu "Riot Act", koji je režirao Jon Schnepp. Od 15. do 19. listopada 2007. cijeli se album mogao preslušati na službenoj stranici sastava na MySpaceu.

Tekstovi
Tekstovi na albumu kritiziraju organiziranu religiju, koju je Holt u intervjuu nazvao "otrovom". "Riot Act" govori o revoluciji i anarhiji, "Funeral Hymn" o smaku svijeta, a "Children of a Worthless God" posvećena je kritici islamskog fundamentalizma. "As it Was, As it Soon Shall Be" govori o Ratu u Iraku. Naslovna pjesma i "Iconoclasm" govore o kršćanstvu kao o načinu kontrole nad ljudima.

Naslov
Album nosi isto ime kao i peti album koji je losanđeleski thrash metal sastav Dark Angel namjeravao objaviti 1992. Gitarist Gary Holt izjavio je da se u naslovu nalazi "Exhibit A" jer je skupina namjeravala brzo objaviti album čiji će dio naslova biti Exhibit B premda taj album nije objavljen do 2010.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije i komercijalni uspjeh
Njemački časopis Rock Hard izabrao je The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A za "album mjeseca"; urednik Frank Albrecht dodijelio mu je devet od devet bodova i pohvalio ga je kao "album koji thrash metalu ulijeva novu energiju". Dodao je da ga "svi bolesno zaljubljeni u thrash i ostali slušatelji koji vole tešku, brzu glazbu sa stilom trebaju kupiti". Eduardo Rivadavia s mrežnog mjesta AllMusic dodijelio mu je tri i pol zvjezdice od njih pet i izjavio da je "The Atrocity Exhibition jedan od Exodusovih najprodornijih i najzanimljivijih albuma".

Album se pojavio na 74. mjestu njemačke glazbene ljestvice. U prvom je tjednu objave u Sjedinjenim Državama prodano 3600, a do studenoga 2008. 22 000 primjeraka.

Zasluge

Exodus
Tom Hunting – bubnjevi
Gary Holt – gitara
Rob Dukes – vokali
Lee Altus – gitara
Jack Gibson – bas-gitara

Ostalo osoblje
Andy Sneap – produkcija, tonska obrada, miksanje
Raymond Anthony – dodatna tonska obrada (gitare)
Adam Myatt – pomoć pri tonskoj obradi
Kieran Panesar – pomoć pri miksanju
Seth Siro Anton – ilustracije
Karyn Crisis – fotografija

Izvori

Albumi iz 2007.
Albumi sastava Exodus

The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A


Ulupınar, Antalya ilinin Kemer ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 68 km, Kemer ilçesine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kemer'in mahalleleri
Türk Rivierası

Ulupınar, Kemer


Paul Bradley Couling (né le  à Llanfrechfa, au Pays de Galles), connu sous son nom de scène Mal ou Mal Ryder, est un chanteur britannique devenu populaire en Italie à la fin des années 1960, en chantant avec son groupe Mal and the Primitives.

Biographie
Mal est le nom de scène du chanteur britannique naturalisé italien (1989) Paul Bradley Couling né à Llanfrechfa au Pays de Galles en 1944. D'abord membre des groupes musicaux pops Meteors puis des Spirits, il rejoint au milieu des années 1960 les Primitives et fréquente à Rome le Piper Club. Il s'installé en Italie avec le groupe et obtient de bons résultats de vente avec Blow up (1966). Il entreprend en parallèle une carrière d'acteur dans des Musicarelli ( (1967),  (1968) et  (1969)). Après être revenu au sommet des charts avec Furia (1977) suit une décennie difficile avant de revenir sur scène dans les années 1990, avec la version italienne de la comédie musicale  Grease. Il participe à plusieurs productions de téléréalité (L'ultimo valzer, 1999 ; La fattoria, 2005).

Discographie
 Mal Ryder & The Spirits
1962 : Heaven's Door/Isis
1963 : Cry Baby/Take Over
1964 : See the Funny, Little Clown/Slow Down
1964 : Your Friend/Forget It
1965 : Lonely Room/Tell Your Friend
Mal Ryder & The Primitives
1966 : Blow-Up (album)
Compilation
1987 : Mr Heartache
2001 : Maladjusted
EP
1966 : Ho Mary
Singles
1964 : Help Me/Let Them Tell
1965 : You Said/How Do You Feel
1965 : Every Minute of Every Day/Pretty Little Face
1966 : Oh Mary/I Don't Feel Myself
1966 : Yeeeeeeh!/L'ombra di nessuno
1967 : L'incidente/Johnny no!

Discographie en soliste
Album
1967 : Sua eccellenza Mal dei Primitives (comme Mal dei Primitives)
1968 : Mal dei Primitives (comme Mal dei Primitives)
1969 : Mal
1973 : Wer liebt ist nie allein
1975 : Parlami d'amore
1976 : Chiudi gli occhi e ascoltami
1977 : Le canzoni di Furia
1979 : Uomo squalo ed altre storie
1980 : Mal
1981 : Silhouette (comme Paul Bradley)
1991 : Yeeeah
1994 : Via con te
1996 : Quella luce negli occhi
2000 : Cerco amore
2005 : Pensiero d'amore
2006 : Pop Christmas With Mal
2006 : Il ritorno di Furia
2007 : Romantica (avec Éva Henger)
2009 : Attimi
2009 : Quante volte
2012 : Mal
2013 : La musica del cuore
2017 : La donna che c'è in te
2019 : Grazie Piper

Filmographie partielle
 I ragazzi di Bandiera Gialla, de Mariano Laurenti (1967)
 Le Cheval aux sabots d'or, de Norman Tokar (1968)
 Pensiero d'amore, de Mario Amendola (1969)
 Amore Formula 2, de Mario Amendola (1970)
 Lacrime d'amore, de Mario Amendola (1970)
Terzo canale (Avventura a Montecarlo), de Giulio Paradisi (1970)

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Mal Ryder et les esprits au California Ballroom
 [ http://www.theprimitives.com]

Naissance au pays de Galles
Naissance en février 1944
Chanteur anglais
Chanteur italien
Acteur anglais
Acteur italien
Artiste de RCA Victor
Artiste de RCA Italiana
Artiste de Carosello Records
Artiste de Dischi Ricordi

Mal Ryder


الهالة الضوئية أو الأثير الضوئي أو السَّاهُور  والمفردة تنحدر من أصل يوناني وتعني (النفس) أو (الأهواء) وعرفت هذة الكلمة بالمعجم كما يأتي:
 أي انبثاق دقيق وغير مرئي أو زفير ومثال عليها: الهالة المنبثقة عن حزمة من الورود.
 فضاء مميز يحيط بالشخص كالهالة المميزة حولنا.
 تيار أو حركة الهواء التي تحدثها النبضة الكهربائية.
 وقد تطلق مثلاً على اشراق الوجه ويقال: على وجه هذا الشيخ هالة من نور أو يحيطه هالة من القداسة.
 تعرف الهالة طبيا بأنها احساس ذاتي أو ظاهرة تسبق حدثا، تشير إلى تقرب نوبة كنوبة الصرع.

والهالة عادة تأخد الشكل البيضوي حول اجسامنا ويمكن تعريفها ببساطة: انها تلك الحقل الطاقوي الذي يحيط بالكائنات، وهي ذات طاقة منبعثة يمكن قياسها إذا انها تعطي ضوءاً وحرارةً.كما أنه بالإمكان قياس ذلك الضوء من خلال أجهزة متخصصة في هذا المجال وبالتالي يمكن قياس الحرارة عبر عملية التحسس الحراري.واذا توفر لنا المدخل إلى صورة حركية للهالة المحيطة بنا، فإننا نرى انها في حالة حركة متواصلة..ونظراً لكونها جزءاً لايتجزء منا، فهي عضوية، وكذلك فإنها تتغير تبعاً لتغيرنا، فعندما يشعر المرء بالسعادة تصبح هالته أكبر وأكثر إضاءة.هذا كما أنها تدل على صحتنا الجسمانية والنفسية، فإذا كنا مرضى أو محزونين فإنها تميل للانكماش أي انها تصغر لتصبح مظلمة. إذًا الهالة مقياس لما نكون عليه في ظاهرنا وباطننا وشؤون دنيانا مما يعني انها ليست ثابتة الشكل والحجم.

