CastleVille es un videojuego de tiempo real de la empresa de videojuegos de Zynga. Está disponible mediante el sitio web de la red social Facebook y Zynga.com. Fue anunciado en octubre de 2011 y liberado el 15 de noviembre del mismo año en versión beta, pero aún le faltan muchas mejoras y ajustes.

El juego atrajo un grupo inicial de algo más de 3,000,000 de usuarios el día de su lanzamiento. Está disponible en los idiomas inglés, francés, italiano, alemán, español, portugués, indonesio, turco, chino, coreano, malayo, noruego, sueco, danés, neerlandés, japonés y tailandés.

Información

El juego sigue algunas reglas, bases y objetivos tradicionales de los videojuegos de Zynga; en este caso, dicho videojuego permite al jugador cuidar de un reino virtual, entre algunos otros objetivos como alimentar animales, cuidar flores, hacer crecer árboles y talarlos, excavar rocas, sembrar y cosechar cultivos, pescar, construir castillos para el reino, defender el reino de bestias, etc. El juego está ambientado en la Edad Media y cuenta con avatares tanto para jugar como para servir de guía durante el juego.

Personajes

Los protagonistas y personajes secundarios
El Duque
Ivette, la encantadora doncella (Giselle, la princesa encantadora en preproducción)
Rafael, el leñador resistente (Antonio en preproducción)
George, el minero friendly
Alastair, el sabio mago
Baz, el pequeño guerrero
Izadora, la Diva
Sonja, el pirata Foxy
Tom, el asesino del dragón
Mia, la renombrada chef
Quinn, el viajero lírico
Kathleen, la Pastora (temporalmente)
Sylphie, el hada caprichosa (temporalmente)
Ulrich, maestro herrero
Giovanni, un hombre renacentista
Kris Kringle (Temporal, sólo se ve en tiempo de Navidad)
Sullivan, el Leary Leprechaun (Temporal, sólo se ve en la temporada el Día de San Patricio)

Los antagonistas
Faugrimm, el Señor Oscuro
Hazel, la Bruja de Hielo
Lamont, Señor del Pantáno Oscuro
Cyril, el Dragón Oscuro

Enemigos
Bichejos
Rata Oscura (aparece cuando asistes a los cultivos)
Lobo Oscuro (aparece cuando atiendes a los animales)
Ladrón Oscuro (aparece cuando pides impuestos en las casas o edificios reales)
Duende Oscuro (aparece cuando tratas con cualquier cosa de la naturaleza, como las rocas, hierba, etc.)
Yeti Oscuro (aparece cuando se trabaja con material helado del Norte)
Orco Oscuro (aparece cuando se trabaja con raíces cenagosas del Pantáno de Lamont)
Dragón Oscuro (aparece cuando se crea una poción de dragón oscuro y se activa el Frasco de Myrick)
Los esbirros de Lamont
 Los Zarcillos de Lamont

Mascotas
Skippy, mascota roca de George
Minkerbelle, el visón mascota de Izadora
Perros (los obtienes haciendo misiones)
Dragones (los obtienes haciendo misiones)

Caracteres especiales
Martha Stewart (en la primavera de 2012)

Personajes mencionados
Elmor, el imperturbable (mencionado por Rafael)
Hugh Moore, Gloomologist (mencionado por El Duque)
Jai Lu, encantadora (mencionado por El Duque)

Recursos del juego
Energía = es vital para el juego, ya que le ayuda a hacer las acciones en su Reino, como cortar el césped o árboles, rocas mineras o casas fiscales. El límite máximo es de 25 de energía, pero se puede aumentar por la elaboración de un tótem de la Energía en el Taller. En el mercado se puede comprar botellas de consumibles de energía que aumenta, por el momento, la barra de energía en lugar de esperar 50 minutos para que la barra de energía se haya llenado.
Monedas = es la moneda utilizada en el principal Castleville. Le ayuda a comprar lo que quieras en el mercado (excepto las bloqueadas por coronas o puntos de reputación)
Coronas = es la moneda especial que le ayuda a terminar las misiones más rápido o usar para comprar artículos, ropa, o edificios que no se puede tener sin embargo, debido al nivel. Las puedes ganar cada vez que subas de nivel. Además, puede pedir Coronas por el pago de dólares.
Corazones Reputación = son los puntos que obtiene al ayudar a sus vecinos. Es otra manera de obtener artículos o ropa que las monedas no puede comprar.
Puntos de Experiencia = son las estrellas azules que aumenta su nivel después de llegar a los puntos requeridos. Usted siempre recibirá un punto XP haciendo cualquier cosa en tu Reino, pero se puede aumentar ese número a recibir dos puntos de experiencia cada vez que haga algo por completar la misión Stonehenge por un tiempo limitado.
Puntos de la Alianza = son los puntos que usted gana cada vez que realice una acción en los reinos de sus vecinos para crear alianzas. Esto ayuda a desbloquear nuevos edificios y elementos.
Puntos de Castillo =  son los puntos que obtenga mediante la construcción de los edificios reales. El aumento de su número le ayuda a abrir nuevas tierras para su reino.

Producción

El juego fue producido por Zynga Dallas, (anteriormente conocido como Estudios hoguera,), [3], que fue adquirido por Zynga en octubre de 2010 por una suma no revelada. [5] Es el primer lanzamiento del estudio de Dallas bajo la dirección de Zynga, y el primer juego social que cuentan con su propia banda sonora orquestal y coro. [6] Originalmente anunciado en octubre de 2011 [7], que fue lanzado en diecisiete idiomas. [2] Fue lanzado un par de semanas antes del lanzamiento de Zynga del mercado de valores. [8]
El objetivo del equipo de producción era tomar los mejores elementos de los otros Zynga "Ville" juegos y combinarlos en un solo paquete. Características de historias fueron traídos de La Ruta de Pioneer (anteriormente conocido como FrontierVille), mientras que CityVille y FarmVille proporcionó la inspiración para la construcción de la ciudad y la libre expresión, respectivamente. [2] el director creativo del juego, Bill Jackson, dijo que estaba destinado a ser un juego de profundidad en línea como World of Warcraft [4].

Recepción

En el lanzamiento en noviembre de 2011, una página oficial en Facebook para CastleVille ya había recibido un millón de "me gusta" [6] que había ganado cinco millones de jugadores el 21 de noviembre, en comparación con el juego de los más valorados, CityVille, que sólo había llegado a 3,2 millones jugadores después de cinco días. [3] Dentro de un mes, CastleVille ocupó el puesto número 5 en los juegos de Facebook más populares, acumulando 26,5 millones de jugadores. Su entrada en los veinte primeros juegos tuvo un costo de sus propios creadores: CastleVille forzó un mayor juego de Zynga, la Pioneer Trail, de la lista [1].
Jon Swartz, una vista previa del juego para EE.UU. Hoy en día, pensaba que el juego tenía similitudes en el diseño de la franquicia de Shrek, pero lo describió como la joya de la corona de Zynga. [9] Andrew Webster, la revisión de CastleVille Gamezebo, dijo que la liberación no sería "revolucionar juegos sociales ", pero a causa de" posiblemente la mejor experiencia de audio y video en Facebook ", sigue siendo uno de los mejores juegos en Facebook [10] dio el juego de cuatro estrellas y media de cinco. [10]

Referencias

^ A b Caoili, Eric (6 de diciembre de 2011). "Los más populares Juegos de Facebook: CastleVille se levanta como Mafia Wars 2 Falls". Gamasutra. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ A b c d Rao, Leena (3 de noviembre de 2011). "Lo nuevo de Zynga CastleVille título combina Historias ricos, la fantasía y del juego social en un mundo medieval". Tech Crunch. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ A b c Rao, Leena (21 de noviembre de 2011). "CastleVille Zynga Cruces 5M usuarios activos al día, ahora crece más rápido que CityVille". Tech Crunch. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ A b Benedetti, Winda (15 de noviembre de 2011). "Zynga lanza de FarmVille de los juguetes, juego CastleVille '". MSNBC. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ Rao, Leena (5 de octubre de 2010). «Spree Zynga compra continúa, compra de videojuegos de desarrollo Estudios Hoguera". Tech Crunch. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ A b Locke, Laura (14 de noviembre de 2011). "Lo nuevo título de Zynga CastleVille se vive". CNET. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ Davis, Justin (11 de octubre de 2011). "Zynga anuncia cinco nuevos juegos sociales". IGN. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ Geron, Tomio (4 de noviembre de 2011). "CastleVille Zynga se extiende" Ville "Franquicia". Forbes. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.
^ Swartz, Jon (11 de octubre de 2011). "Zynga anuncia 'CastleVille," 9 "otros títulos. EE.UU. Hoy en día.
^ A b Webster, Andrew (18 de noviembre de 2011). "CastleVille revisión". Gamezebo. Consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2011.

Véase también

CityVille
FarmVille
Empires & Allies
Mafia Wars

Enlaces externos

Videojuegos multijugador masivos en línea
Videojuegos para Facebook
Videojuegos de 2011
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador

CastleVille


السويدر قرية من قرى منطقة الأحساء في السعودية، تقع على بعد 17 كم من مدينة الهفوف (المركز الإداري للمحافظة)، وترتبط بمجمع العمران. عدد سكانها حوالي 215 نسمة. الطريق المؤدي إليها معبّد، وطبيعة أرضها مستوية، وعدد بيوتها 33 بيتًا. حيث تتميز قرية السويدر بأشجار النخيل، والطبيعة الخلابة، والبساطة والسكون والهدوء على ضواحيها. .

مميزات القرية
تمتاز قرية السويدر بالبساطة والهدوء والهواء العليل، حيث إنها تتميز بطبيعة جميلة حيث الخضرة والجو المعتدل وطيب هوائها كما هو طيب أهلها، وما زال أهلها محافظين على قريتهم وتراثهم وآثارهم. حيث يقطن في هذه القرية عدد من الأسر المتقاربة نسبيًا فهم بمثابة العائلة الواحدة حيث تقطن هذه القرية عوائل العاشور والمسلم والأحمد والمنسف وغيرها. وتتميز القرية أيضًا بوفرة أشجار النخيل الباسقة الذي يلف القرية من كل الجهات المختلفة والتي تتميز بها الأحساء منذ زمن طويل. وهي إحدى القرى التي امتدت إليها يد العطاء والنماء في هذا العهد الزاهر، فهي اليوم تحظى بالاهتمام والرعاية ومعظم الخدمات الأساسية متوفرة فيها. إلا أن أهلها متمسكون بماضيهم الجميل والحافل بالعمل والمثابرة من خلال المزارع المحيطة بالقرية، وبعض الحرف اليدوية، وتربية بعض أنواع الحيوانات.

آثار القرية
تحتوي على بيوت مبنية من الطين والتي تدل على تمسك أهاليها بماضيها القديم، وتعتبر من آثار القرية ومعالمها، وإلى جانب تلك البيوت القديمة والأثرية توجد بيوت حديثة مبنية على الفن الهندسي والمعماري الحديث.

نشاطها الاقتصادي
يكون معظم نشاطهم الاقتصادي في:

 الزراعة
 الحرف اليدوية
 تربية الحيوانات

حيث يعمل بهذه المهنة الآباء والأجداد منذ القدم كون قريتهم زراعية مستوية التربة، وفيها يجدون راحتهم ومبتغاهم.

سويدر اليوم
تختلف سويدر اليوم عن أمس، تحتوي القرية اليوم شبكة كهرباء وهاتف ومدرسة بنين والطريق المؤدي لها مسلفت، وما زالت تحافظ على بعض آثارها العتيقة والتي تتمثل في بعض البيوت القديمة التي يعود بناؤها إلى بداية إنشاء وظهور القرية، وهي مَعلَم من معالمها الآثرية كما يقول علي الأحمد: الذي أكد أن العيش في قرية سويدر يعني الارتباط والتمسك بالماضي الخالد ففي قريتنا نجد الهدوء والسكون والراحة والبعد عن صخب المدينة وضوضائها. وتمتلك السويدر ثروة زراعية جيدة وبها محصول جيد من إنتاج التمور لوجود النخيل وكذلك وجود قنوات الري التي تسقي نخيلها وبساتينها

احتياجات القرية
تحتاج القرية إلى سفلتة بعض الطرق الزراعية وتكثيف النظافة في أزقتها وسِككها.

حدود القرية
تحد قرية السويدر من الجهة الجنوبية الغربية قرية السيايرة، وقرية الحوطة من الشمال، والرمال من الجهة الشرقية، والاشجار من الجهة الغربية.

انظر أيضًا

 الأحساء
 الهفوف
 العمران (الأحساء)

المراجع

قرى المنطقة الشرقية
قرى محافظة الأحساء

السويدر


Gottfried Keller (19 de julho de 1819 – 15 de julho de 1890) foi um poeta e escritor suíço de literatura alemã. Mais conhecido por seu romance autobiográfico Der grüne Heinrich (Henrique, o Verde, sem tradução portuguesa) e seu ciclo de novelas Die Leute von Seldwyla (A Gente de Seldwyla), tornou-se um dos narradores mais populares do realismo literário no final do século XIX.

