Wihtred () ( – 23 April 725) was king of Kent from about 690 or 691 until his death.  He was a son of Ecgberht I and a brother of Eadric.  Wihtred ascended to the throne after a confused period in the 680s, which included a brief conquest of Kent by Cædwalla of Wessex, and subsequent dynastic conflicts.  His immediate predecessor was Oswine, who was probably descended from Eadbald, though not through the same line as Wihtred.  Shortly after the start of his reign, Wihtred issued a code of laws—the Law of Wihtred—that has been preserved in a manuscript known as the Textus Roffensis.  The laws pay a great deal of attention to the rights of the Church (of the time period), including punishment for irregular marriages and for pagan worship.  Wihtred's long reign had few incidents recorded in the annals of the day.  He was succeeded in 725 by his sons, Æthelberht II, Eadberht I, and Alric.

Kent in the late seventh century

The dominant force in late-seventh-century politics south of the River Humber was Wulfhere of Mercia, who reigned from the late 650s to 675.  The king of Kent for much of this time was Ecgberht, who died in 673.  Ecgberht's sons, Eadric and Wihtred, were probably little more than infants, two or three years old, when their father died; Wulfhere was their uncle by virtue of his marriage to Eormenhild, Ecgberht's sister.  Hlothhere, Ecgberht's brother, became king of Kent, but not until about a year later, in 674, and it may be that Wulfhere opposed the accession of Hlothhere and was the effective ruler of Kent during this year-long interregnum.

Eadric raised an army against his uncle and Hlothhere died of wounds sustained in battle in February 685 or possibly 686.  Eadric died the following year, and according to Bede, whose Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the primary sources for this period, the kingdom fell apart into disorder.  Cædwalla of Wessex invaded in 686 and established his brother Mul as king there; Cædwalla may have ruled Kent directly for a period when Mul was killed in 687.  When Cædwalla departed for Rome in 688, Oswine, who was probably supported by Æthelred of Mercia, took the throne for a time.  Oswine lost power in 690, but Swæfheard (son of Sebbi, the king of Essex), who had been a king in Kent for a year or two, remained.  There is clear evidence that both Swæfheard and Oswine were kings at the same time, as each witnessed the other's charters.  It seems that Oswine was king of east Kent, which was usually the position of the dominant king, while Swæfheard was king of west Kent.

Accession and reign

Wihtred emerged from this disarray and became king in the early 690s.  Bede describes his accession by saying that he was the "rightful" king, and that he "freed the nation from foreign invasion by his devotion and diligence".  Oswine was also of the royal family, and arguably had a claim to the throne; hence it has been suggested that Bede's comments here are strongly partisan.  Bede's correspondent on Kentish affairs was Albinus, abbot of the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul (subsequently renamed St. Augustine's) in Canterbury, and these views can almost certainly be ascribed to the Church establishment there.

Two charters provide evidence of Wihtred's date of accession.  One, dated April 697, indicates Wihtred was then in the sixth year of his rule, so his accession can be dated to some time between April 691 and April 692.  Another, dated 17 July 694, is in his fourth regnal year, giving a possible range of July 690 to July 691.  The overlap in date ranges gives April to July 691 as the likely date of his accession.  Another estimate of the date of Wihtred's accession can be made from the duration of his reign, given by Bede as thirty four and a half years.  He died on 23 April 725, which would imply an accession date in late 690.

Initially Wihtred ruled alongside Swæfheard.  Bede's report of the election of Beorhtwald as Archbishop of Canterbury in July 692 mentions that Swæfheard and Wihtred were the kings of Kent, but Swæfheard is not heard of after this date.  It appears that by 694 Wihtred was the sole ruler of Kent, though it may also be that his son Æthelberht was a junior king in west Kent during Wihtred's reign.  Wihtred is thought to have had three wives.  His first was called Cynegyth, but a charter of 696 names Æthelburh as the royal consort and co-donor of an estate: the former spouse must have died or been dismissed after a short time.  Near the end of his reign, a new wife, Wærburh, attested with her husband and son, Alric.

It was also in 694 that Wihtred made peace with the West Saxon king Ine.  Ine's predecessor, Cædwalla, had invaded Kent and installed his brother Mul as king, but the Kentishmen had subsequently revolted and burned Mul.  Wihtred agreed compensation for the killing, but the amount paid to Ine is uncertain.  Most manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle record "thirty thousand", and some specify thirty thousand pounds.  If the pounds are equal to sceattas, then this amount is the equal of a king's wergild—that is, the legal valuation of a man's life, according to his rank.  It seems likely that Wihtred ceded some border territory to Ine as part of this settlement.

Laws

The earliest Anglo-Saxon law code to survive, which may date from 602 or 603, is that of Æthelberht of Kent, whose reign ended in 616.  In the 670s or 680s, a code was issued in the names of Hlothhere and Eadric of Kent.  The next kings to issue laws were Ine of Wessex and Wihtred.

The dating of Wihtred's and Ine's laws is somewhat uncertain, but there is reason to believe that Wihtred's laws were issued on 6 September 695, while Ine's laws were written in 694 or shortly  before.  Ine had recently agreed peaceful terms with Wihtred over compensation for the death of Mul, and there are indications that the two rulers collaborated to some degree in producing their laws.  In addition to the coincidence of timing, there is one clause that appears in almost identical form in both codes.  Another sign of collaboration is that Wihtred's laws use gesith, a West Saxon term for noble, in place of the Kentish term eorlcund.  It is possible that Ine and Wihtred issued the law codes as an act of prestige, to re-establish authority after periods of disruption in both kingdoms.

Wihtred's laws were issued at "Berghamstyde"; it is not known for certain where this was, but the best candidate is Bearsted, near Maidstone.  The laws are primarily concerned with religious affairs; only the last four of its twenty-eight chapters do not deal with ecclesiastical affairs.  The first clause of the code gives the Church freedom from taxation.  Subsequent clauses specify penalties for irregular marriages, heathen worship, work on the sabbath, and breaking fasts, among other things; and also define how members of each class of society—such as the king, bishops, priests, ceorls, and esnes—can clear themselves by giving an oath.  In addition to the focus of the laws themselves, the introduction makes clear the importance of the Church in the legislative process.  Bertwald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was present at the assembly which devised the decrees, and so was Gefmund, the Bishop of Rochester; and "every order of the Church of that nation spoke in unanimity with the loyal people".