من وظائفها

من وظائف الهالة امتصاص طاقة اللون الأبيض من الغلاف الجوي وتقسيمها إلى طاقات لونية أساسية تتدفق إلى اقسام الجسم المختلفة لتدب فيها النشاط والحيوية. هذا وتتأثر هالة الجسم بالرسائل الايجابية إذ تجعلها كاملة حول الجسم وتتاثر أيضا بالرسائل السلبية فتجعلها منكسرة المعالم. فالهالة البيضوية المتكاملة تدل على سعادة الفرد وتفأوله والهالة المثقوبة والمنكمشة تدل على تشاؤم صاحبها.
وأهميتها تأتي من أن الهالة تعمل بمثابة إنذار مبكر لمرض ما. وقد أمكن تصوير هذة الطاقة والتنبؤ مسبقاً بإصابة الإنسان بالعديد من الأمراض من خلالها، وبالنتيجة كشْف أي خلل في وظائف الجسم الحيوية من خلال بصمات أصابع اليد، هذا يعني أن الهالات الضوئية لها دلالات على أنشطة الجسم الحيوية وإصابته بالأمراض المختلفة كالسرطان أو ضعف القلب وامراض القولون والبنكرياس وامراض العيون وخلل الغدد الصماء.إذ ان كل عضو في جسم الإنسان يصدر عنه نوع من الإشعاع بحيث يمكن تمييزه عن العضو الآخر وبتحليلها عبر أجهزة خاصة كجهاز كيرليان أمكن تصوير هذة الهالة وإشعاعاتها، إذ أن ألوان الهالات دلالات خاصة على أنشطة الجسم الحيوية فهي تتدرج من الأحمر الذي يدل على الحيوية وتنتهي بالأزرق الذي يعكس درجة المرض؛ إذ كشفت الدراسات والأبحاث في هذا المجال على عدد من المرضى حيث أخدت بصماتهم الضوئية، قد وجد أن المرضى المصابين بأمراض القلب لهم خلل في صورة البصمة الضوئية للأصبع الوسطى، والمصابين بأمراض الكبد والعين والبنكرياس والجهاز الهضمي والخلل في الغدد. وقد تم التوصل إلى أن اللون الرمادي للهالة عادة يظهر في المصابين بامراض السرطان.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا

 هالة (فضاء)
 والتر كلنر

سحب
ظواهر بصرية جوية

هالة ضوئية


Das Ausgliederungsmodell bezeichnet eine Steuergestaltung, welche die schädlichen Folgen der Abfärbetheorie im Sinne von  Abs. 3 Nr. 1 EStG verhindert.

Erzielt eine Personengesellschaft neben anderen Einkünften auch gewerbliche Einkünfte, führen diese gewerblichen Einkünfte zu einer Umqualifizierung sämtlicher Einkünfte in gewerbliche Einkünfte; mithin unterliegen z. B. auch Einkünfte aus einer freiberuflichen Tätigkeit insgesamt der Gewerbesteuer. Durch das vom Bundesfinanzhof aufgezeigte Ausgliederungsmodell wird die gewerbliche Tätigkeit in eine personenidentische (eigens geschaffene oder bereits vorhandene) Personengesellschaft ausgegliedert und kann somit die übrigen Einkünfte nicht mehr infizieren.

Beispiel:
Eine augenärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis verkauft neben der eigentlichen Tätigkeit auch Kontaktlinsen und entsprechende Pflegemittel. Da eine Handelstätigkeit der freiberuflichen Tätigkeit als Arzt fremd ist, kommt es gemäß  Abs. 3 Nr. 1 EStG zur Abfärbung der gewerblichen Handelstätigkeit auf die nicht gewerblichen, freiberuflichen Einkünfte. Nunmehr gelten alle Einkünfte als gewerblich. Durch Gründung einer zweiten Personen(handels)gesellschaft, in die die Handelstätigkeit ausgelagert wird, kann diese Rechtsfolge vermieden werden, da eine Infektion der Einkünfte einer anderen Personengesellschaft (Schwesternpersonengesellschaft) nicht in Betracht kommt.

Einzelnachweise

Steuer- und Abgabenrecht (Deutschland)

Ausgliederungsmodell


William McMichael "Bill" Shepherd (born July 26, 1949), (Capt, USN, Ret.), is an American former Navy SEAL, aerospace, ocean, and mechanical engineer, and NASA astronaut, who served as commander of Expedition 1, the first crew on the International Space Station. He is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Education and training
Shepherd was born on July 26, 1949, to George R. Shepherd and Barbara Shepherd in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, but he considers Babylon, New York, his hometown. He is married to Beth Stringham of Batavia, New York. He graduated from Arcadia High School in Phoenix, Arizona in 1967, and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1971. He completed Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training in 1972, then joined the United States Naval Special Warfare Command and qualified as a Navy SEAL. He served with the Navy's Underwater Demolition Team ELEVEN, SEAL Teams ONE and TWO, and Special Boat Unit TWENTY. He obtained an Engineer's degree in Ocean Engineering and a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering, both in 1978, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

NASA career

After Shepherd was selected for NASA Astronaut Group 10 in 1984, rumors spread that he had answered a standard interview question about what he did best by saying, "kill people with knives" but he later refused to confirm or deny the account, commenting "it's too good a story". He was the first military non-aviator in astronaut training, following his unsuccessful application for NASA Astronaut Group 9 in 1980. In 1986, Shepherd's Navy SEAL training proved unexpectedly useful to NASA as he helped to direct the underwater salvage operations of the Space Shuttle Challenger after its destruction. Shepherd then served as a mission specialist on three Space Shuttle flights: mission STS-27 in 1988, mission STS-41 in 1990, which deployed the Ulysses probe, and mission STS-52 in 1992. He was the first member of NASA Astronaut Group 10 to fly a space mission.

From March 1993 to January 1996, he was assigned to the International Space Station Program, serving as Program Manager and Deputy Program Manager. In November 1995 he was selected to command the first crew of the International Space Station (ISS). The mission was supposed to launch in 1997, but a long series of political, financial, and technical problems caused significant delays. Although sixteen nations would participate in the ISS program, Russia, along with the United States would bear the majority of the station's costs.

Spaceflight experience
STS-27: Atlantis (December 2–6, 1988) Shepherd served with his crewmates on a mission that lasted 105 hours and carried Department of Defense payloads. The mission is noteworthy due to the severe damage Atlantis sustained to its critical heat-resistant tiles during ascent.

STS-41: Discovery (October 6–10, 1990) during 66 orbits of the Earth, the crew aboard the Orbiter successfully deployed the Ulysses, starting it on a four-year journey (via Jupiter) to investigate the polar regions of the Sun.

STS-52: Columbia (October 22 to November 1, 1992) was the 10-day mission deployed the Laser Geodynamic Satellite (LAGEOS), and conducted U.S. microgravity payload experiments.

Expedition 1: From October 31, 2000, to March 21, 2001, he and Russian cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergey Krikalev launched from Baikonur on Soyuz TM 31 and served as Expedition 1, the first crew on board ISS.  The crew returned to Earth on the Space Shuttle Discovery, STS 102.

Shepherd has logged over 159 days in space.

Post-NASA career
Shepherd was next assigned to the staff of Commander, Naval Special Warfare Command, to assist with the development of new capabilities and programs for the Navy's SEAL and Special Boat units. He retired from the U.S. Navy in January 2002. Capt Shepherd also served as U.S. Special Operations Command's first Science Advisor from 2008–2011.

Organizations
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)

Awards and honors

Congressional Space Medal of Honor
NASA's "Steve Thorne" Aviation Award
2004 inductee into the International Space Hall of Fame
2009 inductee into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame.
Honorary Naval Aviator

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale V. M. Komarov Diploma
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal
Spirit of St Louis Medal
Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy
Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
In 2009, the International Space Station Program team, which Capt. Shepherd led both on the ground, and in space, was awarded the Collier Trophy.

References

External links

Shepherd's official NASA biography
Astronautix biography of William M. Shepherd
Spacefacts biography of William M. Shepherd
Shepherd at Spaceacts
Shepherd at International Space Hall of Fame

1949 births
Living people
1988 in spaceflight
1990 in spaceflight
1992 in spaceflight
2000 in spaceflight
United States Navy astronauts
Commanders of the International Space Station
Crew members of the International Space Station
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
People from Oak Ridge, Tennessee
People from Babylon, New York
United States Naval Academy alumni
Military personnel from New York (state)
Military personnel from Tennessee
MIT School of Engineering alumni
United States Navy captains
United States Navy SEALs personnel
American aerospace engineers
American mechanical engineers
NASA people
Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor
Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Recipients of the National Intelligence Medal of Achievement
Space Shuttle program astronauts

William Shepherd


مطار الغيضة  هو مطار دولي يقع في مدينة الغيضة عاصمة محافظة المهرة إحدى محافظات الجمهورية اليمنية.

التحديث والتطوير
في عام 2020، تم إعادة تأهيل وترميم وتجهيز المطار حسب المواصفات الدولية، بتمويل وإشراف البرنامج السعودي لإعادة إعمار اليمن.

تضمنت عملية التأهيل تطوير صالات الانتظار والمغادرة والتفتيش بكافة الأنظمة المتواجدة في المطارات الدولية من الأجهزة الخاصة بأمتعة المسافرين وعربات النقل وغيرها، بالإضافة إلى صالة التشريفات وكبار الضيوف، والمدرج وبرج المراقبة ووحدة الحرائق والإنقاذ والمياه والإضاءة المتكاملة لسور المطار بمساحة 17 كيلومتر.
ويشمل المشروع، تأمين المطار بكافة الأنظمة المتطورة كمنظومة الأرناف العالمية الخاصة بهبوط وإقلاع الطائرات ومنظومة الاتصالات والإرصاد البيئي، وكل ما يتعلق بتأهيل المطار لاستقبال الرحلات المدنية من مختلف مطارات العالم.

