Acute septic arthritis, infectious arthritis, suppurative arthritis, pyogenic arthritis, osteomyelitis, or joint infection is the invasion of a joint by an infectious agent resulting in joint inflammation. Generally speaking, symptoms typically include redness, heat and pain in a single joint associated with a decreased ability to move the joint. Onset is usually rapid. Other symptoms may include fever, weakness and headache. Occasionally, more than one joint may be involved, especially in neonates, younger children and immunocompromised individuals. In neonates, infants during the first year of life, and toddlers, the signs and symptoms of septic arthritis can be deceptive and mimic other infectious and non-infectious disorders.

In children, septic arthritis is usually caused by non-specific bacterial infection and commonly hematogenous, i.e., spread through the bloodstream. Septic arthritis and/or acute hematogenous osteomyelitis usually occurs in children with no co-occurring health problems. Other routes of infection include direct trauma and spread from a nearby abscess. Other less common cause include specific bacteria as mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses, fungi and parasites. In children, however, there are certain groups that are specifically vulnerable to such infections namely preterm infants, neonates in general, children and adolescence with hematologic disorders, renal osteodystrophy and immune-compromised status. In adults vulnerable groups include an artificial joint, prior arthritis, diabetes and poor immune function.  Diagnosis is generally based on accurate correlation between history-taking and clinical examination findings and basic laboratory and imaging findings like joint ultrasound.

In children septic arthritis can have serious consequences if not treated appropriately and timely. Initial treatment typically includes antibiotics such as vancomycin, ceftriaxone or ceftazidime. Surgery in the form of joint drainage is the gold standard management in large joints like the hip and shoulder. Without early treatment, long-term joint problems may occur, such as irreversible joint destruction and dislocation.

Signs and symptoms

Children
In children septic arthritis usually affects the larger joints like the hips, knees and shoulders. The early signs and symptoms of septic arthritis in children and adolescents can be confused with limb injury. Among the signs and symptoms of septic arthritis are: acutely swollen, red, painful joint with fever. Kocher criteria have been suggested to predict the diagnosis of septic arthritis in children.

Importantly, observation of active limb motion or kicking in the lower limb can provide valuable clues to septic arthritis of hip or knee. In neonates/new born and infants the hip joint is characteristically held in abduction flexion and external rotation. This position helps the infant accommodate maximum amount of septic joint fluid with the least tension possible. The tendency to have multiple joint involvements in septic arthritis of neonates and young children should be closely considered.

Adults
In adults, septic arthritis most commonly causes pain, swelling and warmth at the affected joint. Therefore, those affected by septic arthritis will often refuse to use the extremity and prefer to hold the joint rigidly. Fever is also a symptom; however, it is less likely in older people. In adults the most common joint affected is the knee. Hip, shoulder, wrist and elbow joints are less commonly affected. Spine, sternoclavicular and sacroiliac joints can also be involved. The most common cause of arthritis in these joints is intravenous drug use. Usually, only one joint is affected. More than one joint can be involved if bacteria are spread through the bloodstream.

Prosthetic joint

For those with artificial joint implants, there is a chance of 0.86 to 1.1% of getting infected in a knee joint and 0.3 to 1.7% of getting infected in a hip joint. There are three phases of artificial joint infection: early, delayed and late.
 Early – infection occurs in less than 3 months. Usual signs and symptoms are fever and joint pain, with redness and warmth over the joint operation site. The mode of infection is during the joint implant surgery. The usual bacteria involved are Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative bacilli.
 Delayed – infection occurs between 3 and 24 months. There would be persistent joint pain, due to loosening of the implant. The mode of infection is during the implant surgery. Common bacteria are coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium acnes.
 Late – more than 24 months. It is usually presented with a sudden onset of joint pain and fever. The mode of infection is through the bloodstream. The bacteria involved are the same as those in septic arthritis of a normal joint.

Cause
Septic arthritis is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection. Bacteria can enter the joint by:
 The bloodstream from an infection elsewhere (most common)
 Direct penetration into the joint (arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, trauma)
 A surrounding infection in the bone or tissue (uncommon, from osteomyelitis, septic bursitis, abscess).

Microorganisms in the blood may come from infections elsewhere in the body such as wound infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis or endocarditis. Sometimes, the infection comes from an unknown location. Joints with preexisting arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are especially prone to bacterial arthritis spread through the blood. In addition, some treatments for rheumatoid arthritis can also increase a person's risk by causing an immunocompromised state. Intravenous drug use can cause endocarditis that spreads bacteria in the bloodstream and subsequently causes septic arthritis. Bacteria can enter the joint directly from prior surgery, intraarticular injection, trauma or joint prosthesis.

Risk factors
In children, although septic arthritis occurs in healthy children and adolescents with no co-occurring health issues, there are certain risk factors that may increase the likelihood of acquiring septic arthritis. For example, children with renal osteodystrophy or renal bone disease, certain hematological disorders and diseases causing immune suppression are risk factors for childhood septic arthritis.

The rate of septic arthritis varies from 4 to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, depending on the underlying medical condition and the joint characteristics. For those with a septic joint, 85% of the cases have an underlying medical condition while 59% of them had a previous joint disorder. Having more than one risk factor greatly increases risk of septic arthritis.
 Age over 80 years
 Diabetes mellitus
 Osteoarthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis. Risk of septic arthritis increases with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment.
 Immunosuppressive medication
 Intravenous drug abuse
 Recent joint surgery
 Hip or knee prosthesis and skin infection
 HIV infection
 Other causes of sepsis

Organisms
Most cases of septic arthritis involve only one organism; however, polymicrobial infections can occur, especially after large open injuries to the joint. Septic arthritis is usually caused by bacteria, but may be caused by viral, mycobacterial, and fungal pathogens as well. It can be broadly classified into three groups: non-gonococcal arthritis, gonococcal arthritis, and others.
 Non-gonococcal arthritis – These bacteria account for over 80% of septic arthritis cases and are usually staphylococci or streptococci. Such infections most commonly come from drug abuse, cellulitis, abscesses, endocarditis, and chronic osteomyelitis. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may affect 5 to 25% of the cases while gram negative bacilli affects 14 to 19% of the septic arthritis cases. Gram negative infections are usually acquired through urinary tract infections, drug abuse, and skin infections. Older people who are immunocompromised are also prone to get gram negative infections. Common gram negative organisms are: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Both gram positive and gram negative infections are commonly spread through the blood from an infective source; but can be introduced directly into the joint or from surrounding tissue. It often affects older people, and often happens suddenly, involving only one joint. Joint aspiration cultures are positive in 90% of cases, while only 50% of blood cultures yield any organisms.
 Gonococcal arthritis – Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a common cause of septic arthritis in people who are sexually active and under 40 years old. The bacteria is spread through the blood to the joint following sexual transmission. Other symptoms of disseminated gonococcal infection can include migration of joint pain, tenosynovitis and dermatitis. Synovial fluid cultures are positive in 25 to 70% of the cases while blood cultures are seldom positive. Apart from blood and joint cultures, swabs from urethra, rectum, pharynx, and cervix should also be taken. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is another useful way of identifying gonococcal infections if diagnosis is difficult and clinical presentation is similar to reactive arthritis.
 Others – Fungal and mycobacterial infections are rare causes of septic arthritis and usually have a slow onset of joint symptoms. Mycobacterial joint infection most commonly affects hip and knee joints, caused by reactivation of past mycobacterial infections, with or without signs and symptoms of tuberculosis in lungs. Synovial fluid cultures will be positive in 80% of the cases. However, acid fast smears are not useful. Histology is not specific to myocobacterial infection as there are other granulomatous diseases that can show similar histology. Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacterium that causes lyme disease, can affect multiple large joints such as the knee. Confirmation of Lyme disease is done through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by confirmation using Western Blot test. It cannot be cultured from synovial fluid. However, PCR testing yields 85% positive result from synovial fluid. Viruses such as rubella, parvovirus B19, chikungunya, and HIV infection can also cause septic arthritis.
 Prosthetic joint infection – Artificial joint infection are usually caused by coagulase negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram negative bacilli. Concurrent infections by multiple organisms is also reported in 20% of the cases. The risk factors of prosthetic joint infections are:  previous fracture, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, revision arthroplasty, and surgical site infections.

List of organisms
 Staphylococci (40%)
 Staphylococcus aureus – the most common cause in most age groups. Can be caused by skin infection, previously damaged joint, prosthetic joint or intravenous drug use.
 coagulase-negative staphylococci – usually due to prosthetic joint
 Streptococci – the second-most common cause (28%)
 Streptococcus pyogenes – a common cause in children under 5
 Streptococcus pneumoniae
 Group B streptococci – a common cause in infants
 Haemophilus influenzae
 Neisseria gonorrhoeae – the most common cause of septic arthritis in young, sexually active adults. Multiple macules or vesicles seen over the trunk are a pathognomonic feature.
 Neisseria meningitidis
 Escherichia coli – in the elderly, IV drug users and the seriously ill
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa – IV drug users or penetrating trauma through the shoe
 M. tuberculosis, Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. – cause septic spinal arthritis
 Eikenella corrodens – human bites
 Pasteurella multocida, bartonella henselae, capnocytophaga – animal bites or scratches
 Fungal species – immunocompromised state
 Borrelia burgdorferi – ticks, causes lyme disease
 Spirillum minus, Streptobacillus moniliformis – rat bites

Diagnosis

Septic arthritis should be considered whenever a person has rapid onset pain in a swollen joint, regardless of fever. One or multiple joints can be affected at the same time.

Laboratory studies such as blood cultures, white blood cell count with differential, ESR, and CRP should also be included. However, white cell count, ESR, and CRP are nonspecific and could be elevated due to infection elsewhere in the body. Serologic studies should be done if lyme disease is suspected. Blood cultures can be positive in 25 to 50% of those with septic arthritis due to spread of infection from the blood. CRP more than 20 mg/L and ESR greater than 20 mm/hour together with typical signs and symptoms of septic arthritis should prompt arthrocentesis from the affected joint for synovial fluid examination.

The synovial fluid should be collected before the administration of antibiotics and should be sent for gram stain, culture, leukocyte count with differential, and crystal studies. This can include NAAT testing for N. gonorrhoeae if suspected in a sexually active person.

In children, the Kocher criteria is used for diagnosis of septic arthritis.

Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of septic arthritis is broad and challenging. First, it has to be differentiated from acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. This is because the treatment lines of both conditions are not identical. Noteworthy, septic arthritis and acute hematogenous osteomyelitis can co-occur. Especially in the hip and shoulder joints their co-occurrence is likely and represents a diagnostic challenge. Therefore, physicians should have a high suspicion index in that regard. This is because in both the hip and shoulder joints the metaphysis is intra-articular which in turn facilitates the spread of hematogenous osteomyelitis into the joint cavity. Conversely, joint sepsis may spread to the metaphysis and induce osteomyelitis.
Acute exacerbation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip both of which are non-septic conditions may mimic septic arthritis. More serious and life-threatening disorders as bone malignancies e.g. Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma may mimic septic arthritis associated with concurrent acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. In this regard, Magnetic resonance imaging may play an important role in the differential diagnosis.

 Joint aspiration
In children, joint synovial fluid aspiration techniques aim at isolating the infectious organism by culture and sensitivity analysis. Cytological analysis of the joint aspirate can point to septic arthritis. However, a negative culture and sensitivity test does not rule out the presence of septic arthritis. Various clinical scenarios and technique-related factors may impact the validity of results of the culture and sensitivity. Additionally, results of cytological analysis, though important, should not be interpreted in isolation of the clinical settings.

