A stretcher, gurney, litter, or pram is an apparatus used for moving patients who require medical care. A basic type (cot or litter) must be carried by two or more people. A wheeled stretcher (known as a gurney, trolley, bed or cart) is often equipped with variable height frames, wheels, tracks, or skids.
Stretchers are primarily used in acute out-of-hospital care situations by emergency medical services (EMS), military, and search and rescue personnel. In medical forensics the right arm of a corpse is left hanging off the stretcher to let paramedics know it is not a wounded patient. They are also used to hold prisoners during lethal injections in the United States.

History

An early stretcher, likely made of wicker over a frame, appears in a manuscript from . Simple stretchers were common with militaries right through the middle of the 20th century.

Gurney
Generally spelled gurney, but also guerney or girney. The first usage of the term for a wheeled stretcher is unclear, but it is believed to have been derived from Pacific Coast slang. Its use in a hospital context was established by the 1930s.

Classification

EMS stretchers used in ambulances have wheels that makes transportation over pavement easier, and have a lock inside the ambulance and straps to secure the patient during transport. An integral lug on the stretcher locks into a sprung latch within the ambulance in order to prevent movement during transport. Modern stretchers may also have battery-powered hydraulics to raise and collapse the legs automatically. This eases the workload on EMS personnel, who are statistically at high risk of back injury from repetitive raising and lowering of patients. Specialized bariatric stretchers are also available, which feature a wider frame and higher weight capacity for heavier patients. Stretchers are usually covered with a disposable sheet or wrapping, and are cleaned after each use to prevent the spread of infection. Shelves, hooks and poles for medical equipment and intravenous medication are also frequently included.

Standard stretchers have several adjustments. The bed can be raised or lowered to facilitate patient transfer. The head of the stretcher can be raised so that the patient is in a sitting position (especially important for those in respiratory distress) or lowered flat in order to perform CPR, or for patients with suspected spinal injury who must be transported on a spinal board. The feet can be raised to what is called the Trendelenburg position, indicated for patients in shock.

Some manufacturers have begun to offer hybrid devices that combine the functionality of a stretcher, a recliner chair, and a treatment or procedural table into one device.

Basic stretchers

 Simple stretchers are the most rudimentary type. They are lightweight and portable, made of canvas or other synthetic material suspended between two poles or tubular aluminum frame. Many are stored as disaster supplies and are often former military equipment.
 The folding stretcher, also known as a top deck or collapsible stretcher, is similar in design to the simple stretcher, but features one or more hinged points of articulation to allow the stretcher to be collapsed into a more compact form for easier handling or storage. Some models may even allow the patient to sit upright in a Fowler's or Semi-Fowler's position.
 The Roberson orthopedic stretcher or scoop stretcher is used for lifting patients, for instance from the ground onto an ambulance stretcher or onto a spinal board. The two ends of the stretcher can be detached from each other, splitting the stretcher into two longitudinal halves. To load a patient, one or both ends of the stretcher are detached, the halves placed under the patient from either side and fastened back together. With obese patients, the possibility exists of accidentally pinching the patient's back when closing the stretcher, so care must be made not to injure them when carrying out this procedure.
 The litter, also known as a rescue basket or Stokes basket, is designed to be used where there are obstacles to movement or other hazards: for example, in confined spaces, on slopes, in wooded terrain. Typically it is shaped to accommodate an adult in a face up position and it is used in search and rescue operations. The person is strapped into the basket, making safe evacuation possible. The litter has raised sides and often includes a removable head/torso cover for patient protection. After the person is secured in the litter, the litter may be wheeled, carried by hand, mounted on an ATV, towed behind skis, snowmobile, or horse, lifted or lowered on high angle ropes, or hoisted by helicopter.
 A Reeves Sleeve, SKED, or "flexible stretcher" is a flexible stretcher that is often supported longitudinally by wooden or plastic planks. It is a kind of tarpaulin with handles. It is primarily used to move a patient through confined spaces, e.g., a narrow hallway, or to lift obese patients. Reeves stretchers have six handholds, allowing multiple rescuers to assist extrication.
 The WauK board is also designed for use in small spaces. The patient is secured to the board with straps. It has two wheels and a foldable footrest at one end, allowing the patient to be moved by one person, much as with a hand truck for moving cargo. It can also be used at a variety of angles, making it easier to traverse obstacles, such as tight stairwells.
 The Neil Robertson stretcher is a stretcher designed for securely transporting injured individuals through narrow and confined spaces, such as steep ladders, small hatchways, and narrow passages. The Neil Robertson stretcher is widely used in maritime settings, particularly by naval forces and maritime rescue team.

Wheeled stretchers
For ambulances, a collapsible wheeled stretcher, or gurney, is a type of stretcher on a variable-height wheeled frame. Normally, an integral lug on the stretcher locks into a sprung latch within the ambulance in order to prevent movement during transport, often referred to as antlers due to their shape. It is usually covered with a disposable sheet and cleaned after each patient in order to prevent the spread of infection. Its key value is to facilitate moving the patient and sheet onto a fixed bed or table on arrival at the emergency department. Both types may have straps to secure the patient.

Other types of stretchers
 The Nimier stretcher (brancard Nimier) was a type of stretcher used by the French army during World War I. The casualty was placed on their back, but in a "seated position", (that is, the thighs were perpendicular to the abdomen). Thus, the stretcher was shorter and could turn in the trenches. This type of stretcher is rarely seen today.

See also

 Battlefield medicine
 Camp bed
 Casualty movement
 Hospital bed
 Litter (rescue basket)
 Spinal board
 Trolley (disambiguation)

References

External links

Medical transport devices
Beds
Medical equipment
Ambulances
Hand barrows

Stretcher


گايوس پلينيوس سـِكوندوس Gaius Plinius Secundus (ع.23 - 25 أغسطس 79م). اشتهر باسم پليني الأكبر، كتب الكثير من الأعمال التاريخية والفنية التي لم يتبق منها سوى 37 مجلدًا من التاريخ الطبيعي، علمًا بأن هذا العمل كان يُستخدم في العصور الوسطى، وقيمته الوحيدة الآن هي أنه يكشف عن المعرفة العلمية خلال فترة بليني، ويعتبر بليني الأكبر أشهر مؤرخ روماني على الإطلاق فقد كانت كتاباته الجغرافية والتاريخية والطبيعية لها حيّز كبير في إثراء الثقافة الرومانيّة في تلك الحقبة.

وُلد بليني في نوڤوم كوموم (كومو الآن) في شمالي إيطاليا. وعمل محاميًا، تولى مناصب حكومية مهمة، كان أدميرالاً على الأسطول الذي كان بالقرب من پومپي عندما ثار جبل ڤيزوڤ في عام 79م ومات هناك وهو يحاول إنقاذ اللاجئين.

حياته

لما ولد في كومو Como سمي بلينيوس كاسيليوس سكندس Plinius Caecilius Secundus. وكان لأبيه ضيعة وقصر صغير ذو حديقة قرب البحيرة، وكان يشغل منصباً كبيراً في المدينة، وتيتم وهو صغير فتبناه وعلمه أولاً فرجينيوس روفس Virginius Rufus وإلى ألمانيا العليا، ثم عمه كيوس بلينيوس سكندس Caius Plinius Secundus مؤلف كتاب التاريخ الطبيعي، وتبنى هذا العالم المجد أبن أخيه وأورثه ملكه ثم مات بعد ذلك بقليل، وتسمى الولد بأسم متبنيه كما جرت به العادة في تلك الأيام، وأدى ذلك إلى أرتباك في الأسماء ظل قائماً ألفي عام، وتلقى العلم في رومة على كونتليان، فنشأه على تذوق شيشرون، وإليه يرجع بعض الفضل في أسلوب بلني الشيشروني السلس، ولما بلغ الثامنة عشرة من عمره قيد في جدول المحامين، وفي التاسعة والثلاثين اختير لإلقاء خطاب ترحيب بتراجان، وفي السنة نفسها عُيّن قنصلاً؛ وفي عام 103 عُيّن عرّافاً؛ وفي عام 105 عُيّن «حارساً على مجرى التيبر وضفتيه وعلى مجاري المدينة»، ولم يكن يأخذ أجراً أو هدايا على أعماله القضائية، ولكنه كان واسع الثراء، في وسعه أن يكون كريماً عظيماً. وكانت له أملاك في إتروريا، وبنفنتم، وكومو، ولورنتم، وعرض ثلاثة ملايين سسترس ثمناً لملك آخر (31).

استراحة أدبية

في عهد نيرون عاش بليني أساساً في روما. ويذكر خريطة أرمنيا وما جاورها حول بحر القزوين، والتي أُرسلت إلى روما من حاشية كوربولو عام 58. كما شاهد أيضاً إنشاء البيت الذهبي الذي أقامه نيرون بعد حريق عام 64.

كاتب شهير

أتم بليني تاريخ أوقاته في 31 مجلد، الذي ربما امتد من عهد نيرون إلى عهد ڤسپاسيان، وتعمد ألا يـُنشر إلا بعد موته. وقد اقتبس منه تاكيتوس، وكان هذا المرجع أحد العـُمد التي سار على حذوها سويتونيوس وپلوتارخ، إلا أن هذا العمل الهام مفقود في العصر الحالي، مثله في ذلك مثل كل أعمال بيليني الأكبر الأخرى عدا «التاريخ الطبيعي».

وكان يفعل ما يفعله كثيرون من أشراف ذلك الوقت فيتسلى بالكتابة: كتب أولاً مأساة يونانية، ثم عدة قصائد، كلها خفيفة الروح، وبذيئة في بعض الأحيان، ولما للامه بعضهم على هذا أعترف بخطئه ولكنه لم يرجع عنه، وعرض مرة أخرى أن «يندفع في تيار المرح، والفكاهة واللهو، ويندمج في روح أشد أنواع الأدب خلاعة وفجوراً»(32). ولما سمع الناس يثنون على رسائله، ألّف بعضها لينشر، ونشرها في فترات متقطعة بين عامي 97، 109. وإذ لم يكن ينشر هذه الرسائل للجمهور فحسب، بل كان يقصد أيضاً أن تستمتع بها الأوساط التي يصفها فيها، فقد تجنب وصف النواحي القاتمة من الحياة الرومانية، وأغفل المسائل الفلسفية والسياسية الواسعة لأن فيها من الجد أكثر مما يتفق مع غرضه. وتنحصر قيمة هذه الرسائل في صدقها وظرفها، وفيما تضفيه الخلق الروماني وعلى أساليب الأشراف من أضواء وردية براقة.

ويكشف بلني عن نفسه بنصف الصراحة التي يكشف بها عن نفسه منتاني وبكل ما في كتابات منتاني من سلاسة التعبير. وهو يتصف بالغرور الذي يستطيع أي مؤلف أن يتحاشاه، ولكن صراحته في غروره هذا تجعله غروراً لا يكاد يسيء. انظر مثلاً إلى قوله: «إني لأعترف ألا شيء أقوى أثراً فيّ من الرغبة في أن يخلد اسمي»(33). وهو يقدر غيره كما يقدر نفسه، ويقول إن «في وسع الإنسان أن يثق بأن شخصاً ما يتصف بكثير من الفضائل إذا سمعه يعجب بفضائل غيره»(34)، ومهما تكن عيوب بلني فإن مما يستريح له الإنسان بعد دراسة جوفنال وتاستس، أن يستمع إلى مؤلف يثني على بني جنسه، ولقد كان كريماً في أعماله كما كان كريماً في أقواله، لا يتردد قط في أن يفعل المعروف، ويقرض المال، أو يقدم الهدايا، ولا يضن بعمل الخيرات على اختلاف أنواعها، سواء كانت شخصية كالبحث عن زوج لأبنة أخ صديق، أو زيادة ثروة المدينة التي ولد فيها. ولما وجد أن كونتليان عاجز عن أن يقدم لأبنته بائنة تليق بمقام الرجل الذي ستتزوج به، بعث إليها بخمسين ألف سسترس، واعتذر في الوقت نفسه عن حقارة الهدية (35). ووهب رفيقاً قديماً له في الدراسة ثلثمائة ألف سسترس، ليمكنه من أن ينضم إلى طبقة الفرسان؛ ولما وجد أن ابنة صديق له حُمّلت بعد موت أبيها بديون باهظة أداها كلها عنها، وأقرض مبلغاً كبيراً إلى فيلسوف نفاه دومتيان وتعرض بذلك لبعض الخطر، ووهب كومو هيكلاً، ومدرسة ثانوية، ومعهداً للأطفال الفقراء، وحمّاماً للبلدية، وأحد عشر ألف سسترس لإنشاء مكتبة عامة.