"A vida pacata do 'Shakespeare da novela' [...] bem simboliza a tranquila existência da Suíça, o seu pequeno país, em meio aos cataclismos europeus. Após o malogro de sua tentativa de pintor paisagista, e de uma fase de poesias românticas, encontrou Keller seu verdadeiro caminho graças à influência do filósofo Ludwig Feuerbach, a cujos cursos assistia em Heildelberg, e que o desviou para o realismo. Nessa velha cidade universitária e em Berlim passou os anos mais decisivos: lá é que encontrou a sua fórmula, uma espécie de 'realismo poético'."

Biografia
Seu pai era Rudolf Keller (1791–1824), um torneiro mecânico de Glattfelden; sua mãe era uma mulher chamada Elisabeth Scheuchzer (1787-1864). O casal teve seis filhos, quatro dos quais morreram, o que significa que para Keller só restou sua irmã Regula. Depois que seu pai morreu de tuberculose, a família de Keller enfrentou constante pobreza. Rebelde, Keller vivia em conflito com seus professores e, mais tarde, deu uma boa descrição de suas experiências nesse período em seu longo romance Der grüne Heinrich (Henrique, o Verde, 1850-55; 2ª versão, 1879, sem tradução portuguesa).

A primeira verdadeira paixão de Keller foi a pintura. Expulso em uma confusão política da Industrieschule (Escola Industrial) de Zurique, tornou-se aprendiz em 1834 do pintor paisagista Steiger e, em 1837, do aquarelista Rudolf Meyer (1803-1857). Em 1840, foi para Munique (Baviera) para estudar arte, por um tempo, na Academia Real de Belas Artes.

Keller retornou a Zurique em 1842 e, embora possuindo talento como pintor, começou a escrever. Publicou seus primeiros poemas, Gedichte, em 1846. Jacob Wittmer Hartmann caracteriza esses seis anos em Zurique (1842-1848) como um período de inatividade quase total, quando Keller se inclinou fortemente para o radicalismo na política. De 1848 a 1850, estudou na Universidade de Heidelberg. Lá, passou a sofrer a influência do filósofo Ludwig Feuerbach e estendeu seu radicalismo também às questões de religião.

De 1850 a 1856, trabalhou em Berlim. Hartmann afirma que foi principalmente esta estadia em Berlim que moldou o caráter de Keller em sua forma final, atenuando seu pessimismo e o preparando (não sem as privações da fome), no turbilhão de uma grande cidade, para desfrutar dos prazeres mais restritos de sua nativa Zurique. Foi em Berlim que ele se afastou definitivamente de outras atividades e assumiu a literatura como carreira.

Nesse período, Keller publicou o romance semi-autobiográfico Der grüne Heinrich (Henrique, o Verde, sem tradução portuguesa). Trata-se da mais pessoal de todas as suas obras. Sob a influência da doutrina do retorno à natureza de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, este livro pretendia inicialmente ser uma breve narrativa do colapso da vida de um jovem artista. Expandiu-se à medida que sua composição progrediu para uma enorme obra sobre a juventude e a carreira de Keller como pintor até 1842. Sua recepção pelo mundo literário foi fria, mas a segunda versão de 1879 é um produto artístico bem desenvolvido e gratificante.

Ele também publicou sua primeira coleção de novelas, Die Leute von Seldwyla (A Gente de Seldwyla). Contém cinco histórias com em média 60 páginas cada. Hartmann caracteriza duas das histórias neste livro como imortais: Die drei gerechten Kammacher (Os três fabricantes de pentes justos), que ele vê como o ataque mais satírico e cáustico à sórdida moralidade pequeno-burguesa já escrito por qualquer escritor, e Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe (Romeu e Julieta na aldeia, tradução portuguesa de Marcus Vinicius Mazzari) como um dos contos mais patéticos da literatura (um enredo análogo ao de Romeu e Julieta de Shakespeare em um cenário de aldeia suíça).

Keller retornou a Zurique e tornou-se o Primeiro Secretário Oficial (Staatsschreiber) do Cantão de Zurique em 1861. As tarefas rotineiras desse cargo eram uma espécie de ponto fixo em torno do qual suas atividades artísticas podiam girar, mas Hartmann opina que ele produziu pouco de valor permanente nestes anos. Em 1872, Keller publicou Sieben Legenden (Sete Lendas, tradução de Paulo Rónai e Aurélio Buarque de Holanda), que tratava do início da era cristã. Após 15 anos nesse cargo, aposentou-se em 1876, e iniciou um período de atividade literária que se prolongaria até à sua morte, vivendo a vida de um velho solteirão com a sua irmã Regula como governanta. Apesar de seus modos muitas vezes antipáticos, sua extrema reserva e idiossincrasia no trato com os outros, conquistou a afeição dos concidadãos em sua cidade e uma reputação quase universal antes de sua morte.

Obras traduzidas em português
Sete Lendas (Sieben Legenden), tradução de Paulo Rónai e Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, lançado pela Editora Civilização Brasileira em 1961. Coletânea de sete lendas medievais de temática cristã. A primeira é a história de Santa Eugênia, que, disfarçada de homem, tornou-se abade de um mosteiro mas cai numa armadilha; na segunda, a Virgem Maria salva uma esposa de ser entregue pelo marido ao Diabo; a terceira é a história do segundo casamento dessa mesma mulher com um marido mais digno, graças à intercessão da Virgem Maria; a quarta é a história de uma freira que foge do convento mas cuja ausência não é notada porque a Virgem Maria tomou o seu lugar; a quinta é sobre um monge que tenta salvar prostitutas do pecado e acaba sendo seduzido por uma moça de boa família e se casando; a sexta é a história do martírio de Santa Doroteia; a sétima é uma lenda em torno da musa da dança.

"Espelho, o Gatinho" (Spiegel, das Kätzchen), em Mar de Histórias, 4o volume, antologia do conto mundial organizada e traduzida por Aurélio Buarque de Holanda e Paulo Rónai. Compõe a Parte I da coletânea Die Leute von Seldwyla (A Gente de Seldwyla). História de um gatinho que, desamparado com a morte de sua dona, a fim de não morrer de fome, aceita fazer um pacto com um feiticeiro.

Romeu e Julieta na aldeia, em tradução de Marcus Vinicius Mazzari para a Editora 34. Compõe a Parte I da coletânea Die Leute von Seldwyla (A Gente de Seldwyla). História de dois jovens apaixonados, Sali e Vrenchen, cujo amor, à semelhança daquele entre os personagens shakespearianos Romeu e Julieta, é inviabilizado pela inimizade profunda entre seus pais, os quais, na disputa por uma faixa de terra, acabaram se arruinando.

As roupas fazem as pessoas (Kleider machen Leute), em tradução de Giovane Rodrigues Silva para a coleção Literatura Livre publicada pelo Instituto Mojo e Sesc. O título corresponde ao ditado em português "o hábito faz o monge". Compõe a Parte II da coletânea Die Leute von Seldwyla (A Gente de Seldwyla). História de um aprendiz de alfaiate que, após a falência da alfaiataria onde trabalhava, empreende uma viagem a pé a uma cidadezinha vizinha. No caminho, aceita a carona do cocheiro de uma carruagem elegante e, por isso, e também por estar muito bem vestido (embora não possua um tostão sequer), chegado à hospedaria da cidade, é tomado por um nobre polonês e adulado pela população local, o que traz consequências que mudam o curso de sua vida.

Escritores da Suíça

Gottfried Keller


Estádio Dr. Manuel de Mello Portekiz'in Barreiro belediyesinde 1952 tarihinde çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum

Stadyum çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. Portekiz'in FC Barreirense takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum 10.500 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Portekiz'deki stadyumlar

Dr. Manuel de Mello Stadyumu


Wilhelm Lehmann ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Wilhelm Lehmann (1800–1863), deutscher Astronom, siehe Jacob Heinrich Wilhelm Lehmann
 Wilhelm Lehmann (Stadtgründer) (1840–1886), deutscher Kolonist und Stadtgründer in Argentinien
 Wilhelm Lehmann (Widerstandskämpfer) (1869–1943), deutscher Widerstandskämpfer
 Wilhelm Lehmann (1882–1968), deutscher Schriftsteller
 Wilhelm Lehmann-Leonhard (1877–1954), deutscher Maler
 Wilhelm Lehmann-Oliva (1908–nach 1963), deutscher Ingenieur
 Wilhelm Ludwig Lehmann (1861–1932), Schweizer Maler
 Wilhelm Othmar Lehmann (1884–1974), Schweizer Holzschnitzer

Siehe auch:
 Willy Lehmann (Begriffsklärung)

Wilhelm Lehmann (Begriffsklärung)


සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය

සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය කලුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පානදුර ප්‍රද්ශයේ ඇති ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශිෂ්ටතම පාසලකි. එය 1876 වසරේදී ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය සතුව වසර 134 ක සාඩම්බර ඉතිහාසයක් පවතී. ආරම්භයේදී ගැහැණු හා පිරිමි දරුවන් කුඩා ප්‍රමානයකින් ආරම්භ කලත් වර්තමානයේ 2000 කට අධික සිසුන් පිරිසක් සාන්ත ජෝන් විදු මව් තුරුලේ අධ්‍යාපනය හදාරමින් සිටියි. දැන් එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඇති අතලොස්සක් වූ ජාතික පාසල් වලින් එකකි.

වත්මන් සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය

අද දින වන විට සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය, විද්‍යාලයාධිපති එම්.එන්.එච්.ටි.පි. ද සිල්වා මැති තුමන් විසින් මග පෙන්වන 100 කට වැඩි ගුරු මණ්ඩලයකින් නැණ ලබන 2000 කට වැඩි සිසු පිරිසකට විද්‍යාස්ථානය වන්නේ ය. ශ්‍රී ලංකා වේ පාසල් අතුරින් ඉදිරියෙන්ම සිටින සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය දිවයිනේ පාසල් අතුරින් විශිෂ්ඨතමයන්ගේ විශිෂ්ඨතමයෙක් ලෙස සැලකෙන්නේ ය. එමෙන්ම සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල පමණක් නොව සමස්ත ලෝකයේම කිසිදා නොමැකිය හැකි සලකුණක්ව වැජඹෙයි.

සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලයේ සැකස්ම
ප්‍රාථමික සහ ද්විතීයක ලෙස පාසල සතු අංශ දෙකකි. ප්‍රාථමික අංශය 1 සිට 5 ශ්‍රේණිය දක්වා සිසුන් හට සෙවන සදන්නාක් මෙන්ම ද්විතීයක අංශය 6 සිට 13 ශ්‍රේණි දක්වා සාන්ත ජෝන් සිසුනගේ විදු පියස වන්නේය.
ප්‍රාථමික හා ද්විතීක මෙන්ම අ.පො.ස උසස් පෙළ සදහා ගණිත, විද්‍යා, වාණිජ හා කලා යන සියලු අංශයන්ගෙන් ප්‍රවීන ගුරු මණ්ඩලයක් යටතේ සිප්සතර ලැබීමට සියලුම පාසල් විද්‍යාර්ථයින් භාග්‍යවන්ත වී ඇත.

සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලීය ආදි සිසුන්
පරසිදු උගතුන් මෙන්ම වෛද්‍ය, තාක්ෂණික, දේශපාලන, පොදු සේවා, අධ්‍යාපන ආදී අංශයන්හි ප්‍රබලතම මෙන්ම අමරණීය චරිතයන් බොහොමයක් සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය නැමති මව් තුරුලින් අධ්‍යාපන‍යෙන් මෙන්ම ගුණධර්ම වලින් ද පහස ලැබූවෝ වෙති. එමෙන්ම සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලීය ආදි ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බිහි වූ ප්‍රථම ආදි ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමය ද වේ.

සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලීය කීර්තිමත් ආදි සිසුන් අතලොස්සක්

මහාචාර්ය එදිරිවීර සරත්චන්ද්‍ර මහතා

ආචාර්ය පුංචි බණ්ඩාර සන්නස්ගල මහතා

එඩ්මන් ඩයස් මහතා

ගෞරි වික්‍රමසිංහ මහතා

ආචාර්ය ගුණපාල මලළසේකර මහතා

ආචාර්ය කොල්වින් ආර් ද සිල්වා මහතා

ලෙස්ලි ගුණවර්ධන මහතා

ස්ටැන්ලි සේනානායක මහතා

ලලිත් ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා

ඒ.සී. ගුණරත්න මහතා

ශ්‍රීමත් සුසන්ත ද ෆොන්සේකා මහතා

ආචාර්ය එම්.වි.පි. පීරිස් මහතා

පිටර් පෙරේරා අබේසේකර මහතා

නන්දසිරි ජිනසේන මහතා

න්න්දසේන රත්නපාල මහතා

ඩග්ලස් රාමනායක මහතා

ඩි.කේ. කුලසේකර මහතා

ජේ.ඒ. සමරසේකර මහතා

සි.පි.පි. සමරසේකර මහතා

පර්සි සමරවීර මහතා

විද්‍යාලීය ගීතය
සාන්ත ජෝන් අප විදුහල් මාතා
හෙබවූ පානදුරා
දුසිරිත පලවා සුසිරිත නංවා
විජයතු ඔබ මාතා......
විජයතු ඔබ මාතා

ගැමුණු විජයබා මහ හෙලවිරුවෝ
දෙස බස රැස නැංවූ
එබදු විරාජිත ගුණයෙහි පූජිත
සුගත් අපේ මාතා

සාන්ත ජෝන් අප විදුහල් මාතා
හෙබවූ පානදුරා
ගුණකද ඉතිරී දස දෙස පැතිරී
දින දින දියුණු සදා ආ.... ආ....
තෙද බල පෙන්වා පෙරමුණ ගන්නෝ
ඔබෙ සුරතල් දරුවෝ
අභිමන් වඩවා ආසිරි සුවදින්
පුද දී වෙමු සුරුවෝ

සාන්ත ජෝන් අප විදුහල් මාතා
හෙබවූ පානදුරා
හෙලඹර වැජඹෙන ඹබ සිරි දෙරණේ
දිගුකල් වැජබේවා....
දිගුකල් වැජබේවා....

හරිත මහා සටන

පාසල් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාවේ නොමැකෙන මතක සටහන් ඉතිරි කරන, හරිත මහා සටන යන නාමයෙන් විරුදාවලිය ලැබූ ක්‍රිකට් මහ සටන සෑම වසරකම ක්‍රිකට් නම් වූ යුද පිටියේ යුද නායකයන් ලෙස සැලකෙන පානදුර සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය හා රාජකීය විද්‍යාලය, පාණදුර අතර සෑම වසරකදීම පානදුර නගරසභා ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේදී පවත්වනු ලබයි. එහි එක් දින තරග සත්කාරකත්වය සාන්ත ජෝනුවන් උසුලන කල්හි ටෙස්ට් තරග සත්කාරකත්වය රාජකීයන් උසුලනු ලබයි. එහි එක් දින තරග සත්කාරකත්වය රාජකීයන් උසුලන කල්හි ටෙස්ට් තරග සත්කාරකත්වය සාන්ත ජෝනුවන් උසුලනු ලබයි.

විද්‍යාලයීය ක්‍රීඩා නිවාස
මෙහි දැක්වෙන්නේ සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලීය ක්‍රීඩා නිවාසයන්හි නිවාස නාමයන්ය.

කන්නංගර නිවාසය
එඩ්මන් නිවාසය
ෆවුන්ඩස් නිවාසය
මොරිස් නිවාසය

වැඩිදුර කියවීම සදහා පිවිසුම්
සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලීය නිළ වෙබ් අඩවිය
සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලීය සිතියම

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාසල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ පාසල්
ජාතික පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
බෞද්ධ පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය - පානදුර
පාසැල් ලැයිස්තු

සාන්ත ජෝන් විද්‍යාලය - පානදුර


Sir Richard Stafford Cripps  (24 April 1889 – 21 April 1952) was a British Labour Party politician, barrister, and diplomat.

A wealthy lawyer by background, he first entered Parliament at a by-election in 1931, and was one of a handful of Labour frontbenchers to retain his seat at the general election that autumn. He became a leading spokesman for the left-wing and co-operation in a Popular Front with Communists before 1939, in which year he was expelled from the Labour Party.

During World War II, he served as Ambassador to the USSR (1940–42), during which time he grew wary of the Soviet Union, but achieved great public popularity because on being invaded by Nazi Germany the USSR stated its co-operation with the Allies and restoring peace, causing Cripps to be seen in 1942 as a potential rival to Winston Churchill for the premiership. He became a member of the War Cabinet of the wartime coalition, but failed in his efforts (the "Cripps Mission") to resolve the wartime crisis in India, where his proposals were too radical for Churchill and the Cabinet, and too conservative for Mahatma Gandhi and other Indian leaders. He later served as Minister of Aircraft Production, an important post but outside the inner War Cabinet.

Cripps rejoined the Labour Party in 1945, and after the war; served in the Attlee ministry, first as President of the Board of Trade and between 1947 and 1950 as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Labour party member and historian Kenneth O. Morgan claimed of his role in the latter position that he was "the real architect of the rapidly improving economic picture and growing affluence from 1952 onwards".

The economy improved after 1947, benefiting from American money given through grants from the Marshall Plan as well as loans. However, the pound had to be devalued in 1949. He kept the wartime rationing system in place to hold down consumption during an "age of austerity", promoted exports and maintained full employment with static wages. The public especially respected "his integrity, competence, and Christian principles".

Early life

Cripps was born in Chelsea, London, the son of Charles Cripps, a barrister and later Conservative MP, and the former Theresa Potter, the sister of Beatrice Webb and Catherine Courtney. Cripps grew up in a wealthy family and was educated at Winchester College, where the Headmaster described him as "a thoroughly good fellow" and at University College London, where he studied chemistry. He left science for the law, and in 1913 was called to the bar by the Middle Temple. He served in the First World War as a Red Cross ambulance driver in France, and then managed a chemical factory producing armaments. He practised as a barrister during the 1920s, where he specialised in patent cases, and was reported to be the highest paid lawyer in England. He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1927.

Cripps was a member of the Church of England and in the 1920s became a leader in the World Alliance to Promote International Friendship through the Churches, as his father had been. From 1923 to 1929 Cripps was the group's treasurer and its most energetic lecturer.

Joining the Labour Party
At the end of the 1920s, Cripps moved to the left in his political views, and in 1930 he joined the Labour Party. The next year, he was appointed Solicitor-General in the second Labour government, and received the then customary knighthood. In 1931, Cripps was elected to Parliament in a by-election for Bristol East. As an MP, he was a strong proponent of Marxist social and economic policies, although he had strong faith in evangelical Christianity, and did not subscribe to the Marxist rejection of religion.

In the 1931 general election, Cripps was one of only three former Labour ministers to hold his seat, alongside George Lansbury, who subsequently became party leader, and Clement Attlee, deputy leader.

In 1932, Cripps helped found and became the leader of the Socialist League, which was composed largely of intellectuals and teachers from the Independent Labour Party who rejected its decision to disaffiliate from Labour. The Socialist League put the case for an austere form of democratic socialism. He argued that on taking power the Labour Party should immediately enact an Emergency Powers Act, allowing it to rule by decree and thus "forestall any sabotage by financial interests", and also immediately abolish the House of Lords.

In 1936, Labour's National Executive Committee dissociated itself from a speech in which Cripps said he did not "believe it would be a bad thing for the British working class if Germany defeated us". Cripps also opposed British rearmament:
"Money cannot make armaments. Armaments can only be made by the skill of the British working class, and it is the British working class who would be called upon to use them. To-day you have the most glorious opportunity that the workers have ever had if you will only use the necessity of capitalism in order to get power yourselves. The capitalists are in your hands. Refuse to make munitions, refuse to make armaments, and they are helpless. They would have to hand the control of the country over to you."

Cripps was an early advocate of a united front against the rising threat of fascism and he opposed an appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany. In 1936, he was the moving force behind a Unity Campaign, involving the Socialist League, the Independent Labour Party and the Communist Party of Great Britain, designed to forge electoral unity against the right. Opposed by the Labour leadership, the Unity Campaign failed in its intentions. Rather than face expulsion from Labour, Cripps dissolved the Socialist League in 1937. Tribune, set up as the campaign's newspaper by Cripps and George Strauss, survived. In early 1939, however, Cripps was expelled from the Labour Party for his advocacy of a Popular Front with the Communist Party, the Independent Labour Party, the Liberal Party, and anti-appeasement Conservatives.

In 1938, Cripps visited Jamaica to investigate violence which took place during mass strikes. During one of the political meetings he spoke at, the audience included the future pioneer of black civil rights in Britain, Billy Strachan, who had been taken by his father to hear Cripps speak. During this same meeting, the People's National Party was formed.

Second World War

When Winston Churchill formed his wartime coalition government in 1940 he appointed Cripps Ambassador to the Soviet Union in the view that Cripps, who had Marxist sympathies, could negotiate with Joseph Stalin who had a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany through the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, Cripps became a key figure in forging an alliance between the western powers and the Soviet Union.

In 1942, Cripps returned to Britain and made a broadcast about the Soviet war effort. The popular response was phenomenal, and Cripps rapidly became one of the most popular politicians in the country, despite having no party backing. He was appointed a member of the War Cabinet, with the jobs of Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons, and was considered for a short period after his return from Moscow as a rival to Churchill in his hold on the country.

Mission to India

Churchill responded by sending Cripps to India on a mission ("the Cripps Mission") to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist leaders that would keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for self-government after the war. Cripps designed the specific proposals himself, but they were too radical for Churchill and the Viceroy, and too conservative for Mahatma Gandhi and the Indians, who demanded immediate independence. No middle way was found and the mission was a failure.

Minister of Aircraft Production
In November 1942, Cripps stepped down from being Leader of the House of Commons and was appointed Minister of Aircraft Production, a position outside the War Cabinet in which he served with substantial success until May 1945, when the wartime coalition ended. A supporter of Air Chief Marshal Harris's strategic bombing campaign against Germany, Cripps stated in a July 1943 broadcast that "the more we ... can destroy from the air the industrial and transport facilities of the Axis, the weaker will become his resistance. ... The heavier our air attack, the lighter will be the total of our casualties".

Cripps was unhappy with the British black propaganda campaign against Germany. When Cripps discovered details of the German radio work of Sefton Delmer (through the intervention of Richard Crossman) he wrote to Anthony Eden, then Foreign Secretary: "If this is the sort of thing that is needed to win the war, why, I'd rather lose it." Delmer was defended by Robert Bruce Lockhart who pointed out the need to reach the sadist in the German nature.

In February 1945, Cripps rejoined the Labour Party.

After the war
When Labour won the 1945 general election, Clement Attlee appointed Cripps President of the Board of Trade, the second most important economic post in the government. Although still a strong socialist, Cripps had modified his views sufficiently to be able to work with mainstream Labour ministers. In Britain's desperate post-war economic circumstances, Cripps became associated with the policy of "austerity". As an upper-class socialist, he held a puritanical view of society, enforcing rationing with equal severity against all classes. Together with other individuals, he was instrumental in the foundation of the original College of Aeronautics, now Cranfield University, in 1946. The Stafford Cripps Learning and Teaching Centre on Cranfield's campus is named after him.

In 1946, Soviet jet engine designers approached Stalin with a request to buy jet designs from Western sources to overcome design difficulties. Stalin is said to have replied: "What fool will sell us his secrets?" However, he gave his assent to the proposal, and Soviet scientists and designers travelled to the United Kingdom to meet Cripps and request the engines. To Stalin's amazement, Cripps and the Labour government were willing to provide technical information on the Rolls-Royce Nene centrifugal-flow jet engine designed by RAF officer Frank Whittle, along with discussions of a licence to manufacture Nene engines. The Nene engine was promptly reverse-engineered and produced in modified form as the Soviet Klimov VK-1 jet engine, later incorporated into the MiG-15 which flew in time to deploy in combat against UN forces in North Korea in 1950, causing the loss of several B-29 bombers and cancellation of their daylight bombing missions over North Korea.

Also in 1946, Cripps returned to India as part of the "Cabinet Mission", which proposed formulae for independence to the Indian leaders. The other two members of the delegation were Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, and A. V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty. However, the solution devised by the three men, known as the Cabinet Mission Plan, was unsatisfactory to the Indian National Congress mainly its principal leaders, and instead of having to hold together the emerging one nation, Indian National Congress leaders travelled further down the road that eventually led to Partition.

In 1947, amid a growing economic and political crisis, Cripps tried to persuade Attlee to retire in favour of Ernest Bevin; however, Bevin was in favour of Attlee remaining. Cripps was instead appointed to the new post of Minister for Economic Affairs. Six weeks later Hugh Dalton resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Cripps succeeded him, with the position of Minister for Economic Affairs now merged into the Chancellorship. He increased taxes and continued strategic rationing which muted consumption to boost the balance of trade and stabilise the Pound Sterling seeing Britain trade its way out of a real risk of fiscal and economic gloom. He was among those who brought about the nationalisation of strategic industries such as coal and steel.

Amid financial problems from 1948 to 1949, Cripps maintained a high level of social spending on housing, health, and other welfare services, while also maintaining the location of industry policy. Personal incomes and free time continued to rise, as characterised by cricket and football enjoying unprecedented booms, together with the holiday camps, the dance hall, and the cinema. In his last budget as Chancellor (1950), the housebuilding programme was restored to 200,000 per annum (after having previously been reduced due to government austerity measures), income tax was reduced for low-income earners as an overtime incentive, and spending on health, national insurance, and education was increased.

Cripps had suffered for many years from colitis, inflammation of the lower bowel; a condition aggravated by stress. In 1950, his health broke down and he was forced to resign his office in October. He resigned from Parliament the same month, and at the resulting by-election on 30 November he was succeeded as the MP for Bristol South East by Anthony Wedgwood Benn.