In the joint fluid, the typical white blood cell count in septic arthritis is over 50,000–100,000 cells per 10−6/l (50,000–100,000 cell/mm3); where more than 90% are neutrophils is suggestive of septic arthritis. For those with prosthetic joints, white cell count more than 1,100 per mm3 with neutrophil count greater than 64% is suggestive of septic arthritis. However, septic synovial fluid can have white blood cell counts as low as a few thousand in the early stages. Therefore, differentiation of septic arthritis from other causes is not always possible based on cell counts alone. Synovial fluid PCR analysis is useful in finding less common organisms such as Borrelia species. However, measuring protein and glucose levels in joint fluid is not useful for diagnosis.

The Gram stain can rule in the diagnosis of septic arthritis, however, cannot exclude it.

Synovial fluid cultures are positive in over 90% of nongonoccocal arthritis; however, it is possible for the culture to be negative if the person received antibiotics prior to the joint aspiration. Cultures are usually negative in gonoccocal arthritis or if fastidious organisms are involved.

If the culture is negative or if a gonococcal cause is suspected, NAAT testing of the synovial fluid should be done.

Positive crystal studies do not rule out septic arthritis. Crystal-induced arthritis such as gout can occur at the same time as septic arthritis.

A lactate level in the synovial fluid of greater than 10 mmol/L makes the diagnosis very likely.

Blood tests
Laboratory testing includes white blood cell count, ESR and CRP. These values are usually elevated in those with septic arthritis; however, these can be elevated by other infections or inflammatory conditions and are, therefore, nonspecific. Procalcitonin may be more useful than CRP.

Blood cultures can be positive in up to half of people with septic arthritis.

Imaging
Imaging such as x-ray, CT, MRI or ultrasound are nonspecific. They can help determine areas of inflammation but cannot confirm septic arthritis.

When septic arthritis is suspected, x-rays should generally be taken. This is used to assess any problems in the surrounding structures such as bone fractures, chondrocalcinosis, and inflammatory arthritis which may predispose to septic arthritis. While x-rays may not be helpful early in the diagnosis/treatment, they may show subtle increase in joint space and tissue swelling. Later findings include joint space narrowing due to destruction of the joint.

Ultrasound is effective at detecting joint effusions.

CT and MRI are not required for diagnosis; but if the diagnosis is unclear or the joints are hard to examine (ie.sacroiliac or hip joints); they can help to assess for inflammation/infection in or around the joint (i.e. Osteomyelitis), bone erosions, and bone marrow oedema. Both CT and MRI scans are helpful in guiding arthrocentesis of the joints.

 Differential diagnosis
 Crystal induced arthritis such as gout or pseudogout
 Inflammatory arthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Seronegative spondyloarthropathy such as ankylosing spondylitis or reactive arthritis
 Traumatic arthritis due to hemarthrosis, fracture or foreign body
 Osteoarthritis

 Treatment
Treatment is usually with intravenous antibiotics, analgesia and washout and/or aspiration of the joint. Draining the pus from the joint is important and can be done either by needle (arthrocentesis) or opening the joint surgically (arthrotomy).

Empiric antibiotics for suspected bacteria should be started. This should be based on Gram stain of the synovial fluid as well as other clinical findings. General guidelines are as follows:
 Gram positive cocci – vancomycin
 Gram negative cocci – Ceftriaxone
 Gram negative bacilli – Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or ceftazidime
 Gram stain negative and immunocompetent – vancomycin
 Gram stain negative and immunocompromised – vancomycin + third generation cephalosphorin
 IV drug use (possible pseudomonas aeruginosa) – ceftazidime +/- an aminoglycoside

Once cultures are available, antibiotics can be changed to target the specific organism. After a good response to intravenous antibiotics, people can be switched to oral antibiotics. The duration of oral antibiotics varies, but is generally for 1–4 weeks depending on the offending organism.  Repeated daily joint aspiration is useful in the treatment of septic arthritis. Every aspirate should be sent for culture, gram stain, white cell count to monitor the progress of the disease. Both open surgery and arthroscopy are helpful in the drainage of the infected joint. During surgery, lysis of the adhesions, drainage of pus, and debridement of the necrotic tissues are done. Close follow up with physical exam & labs must be done to make sure the person is no longer feverish, pain has resolved, has improved range of motion, and lab values are normalized.

In infection of a prosthetic joint, a biofilm is often created on the surface of the prosthesis which is resistant to antibiotics. Surgical debridement  is usually indicated in these cases. A replacement prosthesis is usually not inserted at the time of removal to allow antibiotics to clear infection of the region. People that cannot have surgery may try long-term antibiotic therapy in order to suppress the infection. The use of prophylactic antibiotics before dental, genitourinary, gastrointestinal procedures to prevent infection of the implant is controversial.

Low-quality evidence suggests that the use of corticosteroids may reduce pain and the number of days of antibiotic treatment in children.

 Outcomes
Risk of permanent impairment of the joint varies greatly. This usually depends on how quickly treatment is started after symptoms occur as longer lasting infections cause more destruction to the joint. The involved organism, age, preexisting arthritis, and other comorbidities can also increase this risk. Gonococcal arthritis generally does not cause long term impairment. For those with Staphylococcus aureus'' septic arthritis, 46 to 50% of the joint function returns after completing antibiotic treatment. In pneumococcal septic arthritis, 95% of the joint function will return if the person survives. One-third of people are at risk of functional impairment (due to amputation, arthrodesis, prosthetic surgery, and deteriorating joint function) if they have an underlying joint disease or a synthetic joint implant. Mortality rates generally range from 10 to 20%. These rates increase depending on the offending organism, advanced age, and comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Epidemiology
In children and adolescence septic arthritis and acute hematogenous osteomyelitis occurs in about 1.34 to 82 per 100,000 per annual hospitalization rates. In adults septic arthritis occurs in about 5 people per 100,000 each year. It occurs more commonly in older people. With treatment, about 15% of people die, while without treatment 66% die.

References

External links

Arthritis
Infectious arthropathies
Medical emergencies
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate

Septic arthritis


Pedocomunhão ou comunhão infantil é a prática da inclusão de crianças na celebração da eucaristia. É uma prática comum na Igreja Ortodoxa, Igrejas Católicas Orientais. Todavia, é uma prática incomum na Igreja Latina e na maior parte do Protestantismo.

Denominações protestantes

Entre as denominações que pratica a pedocomunhão estão:
Comunhão de Igrejas Evangélicas Reformadas
Igreja Presbiteriana do Pacto
Federação de Igrejas Reformadas
Igreja Presbiteriana Independente do Brasil
Igreja Presbiteriana Unida do Brasil
Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana do Brasil
Igreja Metodista do Brasil
Igreja Presbiteriana da Colômbia
Igreja Evangélica Presbiteriana Costarricense
Igreja Evangélica Nacional Presbiteriana da Guatemala
Igreja Cristã Reformada de Honduras
Igreja Reformada Calvinista em El Salvador
Igreja Evangélica Valdense do Rio da Prata
Igrejas Reformadas na Argentina

Eucaristia
Teologia
Sacramentos

Pedocomunhão


La zone Mirab Omo (ou Ouest Omo) est l'une des cinq zones de la région d'Éthiopie du Sud-Ouest en Éthiopie.

Géographie

Partie sud de la région Éthiopie du Sud-Ouest, la zone Mirab Omo est bordée à l'est par la rivière Omo qui la sépare de la région des nations, nationalités et peuples du Sud ; au sud et à l'ouest par le Soudan du Sud ; et à l'ouest par la région Gambela.
Outre Maji qui est le centre administratif historique de la zone, les principales localités sont Tum au nord du woreda Maji et Kibish dans le woreda Surma.

Maji et le nord de la zone sont desservis par un petit aéroport, , situé vers  d'altitude sur la route Mizan-Maji, une vingtaine de kilomètres au nord-est de Maji.

Le parc national de l'Omo s'étend au sud-est de la zone.

Histoire
La zone Mirab Omo, , se sépare  de la zone Bench Maji de la région des nations, nationalités et peuples du Sud.

La zone est principalement habitée par les communautés , Suri et Me'enit.

Elle se rattache en 2021 à la région Éthiopie du Sud-Ouest nouvellement créée.

Démographie
Les woredas Maji et Surma figurent dans le recensement 2007 au titre de la zone Bench Maji.
La principale agglomération est Tum avec  en 2007, suivie par Maji avec  et Kibish avec .

Début 2022, la population du woreda Maji est estimée à  et celle du woreda Surma à .

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Dizi (langue)
 Suri (langue)
 Parc national de l'Omo

Zone dans la région Éthiopie du Sud-Ouest

Mirab Omo


Crocota est un genre de lépidoptères de la famille des Geometridae. Ce genre a été décrit par l'entomologiste bavarois Jakob Hübner en 1823.

Liste des espèces
Ce genre comprend les espèces suivantes.
 Crocota astrogovichi (Caradja, 1930)
 Crocota niveata (Scopoli, 1763)
 Crocota peletieraria (Duponchel, 1830)
 Crocota pseudotinctaria (Leraut, 1999)
 Crocota ricaria (Hübner & Geyer, 1837)
 Crocota tinctaria (Hübner,1823)

Notes et références

Geometridae
Genre de Lépidoptères (nom scientifique)

Crocota


Oak Orchard State Marine Park is an  state park located at the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek at Lake Ontario in the Town of Carlton in Orleans County, New York, United States.  The park can be accessed from NY Route 18 and the Lake Ontario State Parkway.  The park is a few miles east of Lakeside Beach State Park.

The park offers picnic tables, a boat launch, and fishing.

See also
 List of New York state parks

References

External links
 New York State Parks: Oak Orchard State Marine Park

State parks of New York (state)
Marine parks of New York (state)
Parks in Orleans County, New York

Oak Orchard State Marine Park


العمونيون أو مملكة عمون أحد الشعوب السامية القديمة التي استوطنت في شمال الأردن منذ القرن الثاني عشر قبل الميلاد إلى جانب الأدوميين والمؤابيين، حيث أقاموا حضاراتهم فيه واتَّخذوا من عمّون أو عمّان حالياً عاصمة لهم. ذُكر الاسم في التوراة وكما ظهر عند بعض كتابات الحضارات الأخرى مثل الآشوريين، حيث كانوا معروفين بأنهم الشعوب التي تعيش شرق نهر الأردن.

ظهور الدولة ويهالاةوالله بالاسياد
ظهر العمونيون في الأردن في سنة 1250 ق م وعاشوا حياة البداوة وكوّنوا دولة قوية امتدت حدودها من الموجب جنوباً إلى سيل الزرقاء شمالاً ومن الصحراء شرقاً إلى نهر الأردن غرباً وكانت عمان عاصمة مملكتهم. وبحكم موقع عمان الجغرافي الاستراتيجي طمع فيها الغزاة فتعرّضت مملكة العمونيين للغزو والدمار لكنها كانت تضمّد جراحها وتعيد بناء مدنها. وكان «طوبيا العموني» آخر ملك حكم دولة العمونيين وارتبط اسمه بآثار عراق الأمير وقصر العبد في وادي السير.

وبالنسبة لمنطقة عمان فقد كانت معمورة في العصر الحديدي (1200 ق.م-330 ق.م) وتميّزت هذه الفترة باستخدام العجلة لصناعة الفخار, وفي هذا العصر شهدت المنطقة تطورا في استخدام الحديد في صناعة الأسلحة والأدوات المنزلية. وبرز جبل القلعة في عمان مقر عاصمة العمونيين. وما زالت بقايا قصور العمونيين ماثلة في جبل القلعة، منها جدران الأسوار، والآبار المحفورة في الصخر الجيري. كما عُثر في جبل القلعة على أربعة تماثيل لملوك العمونيين تعود إلى القرن الثامن ق.م، ووجدت تماثيل أخرى في ضواحي عمان في خربة الحجاز وأبو علندة وعرجان.