وأكثر ما يسر له الإنسان من صفاته هو حبه لموطنه، أو إن شئت فقل لمواطنه، وهو لا يذم رومة، ولكنه يكون أسعد حالاً في كومو أو لورنتم بالقرب من البحيرة أو البحر، وأهم ما كان يعمله هناك هو القراءة وعدم القيام بعمل ما. وهو يحب حدائقه، وما وراءها من المناظر الجبلية؛ ولم يكن عليه أن ينتظر روسو ليعلمه حب الطبيعة. وهو يتحدث بمنتهى الحنان عن زوجته الثالثة كلبيرنيا Calpurnia فيصف طبعها الحلو، وعقلها الصافي، وابتهاجاً بنجاحه، وحبها لكتبه، ويعتقد أنها قد قرأتها كلها وأنها تحفظ الكثير من صحائفها عن ظهر قلب، وقد لّحنت قصائده وغنتها، وكان لها قصة خاصة من الرسل يأتونها بجميع ما يحدث من التطورات أثناء نظره في قضية هامة. ولم تكن هي إلا واحدة من نساء كثيرات طيبات في محيطه.فهو يحدثنا عما تتصف به في الفتاة الرابعة عشرة من عمرها من تواضع، وصبر، وشجاعة. وكانت هذه الفتاة قد خطبت من وقت قصير ولكنها ما لبثت أن عرفت أنها مصابة بداء عضال لا تشفى منه، فأخذت تنتظر منيتها وهي مبتهجة (36). ويحدثنا كذلك عن زوجة بمبيوس سترنينس Pompeius Saturninus التي كانت رسائلها لزوجها أناشيد حب ونماذج باللغة اللاتينية الظريفة (37)؛ وعن فانيا Fannia أبنة ثرازيا Thrasaea التي قاست آلام النفي دون أن تشكو أو تتململ لأنها دافعت عن زوجها هلفديوس، والتي مرضت قريباً لها في أثناء إصابته بمرض خطر، فأصيبت بذلك المرض وقضى على حياتها؛ ثم يقول فيها: «ألا ما أكمل فضائلها، وطهرها، واستقامتها، وشجاعتها!»(38).

وكان له مائة صديق، بعضهم من العظماء، وكلهم من خيار الناس، وقد أنضم إلى تاستس في محاكمة ماريوس برسكس لخيانته وقسوته في أثناء ولايته على أفريقية، وصحح كلا الخطيبين خطبة صاحبه، وأثنى عليه أجمل الثناء. وأشاد تاستس بلني ورفعه إلى عنان السماء، حين قال إن عالم الأدب اعترف بهما زعيمي الكتاب في عصرهما (39)، وكان يعرف مارتيال، ولكنه يعرف من بعيد معرفة الأرستقراط. وأستصحب معه ستونيوس إلى بيثينيا، وساعده على التمتع بميزة من «له ثلاثة أبناء» دون أن يكون له ابن واحد. وكان محيطه يطن بهواة الأدب والموسيقى، وبمن ينشدون الشعر ويلقون الخطب على الجماهير. وفي ذلك يقول العالم بواسييه Boissier: «لست أعرف أن الأدب كان يحبه الناس في عصر من العصور بالقدر الذي كان يحبه به أهل ذلك العصر»(40). فقد كانوا يدرسون هومر وفرجيل على ضفاف الدانوب؛ وكانت البلاغة تزلزل نهري الرين والتيمز. لقد كان النصف الأعلى من ذلك المجتمع ظريفاً، أنيساً، محبوباً، غنياً بما فيه من أزواج متحابين، وآباء عاطفين، وسادة رحماء، وأصدقاء أوفياء، ومجاملات لطيفة. وقد جاء في إحدى الرسائل: «إني أقبل دعوتك للعشاء، ولكني أشترط عليك مقدماً أن تأذن لي بالخروج بعد قليل، وأن تكون مقتصداً فيما تقدمه إلي، وألا تجعل مائدتنا تزدحم إلا بالأحاديث الفلسفية، وحتى هذه دعنا نستمتع بها في نطاق محدد»(42).

وكان أكثر الرجال الذين يصفهم بلني من الأشراف الجدد الذين نشأوا في الولايات. ولم يكن هؤلاء ممن لا يقومون بعمل، لأنك لا تكاد تجد واحداً منهم لا يشغل منصباً عاماً أو لا يشترك في الإدارة البارعة التي كانت تدير شئون الإمبراطورية في عهد تراجان، وقد عُيّن بلني نفسه والياً على بيثينيا بعد أن كان بريتوراً في رومة ليعيد إلى بعض مدنها مقدرتها على أداء ديونها، وتشمل رسائله بعض الأسئلة الموجهة إلى الزعيم، ومعها إجابات تراجان السديدة. وهي تظهره بلني بمظهر الرجل الذي ينجز مهمته بمقدرة وأمانة، وشرف، وإن كانت تظهره أيضاً بمظهر الرجل الذي يعتمد على نصيحة الإمبراطور في كل صغيرة وكبيرة، وهو يرجو الإمبراطور في رسالته الأخيرة أن يغفر له إرساله زوجته المريضة في عربات البريد الإمبراطوري، ويختفي بلني بعد هذه الرسالة من ميدان الأدب والتاريخ، تاركاً وراءه ما يعوضنا عن فقده- صورة الروماني السميذع، لإيطاليا في أسعد أيامها.

التاريخ الطبيعي

إضاءات

برز اهتمام كبير بما ذكره عن صناعة ورق البردي، وعن الأنواع المختلفة من الصبغة القرمزية، بينما كان وصفه لتغريد العندليب مثالاً مفصلاً للبهجة التي كانت تغمر أسلوبه بين الفينة والأخرى. كما أعطى قصص شهود عيان عن تنجيم الذهب في هيسپانيا، والتي أكدتها الآثار الماثلة خاصة في لاس مدولاس.

ومن أشهر مأثورات وحكم پليني :
وبين تلك الأشياء، فإن شيئاً واحداً يبدو يقيناً - ألا وهو أنه لا يوجد شيء يقيني وأنه ليس هناك من شيء يدعو للشفقة، ولا أكثر غروراً من الإنسان.

بسبب علة عجيبة في العقل البشري، فإنه يسعدنا أن نخلد في سجلات التاريخ إراقة الدماء والمذابح، حتى نمكن الجاهل بحقائق العالم من أن يتعرف على جرائم البشرية.

الهامش

انظر أيضاً

 علم البراكين
 براتوس
 أطباء رومان قدماء
 علماء طبيعة
 تاريخ طبيعي

روابط خارجية

أدب لاتيني كلاسيكي
أشخاص من كومو
أميرالات رومان قدماء
جغرافيا عتيقة
جنود رومان قدماء
رومان في القرن 1
علماء رومان قدماء
فلاسفة رومانيون قدماء
فلاسفة من إيطاليا الرومانية
كتاب لاتينيون من العصر الفضي
مواليد 23
مواليد عقد 20
مواليد في كومو
موسوعيون رومان
وفيات 79
جغرافيون في القرن 1

بلينيوس الأكبر


Dreptunghiul de aur este un dreptunghi ale cărui proporții sunt bazate pe secțiunea de aur.

Bibliografie
 Matila Ghyka, Esthétique des Proportions dans la nature et dans les arts, Paris, Gallimard, 1927.
 Matila Ghyka, Le nombre d'or. Rites et rythmes pythagoriciens dans le développement de la civilisation occidentale. Tome 1 - Les Rythmes. Tome 2 - Les Rites; ouvrage précédé d'une lettre de Paul Valéry, Gallimard 1931.

Legături externe
Secțiunea de Aur:Povestea lui Phi, cel mai uimitor număr-Mario Livio
Hrant Arakelian. Mathematics and History of the Golden Section. Logos 2014, 404 p. ISBN 978-5-98704-663-0, (rus.)

Vezi și
Spirala de aur

Patrulatere
Secțiunea de aur

Dreptunghi de aur


James Wan (f. 26. febrúar 1977) er ástralskur kvikmyndagerðarmaður og framleiðandi. Hann hefur leikstýrt myndum, eins og Fast and the Furious 7, Conjuring myndirnar og fyrstu tvær Insidious myndunum.

Hann er einnig stofnandi kvikmyndafyrirtækisins Atomic Monster. James var fyrsti asíski leikstjórinn til að leikstýra tveimur kvikmyndum sem græddu yfir 1 milljarð dollara.

James Wan


الخُث أو التُرْب أو الطُرْب، ويسميه البعض البيتموس أو البطموس، إلا أن الكلمة العربية المرادفة له هي الخث، وهي نباتات متفحمة توجد بالأراضي الغدقة في المناطق المعتدلة. تتعفن ببطء في الطور الأول لتكون الفحم، وتتركب من الحزازيات ونباتات المستنقعات القصبية كالغاب والبوص، ويوجد منها نوعان يستغلان في التجارة:
 خث الزاز من سفاجنم.
 خث الوقود. وهو مادة قابلة للاشتعال

انظر أيضًا
 رخاخ

مراجع

العلاج بالمياه المعدنية
أنواع التربة
رواسب
فحم
محسنات التربة
مناطق رطبة
منتجات حرجية غير خشبية
مواد بناء مأخوذة من التربة
وقود صلب

خث


تعريف
الأنا كما وصفها فرويد هي شخصية المرء في أكثر حالاتها اعتدالاً بين الهو والأنا العليا، حيث تقبل بعض التصرفات من هذا وذاك، وتربطها بقيم المجتمع وقواعده، حيث من الممكن للأنا ان تقوم باشباع بعض الغرائز التي يطلبها الهو ولكن في صورة متحضرة يتقبلها المجتمع ولا ترفضها الأنا العليا.
مثال: عندما يشعر شخص بالجوع، فان ما تفرضه عليه غريزة البقاء (الهو) هو أن يأكل حتى لو كان الطعام نيئاً أو برياً، بينما ترفض قيم المجتمع والأخلاق (الأنا العليا) مثل هذا التصرف، بينما تقبل الأنا اشباع تلك الحاجة ولكن بطريقة متحضرة فيكون الأكل نظيفاً ومطهواً ومعد للاستهلاك الآدمي ولا يؤثر على صحة الفرد أو يؤذي المتعاملين مع من يشبع تلك الحاجة.

المراجع

انظر أيضاً

 الهي
 الأنا العليا

علم النفس

أنا (علم نفس)


تنورين هي إحدى البلدات الأساسيّة اللبنانية في قضاء البترون في محافظة الشمال. تنّـورين هي تجمّع بلدات في أعالي بلاد البترون أكبرها تنّورين الفوقا تليها تنّورين التحتا وشاتين ووطى حوب. وبالإضافة لما ذكر، فهناك العديد من المواقع والمحلّات (جمع محلّه) التي تؤلّف ما يُعرف ب تنّـورين التي تمتدّ على مساحة تقارب 92 كلم مربّع. عدد ســكّان تنّورين يناهز 16000 نسمة.

تمتد تنورين من دوما إلى حدود اليمونة، ومن حدود العاقورة إلى حدود بشري وحدث الجبة، وتقع بين واديين وادي القديسين ووادي نهر إبراهيم، وبين أفقا وأرز الرّب. ترتفع عن سطح البحر كمعدل وسطي 1450م.

تحتوي تنورين على عدد كبير من المقاهي، أقدمها وأشهرها مطعم ملتقى النهرين، كما وتم استحداث نشاطات لتسلّق الجبال بالتعاون مع المتسلق العالمي اللبناني الأصل ويل نزريان وجمعية RAD. هناك مستشفى حكومي في تنورين التحتا، ساهم في إنشائه ابن البلدة الوزير بطرس حرب.

الآثـار في تنّورين

الآثار:

في تنورين عدد كبير من الآثار التي تعود إلى الحقبات الفينيقية والرومانية واليونانية.
 ففي وطى حوب نقوش على الصخر تعود إلى القرن الثامن قبل الميلاد، عليها تمثال رجل ضخم يتوسط شخصان صغيران.
 دير مار أنطونيوس في حوب، يحفظ بقايا معبد ورسـوم فينيقية. كما عُثر عام 1936 على بقايا هيكل ذات حجارة متقنة النحت وجرن كبير كان يستعمل لحفظ دم الضحايا يتوسط فسحة مبلّطة حولها مقاعد من الحجر. كما وجدت بين الأنقاض، أيقونات نقش عليها اسم الإسكندر المقدوني ورسم الإله المشـتري، يحمل رمز الصاعقة في يمينه وصولجانًا في يسـراه. وأخرى كتب عليها «اسكندر الملك والإله والأب العطوف» إضافة إلى رسوم نسر ورأسـا رجل وامرأة مع كلِمَتَي «إلاهان أخوان».
 فيها أيضًا كتابات رومانية تمجّد القيصر أدريانوس وأخرى تحذّر قطع أنواع معينة من الأشجار. إضافة إلى حمامات وبيوت صحة وحصون مشيّدة لحماية القوافل من غزوات البدو.
 وفي تنورين آثار حائط روماني يشكل اليوم حدًا فاصلاً بين تنورين والعاقورة.
 بنى فيها الرومان أيضًا مرقبًا يعرف بمرقب عيتموت، وكان هذا البناء يطل على ما يجاور تنورين ليتصدّى لمن يقدم على قطع الأشجار.
 أمّا الآثار اليونانية، فهي عبارة عن أيقونات عليها رسم الإلهة إيزيس حامية الملاحة، لها قرنان وتحمل في يدها شـراع نفخة الريح وكتب بالأحرف اليونانية بيبلوس.

الأديرة والكنائـس في نطاق تنّورين

تحوّلت تنورين في أواخر القرن الخامس ميلادي إلى بلدة مارونية، فكانت ملجأً للموارنة الهاربين من الظلم والاضطهاد. فانتشرت فيها الكنائس والأديار، نذكر منها:
 دير مار أنطونيوس حوب: يقع على رابية في منطقة حوب، تشرف على وطى حوب وأجزاء من تنورين وشاتين، شُيّد سنة 1749، وانتقل إليه رهبان من الرهبانية اللبنانية المارونية سنة 1785، وقد شيّد على وقفية للشيخ سليمان أبو نصر الهاشـم العاقوري الذي وهبها للرهبان سنة 1700، وقد تسلّمت الرهبانية هذه الوقفية بشكل نهائي سنة 1748. أضف إلى ذلك ثلاث وقفيات أخرى وهبها للرهبانية كل من أم فضل وأولادها، الأمير يوسف شهاب ووقف مار ضومط الذي تسلمته الرهبانية من أهالي البلدة. أما ما يحكى عن وجود دير حوب قبل التاريخ المذكور، فهو عبارة عن بناء صغير كان مؤلفًا من كنيسة صغيرة وغرفة سكنية، ويقال أنه كان مبنيًا على أنقاض كنيسة قديمة، لكن هذا الدير ألغي عام 1787، ليحلّ مكانه دير مار أنطونيوس الحالي.
 كنيسة مار شليطا: أثرية من الفترة الصليبية.