The privileges given to the Church are notable: in addition to the freedom from taxation, the oath of a bishop is "incontrovertible", which places it at the same level as the oath of a king, and the Church receives the same level of compensation for violence done to dependents as does the king.  This has led one historian to describe the Church's power, less than a century after the original Roman mission landed in Kent, as "all but co-ordinate with the king himself in the Kentish state", and it has also been described as presupposing "a frightening degree of royal power".  However, the presence of clauses that provide penalties for any of Wihtred's subjects who "sacrifice to devils" makes it clear that although Christianity was dominant, the older pagan beliefs of the population had by no means died out completely.

Clause 21 of the code specifies that a ceorl must find three men of his own class to be his "oath-helpers".  An oath-helper would swear an oath on behalf of an accused man, to clear him from the suspicion of the crime.  The laws of Ine were more stringent than this, requiring that a high-ranking person must be found to be an oath-helper for everyone, no matter what class they were from.  The two laws taken together imply a significant weakening of an earlier state in which a man's kin were legally responsible for him.

Death and succession
On his death, Wihtred left Kent to his three sons: Æthelberht II, Eadberht I, and Alric.  The chronology of the reigns following Wihtred is unclear, although there is evidence of both an Æthelbert and at least one Eadbert in the following years.  After Wihtred's death, and the departure of Ine of Wessex for Rome the following year, Æthelbald of Mercia became the dominant power in the south of England.

See also
 List of monarchs of Kent

Notes

References

Primary sources
 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Leo Sherley-Price, revised R.E. Latham, ed. D.H. Farmer. London: Penguin, 1990.

Secondary sources

External links

670s births
725 deaths
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Kentish monarchs
7th-century English monarchs
Wihtred

Wihtred of Kent


Yenipayam, Elazığ ilinin Ağın ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1643 ve 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Hasudek ya da Hasdek olarak geçmektedir. Çıldırın Hüyleri höyüğü, Yenipayam sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Elazığ il merkezine 95 km, Ağın ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ağın belde ve köyleri

Yenipayam


Marco Amelia (d. 2 Nisan 1982), İtalyan millî kaleci. Şu anda Milan formasını giymektedir. Amelia İtalya'nın 21 yaş altında şampiyon olan takımının as kaleciliğini yapmıştır. Ayrıca 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda şampiyon olan İtalya millî futbol takımınında kadrosunda yer almıştır.

1982 doğumlular
Roma ili doğumlu sporcular
İtalyan futbolcular
İtalya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
AS Livorno Calcio futbolcuları
AS Roma futbolcuları
Parma Calcio 1913 futbolcuları
US Lecce futbolcuları
Palermo FC futbolcuları
Genoa CFC futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2009 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
Serie B futbolcuları
Serie A futbolcuları
FIFA Dünya Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Kaleci futbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
İtalya 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
Chelsea FC futbolcuları
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalyan gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalyan teknik direktörler
İtalya Cumhuriyeti Liyakat Nişanı şövalyeleri
İtalya Cumhuriyeti Liyakat Nişanı subayları
Bronz Olimpiyat madalyalı İtalyan sporcular
İtalyan Olimpiyat futbolcuları
Bronz Olimpiyat madalyalı futbolcular
Serie C teknik direktörleri
AS Livorno Calcio teknik direktörleri

Marco Amelia


Laurent Durand (1712, Paris – 1763) foi um editor francês do século XVIII ativo na Era do Iluminismo. Sua loja foi estabelecida na rue Saint-Jacques sob o sinal Saint Landry & du griffon.

Durand era filho de um comerciante nascido perto de Auxerre. A partir de 1730, trabalhou para o livreiro e impressor parisiense Jacques Chardon (1688-1766). Em 31 de janeiro de 1739, casou-se com Elizabeth Carbonnier, sobrinha de um certo François Jouenne.

Ele foi um dos quatro editores da Encyclopédie de Diderot e d'Alembert, junto com Michel-Antoine David, André Le Breton, e Antoine-Claude Briasson. Ele também foi o principal editor de Denis Diderot , bem como de vários livros clandestinos.

Trabalhos publicados

 1739: Année ecclésiastique ou Instructions sur le propre du tems, tome septième, à Paris, rue Saint-Jacques, chez Jacques Lambert et Laurent Durand, à la Sagesse et Saint Landry, 660 p.
 1741: M. l'abbé Lebeuf, L'état des sciences en France, depuis la mort du roy Robert, arrivée en 1031, jusqu'à celle de Philippe le Bel, arrivée en 1314, À Paris, rue S. Jacques, chez Lambert & Durand, à la Sagesse, & à Saint Landry
 1744: Henry Baker, trad. de l'anglois by P. Demours, Essai sur l'histoire naturelle du polybe

 1745: Denis Diderot, Essai sur le mérite et la vertu
 1745: M. Lesser, avec des remarques de M. P. Lyonnet, Theologie des insectes, ou démonstration des perfections de Dieu dans tout ce qui concerne les insectes, primeiro volume, 384 p.
 1746: Denis Diderot, Pensées philosophiques
 1751-1763, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.
 1754: Catalogue des livres imprimés, ou qui se trouvent en nombre chez Durand, Rue du Foin-Saint-Jacques, en entrant par la rue S. Jacques, la premiere porte cochere à droite, à S. Landry, 15 p.
 1759: M. Demours, Table générale des matières contenues dans l'histoire & dans les mémoires de l'Académie générale des sciences, 1741-1750, tome VI, in-4°

Bibliografia

 Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland, Diderot et Laurent Durand, son éditeur principal, Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie, 2005, n° 39, (p. 29–40).

Ligações externas

 Laurent Durant - data.bnf.fr

 Diderot et Laurent Durand, son éditeur principal
 Durand, Laurent (1712?-1763) - IdRef

Editores da França

Laurent Durand


Et sikkert sted er en dansk kortfilm fra 2011, der er instrueret af Simon Lykke.