وتميّزت عمان في هذه الفترة بالتحصينات الحجرية والأبراج التي تظهر النشاط العسكري والتجاري في المنطقة، مثل برجي الملفوف وخلدا الذين ما زالا ماثلين حتى الآن, وتشير الآثار إلى أن عمّان كانت حلقة وصل بين الشرق الأقصى وعالم البحر المتوسط وامتداده إلى أثينا وجزر بحر إيجة. في عام 1994 وجدت الحفريات الباحثة عن الاّثار بيوتا وأبراجا يُظنّ أنها من العصر الحجري حوالي العام 6500 ق.م.

وقد كانت عمان في العام 1200 ق.م قد أصبحت عاصمة العمونيين.

اللغة
كانت لغتهم سامية وثيقة الصلة باللغتين المؤابية والعبرية، وقد أُدرجت بعض التأثيرات الآرامية عليها. وهي تندرج ضمن اللغات الكنعانية القديمة، والتي انقرضت باندثار الدولة العمونية واحتلالها.

الاقتصاد

مثل اختيها - المملكة المؤابية والادومية، كان فيها العديد من مصادر الموارد الطبيعية، بما فيها الحجر الرملي والحجر الجيري. وكان القطاع الزراعي إنتاجيه الأراضي وحيوي على طول الملك، والطريق الرئيسي الذي يربط طريق التجارة القديمة لمصر مع بلاد ما بين النهرين وسوريا والاناضول. كما هو الحال مع المؤابيين والادوميين، وكانت التجارة على طول هذا الطريق قد قدمت لهم دخلا كبيرا.

سقوطها واندثارها
وبعد وفاة الاسكندر الكبير عام 323 ق م تفرق ملكه فخضعت سوريا للسلوقيين وحكم البطالمة مصر وفلسطين والأردن وأثناء حكم بطليموس الثاني فيلادلفيوس (285-247 قبل الميلاد) حملت عمان اسم فيلادلفيا وبدأت تسيطر عليها اليونانيون.

شجرة العائلة حسب التوراة

انظر أيضا
 مؤاب
 الإدوميون

مراجع

مصادر
 قاموس الكتاب المقدس - بني عمون
 AmmanYaho

أنظمة ملكية سابقة في آسيا
العصر الحديدي
انحلالات القرن 4 ق م
تأسيسات القرن 10 ق م
تأسيسات القرن 10 ق م في آسيا
تاريخ الأردن القديم
تاريخ بني إسرائيل
دول وأقاليم انحلت في القرن 4 ق م
دول وأقاليم أسست في القرن 10 ق م
ساميون
شعوب الكتاب العبري
مواقع أثرية في الأردن

عمونيون


Süspansiyon şu anlamlara gelebilir:
 Süspansiyon (kimya), herhangi bir sıvı içerisinde katı maddenin çözünmeden asılı olarak kalmasıdır.
 Süspansiyon (taşıt)
 McPherson süspansiyon sistemi

Süspansiyon


David Bannerman ist der Name folgender Personen:

* David Armitage Bannerman (1886–1979), britischer Ornithologe
 David Campbell Bannerman (* 1960), britischer Politiker (Conservative Party)

David Bannerman


ලෝටස් නිව්ස් යනු ඉන්දියාව පදනම් කර ගත්, දෙමළ ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකාවකි. නාලිකාවේ මූලස්ථානය තමිල්නාඩුවේ කොයිම්බතූර් හී පිහිටුවා තිබෙයි. නාලිකාව අන්තර්ජාලය ඔස්සේ නොමිලේ විකාශනය කෙරෙන අතර ඉන්දියාවේ සහ විදෙස්ගත දමිළ ප්‍රජාව ඉලක්ක කොට ගෙන විකාශන කටයුතු සිදු කරයි. ලෝටස් නිව්ස් හී තේමා පාඨය Unmai malarutum වෙයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකා

මූලාශ්‍ර

http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/namo-tv-in-gujarat-and-lotus-tv-in-tamil-nadu-bjp-on-air-274649
http://www.worldofdth.com/thread-News-Tamil-Channel-Lotus-News-to-Start-on-Oct-11th

භාහිර සබැදි

ඉන්දියාවේ රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා

ලෝටස් නිව්ස්


Lars Bytoft (født 6. april 1973 i Tårnby) var leder af Ingeniørforeningen i Danmark (IDA) fra 2004 til 2010.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Om Lars Bytoft på Altinget.dk

Ingeniører fra Danmark
Fagforeningsfolk fra Danmark
Personer fra Tårnby

Lars Bytoft


Þagnarskylda er skylda aðila til að halda leynd yfir þeim upplýsingum sem þagnarskyldan nær yfir og getur ýmist byggt á lögum, samningi, eða öðrum réttarheimildum. Hún getur hvort sem er staðið sjálfstætt eða verið innifalin í öðrum skyldum, svo sem trúnaðarskyldu eða sem hluta af persónuvernd. Afleiðingar hennar geta meðal annars verið viðurlög, fjárbætur og/eða viðkomandi aðili verði fyrir álitshnekki. Til staðar gætu þó verið lagafyrirmæli sem aflétta þagnarskyldunni í ákveðnum tilvikum og jafnvel skyldað viðkomandi aðila til að láta af hendi upplýsingarnar af eigin frumkvæði, eins og tilkynningarskyldan þegar einhver telur líf eða heilbrigði barns vera í hættu.

Þagnarskylda


Juicio Penal Internacional contra Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa es una iniciativa planteada por abogados, académicos, periodistas, defensores de derechos humanos y miembros de la sociedad civil para solicitar al Fiscal de la Corte Penal Internacional que analice la existencia de crímenes de lesa humanidad y crímenes de guerra en México.

La petición al fiscal Luis Moreno Ocampo

Plantea que México vive una crisis humanitaria que ha cobrado la vida de 60 mil personas, con 10 mil desparecidos y 1.6 millones de desplazados y señala como responsables a diversos funcionarios públicos entre los que destaca el Jefe del Ejecutivo Federal y los líderes de carteles de la droga en México. Se les acusa de violar reiteradamente y de forma generalizada los Convenios de Ginebra y el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional

El documento que se entregó al Fiscal el 20 de noviembre de 2011 sostiene que el Ejército Mexicano ha llegado al extremo de asesinar y torturar a civiles completamente ajenos al conflicto, en retenes militares y durante sus operativos. Además las fuerzas armadas habrían intentado encubrir estos hechos para garantizar impunidad a los responsables. Señala también que la violación sexual en contra de mujeres se ha institucionalizado como esquema represivo por parte del Ejército. Cita como ejemplo la recomendación 38/2007de la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de México sobre el caso del municipio de Nocupétaro, Michoacán, en donde el 2 y 3 de mayo de 2007 soldados habrían violado y abusado de cuatro niñas menores de edad; además de atacar generalizadamente a la población civil –detenciones arbitrarias, tortura, allanamientos– como represión por considerar que encubrían a narcotraficantes.

A juicio de los promotores era responsabilidad de Felipe Calderón Hinojosa primero evitar, y después sancionar a los miembros de su gobierno que cometieron estos actos. Señalan que al no sancionar, ha institucionalizado una política de impunidad violatoria de derechos humanos.

Señalan adicionalmente que la tortura es una práctica generalizada en los cuarteles militares en México. Además plantean que existe un patrón sistemático que fue detectado por la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de México y denunciado en su recomendación 87/2011. Los detenidos son trasladados a bases militares donde son sometidos a tortura, tratos crueles e inhumanos y en el caso de las mujeres, violaciones sexuales.

El abogado redactor de la denuncia ha señalado que el Ejecutivo Federal ha dictado órdenes directas a personal militar involucrado en el conflicto, pues en mayo de 2007 firmó y publicó un decreto para crear el Cuerpo de Fuerzas de Apoyo Federal, un cuerpo de élite del Ejército que él comandaba sin la intermediación de ningún general u otro mando.

Finalmente plantean que Generales del ejército mexicano han ordenado ejecuciones de civiles y desapariciones forzadas.

En relación con crímenes de lesa humanidad, denuncian la situación a la que se enfrentan los migrantes centroamericanos que son sujetos a secuestros masivos, homicidios, asaltos, violaciones sexuales y desapariciones forzadas. En esta situación crítica se denuncia la participación de autoridades y criminales.

En cuanto a los cárteles de la droga la petición los responsabiliza de la práctica de crímenes contra la población civil, realizar decapitaciones y reclutar niños menores de 15 años de edad para convertirlos en sicarios. Estima que entre 30 y 43 mil menores de edad han sido reclutados por grupos criminales. Además los responsabiliza de ataques a hospitales y centros de rehabilitación de enfermos y adictos a las drogas: -entre otros- el 26 de junio en Durango en 2010, el 5 de diciembre de 2010 y 10 de junio de 2010 en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua.

La procedencia de la petición ha sido materia de múltiples debates entre quienes consideraban que sería desechada por notoriamente improcedente y quienes la defendían. Sin embargo,  el fiscal de la Corte Penal Internacional, Luis Moreno Ocampo, aseguró el 27 de noviembre de 2011 que estudiará las denuncias por presuntos crímenes de lesa humanidad recibidas por su oficina contra el presidente de México, Felipe Calderón.

Crímenes de lesa humanidad

Los Crímenes de lesa humanidad - descritos en el artículo 7 del Estatuto de Roma- implican un ataque generalizado o sistemático en contra de una población civil y con conocimiento de dicho ataque, en el que se somete a las personas a esclavitud, tortura, desaparición forzada de personas, asesinato, violación, esclavitud sexual y prostitución forzada entre otros.

La petición señala que este tipo de crímenes se cometen cotidianamente, especialmente en contra de los migrantes centroamericanos que tratan de llegar hacia los Estados Unidos. La Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de México habría documentado desde 2009 que el Instituto Nacional de Migración (México) dependiente del Gobierno Federal Mexicano, participa de estas prácticas a través de la comercialización de personas indocumentadas en calidad de esclavos para los cárteles de las drogas.

La imposibilidad de juzgar en México y el principio de complementariedad

El abogado redactor de la petición, Netzaí Sandoval, ha señalado que México no está en condiciones de llevar a cabo la investigación y el juicio en contra de Felipe Calderón, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, Genaro García Luna, Guillermo Galván Galván, Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza y demás autoridades, militares y narcotraficantes, debido a que en la legislación penal mexicana no han tipificado los crímenes de guerra ni de lesa humanidad. No obstante, los tratados internacionales en la materia al tener rango constitucional facultaría el desahogo de los juicios, aunque se señala que la Corte Penal Internacional, bajo el principio de complementariedad, podría juzgarlos. El proceso tiene lugar una vez que se realiza una prolongada investigación que realiza la propia corte, que puede durar bastante tiempo.

Los firmantes

La petición se propone ser la más grande petición que haya recibido la Corte Penal Internacional en su historia pues cuenta ya con más de veinte mil firmas.