 كنيسة مار سركيس: أثرية بيزنطية، كانت ذات ثلاثة أسواق ودهليز ومرصوفة بالفسيفساء، شيّدت بقرب كنيسـة جديدة.
 كنيسة مار أنطونيوس الجديدة، محبسة القديسة بربارة، كنيسة سـيدة الانتقال في وسـط تنورين الفوقا، دير راهبات العائلة المقدسـة المارونيات الذي يحوي كنيسـة سيّدة العتيقة في حرمه، محبسة مار سركيس، كنيسة مار بطرس، ومار ميخائيل، ومار جرجس، دير مار ماما ومعبدي سيدة حريصا القديم والجديد ومن هناك انطلقت تسـمية حريصا.

التسمية

من المرجح أن تكون تسمية تنورين تنبع من جغرافيّة البلدة والتي تشبه التنّور بشكلها المحدّب والدائري. أمّا تنّور (ين) فهو على الأرجح نسبةً لوجود تنّورين التحتا وتنّورين الفوقا مما يبرر استعمال صيغة المثنّى.

نبذه تاريخيّـة عن أهل تنـّورين

تعدّدت الروايات التي تتحدّث عن أصل أهالي تنورين لكن القاسـم المشترك فيها ما سـنسرده في هذه الفقرة.

كما تبيّن من الآثار فإن النطاق الجغرافي كان مأهولاً منذ العصور الفينيقيّة والرومانيّة. ولكن لا يوجد أي دليل قاطع أن هذا الوجود كان متواصلاً أم منقطعاً. كما لا يوجد أي دليل يثبّت إذا ما كان هذا
الوجود ترك أثراً بيولوجياً وجينيّـاً مع الشـعوب الأخرى التي وفدت لاحقاً إلى تنّورين.

نقلاً عن المخطوط المْعادي ومخطوط الأب بطرس مطر، فإن عدّة عائلات كانت تسكن تنورين في القرن الثالث عشـر قـُبيل حملة المماليك على جبل لبنـان. أبرز هذه العائلات: مطر و غوش و شمعون و حريق و صدقه و لايا. وبين العامين 1268م و 1306م اقتحم المماليك جبل لبنان بحملة "تأديب في المنطقة، تشتّت تلك العائلات، منها ما قُتل ومنها ما هاجر ومنها ما اختبأ في الكهوف العديدة في ناحية تنورين.

العائلات التي لم تنقرض من تلك المرحلة هي غوش و مطر و رعيدي (آل رعيدي من سـلالة آل مطـر)، إذ أن الكثير من أحفادهم لا يزالون في نطاق تنّورين.

أمّـا باقي العائلات المتواجدة حاليّاً في تنورين، فمعظمهم من سـلالة جرجـس أبي قرقماز الثالث، الجدّ الفعلي لأكثر من 60% من أهل تنّـورين.

العائلات القرقمازيّة الرئيسـة هي:

الجدير بالذكر أن هذه العائلات متفرّعة إلى عدّة عائلات وأجباب وأسـماء لا يسـعنا ذكرها بأكملها.

بالنسـبة للنسـب الحقيقي للعائلات القرقمازيّة فهناك لغط حول أصل قرقماز الاوّل. فبعض المؤرّخين يعتبرونه من أصول سـلافيّة أو ألبانيّة تركيّة ويُسـمّونه «غوطصـار» وآخـرون يعتبرونه من أصول عربيّة بغداديّة ويُسـمونه «خـطّـار». وخطّار في اللغة العربيّة تعني حامل الرمح، وإسـم خطار شائع في البلدة مما يسـهّل قبول ما ذُكـِر. أمّا قرقماز فتعني بالتركيّة «الذي لا يخاف».

وتضمّ تنورين العديد من العائلات التي قدِمت من عدّة قرى وبلدات لبنانيّة مثل:

_ بكاسيني من بكاسين

_ مراد من كفر سلوان

_ الشـاعر

_ قمير و بوعبدو و هاشم من أصول عاقوريّة

_ كرم و الحصروني من حصرون

_ راشد ومخلوف من ترتج

_ فضول من بشرّي

_ عقيقي من كـسروان

_ أبي خليل من عين كسور

المراجع

مخطوط الأب بطرس مطر سنة 1650
مخطوط الأب المْعادي سنة 1599

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء البترون
مدن لبنان

تنورين


Vær rar er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Opfordring om rigtig navn og adresse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1979

Propagandafilm fra Danmark

Vær rar


Combustia spontană este un tip de combustie în care o substanță emită căldură suficientă în interiorul ei astfel încât aceasta se poate auto-aprinde fără să necesite o sursă exterioară de căldură. Producerea internă de căldură are loc de obicei prin procese lente de oxidare. Temperatura cea mai mică la care poate să aibă loc aprinderea substanței se numește temperatură de autoaprindere.

Vezi și
 Temperatură de autoaprindere

Referințe

Combustie

Combustie spontană


Sveta Elizabeta od Presvetog Trojstva, rođenim imenom Élisabeth Catez (Avord, 18. srpnja 1880. – Dijon, 9. studenog 1906.) - francuska svetica, redovnica karmelićanka, spisateljica, mističarka

Roditelji su joj bili kapetan Joseph Catez i Marie Rolland. Élisabeth Catez rođena je u Avordu, blizu Bourgesa, gdje je bila vojna baza u kojoj je njezin otac služio. Dana, 22. srpnja 1880. krstio ju je vojni kapelan. U dobi od 7 godina izgubila je oca i tada se prvi put ispovijedila. Imala je naglu narav i voljela je zapovijedati. Kada je imala osam godina, majka ju je upisala na Glazbeni konzervatorij u Dijonu na kojem je pokazala izrazitu talentiranost. Osvaja nagradu za nagradom te postaje tražena pijanistica. Godine 1891. primila je svoju prvu svetu pričest (19. travnja) i krizmu (8. lipnja). S 14 godina dala je zavjet čistoće u svom srcu i odlučila ući u karmelićanski samostan, koji je bio 200 metara od njihova doma. Međutim, majci to nije rekla nekoliko godina. Kad se to napokon dogodilo, njezina je majka ograničila njen vjerski život. Ipak, Elizabeta je nastavila voditi dubok duhovni život, primajući svoja prva mistična iskustva 1899. godine. Imala je ženidbenih ponuda, ali ih je odbila.

Konačno, njezina je majka podlegla ustrajnoj želji svoje kćeri, da se posveti Bogu u kontemplativnom životu i pristala je, da ode u redovničku zajednicu Bosonogih karmelićanki u dobi od 21 godine. Dana, 2. kolovoza 1901. Élizabeth Catez ušla je u samostan u Dijonu. Dvije godine kasnije (1903.) položila je redovničke zavjete. Bila je posebno sretna kad je otkrila otajstvo Presvetog Trojstva u svoj njegovoj punini pa je njemu u čast izabrala i svoje redovničko ime. Dana, 21. studenog 1904. sastavila je Molitvu Presvetom Trojstvu, koja je postala poznata. Presveto je Trojstvo otajstvo na kojem se temelji njezina duhovnost, klanjanje Presvetom Oltarskom Sakramentu glavni oblik njezine pobožnosti, a ljubav prema Kristu raspetome i polet njezine duše prema ,,njezinoj Trojici", cilj kojemu je sva usmjerena. Živjela je u isto vrijeme kada i njena sunarodnjakinja, također bosonoga karmelićanka sv. Mala Terezija, s kojom je imala sličnosti po kontemplaciji i želji za spasom duša.

Godine 1906. dijagnosticirana joj je tada neilječiva, rijetka kronična Addisonova bolest, koja je brzo uništila njen mladi organizam. Vjeruje se, da je ova časna sestra bolovala i od tuberkuloze. U kolovozu, slomljena bolešću, povukla se na osamu (plod toga su bilješke svakog dana, koje su duhovna rasprava). Mnogo je trpjela i tu bolest prikazala Bogu. Od 30. listopada ostala je u ambulanti ne ustajući iz kreveta. Dana, 31. listopada posljednji je put dobila bolesničko pomazanje, a 1. studenoga - euharistiju. 8. studenog izgovorila je posljednje razumljive riječi: Idem k Svjetlu, u Ljubav, u Život. Sljedećeg dana (9. studenog) u šest sati ujutro preminula je s 26 godina.

Blaženom ju je proglasio papa Ivan Pavao II. 25. studenog 1984. Papa Franjo je 3. ožujka 2016. priznao čudo po zagovoru bl. Elizabete od Presvetog Trojstva. Uvrštena je među svece Katoličke Crkve 16. listopada 2016., tijekom svečanoga misnoga slavlja na Trgu svetog Petra u Vatikanu, koje je predvodio papa Franjo. Zajedno s njom, proglašeno je još šest svetaca: Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero, José Sánchez del Río, Manuel González García, Alfonso Maria Fusco, Lodovico Pavoni i Salomone Leclercq.

Galerija

Izvori

Francuski sveci
Karmelićani (životopisi)
Katoličke redovnice

Elizabeta od Presvetog Trojstva


දීපිකා සිං යනු ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියකි.

සිං රූපවාහිනී ක්ෂේත්‍රයට ඇගේ පිවිසීම සනිටුහන් කළේ ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් නාළිකාවෙන් විකාශය වූ අතිශය ජනප්‍රිය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වූ දියා ඕර් බාති හම් තුළ රංගනයේ නියැලෙමිනි. මෙහි ඇය විසින් IPS නිලධාරිණියක වීමට සිහින මවන සන්ධ්‍යා නැමැති විනෝදකාමී, ක්‍රියාශිලී තරුණියකගේ චරිතයක් නිරූපණය කරන ලදී. නමුත් නොයෙකුත් බාධාවන් හේතුවෙන් සන්ධ්‍යාහට රසකැවිලි වෙළඳසැලක හිමිකරුවකු සමග විවාහ වීමට සිදුවන අතර, ඔහු ඇයට ඇගේ සිහිනය ඉටු කරගැනීමට උපකාර කරයි. රූපවාහිනී ක්ෂේත්‍රයට පිවිසීඹට පෙර ඇය පන්ජාබි ගීත ඇල්බමයක් සඳහා ද දායක වී තිබේ.

සිං විසින් ඇගේ අලෙවිකරණය පිළිබඳ ව්‍යාපාර පරිපාලන උසස් උපාධිය සම්පූර්ණ කරන ලද්දේ පන්ජාබ් තාක්ෂණ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙනි.

2014 මැයි 2 දින, සිං ඇගේ සුප්‍රකට දියා ඕර් බාති හම් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා වූ රෝහිත් රාජ් ගෝයාල් සමග විවාහ වූවා ය.

රූපවාහිනිය
දියා ඕර් බාති හම් තුළ සන්ධ්‍යා සුරාජ් රාති ලෙස (2011–2016)
නාච් බාලියේ 6 තුළ ඇය ලෙසම (2013)
යේ රිෂ්තා ක්‍යා කෙහ්ලාතා හේ තුළ සන්ධ්‍යා ලෙස (2016)

සම්මාන
 2012 ස්ටාර් පරිවාර් සම්මාන
 ප්‍රියතම බාහු
 ප්‍රියතම නායා සදස්‍යා (කාන්තා)
 ප්‍රියතම අන්තර්ජාතික ජෝඩි (නිර්දේශ වීම)
 ප්‍රියතම ජෝඩි (නිර්දේශ වීම)
 ප්‍රියතම බේටි (නිර්දේශ වීම)
 නායි සොච් කා පල් (නිර්දේශ වීම)
 ප්‍රියතම පත්නි (නිර්දේශ වීම)
2013  ස්ටාර් පරිවාර් සම්මාන
 ප්‍රියතම බාහු
 හාර් ඝාර් කා ස්ටාර් (කාන්තා)

මේවාත් බලන්න
 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියන් ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ජීවත්වන්නෝ
ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියෝ
ඉන්දියානු සෝප් ඔපෙරා නිළියෝ
බිග් බොස් සහභාගිවූවන්
උපන් වර්ෂය නොදන්නා පුද්ගලයින් (ජීවත්වන්නෝ)

දීපිකා සිං


Faustin Suppé (1813. – 1868.), hrvatski odvjetnik, političar iz Rijeke.

Jedan je od članova Riječkog kvarteta, predstavnik riječkog hrvatskog kulturnog kruga. Obnašao je visoke lokalne dužnosti. Održavao je živu korespondenciju s Ivanom Kukuljevićem, Franom Kurelcem, Dragojlom Kušlanom, Matijom Mrazovićem i Ivanom Mažuranićem.

Suppéovi zapisi u dopisivanju svjedoče o riječkim prilikama uoči i nakon Bachova apsolutizma, te o borbama autohtone hrvatske inteligencije protiv sve prisutnijeg mađaronskog pokreta u gradu.