Handling
Den ellers så glade dreng Sebastian er i gang med et hemmeligt byggeprojekt, som han forventer vil ændre hele hans verden. For at nå byggeprojektets deadline, holder han fri fra skole på ubestemt tid. Nu handler det bare om at holde det skjult for hans far. For selvom far er sød og forstående, forvandler han sig efter et par øl til en voldelig 'fremmed', som Sebastian har svært ved at genkende.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011
Kortfilm fra Danmark

Et sikkert sted


Sid Meier's Civilization VI este un joc de strategie pe ture din seria Civilization. Acesta este dezvoltat de Firaxis Games, lansat de 2K Games, și distribuit de Take-Two Interactive. Jocul a fost lansat pe 21 octombrie 2016 pentru Microsoft Windows, precum și pentru OS X și Linux.

Gameplay

Controversă
Jocul a fost livrat inițial cu software-ul de urmărire a reclamelor Red Shell, dar acesta a fost eliminat după plângerile jucătorilor, dintre care unii au caracterizat software-ul drept spyware.

Note

Legături externe
 Pagină oficială

Civilization

Civilization VI


Petrikor je zemljani miris koji se stvara kada kiša padne na suho tlo. Riječ je građena od grčke riječi petra (), "stijena" ili petros (), "kamen" i īchōr (), tekućina koja teče venama bogova u grčkoj mitologiji.

Porijeklo
Fenomen su prvi put znanstveno opisali australski istraživači Isabel Bear i Dick Thomas u ožujku 1964. godine, u radu objavljenom u časopisu Nature. Thomas je skovao pojam "petrikor" da bi označio ono što je prije bilo poznato kao "glinasti miris". U članku autori opisuju kako miris proizlazi iz ulja koje izlučuju određene biljke tijekom sušnih razdoblja, a zatim ga upijaju tla i stijene na osnovi gline. Za vrijeme kiše ulje se ispušta u zrak zajedno s drugim spojem, geosminom, nusproduktom metabolizma određenih aktinobakterija, koji se emitira mokrim tlom, stvarajući prepoznatljiv miris; ozon također može biti prisutan ako su prisutne munje. U daljnjem radu Bear i Thomas (1965.) pokazali su da ulje usporava klijanje sjemena i rani rast biljaka.

Mnogo prije nego što je ovaj fenomen dobio ime 1964. godine, bio je primijećen i o njemu se raspravljalo u znanstvenim krugovima. U svibnju 1891. u časopisu The Scientific American pojavila se kratka bilješka T.L. Phipsona koja se odnosi na tu temu. Napisao je: "Ova tema, kojom sam bio zaokupljen prije više od dvadeset i pet godina, pojavljuje se u jednom odlomku u kasnom broju časopisa Chemical News koji je nedavno privukao pažnju profesora Berthelota i M. Andrea." Nema sumnje, Phipson se pozivao na kratki rad koji su Berthelot i André pročitali na sastanku francuske Akademije znanosti 23. travnja 1891. godine i tiskan u 112. svesku (1891.) časopisa Comptes Rendus, pod naslovom "Sur l'Odeur propre de la Terre ".

Phipson nastavlja, "Otkrivajući, pozivajući se na svoje stare bilješke, datirane 1865. godine, dvojbeno jesam li ikada objavio rezultate tih opažanja; a kako ugledni kemičari koje sam upravo imenovao nisu u potpunosti riješili problem, požurite dati rezultate koje sam postigao tako davno." Zatim teoretizira da je miris "... bio posljedica prisutnosti organskih tvari usko povezanih s esencijalnim uljima biljaka ..." i da se te tvari sastoje od "... mirisa koji emitiraju tisuće cvjetova ... "apsorbira u pore tla, a oslobađa se samo kad ih kiša raseli. Nakon pokušaja da ga izolira, otkrio je da je "... izgledao vrlo sličan, ako ne i identičan bromo-cedrenu,  izvedenog iz esencije cedra."

Mehanizam
2015. godine znanstvenici s Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) koristili su brze kamere kako bi zabilježili kako se miris kreće u zrak. Ispitivanja su uključivala približno 600 pokusa na 28 različitih površina, uključujući konstruirane materijale i uzorke tla. Kad kišna kap padne na poroznu površinu, zrak iz pora stvara male mjehuriće, koji isplivaju na površinu i oslobađaju aerosole. Takvi aerosoli nose miris, kao i bakterije i virusi iz tla. Kišne kapi koje se kreću sporije stvaraju tendenciju stvaranja više aerosola; ovo služi kao objašnjenje zašto je petrichor češći nakon slabih kiša. Actinomycetes je bakterija odgovorna za stvaranje spora u tlu.

Ljudski je nos izuzetno osjetljiv na geosmin i sposoban ga je otkriti u koncentracijama od samo 5 dijelova na bilijun. Neki znanstvenici vjeruju da ljudi cijene miris kiše jer su se preci možda preživjeli oslanjajući se na kišovito vrijeme.

Vidi također

 Geosmin, tvar odgovorna za miris zemlje.
 Dimetil sulfid, jedna od molekula odgovornih za miris mora.

Izvori

Literatura

 Bear, IJ i Thomas, RG, "Geneza Petrichora", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol.30, No.9, (rujan 1966.), str.869-879.
Padaline

Petrikor


بابا أمين هو فيلم مصري عرض عام 1950، وتم تصويره بالأبيض والأسود. وهو أول أفلام يوسف شاهين (أخرجه ولم يكن عمره يتجاوز الـ24 عامًا). الفيلم بطولة فاتن حمامة وحسين رياض وكمال الشناوي وماري منيب وفريد شوقي وهند رستم.
وقد اعتمد الفيلم على الفانتازيا التي كانت غريبة على السينما المصرية، حيث يصور الفيلم حياة شخص بعد الموت.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول (أمين زهدي) رب أسرة له ابن صغير وابنة تحب جارهم الخجول. يرغب (أمين) في الثراء السريع ويعطى لصديقه كل ما يملك من مدخرات ليدخلا مشروعًا تجاريًا، وفي إطار فانتازي (غرائبي) يشعر الأب كأنه قد مات ويرى أحوال أسرته ومشاكلها من بعده فيرى صديقه وقد رفض رد الأموال لأسرته ويرى أسرته وهي تبدأ في الانهيار، وتتوالى الأحداث.