Además del abogado redactor, Netzaí Sandoval, destacan entre los promotores:

John M. Ackerman (Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM)
Fernando Villegaz (Modelo, Ex-Militante Jóvenes En Acción )Fernando De La Cavada Villegas (Blogger)
Miguel Badillo (Director de la Revista "Contralinea")
Rafael Barajas Durán ("El Fisgón", La Jornada)
Virgilio Caballero (Periodista)
Sanjuana Martínez (Periodista)
Edgar Cortés (Instituto Mexicano de Derechos Humanos y Democracia)
Claudia Cruz Santiago (Directora General del Instituto de Acción Ciudadana para la Justicia y la Democracia)
Rocío Culebro (Directora, Instituto Mexicano de Derechos Humanos y Democracia)
Manuel Fuentes Muñiz (Presidente, Asoc. Nac. de Abogados Democráticos ANAD)
Patricia Galeana (Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UNAM)
General José Francisco Gallardo Rodríguez (General Brigadier y Doctor en Administración Pública)
Antonio Helguera (Caricaturista, Proceso, El Chamuco, La Jornada)
Julio Hernández López (Astillero)
José Hernández (Caricaturista, Proceso, El Chamuco, La Jornada)
Epigmenio Ibarra (Presidente, Argos Comunicación)
David Manrique (Caricaturista, Contralínea)
Sanjuana Martínez (Periodista)
Profesor David Martínez-Amador M.A. (Universidad Jesuita de Guatemala, experto en narcotráfico)
José Rosario Marroquín (Director, Centro de Derechos Humanos "Pro Juárez")
Pedro Miguel (Periodista, La Jornada)
Loretta Ortiz Ahlf (Departamento de Derecho, Universidad Iberoamericana)
Victor Quintana (Defensor de derechos humanos, Chihuahua)
Jesús Robles Maloof (Defensor de los Derechos Humanos)
Octavio Rodríguez Araujo (Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, UNAM)
Irma Eréndira Sandoval (Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM)
Julio Scherer Ibarra (Jurista, periodista y autor)
Lauro Sol (Abogado, expresidente de la Asoc. Nac. de Abogados Democráticos ANAD)
Tiaré Scanda (Actriz, estrictamente a título personal)
Olga Harmony (Decana de la crítica teatral)
William Weaver (Universidad de Texas, El Paso)
Antonio Fernández Marín (Instituto de Física, BUAP)

Respuesta del Gobierno Federal
El Gobierno de Felipe Calderón Hinojosa contestó a la iniciativa a través de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores el 11 de octubre de 2011. En su comunicado señaló que rechaza categóricamente que la política de seguridad pueda constituir un crimen internacional. Argumentó también que la jurisdicción de la Corte Penal Internacional es complementaria a las jurisdicciones penales nacionales por lo que se justifica la acción de la Corte exclusivamente cuando un Estado no puede o no quiere ejercer acción penal para castigar ciertos crímenes detallados en el Estatuto de Roma. Desde su punto de vista estos supuestos no acurren en México.

El Gobierno Federal anuncia acciones legales contra los denunciantes

El 28 de noviembre de 2011 la Presidencia de la República ordenó la publicación de un comunicado en diversos diarios, en el que afirmaba que las imputaciones en su contra eran "falsas y calumniosas". Además apuntó que dañaban "terriblemente" el buen nombre de México. Concluía con un párrafo que de inmediato generó polémica en México: "El Gobierno de la república explora todas las alternativas para proceder legalmente en contra de quienes las realizan en distintos foros e instancias nacionales e internacionales"

Actores políticos y sociales critican la amenaza gubernamental

Múltiples voces, incluso dentro del Partido gobernante, criticaron la reacción de la Presidencia de la República pues consideran que no se puede coartar el derecho de manifestarse o buscar ejercer el derecho de acceso a la justicia.

Además cientos de académicos, juristas y organizaciones defensoras de derechos humanos han criticado la respuesta de Felipe Calderón pues consideran que las acciones legales en contra de los 23 mil firmantes que acudieron a la CPI "afectaría gravemente el Estado de Derecho, la libertad de expresión y la convivencia democrática en el país".

Legisladores de todos los Partidos políticos -con excepción del partido gobernante- también publicaron un desplegado considerando que son inadmisibles las amenazas a denunciantes ante la CPI. Plantearon que "la criminalización de quienes, con pleno derecho como ciudadanos mexicanos, buscan justicia ante tribunales internacionales contraviene los principios de cualquier Estado democrático de Derecho.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Radio Francia Internacional retoma la nota
 Artículo de opinión que comenzó a reunir las firmas para la petición
 Opinión del abogado redactor de la demanda
 Diarios mexicanos tratan el tema
 Medios internacionales retoman el tema

Derecho penal internacional
Juicios por delitos contra la humanidad
Derechos humanos en México
Guerra contra el narcotráfico en México

Juicio Penal Internacional contra Felipe Calderón


Podsavezna liga Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza je bila liga 4. stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije za sezonu 1959./60.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio "Grafičar" iz Zagreba.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

Poveznice
 Prvenstva Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza
 Zagrebački nogometni podsavez
 Zagrebačka zona 1959./60.

Izvori
 nk-maksimir.hr, NK "Maksimir" - Podsavezna liga 1959./60. , pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2017.

1959-60
1959-60
Zagreb-P

Podsavezna liga Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza 1959./60.


Seoske kuće i mlinica u Dvorima Sinovčića su zaštićeno kulturno dobro u Žrnovnici.

Opis dobra
Nedaleko od izvora rječice Žrnovnice je sklop Dvori. Kuće su većinom dvokatnice, građene od klesanaca, dvostrešna drvena krovišta većinom su pokrivena utorenim crijepom, a na kat se penje preko vanjskog stubišta. U sklopu je i mlinica, danas urušenog krovišta i pogona, koja je bila tipa kašikara-mlinica s horilontalnim mlinskim kolom, uz koju je bila i stupa. Zgrada je L-tlocrta i bila je zakrovljena kamenim pločama. Uzvodno se nalazi manja, danas također urušena mlinica.

Zaštita

Pod oznakom RST-0598-1971. zavedene su kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao profana graditeljska baština.

Izvori

Žrnovnica
Zaštićene stambeno-gospodarske građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Dvori Sinovčića


Michael or Mike Gorman may refer to:
Michael Gorman (musician) (1895–1970), Irish traditional fiddler
Michael Gorman (librarian) (born 1941), British-born librarian
Michael Gorman (Wisconsin politician) (1816–1899), Irish-born Wisconsin politician
Michael A. Gorman (1950–2012), modern politician in North Carolina
Mike Gorman (born 1945), American basketball player and sports commentator
Michael J. Gorman (born 1955), New Testament scholar

Michael Gorman


246132 Lugyny este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
246132 Lugyny este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul astronomic din Andrușivka. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,28 ua, o excentricitate de 0,25 și o înclinație de 8,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 246001-247000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2007
Centura de asteroizi

246132 Lugyny


Le Front uni pour l'action révolutionnaire (, en abrégé FUAR) est une organisation militante de courte durée qui était l'aile paramilitaire du Parti communiste du Salvador de 1962 à 1964. L'organisation, dirigée par Schafik Handal, n'a mené aucune activité militante. Une combinaison de ciblage par l'Organización Democrática Nacionalista sur ordre du président Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo et la décision du secrétaire général du Parti communiste Cayetano Carpio d'abolir le groupe a conduit à la dissolution du groupe en 1964.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Autoritarisme militaire au Salvador
 Parti communiste du Salvador
 Front d'action populaire unifié
 Fédération chrétienne des paysans salvadoriens

Organisation paramilitaire
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1964
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1962
Histoire du Salvador

Front uni pour l'action révolutionnaire


سلطنة الحواشب هي إحدى «الكانتونات التسعة» التي وقعت اتفاقات حماية مع الإمبراطورية البريطانية في أوائل القرن 19 وأصبحت جزءاً من محمية عدن البريطانية. في وقت لاحق أصبحت عضواً في اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي عام 1959 الذي خلفه اتحاد الجنوب العربي في عام 1963.

تاريخ
كانت مدينة المسيمير عاصمة سلطنة الحواشب (تقع حالياً في محافظة لحج). آخر سلاطين سلطنة الحواشب هو السلطان فيصل بن سرور حتى تم تأسيس جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية في عام 1967 هي الآن جزء من الجمهورية اليمنية.

مراجع

اتحاد الجنوب العربي
اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي 1959-1963
تاريخ شبه الجزيرة العربية
تأسيسات القرن 19 في اليمن
دول سابقة
دول في محمية عدن
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1967
دول وأقاليم أسست في القرن 18
دول يمنية بعد الإسلام
سلطنات
سلطنات سابقة

سلطنة الحواشب


Alexandra Dariescu () este o pianistă solo de origine română. S-a născut în Iași, în 1985, unde a urmat cursurile Liceului de Artă "Octav Băncilă". Prima ei interpretare a avut loc la vârsta de nouă ani, cu Orchestra Simfonică din Chișinău.

La 17 ani, i-a fost acordată o bursă la Pocklington School din Marea Britanie. La 18 ani s-a mutat în Manchester pentru studii la Royal Northern College of Music. Ulterior, a primit diploma de master de la Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Printre mentorii ei se numără Imogen Cooper și András Schiff.

Dariescu a interpretat alături de orchestre precum BBC Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra Filarmonicii din Londra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, European Union Youth Orchestra, Orchestre Symphonique de Québec și Sichuan Symphony Orchestra.

Note

Nașteri în 1985
Ieșeni
Instrumentiști români în viață
Pianiste din România
Români expatriați în Regatul Unit

Alexandra Dariescu


Bodine Koehler Peña (Ámsterdam, Países Bajos; 30 de septiembre de 1992) es una modelo y reina de belleza  ganadora del certamen Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2012.

Biografía
Es hija única del arquitecto neerlandés Robert Koehler y su esposa la dominicana Mariluz Peña. A pesar de la nacionalidad de sus padres, Bodine lleva 10 años viviendo en Puerto Rico y se considera puertorriqueña. La joven estudia composición musical en el Conservatorio de Música de Puerto Rico y domina tres idiomas.

Su carrera como modelo se desarrolla en la agencia de modelos Unica, donde se desarrolla como top model de Puerto Rico. Entre sus trabajos se encuentran editoriales en las revistas InFashion, Nocturno y la portada del n.º21 de la Revista Ego Moda.

Es una de las modelos que ha representado a Puerto Rico a nivel internacional, participando en la Semana de la Moda de Ámsterdam (Amsterdam Fashion Week).

Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2012

Bodine entra en la competencia Miss Puerto Rico Universe representando al pueblo de Río Grande. Pasa automáticamente a las semifinalistas al ser la ganadora de "La Batalla del Bikini".  Adicional a su título, obtuvo otros dos premios, uno como la Reina de la Pasarela Payless y un premio especial de JCPenney.

La noche final utilizó un vestido del reconocido diseñador puertorriqueño Harry Robles, quien luego del triunfo de Koehler fue cuestionado por la originalidad del traje que aseguró el triunfo de esta reina de belleza. Sin embargo, Robles logró probar la autenticidad de su diseño.

Tras su coronación, la legitimidad de Koehler fue cuestionada por su nacionalidad. Todavía el público tiene ideas ambiguas sobre su reinado, ya que a pesar de haber nacido en Holanda, Koehler contaba con notable fama a nivel local antes del concurso como modelo profesional.

Véase también
 Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2012

Referencias

Fullana Acosta, Mariela. Cuestionan originalidad del traje de Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2012. Primera Hora. 9 de noviembre de 2011.

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Miss Universe Puerto Rico

Modelos de Puerto Rico
Delegadas de Miss Universo 2012
Emigrantes neerlandeses hacia Puerto Rico
Reinas de belleza
Nacidos en Ámsterdam

Bodine Koehler Peña


22983 Schlingheyde este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
22983 Schlingheyde este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,95 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 0,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 22001-23000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

22983 Schlingheyde


Buhar kulübesi, Kuzey Amerika yerlileri (Kızılderililer) tarafından kullanılan törensel buhar banyosunun gerçekleştirildiği küçük yapıdır. Çeşitli stillerde yapılan buhar kulübeleri vardır. Kubbeli olanları kadar, Kızılderili çadırları (tipi) gibi olanları hatta yerde açılmış basit bir çukur şeklinde olanları da bulunur. Kulübe dışında yakılan ateşte kızdırılan taşlar kulübenin ortasındaki bir deliğe yerleştirilerek kulübede yüksek sıcaklık sağlanır.