Personal life
Cripps was the sororal nephew of Beatrice Webb and Catherine Courtney. His mother died when he was four years old. His stepmother, Marian Ellis, had a profound influence on him. He was married to Isobel Swithinbank, who became the Honourable Lady Cripps, daughter of Harold William Swithinbank, better known as Dame Isobel Cripps (1891–1979), and had four children
 Sir John Stafford Cripps (1912–1993), journalist and campaigner, who was a conscientious objector in the Second World War  and in 1937 married Ursula Davy, having four sons and two daughters.
 Isobel Diana Cripps (1913–1985) who died unmarried
 (Anne) Theresa Cripps (1919–1998), who was married 1945 to Sir Robert Cornwallis Gerald St. Leger Ricketts, 7th Bt, and had two sons and two daughters. The elder son Sir Tristram Ricketts, 8th Bt. succeeded his father, died in 2007, and has been succeeded by his own son, Sir Stephen Ricketts, 9th Bt.
 Peggy Cripps, born Enid Margaret Cripps (1921–2006), children's author and philanthropist. Peggy Cripps shocked much British opinion by marrying the black African aristocrat Nana Joseph Emmanuel Appiah (1918–1990), a relative of the Ashanti king of Ghana, in June 1953. Peggy Appiah had one son and three daughters. Her son is the philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah (b. May 1954 London), the Laurance S. Rockefeller professor of philosophy at Princeton University. Her three daughters live in Namibia, Nigeria, and Ghana and have eight children among them. One of them is the actor Adetomiwa Edun.

Cripps was a vegetarian, certainly for health reasons and possibly also for ethical reasons. "Cripps suffered from recurring illness which was alleviated by nature cure and a vegetarian diet...". His male-line descendants are in remainder to the barony Parmoor. In 1989, a Blue Plaque was unveiled at 32 Elm Park Gardens, Chelsea to mark the site of Cripps' birth.

Death
Cripps died aged 62 of cancer on 21 April 1952 while in Zürich, Switzerland. He was cremated at Sihlfeld Crematorium in Zürich. His ashes are buried in the churchyard in Sapperton, Gloucestershire, and his wife is buried beside him.

See also
 List of ambulance drivers during World War I
 Cripps question (patent law)

References

Further reading
 Addison, Paul. The Road To 1945: British Politics and the Second World War (1977) pp 190–210.
 Burgess, Simon. Stafford Cripps: a political life (1999)
 Byant, Chris. Stafford Cripps: the first modern chancellor (1997)
 Clarke, Peter. The Cripps Version: The Life of Sir Stafford Cripps (2002)
 Clarke, Peter and Richard Toye, "Cripps, Sir (Richard) Stafford (1889–1952)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 14 June 2013 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32630

 Dell, Edmund. The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (HarperCollins, 1997) pp 94–134, covers his term as Chancellor.

 Frame, William. "'Sir Stafford Cripps and His Friends': The Socialist League, the National Government and the Reform of the House of Lords 1931–1935," Parliamentary History (2005) 24#3 pp 316–331
 Gorodetsky, Gabriel. Stafford Cripps' Mission to Moscow, 1940–42 (1985) 361pp
 Hanak, Harry. "Sir Stafford Cripps as British Ambassador in Moscow May 1940 to June 1941." English Historical Review 94.370 (1979): 48–70. online
 Hanak, Harry. "Sir Stafford Cripps as Ambassador in Moscow, June 1941–January 1942." English Historical Review 97.383 (1982): 332–344. online
 Kitchen, Martin. British Policy Towards the Soviet Union During the Second World War (Springer, 1986).
 Lytton, Avram. "In the House of Rimmon: British Aid to the Soviet Union, June–September 1941." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 26.4 (2013): 673–704.
 Moore, R. J. Churchill, Cripps and India (Oxford UP, 1979) chapters 3–5
 Moore, R. J. "The mystery of the Cripps mission," Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies Volume 11, Issue 3, 1973, pages 195–213 online
 Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour in Power 1945–51 (1984)
 Owen, Nicholas. "The Cripps mission of 1942: A reinterpretation." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 30.1 (2002): 61–98.
 Pelling, Henry. The Labour Government 1945–51 (1984)
 Piirimäe, Kaarel. Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Baltic Question (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014). pp 57–80 on "The British-Soviet Treaty, 1942." .
 Robbins, Keith. "Stafford Cripps" in Kevin Jefferys, ed., Labour Forces: From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown (2002) pp 63–80

Primary sources
 Cripps, Richard Stafford, and Gabriel Gorodetsky. Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 1940–1942: diaries and papers (Vallentine Mitchell, 2007).
 British War Cabinet; Sir Stafford Cripps. "Assessment On Soviet German Relations By British War Cabinet 16 July 1941" Cripps' assessment of possible war between Germany and the USSR. online
 Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power, 1942–1947: Vol 1. The Cripps Mission (1970), contains all the key documents.

External links

 Blue plaque to Sir Stafford Cripps at Filkins

1889 births
1952 deaths
Alumni of University College London
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Soviet Union
Anglican socialists
Burials in Gloucestershire
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UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
Younger sons of barons
People from Chelsea, London
Ministers in the Attlee governments, 1945–1951
20th-century English lawyers
Politicians affected by a party expulsion process

Stafford Cripps


Jerry Lee Sichting (Martinsville, Indiana, ) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó diez temporadas en la NBA. Con 1,85 metros de estatura, lo hacía en la posición de Base. En la temporada 2010-11 de la NBA fue entrenador asistente de los Golden State Warriors.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad

Jugó durante cuatro temporadas con los Boilermakers de la Universidad Purdue, en las que promedió 9,9 puntos, 3,3 asistencias y 2,1 rebotes por partido.  En su última temporada fue elegido en el mejor quinteto de la Big Ten Conference, acabando su carrera como líder histórico de su universidad en porcentaje de tiros libres, con un 87%, y el de más lanzamientos desde la línea anotados de forma consecutiva, con 34, este último batido posteriormente.

Profesional
Fue elegido en el puesto 82 del Draft de la NBA de 1979 por Golden State Warriors, pero fue cortado antes del comienzo de la competición, teniendo que pasar un año en blanco hasta que en la temporada 1980-81 fichara como agente libre por los Indiana Pacers. Allí jugó cinco temporadas, logrando la titularidad en  tras la marcha de Johnny Davis a los Atlanta Hawks. Al año siguiente jugaría su mejor temporada como profesional, promediando 11,5 puntos y 5,7 asistencias por partido.

Antes del comienzo de la temporada 1985-86 fue traspasado a Boston Celtics a cambio de dos futuras segundas rondas del draft. Y en su primera temporada en el equipo se alzó con el anillo de campeones de la NBA, jugando como suplente de Dennis Johnson, y promediando 6,5 puntos y 2,3 asistencias por partido. En el quinto partido de las Finales protagonizó una dura pelea que acabó en tangana con Ralph Sampson, 40 centímetros más alto que él.

En febrero de  fue traspasado a Portland Trail Blazers a cambio de Jim Paxson, donde jugó como suplente de Terry Porter, viendo reducidos sus minutos, y promediando en su única temporada completa 4,1 puntos y 2,4 asistencias.

En  ficha por Charlotte Hornets, pero es despedido mediada la temporada. Un contrato por diez días con los Milwaukee Bucks pondría fin a su carrera profesional.

Entrenador
Tras colgar las botas, en  es contratado por Minnesota Timberwolves como director de ojeadores, y meses más tarde como entrenador asistente, donde permanece en el puesto hasta . Ese año se marcha para desempeñar el mismo puesto en la Universidad Marquette, regresando en  a los Wolves como asistente de su excompañero en los Celtics Kevin McHale.

En  ficha como asistente de Keith Smart en los Golden State Warriors.

En agosto de 2012, se convierte en asistente de los  Washington Wizards.

Tras una temporada en Washington, se convierte en asistente de Jeff Hornacek en los Phoenix Suns.

Al comienzo de la  2015–16, vuelve a unirse al cuerpo técnico de Hornacek, ahora en los New York Knicks.

El 18 de enero de 2019, regresa a Minnesota Timberwolves como técnico asistente.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Sichting en NBA.com
 Ficha de Jerry Sichting en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Indiana
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Estados Unidos
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Purdue Boilermakers
Baloncestistas de los Indiana Pacers
Baloncestistas de los Boston Celtics
Baloncestistas de los Portland Trail Blazers
Baloncestistas de los Charlotte Hornets
Baloncestistas de los Milwaukee Bucks

Jerry Sichting


Mikla Fiskafljót (kallað mikla til að greina það frá Namibíu-Fiskafljóti.) er fljót sem rennur 644 km um Suður-Afríku héraðið Eastern Cape. Strandssvæðið milli Port Elizabeth og Fiskafljóts er þekkt sem Sunshine Coast. Mikla Fiskafljót var upphaflega nefnt Rio do Infante, eftir João Infante, skipstjóra á einu af skipum Bartolomeu Dias. Infante sigldi á fljótinu seint á 15. öld.

Nafnið Mikli fiskur er byggt á misskilningi, þar sem það er þýðing á hollensku Groot Visch Rivier, sem var nafn á þverá í nágrenni Cradock, sem við samruna þess við Litlu Fiská (Klein Visch River) myndar það sem er kallað (Eastern Cape) Fiská.

Farvegur
Mikla Fiskafljót  á upptök sín austan við Graaff-Reinet og rennur um Cradock. Lengra suður sameinast það Tarka-ánni. Þar bugðast hún til Cookhouse, áfram austur af Grahamstown áður en hún fer beina leið 8 km norðaustur af Seafield til Indlandshafsins.

Fljótið er til staðar allt árið. Þó er yfirborðið lægra og streymið minna á þurra svæðinu á þurrka tímanum þar sem ekki gætir flóðs og fjöru en þau áhrif ná um 20 km frá ósnum upp fljótið. Nú er vatn notað frá Óraníufljótskerfinu til að viðhalda flæði á þurrka tímum.

Helstu hliðarár hennar eru Groot Brak áin, Tarka áin og Kap áin á vinstri hliðinni og Little Fish áin á hægri hliðinni.
Mikla Fiskafljót  er hluti af Fish to Tsitsikama vatnsstjórnarsvæðinu.
Tvær stíflur eru í fljótinu.

Veðurfar
Veðurfarið á vatnasvæðinu er milt og úrkoman er um 650 mm; fellur aðallega um vor og haust. Hiti er á bilinu 12° C til 24° C en fer niður í  2° C og upp í 40° C.

Vistkerfið
Á áttunda áratugnum var sett í gang umfangsmikið verkefni þar sem vatni úr Orangefljóti var veitt um Fiskifljót til notkunar í landbúnaði og iðnaði. Göngin sem grafin voru fyrir þetta voru umfangsmikið verkfræðiverkefni með innrennsli í Oviston (skammstöfun á afrískaans fyrir Orange-Fisk göng). Oviston er á ströndum Gariep stíflunnar. Vatnaflsvirkjun er við Fiskifljótsafrennslið, en hún er óhagkvæm og því ekki í notkun.

Blöndun vatns af tveimur vatnasviðum hefur haft í för með sér umhverfisslys. Stór hluti af Fiskafljóts vistkerfinu er nú undirlagt af flóru og fánu Órangefljóts.

Flóra
Við ósinn eru friðuð tré. Aðrar mikilvægar tegundir eru akasía, dombeya_rotundifolia, schotia_afra, strelitzia nicolai, acokanthera_oblongifolia, harpephyllum_caffrum og zanthoxylum_capense.

Fána
Í Kat ánni, sem er hluti af Mikla Fiskifljóts vatnasvæðinu er lítill hópur sandelia bainsii sem er í útrýmingarhættu.

Í árósum Fiskafljóts eru nokkrar tegundir af stórum og litlum spendýrum, þar á meðal fimm antílóputegundir, kjarrsvín, ýmsar nagdýrategundir þar á meðal mongús, hyrax, hérar, rottur, mýs, leðurblökur og suður-afrískur villiköttur og puntsvín. Algengasta villta spendýrið er vervet apinn, sem hefur verið þekktur fyrir að grípa mat undir nefinu á grunlausum gestum.
Það hafa fundist yfir 135 tegundir fugla við fljótið, þar á meðal litríkur knysna lourie, konungsfiskur og tignarlegur fiskiörn.
Þar eru 26 tegundir snáka, þar af eru fimm eitraðir.