طاقم التمثيل
 حسين رياض: (أمين)
 فاتن حمامة: (هدى)
 كمال الشناوي: (علي)
 ماري منيب: (زهيرة)
 فريد شوقي: (رشدي)
 حسن كامل: (مبروك)
 محمد توفيق: (براوة)
 هند رستم: (سونيا)
 عصام عبده: (نبيل - طفل)
 طوسون معتمد: (مشارك في استعراض الغوازي)
 نبوية مصطفى: (راقصة)
 محمود رضا: (راقص في الكباريه)
 جمالات زايد: (الزبونة)
 محمود لطفي: (تاجر الأثاث)
 محسن حسنين: (تاجر الأثاث)
 عبد المنعم إسماعيل: (حامد الحانوتي)
 عمران بحر

فريق العمل
 إخراج: يوسف شاهين
 قصة: يوسف شاهين
 سيناريو: حسين حلمي المهندس
 حوار: علي الزرقاني
 مدير التصوير: م. دللا مانو
 مونتاج: كمال أبو العلا
 إنتاج: أفلام زايد، أفلام مبازيم
 مدير الإنتاج: حسين حلمي المهندس
 توزيع: مكتب القاهرة للإعلام

أغاني الفيلم
 أشكي لمين: تأليف: محمود السيد شعبان، تلحين: محمود الشريف
 الربيع: تأليف: محمود السيد شعبان، تلحين: محمود الشريف
 الغوازي: تأليف: فتحي قورة، تلحين: أحمد صبرة

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أفلام حسين حلمي المهندس
أفلام حسين رياض
أفلام خيال تأملي مصرية
أفلام خيالية مصرية
أفلام دراما مصرية
أفلام فاتن حمامة
أفلام فريد شوقي
أفلام كمال الشناوي
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1950
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام موسيقية عقد 1950
أفلام موسيقية مصرية
أفلام هند رستم
أفلام يوسف شاهين

بابا أمين (فيلم)


Club Atlético Torres Brasil (conhecido popularmente como Atlético Torres) é uma agremiação brasileira da cidade de Recife, capital de Pernambuco. Foi fundado em 19 de maio de 2022 e suas cores, presentes no escudo e bandeira oficial, são o azul e vermelho. É uma filial do clube de mesmo nome, localizado na cidade de Torres de la Alameda, na província e comunidade autónoma de Madrid, na Espanha.

Tendo como modalidade esportiva principal o futebol, o clube tem como projeto inicial, a formação e o desenvolvimento de jovens atletas e o intercambio internacional, com especialistas formados no futebol europeu. O seu "Clube mãe", foi criado em 2015 na província de Madrid, capital espanhola. A equipe foi criada com foco na base e atenção especial ao futebol feminino. O projeto, tem viabilidade da empresa GO Sports Gestão Esportiva, que trouxe o clube para Recife, após um acordo com o Torres da Espanha, presidido por José Garcia Sánche. Teve sua filiação concedida pela Federação Pernambucana de Futebol como o mais novo clube de futebol do estado, podendo assim, disputar torneios oficiais organizados pela entidade, como as Competições de Base do Futebol Pernambucano e o Campeonato Pernambucano - Série A2.

Na temporada de 2023, o Atlético Torres está presente em quatro modalidades do futebol pernambucano. O clube disputa a Série A2 do Campeonato Pernambucano e três categorias de base: Sub-20, Sub-17 e Sub-15.

História
O Atlético Torres possui origens enraizadas na Europa. O clube é uma extensão/filial do clube europeu Club Atlético Torres EF, sediado no pequeno município de Torres de la Alameda, com cerca de 8 mil habitantes e a 41 km da capital espanhola Madrid. A matriz foi criada em 2015 com foco na base e atenção especial ao futebol feminino. Em 2016, o clube passaria a ter a categoria masculina e disputaria competições regionais da modalidade, disputando também competições de base. Em 2021, o clube participou da quinta edição da Copa Master dos Campeões de 2021, torneio que reunia os principais jogadores veteranos que fizeram história no futebol pernambucano e do mundo. Entre os atletas, estava o atual proprietário do Clube, Rafael Gomes. Com a popularização do clube no evento, após um acordo com o Torres da Espanha, presidido por José Garcia Sánchez, o Torres do Brasil, presidido pro Rogério Filho, conseguiu trazer a "marca" para o Recife.

Em 2022, o clube oficializou a criação do Club Atlético Torres Brasil, com sede no bairro do Cordeiro, na capital pernambucana. O mais novo clube pernambucano, passa a disputar as principais competições do estado.

Depois de filiar-se a Federação Pernambucana de Futebol — (FPF-PE), ainda em 2022, o clube estreou na Segunda Divisão Pernambucana daquele ano, onde a equipe terminaria na decima segunda posição e com um aproveitamento de 52% e quinto melhor ataque da competição. Na primeira fase, o Atlético Torres chegou a defrontar equipes mais tradicionais do futebol pernambucano como: , que possuía dois títulos na competição, o , maior campeão da Série A2 e o , um dos maiores clubes de expressão de Pernambuco, com seis conquistas na elite do futebol pernambucano e que o clube teve a proeza de golear o Verdão do Arrail, por 4 a 0. Já na segunda fase, não teve boa sequencia. Ainda no mesmo ano, estreou no Campeonato Pernambucano Sub-20, sendo eliminado nas quartas de final.

Clube

Associados
Atualmente, o Atlético Torres vem trilhando um caminho promissor no cenário esportivo em âmbito estadual e nacional, tendo em seu quadro de associados um número razoável de sócios. Ainda tem muito o que evoluir mas, as projeções do clube são promissoras e devem fechar seu primeiro ano de existência de até 1 mil.

Bens e acomodações

Sede
 Sede social: Avenida Caxangá, 205 Madalena, Cordeiro, Recife-PE; onde está localizada a sede e o escritório adminstrativo do clube.

Estádio

A Arena de Pernambuco, também conhecida como Estádio Governador Carlos Wilson Campos, é um estádio de futebol construído em São Lourenço da Mata, município da Região Metropolitana do Recife, para os jogos da Copa das Confederações FIFA de 2013 e da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2014 em Pernambuco, com capacidade de 44.300 pessoas. É a atual casa do Atlético Torres, em jogos oficiais do clube que não possui estádio próprio.