خطوط وشركات الطيران
 طيران السعيدة (صنعاء، عدن، المكلا، سيئون)

انظر أيضا

 قائمة مطارات اليمن

مراجع

محافظة المهرة
مطارات اليمن
الغيضة

مطار الغيضة


Hepsi A-F G-M N-T U-Z

Hepsi A-F G-M N-T U-Z

G-M
Ülke listeleri
Siyaset listeleri
Faşizm

Ülkelerine göre faşist hareketlerin listesi G-M


سيتروين سي4  هي سيارة تنتجها شركة سيتروين الفرنسية، وهي سيارة عائلية تنتمي لعائلة السيارات صغيرة الحجم وقد صممت لتكون بديلا عن الجيل السابق الذي كانت تمثله سيارة سيتروين إكسارا.
مؤخرا أطلقت شركة سيتروين نسخة معدلة من سيارة سي4 ستكون نموذج سنة 2009.

و هي تعتبر من السيارات الشبيهة بسيارة بيجو 308 التي بدأ تصنيعها في سنة 2007.

التصميم
قام بتصميم السيارة المصمم دوناتو كوكو.

الإعلانات

«سيارة ذات تكنولوجيا متطورة» كان هذا الاختصار من الإعلان الذي رافع طرح سيارة الستروين سي 4 في الأسواق.
خلاصة هذا الإعلان هو تحول سيارة سي 4 إلى روبوت عملاق يرقص على أنغام موسيقى أغنية "Jacques Your Body (Make Me Sweat)"! ويقوم بعملية تسخين البدن قبل أن يتحول إلى سيارة صغيرة تنطلق على الطريق، يرى متتبعوا الإعلان على أن الرقصة الافتراضية التي قام بها روبوت السيارة تدل على عملية كسر الروتين عبر الطراز الجديد الذي وضعته سيتروان.

الطرازات الأساسية
يوجد طرازين أساسيين من السيارة هما:
 كوبيه: وهو طزاز الثلاث أبواب.
 هاتش باك: وهو طراز الخمس أبواب.
توفر مؤخرا طراز البياكسو وهي سي 4 بحجم عائلي يحتوي على سبع أبواب.

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صفحة سي 4 من موقع سيتروان المملكة المتحدة.

سيارات اخترعت في 2004
سيارات دفع أمامي
سيارات رالي
سيارات سيتروين
سيارات صالون
سيارات عائلية صغيرة
سيارات عقد 2000
سيارات عقد 2010
سيارات عقد 2020
سيارات في الصين
سيارات كروس أوفر رياضية
مركبات رياضية مدمجة
هاتشباك

سيتروين سي 4


Gara Timișoara Sud este o gară situată în cartierul Fratelia din Timișoara. Traversată de căile ferate Timișoara–Stamora Moravița și Timișoara–Buziaș–Lugoj, gara este tranzitată zilnic de 28 de trenuri operate de Regio Călători și CFR Călători. Gara are 10 linii. Timișoara Sud a fost creată pentru a decongestiona nodul Timișoara Nord, în special după construirea liniei industriale Azur.

Note

Sud

Gara Timișoara Sud


U 196 war ein U-Boot vom Typ IX D2, ein sogenanntes "Fern-U-Boot", das während des Zweiten Weltkriegs im U-Boot-Krieg durch die Kriegsmarine im Südatlantik und im Indischen Ozean eingesetzt wurde. U 196 absolvierte die längste U-Bootunternehmung des Krieges, während der es 225 Tage auf See blieb.

Technische Daten
Die AG Weser war bereits seit 1934 mit dem Bau von U-Booten für die Reichsmarine (später Kriegsmarine) beauftragt. Nach Kriegsbeginn spezialisierte die Werft sich auf den Bau von Booten des großen Typs IX, wobei ein jährlicher Ausstoß von 36 Booten vorgesehen war – eine Menge, die bei Weitem nicht erreicht wurde. Im Jahr 1942 lieferte die AG Weser zehn U-Boote des Typs IX D2 aus. Diese Boote wurden auch Ozeanboote oder Ostasienboote genannt und verdrängten über Wasser 1.616 t und im getauchten Zustand 1.804 t. Ein Boot des Typs IX D2 war 87,58 m lang, 7,5 m breit und hatte einen Tiefgang von 5,35 m. Die insgesamt 5.400 PS starken Dieselmotoren erreichten eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 19 kn, was 35,7 km/h entspricht. Bei Unterwasserfahrt trieben die insgesamt 1.100 PS der zwei Elektromotoren das Boot zu einer Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 6,9 kn an – das sind 12,8 km/h. IX D2-Boote waren mit 24 Torpedos bewaffnet, die aus 4 Bug- und 2 Hecktorpedorohren ausgestoßen werden konnten. Zusätzlich verfügten diese Boote über Artilleriebewaffnung. U 196 war das einzige Boot seiner Klasse, das über zwei 10,5-cm-Utof-Kanonen verfügte.

Geschichte
U 196 lief während seiner Verwendungszeit zu drei Unternehmungen aus. Kommandant Kentrat versenkte auf seinen Feindfahrten mit diesem Boot zwei Schiffe, beschädigte eines und meldete ein weiteres torpediert zu haben.

Im Indischen Ozean
Im Sommer 1943 wurde U 196 mit weiteren sechs Fern-U-Booten in den Indischen Ozean beordert. Davon brach eines, U 195, die Fahrt ab und ein weiteres, U 197, wurde versenkt. Das erfolgreichste Boot dieser Gruppe war U 181, dessen Kommandant Wolfgang Lüth im Anschluss an diese Fahrt mit den Schwertern und Brillanten zum Eichenlaub des Ritterkreuzes ausgezeichnet wurde. Bei einem Rendezvous zwischen U 196 und U 181 hatte Kommandant Kentrat – obwohl er zu diesem Zeitpunkt selbst erst zwei Schiffe versenkt hatte – diesem die Übergabe von Torpedos und Nahrungsmitteln angeboten, was Lüth allerdings ablehnte. Die deutschen U-Boote wurden bei dieser Operation durch das Tankschiff Charlotte Schliemann unterstützt, das als Versorger und provisorische Basis diente. Im Rahmen dieses Einsatzes absolvierte U 196 die längste U-Bootunternehmung des Zweiten Weltkrieges.

Erste Feindfahrt
U 196, unter Korvettenkapitän Eitel-Friedrich Kentrat, lief am 13. März 1943 von Kiel aus. Nach dem Marsch über die Ostsee, sowie Brennstoffergänzung in Marviken, operierte das Boot im Südatlantik, dem Indischen Ozean, vor Durban, East London und Port Elizabeth, der Straße von Mosambik, vor den Seychellen, Komoren und Madagaskar. Es wurde am 22. Juni 1943 vom deutschen Versorger CHARLOTTE SCHLIEMANN mit 235 m³ Brennstoff und Proviant versorgt. U 196 konnte auf dieser Unternehmung 2 Schiffe mit 12.285 BRT versenken. Nach 224 Tage (längste Unternehmung eines U-Bootes im Zweiten Weltkrieg) und zurückgelegten zirka 30.700 sm über und 1.965 sm unter Wasser, lief U 196 am 23. Oktober 1943 in Bordeaux ein.

 11. Mai 1943: Versenkung des britischen Frachters SS Nailsea Meadow (4.962 BRT). Sie transportierte Panzer und Zubehör für die 8. Armee unter General Montgomery in Ägypten.

 3. August 1943: Versenkung des britischen Frachters CITY OF ORAN (7.323 BRT) durch einen Torpedo.

Zweite Feindfahrt
U 196, unter Korvettenkapitän Eitel-Friedrich Kentrat, lief am 11. März 1944 von La Pallice aus. Nachdem beim Tieftauchversuch das GHG ausgefallen war, ging es zurück nach La Pallice. Nach der Reparatur und dem erneuten Auslaufen, operierte das Boot im Südatlantik, im Indischen Ozean, bei den Lakkadiven und Malaya. Außerdem hatte es 1.404 Flaschen Quecksilber, 9.158 Barren Aluminium, 46 Bund Rund-Stahl, 11 Bund Vierkant-Stahl und 105 Kisten Roh-Optik-Glas geladen. U 196 gehörte zur U-Boot-Gruppe MONSUN. Das Boot wurde am 9. April 1944 von U 488 mit 60 m³ Brennstoff und Proviant versorgt. Es konnte auf dieser Unternehmung 1 Schiff mit 5.454 BRT versenken. Nach 152 Tagen lief U 196 am 10. August 1944 in Penang ein.