Saga

Á 19. öld myndaði fljótið landamæri Cape Colony og var mjög umdeild í Xhosa stríðunum á árunum 1779 til 1878.  Stríðið var að milli Xhosa þjóðarinnar á annars vegar og Afrikaner nýlendumanna og breska heimsveldisins hins vegar. Árið 1835 var Fingofólkinu leyft að setjast að á árbakkanum. Á meðan á aðskilnaðarstefnu stóð mynduðu neðri hlutarnir fljótsins vesturmörk sjálfstæðs lands Ciskei.
Á árunum 1846 til 1847 varð Fiskafljótssvæðið miðdepill Axestríðsins, sem var eitt af nokkrum landamærastríðum á þeim tíma milli Xhosa þjóðarinnar og Bretlands. Ferja var byggð við Fiskafljót til að tengja Cape Colony (vesturhlið ána) við Waterloo Bay (lítil flói nálægt ósi Old Woman's ár sem nú rennur í gegnum Fiskiár Sun). Waterlooflói er nefndur eftir fyrsta skipi sem setti hernaðargögn og birgðum á land í flóanum í stríðinu. Nokkur skip sukku á árbökkum Fiskafljóts á þessum árum.
Eftirfarandi staðir eru þekktir sögulegir við ósa Fiskafljóts:

Maitland herbúðir
Aðalherbúðirnar voru á austurbakkanum á Old Woman's fljóti, sem kallast Cape Maitland, til heiðurs Sir Peregrine Maitland sem var ríkisstjóri Cape Colony. Nafninu var síðar breytt í Fort Albert til heiðurs eiginmanns Viktoríu drottningar. Búðirnar samanstóðu af kofum og tjöldum umkringdar jarðveggjum. Þær voru yfirgefnar í lok stríðsins. Svæðið var enduruppgötvað þegar mikið af minjum voru afhjúpaðar við lagningu golfvallar.

Broxholm kotið
Talið er að C. Broxholm liðþjálfi hafi byggt einu bygginguna sem hefur varðveist eftir stríðið og er á austurhlið fljótsins. Kotið var byggt árið 1846 selt ári síðar til hr. J Kidd af Wesleyan Missionary Society sem ætlaði að hefja trúboð í Waterlooflóa.

Hermannakirkjugarður
Sumir hermannanna sem dóu við hernám Waterlooflóa voru grafnir í litlum kirkjugarði nálægt austurbakkanum við Old Woman's fljót. Grafirnar voru ekki merktar en talið er að meðlimir 6. og 45. herdeildarinnar og Cape Levy hafi verið grafnir þar. Rjóður á milli sandalda markar Fiskafljóts Sun Resort.

Borgaralegar búðir
Stórar borgaralegar búðir með verslunarmiðstöðvum og gistiheimilum sem fylgdu herbúðunum voru greinilega staðsettar á vesturhlið Old Woman's fljótsins. Allar sögulegar leifar eru nú undir golfvellinum.

Skipsflök
Ef kafað er á svæðinu má enn sjá flök skipanna Catherine og Justina. Skipin sukku á fjórða áratugnum og eru innan við einn km frá ósi Fiskafljóts.

Efnahagsmál

Afþreying

 Þrátt fyrir nafnið er veiði sem stunduð er á svæðinu aðallega sportveiði.
 Á hverju ári er Fish River Canoe Marathon, vinsæll atburður sem fer fram á tveimur dögum frá Grassridge stíflu að Cradock.
 Köfun við árósana er áhugaverð vegna þeirra fjölmörgu skipsflaka sem þar er að finna: SS Cariboo, SS Kilbrennan og Waterloo, til að nefna nokkur.

Miklifiskhöfði
Á Miklafiskhöfða er viti nálægt ósi Mikla Fiskafljóts, um 25 km frá ströndinni Port Alfred.

Áður en vitinn var reistur árið 1898 voru tvö skipsljós með föstum grænum ljósum reist á fánastangir í Port Alfred, en reyndust ófullnægjandi. Klukkutækið sem notað var til að keyra linsuna er enn óskaddað og til sýnis.

Þótt vitinn sjálfur sé aðeins níu metrar hár er hann 76 m yfir sjávarmáli.

Tilvísanir

Ytri tenglar

 Fiskur til sunnudaga: Internal Strategic Perspective  7. mars 2016 á  Machine
 James MacKinlay dagbókasafn á Dartmouth College Library

Fljót í Suður-Afríku

Mikla Fiskafljót


الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن عبد الله بن حافظ (1886 م ــ 1953 م)،  رجل دين وإمام مسجد إماراتي ولد في دبي.

حياته
ولد الشيخ عبد الرحمن في عهد الشيخ مكتوم بن حشر ال مكتوم الذي عينه اماما يصلي بالناس في أحد مساجد الشندغة. تربى الشيخ عبد الرحمن في كنف والده الشيخ محمد بن حافظ ودرس على يدية ثم ذهب إلى مكة ليتتلمذ على يد الشيخ عابد وعاد إلى دبي ليكرمه الشيخ سعيد بن مكتوم حاكم دبي آنذاك فيعينه مستشارا قضائيا ومفتياً للدولة واستمر الشيخ في هذا المنصب بالاضافه إلى تدريس المعلمين بالمدرسة الاحمدية أصول العلوم الفقهية على نهج الاشعرية السنية.
تولى التدريس وإمامة مسجد التاجر المعروف محمد علي بدري الذي اقام مسجدا كبيرا امام برج نايف وكان ثاني أكبر مسجد في ديرة بعد مسجد الشيخ ناصر بن لوتاه. أيضا كان الشيخ من كبار الرواد التعليم في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة وإمارة دبي بصفة خاصة.
عُين في عام 1927 م كأول مدير لمدرسة الفلاح  والتي تأسست على يد الشيخ محمد علي رضا زينل في مدينة دبي وهي نواة التعليم النظامي في الإمارات، وصرف عليها من حرّ ماله، وجعل التعليم بها مجاني. ألحقها بفروع في مكة 1909 م، ثم في البحرين وبومباي وحضرموت. وتُعرف مدارس الفلاح بأنها من أخرج الجيل الذهبي من الأدباء والشعراء. ثم انتقل  الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ  إلى المدرسة الأحمدية.

الشيخ عبد الرحمن والمدرسة الأحمدية
اتقل الشيخ عبد الرحمن إلى المدرسة الأحمدية في ديرة مُدرساً ثم مديراً، ودّرَس الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ في هذه الفترة في الدور العلوي بجانب الأساتذة الزبيريين، وكانت له فيها حجرة خاصة بمثابة مكتبة خاصة يطالع فيها كتبه وأوراقه. وكان يقوم بتدريس الطلبة المواد الدينية التالية: حديث، التفسير، الفقه، السيرة، وغير ذلك من العلوم الشرعية، وذلك فيما يروي عنه ابنه الشيخ احمد بن عبد الرحمن بن حافظ رفيق درب الشيخ عبد الرحيم المريد في نظم المالد.
والشيخ محمد بن يوسف الشيباني، ويُرجح بأنه بدأ عمله في تدريس الطلبة بالأحمدية في ذلك الوقت الذي بدأ فيه آل مبارك مهمتم.

استمراره في التدريس
استمر الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ في التدريس للطلبة المبتدئين إلى أن زادت أعباؤه وكثر الطلبة، وعلى أثر ذلك استقدم ابن دلموك الأساتذة الزبيريين في بداية الأربعينات هجرية لمساعدة الشيخ عبد الرحمن ابن حافظ، في مهمته التعليمية، حيث تخصص هو في تدريس المواد الدينية للطلبة، بينما قام الأساتذة الزبيريون بتدريس المواد الأخرى.

مكتبة الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ
أسّس الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ مكتبة رائدة، تعد من أهم المكتبات وأكبرها في ذلك الوقت. وكان الشيخ عبد الرحمن من أشهر الرواد التعليم في دبي، وكان معلماً ثم مديراً للمدرسة الأحمدية التي تعد أول مدرسة تطويرية في إمارة دبي. وقد ساعدت الكتب القيمة التي كانت في مكتبة الشيخ عبد الرحمن في تأليف العديد من الكتب، ومن أهمها:

كتاب:  طريق المتقين  وهو أول كتاب في تاريخ الإمارات
كتاب:  خلاصة الفقه
رسالة بعنوان  أسعد الصلوات على سيد السادات .

ولا تزال مكتبة الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ في منزل ابنه الشيخ أحمد في دبي في منطقة ديرة، وتحتوي على أكثر من 400 كتاب ومخطوطة، وبعض البحوث المخطوطة بيد الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ، ودفاتر معلومات، ومخطوطة تضم قصائد متنوعة لشعراء معروفين، والعديد من معاجم المعاني، وقواميس اللغات العربية والفرنسية والإنجليزية. وتضم المكتبة كذلك كتباً تهتم بعلم الفلك، إلى جانب كتاب نادر في الحساب عنوانه:  النفحات العباسية في المبادئ الحسابية ، الصادر عام
1903 م، وكتاب آخر بعنوان  خلاصة الحساب ، الصادر عام 1908 م.
كان الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن حافظ محباً للمطالعة واقتناء الكتب، وكان يوصي أصدقاءه المسافرين إلى خارج الإمارات بأن يحضروا له ما يجدونه من الكتب خاصة من مكة المكرمة ومصر والهند، كما كان يبعث برسائل إلى معارفه لتزويده بما لديهم من كتب.

تعد الكتب الباقية من مكتبة الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ قليلة جداً بعدما احترق الكثير منها في أثناء الحريق الذي وقع في منطقة ديرة في دبي، كما بقي الكثير من كتب الشيخ عبد الرحمن في منطقة الباطنة في سلطنة عمان عندما كان إماماً وخطيباً فيها حيث أمضى قرابة عشر سنوات حيث يرجع نسبه إلى منطقة الباطنة في عمان.
وكان « الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ » عالماً لغوياً وشاعراً مجيداً، ولكن مخطوطاته أُتلِفت وأتت عليها نيران الحرائق التي شبّت في بيته في فلج القبائل في منطقة الباطنة، بسلطنة عمان ، ولعلّ هناك كتباً من تأليفاته أتلفتها النيران، وضاعت علينا من جرائها ثروة علمية.

كان السيد هاشم الهاشمي الأديب وصاحب المجالس الطريفة يذكرنا ببيتين رائعين من الشعر قالهما الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ  ، وهو فيهما يصور طيراً مع إلفه فوق شجرة يتهأديان الهوى، ولكنهما ينفران ويغيبان وسط أوراق الشجر لما أبصرا شخصيهما في ماء الغدير تحت الشجرة، حيث ظناً أن أحداً يراقبهما، فأسرد الشيخ عبد الرحمن، قائلاً:

القصيدة

 مطلع القصيدة

وصلات خارجية
  الشيخ محمد علي رضا زينل
  المدرسة الأحمدية
  مدرسة الفلاح
  المدرسة السالمية
  مدرسة السعادة
  العلامة الشيخ محمد العبسي الأزهري اليماني
  الشيخ عبد الرحيم المريد
  الشيخ احمد بن عبد الرحمن بن حافظ
  الشيخ محمد نور سيف
  مدرسة الفلاح جدة

المصادر
 بوملحة، إبراهيم، محمد، (أعلام من الإمارات) الطبعة الثالثة، دبى: سنة 1992 للميلاد.
 الصحاري، سلمه بن مسلم، العويتي، (الأنساب) 1994.
الخليج، بلدانه وقبائله، الطبعة الرابعة 1410
تاريخ الخليج، 1409

مراجع

صوفيون إماراتيون
علماء دين سنة إماراتيون
مواليد 1886
وفيات 1953

عبد الرحمن بن حافظ


An Mesomelaena stygia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck. An Mesomelaena stygia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mesomelaena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 M. s. deflexa
 M. s. stygia

Mga kasarigan

Mesomelaena

Mesomelaena stygia


Microtuban es un género extinto de pterosaurio azdarcoideo que vivió en el Cretácico Superior en el norte del Líbano.

Descubrimiento
Microtuban es conocido a partir de un único esqueleto parcialmente preservado que carece del cráneo, el holotipo SMNK PAL 6595. Fue adquirido de un comerciante de fósiles local por el Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe y fue probablemente recolectado de la localidad de Hjoûla en una capa de la formación Sannine, que data de principios del Cenomaniense en el Cretácico Superior, hace cerca de 99.6-96 millones de años. El fósil corresponde a un individuo inmaduro. El comerciante de fósiles sin embargo, indicó que provenía de una cantera en cercanías de Hâqel. Aun así, este es el segundo fósil de pterosaurio hallado en el Líbano y es un raro ejemplo de un pterosaurio procedente de la placa continental africana, a la cual pertenecía esta área en la época del Cretácico. En ese entonces el sitio estaba localizada a cientos de kilómetros de la línea costera continental.

Descripción
Debido a que el espécimen no pertenece a un animal maduro, es difícil estimar su tamaño adulto. La envergadura del holotipo puede ser deducido de la longitud de los elementos del ala. El brazo superior, dañado en el fósil, medía cerca de nueve centímetros, el antebrazo cerca de siete. El cuarto metacarpo mide 122 milímetros de largo. Las cuatro falanges del cuarto dedo del ala miden 135, 114.5, 63.5 y 3.5 milímetros respectivamente.

Los autores indicaron dos rasgos únicos derivados, o autapomorfias: la segunda flange del dedo alar es larga, con cerca del 85% de la longitud de la primera falange; la cuarta falange es extremadamente reducida midiendo solo el 1.1% de la longitud del dedo del ala.