Izvori

Životopisi, Rijeka
Hrvatski narodni preporod
Hrvatski političari do 1918.

Faustin Suppé


Mangfoldighedsfest Odense er en paradefestival med det formål at støtte minoritetsgrupper såsom socialt udsatte, handicappede, seksuelle minoriteter og folk med anden etnisk baggrund. Den blev etableret i 2017 efter LGBT-foreningen Lambda havde afvist at arrangere en mere typisk pridefestival, da det ikke ville skille sig nok ud fra de andre parader i Danmark.

Mangfoldighedsfesten arrangeres i samarbejde med Lambda, Dansk Kvindesamfund Odense, PLS, Frivilligcenter Odense, AIDS-fondet og Amnesty International Odense.

Udgaver
I 2018 startede paraden ved Odeon og endte ved Flakhaven. I den forbindelse deltog borgmester Peter Rahbæk Juel og overrakte Mangfoldighedsprisen 2018.

I 2019 var Mangfoldighedsfesten blevet til hele 13 dage 5.-17. maj, mens selve paraden fandt sted lørdag d. 11. maj. Paraden startede ved Odeon og sluttede ved Munke Mose, hvor bl.a Strawberry Blonde spillede. Andre arrangementer blev afholdt hos bl.a. Ungdomshuset, Studenterhus Odense, Lambda og Teater Momentum.

Kildehenvisninger

Festivaler i Odense
LGBT-festivaler
Kvindebevægelsen

Mangfoldighedsfest Odense


Pietàkapelle ist der Name folgender Kapellen:
Pietàkapelle (St. Ulrich und Afra), Augsburg
Pietàkapelle (St. Gereon), Köln
Pietàkapelle (Ostbevern)
Pietà-Kapelle Oberlaa, Wien

Pietàkapelle


19719 Glasser este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19719 Glasser este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Fountain Hills (Arizona) de Charles W. Juels. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,93 ua, o excentricitate de 0,32 și o înclinație de 13,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

19719 Glasser


Abronija (lat. Abronia), rod trajnica iz porodice noćurkovki (Nyctaginaceae). Pripada mu dvadesetak vrsta koja rastu po zapadnom dijelu Sjeverne Amerike, od Alberte i Saskatchewana na jug do Kalifornije i Teksasa, na poluotoku Kalifornija te do središnjeg Meksika.

Vrsta Abronia ammophila raste tek na području Nacionalnog parka Yellowstone.

Vrste

 Abronia × alba Eastw.
 Abronia alpina Brandegee
 Abronia ameliae Lundell
 Abronia ammophila Greene
 Abronia angustifolia Greene
 Abronia argillosa S.L.Welsh & Goodrich
 Abronia bigelovii Heimerl
 Abronia bolackii N.D.Atwood, S.L.Welsh & K.D.Heil
 Abronia carletonii J.M.Coult. & Fisher
 Abronia elliptica A.Nelson
 Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.
 Abronia gracilis Benth.
 Abronia latifolia Eschsch.
 Abronia macrocarpa L.A.Galloway
 Abronia maritima Nutt. ex S.Watson
 Abronia mellifera Douglas ex Hook.
 Abronia × minor Standl.
 Abronia nana S.Watson
 Abronia pogonantha Heimerl
 Abronia turbinata Torr. ex S.Watson
 Abronia umbellata Lam.
 Abronia villosa S.Watson

Sinonimi
 Apaloptera Nutt. ex A.Gray
 Cycloptera Nutt. ex A.Gray
 Tricratus L'Hér. ex Willd.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Noćurkovke

Abronija


Île Fourchue, također poznat kao Île Fourche je otok između Saint-Barthélemyja i Saint-Martina, koji pripada Kolektivu Saint-Barthélemy. Unutrašnjost otoka je u privatnom vlasništvu. Nalazi se oko 5 km sjeverozapadno od otoka Saint Barthelemy. Prethodno se otok Fourchue zvao Pet otoka zbog istaknutih pet vrhova vidljivih iz daljine. Najviša točka je 103 metra nadmorske visine. Nalazi se unutar Réserve naturalelle nationale de Saint-Barthélemy.

Povijest
Otok Fourchue poznat je kao utočište Balthazara Biguarda, imigranta iz Marseillea koji je bježao od Francuske revolucije, a Saint-Barthélemy je u to vrijeme bio švedski teritorij. Na kraju je dobio švedsko državljanstvo, živeći odvojeno od ostatka svijeta sve dok nije umro 1827. u dobi od 85 godina. Na ovom je otoku i pokopan.

Važno područje za ptice
Petite Islette, 1.3 ha, 33 m visok, otočić na zapadnom kraju Fourchuea, BirdLife International ga je prepoznao kao važno područje za ptice (IBA) jer podržava koloniju za razmnožavanje smeđih bluna. Prisutne su tri vrste gmazova: maloantilska iguana (endem Malih Antila), anguilla anole i karipska ameiva.

Izvori

Otoci Svetog Bartolomeja

Île Fourchue


Tench Tilghman (, December 25, 1744April 18, 1786) was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He served as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Tilghman rose to become a trusted member of Washington's staff. The historic events of the time sparked his transformation from a privileged family member of Loyalists to a dedicated Patriot. He paid a high price, facing tragedies including a split with Loyalist members of his family, and illness and an early death from disease contracted during the American Revolutionary War.

Early life, education, and career

Tilghman was born on December 25, 1744, at Fausley, a plantation owned by his father, James Tilghman, located on Fausley Creek, a branch of the Miles River, in Talbot County, Maryland, a few miles from the town of Easton. His mother was Anne Francis Tilghman; his father was a lawyer and noted Loyalist. Like many prominent planter families of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the Tilghman family had social and business ties with business elites in Philadelphia, and has intermarried with some prominent Philadelphia families.Jennifer Hull Dorsey, Hirelings: African American Workers and Free Labor in Early Maryland (Cornell University Press: 2011), p. 5. Tilghman was the eldest of six brothers and four sisters.

Tilghman likely attended a plantation school, and subsequently was schooled by John Gordon, rector of St. Michael's Parish. He was sent by his grandfather, Tench Francis, to Philadelphia in 1758, at the age of 14, to the Academy and College of Philadelphia (which later evolved into the University of Pennsylvania), from which he was graduated in May 1761. Tilghman then became a partner in Francis-Tilghman Company, a mercantile business formed with Tench Francis, Jr., an uncle on his mother's side. The enterprise was initially successful but dissolved in 1775.

Revolutionary service

In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress appointed him to one of the commissioners directed to make treaties with Indians along the frontier, seeking to ensure that they would remain neutral in the American Revolutionary War. Tench was named to the commission to the Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) and tribes towards the north.

In the summer of 1775, Tilghman became a lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion of the Philadelphia volunteer light infantry company commanded by Sharpe Dulaney. The company was integrated into the Continental Army in New Jersey in the Flying Camp military formation in June or July 1776. On August 8, 1776, he became one of the aides-de-camp to George Washington, the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. How Tilghman came to join Washington's staff are unknown, but the Washington family and Tilghman family had familial connections.

Tilghman served Washington as secretary for an three years, mostly without pay. Before Colonel Alexander Hamilton (then a young artillery officer) joined Washington's staff, Tilghman was the only aide-de-camp to Washington who was conversant in the French language, a critical skill given the many French military men who had joined the revolutionary cause.Arthur S. Lefkowitz, Colonel Hamilton and Colonel Burr: The Revolutionary War Lives of Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr (Stackpole Books: 2020), p. 103. During the Battle of Monmouth in 1778 and afterwards, Tilghman interpreted written and verbal communications between Washington, Lafayette, Von Steuben, and commanders of the Continental Army's French allies.

Tilghman's Patriot loyalties split his family. He became the first among his eleven siblings to join the Revolutionary cause. Most of the Tilghman family served the King, as did many other rich families at that time.  His brothers Richard and Philemon served in the British military. Another brother, William Tilghman, wanted to follow in their father's path and study law in England, which created a professional conflict for Tench Tilghman, who refused him passage to England on June 12, 1781.

I am placed in as delicate a situation as it is possible for a man to be. I am, from my station, a master of the most valuable secrets of the Cabinet, and the master of the field and it might give cause of umbrage and suspicion at this critical moment to interest myself in procuring the passage of a brother to England.

The Siege of Yorktown in October 1781 culminated in a Patriot victory and an honor for Tilghman, whom Washington picked to carry the surrender papers to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.Col. Tench Tilghman, 'Maryland Historical Magazine'', Vol. 1 (Baltimore: 1906), p. 374. On October 29, 1781, the Continental Congress voted Tilghman "a horse properly caparisoned and an elegant sword in testimony of their high opinion of his merit and ability." Tilghman's ride from Yorktown to Philadelphia was commemorated in poems by Clinton Scollard and Howard Pyle.Howard Pyle, Tilghman's Ride from Yorktown to Philadelphia, Harper's (November 1881). Tilghman's own journal entry was terse:
In the morning Lord Cornwallis put out a letter requesting 24 hours must be granted to the commissioners to settle terms of capitulation of the posts of York and Gloster. The General answered that only two hours would be allowed for him to send out his terms. He accordingly sent them out generally as follows, that the Garrisons should be prisoners of war, the German and British soldiers to be sent to England and Germany. The General answered on the 18th that the terms of sending the troops to England and Germany were inadmissible. Lord Cornwallis closed with all the terms except the same honors granted at Charlestown.

In a letter to Tilghman the following year, Washington's humor and admiration is apparent:

Till your letter of the 28th arrived which is the first from you and the only direct account of you since we departed at Philadelphia, we have various conjectures about you. Some thought you were dead—others that you were married—and all that you have forgot us. Your letter is not a more evident contradiction of the first and last of these suppositions than it is a tacit conformation of the second and as none can wish you greater success in the prosecution of the plan you are upon than I do...you have no friend who wishes more to see you than I do.

As the war formally ended with peace negotiations, Washington discussed the surrender of King George III with his trusted aide:

The obstinacy of the King and his unwillingness to acknowledge the independency of this country, I have ever considered as the greatest obstacles in the way of a peace.

Later life and death

The National Park Service writes that Tilghman was even sick during his ride from Yorktown to Philadelphia "with chills and fever" and that he left the army in 1783 with failing health. Nonetheless, he restarted his business after the war, shipping wheat, tobacco, and other American products to Spain, in exchange for which Valentin Riera [head of a Spanish company] shipped wine and manufactured products to Baltimore.

On June 9, 1783, in St. Michael's Parish, Tilghman married Anna Maria Tilghman, his first cousin and daughter of Matthew Tilghman. Together they had two children: Anna Margaretta, born May 24, 1784, and Elizabeth Tench, born October 11, 1786.

Tilghman was admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland when it was established in November 1783. He died in Chestertown, Maryland, on April 18, 1786, at the age of 41.

Washington's regard for Tilghman can be inferred from their joint portrait with Lafayette by Charles Wilson Peale. After Tilghman's death, Washington wrote to his brother Thomas Ringgold Tilghman and to his father James Tilghman:

As there were few men for whom I had a warmer friendship, or greater regard than for your Brother—Colonel Tilghman—when living; so, with much truth I can assure you, that, there are none whose death I could more sincerely have regretted. and I pray you, & his numerous friends to permit me to mingle my sorrows with theirs on this unexpected & melancholy occasion.

Of all the numerous acquaintances of your lately deceased son, & amidst all the sorrowings that are mingled on that melancholy occasion, I may venture to assert that (excepting those of his nearest relatives) none could have felt his death with more regret than I did—No one entertained a higher opinion of his worth, or had imbibed sentiments of greater friendship for him than I had done.

Posthumous honors
Tilghman is buried in a historic cemetery in Oxford, Maryland. The horizontal lid on his grave vault references his achievements under Washington. A brass plaque on the stone lid notes that his remains were reinterred from Old St. Paul's, Baltimore on November 30, 1971. Adjacent to his grave, the Tench Tilghman Monument is a spire.

The Maryland State Archives has a painting of Tilghman and two swords which he once owned, which his descendant Mrs. Judith Goldsborough Oates donated to the State of Maryland on December 26, 1997.

The Tench Tilghman Elementary/Middle School, part of the Baltimore City Public Schools, is named in his honor. He is also the namesake of a Baltimore City recreation center and a Daughters of the American Revolution chapter in Bethesda, Maryland.

References

External

 The Society of the Cincinnati
 The American Revolution Institute
 Tench Tilghman Coat
 Tench Tilghman: The Life & Times of Washington's Aide-de-Camp

1744 births
1786 deaths
University of Pennsylvania alumni
People from Talbot County, Maryland
People of Maryland in the American Revolution
American people of English descent
People of colonial Maryland
Aides-de-camp of George Washington
Tilghman family

Tench Tilghman


Oleksii Yuriyovych Reznikov (; Lviv, 18 de junho de 1966) é um advogado e político ucraniano que desde 4 de novembro de 2021 atua como Ministro da Defesa da Ucrânia. Reznikov anteriormente atuou em vários outros cargos no governo da Ucrânia. Reznikov também atuou como chefe da delegação nacional da Ucrânia no Congresso de Autoridades Locais e Regionais do Conselho da Europa de 2015 a 2016, e foi escolhido pelo presidente Volodymyr Zelensky em 5 de maio de 2020 para representar a Ucrânia no subgrupo político de trabalho no Grupo de Contato Trilateral sobre um acordo para a guerra em Donbas.