De acordo com a Sisbrace (Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Estádios), a Arena de Pernambuco está entre os 13 estádios que receberam a nota máxima na 1º avaliação publicada em 2016, tendo apenas o Allianz Parque com a nota máxima nas 3 principais áreas de avaliação: Segurança, Conforto e Acessibilidade e Vigilância sanitária. O sistema varia com uma nota de uma bola até cinco bolas, sendo uma a pior nota. Arena de Pernambuco também sedia eventos privados, como confraternizações de empresas e firmas, além de reuniões comerciais, com mais de 25 espaços diferentes para eventos.  construção e operação da Arena se deu através de uma Parceria Público Privada (PPP) entre o Governo de Pernambuco e o Consórcio Arena de Pernambuco. Pela PPP, a concessão é de 33 anos, incluindo os três anos de obras e o período de operação do espaço.

Outro estádio utilizado pelo clube, é o estádio Grito da República, localizado na cidade de Olinda e com capacidade de 15 mil espectadores.

Estatísticas

Campanhas de destaque

 a.  Eliminado na Segunda fase e 12°. colocado na Série A2 de 2022

Participações

Ídolos

Em um ano de existência, vários jogadores tiveram passagem pelo clube. O destaque vão para o volante Everton Heleno, com passagens por , , ,  e  e o atacante Flávio Caça-Rato, ídolo no  e .

Caça-Rato chega com anuncio de um pacotão de reforços, que ira disputar a Série A2 de 2023.

Elenco atual
 Última atualização: 1 de outubro de 2023.

Atlético Torres B
O Atlético Torres ou Atlético Torres Sub-20 é um time de futebol de base alternativo ao Atlético Torres principal, servindo principalmente para revelar jogadores para a equipe principal.

Estatísticas

Participações em competições

Campanhas de destaque

Ver também
 Federação Pernambucana de Futebol
 Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol - Série A2

Ligações externas
  (em Espanhol)

Atlético Torres
Clubes de futebol fundados em 2022

Club Atlético Torres


Emerance Maschmeyer (née le  à Bruderheim, dans la province de l'Alberta) est une joueuse canadienne de hockey sur glace évoluant dans la ligue féminine en tant que gardienne de but. Elle remporte une médaille d'or aux Jeux de Pékin en 2022. Elle représente également le Canada lors de cinq championnats du monde, remportant trois médailles d'argent et une médaille d'or.

Biographie

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

|-
|2012-2013 || Crimson d'Harvard || NCAA || 20 ||  ||  || || || || 1,44 || 93,5 ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|2013-2014 || Crimson d'Harvard || NCAA|| 27 ||  ||  || || || || 1,75 || 94,3 ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|2014-2015 ||Crimson d'Harvard|| NCAA || 26 ||  ||  || || || || 1,48 || 94,3 ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|2015-2016 || Crimson d'Harvard || NCAA ||26 ||  ||  || || || || 1,87 || 93,8 ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2016-2017 || Inferno de Calgary || LCHF || 8 || 5 || 3 ||0  ||  ||  || 1,49 || 94,6 || 2 ||  || 2 || 0 || 2 ||  ||  || 3,07 || 87,8 || 0 ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Canadiennes de Montréal || LCHF || 23 || 18 || 4 || 1  ||  ||  || 1,78 || 92 || 6 || || 2 || 0 || 2 ||  ||  || 2,39 || 90,6 || 0 ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Canada || AMHL || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || || || 4,07 || 87,1|| 0 || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Canadiennes de Montréal || LCHF || 20 || 15 || 4 || 1  ||  ||  || 1,45 || 93,5 || 4 || || 4 || 2 || 1 ||  ||  || 4,06 || 90 || 2 ||
|-
| 2019-2020|| Montreal || ||
|-
| 2020-2021|| Montreal || || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || || || 1 || 96,8 || 0 || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2022-2023|| Team Scotiabank || ||

| 99 ||  ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||

Au niveau international

|-
| 2012 || align="left"| -  || align="left"|Championnat du monde -  || 3 || 3 || ||  || 0,33 || 98,4 || 2 || || align="left"|  Médaille d'or
|-
| 2015 || align="left"| || align="left"|Championnat du monde || 0 || 0||0 || 0 || 0 || 0|| 0||0 || align="left"| Médaille d'argent
|-
| 2016 || align="left"| || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 3 || 1 || 191 || 4 || 1,25 || 95,6||0 || 0|| align="left"|  Médaille d'argent
|-
| 2017 || align="left"| || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 1 || 0 || 27|| 3 || 6,59 || 72,7 ||0 ||0 || align="left"|  Médaille d'argent
|-
| 2019 || align="left"| || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 3 || 1 ||119 ||3  || 1,52 || 92,3 ||1 || 0|| align="left"|  Médaille de bronze
|-
| 2021 || align="left"| || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 2 || 2|| 120|| 0 || 0 || 100 ||2 || 0|| align="left"|  Médaille d'or
|-
| 2022 ||align="left"| ||align="left"| Jeux olympiques || 2 || 2 || ||  || 0,50 || 95,7 || || 0 || align="left"|  Médaille d'or
|-
| 2022 || align="left"| || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 2 ||1 || ||  || 2,02 || 89,2 || || || align="left"|  Médaille d'or
|-
| 2023 || align="left"| || align="left"| Championnat du monde || 2 ||2 || ||  || 0,96 || 92 || || || align="left"|  Médaille d'argent

Références

Naissance en octobre 1994
Joueuse canadienne de hockey sur glace
Gardienne de but de hockey sur glace
Joueuse des Inferno de Calgary
Joueuse des Canadiennes de Montréal
Championne du monde de hockey sur glace
Joueuse de hockey sur glace aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillée aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Championne olympique de hockey sur glace
Championne olympique canadienne

Emerance Maschmeyer


Englands U/19-fodboldlandshold er Englands landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 19 år og administreres af The Football Association] (FA).

U/19-fodboldlandshold
U/19-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Englands U/19-fodboldlandshold


The Indian National Congress () (abbreviated INC, and also known as the Congress party) is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. It is the largest and one of the oldest democratic political parties in the world. The party's modern liberal platform is largely considered center-left in Indian political spectrum. Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, Mahadev Govind Ranade and William Wedderburn, the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian Independence Movement, with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants in its struggle against British rule in India. After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party, led by the Nehru-Gandhi family for the most part; major challenges for party leadership have only recently formed.

In the 2009 general elections, the Congress emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha, with 206 of its candidates getting elected to the 543-member house. Consequently, it along with a coalition of allies called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), was able to gain a majority and form the government.