Posibles rasgos juveniles incluyen la carencia de un notarium, que es resultado de la fusión de las vértebras dorsales del frente, y una escápula y coracoides sin fusionar.

Etimología
Microtuban fue nombrado por Ross A. Elgin y Eberhard Frey en 2011 y la especie tipo es Microtuban altivolans. El nombre genérico se deriva del término griego μικρός, mikros, "pequeño", y el árabe التنين, tuban, "dragón" o basilisco, también refiriéndose a Thuban, la antigua estrella polar en la constelación de Draco. El nombre de la especie se deriva del latín altus, "alto", y volare, "volar".

Filogenia
Los descriptores incluyeron a Microtuban al grupo Azhdarchoidea, usando el método comparativo. De los cuatro grupos conocidos de azdarcoideos ellos excluyeron a Tapejaridae y Azhdarchidae, dejando la posibilidad de que Microtuban fuera un miembro de Thalassodromidae o bien de Chaoyangopteridae. Dado que ambos grupos se distinguen mayormente basándose en características del cráneo, parte de la que el holotipo de Microtuban carece, es imposible probar si era un talasodrómido o un chaoyangoptérido. En cualquiera de ambos casos sería el ejemplo más reciente conocido de estas familias. Un estudio realizado por Nicholas Longrich y colaboradores en 2018 ha encontrado que Microtuban se encuentra dentro de Chaoyangopteridae, en la posición más basal. Su cladograma es mostrado a continuación:

Referencias

Pterosaurios del Cretácico Tardío
Pterosaurios de Asia
Pterodactyloidea

Microtuban


Alex Konanykhin''' (Ostashkov, Rusia, 1966) es un empresario ruso, ex banquero y antiguo miembro del círculo político del expresidente Boris Yeltsin. Ganó fama como emprendedor de firmas dedicadas a Internet. En 2010 lanzó Wikiexperts.us,"Una firma rusa critica el modelo de donaciones de Wikipedia" Canal.AR Noticias, 27/01/2011  un proyecto consistente en contratar a escritores para que, cumpliendo con los requisitos exigidos por Wikipedia, elaboraran artículos que otorgaran visibilidad a entidades, empresas y personalidades. Dicha propuesta, sin embargo, no ha sido aceptada por la Fundación Wikimedia.

 Biografía

Formado en el Instituto de Física y Tecnología de Moscú y con estudios en la Escuela de Negocios de Edimburgo, Konanykhin se radicó en Estados Unidos a mediados de la década de 1990. En febrero de 1999, un juzgado de inmigración de Estados Unidos le otorgó asilo político a Konanykhin y su segunda esposa, Elena Gratcheva. En su solicitud, Konanykhin alegaba que se enfrentaba a persecución y amenazas en su país natal. Aunque su permiso de asilo fue temporalmente revertido en 2003 por una orden del Departamento de Justicia, en 2007 le fue nuevamente concedido.

 Carrera profesional

En 1997, Konanykhin fundó KMGi, una compañía de soluciones tecnológicas. También preside Intuic, firma dedicada a la visibilidad de marcas y empresas en las redes sociales. Konanykhin es reconocido además como analista de tendencias económicas y negocios relacionados con Internet y las nuevas tecnologías y ha publicado artículos tanto en medios especializados Social Media Today, 21/06/2012 -(en inglés)  como en diarios reconocidos como La Vanguardia'' (Barcelona).

Transparent Business

En 2012, Konanykhin presentó oficialmente el software Transparent Business, una plataforma diseñada para la gestión y monitoreo de distintas modalidades de teletrabajo.  La herramienta utiliza, entre otros mecanismos, la captura de pantallas de ordenadores remotos facilitando la supervisión de proyectos conjuntos independientemente de la distancia a la que se encuentren los miembros de un mismo equipo de trabajo.

Referencias

Empresarios de Rusia
Ruso-estadounidenses
Alumnado del Instituto de Física y Tecnología de Moscú
Nacionalizados de Argentina
Nacionalizados de Italia
Emigrantes rusos hacia Argentina
Banqueros de Estados Unidos

Alex Konanykhin


Zumarraga, İspanya Bask Özerk Bölgesi sınırları içinde şehir. Nüfusu 9.000 kişidir. San Sebastian şehrine yaklaşık 54 km uzaklıkta olup, belediyesi 1666 yılında kurulmuştur.

Guipúzcoa'daki şehirler

Zumarraga


Die Liste der Ehrensenatoren des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie führt alle Personen auf, die die Würde des Ehrensenators vom Karlsruher Institut für Technologie sowie dessen Vorgängerorganisationen, namentlich der TH Karlsruhe bzw. der Universität Karlsruhe, erhalten haben. Die Ehrensenatorwürde wurde im Jahr 1923 eingeführt, um die materielle Förderung für die Hochschule zu würdigen.

Liste

Literatur
 Fridericana Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe: Personal- und Vorlesungsverzeichnis Wintersemester 1942/1943

Weblinks
 Liste auf kit.edu

Einzelnachweise

Karlsruhe, Institut fur Technologie
!


Carl Peter Thunberg, also known as Karl Peter von Thunberg, Carl Pehr Thunberg, or Carl Per Thunberg (11 November 1743 – 8 August 1828), was a Swedish naturalist and an "apostle" of Carl Linnaeus. After studying under Linnaeus at Uppsala University, he spent seven years travelling in southern Italy and Asia, collecting and describing people  and animals new to European science, and observing local cultures. He has been called "the father of South African botany", "pioneer of Occidental Medicine in Japan", and the "Japanese Linnaeus".

Early life
Thunberg was born and grew up in Jönköping, Sweden. At the age of 18, he entered Uppsala University where he was taught by Carl Linnaeus, regarded as the "father of modern taxonomy". Thunberg graduated in 1767 after 6 years of studying. To deepen his knowledge in botany, medicine and natural history, he was encouraged by Linnaeus in 1770 to travel to Paris and Amsterdam. In Amsterdam and Leiden Thunberg met the Dutch botanist and physician Johannes Burman and his son Nicolaas Burman, who himself had been a disciple of Linnaeus.

Having heard of Thunberg's inquisitive mind, his skills in botany and medicine and Linnaeus' high esteem of his Swedish pupil, Johannes Burman and Laurens Theodorus Gronovius, a councillor of Leiden, convinced Thunberg to travel to either the West or the East Indies to collect plant and animal specimens for the botanic garden at Leiden, which was lacking exotic exhibits. Thunberg was eager to travel to the Cape of Good Hope and apply his knowledge.

With the help of Burman and Gronovius, Thunberg entered the Dutch East India Company (in Dutch, Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or V.O.C.) as a surgeon on board the Schoonzicht. As the East Indies were under Dutch control, the only way to enter the colonies was via the V.O.C. Hence, Thunberg embarked in December 1771. In March 1772, he reached Cape Town in now South Africa.

South Africa
During his three-year stay, Thunberg perfected his Dutch and studied the culture of the Khoikhoi, (known to the Dutch as "Hottentotten"), the native people of western South Africa. The Khoikhoi were the first non-European culture he encountered. Their customs and traditions elicited both his disgust and admiration. For example, he considered their custom to grease their skin with fat and dust as an obnoxious habit about which he wrote in his travelogue: "For uncleanliness, the Hottentots have the greatest love. They grease their entire body with greasy substances and above this, they put cow dung, fat or something similar." Yet, this harsh judgement is moderated by the reason he saw for this practice and so he continues that: "This stops up their pores and their skin is covered with a thick layer which protects it from heat in Summer and from cold during Winter." This attitude – to try to justify rituals he did not understand – also marked his encounters with Japanese people.

Since the main purpose for his journey was to collect specimens for the gardens in Leiden, Thunberg regularly took field trips into the interior of South Africa. Between September 1772 and January 1773, he accompanied the Dutch superintendent of the V.O.C. garden, Johan Andreas Auge. Their journey took them to the north of Saldanha Bay, east along the Breede Valley through the Langkloof as far as the Gamtoos River and returning by way of the Little Karoo. During this expedition and later, Thunberg kept in regular contact with scholars in Europe, especially the Netherlands and Sweden, but also with other members of the V.O.C. who sent him animal skins. Shortly after returning, Thunberg met Francis Masson, a Scots gardener who had come to Cape Town to collect plants for the Royal Gardens at Kew. They were drawn together by their shared interests. During one of their trips, they were joined by Robert Jacob Gordon, on leave from his regiment in the Netherlands. Together, the scientists undertook two further inland expeditions.

During his three expeditions into the interior, Thunberg collected many specimens of both flora and fauna. At the initiative of Linnaeus, he graduated at Uppsala as Doctor of Medicine in absentia while he was at the Cape in 1772. Thunberg left the Cape for Batavia on 2 March 1775. He arrived in Batavia on 18 May 1775, and left for Japan on 20 June.

Japan

In August 1775, he arrived at the Dutch factory of the V.O.C. at Dejima, a small artificial island (120 m by 75 m) in the Bay of Nagasaki connected to the city by a single small bridge. However, like the Dutch merchants, Thunberg was at first rarely allowed to leave the island. These restrictions had been imposed by the Japanese shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1639 after the Portuguese, who had been the first Europeans to arrive in Japan in 1543, persisted in missionary activity. The only locals who were allowed regular contact with the Dutch were the interpreters of Nagasaki and the relevant authorities of the city.

Shortly after the Schoonzicht's arrival on Deshima, Thunberg was appointed head surgeon of the trading post. To still be able to collect specimens of Japanese plants and animals as well as to gather information on the population, Thunberg began to construct networks with the interpreters by sending them small notes containing medical knowledge and receiving botanical knowledge or rare Japanese coins in return. Quickly, the news spread that a well-educated Dutch physician was in town who seemed to be able to help the local doctors cure syphilis, known in Japan as the "Dutch disease". As a result, the appropriate authorities granted him more visits to the city and finally even allowed him one-day trips into the vicinity of Nagasaki, where Thunberg had the chance to collect specimens by himself.

During his visits in town, Thunberg began to recruit students, mainly the Nagasaki interpreters and local physicians. He taught them new medical treatments, such as using mercury to treat syphilis, and the production of new medicines. During this process, he also instructed his pupils in the Dutch language and European manners, furthering the growing interest into Dutch and European culture by the Japanese, known as rangaku. Thunberg had brought some seeds of European vegetables with him and showed the Japanese some botanical practices, expanding Japanese horticultural practices.

Thunberg also profited from his teachings himself. As a former medical student he was mainly interested in medical knowledge, and the Japanese showed him the practice of acupuncture. The exchange of ideas between Thunberg and the local physicians led to the development of a new acupuncture point called shakutaku. The discovery of shakutaku was a result of Thunberg's anatomic knowledge and the Japanese traditional medicine of neuronic moxibustion. Thunberg brought back knowledge on Japan's religion and societal structure, boosting interest into Japan, an early cultural form of Japonism.

In both countries, Thunberg's knowledge exchange led to a cultural opening-up, which also manifested itself in the spread of universities and boarding schools which taught knowledge of the other culture. For this reason, Thunberg has been called "the most important eye witness of Tokugawa Japan in the eighteenth century".

Due to his scientific reputation, Thunberg was given the opportunity in 1776 to accompany the Dutch ambassador M. Feith to the shogun's court in Edo, today's Tokyo. During that journey, he collected many specimens of plants and animals and talked to locals along the way. It is during this time that Thunberg started writing two of his scientific works, the Flora Japonica (1784) and the Fauna Japonica (1833). The latter was completed by the German traveller Philipp Franz von Siebold, who visited Japan between 1823 and 1829 and based the Fauna Japonica on Thunberg's notes which he carried with him all the time in Japan.

On his way to Edo, Thunberg also obtained many Japanese coins, which he described in detail in the fourth volume of his travelogue, Travels in Europe, Africa and Asia, performed between the Years 1770 and 1779. The coins provided new insights for European scholars into the culture, religion and history of Japan, as their possession and export by foreigners had been strictly forbidden by the shogun. This prohibition had been imposed to prevent the Empire of China and other rivals of the shogunate from copying the money and flooding the Japanese markets with forged coins.

In November 1776, after Thunberg had returned from the shogun's court, he left for Java, now part of Indonesia. From there, he travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in July 1777. Here again, his major interest lay in collecting plants and other specimens.

In February 1778, Thunberg left Ceylon to return to Europe.

Return to Europe
In 1778, Thunberg left Ceylon for Amsterdam, with a two week stay at the Cape. He finally arrived at Amsterdam in October 1778. He made a short trip to London where he met Joseph Banks. He saw there the Japanese collection from the 1680s of the German naturalist Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716), who had preceded him at Dejima. He also met Forster, who showed him his collections from Cook's second voyage.

On arrival in Sweden in March 1779, he learned of the death of Linnaeus one year earlier. Thunberg was first appointed botanical demonstrator in 1777, and in 1781 professor of medicine and natural philosophy at the University of Uppsala. His publications and specimens resulted in the description of many new taxa.