 9. Juli 1944: Versenkung des britischen Frachters SHAHZADA (5.454 BRT).

Dritte Feindfahrt
U 196, unter Oberleutnant zur See Werner Striegler, lief am 30. November 1944 von Batavia aus. Seit diesem Tag ist das Boot verschollen. Es gab seit dem Auslaufen keine Meldung mehr ab. Das Boot sollte U 510 und U 843 für den Rückmarsch nach Deutschland versorgen und anschließend zum Batteriewechsel nach Kobe gehen.

Verlust
U 196 verließ am 30. November 1944 Batavia. Als Operationsgebiet war die Javasee vorgesehen. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt gab U 196 keine Meldungen mehr ab und gilt daher seitdem als vermisst. Als ursächlich für den Verlust wird ein Tauchunfall angenommen, der beim testweisen Tauchen mit einem mit Bordmitteln gebauten Schnorchel eintrat.

Literatur
 Clay Blair: Der U-Boot-Krieg. Band 2: Die Gejagten, 1942–1945. Heyne, München 1998, ISBN 3-453-16059-2.
 Rainer Busch, Hans-Joachim Röll: Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945. Band 1: Die deutschen U-Boot-Kommandanten. E. S. Mittler und Sohn, Hamburg u. a. 1996, ISBN 3-8132-0490-1.
 Rainer Busch, Hans-Joachim Röll: Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945. Band 3: Deutsche U-Boot-Erfolge von September 1939 bis Mai 1945. E. S. Mittler und Sohn, Hamburg u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-8132-0513-4.
 Rainer Busch, Hans-Joachim Röll: Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945. Band 4: Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945. E. S. Mittler und Sohn, Hamburg u. a. 1999, ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
 Paul Kemp: Die deutschen und österreichischen U-Boot-Verluste in beiden Weltkriegen. Urbes-Verlag, Gräfelfing vor München 1998, ISBN 3-924896-43-7.

Einzelnachweise

U-Boot-Klasse IX
U-Boot im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust mit ungeklärter Ursache
Schiffsverlust 1944
AG Weser
U196

U 196


Belgia este un stat federal care se compune din comunități și din regiuni.

Regiunile dispun de o autonomie sporită, în particular în domeniile economic, al forței de muncă, amenajării teritoriului, agriculturii, lucrărilor publice, locuinței, turismului, energiei, mediului înconjurător, căilor navigabile, apelor și pădurilor, al tutelei asupra organismelor subordonate, politicilor privind familia, persoanelor cu handicap și celor de vârsta a treia, etc. De asemenea, regiunile dispun de o autonomie parțială în ceea ce privește ajutorul social, învățământul (clădiri și transport școlar) sau patrimoniul, în timp ce comunitățile dispun în materie culturală, dar și în materie de ajutor social sau învățământ.

Autonomia regiunilor, precum și a tuturor celorlalte entități federale belgiene, este foarte extinsă, în virtutea principiului competențelor exclusive care singularizează federalismul belgian prin aceea că prelungește, practic fără rezerve, autonomia entităților federale pe scena internațională.

Conform articolului 3 din Constituție, Belgia este compusă din trei regiuni:  Regiunea Valonă,  Regiunea Flamandă și  Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles.

Entități federale cu puteri extinse
Fiecare regiune dispune de propriul guvern și parlament. Federalismul belgian are la bază conceptul egalității legilor, însemnând că legislația entităților federate (decrete și ordonanțe) are aceeași forță juridică precum legile federale, deci că legea federală belgiană nu are întâietate asupra legislației entităților federate în ceea ce privește competențele lor stabilite prin constituție.

Astfel, un decret-lege adoptat de un parlament regional în domeniul competențelor regionale nu poate fi anulat de o lege belgiană. În plus, deoarece puterile entităților federate au exclusivitate pe teritoriul exercitat de acestea, aceste competențe nu pot fi exercitate simultan de entitățile federate și de statul belgian.

Mai mult, începând din anul 1993, federalismul belgian a prevăzut că entitățile federate (regiunile și comunitățile) au dreptul să regleze pentru subiecții lor aspecte de cooperare internațională, inclusiv încheierea de tratate. Un exemplu semnificativ în acest sens este blocarea de către Regiunea Valonă, timp de mai multe săptămâni, a acordului de liber schimb CETA dintre Uniunea Europeană și Canada. Prin votul său negativ, parlamentul valon a împiedicat guvernul federal belgian să semneze acordul, deși acesta fusese ratificat de parlamentele celorlalte două regiuni ale Belgiei și de toate celelalte state ale Uniunii Europene. Cu toate aceste puteri extinse, ține totuși de Constituția Belgiei și de legile speciale federale să definească limitele competențelor statului federal și cele ale entităților federate care îl compun.

Regele Belgienilor, Șeful de Stat al Belgiei, nu mai are dreptul de intervenție în procesul de decizie politică al entităților federate. Totuși, Miniștrii-Președinți ai regiunilor jură la investire pe Constituția Belgiei ținută în mâini de Regele Belgienilor.

Valonia

Teritoriul Regiunii Valone este divizat în 262 de comune, din care 253 de comune în aria de limbă franceză și 9 comune în aria de limbă germană, care formează Comunitatea germanofonă din Belgia (2% din populația valonă). Valonii reprezintă aproximativ o treime din populația Belgiei, iar Valonia aproximativ 60% din teritoriul Regatului, ceea ce o face regiunea belgiană cea mai întinsă în suprafață.

Provinciile Valoniei
 Brabantul Valon (capitala: Wavre)
 Hainaut (capitala: Mons)
 Liège (capitala: Liège)
 Luxembourg (capitala: Arlon)
 Namur (capitala: Namur, capitală a Valoniei)

Alte orașe importante
 Charleroi
 La Louvière
 Tournai
 Seraing
 Verviers
 Mouscron
 Braine-l'Alleud
 Herstal
 Châtelet
 Binche
 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve
 Waterloo
 Ath
 Nivelles
 Huy
 Eupen (sediul instituțiilor Comunității germanofone)
 Dinant

Flandra
Regiunea Flamandă este constituită din 308 de comune situate în jumătatea de nord a țării. Limba oficială este neerlandeza. Flandra este regiunea belgiană cu cea mai numeroasă populație, 6.509.894 locuitori la 1 ianuarie 2017.

Provinciile Flandrei
 Antwerpen (capitala: Antwerpen)
 Brabantul Flamand (capitala: Leuven)
 Flandra de Vest (capitala: Brugge)
 Flandra de Est (capitala: Gent)
 Limburg (capitala: Hasselt)

Alte orașe importante
 Mechelen
 Oostende
 Kortrijk
 Aalst
 Tongeren
 Genk
 Roeselare
 Turnhout
 Lokeren
 Dendermonde
 Beringen
 Sint-Truiden
 Heist-op-den-Berg
 Vilvoorde
 Dilbeek
 Geel

Capitala Bruxelles
Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles este formată din 19 comune. Această regiune nu este divizată în provincii și reprezintă o zecime din populația totală a țării. Din punct de vedere istoric, regiunea a aparținut ariei lingvistice neerlandofone. Astăzi este teoretic bilingvă, franceza și neerlandeza fiind limbi oficiale, dar în practică este majoritar francofonă. Geografic, Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles reprezintă o enclavă înconjurată complet de Regiunea Flamandă.

Note

Vezi și
 Politica Belgiei
 Subdiviziunile Belgiei
 Demografia Belgiei

Legături externe
 Consiliul Comunelor și Regiunilor Europei  (CCRE-CEMR)

Regiuni din Belgia

Regiunile Belgiei


The White Palace () est une station sur la Ligne Verte du Métro de Doha. Elle est ouverte en 2019.

Histoire
La station est mise en service le .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Doha

Liens externes
 Doha metro - Lusail Tram - Qatar Rail
 Network map - metro tram Qatar Rail
 Qatar Rail Retail

Station du métro de Doha
Station de métro mise en service en 2019

Palais Blanc (métro de Doha)


Sabine Appelmans (Aalst, Bélgica, 22 de abril de 1972), es una extenista belga, ganadora de 7 torneos de la WTA y capitana del equipo belga en la Fed Cup.

Enlaces externos

Tenistas femeninas de Bélgica
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona 1992
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Atlanta 1996
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Sídney 2000
Mujeres de Bélgica del siglo XX
Nacidos en Aalst

Sabine Appelmans


لوران روسي  (22 مايو 1948) هو ملحن ومغني وكاتب أغاني، ومنتج فرنسي، وابن المغني تينو روسي.

بدأ حياته الموسيقية الفعلية عام 1968. أسس مع صديقه كلود مورغان فرقة الديسكو الفرنسية السابقة بيمبو جت التي اشتهرت في السبعينات من القرن الماضي بأغنية «إل بيمبو». في عام 1984 بدأ كموسيقي للسينما وألف لفيلم فرنسي عنوانه تاريخنا للمخرج برتراند بلير، وغيرها أيضاً من المشاركات الأخرى.