ඉතිහාසය

The history of the Indian National Congress falls into two distinct eras:
 The pre-independence era, when the party was at the forefront of the struggle for independence and was instrumental in  the whole of India;
 The post-independence era, when the party has enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.

In the pre-independence era, the congress was divided in two groups, moderate and activist. The moderates were more educated and wanted to win people's faith to lead the nation to independence without bloodshed.the activists however wanted to follow a revolutionary path and make it a militant organization.

නිදහසට පෙර සමය

Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the approval of Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy.

Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was the first President of the INC. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Pune, but due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Bombay. The first session of the INC was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates.

A few years down the line, the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement. By 1907 the party was split into two halves: the Garam Dal (literally "hot faction") of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists , and the Naram Dal (literally "soft faction") of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates, distinguished by their attitude towards the British. Under the influence of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the Congress became the first integrated mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people against the British.  The Indian National Congress was the only political party to provide harmony to all the sects of the Indian society

In its time as the nation's leader in the freedom struggle, it produced the nation's greatest leaders. Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mohammed Ali Jinnah (later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan), all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians: Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the sister Indian National Association and later the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons. The Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the resultant Swadesi Movement.  Gandhi came back from South Africa in 1915 and with the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale became the President of the Congress and formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement. In protest a number of leaders went out of Congress. Khilafat movement ended up in a disaster and the Congress was split. A number of leaders Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, Motilal Nehru, went out of The Congress to set up the Swaraj Party.

With the rise of Mahatma Gandhi's popularity and his Satyagraha art of revolution came Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the nation's first Prime Minister), Dr. Rajendra Prasad (the nation's first President), Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Jivatram Kripalani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. With the already existing nationalistic feeling combined with Gandhi's popularity the Congress became a forceful mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. Although predominantly Hindu, it had members from virtually every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group. In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose, the elected president in both 1938 and 1939 was expelled from the Congress for his socialist views and The Congress was reduced to a pro-Business group financed by the business houses of Birla and Bajaj. At the time of the Quit India movement, the Congress was undoubtedly the strongest political and revolutionary organization in India, but the Congress disassociated itself from the Quit India movement within a few days. The Indian National Congress could not claim to be the true representative of the Indian people as other parties were there as well particularly the Hindu Mahasabha, Azad Hind Sarkar, Forward Bloc.

The 1929 Lahore session  under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of INC. 26 January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas," Independence Day although the British remained in India a number of years longer. It was to commemorate this date particularly that The Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1950 (even though it was passed on 26 November 1949).However in 1929 Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the Congress for demanding full independence, not just home rule as demanded by Gandhi.

After the පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය the party became associated with Mahatma Gandhi, who  remained its unofficial, spiritual leader and mass icon even as younger men and women became party president. The party was in many ways an umbrella organization, sheltering within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muslim conservatives, but all the socialists (including the Congress Socialist Party, Krishak Praja Party, Swarajya Party members) were expelled along with Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939 by Gandhi.

Members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny. However they withdrew support at the critical juncture, when the mutiny failed.

During the INA trials of 1946, the Congress helped to form the INA Defence Committee, which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The committee declared the formation of the Congress' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

නිදහසට පසු සමය
The party remained in power for thirty continuous years between independence in 1947 and its first taste of electoral defeat (at the national level) in 1977.

ජවහර්ලාල් නේරු

Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947. However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by Jawaharlal Nehru) was a major political organization in the country, and was established as the major political party. The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the terrible chaos and confusion following the Partition of India and Independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India. Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterrupted until 1977, and has remained a major political force.

After the murder of Gandhi in 1948, and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru was the sole remaining iconic national leader, and soon the situation became so that Nehru was key to the political potency and future of the Congress. Nehru embraced secularism, socialist economic policies and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party. Nehru's policies challenged the landed class, the business class and improved the position of religious minorities and lower caste Hindus. A generation of freedom fighting leaders were soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru. Nehru led the Congress Party to consecutively majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962.

After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question. No leader was competitive enough to touch Nehru's iconic status, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri. Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress Party election opted for Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative Morarji Desai.

ඉන්‍දිරා ගාන්‍ධි

The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a united opposition, under the banner of Samyukt Vidhayak Dal, won control over several states in the Hindi belt. Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Nehru, and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC. Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the New Congress. The official party became known as Indian National Congress (Organisation) led by Kamaraj. It was informally called the Old Congress. As Indira Gandhi had control over the state machinery, her faction was recognized as the "real" INC by the Election Commission of India, although her organization was the break-away group.

The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilize popular support for the party. She raised slogans such as Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the සෝවියට් සංගමය. The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. INC(O) later merged into the Janata Party.

Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more and more authoritarian. Following allegations of widespread rigging in the general elections, a court overturned Indira Gandhi's victory in the Parliamentary constituency. Facing growing opposition she proclaimed a state of National Emergency in 1975, curtailed the powers of the courts, and unleashed a police state.

After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira. The Congress (I) was routed in the general elections by the Janata Party, but the coalition government fell apart in two years. The Congress party returned to power in the ensuing 1980 elections. In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, in revenge for Operation Blue Star. In the following days more than six thousand Sikhs were killed in the 1984 riots, mainly in Delhi, by activists and leaders of the Congress Party.

පසු ඉන්‍දිරා සමය

Afterward, former treasurer Sitaram Kesri took over the reins of the party and oversaw the Congress support to the United Front governments that ran from 1996–1998. During his tenure, several key leaders broke away from the party, and serious infighting broke out among those left. In 1998, Sonia Gandhi finally accepted the post of Congress President, in a move that may have saved the party from extinction.

After her election as party leader, a section of the party, which objected to the choice, broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party. The use of "Congress (I)" continues to denote the party run by Indira Gandhi's successors. There have been repeated attempts by the Indian nationalist groups (such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, BJP) to discredit Sonia Gandhi's leadership on the basis of her foreign origin - she is of Italian ethnicity.

Although the Congress expedited the downfall of the NDA government in 1999 by promising an alternative, Ms. Gandhi's decision was followed by fresh elections and the Congress party's worst-ever tally in the lower house. The party spent the interval period forging alliances and overseeing changes in the state and central organizations to revive the party. It has had many electoral successes which led up to the formation of a Congress-led government in 2004. In the next general election in 2009 which made Manmohan Singh the Prime Minister once again, and Congress was the first party to get 206 seats during a coalition era of politics.