Buhar kulübesi ritüelleri

Kızılderili ritüel ve gelenekleri bölgeden bölgeye, kabileden kabileye değişmekle birlikte ritüellerde genellikle dualar, davul çalma ve ruhlar dünyasına armağanlar sunma gibi unsurlar içerir. Buhar kulübesiyle ilişkili bazı ortak uygulamalar ve temel unsurlar şunlardır:

 Oryantasyon – Kapı genellikle ateşe dönüktür ve ateş ile kulübe arasındaki ikiliği gösterir. Bu ikilik çoğu Kızılderili geleneğinde erkek-kadın veya yer-gök ikiliklerinin temsilidir. Bir göl kenarında inşa edilen kulübe gölün ruhuyla temas amacıyla yapılmış olabilir.
 İnşa – Kulübe genellikle büyük bir özenle ve kullanılan malzemeye ve çevreye saygıyla inşa edilir. Çoğu gelenekte kulübe inşası sırasında tam bir sessizlik söz konusudur ancak bazen inşa sırasında davullar çalınır. Bazı geleneklerde oruç tutulur.
 Giysi - Geleneksel kulübelerde uygulamaya katılanlar basit bir giysi veya havluya sarınır.
 Sunular - Tütün, tatlı bitkiler, sedir veya diğer bitkiler dua sırasında şükran göstergesi olarak sunulur. Barış çubuğu veya mısır koçanı çubuğunda tütün tüttürülebilir, sıcak taşlara veya ateşe su serpilir. Kişi kulübeye girmeden önce ruhlar dünyasından destek almak için kendini arındırır.
 Destek – Çoğu Kızılderili geleneğinde bir veya iki kişi (köpek askerler) buhar kulübesinin dışında kalır ve töreni korur ve uygulayıcıya yardım eder.

Dış bağlantılar

 Native American Tribes
 Categori:Native American Tribes

Kızılderili inançları
Kızılderili kültürü

Buhar kulübesi


Alapınar, Eskişehir ilinin Alpu ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 80 km, Alpu ilçesine 45 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Alpu'nun mahalleleri

Alapınar, Alpu


El río Cacheu o río Farim es un de los más extensos ríos de Guinea-Bisáu. Nace cerca de la frontera norte de Guinea-Bisáu con Senegal, al norte de Contobeul, atravesando de este para oeste las regiones de Bafatá, Oio y, finalmente, Cacheu donde se encuentra con el océano Atlántico en un estuario.

Es un río de planicie, de aguas vagarosas y de gran caudal en época de lluvias. Es navegable a grandes navíos (2000 toneladas) en cerca de 97 km, el que hace de él una importante vía comercial para el interior de Guinea-Bisáu. Es navegable para embarcaciones más pequeñas hasta cerca de 200 kilómetros de la vera, hasta Farim.

Durante la Guerra Colonial Portuguesa, el río Cacheu fue escenario de diversas operaciones militares.

En 2000, gran parte del estuario del río fue integrado en el parque natural de los Tarrafes del Río Cacheu, abarcando una superficie total de , de los cuales 68 % presentan una cobertura de mangal (tarrafes) que forma parte de aquel que es considerado como el mayor bloque de mangal continuo de la África Occidental.

Los vastos márgenes acogen  un gran número de aves migratórias que invernam en el parque. Entre los mamíferos, se encuentran los Tursiops truncatus y Sousa teuszii, los hipopótamos Hippopotamus amphibius, los manatíes Trichechus senegalensis, las gazelas-pintadas Tragelaphus scriptus y los macacos-verdes Cercopithecus aethiops. Entre los reptiles se destacan los crocodilos Crocodylus niloticus y C. tetraspis.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cacheu

Río Cacheu


Lee Albert Miglin () a fost un om american de afaceri și un filantrop. După ce și-a început cariera ca vânzator și apoi a fost broker, Miglin a devenit un dezvoltator imobiliar de succes. A fost ucis în casa lui, în mai 1997, de către Andrew Cunanan, omul care l-a ucis apoi pe designerul italian Gianni Versace.

Biografie
Miglin a fost unul dintre cei șapte copii născuti într-o familie romano-catolică de origine lituaniană; tatăl său era un miner de cărbune din Central Illinois.

Miglin și-a început cariera vanzând tacâmuri din argint și aluat de clătite din portbagajul său. În 1956, la vârsta de 31 de ani, și-a început cariera în domeniul imobiliar, luându-și o slujbă ca broker alături de magnatul imobiliar din Chicago, Arthur Rubloff.

Miglin a devenit un dezvoltator imobiliar de succes, în parteneriat cu J. Paul Beitler. Ei au propus construcția unui zgârie-nori de 25 de etaje în Chicago, numit Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle. Totuși, clădirea nu a fost construită niciodată.

Viața personală
În 1959, Miglin s-a căsătorit cu Marilyn Klecka, care avea 20 de ani. Ea era de origine cehă și, asemenea lui Miglin, era romano-catolică. Klecka, un antreprenor de succes, cunoscută sub numele de Queen of Makeovers, a înființat o proeminentă companie de parfumuri și cosmetice și este o celebritate în cadrul rețelei Home Shopping. Ei au doi copii, Marlena (născută în 1968) și actorul Duke Miglin (născut în anul 1971).

Crima
Miglin a fost ucis în 4 mai 1997 de către criminalul în serie Andrew Cunanan. Trupul lui Miglin a fost găsit în garajul casei sale din Gold Coast Historic District, Chicago. El a fost legat de încheieturi, iar capul său a fost înfășurat în scoci și i-a fost lăsat doar un spațiu prin care să respire, în jurul nărilor. A fost torturat cu un fierăstrău și o șurubelniță, coastele i-au fost rupte, a fost bătut și înjunghiat și gâtul i-a fost tăiat cu o foarfecă de grădină.

Cunanan era deja căutat în Minneapolis pentru uciderea cu câteva zile înainte a prietenului său Jeffrey Trail, de 28 de ani, și fostului iubit David Madson, de 33 de ani. Pe data de 9 mai 1997, Cunanan l-a ucis pe William Reese, îngrijitorul cimitirului național Finn Point, din New Jersey în vârstă de 45 de ani. Adrew a abandonat apoi mașina lui Miglin și a furat camionul roșu al lui Reese. În urma uciderii lui Miglin, FBI l-a adăugat pe Cunanan în topul celor mai căutați zece fugari.

Cunanan l-a ucis de asemenea și pe designerul italian Gianni Versace, în data de 15 iulie 1997, la două luni după uciderea lui Miglin.

Cunanan s-a sinucis împușcându-se în cap în data de 23 iulie 1997.

În cultura populară
În al doilea sezon al serialului antologic American Crime Story: Asasinarea lui Gianni Versace, a fost povestit sindromul Cunanan și l-a inclus pe Miglin, jucat de Mike Farrell. Opera a fost bazată pe cartea Vulgar Favors: Andrew Cunanan, Gianni Versace and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History a autoarei Maureen Orth, care a speculat că Miglin ar fi fost gay sau bisexual nedeclarat și că ar fi avut o relație secretă cu Andrew Cunanan.

Note

Nașteri în 1925
Decese în 1997
Oameni de afaceri americani
Filantropi americani

Lee Miglin


Nat & Dag var et gratis magasin i tabloidformat, der udkom første gang i 1992 ti gange om året i HT-området (København og den nordøstlige del af Sjælland) i et oplag på 85-100.000 eksemplarer og med et læsertal på 197.000.

Magasinet havde søstermagasiner i Norge og Sverige, og var en del af Nöjesguiden Förlag, der var den første gratis byguide i Skandinavien (Sverige 1985).

Oplaget blev distribueret i samarbejde med Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten, og blev uddelt til uddannelsesinstitutioner samt på stativer i bylivet hvor mange unge kom.

I 2001 omkring magasinets 10 års jubilæum blev Nat & Dag samt søsterudgivelserne solgt til MediaNorth Group (det tidligere Aktivist Network), og i den sammenhæng valgte man at redesigne magasinet, gøre det landsdækkende, og hæve oplægget til 100.000 eksemplarer.

Magasinet blev herefter opdelt i en ny vest-udgave, der blev produceret af en lokal redaktion i Aarhus, og udkom i Odense, Aarhus, Viborg, Silkeborg, Randers og Ålborg, mens den gamle øst-udgave stadig dækkede Hovedstadsområdet.

Samtidig blev samarbejdet med Jyllands-Posten indstillet, og man stod derefter selv for omdelingen.

Nat & Dags direktør Esben Trier fortsatte i sin stilling.

I dag er det kun Natt & Dag i Norge, der stadig udgives.

Referencer
http://markedsforing.dk/artikler/gratis-medier-er-kommet-blive

http://finans.dk/artikel/ECE4239126/Mediekoncern-overtager-Nat&Dag/?ctxref=ext#

http://markedsforing.dk/artikler/natdag-solgt-til-aktivist-network-oy

http://www.nattogdag.no/
Tidsskrifter fra Danmark

Nat & Dag


Renoise is a digital audio workstation (DAW) based upon the heritage and development of tracker software. Its primary use is the composition of music using sound samples, soft synths, and effects plug-ins. It is also able to interface with MIDI and OSC equipment. The main difference between Renoise and other music software is the characteristic vertical timeline sequencer used by tracking software.

History
Renoise was originally based on the code of another tracker called NoiseTrekker, made by Juan Antonio Arguelles Rius (Arguru). The then unnamed Renoise project was initiated by Eduard Müller (Taktik) and Zvonko Tesic (Phazze) during December 2000. The development team planned to take tracking software into a new standard of quality, enabling tracking scene composers to make audio of the same quality as other existing professional packages, while still keeping the proven interface that originated with Soundtracker in 1987. Version 1.0 was released in June 2002. Over the years the development team has grown to distribute the tasks of testing, administrative, support and web duties among several people.

Features
Renoise currently runs under recent versions of Windows (DirectSound or ASIO), Mac OS X (Core Audio) and Linux (ALSA or JACK).
Renoise has full MIDI and MIDI sync support, VST 3 plugin support, ASIO multi I/O cards support, integrated sampler and sample editor, internal real-time DSP effects with  unlimited number of effects per track, master and send tracks, full automation of all commands, Hi-Fi wav/aiff rendering (up to 32-bit, 192 kHz), Rewire support, etc.

Supported sample formats

WAV, AIFF, FLAC, Ogg, MP3, CAF

Supported effects standards

VSTi, AU, LADSPA, DSSI

Renoise also features a Signal Follower and cross-track routing. The Signal Follower analyzes the audio output of a track and automates user-specified parameters based on the values it generates. Cross-track routing sends the automation of any Meta Device to any track. Computer Music magazine considered the combination of these two features to "open up some incredibly powerful control possibilities", and demonstrated how the signal triggered by a drum loop could control the filter cutoff frequency on a bass sound.

Renoise includes an arranging tool called the "pattern matrix", full cross-track modulation routing, built-in effects including a signal-follower metadevice that allows sidechain functionality, automatic softsynth-to-sample instrument rendering, and improved MIDI mapping.

Versions
Renoise is available as either a demo or a commercial version. The demo version excludes rendering to .WAV, ASIO support in Windows (DirectSound only) and a few other features. Also, the demo version has nag screens. The commercial version includes high quality WAV rendering (up to 32 bit 192 kHz) and ASIO support.

Development
With the introduction of Lua scripting in version 2.6, users can expand Renoise. They are encouraged to share their work on the centralized Renoise Tools web page.