أعماله
 كل الثلج 1968.
 شخص يحبك 1973.
 جولي الطفل الأزرق 1974.
 تاريخنا 1974.
 لا تبكي لوسيا 1976.
 الحب في الهواء 1978.
 المراهق 1978.
 عيد الميلاد معك 1980.

أعماله الثنائية مع والده
 غني نفس الأغنية 1976.
 فورزا باستيا، فورزا كورسيكا 1978.
 أبي، يقول لي 1978.
 انطفاء الشموع 1978.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 أسطوانات لوران روسي.

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
أعلام رياضة محركات فرنسية
أعلام فورمولا 1
مغنون فرنسيون في القرن 20
مغنون ومغنيات فرنسيون
ملحنون وملحنات فرنسيون
مواليد 1948
مواليد في باريس
مواليد في بولون-بيانكور
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات بعمر 67
وفيات في باريس

لوران روسي


Klaus Kinski (n.  Klaus Günter Karl Nakszynski, ) a fost un actor german.

A apărut în peste 130 de filme și a jucat roluri principale în filmele lui  Werner Herzog, printre care Aguirre, mânia lui Dumnezeu (1972), Nosferatu, fantoma nopții (1979), Woyzeck (1979), Fitzcarraldo (1982) și Cobra Verde (1987). A apărut în numeroase filme western spaghetti  cum ar fi Pentru câțiva dolari în plus (1965), Un glonte pentru general (1966), Il grande silenzio (1968), And God Said to Cain (1970), Shoot the Living and Pray for the Dead (1971) și A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe (1975).

Kinski a fost o figură controversată, iar unele dintre istericale sale pe platoul de filmare au fost prezentate în documentarul lui Herzog My Best Fiend. Este tatăl lui Pola, Nastassja și Nikolai Kinski, născuți din trei căsnicii diferite. Toți au devenit actori și au lucrat în Germania și Statele Unite, în film și televiziune. Pola a publicat o carte, Kindermund (sau From a Child's Mouth), în care a afirmat că tatăl ei ar fi abuzat-o sexual de la 5 la 19 ani.

Filmografie

Anii 1940
Morituri (1948) - prizonierul olandez

Anii 1950

Decision Before Dawn (1951) - Whining Soldier (nemenționat)
Fear (La Paura) (1954) - Cabaret Performer (nemenționat)
Ludwig II: Glanz und Ende eines Königs (1954) - Prinz Otto von Bayern
Kinder, Mutter und ein General (1954) - Leutnant
Sarajevo (1955) - Cabrinovic
Hanussen (1955) - Erik von Spazier / Mirko
Waldwinter (1956) - Otto Hartwig
Geliebte Corinna (1956) - Klaus Brockmann
A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958) - Gestapo Lieutenant

Anii 1960

Der Rächer (1960) (aka The Avenger) - Lorenz Voss
The Dead Eyes of London (1961) - Edgar Strauss
Das Geheimnis der gelben Narzissen (German-language version of The Devil's Daffodil) (1961) - Peter Keene
Bankraub in der Rue Latour (1961) - Bex, Autor
Die Kurve (1961) (TV) - Anton
The Strange Countess (1961) - Bresset
The Puzzle of the Red Orchid (1962) - Steve
 1962: Falsul trădător (The Counterfeit Traitor), regia George Seaton - Kindler
Der rote Rausch (1962) - Martin
Die Tür mit den 7 Schlössern (1962) - Pheeny
The Inn on the River (1962) - Gregor Gubanow
Die Mondvögel (1963) (TV) - Valentin
The Squeaker (1963) - Krishna
The Black Cobra (1963) - Koks-Charly / Charley 'The Snow'
The Black Abbot (1963) - Thomas Fortuna
The Indian Scarf (1963) - Peter Ross
Scotland Yard vs. Dr. Mabuse (1963) - Inspector Joe Wright
Kali Yug: Goddess of Vengeance (1963) - Saddhu
The Secret of the Black Widow (1963) - Boyd
Piccadilly Null Uhr Zwolf (1963) - Whity Skipper
The Last Ride to Santa Cruz (1964) - José
Waiting Room to the Beyond (1964) - Shapiro
The Curse of the Hidden Vault (1964) - George
 1964 Winnetou 2 (Winnetou 2. Teil) - David 'Luke' Lucas, regia Harald Reinl
Secret of the Chinese Carnation (1964) - Speranzo
Traitor's Gate (1964) - Kane
Neues vom Hexer (1965) - Edwards
The Dirty Game (1965) - Russian Agent
Estambul 65 (1965) - Schenck
The Pleasure Girls (1965) - Nikko Stalmar
 1965 Pentru câțiva dolari în plus (Per qualche dollaro in più/For a Few Dollars More) - Juan Wild, The Hunchback (Indio's Gang)
Doctor Zhivago (1965) - Kostoyed
Our Man in Marrakesh (1966) - Jonquil
Circus of Fear (1966) - Manfred
Killer's Carnival (1966) - Gomez (Rio segment)
Target for Killing (1966) - Caporetti
La Sciapassare per l'Inferno (1966, unreleased)
L'uomo, l'orgoglio, la vendetta (1966, released in 1967) - Lt.Miguel Garcia, Carmen's Husband
Ognuno per sé (1966, released in 1968) - Brent il Biondo
The Cats (1966, released in 1968, aka "I Bastardi") - Adam
 1967 Un glonte pentru general (El chuncho, quien sabe?), regia Damiano Damiani - El Santo
Creature with the Blue Hand (1967) - Dave Emerson / Richard Emerson
The Million Eyes of Sumuru (1967) - President Boong
Five Golden Dragons (1967) - Gert
Grand Slam (1967) - Erich Weiss
Hell Is Empty (1967)
Shoot Twice (1968) - Victor Barret / Dingus
Coplan Saves His Skin (1968) - Theler
Psychopath (Mister Zehn Prozent - Miezen und Moneten) (1968) - Periwinkle
If You Meet Sartana Pray for Your Death (1968) - Morgan
The Vatican Affair (1968) - Clint Rogers
Giugno '44 - Sbarcheremo in Normandia (1968)
The Great Silence (1968) - Tigrero / Loco
Five for Hell (1969) - SS Col. Hans Mueller
Kampf um Rom II - Der Verrat (1969)
Marquis de Sade: Justine (1969) - Marquis de Sade
Double Face (1969, aka "A Doppia Faccia") - John Alexander
Gangster's Law (1969) - Quintero
Il dito nella piaga (1969) - Cpl. Brian Haskins / Norman Carr
Venus in Furs (1969, aka "Paroxismus") - Ahmed Kortobaw
Sartana the Gravedigger (1969) - Hot Dead

Anii 1970

The Naughty Cheerleader (1970) - Juan José Ignatio Rodriguez de Calderon / 'Sam'
And God Said to Cain (1970) - Gary Hamilton
Count Dracula (1970) - Reinfierd
La peau de torpedo (1970) - Pavel Richko / Torpédo I
Rendezvous with Dishonour (1970) - Evagoras
Churchill's Leopards (1970) - Hauptsturmführer Holtz
Rough Justice (1970, aka "La Belva") - Johnny Laster
A Barrel Full of Dollars (1971) - Hagen / Slander
Lo chiamavano King (1971) - Brian Foster
Slaughter Hotel (1971) - Dr. Francis Clay
Giù le mani... carogna! (Django Story) (1971)
La vendetta è un piatto che si serve freddo (1971) - Prescott
Prega il morto e ammazza il vivo (1971) - Dan Hogan
Nella stretta morsa del ragno (1971) - Edgar Allan Poe
Il venditore di morte (1971) - Chester Conway
Eye of the Spider (1971) - Hans Fischer
Black Killer (1971) - James Webb / Black Killer
A Fistful of Death (1971) - Reverend Cotton
Il ritorno di Clint il solitario (1972) - Scott
Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes (1972) - Don Lope de Aguirre
Death Smiles at a Murderer (1973) - Dr. Sturges
La mano spietata della legge (1973) - Vito Quattroni
The Fighting Fist of Shanghai Joe (1973) - Scalper Jack
The Hand That Feeds the Dead (1974) - Prof. Nijinski
Lover of the Monster (1974) - Dr. Alex Nijinski
Heroes in Hell (1974) - Gen. Kaufmann
Chi ha rubato il tesoro dello scia? (1974)
Footprints on the Moon (1975) - Professor Blackmann
L'important c'est d'aimer (1975) - Karl-Heinz Zimmer
Return of Shanghai Joe (1975) - Pat Barnes
Lifespan (1975) - Nicholas Ulrich
Un genio, due compari, un pollo (1975) - Doc Foster
Das Netz (1975) - Emilio Bossi
Jack the Ripper (1976) - Dr. Dennis Orloff
Golden Night (1976) - Michel Fournier
Operation Thunderbolt (1977) - Wilfried Boese
Madame Claude (1977) - Alexander Zakis
Death of a Corrupt Man (1977) - Nicolas Tomski
The Song of Roland (1978) - Roland / Klaus
Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979) - Contele Dracula
Zoo Zéro (1979) - Yavé, le directeur du zoo
Woyzeck (1979) - Woyzeck