He published his Flora Japonica in 1784, and in 1788 he began to publish his travels. He completed his Prodromus Plantarum in 1800, his Icones Plantarum Japonicarum in 1805, and his Flora Capensis in 1813. He published numerous memoirs in the transactions of various Swedish and international scientific societies. He was an honorary member of sixty-six scientific societies. In 1776, while still in Asia, he had been elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1791. In 1809 he became correspondent, and in 1823 an associate member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands.

He died at Thunaberg near Uppsala on 8 August 1828.

Reasons for his travels
It was common for Enlightenment scholars to travel throughout Europe and to more distant regions, and to write subsequent travelogues. However, Thunberg was notable in his travel destination and the popularity of his account of his travels, which was translated into German, English and French. Three main reasons for this have been proposed:

 Besides being encouraged by Linnaeus and Gronovius to travel to Japan, the fact that, for half a century, no new information on the country had reached Europe attracted Thunberg to travel there. In 1690, Engelbert Kaempfer, a German traveller, had sailed to Japan and spent two years on the island of Deshima. Kaempfer's 1729 travelogue became a famous work on the shogunate; yet, when Thunberg came to Japan, Kaempfer's writings were already more than fifty years old. The time was right for new knowledge.
 The Age of Enlightenment furthered a scientific hunger for new information. In the light of the increasing emphasis on using the rational human mind, many students were keen to leave the boundaries of Europe and apply their knowledge and gather new insights about less well-known regions.
 Thunberg was a very inquisitive and intelligent man, a "person of acute mind" who sought new challenges. Hence, the journey was in Thunberg's personal interest and complied well with his character.

Namesake plants

A genus of tropical plants, Thunbergia, family Acanthaceae, which are cultivated as evergreen climbers, is named after him.

Thunberg is cited in naming some 254 species of both plants and animals (though significantly more plants than animals). Notable examples of plants referencing Thunberg in their specific epithets include:

Allium thunbergii
Amaranthus thunbergii
Arisaema thunbergii
Berberis thunbergii
Fritillaria thunbergii
Geranium thunbergii
Lespedeza thunbergii
Pinus thunbergii
Spiraea thunbergii

Selected publications
Botany

Flora Japonica (1784)
Edo travel accompaniment.
Prodromus Plantarum Capensium (Uppsala, vol. 1: 1794, vol. 2: 1800)
Flora Capensis (1807, 1811, 1813, 1818, 1820, 1823)
Voyages de C.P. Thunberg au Japon par le Cap de Bonne-Espérance, les Isles de la Sonde, etc.
Icones plantarum japonicarum (1805)

Entomology

Donationis Thunbergianae 1785 continuatio I. Museum naturalium Academiae Upsaliensis, pars III, 33–42 pp. (1787).
Dissertatio Entomologica Novas Insectorum species sistens, cujus partem quintam. Publico examini subjicit Johannes Olai Noraeus, Uplandus. Upsaliae, pp. 85–106, pl. 5. (1789).
D. D. Dissertatio entomologica sistens Insecta Suecica. Exam. Jonas Kullberg. Upsaliae, pp. 99–104 (1794).

See also
 An'ei
 Kuze Hirotami
 Sakoku
 List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868

Notes

References

 Jung, C. (2002). Kaross und Kimono:  "Hottentotten" und Japaner im Spiegel des Reiseberichts von Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743 – 1828. [Kaross and Kimono: "Hottentots" and Japanese in the Mirror of Carl Peter Thunberg's Travelogue, 1743 – 1828]. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany
Skuncke, Marie-Christine (2014). Carl Peter Thunberg: Botanist and Physician.Swedish Collegium for Advanced Studies, Uppsala, Sweden
 Thunberg, C. P. (1986). Travels at the Cape of Good Hope, 1772–1775 : based on the English edition London, 1793–1795. (Ed. V. S. Forbes) London

External links

18th-century Swedish botanists
18th-century male writers
18th-century naturalists
18th-century Swedish physicians
18th-century Swedish zoologists
1743 births
1828 deaths
Age of Liberty people
Botanical writers
Botanists active in Africa
Botanists active in Japan
Bryologists
Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
Dutch East India Company people
Fellows of the Royal Society
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Japanologists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
People from Jönköping
Pteridologists
Swedish entomologists
Swedish expatriates in Japan
Swedish lepidopterists
Swedish male writers
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Swedish phycologists
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Taxon authorities of Hypericum species
Swedish expatriates in the Dutch Republic
Male non-fiction writers
19th-century Swedish botanists

Carl Peter Thunberg


Björk'ün 2005 yılında çıkan ve Drawing Restraint 9 filminin soundtracklerinden oluşan albümüdür.Albümdeki şarkıların listesi şu şekildedir;

 Gratitude 3:00
 Pearl 5:12
 Ambergris March 3:18
 Bath
 Hunter Vessel
 Shimenawa
 Vessel Shimenawa
 Storm
 Holographic Entrypoint
 Cetacea
 Antarctic Return

2005 albümleri

Drawing Restraint 9 (albüm)


Historien om en snor er en dansk børnefilm fra 2013, der er instrueret af Karsten Kiilerich efter manuskript af Luca Fattore. Filmen er baseret på Ole Lund Kirkegaards historie af samme navn.

Handling
Filmen handler om livets gang for noget så simpelt som en snor. Snoren hedder P og har en knude i hver ende. Snoren øver sig i at komme til at ligne noget.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

Historien om en snor


Fra Nikola Glavočević (Tješilo, 25. travnja 1795. – Varcar Vakuf, 24. prosinca 1845.) bosanski je franjevac i teolog poznat po svom djelovanju u župi Varcar.

Životopis
Rođen je u fojničkom naselju Tješilo 25. travnja 1795. godine (prema nekim izvorima 1794.) kao sin Petra Glavočevića.

Svećenstvo
Zavjetovao se 14. lipnja 1811. godine kada je imao 16 godina.

Školovanje
Bio je izrazito obrazovan. Studirao je u razdoblju od 1812. do 1817. godine. Najprije je u listopadu 1812. godine krenuo na studij gramatike, da bi zatim već u prosincu bio raspoređen na studij humaniore u Pečuhu (1812. – 1813.). Nakon toga je premješten na studij filozofije u Baju (1813. – 1814.) te naposljetku na studij teologije u Székesfehérváru (1814. – 1817.). U srpnju 1815. izdana mu je dozvola za primanje svetih redova. Ondje je boravio sve do kraja školske godine 1816./17. kada je dovršio treću godinu studija nakon čega se više ne javlja u izvorima. Zbog nestašice svećenika uslijed epidemije kuge, vjerojatno je bio ranije pušten sa studija.

Župa Varcar
Kao varcarski župnik djelovao je od samog osnivanja župe Varcar 1821. godine. Kasnije je vraćen na tu dužnost gdje ostaje 1837. godine pa sve do smrti 1845. godine. Nazivali su ga prvim pravim varcarskim župnikom. U Varcaru je u njegovu čast podignuta i spomen-ploča.

Smrt
Preminuo je 24. prosinca 1845. godine u Varcar Vakufu u 50. (51.) godini života.

Na njegovom nadgrobnom spomeniku na groblju na Ćeliji stoji: U ovom grobu čeka dan uskarsnutja svoga tielo O. P. Fr. Nikole Glavočevića, iz Fojnice, Paroka Xupe Varcarse za 10. godina.

Postoji izvor koji govori da se na njegov grob dolazilo moliti, s naročitim nadanjima na mlade nedjelje, osobito ženska čeljad, ne samo katoličke vjere...

Fra Mijo Batinić za njega je napisao da se ubraja megju najbolje redovnike i najgorljivije dušobrižnike svoje dobe, čija smrt (dne 24. prosinca 1845.) jednako je ucvilila odsutnu, kao i obližnju braću, a napose župu Varcar, kojoj je bio tada župnikom od više godina, gdje mu je uspomena još i danas živa.

Izvori

Franjevci u Bosni i Hercegovini

Nikola Glavočević


Henry Venn (1725 in Barnes, Surrey, England – 1797), was an English evangelical minister and one of the founders of the Clapham Sect, an influential evangelical group within the Church of England.

Life
He was the third son of Richard Venn, vicar of St Antholin, Budge Row in London. He was educated at the University of Cambridge from 1742, studying at St John's and then Jesus College where he was a Rustat scholar. He graduated B.A. in 1745 and M.A. in 1749. He also played cricket, for All England against Surrey.

In 1749 Venn was ordained as a priest in the Church of England and was elected fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge. After holding a curacy at Barton, Cambridgeshire, he became curate of both St Matthew, Friday Street, in the City of London, and of West Horsley, Surrey, in 1750. Local clergy already considered him a Methodist (in later terms, an evangelical), since he taught Scripture in his home and the number of communicants at West Horsley increased from twelve to sixty. However, it was only at this time that his beliefs moved from the High Church views of The Whole Duty of Man to the more evangelical position of A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life. In 1754 he became curate of Clapham and was also elected lecturer of St Swithin, London Stone and St Alban, Wood Street.

From 1759 to 1771, Venn was vicar of Huddersfield Parish Church. He found a small group of like-minded Yorkshire clergy: Richard Conyers, William Grimshaw of Haworth, James Stillingfleet. In 1771 he exchanged to the living of Yelling, Huntingdonshire where he drew as visitors William Faris, Joseph Jowett, Thomas Robinson and Charles Simeon. He died in the rectory, and is commemorated by a plaque over the pulpit of the parish church.

Henry is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 1 July.

Works
Venn was well known as the author of The Compleat Duty of Man (London, 1763), a work in which he intended to supplement the teaching embodied in the anonymous Whole Duty of Man from an evangelical perspective.

Family
He married (1757) a daughter of the Rev. Thomas Bishop, D.D., a divine of Ipswich. Henry Venn's descendants also came to prominence over the succeeding generations. His son John Venn was one of the founders of the Church Missionary Society (CMS).

His granddaughter, by his eldest daughter Eling, was Charlotte Elliott, writer of numerous hymns, most notably '"Just as I Am". Her brothers were clergymen Edward Bishop Elliott and Henry Venn Elliott,

A grandson, also named Henry Venn (1796 - 1873), was honorary secretary of the Church Missionary Society from 1841 to 1873. He expounded the basic principles of indigenous Christian missions made widespread by the Lausanne Congress of 1974. A great-grandson was the logician and philosopher John Venn, famed for the Venn diagram.

References

1725 births
1797 deaths
People from Barnes, London
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
British evangelicals
English evangelicals
Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge
Clapham Sect
Evangelical Anglicans
Evangelical Anglican clergy
18th-century English Anglican priests
People from Huddersfield
People from Yelling
Clergy from Yorkshire
Anglican saints
18th-century Anglican theologians

Henry Venn (Clapham Sect)


"Outrageous" (în limba română: "Scandalos") este un cântec înregistrat de către interpreta americană Britney Spears pentru cel de-al patrulea ei album de studio, In the Zone. Melodia a fost compusă și produsă de cântărețul R. Kelly, în timp ce producția vocală a fost realizată de Trixster și Penelope Magnet. "Outrageous" a fost lansat la 20 iulie 2004 prin intermediul casei de discuri Jive Records, fiind cel de-al patrulea și ultimul extras pe single al albumului In the Zone. "Outrageous" a fost propunerea casei de discuri pentru primul și, respectiv, cel de-al doilea single, însă Spears a insistat ca piesele "Me Against the Music" și "Toxic" să poarte acest rol. După ce a fost aleasă ca piesă tematică pentru filmul Catwoman din anul 2004, melodia a fost lansată ca single la scurt timp. "Outrageous" este un cântec R&B cu influențe de hip hop și exotice, iar versurile acestuia vorbesc despre materialism și divertisment. "Outrageous" a primit recenzii mixte din partea criticilor de specialitate. Unii au apreciat sunetul funky, în timp ce alții l-au considerat "nememorabil".

"Outrageous" a intrat doar în clasamentele din România, Japonia și Statele Unite ale Americii, apărând în multe dintre clasamentele componente Billboard și ajungând pe locul 79 în topul Billboard Hot 100. Spears a interpretat piesa doar o singură dată, în cadrul turneului The Onyx Hotel Tour din anul 2004. Videoclipul muzical a fost filmat în New York, în luna iunie a anului 2004. Pe platourile de filmare, Spears s-a accidentat la genunchi și a trebuit să sufere o intervenție chirurgicală artroscopică. Din cauza incidentului, videoclipul, turneul "The Onyx Hotel Tour", precum și apariția din coloana sonoră Catwoman au fost anulate. Un montaj compus din scene diferite a fost lansat pe un DVD pentru Greatest Hits: My Prerogative.