XRNS file format
The XRNS file format is native to Renoise. It is based on the XML standard, and so is readable in any text editor. The XML-based file format makes it possible for anyone to develop 3rd party applications and other systems in order to manipulate file content.

Third-party tools
A project for creating PHP scripts utilities for needed advanced edit tasks has been set up at SourceForge: XRNS-PHP project.

In August 2007, a functional XRNS2MIDI script was published by Renoise team member Bantai. It enables Renoise users, via an external frontend, to convert native songs into regular MIDI files (.mid) and thus exporting their work for use in conventional piano-roll sequencers such as Cubase or Reason.

Since version 2.6, it is possible to extend Renoise capabilities by writing plugins in the Lua programming language. A specific tools mini site has been created to showcase these. Almost any aspect of the program, except realtime audio data mangling, can be scripted using the native Renoise Lua API.

See also
 List of music software

References

External links
 Renoise Homepage

Audio editing software for Linux
Linux
Audio software with JACK support
Audio trackers
Digital audio editors for Linux
Digital audio workstation software
Linux software
Lua (programming language)-scriptable software
MacOS audio editors
Proprietary commercial software for Linux
Windows multimedia software

Renoise


Grupa B este una din cele 9 grupe UEFA din calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018. Din această grupă fac parte: , , , ,  și .

Tragerea la sorți pentru prima fază (faza grupelor), a avut loc pe 25 iulie 2015, la Palatul Konstinovsky din orașul Sankt Petersburg, Rusia.

Câstigatorii de grupe se vor califica direct pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018. Cele mai bune echipe de pe locul doi se vor califica în play-off.

Clasament

Meciurile
Meciurile au fost confirmate de UEFA la 26 iulie 2015, în ziua următoare extragerii.

Marcatorii
Au fost marcate 82 goluri în 30 meciuri.

15 goluri

 Cristiano Ronaldo

9 goluri

 André Silva

5 goluri

 Ádám Szalai

4 goluri

 Haris Seferović

3 goluri

 Stephan Lichtsteiner
 Valērijs Šabala

2 goluri

 Admir Mehmedi
 Ricardo Rodríguez
 Granit Xhaka
 Steven Zuber
 João Cancelo
 William Carvalho
 Ádám Gyurcsó

1 gol

 Alexandre Martínez
 Marc Rebés
 Eren Derdiyok
 Josip Drmić
 Blerim Džemaili
 Breel Embolo
 Fabian Frei
 Admir Mehmedi
 Breel Embolo
 Fabian Schär
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Valentin Stocker
 Rógvi Baldvinsson
 Jóan Símun Edmundsson
 Sonni Nattestad
 Gilli Rólantsson
 Gints Freimanis
 Jānis Ikaunieks
 Igors Tarasovs
 Artūrs Zjuzins
 Bruno Alves
 João Moutinho
 Nélson Oliveira
 Dániel Böde
 Balázs Dzsudzsák
 Zoltán Gera
 Richárd Guzmics
 Tamás Kádár
 Ádám Lang
 Roland Ugrai

1 autogol
  Johan Djourou (Jucând contra Portugaliei)

Referințe

Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018

Calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018 (UEFA) – Grupa B


البواب الليلي هو فيلم مثير للجدل 1974 للمخرج الإيطالي ليليانا كافاني، وبطولة ديرك بوجاردي وشارلوت رامبلينج. لا يزال الفيلم ممنوعا من العرض منذ 20 عامًا.

الأدوار
يلعب ديرك بوجاردي دور شخصية ماكسيميليان ثيو ألدورفير، ضابط سابق في الوحدة الوقائية النازية، وشارلوت رامبلينج تلعب دور لوسيا أثرتون، أحد الناجين من معسكرات الاعتقال التي كانت على علاقة سادية غامضة مع ألدورفير.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أفلام إثارة جنسية إيطالية
أفلام إثارة جنسية عقد 1970
أفلام إغرائية درامية عقد 1970
أفلام إغرائية درامية في عقد 1970
أفلام إنتاج 1974
أفلام إيطالية
أفلام إيطالية في عقد 1970
أفلام إيطالية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1970
أفلام باللغة الإيطالية
أفلام تدور أحداثها في فنادق
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1957
أفلام تقع أحداثها في فينا
أفلام دراما متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
أفلام درامية في 1974
أفلام درامية نفسية عقد 1970
أفلام سردها غير خطي إيطالية
أفلام عن الهولوكوست
أفلام عن ما بعد هولوكوست
أفلام عن نازيون
أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي 1974
أفلام مصورة في روما
أفلام مصورة في فينا
أفلام نفسية درامية إيطالية
بي دي إس إم في الأفلام
عقد 1970 أفلام متعلقة بإل جي بي تي

البواب الليلي (فيلم)


L'expression « étudiant étranger » peut faire référence à :
 un , qui étudie dans un autre pays que le sien ;
 L'Étudiant étranger, roman français de 1986 ;
 l'Ordinariat pour les étudiants étrangers en Belgique, organisation religieuse belge.

Voir aussi

 Programme d'échange

Étudiant étranger


EM Strasbourg Business School (École de Management de Strasbourg) je europska poslovna škola s razvedenim kampusom smještenim u Strasbourgu. Osnovana 1919.

Školu je Financial Times 2019. uvrstio na 85. mjesto među europskim poslovnim školama.

Svi programi imaju trostruku akreditaciju međunarodnih udruga AMBA, EPAS, i AACSB. Škola ima istaknute apsolvente u poslovnom svijetu i u politici.

U izradi, Odgoj i obrazovanje

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Poslovne škole u Francuskoj
Strasbourg

EM Strasbourg Business School


Armand Isaac Dorville, né le  à Paris  et mort le  à Cubjac, est un avocat et collectionneur d'œuvres d'art français.

Biographie
Petit-fils d'Armand Théophile Dorville (1817-1858), fondateur en 1843 de La Bienfaisante israélite, société de secours mutuels, fils de Léon Albert Dorville (1850-1927) qui en fut le président et de Léonie Monteaux, issue d'une famille de changeurs et de banquiers avignonnais, Armand Isaac Dorville fait ses études au lycées Condorcet et Janson de Sailly, puis s'inscrit à la Faculté de droit. Il devient avocat à la Cour d'appel de Paris en 1897, et docteur en droit en 1901, sa thèse De l'intérêt moral dans les obligations, étude de droit comparée sur le principe de réparation pécuniaire des dommages non-économiques est publiée chez A. Rousseau. Il commence sa carrière comme collaborateur de Jean Cruppi.

Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il est mobilisé, promu sous-lieutenant puis lieutenant, commissaire rapporteur au Conseil de guerre de la  division. Le 14 juillet 1918, il est nommé chevalier de la Légion d'honneur par le ministère de la Guerre.

En 1927, après un voyage en URSS, il publie un essai, La Vie judiciaire en Russie soviétique aux Presses universitaires de France.

Armand Dorville possédait une importante collection de peintures et de dessins. Il est spécialiste de l'œuvre de Constantin Guys, publiant en 1937, dans le cadre de l'exposition universelle, un catalogue consacré à cet artiste lors d'une exposition au musée des Arts décoratifs de Paris.

Exode et déportation
En juillet 1940, la famille Dorville se réfugie à Cubjac en Dordogne, où elle possède des biens. Armand y meurt le 20 juillet 1941. Il a des héritiers : son frère, Charles, ses sœurs, Valentine et Jeanne. Mais Charles a rejoint les Forces françaises libres. Quant à ses sœurs, en raison des lois sur le statut des Juifs du régime de Vichy, elles ne peuvent réclamer l'héritage. D'ailleurs Valentine et Jeanne se cachent à Lyon, puis à Megève. En mars 1944, Valentine, avec deux de ses filles  et deux petites filles sont arrétées, envoyées à Drancy, puis à Auschwitz-Birkenau où elles seront assassinées.

Valentine Julie Zélie Rébecca Lion, née Dorville le 25 janvier 1881 dans le  arrondissement de Paris, est morte le 4 mai 1944 à Auschwitz. Sa dernière adresse est au Chalet Les Hirondelles à Megève. Elle est détenue à Annecy. Elle est déportée par le convoi , en date du 29 avril 1944, de Drancy vers Auschwitz. Elle a 63 ans lorsqu'elle est assassinée.

Valentine Lion et son mari Achille Albert Lion (né le 22 janvier 1878 dans le  arrondissement de Paris) ont trois filles, Denise Falk, Monique Tabet et Marie Thérèse Lion. Denise Falk, née le 28 juin 1919 à Paris, âgée de 24 ans, et sa fille Dominique Falk, née le 3 avril 1942 à Lyon, âgée de deux ans, ainsi que Monique Tabet, née le 29 avril 1921, âgée de 23 ans, et sa fille, Marie (Marie-France) Tabet, née le 6 mai 1940 dans le  arrondissement de Paris, âgée de 3 ans, sont arrêtées en même temps que Valentine Lion et sont déportées dans le même convoi  et subissent le même sort qu'elle.

La sœur de Valentine Lion, Jeanne Blonde Léa Lévy, née le 16 février 1882 dans le  arrondissement de Paris, est morte le 11 février 1972 dans le  arrondissement de Paris.

Des ventes forcées ?
Peu après la mort d'Armand Dorville, un administrateur provisoire est désigné, Amédée Croze. Il doit liquider les biens de Dorville pour le compte du Commissariat général aux questions juives, que dirige, à partir de 1942, Louis Darquier de Pellepoix. Sa bibliothèque et ses autographes sont vendus aux enchères à Lyon, respectivement le  juillet et le 5 novembre 1942.

Dans l'intervalle, du 24 au 27 juin 1942 à l'hôtel Savoy de Nice, sont vendues, dans le cadre d'une  telle que la signalait le 13 juin La Gazette de l'hôtel Drouot, sous le marteau de maître Jean-Joseph Terris, avec le concours de Maurice Bussillet et Eugène Martini, , sans compter de nombreux objets.

Du fait des lois antisémites, les héritiers d'Armand Dorville n'ont pas pu toucher à l'époque le produit de cette vente, soit un montant supérieur à 9 millions de francs, somme qui fut saisie par Amédée Croze. Ils ne le percevront, lors du règlement de la succession, qu'en 1947, que sous la forme de bons du Trésor déposé chez notaire en 1943, alors que le franc français avait connu en six ans une énorme dévaluation, et perdu plus de cinq fois sa valeur.

Actions en « restitution »

Les détails de cette vente sont connus grâce aux recherche d'Emmanuelle Polack, auteure de l'essai Le Marché de l'art sous l'Occupation (Tallandier, 2019). Depuis les années 2000, chacun des 450 lots de cette vente donne lieu à de longues années d'enquête pour connaître le cheminement des œuvres. Ainsi, Portrait de femme de profil de Forain (lot 176) est d'abord acquise par un nommé Léopold Dreyfus, inconnu, puis se retrouve ensuite chez le marchand Raphaël Gérard, collaborateur notoire, en avril 1944, puis passe de là chez Hildebrand Gurlitt, en 1953, célèbre marchand d'art spolié.

Aidés par les recherches de Polack et défendus par maître Corinne Hershkovitch, les ayants droit saisissent en novembre 2019 la mission sur les spoliations en lien avec le ministère français de la Culture, et rattachée à la commission Drai (CIVS). Ils parviennent à se voire restituer le 22 juin 2020 par le biais de Monika Grütters, ministre allemand chargé de la Culture, deux toiles de Jean-Louis Forain et une aquarelle de Constantin Guys, provenant de la collection de Cornelius Gurlitt. Le 5 octobre suivant, la maison Christie's restitue aux héritiers Dorville, à New York, un dessin de Constantin Guys, puis le 10 mars 2021 à Paris, une aquarelle d'Auguste Raffet. Le 23 mars 2021, la maison Wetterwald et Rannou-Cassegrain (Nice) en accord avec les vendeurs, restituent aux héritiers Trois femmes sous la pluie de Giuseppe De Nittis (lot 356, vente Nice 1942).