Anii 1980

Haine (1980) - Le motard
Schizoid (1980) - Pieter Fales
La Femme Enfant (1980) - Marcel
Love and Money (1980, relansat în 1982) - Frederic Stockheinz
Fruits of Passion (1981) - Sir Stephen
Venom (1981) - Jacmel
Buddy Buddy (1981) - Dr. Hugo Zuckerbrot
Fitzcarraldo (1982) - Brian Sweeney Fitzgerald - 'Fitzcarraldo'
The Soldier (1982) - Dracha
Android (1982) - Dr. Daniel
Code Name: Wild Geese (1984) - Charlton
The Little Drummer Girl (1984) - Martin Kurtz
The Secret Diary of Sigmund Freud (1984) - Dr. Max Bauer
Creature (1985, aka "The Titan Find") - Hans Rudy Hofner
Kommando Leopard (1985) - Silveira
El caballero del dragón (sau Star Knight) (1985) - Boetius
Revenge of the Stolen Stars (1985) - Donald McBride
Crawlspace (1986) - Karl Gunther
Grandi cacciatori (1986, released in 1988) - Klaus Naginsky
Vampire in Venice (1986, released in 1988) ca Nosferatu
Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre: Beauty and the Beast (1986) - the Beast
Timestalkers (1987) (TV) - Dr. Joseph Cole
Cobra Verde (1987) - Francisco Manoel da Silva / Cobra Verde
Kinski Paganini (1989) - Niccolò Paganini (ultimul său film la care a lucrat; singurul film ca regizor)

Note

Legături externe

 Kinski Uncut review
 Klaus Kinski - Actor, Director and Fruitcake With Extra Nuts

Vezi și
Listă de actori germani

Nașteri în 1926
Decese în 1991
Actori germani

Klaus Kinski


فلة الجزائرية  (23 أبريل 1961-) مغنية جزائرية.

عن حياتها
ولدت في فرنسا وبالتحديد في باريس اسمها فلة عبابسة. هي من أسرة من فنانين والدها، عبد الحميد عبابسة" كان يؤدي الأغنية الصحراوية الجزائرية ولها شقيقة تغني العاصمي الجزائري وإسمها "نعيمة عبابسة".

حياتها الأسرية
تزوجت من رجل جزائري يعمل بالحرس الجمهوري  في السادسة عشرة  وأنجبت منه ابنة اسمها «سعيدة»، وتطلقت ثم تزوجت رجل اعمال  كويتي ثم فنان عراقي ثم تركي ثم قطري  وكانت تعمل كمغنية في الإذاعات البريطانية، وأحيت سهرات في الجزائر وفرنسا عادت إلى الجزائر  فانتهت هذه المرحلة من حياتها بطلاقها وعودتها إلى الفن، حققت انتشارا عربيا وشهرة بعد ألبوم «تشكرات» والذي الذي صدر عام 2003 بعد تقيعها عقدا مع شركة روتانا وart الموسيقى، كمنتج وموزع لأعمالها.

قضيتها في مصر ومنعها من الدخول إليها
عام 1996 حكم فيها حضوريا بالحبس ثلاث سنوات، وتم ترحيلها على إثرها. ووضع اسمها ضمن الممنوعين من دخول البلاد لتورطها في قضية «آداب» تحمل رقم 4275 جنح مدينة نصر، حاولت بعد ثورة خمسة وعشرين يناير 2011 حاولت العودة وتم احتجازها في المطار وبدأت محاولات لتدخل البلاد بإجرائها العديد من الاتصالات الهاتفية بمعارفها من المسؤولين في القاهرة، وعلى رأسهم مسؤلوا دار الأوبرا التي حضرت بدعوة خاصة منهم، لإحياء إحدى حفلات مهرجان الموسيقى العربية، والذي تم حيث تضمنت المكالمة تأكيدا شخصيا منها على أن قضيتها ليست «آداب»، وإنما مجرد مكالمة هاتفية سُجلت لها في عهد وزير الداخلية الأسبق حبيب العادلي، ولفقت لها القضية، فأرسلت لها دار الأوبرا أحد مندوبيها العاملين في إدارة العلاقات العامة للنظر في سبب استيقافها بالمطار، ومحاولة تسهيل إنهاء إجراءاتها، لكن الأخير فشل في ذلك لاصطدامه برجال الأمن هناك الذين أطلعوه على تفاصيل الأزمة وإدراجها على قوائم الممنوعين من دخول البلاد.

خلافاتها
لفلة العديد من الخلافات ومنها مع مدير عام شركة روتانا سالم الهندي والذي بسببه فسخ العقد مع الشركة بحجة انها لا تحقق مبيعات للشركة وأيضا مع لطيفة التونسية بعد قضيتها في مصر واتهامها بممارسة الدعارة في مصر والذي تتسبب بمنعها من دخول مصر إلى الآن وبعد ثورة 25 يناير 2011 حاولت العودة إليها لكنه تم ارجاعها من مطار القاهرة  والخلاف مع اصالة نصري التي انتقدت بشكل لاذع كليبها مع زين شاكر ووصفته بأنه اسوأ صباح في حياتها وبعدها اعتذرت اصاله لها وعند وفاة أخوها ايهم قدمت فلة لها التعازي وفي يناير 2019 أعلنت الصلح مع لطيفة بعد تدخل الفنانة هيفاء وهبي كوسيط بينهما

الاعتزال والعودة
في مارس 2018 أعلنت قرارها باعتزال الفن، في بث مباشر عبر قناة النهار الجزائرية. وأكدت أن قرار الاعتزال يعود أساساً إلى المشاكل الفنية المظلمة التي تعيشها بصفة شخصية، كاشفة وهي تذرف الدموع، أنها كانت تتألم بسبب الإقصاء والتهميش اللذين يمارسان ضدها في بلادها، كما اشتكت التهميش الذي يطال ايضاً قطاع الفن في الجزائر، حسب موقع لها الفني طالبة من جمهورها أن يسامحهاً وفي أبريل وبعد شهر من قرارها الاعتزال أعلنت تراجعها عنه.

جوائز
(2018): جائزة «سعاد محمد» للدورة الثانية لمهرجان «قديم وجديد» الذي نظمه مكتب الأمم المتحدة للفنون لمنطقة الشرق الأوسط وإفريقيا.

ألبومات

فيديو كليبات

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
فرنسيون من أصل جزائري
فرنسيون مهاجرون إلى الجزائر
فنانو روتانا
فنانو مجموعة يونيفرسال الموسيقية
مغنون من باريس
مغنيات جزائريات في القرن 20
مغنيات جزائريات في القرن 21
ممثلات أفلام جزائريات
ممثلات تلفزيون جزائريات
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1381 هـ
مواليد 1384 هـ
مواليد 1958
مواليد 1961
مواليد في الجزائر
ممثلات جزائريات في القرن 20
ممثلات جزائريات في القرن 21

فلة الجزائرية


Die North Harbour International 2006 im Badminton fanden vom 9. bis zum 11. Juni 2006 statt.

Sieger und Platzierte

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=B9850FB0-C569-401E-88A1-8F859524B385

2006
Badminton 2006

North Harbour International 2006


النخلة هي بلدة لبنانية في قضاء الكورة - لبنان الشمالي تبلغ مساحتها حوالي 8 كلم2 وتعلو عن سطح البحر من 250 إلى 340 m وعدد سكانها الحاليين يقدر ب 17.000 نسمة، تبعد عن طرابلس 10 كلم وعن بيروت 84 كلم وفيها عدد كبير من الآثار والنواويس وغابات السنديان وحقول الزيتون التي تغطي جزء كبير منها ومن أهم معالمها «عين النخلة».هي ذات أغلبية سنية وتحوي مسجد السلطان الناصر صلاح الدين الأيوبي ومسجد الخلفاء الراشدين وكنيسة مار نهرا وكنيسة مار الياس للروم الأرثذوكس وكنيسة مار جرجس. لها عدة مداخل رئيسية منها:
طريق ضهر العين-النخلة
طريق بتوراتيج-النخلة
طريق برسا-النخلة
طريق بترومين -النخلة
طريق عابا-النخلة
يحدها من الشمال ضهر العين ورأسمسقا والجنوب عابا وبدبا ومن الشرق بتوراتيج والغرب برسا وبترومين.ويتألف المجلس البلدي من 9 أعضاء والمجلس الاختياري من 2 .وتشهد البلدة نهضة عمرانية كبيرة وازدياد سكاني ملحوظ

جغرافيتها
هي مبنية على عدة تلال تبعد عن العاصمة بيروت 84 كلم وعن طرابلس 10 كلم في الاتجاه الجنوب الغربي وتعلو 340م عن سطح البحر، مساحتها 8 كلم² رابع بلدات الكورة من حيث المساحة. عدد سكانها الأصليين حوالي 2000 نسمة وسكانها الحاليين حوالي 17 الف نسمة. ولها عدة مداخل رئيسية:
 طريق ضهر العين - النخلة
 طريق عابا - النخلة
 طريق بتوراتيج -النخلة
 طريق برسا - النخلة
 طريق بيترومين - النخلة

أهم زراعاتها زراعة الزيتون وتبلغ 50 في المئة من مجموع مساحة البلدة وفيها أيضا الليمون والعنب والرمان وغابات السنديان والصنوبر.