Informații generale
"Outrageous" a fost compus și produs de către R. Kelly, înregistrarea având loc la studioul The Chocolate Factory din Chicago, Illinois. Penelope Magnet și Christopher "Tricky" Stewart din echipa de producție RedZone au fost angajați pentru a produce vocea lui Spears. Vocea a fost înregistrată la studiourile Battery din New York City. Cântecul a fost mai târziu mixat de către Șerban Ghenea la Studiourile MixStar din Virginia Beach, Virginia. La 11 septembrie 2003, "Outrageous" a fost confirmat ca fiind una dintre piesele albumului In the Zone. Compania de înregistrări Jive Records a sperat ca piesa să fie lansată ca primul disc single extras de pe album, însă Spears i-a convins să lanseze colaborarea cu Madonna, "Me Against the Music". Melodia a fost, de asemenea, una dintre alegerile pentru cel de-al doilea disc single, împreună cu "(I Got That) Boom Boom", însă de această dată, Spears a ales "Toxic" în schimb. La data de 1 iunie 2004, a fost anunțat că "Outrageous" va fi lansat ca al patrulea single al albumului, și va fi trimis la posturile de radio la 29 iunie 2004. S-a anunțat că va fi piesa tematică a filmului Catwoman din 2004. "Outrageous" a fost trimis către posturile de radio din Statele Unite ale Americii la 20 iulie 2004.

Structura muzicală și versuri

"Outrageous" este un cântec R&B cu influențe hip hop. Ritmul a fost comparat de către Gavin Mueller de la Stylus Magazine cu piesa "Snake" lui R. Kelly, din 2003. Jennifer Vineyard de la MTV a observat că "[Spears] șoptește și geme [...] cu o melodie îmblânzitoare de șerpi, oferind cântecului o senzație exotică". Nick Southall de la publicația Stylus Magazine a comparat acompaniamentul vocal cu vocea muzicianului Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Conform partiturii muzicale publicate de Musicnotes.com de la Universal Music Publishing Group, "Outrageous" este compus în tonalitatea Re major, cu un tempo de 105 bătăi pe minut. Versurile melodiei vorbesc despre materialism și amuzament, iar Spears menționează în refren o serie de lucruri care îi fac plăcere, cum ar fi "turneul meu mondial" și "instinctul meu sexual". Vineyard a notat că "efectul cumulativ pare să fie conceput pentru a pune ascultătorul în rolul iubitului", profitând pe deplin de obiectificarea iubitei. Sal Cinquemani de la Slant Magazine a spus că piesa "include o paralelă grăitoare – așa cum ar pune-o Alanis Morissette - care se referă la mogulii capitaliști din industria muzicală: cântând "instinctul meu sexual" și "cumpărăturile mele" cu același entuziasm".

Recepție

Critică

"Outrageous" a primit recenzii mixte din partea criticilor de specialitate. Mim Udovitch de la revista Blender a numit piesa "un hit de club de-a lui R. Kelly, care are o compulsiune înflăcărată, ciudată, și versuri care sunt de mare-proxenetism, pentru stilul lui Spears". William Shaw de la Blender a ales cântecul drept cel de-al cincilea cel mai bun al lui Spears, scoțând în evidență "descântecul fără sens" de la minutul 1:10. În recenzia pentru albumul de compilație Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, Ann Powers a comentat: "«Outrageous» este mica parte obscenă a lui R. Kelly, luată de pe piesa ideală a lui Janet Jackson". Spence D. de la IGN, a spus despre melodie că "este, oarecum, un fel de cântec de dragoste egiptean derivat, dar asta doar din cauza naturii sale repetitive, și totuși rămâne la bază un șlagăr funky și universal. Kelefa Sanneh de la ziarul The New York Times a numit piesa "o compoziție care merge pe autopilot timp de două minute, și apoi schimbă brusc vitezele cu un pasaj inspirat de Michael Jackson". Annabel Leathes de la BBC Online a declarat că "R. Kelly o transformă pe Britney într-o Beyoncé mai obraznică". Caryn Ganz de la revista Spin a numit "Outrageous" un "omagiu pentru o viață fabuloasă care nu duce nicăieri". Dave de Sylvia de la Sputnikmusic a descris piesa drept "una ușor de uitat, dar cu toate acestea, atrăgătoare". David Browne de la Entertainment Weekly a spus că "Outrageous" și "(I Got That) Boom Boom" sunt doar niște șmecherii bazate pe ritm, destinate să avanseze imaginea lui Spears de «prințesă a sexului scăpată de sub control»". Jamie Gill de la Yahoo! Music Radio a opinat: "având în vedere producția sa ieftină și mică, ar fi nevoie de o doamnă destul de matură și fără vârstă din Tunbridge Wells pentru a considera acest cântec măcar distractiv, darămite șocant".

Comercială
La 14 august 2004, "Outrageous" a debutat pe locul 85 în clasamentul Billboard Hot 100 din Statele Unite ale Americii. Pe 28 august 2004, single-ul s-a poziționat pe locul 79. În aceeași săptămână, cântecul a ajuns pe locul 23 în topul Billboard Pop Songs. De asemenea, a ocupat locul 27 în Bilboard Hot Dance Club Songs, la 11 septembrie 2004. "Outrageous" a ajuns, de asemenea, pe locul 14 în clasamentul Hot Dance Single Sales. În Japonia, "Outrageous" a ajuns în topul Oricon Albums Chart în care a rămas timp de opt săptămâni, poziția sa maximă fiind locul 31. În România, single-ul a debutat pe locul 91 în clasamentul Romanian Top 100, două săptămâni mai târziu ocupând locul 71, poziția sa maximă.

Promovare

Videoclipul muzical pentru "Outrageous" a fost regizat de către Dave Meyers, cel cu care Spears a lucrat anterior pentru videoclipurile cântecelor "Lucky" și "Boys", precum și reclamele parfumului Curious. A fost filmat în diferite locații în aer liber din Queens și Manhattan, New York City, la data de 8 iunie 2004. Videoclipul muzical a fost programat să aibă premiera pe canalul MTV la data de 28 iunie 2004. După finalizarea scenelor cu Snoop Dogg, Spears a filmat scene de dans în Manhattan, iar în jurul orei 11:30, aceasta a căzut și și-a rănit genunchiul stâng. Cântăreața a fost dusă imediat la un spital local, unde doctorii au efectuat o scanare prin rezonanță magnetică și i-au găsit un cartilaj fracturat. În ziua următoare, artista a suferit o intervenție chirurgicală artroscopică. Spears a fost nevoită să rămână șase săptămâni cu o proteză la coapse, urmată de opt până la douăsprezece săptămâni de reabilitare, ceea ce a dus la anularea filmărilor, precum și a turneului The Onyx Hotel Tour. Includerea piesei în coloana sonoră a filmului Catwoman a fost, de asemenea, anulată. Un fragment de 45 de secunde compus din scenele care au fost filmate a fost lansat într-un DVD pentru albumul Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, în 2004. Videoclipul începe cu Snoop Dogg și un grup de bărbați care joacă baschet într-un teren în aer liber, iar Spears apare purtând pantaloni scurți albaștri. Aceasta începe să flirteze cu el, înainte să îi sară în brațe și să îi lingă barba. În următoarea scenă, artista realizează o coregrafie alături de dansatoare, pe o stradă, în timpul nopții.

Spears a interpretat piesa o singură dată, în 2004, în turneul The Onyx Hotel Tour. A fost ultimul cântec al celui de-al cincilea act al spectacolului, intitulat "Security Cameras". În timpul concertului, cântăreața a interpretat "Breathe On Me" purtând o lenjerie intimă roz și mimând diferite practici sexuale cu dansatorii săi. La sfârșit, aceasta își pune un palton alb, în timp ce dansatoarele poartă un palton negru. Actul se încheie cu o satiră care a fost introdusă în interpretarea finală a piesei "(I Got That) Boom Boom".

Ordinea pieselor pe disc

Specificații

 A ^ Versiunea albumului de proveniență In the Zone.
 B ^ Remix Miami realizat de "Murk Space".
 C ^ Remix Dancehall realizat de "Junkie XL".
 D ^ Remix Tribal realizat de "Junkie XL".
 E ^ Remix realizat de "Armand Van Helden".

 F ^ Remix de Club realizat de "Above & Beyond".
 G ^ Versiunea "Scumfrog Haunted Dub".
 H ^ Remix realizat de "R. Kelly".
 III ^ Remix Mixshow realizat de "Josh Harris".

Personal
Persoanele care au lucrat la album sunt preluate de pe coperta In the Zone.
Management
Înregistrat la The Chocolate Factory, Chicago, Illinois
Vocea înregistrată la Studiourile Battery, New York City
Mixat la Studiourile MixStar, Virginia Beach, Virginia

Personal

 Britney Spears – voce principală, acompaniament vocal
 R. Kelly – textier, producție, co-mixaj, acompaniament vocal, voce suplimentară
 Ian Mereness – înregistrare, programare
 Abel Garibaldi – înregistrare, programare
 Andy Gallas – înregistrare, programare
 Brian "B-Luv" Thomas – înregistrare, editare vocală
 John Hanes – editare vocală
 Trixster – aranjament vocal, editare vocală
 Serban Ghenea – mixaj

 Penelope Magnet – producție, aranjament vocal, editare vocală, acompaniament vocal
 Donnie Lyle – chitară
 Kendall Nesbitt - clape
 Roxanne Estrada – acompaniament vocal
 Jason Mlodzinski - inginer de sunet asistent
 Nathan Wheeler - inginer de sunet asistent
 Rich Tapper - inginer de sunet asistent
Steve Bearsley - inginer de sunet asistent
Tim Roberts - inginer de sunet asistent

Clasamente

Datele lansărilor

Referințe

Legături externe

Cântece din 2003
Discuri single din 2004
Cântece ale lui Britney Spears
Albume și cântece mixate de Serban Ghenea

Outrageous


O Prêmio MTV Miaw para Ícone Miaw é o prêmio competitivo de maior prestígio apresentado anualmente no MTV Millennial Awards Brasil, uma premiação criada pelo canal de televisão brasileiro MTV, para reconhecer os melhores músicos, influenciadores e entretenimento da geração millennial.

Felipe Neto foi o primeiro a receber o prêmio em 2018. Pabllo Vittar tem o maior número de indicações na categoria com quatro.

Vencedores e indicados
Legenda:

Década de 2010

Década de 2020

Artistas com mais indicações
 3 indicações
 Pabllo Vittar

 2 indicações
 Anitta
 Felipe Neto
 KondZilla
 Maisa Silva
 Whindersson Nunes

Ícone Miaw
Prêmios estabelecidos em 2018

Prêmio MTV Miaw para Ícone Miaw


Sumaklı, Andırın - Kahramanmaraş ili Andırın ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Sumaklı, Gediz - Kütahya ili Gediz ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sumaklı, Birecik - Şanlıurfa ili Birecik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Sumaklı, Haliliye - Şanlıurfa ili Haliliye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Sumaklı, Siverek - Şanlıurfa ili Siverek ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Sumaklı


Guaraciaba es un municipio brasileño del estado de Santa Catarina. Tiene una población estimada al 2022 de 10796 habitantes. Pertenece a la Región metropolitana del Extremo Oeste.

Toponimia
Guaraciaba es un término de origen tupí que significa "lugar del sol", kûarasy (sol) y aba (lugar). Sin embargo, otra teoría indica que guaraciaba era la palabra de los indígenas para colibrí, que significa "cabello del sol".

Historia
La colonización de la localidad comenzó en 1940. El municipio se creó el 20 de julio de 1961, separándose de São Miguel do Oeste e instalándose el 1 de octubre de 1961.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio del municipio
 Sitio de la cámara del municipio

Localidades de Santa Catarina
Localidades establecidas en 1961
Brasil en 1961
Toponimia guaraní de Brasil
Localidades fronterizas de Brasil

Guaraciaba (Santa Catarina)


44011 Juubichi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
44011 Juubichi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nanyo de Tomimaru Okuni. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,06 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 8,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 44001-45000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

44011 Juubichi


Capensia, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz porodice Mesophyllumaceae opisan 2017. godine. Jedina vrsta je poluparazitska (na vrstama Gelidium) morska alga C. fucorum koja je izdvojena iz roda Mesophyllum. Opisivani primjeci su iz Atlantskog oceana (Zelenortska Republika, Kanarski otoci) i Rta Dobre Nade.

Sinonimi
 Millepora fucorum Esper 1796, bazionim
 Lithophyllum capense Rosanoff 1866
 Mesophyllum capense (Rosanoff) Y.M.Chamberlain 2000

Izvori

Mesophyllumaceae

Capensia


Mylon es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Pyrginae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae.

Especies
Mylon lassia (Hewitson, 1868)
Mylon illineatus Mabille & Boullet, 1917
Mylon orsa Evans, 1953
Mylon mestor Evans, 1953
Mylon ander Evans, 1953
Mylon maimon (Fabricius, 1775)
Mylon cajus (Plötz, 1884)
Mylon pelopidas (Fabricius, 1793)
Mylon jason (Ehrmann, 1907)
Mylon exstincta Mabille & Boullet, 1917
Mylon simplex Austin, 2000
Mylon argonautarum Austin, 2000
Mylon cristata Austin, 2000
Mylon salvia Evans, 1953
Mylon zephus (Butler, 1870)

Referencias
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Mylon at funet

Enlaces externos

 http://www.tolweb.org/Mylon/95399

Erynnini

Mylon