Carreira política
Reznikov atuou em vários cargos, inclusive como chefe da delegação nacional da Ucrânia no Congresso de Poderes Locais e Regionais do Conselho da Europa de 2015 a 2016. Depois atuou como vice-presidente do Conselho Anticorrupção. Ao mesmo tempo, manteve-se no governo tornando-se membro da Equipe de Reforma para a Descentralização do Ministério do Desenvolvimento das Comunidades e Territórios.

Em 3 de novembro de 2021, após sua demissão do cargo de Ministro da Reintegração dos Territórios Ocupados Temporariamente da Ucrânia ele foi nomeado Ministro da Defesa.

Ministro da Defesa
Os Estados Unidos estimaram em dezembro de 2021 que a Rússia poderia reunir 175.000 soldados para invadir a Ucrânia. Reznikov disse que "temos 250 mil militares... membros do nosso exército. Além disso, eu disse 400 mil veteranos e 200 mil reservistas. 175 mil soldados não são suficientes para tomar à Ucrânia." Reznikov disse que a Rússia poderia lançar um ataque em larga escala à Ucrânia no final de janeiro de 2022. Em dezembro de 2021, ele acusou a Alemanha de vetar a compra de rifles antidrones e sistemas anti-sniper pela Ucrânia por meio da OTAN.

Em 25 de janeiro de 2022, Reznikov disse que não via ameaça de uma invasão russa em larga escala da Ucrânia.

Invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022
Em 26 de fevereiro de 2022, dois dias após a Rússia invadir a Ucrânia, Reznikov teve uma conversa com seu homólogo bielorrusso, Viktor Khrenin, que, em nome do ministro da defesa da Rússia, Serguei Choigu, ofereceu parar a invasão se a Ucrânia se rendesse. Reznikov respondeu que está "pronto para aceitar a rendição do lado russo".

Em fevereiro de 2023, o líder do partido político ucraniano Servo do Povo, Davyd Arakhamia, declarou que Reznikov seria substituído por Kyrylo Budanov como ministro da defesa. No entanto, essa mudança não ocorreu.

Em 5 de março de 2023, Reznikov afirmou que os russos estavam perdendo cerca de 500 homens em ação todos os dias lutando por Bakhmut, dizendo que os soldados russos eram apenas "bucha de canhão" nas "táticas moedoras de carne" do Kremlin.
Em maio de 2023, ele instou os báxires étnicos da república russa de Bascortostão a não participarem da guerra contra a Ucrânia, dizendo que "milhares de homens bashkires morreram ou ficaram incapacitados" por causa das ambições imperiais de Putin. Ele disse que quando serviu na Força Aérea Soviética, um bashkir era um de seus amigos mais próximos.

Em junho de 2023, ele disse que a Ucrânia estava disposta a aceitar a China como mediadora em negociações de paz entre Rússia e Ucrânia, desde que Pequim pudesse convencer a Rússia a se retirar de todos os territórios que ocupou. Segundo Reznikov, parece que a China pode influenciar a Rússia. Reznikov afirmou que os planos de paz apresentados pela China, Brasil ou Indonésia são tentativas de mediação em nome da Rússia, dizendo que "todos eles atualmente querem ser mediadores do lado da Rússia. É por isso que esse tipo de mediação atualmente não nos serve, pois eles não são imparciais".

Em 6 de julho de 2023, o presidente dos Estados Unidos, Joe Biden, autorizou o fornecimento de munições de fragmentação à Ucrânia em apoio a uma contraofensiva ucraniana contra as forças russas no sudeste da Ucrânia ocupado pela Rússia. Reznikov acolheu a decisão e disse que "quando recebemos sistemas de artilharia de 155 milímetros em maio de 2022, isso se tornou um fator decisivo. Em julho, recebemos diferentes tipos de sistemas de lançamento de foguetes de múltiplas plataformas, que se tornaram o próximo fator decisivo... E eu espero que munições de fragmentação se tornem o próximo fator decisivo como armamento ou munição para a libertação de nossos territórios temporariamente ocupados."

Ministros da Defesa da Ucrânia
Vice-primeiros-ministros da Ucrânia
Alunos da Universidade de Leópolis
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1966

Oleksii Reznikov


Jacob Willemszoon Delff cel Bătrân, () a fost un pictor portretist activ în Delft. Este cunoscut pentru pictura despre "Sărbătoarea arcașilor" din Hotelul de Ville din Delft datată în 1592; și printr-o Împăcarea lui Esau și a lui Iacov, aflată la Palatul Belvedere din Viena, datată 1584. A pictat de asemenea Cina sportivului și un portret al familiei sale. Lucrările sale prezintă o concepție și o execuție bună, dar sunt oarecum foarte colorate.

Jacob Delff a avut trei fii, Cornelis, Rochus și Willem. Cornelis Jacobsz Delff a fost un elev al tatălui său și al lui Cornelis van Haarlem, și s-a distins prin imagini foarte fine ale naturii moarte. Rochus Delff a fost un pictor portretist și elev al tatălui său.

Note

Nașteri în 1550
Decese în 1601
Pictori neerlandezi
Pictori renascentiști
Oameni din Gouda

Jacob Willemsz Delff


At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, eleven swimming events were contested, six for men and five for women. The competitions were held from Sunday July 13, 1924, to Sunday July 20, 1924.

There were 169 participants from 23 countries competing.  The United States team, coached by Bill Bachrach, won 19 of the 33 medals, and 9 of the 11 gold medals.

Medal table

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

Participating nations
A total of 169 swimmers (118 men and 51 women) from 23 nations (men from 22 nations - women from 10 nations) competed at the Paris Games:

  (men:4 women:0)
  (men:5 women:0)
  (men:6 women:0)
  (men:2 women:0)
  (men:6 women:3)
  (men:0 women:4)
  (men:2 women:0)
  (men:12 women:8)
  (men:15 women:11)
  (men:1 women:0)
  (men:5 women:1)
  (men:6 women:0)
  (men:6 women:0)
  (men:2 women:2)
  (men:8 women:4)
  (men:1 women:1)
  (men:1 women:0)
  (men:1 women:0)
  (men:4 women:0)
  (men:9 women:5)
  (men:2 women:0)
  (men:14 women:12)
  (men:6 women:0)

References

1924 Summer Olympics events
1924
1924 in swimming

Swimming at the 1924 Summer Olympics


سلمى حسن هي القائدة الحالية لمنطقة أنسبا بايريتريا.

سلمى حسن قد تم اعفاؤها مؤخرا من منصبها كمديرة لمنطقة أنسيبا، وكما تم تعيينها وزيرة جديدة للرعاية الاجتماعية في مكان السيدة أسكالو منقريوس. السيدة منقريوس بدورها، تم تعيينها وزيرة للسياحة.

المراجع

إقليم أنسبا
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
مواليد القرن 20
وزراء إريتريا
وزيرات
وزيرات إريتريا

سلمى حسن


Borulu ısı değiştiricisi veya eşanjörü, ısı değiştiricilerinin bir tipidir. Daha doğru bir ifade ile ısı eşanjörü tasarlarken kullanılan sınıflamalardan biridir. Bu tip eşanjörler, petrol rafinerileri ve diğer büyük kimyasal prosesler içeren tesislerde en yaygın kullanılan eşanjörlerdir. İsmini dizaynında kullanılan borulardan almıştır. Bu eşanjör tipi, dış tarafta büyük bir boru (kovan olarak da anılır) ve onun içinde dolaşan daha küçük çapta borular içerir.

Farklı sıcaklıklardaki iki akışkan eşanjör boyunca akar, birisi içteki borular boyunca, diğeri dış taraftaki büyük boru (kovan) boyunca akar. Isı, bir akışkandan diğerine transfer olur. Akışkanlar arasında ısı transferinde kullanılan bu yöntem, birçok uygulamada, atık ısının tekrar kullanıma alınmasını sağlar. Bu, enerjinin geri kazanımı için çok iyi bir yoldur. Örneğin buhar kullanan bir tesisin kullanımından çıkan buharı, ısı eşanjörleri vasıtası ile tesis ısıtılması, kullanım suyunun ısıtılması gibi yerlerde kullanılır.
Boru ve kovan dizaynlarında çeşitli varyasyonlar vardır. Daha çok 1, 2 veya 4 geçişli dizaynlar kullanılır. Bu sayılar, borular içindeki akışkanın, kovan içindeki akışkan boyunca kaç kez geçiş yapacağını belirtir. Tek geçişli ısı eşanjörlerinde, akışkan bir taraftan girer, diğerinden çıkar. İki veya dört geçişli dizaynlar daha çok kullanılır, çünkü akışkan aynı taraftan giriş ve çıkış yapabilir. Bu konstrüksiyonu daha basit hale getirir.

Karşı akımlı ısı eşanjörleri ise daha verimlidir, çünkü bu eşanjörler sıcak ve soğuk akımlar arasında daha yüksek logaritmik sıcaklık farkına izin verirler. Fakat imal edilmesinin pahalı olması bir dezavantaj oluşturur.

Kullanım Alanları

Denizcilik
Gemilerin yağ, yakıt, su buhar devrelerinde ısıtma, soğutma/yoğuşturma amaçlı olarak sıklıkla kullanılırlar. Isıtıcı olarak su buharı, soğutucu olarak tatlı su veya deniz suyu kullanılır. Deniz suyu kullanılan sistemlerde katodik koruma uygulanır.

İlgili Sayfalar
 Isı eşanjörleri
 Plakalı ısı eşanjörleri

Isı eşanjörü
Makine mühendisliği
Gemi mühendisliği

Borulu ısı değiştiricisi


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කෝට්ටේ යුගයෙහි විසූ කවියකු හා ශ්‍රාස්ත්‍රඥයකු වූ තොටගමුවේ ශ්‍රී රාහුල හිමියන් ලියූ කෘතියකි. පදසාධන නමැති පාළි ව්‍යාකරණ කෘතිය වෙනුවෙන් සිංහල බසින් ලියූ අර්ථ විවරණයකි.

කෝට්ටේ යුගය

බුද්ධිප්පසාදිනිය


بريتي زينتا  ولدت في 31 يناير 1975 بشيملا، هيماتشال براديش هي ممثلة هندية بدأت مسيرتها في بوليوود سنة 1997 ومثلت أدوار مهمة مع نجوم كبار.

حياتها العائلية

بريتي زينتا وُلدت في عائلة راجبوتية بمنطقة هيماشال براديش. والدها فرغاناند زينتا ضابط بالجيش الهندي توفي اثر حادث سير ولم تتجاوز بريتي سن الثالثة عشر وأصيبت والدتها Nilprabha بجروح خطيرة أقعدتها على الفراش مدة سنتين. تقول أميرة بوليوود بأن الحادث شكل نقطة تحول في حياتها مما جعلها تنضج بسرعة. ولبريتي اخوين ذكرين ديبانكار ومانيش.الأول أكبر منها بسنة التحق بالجيش الهندي أما الثاني أصغر منها بسنة يعيش الآن بكاليفورنيا.

تصف نفسها بأنها كانت فتاة مسترجلة في طفولتها ويعود ذلك لانضباط العائلة بما أن والدها كان ضابط بالجيش، في البداية درست بمدرسة يسوع ثم بمدرسة مريم الداخلية وهذا ما جعلها تعاني من الوحدة في غربتها.و في سن الثامنة عشر التحقت بكلية ساند بيد بشيملا ثم تخرجت بمرتبة شرف في الانقليزية كما تحصلت على ديبلوم الدراسات العليا في علم النفس الجنائي.كانت بريتي محبة للأدب خاصة أعمال ويليام شكسبير.وكانت تقضي وقت فراغها في ممارسة الرياضة خاصة كرة السلة.

حياتها الفنية

حضرت بريتي رفقة صديقاتها حفلة عيد ميلاد أحد المخرجين سنة 1996 الذي أقنعها بإجراء كاستينغ.و بالفعل نجحت وكانت وجه إعلامي لعدة ماركات تجارية كالشوكلاتة والصابون.و في عام 1997 التقت بريتي بمنتج الأفلام شيكار كابور اثر مرافقتها لصديقة لإجراء كاستينغ وأقنعها بضرورة إجراءه هي كذلك.حيث قرأ كابور في أعين بريتي مواصفات الأميرة وأصر على أن تصبح ممثلة.و قد رشحها لبطولة فيلم Tara Rum Pum Pum أمام النجم هيرثيك روشان لكنه تم إلغاء المشروع.ثم عرفها شيكار بالمخرج Mani Ratnam وبدأت انطلاقتها مع فيلم Dil Se وحصلت معه على جائزة فيلمفاير لأفضل ممثل دور نسائي صاعد ثم فيلم Soldier الذي حصلت به كذلك على نفس الجائزة في السنة الموالية. وتوالت أفلامها في عالم بوليوود وبدأت الأميرة في شق طريقها للقصر البوليوودي كي تنحت أجمل الذكريات وأروع الصور. ومثلت كذلك في أفلام باللغة التالوغو ك Premante Idera سنة 1999.

كما وقفت الأميرة أمام نجوم بوليوود أمثال شاروخان واوكشاي كومار وسلمان خان وهيرثيك روشان وبوبي ديول والفارس سيف علي خان.و لعل من أشهر وأروع أفلامها فيلميْ Kal Ho Naa Ho و Koi... Mil Gaya الذين حققا أعلى الإيرادات سنة 2003.دون نسيان ملحمة Veer-Zaara سنة 2004 مع شاروخان الذي حقق 750 مليون روبية في تلك السنة.الفيلم يحكي قصة حب بين ضابط في الجيش الهندي وفتاة باكستنية.تحصل الفيلم على عدة جوائز محلية وعالمية.و تم اختيارها كأفضل ممثلة سنتيْ 2003و 2004 في بوليوود.وقد تعددت أعمالها لاحقا ك Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna و Jaan-E-Mann سنة 2006 ومثلت أول فيلم باللغة الأنجليزية سنة 2007 بعنوان The Last Lear.