معالمها
فيها عدد كبير من النواويس والمغاوير والكهوف والآبار البيزنطية اللبنانية فيها مسجدين الأول مسجد السلطان صلاح الدين الأيوبي والثاني مسجد الخلفاء الراشدين وكنيسة مار نهرا ومار الياس ومار جرجس. وأهم معالمها «عين النخلة» التي تقع في قلب وادي النخلة الجميل ذات الطبيعة الخلابة، و«الشير الأحمر» وهو مجموعة صخور مرتفعة في حي القلع.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء الكورة
مدن لبنان

نخلة (الكورة)


An Platystele vetulus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz. An Platystele vetulus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platystele, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platystele

Platystele vetulus


Esterházy, mađarska velikaška obitelj porijeklom iz plemena Salomon. U 17. stoljeću dobili su naslov barunâ od Gálanthe, prema svom dvoru i posjedu u Galanti u današnjoj Slovačkoj. Imali su posjede i na teritoriju Kraljevine Hrvatske te su sudjelovali u njenom javnom životu.

U 15. stoljeću nosili su naslov de Zerház iz čega je izvedeno njihovo obiteljsko ime. Prvi poznati predak obitelji bio je Nikola de genere Salomon, koji se spominje sredinom 13. stoljeća. U 15. stoljeću članovi obitelji su zabilježeni kao de Salamonwatha dictus de Zerház, a potom kao de Ezterház. Obiteljsko ime s pridjevkom de Gálantha prvi je koristio Benedikt u prvoj polovici 16. stoljeća. Benediktov sin Franjo (1532. – 1604.) ostavio je trojicu sinova: Nikolu (1582–1645), Danijela (1580–1654) i Pavla (1581–1641), koji su utemeljili tri glavne linije obitelji Esterházy. Sva trojica braća, zajedno s četvrtim bratom Gabrijelom († 1618.), čija je loza izumrla 1670. godine, dobili su naslov barunâ od Gálanthe od kralja Matije II. Habsburga (1608. – 1619.).

Nikola je obnašao dužnost ugarskog palatina, a sudjelovao je i u javnom životu u Hrvatskoj. Njegov sin Pavao (1635,–1712.) bio je također ugarski palatin, a dobio je i naslov kneza. Pavlov sin Nikola Antun († 1695.) je bio svećenik i od 1688. godine naslovni kninski biskup. Pavlov nećak Josip (1682. – 1748.) bio je hrvatski ban (1733. – 1741.). Josipov nećak Franjo (1715. – 1785.) bio je 1783. godine imenovan hrvatskim banom.

Danijelova loza imala je posjed Csesznek i stekla je grofovski naslov 1683. godine. Iz te loze je zagrebački biskup i ostrogonski nadbiskup Emerik Esterházy († 1745.).

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Esterházy - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Esterházy - Hrvatski biografski leksikon

Mađarsko plemstvo
Hrvatske plemićke obitelji

Esterházy


Hrvatska je nastupila na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama u Pyongyangu 2018. godine.

Popis hrvatskih reprezentativaca na ZOI 2018.
Hrvatsku je ZOI 2018. predstavljalo 20 natjecatelja u 4 športova.

Alpsko skijanje

Kombinacija

Slalom

Veleslalom

Super-G

Spust

Bob

Bob dvosjed

Bob četverosjed

Sanjkanje

Nordijsko skijanje

Slobodni stil

Sprint Class

15 km + 15 km skiathlon (M)

Izvori

2018 ZOI

Hrvatska na ZOI 2018.


Terence Francis Eagleton  (born 22 February 1943) is an English literary theorist, critic, and public intellectual. He is currently Distinguished Professor of English Literature at Lancaster University.

Eagleton has published over forty books, but remains best known for Literary Theory: An Introduction (1983), which has sold over 750,000 copies. The work elucidated the emerging literary theory of the period, as well as arguing that all literary theory is necessarily political. He has also been a prominent critic of postmodernism, publishing works such as The Illusions of Postmodernism (1996) and After Theory (2003). He argues that, influenced by postmodernism, cultural theory has wrongly devalued objectivity and ethics. His thinking is influenced by Marxism and Christianity.

Formerly the Thomas Warton Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford (1992–2001) and John Edward Taylor Professor of Cultural Theory at the University of Manchester (2001–2008), Eagleton has held visiting appointments at universities around the world including Cornell, Duke, Iowa, Melbourne, Trinity College Dublin, and Yale.

Eagleton delivered Yale University's 2008 Terry Lectures and the University of Edinburgh's 2010 Gifford Lecture entitled The God Debate. He gave the 2010 Richard Price Memorial Lecture at Newington Green Unitarian Church, speaking on "The New Atheism and the War on Terror". In 2009, he published a book which accompanied his lectures on religion, entitled Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate.

Early life
Eagleton was born in Salford, Greater Manchester, England on 22 February 1943 to Francis Paul Eagleton and his wife, Rosaleen (née Riley) Eagleton. He grew up in a working-class Catholic family of Irish descent in Salford, with roots in County Galway. His mother's side of the family had strong Irish republican sympathies. He served as an altar boy at a local Carmelite convent where he was responsible for escorting novice nuns taking their vows, a role referred to in the title of his memoir The Gatekeeper (2002).

Education and academia
Eagleton was educated at De La Salle College, a Roman Catholic grammar school in Pendleton, Salford. In 1961, he went to read English at Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he graduated with first-class honours. He later described his undergraduate experience as a "waste of time". In 1964, he moved to Jesus College, Cambridge, where as a junior research fellow and doctoral student, he became the youngest fellow at the college since the 18th century. He was supervised by Raymond Williams. It was during this period that his socialist convictions began to take hold, and he edited a radical Catholic leftist periodical called Slant.

In 1969, he moved to the University of Oxford where he became a fellow and tutor of Wadham College (1969–1989), Linacre College (1989–1993) and St Catherine's College, becoming Thomas Warton Professor of English in 1992. At Wadham, Eagleton ran a well-known seminar on Marxist literary theory which, in the 1980s, metamorphosed into the radical pressure group Oxford English Limited and its journal News from Nowhere: Journal of the Oxford English Faculty Opposition, to which he contributed several pieces. In 2001, Eagleton left Oxford to become the John Edward Taylor Professor of English at the University of Manchester.

Career
Eagleton began his literary studies with the 19th and 20th centuries, then conformed to the stringent academic Marxism of the 1970s. He then published an attack on his mentor Williams's relation to the Marxist tradition in the pages of the New Left Review, in the mode of the French critic Louis Althusser. In the 1960s, he became involved with the left-wing Catholic group Slant, authoring a number of theological articles (including A Marxist Interpretation of Benediction), as well as a book Towards a New Left Theology. A major turning point was his Criticism & Ideology (1976) in which Eagleton discusses various theorists and critics from F. R. Leavis and (his tutor) Raymond Williams to Pierre Macherey. This earliest response to Theory is critical and substantive with Eagleton supplying a dense web of categories for "a materialist criticism" which situates the author as well as the text in the general mode of production, the literary mode of production and particular ideologies. In chapter 4 he gives a thorough overview of one theme in the English context – "organicist concepts of society" or "community" – as worked by petty-bourgeois Victorian writers, from George Eliot to D. H. Lawrence, and how this determines textual form in each instance.

Literary Theory and After Theory
In Literary Theory: An Introduction (1983, revised 1996), Eagleton surveys the history of theoretical approaches to literature, from its beginnings with Matthew Arnold, through formalism, psychoanalysis, and structuralism, to post-structuralism. In the process, he demonstrates what is the thesis of the book: that theory is necessarily political. Theory is always presented as if it is unstained by point of view and is neutral, but in fact it is impossible to avoid having a political perspective. Peter Barry has said of the book that it "greatly contributed to the 'consolidation' of literary theory and helped to establish it firmly on the undergraduate curriculum". Eagleton's approach to literary criticism is one firmly rooted in the Marxist tradition, though he has also incorporated techniques and ideas from more recent modes of thought as structuralism, Lacanian analysis and deconstruction. As his memoir The Gatekeeper recounts, Eagleton's Marxism has never been solely an academic pursuit. He was active in the International Socialists (along with Christopher Hitchens) and then the Workers' Socialist League whilst in Oxford. He has been a regular contributor to the London Review of Books.