La CIVS rend le 17 mai 2021 un avis par lequel elle estime . Le ministère de la Culture est intervenu en faveur de ce geste « moral ». Cependant, le rapporteur général, Pierre-Alain Weill, dans une note d'observations émise en novembre 2020, insistait sur la part d'incertitude pesant sur le déroulement de la succession, et considérait que l'action de « l'administrateur provisoire correspondait à sa mission » et relevait que « le paiement du prix a eu lieu dans des conditions absolument discriminatoires ». En conséquence, « la liberté de vente a disparu » et l'opération s'est bien « déroulée dans les conditions exorbitantes du droit commun ».

En conséquence, le 28 mai 2021, par un communiqué de presse, la ministre Roselyne Bachelot, au nom de l'État français, annonce vouloir rendre aux ayants droit d'Armand Dorville douze œuvres des collections nationales achetées en juin 1942 à Nice par le biais de René Huyghe. Ces œuvres se trouvent aujourd'hui au musée du Louvre, au musée d'Orsay et au château de Compiègne.

En octobre 2021, la Alte Nationalgalerie de Berlin restitue aux héritiers Dorville Une place à La Roche-Guyon (1865), une toile de Camille Pissarro, puis propose de la racheter à ces mêmes héritiers.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Serge Klarsfeld. Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France. Beate et Serge Klarsfeld: Paris, 1978. Nouvelle édition, mise à jour, avec une liste alphabétique des noms.FFDJF (Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France), 2012.
  « Armand Dorville, collectionneur de Constantin Guy », in: Emmanuelle Polack, Le Marché de l'art sous l'Occupation : 1940-1944, préface de Laurence Bertrand Dorléac, Tallandier, 2019, .

Annexes

Voir aussi
 Collection Simon Bauer

Liens externes

Avocat français
Collectionneur français d'œuvres d'art
Dorville
Shoah en France
Mémoire de la Shoah
Régime de Vichy
Antisémitisme en France
Élève du lycée Condorcet
Élève du lycée Janson-de-Sailly
Naissance dans le 9e arrondissement de Paris
Naissance en juillet 1875
Décès en Dordogne
Décès en juillet 1941
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur décoré en 1918

Armand Dorville


ක්‍රි.පූ. 776 දී ග්‍රීසියේ ඔලිම්පියාහිදී මුල් වරට ඔලිම්පික් තරග අාරමභ වී අැත. ග්‍රීසියේ අැතැන්ස් නගරය අාශ්‍රිතව අැලපියස් ගග බඩ , පීසා නගරය අසල , සුන්දර තැනිතලාවක මෙම තරග පවත්වා අැත.

පුරාණ ඔලිම්පික්


Der Lögdeälven (auch Lögde älv) ist ein etwa 200 Kilometer langer Fluss in der schwedischen Provinz Västerbottens län.

Der Fluss ist nur geringfügig von Menschen beeinflusst, es gibt keine Stauseen oder Wasserkraftwerke in seinem Lauf, was in nordschwedischen Flüssen selten ist. Deswegen wurde er zusammen mit einigen Nebenflüssen von der schwedischen Regierung zum Natura-2000-Gebiet erklärt.

Geografie
Der Fluss entspringt auf dem Stöttingfjället, einem Hochplateau auf einer Höhe von 400 bis 700 Meter über dem Meer im südlichen Lappland. Es ist die Wasserscheide zwischen dem Lögdeälven und dem Ångermanälven auf der Südseite und zwischen dem Umeälven und dem Öreälven im Norden. Das Flusstal des Lögdeälven weist viele verschiedene Landschaftsformen auf. Er entstand nach der letzten Kaltzeit, der Weichsel-Kaltzeit. Die Schlucht, in der der Fluss fließt, ist bis zu 60 Meter tief, über weite Strecken ist der Fluss aber auch sehr langsam fließend und bildet Altwasser.

Einzelnachweise

0Logdealven

Lögdeälven


Zoran Drvenkar ()  un scriitor croato-german contemporan.

Biografie
Zoran Drvenkar s-a născut la Križevci, dar părinții săi au imigrat în Germania în 1970. A crescut în Charlottenburg.

A avut job-uri variate, spre exemplu a lucrat în grădiniță sau în magazine, iar pentru câteva luni a fost jurnalist la Tagesspiegel în Berlin. După 1989 a plecat în Bayern, iar între 1991 și 1994 a stat în Olanda, într-o rulotă. Ulterior, a ales să stea în apropiere de Berlin.

Drvenkar activează ca scriitor după 1989, publicând romane, poezii, piese de teatru, proză scurtă. Este cunoscut pentru cărțile sale pentru adolescenți, dar și pentru romanele sale polițiste.

A obținut mai multe burse literare, printre care și bursa Alfred Döblin din partea Academiei de Arte.

În 2004 publica cartea pentru copii Die Kurzhosengang, sub pseudonimul Victor Caspak & Yves Lanois, obținând Premiul German de Carte pentru Tineret

Opere literare

Romane
 Könnte ich meine Sehnsucht nach dir sammeln, mit Corinna Bernburg, Photographien & Gedichte, cbj, 2015. ISBN 978-3-570-15909-5
 Still, Eder & Bach, Berlin 2014. ISBN 3-945386-00-4
 Du, Ullstein Buchverlag 2010. ISBN 3-550-08773-X
 Sorry, Ullstein Buchverlag 2009. ISBN 3-550-08772-1
 Yugoslavian Gigolo, Klett-Cotta 2005. ISBN 978-3-423-20977-9
 Du bist zu schnell, Klett-Cotta 2003. ISBN 3-608-93623-8

Cărți pentru tineret
 Könnte ich meine Sehnsucht nach dir sammeln, mit Corinna Bernburg, Photographien & Gedichte, cbj, 2015. ISBN 978-3-570-15909-5
 Der Ruf aus dem Eis - Der letzte Engel (Teil II), 2015 cbj ISBN 978-3-570-17137-0
 Der letzte Engel - (Teil I), 2012 cbj ISBN 978-3-570-15459-5
 was geht wenn du bleibst, 2005 Carlsen ISBN 3-551-58148-7
 Cengiz & Locke, Carlsen, Hamburg 2002 ISBN 3-551-58074-X
 Sag mir, was du siehst, Carlsen 2002. ISBN 3-551-58097-9
 Touch the flame, Carlsen 2001. ISBN 3-551-58071-5
 Im Regen stehen, 2000, Rowohlt ISBN 3-499-20993-4
 Der Bruder, 1999 Rowohlt ISBN 3-499-20958-6
 Niemand so stark wie wir, 1999 Rowohlt ISBN 3-499-20936-5

Cărți pentru copii
 Die Kurzhosengang & das Testament der Brüder, CBJ 2018
 Die Rückkehr der Kurzhosengang, Neuauflage, CBJ 2018
 Weißt du noch, mit Bildern von Jutta Bauer, Hanser 2017
 Die tollkühne Rückkehr von JanBenMax, mit Bildern von Christine Schwarz, CBJ 2013
 Die tollkühnen Abenteuer von JanBenMax, Neuauflage, mit Bildern von Christine Schwarz, CBJ 2013
 Du schon wieder, Neuauflage, illustriert von Ole Könnecke, CBJ 2013
 Die Kurzhosengang & das Totem von Okkerville, mit Bildern von Martin Baltscheit, CBJ 2012
 Die tollkühnen Abenteuer von JanBenMax, mit Bildern von Christine Schwarz, Bloomsbury 2008
 Frankie unsichtbar, mit Bildern von Martin Baltscheit, Tulipan 2008
 Zarah - Du hast doch keine Angst, oder?, mit Bildern von Martin Baltscheit, Bloomsbury 2007
 Paula und die Leichtigkeit des Seins, mit Illustrationen von Peter Schössow, Bloomsbury 2007
 Die Rückkehr der Kurzhosengang, unter dem Pseudonym Victor Caspak & Yves Lanois, Bloomsbury 2006
 Wenn die Kugel zur Sonne wird, Roman mit Gregor Tessnow, Terzio 2006, ISBN 978-3-89835-854-5
 Die Nacht, in der meine Schwester den Weihnachtsmann entführte, Carlsen, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-551-55419-6
 Die Kurzhosengang, unter dem Pseudonym Victor Caspak & Yves Lanois, Carlsen 2004

Traduceri în limba română

German Psycho, tradăcător: Mara Yvonne Wagner, București: Editura Tei, 2007 - 306 pag. ISBN 978-973-707-142-2. Titlul original: Du bist zu schnell. Inclus în proiectul Punți literare al Goethe-Institut.

Note

Legături externe

 Offizielle Homepage von Zoran Drvenkar

 Interview mit Zoran Drvenkar auf KinderundJugendmedien.de

Nașteri în 1967
Oameni în viață
Scriitori germani din secolul al XXI-lea
Scriitori croați

Zoran Drvenkar


The 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized)—nicknamed the "Red Diamond", or the "Red Devils" —was an infantry division of the United States Army that served in World War I, World War II and the Vietnam War, and with NATO and the U.S. Army III Corps. It was inactivated on 24 November 1992 and reflagged as the 2nd Armored Division.

World War I

Organization

The 5th Division was organized in December 1917 from Regular Army troops as a part of the program for the expansion of the armed forces for service in World War I. No specific date was designated for the division's activation, but the initial personnel assigned to the division had a reporting date of December 1, 1917.

Units associated with the division included:

 Headquarters, 5th Division
 9th Infantry Brigade
 60th Infantry Regiment
 61st Infantry Regiment
 14th Machine Gun Battalion
10th Infantry Brigade
 6th Infantry Regiment
 11th Infantry Regiment
 15th Machine Gun Battalion
 5th Field Artillery Brigade
 19th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 20th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 21st Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 5th Trench Mortar Battery
 13th Machine Gun Battalion
 7th Engineer Regiment
 9th Field Signal Battalion
 Headquarters Troop, 5th Division
 5th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 5th Ammunition Train
 5th Supply Train
 5th Engineer Train
 5th Sanitary Train
 17th, 25th, 29th, and 30th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

The first general officer (Major General Charles Henry Muir) assumed command of the 5th Division on 11 December 1917, just over eight months after the American entry into World War I, at Camp Logan, near Houston, Texas, and began training for deployment to the Western Front. The organization was a "square" division (i.e., there were four infantry regiments) with an authorized strength of 28,105 personnel.

The entire division arrived in France by 1 May 1918 and components of the units were deployed into the front line. The 5th Division was the eighth of forty-two American divisions to arrive on the Western Front. The 5th Division trained with French Army units from 1 to 14 June 1918. The first soldiers of the unit to be killed in action died on 14 June of that year. Among the division's first casualties was Captain Mark W. Clark, then commanding the 3rd Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment, who would later become a four-star general. On 12 September, the unit was part of a major attack that reduced the salient at St. Mihiel. The division later fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the largest battle fought by the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) (and the largest in the history of the U.S. Army) in World War I. The war ended soon after, on November 11, 1918. The division served in the Army of Occupation, being based in Belgium and Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg until it departed Europe.  The division returned to the United States through the New York Port of Embarkation at Hoboken, New Jersey, on 21 July 1919.