تملك بريتي زينتا نادي كريكيت وهي المرأة الوحيدة التي تملك نادي ينشط في الدوري الهندي للمحترفين.

حياتها الشخصية

بريتي لا تعلن عن ديانتها وترى أنه أمر شخصي حيث قالت لمجلة The Times of India / أنا أؤمن بالأعمال الجيدة والكرامة ولا أؤمن في الذهاب للمعابد.شخصيا الدين أمر شخصي جدا فكله مرتبط بالنية.قد سمعت سابقا أن كل الديانات متساوية وانا الآن اؤمن أكثر بهذه المقولة

تعرضت حياة بريتي للخطر مرتين مرة في انفجار بكولمبو في سيرلانكا ومرة أخرى اثر تسونامي سنة 2004 في المحيط الهادي.

كانت بريتي محل جدل سنة 2003 بما أنها كانت شاهدة ضد المافيا الهندية في قضية بهارات شاه.فهو كان أحد منتجي فيلمها Chori Chori Chupke Chupkeالذي اثبت لاحقا علاقته بعصابات في مومباي.وعلى خلاف بقية نجوم بوليوود حضرت بريتي للمحكمة وأدلت بشهادتها رغم تعرضها لتهديدات وابتزازات من رجال العصابة وكاجراءات لحمايتها بوصفها شاهدة غابت بريتي عن الأضواء لمدة شهرين.وقد أبدى سابقا13 شاهدا استعدادهم للشهادة في المحكمة من بينهم شاروخان وسلمان خان لكنهم تراجعوا عن أقوالهم لاحقا. وبهذا كانت بريتي الشاهدة الوحيدة الذي رغم التهديدات ضدها أدلت بشهادتها في سبيل القضاء على العالم الجريمة والعصابات في مومباي.و قد أخذت جائزة العمل الشجاع عن Red and White Bravery Awards كما أصبحت منذ 2006 سفيرة جوائز the Godfrey Phillips Bravery awards

تكاثرت الشائعات في الاعلام عن علاقات بين بريتي ونجوم من بوليوود.لكنها كانت دائما تنفي.و في سنة 2000 كانت تواعد Marc Robinson لكنها انفصلت عنه بعد سنة. ومنذ فيفري/فبراير 2005 بريتي على علاقة عاطفية مع رجل الأعمال الهندي Ness Wadia.

افلامها

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شيملا
حائزون على جوائز فيلم فير
عارضات أزياء من هيماجل برديش
ممثلات أفلام تيلوغوية
ممثلات أفلام هنديات
ممثلات أفلام هندية
ممثلات تلفزيون هنديات
ممثلات من هيماجل برديش
ممثلات هنديات في القرن 20
ممثلات هنديات في القرن 21
ممثلات هنود مغتربات في الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1975
مواليد في شيملا
هندوس هنود

بريتي زينتا


was a village located in Ama District, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 5,687 and a density of 570.41 persons per km². The total area was 9.97 km².

On April 1, 2006, Jūshiyama was merged into the former town of Yatomi to create the city of Yatomi.

External links
 Yatomi official website

Dissolved municipalities of Aichi Prefecture
Yatomi, Aichi

Jūshiyama


ولاء الدين هو اسم عربي يستخدم للذكور، أما اسم «ولاء» فإنه يُستخدم للذكور والإناث. وتعني كلمة «ولاء» الإخلاص والأمانة والوفاء، أما الاسم المركب «ولاء الدين» فيعنى الإخلاص والأمانة والوفاء للدين.

ممن تسمى به:
 ولاء الدين يعقوب

أسماء ذكور عربية
ثقافات

ولاء الدين (اسم)


Epoken siden 2015, af krigen i Afghanistan er en del af Krigen i Afghanistan som har foregået siden 2001.

I januar 2017 havde USA rundt regnet 8.500 soldater som del af NATO's opdrag i Afghanistan; de fleste af de soldater var stationeret på fire steder: Kandahar, Bagram, Jalalabad og Kabul. (Tidligere forventede man at styrken af NATO-soldater skulle være rundt regnet 13.000 inkluderet [ca.] 9.800 soldater fra USA, samt 26.000 underleverandører - deriblandt lejesoldater - til militærvæsenet).

Den 15. august 2021 har Taliban genvundet magten i hele Afghanistan og vundet krigen.

Baggrund
Fra 2011 til 2014 reducerede flere lande, heriblandt USA, sin militære magt i Afghanistan.

Den 28. december 2014 afsluttede den NATO-ledede ISAF-operation formelt, kampoperationer i Afghanistan og overførte det fulde ansvar for sikkerheden til Afghanistans myndigheder.

Efter begyndelsen af ny NATO-ledet operation på 1. januar 2015

Den 1. januar 2015 begyndte Operation Resolute Support (RS), et NATO-ledet opdrag i Afghanistan, med mere end 13 000 soldater [på udlån fra militærenheder fra forskellige lande som er medlemmer af NATO]. Soldater som deltager i Operation Resolute Support skal blandt andet være militærrådgivere for Afghanistans sikkerhedsstyrker.

Slaget om Kunduz
Slaget om byen Kunduz i Kunduz-provinsen, varede mellem den 24. april 2015 og 14. oktober 2015. Modstandsfolk tog byen den 27. september 2015. Afghanistans sikkerhedsstyrker tog byen tilbage d. 14. oktober 2015.

2016 fredsaftale
Den 22. september 2016 signerede Afghanistans myndigheder en fredsaftale med Hezbi Islami. Aftalen blev formaliseret d. 29. september: præsident Ashraf Ghani og Hekmatyar signerede aftalen.

2017
I begyndelsen af januar 2017 skrev The Marine Corps Times at 33 distrikter, som ligger i 16 provinser, er under kontrol af modstandsfolk; 258 distrikter er under myndighedernes kontrol, mens 120 distrikter er der tvivl omkring hvem som kontrollerer.

Se også
 Afghanistans sikkerhedsstyrker/de afghanske sikkerhedsstyrker

Referencer

Afghanistan

Krigen i Afghanistan (epoken siden 2015)


O nome Bonnie foi dado a três ciclones tropicais durante a temporada de furacões no Atlântico:

Tempestade tropical Bonnie (2004)
Tempestade tropical Bonnie (2016)
Furacão Bonnie (2022) - Ciclone tropical de categoria 3 que cruzou as bacias do Atlântico e do Pacífico, causando ao menos 5 mortes.

Desambiguação

Furacão Bonnie (desambiguação)


رابعة إحدى قرى مركز بئر العبد التابع لمحافظة شمال سيناء بجمهورية مصر العربية.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة شمال سيناء

مصادر

قرى بئر العبد

رابعة (شمال سيناء)


Da est une pièce de théâtre de Hugh Leonard créée en 1973 au Olney Theatre Center de Olney. Elle a débuté Off-Off-Broadway à l'Hudson Guild Theatre en 1978 avant d'être jouée à Broadway.

Argument
Après la mort de son père adoptif, Charlie, un écrivain qui vit à Londres depuis de nombreuses années, retourne dans sa maison d'enfance à Dalkey dans la banlieue de Dublin. Il constate que la maison est remplie de fantômes, notamment de ses parents et de lui quand il était enfant.

Distinctions
Tony Awards 1978
Tony Award de la meilleure pièce
Tony Award du meilleur acteur dans une pièce pour Barnard Hughes
Tony Award du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle dans une pièce pour Lester Rawlins
Tony Award de la meilleure mise en scène pour une pièce

Notes et références

Pièce de théâtre de 1973
Pièce de théâtre irlandaise
Drame (théâtre)
Pièce de théâtre fantastique
Tony Award de la meilleure pièce

Da (pièce de théâtre)


An Trichopilia boliviensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Klikunas ngan Eric Alston Christenson. An Trichopilia boliviensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichopilia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichopilia

Trichopilia boliviensis


Næringarger er dautt ger sem er notað sem krydd eða bætiefni í matargerð. Næringarger er sérstaklega notað í grænkerafæði þar sem það inniheldur allar þær amínósýrur sem líkaminn framleiðir ekki sjálfur. Bragðið af því minnir á hnetur eða ost. Næringarger er framleitt með því að rækta sérstök afbrigði af ölgera (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) í næringarlausn þar sem uppistaðan er súkrósi, gjarnan fenginn úr mólassa eða sykurreyr. Gerið er síðan soðið, síað úr lausninni, þvegið og þurrkað. Næringarger er stundum vítamínbætt með járni og B12-vítamíni, en ölgeri framleiðir ekki B12-vítamín þótt sumar bakteríur geri það.

Tilvísanir

Grænkerafæði
Ger

Næringarger


Mark Wells White Jr. (March 17, 1940 – August 5, 2017) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 43rd governor of Texas from 1983 to 1987. He also held office as Secretary of State of Texas (1973–1977), and as Texas Attorney General (1979–1983).

White was elected governor in the 1982 gubernatorial election, defeating the incumbent Bill Clements. A member of the Democratic Party, White sought to improve education, transportation, water resources, law enforcement, and taxes to lure new industry to Texas. He appointed the first Hispanic woman to serve as a judge of a district court in Texas, Elma Salinas Ender. In the 1986 gubernatorial election, White lost to former Republican Governor Clements, 52.7% to 46.0%.

Early life
White was born in Henderson, Texas, to Mark Wells White Sr. and Sarah Elizabeth White. In Houston, he attended Woodrow Wilson Elementary School (now Baker Montessori School), Lanier Junior High School and Lamar High School.

White attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he was a member of the Tryon Coterie Club (now the Texas Lambda chapter of Phi Delta Theta). He subsequently graduated from Baylor Law School in 1965. He was a member of University Masonic Lodge 1190 in Austin, Texas.

Early roles in state government

White served as the state's assistant attorney general from 1966 to 1969. He later returned to Houston to begin private practice. By 1972, he was working for the Joe Reynolds firm in Houston. White was interested in serving state government again and upon the election of Dolph Briscoe to the Governor's Mansion.

Texas Secretary of State

In 1973, White was appointed as Texas Secretary of State under Governor Briscoe and also served in the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas National Guard.

Briscoe explained on his appointment of White as the 74th Texas Secretary of State: "When I began to consider candidates for secretary of state, I realized that it was crucial to appoint someone with legal training who shared my political views and who was loyal, energetic, and personable," Briscoe wrote in his memoirs. "Mark was a brilliant and ambitious young lawyer as well as an extremely personable young man. I felt that he would make an excellent secretary of state." Briscoe asked White to come to Austin. But White, Briscoe later recalled, thought the conversation would be about serving in the secretary's office and not actually being secretary and was "shocked" to be chosen for the office.

Briscoe wrote:
"In my opinion, Mark White made a fine secretary of state as any governor has ever had.... During the legislative sessions, he served as my liaison with [Lieutenant Governor] Bill Hobby. Whenever things weren't going well with one of our bills in the Senate, Mark was always ready to go to work on the senators who were having problems supporting the bill. He was a persuasive advocate for our program... He enjoyed doing it, and he had excellent relations with members of the Senate. Mark White's talent and ambition would eventually lead to his election as attorney general in 1978 and governor in 1982."

During his tenure as the state's chief elections officer, he streamlined the legal operations  and made the services more responsive to the public during his tenure. White was elected president of the National Association of the Secretaries of State in 1977, this was the association's highest office — and White was elected secretary and treasurer earlier.

Texas State Attorney General
White served as secretary of state until 1977, when he resigned to run for state attorney general, where he served until 1983. First, White defeated former State House Speaker Price Daniel Jr., the son of former Texas Governor Price Daniel, in the Democratic primary and in general election, he easily defeated the Republican choice, James A. Baker, III, a Houston lawyer, businessman, and power broker affiliated with the Bush family of Houston. White polled 1,249,846 votes and (55.13 percent) to Baker's 999,431 votes and (44.08 percent). The State Attorney General's position has been used as a launching pad for gubernatorial candidates.

As the state's chief enforcement officer, he co-chaired the Federal-State Enforcement Coordinating Committee and was a member of the Governor's Organized Crime Prevention Council. On the national level, he was elected Chairman of the Southern Conference of Attorneys General in May 1981.

Governor (1983–1987)

1982 gubernatorial election

White declined to seek a second term as state attorney general, but chose to seek the governorship in 1982 against fellow Democrat Bob Armstrong, who was the outgoing state Land Commissioner, who vacated the General Land Office following twelve years, and then the incumbent Bill Clements, Texas' first Republican governor since Reconstruction. In November 1982, he defeated Clements over concerns about the governor's poor economic numbers and lack of support from minority groups. White received 1,697,870 votes (53.2 percent) to Clements' 1,465,537 (45.9 percent) in a year where Texas Democrats swept all the statewide offices up for grabs; led by U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (who won a third six-year term to the Senate) and the legendary Lieutenant Governor of Texas William P. Hobby Jr.