After Theory (2003) was written two decades later, after the end of the great period of High Theory – the cultural theory of Foucault, the postmodernists, Derrida, et al. Looking back, Eagleton evaluates its achievements and failures, and proposes new directions needing to be pursued. He considers that among the great achievements of Theory were the expansion of objects of study (to include gender, sexuality, popular culture, post-colonialism, etc.), and the wide-ranging self-reflective criticism of traditional assumptions. But in Eagleton's estimation there were also many serious mistakes, for instance: the assault on the normative and the insistence on the relativity of truth leaves us powerless to criticize oppression; the rejection of objectivity and (excessively) of all forms of essentialism bespeak an unrecognized idealism, or at least a blindness to our human materiality, ultimately born of an unconscious fear of death; and cultural studies has wrongly avoided consideration of ethics, which for Eagleton is inextricably tied to a proper politics. It is virtue and politics and how they may be realized, among other things, that Eagleton offers as new avenues needing to be explored by cultural studies. After Theory fleshes out this political aspect, tied to ethics, growing out of the fact that humans exist in neediness and dependency on others, their freedom bounded by the common fact of death.

Dawkins, Hitchens and the New Atheism
Eagleton has become a vocal critic of what has been called the New Atheism. In October 2006, he published a review of Richard Dawkins's The God Delusion in the London Review of Books. Eagleton begins by questioning Dawkins's methodology and understanding: "Imagine someone holding forth on biology whose only knowledge of the subject is the Book of British Birds, and you have a rough idea of what it feels like to read Richard Dawkins on theology." Eagleton further writes, "Nor does [Dawkins] understand that because God is transcendent of us (which is another way of saying that he did not have to bring us about), he is free of any neurotic need for us and wants simply to be allowed to love us." He concludes by suggesting Dawkins has not been attacking organised faith so much as a sort of rhetorical straw man:

Terry and Gifford Lectures
In April 2008 Eagleton delivered Yale University's Terry Lectures, with the title Faith and Fundamentalism: Is belief in Richard Dawkins necessary for salvation?, constituting a continuation of the critique he had begun in The London Review of Books. Introducing his first lecture with an admission of ignorance of both theology and science, Eagleton goes on to affirm: "All I can claim in this respect, alas, is that I think I may know just about enough theology to be able to spot when someone like Richard Dawkins or Christopher Hitchens – a couplet I shall henceforth reduce for convenience to the solitary signifier Ditchkins – is talking out of the back of his neck." An expanded version of these lectures was published in 2009 as Reason, Faith, and Revolution:  Reflections on the God Debate.

Football
Eagleton sees football as a new opium of the people distracting ordinary people from more serious, important social concerns. Eagleton is pessimistic as to whether this distraction can be ended:

Criticism of Martin and Kingsley Amis

In late 2007, a critique of Martin Amis included in the introduction to a 2007 edition of Eagleton's book Ideology was widely reprinted in the British press. In it, Eagleton took issue with Amis' widely quoted writings on "Islamism", directing particular attention to one specific passage from an interview with Ginny Dougary published in The Times on 9 September 2006.

Eagleton criticised Amis and expressed surprise as to its source, stating: "[these are] not the ramblings of a British National Party thug ... but the reflections of Martin Amis, leading luminary of the English metropolitan literary world." He drew a connection between Amis and his father (the novelist Kingsley Amis). Eagleton went on to write that Martin Amis had learned more from his father – whom Eagleton described as a reactionary "racist, anti-Semitic boor, a drink-sodden, self-hating reviler of women, gays and liberals" – than merely "how to turn a shapely phrase." Eagleton added there was  "something rather stomach-churning at the sight of those such as Amis and his political allies, champions of a civilisation that for centuries has wreaked untold carnage throughout the world, shrieking for illegal measures when they find themselves for the first time on the sticky end of the same treatment."

The essay became a cause célèbre in British literary circles. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, a commentator for The Independent, wrote an article about the affair, to which Amis responded via open letter, calling Eagleton "an ideological relict ... unable to get out of bed in the morning without the dual guidance of God and Karl Marx." Amis said the views Eagleton attributed to him as his considered opinion was in fact his spoken description of a tempting urge, in relation to the need to "raise the price" of terrorist actions. Eagleton's personal comments on Kingsley Amis prompted a further response from Kingsley's widow, the novelist Elizabeth Jane Howard. Howard wrote to The Daily Telegraph, noting that for a supposed "anti-semitic homophobe", it was peculiar that the only guests at the Howard–Amis nuptials were either Jewish or gay. As Howard explained, "Kingsley was never a racist, nor an anti-Semitic boor. Our four great friends who witnessed our wedding were three Jews and one homosexual." Colin Howard, Howard's homosexual brother, called Eagleton "a little squirt", adding that Sir Kingsley, far from being homophobic, had extended an affectionate friendship to him and helped him come to terms with his sexuality.

Eagleton defended his comments about Martin and Kingsley Amis in The Guardian, claiming the main bone of contention – the substance of Amis' remarks and views – had been lost amid the media furore.

Critical reactions
William Deresiewicz wrote of After Theory, Eagleton's book, as follows... :

The novelist and critic David Lodge, writing in the May 2004 New York Review of Books on Theory and After Theory, concluded:

Jonathan Bate stressed the importance of Eagleton's Roman Catholic background in "Saint Terence", a 1991 review-essay in the London Review of Books prior to the overt religious turn in Eagleton's later works.

Personal life
Eagleton has been married twice. His first marriage was to Rosemary Galpin, a nurse; his second marriage was to American academic Willa Murphy. They have since divorced. Eagleton has five children: Dominic Eagleton, Daniel Eagleton, the journalist Oliver Eagleton, Alice Eagleton and Owen Eagleton. His daughter-in-law is theatre director Andrea Ferran.

Publications
 The New Left Church [as Terence Eagleton] (1966)
 Shakespeare and Society: Critical Studies in Shakespearean Drama (1967)
 Exiles and Émigrés: Studies in Modern Literature (1970)
 The Body as Language: Outline of a New Left Theology (1970)
 Myths of Power: A Marxist Study of the Brontës (1975)
 Criticism & Ideology (1976)
 Marxism and Literary Criticism (1976)
 Walter Benjamin, or Towards a Revolutionary Criticism (1981)
 The Rape of Clarissa: Writing, Sexuality, and Class Struggle in Samuel Richardson (1982)
 Literary Theory: An Introduction (1983)
 The Function of Criticism (1984)
 Saints and Scholars (1987; a novel)
 Raymond Williams: Critical Perspectives (1989; editor)
 Saint Oscar (1989; a play about Oscar Wilde)
 The Significance of Theory (1989)
 The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990)
 Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature (1990)
 Ideology: An Introduction (1991–2007)
 Wittgenstein: The Terry Eagleton Script, The Derek Jarman Film (1993)
 Literary Theory (1996)
 The Illusions of Postmodernism (1996)
 Heathcliff and the Great Hunger (1996)
 Marx (1997)
 Crazy John and the Bishop and Other Essays on Irish Culture (1998)
 The Idea of Culture (2000)
 The Truth about the Irish (2001)
 The Gatekeeper: A Memoir (2002)
 Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic  (2002)
 After Theory (2003)
 Figures of Dissent: Reviewing Fish, Spivak, Zizek and Others (2003)
 The English Novel: An Introduction (2005)
 Holy Terror (2005)
 The Meaning of Life (2007)
 How to Read a Poem (2007)
 Trouble with Strangers: A Study of Ethics (2008)
 Literary Theory, Anniversary Edition (2008)
 Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate (2009)
 The Task of the Critic: Terry Eagleton in Dialogue with Matthew Beaumont (2009)
 On Evil (2010)
 Why Marx Was Right (2011)
 The Event of Literature (2012)
 Across the Pond: An Englishman's View of America (2013)
 How to Read Literature (2013)
 Culture and the Death of God (2014)
 Hope without Optimism (2015)
 Culture (2016)
 Materialism (2017)
 Radical Sacrifice (2018)
 Humour (2019)
 Tragedy (2020)
 Critical Revolutionaries: Five Critics Who Changed the Way We Read (2022), Yale UP

Reviews
 Womak, Peter (1982), Benjamin, Eagleton and Goldmann, which includes a review of Walter Benjamin, or Towards a Revolutionary Criticism, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 47 & 48,

See also
 Christian communism
 Marxist cultural analysis

References

Further reading
 James Smith, "Terry Eagleton", Polity, 2008.

External links

 Some articles by Eagleton, London Review of Books website

1943 births
20th-century English non-fiction writers
20th-century English philosophers
21st-century English non-fiction writers
21st-century English philosophers
21st-century English memoirists
Academics of Lancaster University
Academics of the University of Manchester
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British literary theorists
Catholic socialists
Critics of atheism
Critics of postmodernism
Deconstruction
English expatriates in Ireland
English literary critics
English male non-fiction writers
English Marxists
English people of Irish descent
English Roman Catholics
English socialists
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Fellows of Linacre College, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford
Living people
Marxist theorists
English Marxist writers
People from Salford
Philosophers of art
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of literature
Political philosophers
Socialist Workers Party (UK) members
Deutscher Memorial Prize winners
Wittgensteinian philosophers

Terry Eagleton