Indian Prime Ministers from the Congress Party
 Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964)
 Gulzarilal Nanda (May - June 1964 and in January 1966)
 Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–1966)
 Indira Gandhi (1966–1977, 1980–1984)
 Rajiv Gandhi (1984–1989)
 P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991–1996)
 Manmohan Singh (2004 -2014)

Controversies and criticisms

Since the party has dominated the political landscape of India for over a century, there are many charges of corruption and similar charges against it. Some examples are:

1947 - anti-Godse riots
After the knowledge that the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, Nathuram Godse, was a Maharashtrian Brahmin, some workers of the Congress Party went on a rampage, against the supporters of Savarkar and Nathuram Godse, burning their houses and putting thousands in jail.

1975-1977 - State of Emergency

On 12 June 1975 the High Court of Allahabad declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha void on grounds of electoral malpractice. But Mrs Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court.

Indira had already been accused of authoritarianism. By using her strong parliamentary majority, her ruling Congress Party had amended the Constitution and altered the balance of power between the Centre and the States in favour of the Central Government. She had twice imposed "President's Rule" under Article 356 of the Constitution by declaring states ruled by opposition parties as "lawless and chaotic", and thus seizing control. In response to her new tendency for authoritarian use of power, public figures and former freedom-fighters like Jaya Prakash Narayan, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Acharya Jivatram Kripalani toured India, speaking actively against her and her government.

Indira Gandhi moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest. Her Cabinet and government then recommended that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a state of emergency, because of the disorder and lawlessness following the Allahabad High Court decision. Accordingly, Ahmed declared a State of Emergency caused by internal disorder, based on the provisions of Article 352 of the Constitution, on 26 June 1975.
It is one of the most controversial periods in the history of independent India.

1984 anti-Sikh riots

After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by 2 of her Sikh Body Guards following Operation Bluestar, many Congress workers including Jagdish Tytler and Sajjan Kumar were accused of inciting and participating in Sikh riots.

Rajiv Gandhi's remarks
Then Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, son of Indira Gandhi, made a statement at Boat Club in New Delhi on 19 November 1984, on the birthday of Indira Gandhi, "Some riots took place in the country following the murder of Indiraji. We know the people were very angry and for a few days it seemed that India had been shaken. But, when a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it does shake a little.".

Allegations of conspiracy and cover-ups
There are allegations that the government destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. The Asian Age front page story called the government actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups" There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indian National Congress activists and sympathizers during the riots. The government, then led by the Congress, was widely criticized for doing very little at the time, possibly acting as a conspirator.  The conspiracy theory is supported by the fact that voting lists were used to identify Sikh families.

Allegations of religious bias
The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party and also many right-wing Hindus have repeatedly accused the Congress Party and its allies of being pro-Muslim, pro-Islam supporting Sharia Laws and showing unnatural favouritism to the Indian Muslim community and toleration, or even promotion of Islamic conservatism and Obscurantism.

The BJP and many Indian Hindus have often accused Congress party and their allies of being soft on Islamic extremism, Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic terrorism and Islamism by scrapping Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (POTA) immediately after it won the elections in 2004, refusing death penalty to hard-core Islamic terrorists like Afzal Guru, Abdul Subhan Qureshi, Safdar Nagori, Ajmal Kasab and trying to scrap the ban on Students Islamic Movement of India in order to appease Indian Muslim community. It has also been accused of being soft on Indian terrorist groups like Indian Mujahideen which resulted in the resignation of  then Home Minister Shivraj Patil in 2008.

Congress has been accused of deliberately fragmenting Hindus while consolidating conservative Muslim votes (by opposing the Uniform Civil Code and allowing Muslims a separate personal code, etc.)

The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and previous Congress-led governments have been accused of revising history textbooks to present a Marxist bias, and whitewashing the record of Atrocities committed by Muslim Emperors and Kings on Hindus during six-hundred years of Islamic Rule over India and during the Partition of India in order to "de-saffronize" textbooks and acquire Muslim votes.

Congress has been accused of funding the Indian Muslims' Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and subsidies for their religious schools (Madrassas) at the cost of the taxpayers' money. On one hand, Government of India provides subsidy to Muslims to perform Hajj; on other hand, Government of India bound them to fly through government airlines and also gets subsidy from Saudi Arabia for services providing to Indian Muslims, whereas Hindus claim they are accorded no similar privilege for their own pilgrimages or religious schools by the Government of India.

The Congress party and its allies are accused of showing "partial" secularism, in which only Hindus are expected to be secular while Muslims and other minorities remain free to practice exclusionary practices..

Congress and its allies are often accused of ignoring the plea of Kashmiri Pandits for action against Islamic terrorists in Kashmir and solely focusing on the issues of the Indian Muslim community to gain Muslim votes. Kashmiri Pandits have been in exile since January 1990 following the outbreak of terrorism in Kashmir.

The Congress-led UPA government has been accused by both Hindu and Christian organizations for completely ignoring the Love Jihad activity allegedly perpetrated by and Islamic party Popular Front of India and its umbrella organizations under which young Muslim boys in Kerala and coastal Karnataka reportedly target college girls belonging to Hindu and Christian communities for conversion to Islam by feigning love. It has been reported that the Congress government is calling the Love Jihad activity as dubious and the allegations by Hindu and Christian organizations as un-secular for the fear of losing Muslim votes. It has been reported that local Muslim politicians have been silently supporting and promoting the 'Love Jihad' campaign in Kerala and Karnataka.

Charges for bidding for seats
In November 2008, senior Congress leader, Margaret Alva, made a charge that congress seats for the elections were up for bidding as opposed to a meritocratic appointment to run. The party responded to the charge by denying such a claim, as well as dropping her as general secretary of the party, the Congress Working Committee and the party's Central Election Committee. She was also stripped of her charge of the congress party in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana and Mizoram. Congress spokesperson, Shakeel Ahmad, added that "Congress president Mrs Sonia Gandhi has taken the decision on the report submitted by Mr AK Antony, chairperson of the Disciplinary Action Committee." This followed an outburst by the son of the congress chairperson, Rahul Gandhi, that "Democracy in political parties is non-existent in India. You cannot enter unless you are well connected." In response the recent allegations he said, "I had made some recommendations to include some younger boys. I am not unhappy with the distribution of tickets."