Tenure
As the state's 43rd chief executive from January 18, 1983, to January 20, 1987, White worked to "preserve and enhance... resources so that Texas would not fall back, but go forward as a state of the future". His main concerns were the economy and education. By focusing on Texas' resources, White was able to work on many problems facing the state in the early 1980s. The Texas economy during the early and mid-1980s was volatile. The price of oil declined and pushed Texas into a recession. This led Governor White to "lay the groundwork for a more diversified economy—one less reliant upon the ... swings of a single industry".

White served as governor during Texas' sesquicentennial in 1986 and oversaw a number of the celebrations concerning that anniversary.

Among White's appointments was Elma Salinas Ender as the first Hispanic woman to serve as judge of a district court in Texas. From 1983 until her retirement in 2012, Ender was judge of the 341st Judicial District, based in Laredo. White also appointed Myra McDaniel as the first African American to serve as general counsel to the governor in 1983 and later appointed her as Texas Secretary of State in 1984.

When he took office, Texas was ranked as one of the lowest performing states for the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) also in teachers' salaries. After taking office, White immediately appointed a committee on Public Education, called a special session of the legislature in 1984, and worked with lawmakers to pass the Educational Opportunity Act (EOA).

By focusing on education, White was able to make Texas a "state of the future" with regard to its most important resource, its children. Through his diligent work as Governor of Texas, many of the problems of the present and future were alleviated.

Alaska
In 1983 Gov. White reportedly used the phrase "cold, barren place" about the largest American state. The words "we'll split Alaska in two and make Texas the third largest state" predate this by over a decade. In 1994 The Economist printed about "Texas representatives who were trying to block Alaska's
statehood" and a similar threat: "we'll divide Alaska."

1986 gubernatorial election

In the 1986 gubernatorial election, White lost to former Republican Governor Clements, 52.7% to 46.0%. Some believe that the wildly unpopular "no-pass, no-play" policies of the White administration, which prohibited any high school student athletes from participating in varsity sports if they were failing any single element of their overall class load, sealed the doom of a second term. Clements polled 1,813,779 votes (52.7%) to White's 1,584,515 votes (46.1%) in the November 1986 general election and left office on January 20, 1987.

Post-governorship
Following his departure from office, White worked for the law firm Keck, Mahin & Cate. White attempted to run for governor again in 1990, but he was defeated in the Democratic primary by Ann Richards, who then defeated Jim Mattox in a runoff election and the Republican Clayton W. Williams, Jr., in the general election. During the 1990 campaign, a campaign commercial depicted White "walking down a hallway displaying larger-than-life photos of the men put to death during his administration in 1983-1986. 'Only a governor can make executions happen,' White declared as ominous music played in the background. 'I did, and I will.'"

White practiced law and was chairman of the board of the Houston Independent School District  Foundation, a non-profit organization which supports the public schools. White endorsed Houston City Council candidate Jolanda Jones in the 2003 and 2007 city elections. The latter endorsement helped lead to Jones winning an at-large seat on the council. He also endorsed then-United States Senator Barack Obama (D-Illinois) in the Texas primaries for the 2008 Democratic Presidential nomination, which Obama went on to win the presidency.

In 2010, White voiced support for a posthumous exoneration of Cameron Todd Willingham, who is believed by many to be wrongfully convicted and executed for arson and murdering his three daughters. For the first time, White, who had before been a strong supporter of the death penalty and presided over 22 executions as governor, expressed openness to abolition of the death penalty under the reason of the possibility of innocent people being wrongfully executed.

In 2011, White publicly opposed Texas A&M's potential departure from the Big 12 conference to join the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

Death
White died from a heart attack at his home in Houston on August 5, 2017. He was survived by his wife Linda Gale and his three children. At the time of his death, White had been suffering from kidney cancer for many years.

At his funeral on Wednesday, August 9, 2017 at Second Baptist Church Worship Center in Houston, the officiant was Pastor Homer Edwin Young and among the attendees who were there also included White's fellow Governors: former U.S. President George W. Bush, United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry and incumbent Governor Greg Abbott. Mourners included former Lieutenant Governor of Texas William P. Hobby Jr., then-Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick, Mayor of Houston Sylvester Turner, former U.S. Congressman Craig Washington, and many others.

On August 10, 2017, White's remains lay in state for three hours in the Texas State Capitol. Luci Baines Johnson, daughter of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, paid tribute to her friend White, who she said "may have left public office, but he never left public service. ... He welcomed the big tent of folks. He was not a divider; he was a unifier."

He is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, where a private graveside ceremony was held.

Legacy
Mark White Elementary School, a Houston Independent School District elementary school, opened in August 2016.

Mark White's son Andrew announced a run for Governor of Texas in 2018. In the March 6, 2018 Democratic Party primary, he placed second, forcing a runoff with Lupe Valdez on May 22, 2018. White lost the runoff election, 52% to 47%.

References

External links

 Photos of Mark White, hosted by the Portal to Texas History

 Governor Mark White's press conference on No Pass, No Play, August 8, 1985
 O.L. McCotter letter to Governor White on state prisons, July 8, 1985

 Texas Attorney General Race-November 7, 1978 at ourcampaigns.com
 Texas Governor Democratic Primary Race-May 1, 1982 at ourcampaigns.com
 Texas Governor Race-November 2, 1982 at ourcampaigns.com
 Texas Governor Race-November 4, 1986 at ourcampaigns.com

Governor Mark White's personal website

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1940 births
2017 deaths
Baylor Law School alumni
Burials at Texas State Cemetery
Democratic Party governors of Texas
Lamar High School (Houston, Texas) alumni
Military personnel from Texas
Politicians from Houston
People from Longview, Texas
Secretaries of State of Texas
Texas Attorneys General
Texas lawyers
Texas National Guard personnel
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American lawyers

Mark White (Texas politician)


Kabacagöz, Samsun ilinin Ladik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adıyla ilgili iki rivayet bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki o bölgede yetişen iri cevizlerden dolayı "Kaba Ceviz"; ikinci ise ilk yerleşim yeri olan Hamamderesi'nden  şimdiki yerleşim yerine gelmelerini sağlayan ağanın iri gözlü olması sebebiyle "Kabacagöz" adıyla anıldığıdır.İlk sakinlerinin Aydın ve civarından göçen Yörükler olduğu sanılmaktadır.Bunların develerle kervancılık yaptıkları, Erbaa- Niksar'dan tütün alarak Samsun'a taşıdıkları söylenilmektedir.İlk yerleşim yeri şimdiki mahallenin altındaki Kale-Hamamderesi'dir.Buradaki arazinin ulaşım zorluğu nedeniyle köy bugünkü yerine taşınmıştır.Osmanlı Rus Harbi (1877-1878)  sonunda Kafkaslardan  gelen 10 hanelik bir grup da  köye yerleşmiştir.Kendi hallerinde koye 250 m uzaklikta sakin bir yasam surmektedirler.koyumuz için cerkezlerin gelmesi kulturel zenginlik katmistir.Iyi ornek olmuslar yasayis ve giyim tarzlariyla ilgi cekmisledir

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 98 km, Ladik ilçesine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Ladik'in mahalleleri

Kabacagöz, Ladik


An Pachyphyllum ecallosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Edward Bennett ngan Eric Alston Christenson. An Pachyphyllum ecallosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pachyphyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pachyphyllum

Pachyphyllum ecallosum


En frakke eller en overfrakke er en jakke, der går ned over knæet. Den er beregnet det yderste stykke overtøj. Frakker bliver hovedsageligt brugt om vinteren for at holde varmen. Frakker er ofte fremstillet i varme materialer som uld eller pels.

Historie

I mange lande er frakker båret i århundrede. Ofte er det en formel beklædning, for enten at give status eller som del af en professionel eller militær uniform. I 1600-tallet blev overfrakken frem stillet på mange måder for forskellige klasser.

I Vesten har frakkens overordnede profil ikke ændret sig synderligt i lang tid: I regencyæraen var det moderne at have figursyet tøj med syninger i taljen og et stort skøde som i diplomatfrakken. Det ændrede sig langsomt til et løsere snit i victoriatidens mode, som det ses i chesterfieldfrakken. Indtil da var de fleste frakker dobbeltradede, mens chesterfielden og lignende frakker blev lavet både  dobbelt- og enkeltradede.

I moderne tid er frakkerne blevet kortere, og nogle stopper over knæet. De dobbeltradede frakker er blevet mindre udbredte.

Militær brug af frakker

Overfrakker er brugt i militæret siden 1700-tallet særligt om vinteren som Napoleons kampagne i Rusland. Under første verdenskrig blev overfrakker populære i form af trenchcoaten.

Hæren bruger typisk enkeltradede (kapper) overfrakker, mens flåden bruger dobbeltradede. Frakker fortsatte som kampuniform til 1940'erne og 50'erne, hvor de blev anset for upraktiske. I kolde land som  USSR blev de brugt, til mere effektive tekstiler og syntetiske fibre blev tilgængelige.

Et forsøg på at introducere militæruniformer i varme syntetiske fibre i Rusland 2008-2011 resulterede i at mange soldater fik forfrysninger og lungebetændelse.

Eksempler på frakker

De mest almindelige historiske frakker i kronologisk orden:

Se også
 Jakke

Referencer

Frakke


Giovanni Brunacci (Monselice  -  ou  à Padoue) est un historien, numismate et érudit italien du .

Biographie
Giovanni Brunacci naquit à Monselice, dans le Padouan, le 2 décembre 1711. Après ses premières études, il entra, en 1725, au séminaire de Padoue, où il fit de grands progrès dans la théologie, et fut reçu docteur en 1734. Sa plus forte inclination était pour l'étude des antiquités et de l'histoire du Moyen Âge. L'ardeur avec laquelle il s'y livra lui fit visiter et extraire les archives de Padoue, de Venise, et de plusieurs autres villes, dans lesquelles il recueillit des copies de diplômes, de chartes et de documents précieux. Le bruit de son mérite étant venu aux oreilles du cardinal Rezzonico, alors archevêque de Padoue, ensuite pape sous le nom de Clément XIII, celui-ci lui fit une pension, et le chargea d'écrire l'histoire de son église. Cette pension ne fut payée à Brunacci que pendant quelques années. Il s'occupa de ce grand travail, et le poussa jusqu'à la moitié du . Il le composa d'abord en italien, et voulut ensuite le traduire en latin ; mais sa mort, arrivée le 30 octobre 1772, l'empêcha de terminer cette traduction. Elle ne va que jusqu'à la moitié du . Ces deux ouvrages sont restés manuscrits, malgré l'utilité dont ils pourraient être pour l'histoire du Padouan. Les talents et l'érudition de Brunacci furent appréciés par ses contemporains. Diverses académies, tant italiennes qu'étrangères, s'empressèrent de se l'associer.

Publications
 De Re Nummaria Patavinorum, Venise, 1744, in-4° ; réimprimé dans le  du recueil donné par Filippo Argelati, de Monetis Italiæ.
 Ragionamento sopra il titolo di canonichesse nelle monache di S. Pietro di Padova, Venise, 1745, in-8°.
 Pomponatius Jo. Brunatii, dans le  du Raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici e filologici du P. Angelo Calogerà.
 De Benedicto Tyriaco-Mantuano Epistola ad Petrum Barbadicum, senatorem Venetum, dans le môme recueil, .
 De Facto Marchiæ Epistola amico suo Calogerà, même recueil, .
 Epistola al P. Anselmo Costadoni, même recueil, .
 Plusieurs lettres publiées dans les Novelle letterarie di Firenze.
 Supplemento al Teatro nummario del Muratori, qui contient trois cents monnaies inédites, Ferrare, 1756 : la plupart étaient tirées de son cabinet ; il possédait en outre une prodigieuse quantité de monnaies du Moyen Âge, de sceaux, de plombs, etc.
 Lezione d'ingresso nell'accademia de' Ricovrati di Padova, Venise, 1759, in-4°, dans laquelle il traite de l'origine de la langue vulgaire du Padouan et de l'Italie en général.
 Chartarum S. Justinæ Explicatio, Padoue, 1763, in-4°.
 Lettera al signor Niccolò Venezze, sur trois monnaies de la maison d'Este, in-4°.
 Vita della B. Beatrice d'Este, etc., in-4°.
 Conforti della medicatura degli occhi, Padoue, 1765, in-4°, etc.

Sources et références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1711
Naissance dans la province de Padoue
Décès en octobre 1772
Décès à Padoue
Décès à 60 ans
Historien italien
Archéologue italien
Numismate italien

Giovanni Brunacci


Embório, en , est un village du dème d'Éordée, district régional de Kozáni, en Macédoine-Occidentale, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème et du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Macédoine-Occidentale
Village en Macédoine-Occidentale
Ancien dème en Grèce

Embório (Kozáni)


El Castillo de Gósol data del siglo XI y está en la ruta del camino de los buenos hombres (GR-107).

Incluye dentro de su recinto los restos de un núcleo de población, que se conoce como Vila Vella, abandonado en favor del pueblo nuevo al pie del cerro.

Véase también

 Anexo:Castillos de España

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Gosol
Gosol
Gosol

Castillo de Gósol


Sir Grafton Elliot Smith  (15 August 1871 – 1 January 1937) was an Australian-British anatomist, Egyptologist and a proponent of the hyperdiffusionist view of prehistory. He believed in the idea that cultural innovations occur only once and that they spread geographically. Based on this, he traced the origins of many cultural and traditional practices across the world, including the New World, to ideas that he believed came from Egypt and in some instances from Asia. An expert on brain anatomy, he was one of the first to study Egyptian mummies using radiological techniques. He took an interest in extinct humanoids and was embroiled in controversy over the authenticity of the Piltdown Man.