Insignia
The 5th Division adopted a red diamond as its shoulder sleeve insignia. The color red was selected in honor of World War I commander John E. McMahon, who was a member of the Army's Field Artillery branch.  The diamond shape was chosen in recognition of the Diamond Dyes company, a maker of fabric coloring products whose ad slogan "It Never Runs" conveyed a martial meaning during war.  The shape of the diamond in the 5th Division's insignia represents strength, because in bridge construction the trusses that provide the greatest durability are mutually supporting isosceles triangles.

Interwar period
The 5th Division was stationed at Camp Gordon in Georgia until October 1920. After that date, it was stationed at Camp Jackson in South Carolina. On 4 October 1921 the 5th Division was inactivated due to funding cuts, but was represented in the Regular Army by its even-numbered infantry brigade (the 10th) and select supporting elements. The division headquarters was placed on the Regular Army Inactive list and staffed by Organized Reserve personnel. On 1 September 1927, the division headquarters was removed from the inactive list and ordered to cease operations; in August 1936, it was provisionally activated at Fort Knox in Kentucky to control the 10th Infantry Brigade and the West Virginia Army National Guard's 201st Infantry Regiment for the Second Army's Maneuvers.

World War II
On 16 October 1939, the 5th Division was reactivated as part of the United States mobilization in response to the outbreak of World War II in Europe the previous month, being formed at Fort McClellan, Alabama, under the command of Brigadier General Campbell Hodges.

The following spring, in 1940, the division was sent to Fort Benning in Georgia and then temporarily to Louisiana for training exercises, before being transferred to Fort Benjamin Harrison at the end of May 1940. That December the division relocated to Fort Custer in Michigan from where it participated in the Tennessee maneuvers. The division went next to Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas, in August 1941 for staging into both the Arkansas and Louisiana Maneuvers before returning to Fort Custer that October. The division, under the command of Major General Cortlandt Parker from August, was stationed there when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941, thus bringing the United States into the conflict. As the winter passed the division was brought up to strength and fully equipped for forward deployment into a war zone. During April 1942, the 5th Division received its overseas orders and departed the New York Port of Embarkation (NYPOE) at the end of the month for Iceland. The 5th Division debarked there in May 1942, where it replaced the British garrison on the island outpost along the Atlantic convoy routes and a year later was reorganized and re-designated as the 5th Infantry Division on 24 May 1943.

Normandy

The 5th Infantry Division, now commanded by Major General Stafford LeRoy Irwin, left Iceland in early August 1943 and was sent to England to prepare and train for the eventual invasion of Northwest Europe, then scheduled for the spring of 1944. Upon arrival in England the 5th Division was stationed at Tidworth Barracks in South West England, before moving to Northern Ireland.

After two years of training the 5th ID landed in Normandy on Utah Beach, on 9 July 1944, over a month after the initial D-Day landings, and four days later took up defensive positions in the vicinity of Caumont-l'Éventé. Launching a successful attack at Vidouville 26 July, the division drove on southeast of Saint-Lô, attacked and captured Angers, 9–10 August, captured Chartres, (assisted by the 7th Armored Division), 18 August, pushed to Fontainebleau, crossed the Seine at Montereau, 24 August, crossed the Marne and seized Reims, 30 August, and positions east of Verdun. The division then prepared for the assault on Metz, 7 September. In mid-September a bridgehead was secured across the Moselle, south of Metz, at Dornot and Arnaville after two attempts. The first attempt at Dornot by the 11th Infantry Regiment failed. German-held Fort Driant played a role in repulsing this crossing. A second crossing by the 10th Infantry Regiment at Arnaville was successful. The division continued operations against Metz, 16 September to 16 October 1944, withdrew, then returned to the assault on 9 November. Metz finally fell 22 November. The division crossed the German border, 4 December, captured Lauterbach (a suburb of Völklingen) on the 5th, and elements reached the west bank of the river Saar, 6 December, before the division moved to assembly areas.

On 16 December, the Germans launched their winter offensive in the Ardennes forest, the Battle of the Bulge, and on the 18th the 5th ID was thrown in against the southern flank of the Bulge, helping to reduce it by the end of January 1945. In February and March, the division drove across and northeast of the Sauer, where it smashed through the Siegfried Line and later took part in the Allied invasion of Germany.

Across the Rhine
The 5th ID crossed the river Rhine at Nierstein on the night of 22 March 1945. After capturing some 19,000 German soldiers, the division continued to Frankfurt-am-Main, clearing and policing the town and its environs, 27–29 March. In April the 5th ID, now commanded by Major General Albert E. Brown, after Major General Irwin's promotion to command of XII Corps, took part in clearing the Ruhr Pocket and then drove across the Czechoslovak border, 1 May, reaching Volary and Vimperk as the war in Europe ended.

Casualties
 Total battle casualties: 12,818
 Killed in action: 2,298
 Wounded in action: 9,549
 Missing in action: 288
 Prisoner of war: 683

Order of battle
Under the new "triangular" organization, units assigned included:

 Headquarters, 5th Infantry Division
 2nd Infantry Regiment
 10th Infantry Regiment
 11th Infantry Regiment
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 5th Infantry Division Artillery
 19th Field Artillery Battalion, (105 mm)
 46th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 50th Field Artillery Battalion, (105 mm)
 21st Field Artillery Battalion, (155 mm)
 7th Engineer Combat Battalion
 5th Medical Battalion
 5th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 Headquarters, Special Troops, 5th Infantry Division
 Headquarters Company, 5th Infantry Division
 705th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 5th Quartermaster Company
 5th Signal Company
 Military Police Platoon
 Band
 5th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Post–World War II
Following World War II, the 5th Infantry Division was inactivated on 20 September 1946 at Camp Campbell (now Fort) Kentucky. However, the division was reactivated on 15 July 1947 under Brigadier General John H. Church. From 1951 to 1953, the division was at Fort Indiantown Gap, PA training 30,000 replacements for the Korean War. The 1950s saw the division in West Germany as part of the U.S. contribution to NATO though the division later returned to the United States.

Vietnam War

When the 1st Infantry Division deployed to South Vietnam in 1965, additional maneuver battalions were required; thus two infantry battalions from the 2nd Brigade, 5th Infantry Division, at Fort Devens in Massachusetts were relieved and assigned to "The Big Red One." In September 1965, the 2nd Brigade, 5th Infantry Division was moved, minus personnel, to Fort Carson in Colorado and refilled there. The remaining personnel at Fort Devens formed the basis of the 196th Infantry Brigade.

By 1968 the division was stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado, as a mechanized formation. 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division was dispatched to South Vietnam after the Tet Offensive to replace a U.S. Marine Corps unit. The brigade, consisting of one battalion each of infantry, mechanized infantry and armor, served there from July 1968 until 1971 defending the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone in northern Quảng Trị Province. Combat units included 1st Battalion, 11th Infantry; 1st Battalion, 61st Infantry (Mechanized); 1st Battalion, 77th Armor; A Troop, 4th Squadron, 12th Cavalry; and 5th Battalion, 4th Artillery, A Co. 7th Engineer BN.(Society of the Fifth Division) On 22 August 1971, the colors of 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division were cased and the brigade was inactivated at Fort Carson. Its final assignment was to III Corps, with the mission of reinforcing Europe if a general war was to break out there. In September 1969 the 4th Brigade, 5th Infantry Division was activated at Fort Carson, although, on the later return of 4th Infantry Division home from Vietnam in December 1970, the 4th Division replaced the 5th Division at Fort Carson, whereupon the 5th Division was inactivated.

Post-Vietnam
On 21 October 1974 the 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division was reactivated at Fort Polk in Louisiana as part of the Army's new 24-division force. Due to lack of sufficient housing, the brigade initially only had two maneuver battalions. (Maneuver and Firepower, Chap XIII) The division base and a second brigade was organized in 1975–77, and the Louisiana Army National Guard's 256th Infantry Brigade was assigned as the 'round-out' third brigade of the division.

In 1989, units of the 5th Division, based at Fort Polk deployed in support of Operation Nimrod Dancer to protect American interests in Panama. First Battalion, 61st Infantry (Mechanized), "Roadrunners" (1st Brigade, 5th ID) was one of the first reinforcing units and remained there until September when there was a hand over to 4th Battalion, Sixth Infantry (Mechanized), "Regulars" (2nd Brigade, 5th ID). 4–6 Infantry was in country and assisted during Operation Just Cause helping to overthrow Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, and also assisted in an emergency extraction of Delta Force operators engaged in Operation Acid Gambit when their helicopter went down. Two Soldiers were killed in action from the 5th Infantry Division during Just Cause: CPL Ivan M. Perez and PVT Kenneth D. Scott.

In August 1990, the 5th Division was alerted to prepare for deployment in support of Operation Desert Shield, and the Louisiana Army National Guard's 256th Infantry Brigade was mobilized as the 'round-out' third brigade in November. The Division began sending units to train at Fort Hood, and established a division headquarters-forward (5ID-(Fwd)) at the Texas base to prepare for deployment. The plan was to get all elements of the 256th Brigade up to standards, and then complete a rotation at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin before the division deployed to Southwest Asia. The 5ID (fwd) immediately encountered problems with the 256th Brigade units, and training began to suffer as a result. Several members of the 256th Brigade went AWOL, while others refused to train as directed. These delays prevented the Division from deploying to Fort Irwin, and the subsequent rapid start and end of Operation Desert Storm effectively kept the Division from ultimately deploying to Southwest Asia in any capacity. All units returned to Fort Polk by March 1991, with the 256th Brigade demobilization occurring later in May of that same year.

The 5th Division remained at Fort Polk until it was inactivated and reflagged as the 2nd Armored Division November 1992.

Commanders
(Partial list)

Inactivation
The division was inactivated for the final time on 24 November 1992, and reflagged as the U.S. 2nd Armored Division as part of the post-Cold War drawdown of U.S. forces.  The 2nd Armored Division moved from Fort Polk to Fort Hood in 1993, with the majority of the 5th Division's equipment.

Though it was inactivated, the division was identified as the third highest priority inactive division in the United States Army Center of Military History's lineage scheme due to its numerous accolades and long history. All of the division's flags and heraldic items were moved to the National Infantry Museum at Fort Benning, Georgia, following its inactivation. Should the U.S. Army decide to activate more divisions in the future, the center will most likely suggest the first new division be the 9th Infantry Division, the second be the 24th Infantry Division, the third be the 5th Infantry Division, and the fourth be the 2nd Armored Division.

In popular culture
In the Axis & Allies miniatures role-playing game, a U.S. infantry unit was designated "Red Devil Captain."

In the Twilight: 2000 role-playing game, players start out as members of the 5th ID in July 2000, after the division is overrun by Soviet and Polish units near Kalisz, Poland during a hypothetical World War III.

In the 1981 movie Taps, the Red Diamond patch of the 5ID is worn by a Master Sergeant who is the father of one of the cadets at the school.

In the Bethesda Studios game Fallout 4, in the beginning section it is mentioned that the 5ID is stationed in Southeast Asia.

Notes

Further reading
 Society of the Fifth Division, United States Army, veterans of the World War, and Kenyon Stevenson. The Official History of the Fifth Division, U.S.A., During the Period of Its Organization and of Its Operations in the European World War, 1917–1919. The Red Diamond (Meuse) Division. Washington, D.C.: The Society of the Fifth division, 1919.  or .

External links

 Society of the 5th Infantry Division
 5th Infantry Division Directory

 Organization of the 5th Mechanized Infantry Division At Fort Polk, LA
 5th Infantry Division Order of Battle in the ETO
 5th Infantry Division in Luxembourg 1918-1919

005th Infantry Division, U.S.
05
Infantry Division, U.S. 005th
Infantry divisions of the United States Army in World War II
Military history of Iceland during World War II
005th Infantry Division
Infantry
Military units and formations established in 1917
Military units and formations disestablished in 1992

5th Infantry Division (United States)