Professional career
Smith was born in Grafton, New South Wales to Stephen Sheldrick Smith who had moved to Australia from London in 1860 and Mary Jane, née Evans. He received his early education from Grafton Public School where his father was headmaster. When the family moved to Sydney in 1883 he went to Darlington Public School before joining Sydney Boys High School. He attended evening classes on physiology by Thomas Anderson Stuart and took an early interest in biology. In an autobiographical note Smith noted that Stuart had shown them the convolutions of the human brain and declared that nobody understood them fully. Smith decided at that point that he would work towards understanding them. Accordingly, he went to study medicine at the University of Sydney in 1888 and received a Doctor of Medicine in 1895, with a dissertation on the fore-brain of the monotremes) and developed an interest in the anatomy of the human brain. He received a James King travelling scholarship and went to St John's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1896. Afterwards he catalogued the human brain-collection of the British Museum.

Smith obtained an appointment at the Cairo School of Medicine in 1900 on the suggestion of his anthropologist friend Alexander Macalister. Smith became archaeological advisor to the archaeological survey of Nubia in the wake of plans to construct the Aswan Dam which threatened to drown numerous archaeological sites. Smith conducted investigations on the brains of Egyptian mummies. He was one of the first to non-destructively use x-rays to study mummies. Smith took a special interest in the pathologies indicated in ancient skeletal remains. He noted for instance that many Egyptian skulls had biparietal thinning which had been common in European aristocrats in the past. Smith hypothesized this was the result of wearing heavy wigs or headgear. From 1909 to 1919 he was Professor in anatomy in Manchester, 1919–1937 he held the chair of Anatomy at the University College London. He was elected President of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland for 1924 to 1927. During World War I he took an interest in the neurology of shell shock, visiting military hospitals and serving on the British General Medical Council.

Smith was the leading specialist on the evolution of the brain of his day. Many of his ideas on the evolution of the primate brain still form the core of present scholarship. He proposed the following stages of development:
 a smell-dominated insectivore of the jumping shrew-type
 vision-dominated animals with an expanded cortex of tree-shrew-type
 acutely visioned, manually dexterous mammals of tarsius-type
 monkeys
 anthropoids using their hands to use and produce tools

Honours and awards
Smith was decorated by the Khedive of Egypt, Abbas Hilmy in 1909 with an Insignia of the Third Class of the Imperial Ottoman Order of the Osmaniah. He became Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907, FRCP, cross of the French Legion of Honour, and was knighted in the 1934 Birthday Honours. In 1912 he received the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, in 1930 the Honorary Gold Medal of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1936 the Huxley Memorial Medal from the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

European hypothesis

British anthropologists Arthur Keith and Grafton Elliot Smith both supported the European origin of humankind as opposed to models of Asian and African origin. In several of his works, Smith argued that Europe was the cradle of humanity, identifying a European Mediterranean race as the occupants of the original home of modern humans. His cradle was large, as he claimed the Mediterranean race had occupied the Levant, Egypt and western Europe, including the British Isles. He especially linked the Mediterranean race to the civilization of Egypt. Smith's arguments later became known as his theory of diffusionism. According to Smith and William James Perry, Egypt was the source of all cultural innovations and the ultimate source of human civilization.

According to Smith, "Man did not become truly erect until his brain had developed in a very particular way to make it possible for him to use his hands". That line of reasoning reinforced the European origin of human, which Smith and Keith supported, as the mostly large brained specimens such as the Cro-Magnon had been found in Europe.

Hyperdiffusionism
The term 'hyperdiffusionism' seems to have been coined by the British archaeologist Glyn Daniel in his book The Idea of Prehistory (1962) with a somewhat derogatory intention. It was intended to represent extremes of diffusionism, a theme popular in early 20th century archaeology that itself has been subject to criticism. Smith believed that all megalithic phenomena, whether in Northwestern Europe, India, Japan or Mesoamerica, had originated in Ancient Egypt. "Small groups of people, moving mainly by sea, settled at certain places and there made rude imitations of the Egyptian monuments of the Pyramid Age." (Smith 1911, ix). Smith believed in a direct diffusion to Syria, Crete, East Africa, Southern Arabia and Sumer, and other areas were influenced by secondary diffusion. The Neolithic culture of Europe was derived from Egypt as well, according to Smith. He even interpreted a mummy from a Torres Strait island as definitely being indicative of an Egyptian influence. The concept of hyperdiffusionism is now referred to by more neutral terms (when referring to the Americas) such as Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact.

Smith interpreted a small carving detail in Copán stela B as an elephant, an animal unknown in the New World. Alfred Maudslay had described the detail as being a stylized tapir. Smith argued that the carving shows an elephant with a mahout atop it. He went on to point out many Asian features in the sculpture in his book Elephants and ethnologists (1924).

Egypt
Egypt held a fortunate geographical position that made contacts to western Asia and the Mediterranean possible, while being safe from invasions. The fertile soil led to ample leisure, in art and the crafts could be cultivated. Smith believed that agriculture had originated in Egypt and only later spread to Mesopotamia. "The earliest cultivators of the soil in Egypt were in fact laying the foundations not merely of agriculture and irrigation but of all the arts and craft, the social organization and religious beliefs which became an integral part of the civilization that was being built up sixty centuries ago and in later ages was diffused throughout the world." (Smith 1911, 6)

Artificial irrigation led to cooperation and the development of a central government that was based on professional knowledge, a rule of hydraulic engineers. The prosperity of everybody depended on a successful administration and a strong central government (cf. Karl Wittfogel's hydraulic hypothesis). Later on, the leading engineer became a sacred king (cf. Henri Frankfort) and a god (Osiris) after death. Ritual and magic formed the germs of the first sciences, of biology and physics. The building of tombs initiated the development of architecture.

Other inventions of the Egyptians were:
Weaving
Metal working (gold and copper)
Calendar
Seagoing ships
"Art of shaving"
Wigs
Hats
Pillows

The invention of metallurgy was the most important, as it quickened the pace of invention, widened the scope of human endeavour, stimulated the advancement of arts and crafts, and awakened courage and the spirit of great adventure. The search for copper was to become the most important factor in the universal spread of civilisation. Prospectors settled in foreign countries and introduced agriculture, burial customs, and their religion as well.

At first, Smith remained vague on the reasons for the spread of Egyptian influence to places without mineral deposits like Polynesia. However, in 1915 William James Perry, a professor of comparative religion at the University of Manchester, advanced the view that the "megalith-builders" were looking for pearls and precious stones, which Smith adopted as well.

Smith did not believe that the spread of culture was necessarily connected to a certain race, in contrast to other diffusionists, like the German prehistorian Gustaf Kossinna. While he saw a racial affinity between the Egyptians and the first agriculturalists of southern Europe, both being of the "brown race," the spread of civilisation was mainly a spread of ideas, not of tribes or people.

However, in The Ancient Egyptians and their Influence Upon the Civilization of Europe, written in 1911, he clearly demonstrates a steep rise in "Asiatic traits (Armenoid, Alpine, Celtic)," within the Egyptian aristocracy, to Dynastic Egypt itself (amongst other pre-historical phenomena).

History
In the age of Colonialism, hyperdiffusionism proved attractive, as it showed how missionaries, engineers and prospectors had spread civilisation all over the earth, as the colonial nations believed that they were doing themselves.

Later on, hyperdiffusionism supplied a single simple explanation of the complex process of neolithisation that made it attractive to amateur archaeologists worldwide. It could be used to retain a Eurocentric view on history in the face of increasing evidence for impressive autochthonous development, such as in Zimbabwe (Great Zimbabwe), Polynesia (Easter Island), and Micronesia (Nan Madol on the island of Pohnpei).

Now, it is widely believed that the megalithic graves of Britain, Ireland, France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, northern Germany, and Poland are much older than the Egyptian pyramids, and the Mesoamerican pyramids are more recent and considered to be local cultural innovations.

Private life
His father had migrated to New South Wales from London. He had attended a working men's college under John Ruskin and later became a teacher and headmaster in Grafton, New South Wales. His older brother (Stephen H. Smith) was later Director of Education in New South Wales; his younger brother (Stewart Arthur Smith) was Acting Professor of Anatomy at the University of Sydney.

He married Kathleen Macreadie in 1902 just before moving to Cairo. During his time in London, he lived variously in Hampstead, Gower Street, and at Regent's Park. During his London years, he became a friend of W. H. R. Rivers.

Smith's youngest son, Stephen Smith, died in an accident in 1936. Smith spent his final year in a nursing home in London.

Grafton Smith died on New Year's Day 1 January 1937 at Broadstairs in Kent.

Bibliography

Warren Dawson's list of Smith's publications includes 434 publications. Among the most important are:
The Natural Subdivision of the Cerebral Hemisphere (1901).
The Primary Subdivisions of the Mammalian Cerebellum (1902).
The Ancient Egyptians and the origin of Civilization (London/New York, Harper & Brother 1911).
Catalogue of the Royal Mummies in the Museum of Cairo (Cairo 1912).
 The Migrations of Early Culture (1915)
On the Significance of the geographical distribution of Mummification – a study of the migrations of peoples and the spread of certain customs and beliefs (1916).
The Evolution of the Dragon (1919)
 (with T. H. Pear) Shell Shock and its Lessons (1917, 2nd edition)
 Tutankhamen and the Discovery of his Tomb (1923)
Evolution of Man: Essays (1924, 2nd edition 1927)
Human History (1930)
The Diffusion of Culture (London, Watts 1933)
Elephants and Ethnologists (1924)

A. P. Elkin/N. W. G. Macintosh, Grafton Elliot Smith, The Man and his Work (Sydney University Press 1974)
W. R. Dawson, Sir Grafton Elliot Smith: a Biographical Record by his Colleagues (London, Cape 1938)

References

External links

1871 births
1937 deaths
Australian archaeologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fullerian Professors of Physiology
Royal Medal winners
People educated at Sydney Boys High School
Sydney Medical School alumni
Academics of University College London
Hyperdiffusionism
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Presidents of the Anatomical Society

Grafton Elliot Smith


Mansfield es un distrito no metropolitano del condado de Nottinghamshire (Inglaterra). Fue constituido el 1 de abril de 1974 bajo la Ley de Gobierno Local de 1972 como una fusión del antiguo municipio de Mansfield y los distritos urbanos de Mansfield Woodhouse y Warsop.

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Mansfield tiene una superficie de 76,72 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Mansfield tenía 98 181 habitantes (48,65% varones, 51,35% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 1279,73 hab/km². El 20,61% eran menores de 16 años, el 71,82% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 7,57% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 39 años.

Según su grupo étnico, el 98,33% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,57% mestizos, el 0,63% asiáticos, el 0,25% negros, el 0,15% chinos, y el 0,07% de cualquier otro. La mayor parte (97,3%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,53% de la población, mientras que el 0,22% había nacido en África, el 0,65% en Asia, el 0,2% en América del Norte, el 0,02% en América del Sur, el 0,06% en Oceanía, y el 0,01% en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 76,03%, el budismo por el 0,1%, el hinduismo por el 0,22%, el judaísmo por el 0,01%, el islam por el 0,25%, el sijismo por el 0,17%, y cualquier otra religión por el 0,15%. El 15,23% no eran religiosos y el 7,82% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

El 41,16% de los habitantes estaban solteros, el 42,43% casados, el 2,13% separados, el 7,22% divorciados y el 7,06% viudos. Había 41 601 hogares con residentes, de los cuales el 28,31% estaban habitados por una sola persona, el 11,12% por padres solteros con o sin hijos dependientes, el 58,99% por parejas (49,35% casadas, 9,64% sin casar) con o sin hijos dependientes, y el 1,57% por múltiples personas. Además, había 2286 hogares sin ocupar y 66 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial del Ayuntamiento de Mansfield (en inglés).

Mansfield

Distrito de Mansfield


was a town located in Agawa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,316 and a density of . The total area was .

On August 1, 2005, Ikegawa, along with the village of Agawa (also from Agawa District), and the village of Niyodo (from Takaoka District), was merged to create the town of Niyodogawa (in Agawa District), and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Niyodogawa

Dissolved municipalities of Kōchi Prefecture

Ikegawa, Kōchi


Canzoni per la vita este al doilea album cover publicat de Al Bano în duet cu Massimo Ferrarese, lansat în tiraj limitat în 2013.

Track list

 Io canto  (Riccardo Cocciante, Marco Luberti)  L'anno che verrà  (Lucio Dalla)
 Cambiare  (Alex Baroni, Massimo Calabrese, Marco Rinalduzzi, Marco D'Angelo)  Amanda è libera  (Fabrizio Berlincioni, Albano Carrisi, Alterisio Paoletti)
 Una città per cantare  (Lucio Dalla, Danny O' Keefe)  Pensando a te  (Albano Carrisi, Vito Pallavicini)
 Oggi sono io  (Alex Britti)  Perdere l'amore  (Giampiero Artegiani, Marcello Marrocchi)
 Meraviglioso  (Domenico Modugno, Riccardo Pazzaglia)  Tu per sempre  (Alterisio Paoletti, Fabrizio Berlincioni, Albano Carrisi)
 Tutto il resto è noia  (Franco Califano, Francesco Del Giudice)  Minuetto  (Franco Califano, Dario Baldan Bembo)
 Dai il meglio di te  (text: Maica Tereza, muzica: Albano Carrisi) ''

Albume pop
Albume din 2013
Albume de Al Bano

Canzoni per la vita