Formation of present Government of India

In the 2004 general elections, the Congress alliance won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the Atal Behari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance, which was variously forecast to win outright victory or at least emerge as the largest alliance. Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance to be the next Prime Minister. But in what was described as the dropping of a political bombshell, Sonia Gandhi refused to take the position based on her "inner voice". She backed eminent economist, former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader Dr. Manmohan Singh for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on 22 May 2004. Veerappa Moily, the former Chief Minister of Karnataka, was named the Honourable Minister for Law, Justice, and Company Affairs and was appointed to be the All India Congress Committee's General Secretary in charge of Andhra Pradesh.

Despite strong opposition from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), AIADMK, SP, RJD, LJP, TDP, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Indian National Congress won the elections again in 2009, the people gave their mandate to the Congress party and it was the only party to achieve 206 seats in 20 years. The youth supported the Congress under the leadership of Rahul Gandhi. The Congress's popularity has increased by 61% during the elections.

Ideology and policies
Historically, the party has favored farmers, laborers, labor unions, and religious and ethnic minorities; it has opposed unregulated business and finance, and favored progressive income taxes. However, in recent years the party had adopted centrist economic and social democratic agenda. Today, the INC advocates neo-liberal policies which includes populism, social liberalism, secularism and free enterprise system with government regulations such as public–private partnership (PPP) model. Though it still believes in eradicating poverty, illiteracy and strongly supports the weaker section of the society.

Social policy
Social policy of the INC is based on Gandhian concept of Sarvodaya (upliftment of all sections of the society.) In particular INC gives special emphasis on the welfare of the economically and socially disadvantaged sections of the society. This includes "affirmative action" reservations for weaker sections of the society in education and employment, emphasis on employment generation for rural population (through schemes such as National Rural Employment Generation Scheme) etc. The party supports family planning with birth control but opposes elective abortion, in particular sex selective abortions and late term abortions.

Economic policy
Traditionally, Economic policy of the INC emphasized on the importance of the public sector aimed at establishing a "socialistic pattern of society". However, since the economic liberalizations initiated by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then Finance Minister in the early 1990s, the economic policy of INC has been changed somewhat and it is now adopted free market policies, though at the same time it is in favour of taking a cautious approach in proceeding with liberalization to ensure that the weaker sections are not affected too hard by the liberalization process.

Foreign policy
Traditionally, nonalignment has been the bedrock of the foreign policy of the INC.

Internal organization
The organization developed by Mohandas Gandhi's reorganization of the Congress in the years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained till today.

In every Indian state and union territory or pradesh, there is a Pradesh Congress Committee, which is the provincial unit of the party, responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels and assisting the campaigns for Parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a Working Committee of 10-15 key members, and the state president is the leader of the state unit. The Congressmen elected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies, and their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.

The All India Congress Committee is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country. The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the Congress Working Committee, which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions.

The President of the Indian National Congress is in effect the party's national leader, head of the organization, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman and the Congress choice to become the Prime Minister of India.

Constitutionally, the president is to be elected by the vote of the PCCs and members of the AICC. However, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, choosing to elect its own candidate as an emergency measure.

The Congress Parliamentary Party is the group of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.It is headed by senior Congress leader Pranab Mukherjee. Since the current Prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh is not an elected member of the Lok Sabha, Pranab is the CPP president. Dr.Singh is Leader of the Rajya Sabha. There is also a CLP leader in each state. The CLP (Congress Legislative Party) consists of all MLAs in each state. It also comes under the CPP so Pranab is head of the MLAs also.In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government,the CLP leader is the Chief Minister.

Congress in various states

Congress is currently in power in seven states (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Haryana, Mizoram  and Manipur) where the party enjoys a majority of its own. In three other states — Assam, Goa and Maharashtra — it shares power with other alliance partners. In Tamil Nadu, where it lost power in 1967 assembly election, is not able to capture again since then. The party now provides outside support to the ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam there in return for DMK's outside support for Congress in Puducherry . In the remaining states and union territories, various opposition parties are in power.

List of current Congress Chief Ministers
 Dorjee Khandu - Arunachal Pradesh
 Konijeti Rosaiah - Andhra Pradesh
 Tarun Gogoi - Assam
 Sheila Dikshit - Delhi
 Digambar Kamat - Goa
 Bhupinder Singh Hooda - Haryana
 Ashok Chavan - Maharashtra
 Okram Ibobi Singh - Manipur
 Pu Lalthanhawla - Mizoram
 Vaithilingam - Puducherry
 Ashok Gehlot - Rajasthan
 D.D. Lapang - Meghalaya

List of presidents of the party

2009 general elections

The Indian National Congress-led coalition United Progressive Alliance (UPA), headed by Ms. Sonia Gandhi, won the plurality of votes in the general elections of 2009 and formed the government under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh.

මේවාත් බලන්න

 :en:Statewise Election history of Congress Party
 :en:Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall
 :en:Nehru-Gandhi Family
 :en:List of political parties in India
 :en:Politics of India

මූලාශ්‍ර

ග්‍රන්‍ථ නාමාවලිය
 Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi, Barun De. Freedom Struggle. India: National Book Struggle. ISBN 81-237-0249-X.

Further reading
 The Indian National Congress: An Historical Sketch, by Frederick Marion De Mello. Published by H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1934.
 The Indian National Congress, by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. K. Das Gupta, 1946.
 Indian National Congress: A Descriptive Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom, by Jagdish Saran Sharma. Published by S. Chand, 1959.
 Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement, by Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Chand, 1967.
 Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969, by Mahendra Prasad Singh. Abhinav Publications, 1981. ISBN 81-7017-140-7.
 Concise History of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1947,  by B. N. Pande, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985. ISBN 0-7069-3020-7.
 The Indian National Congress: An Analytical Biography, by Om P. Gautam. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.
 A Century of Indian National Congress, 1885-1985, by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan, 1986.
 The Congress Ideology and Programme, 1920-1985, by Pitambar Datt Kaushik . Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986. ISBN 81-85060-16-9.
 Struggling and Ruling: The Indian National Congress, 1885-1985, by Jim Masselos. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987.
 The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress, by A. Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research. Published by S.Chand, 1987.
 Indian National Congress: A Reconstruction, by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Published by Riverdale Company, 1988. ISBN 0-913215-32-5.
 INC, the Glorious Tradition, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. AICC. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1989.
 Indian National Congress: A Select Bibliography, by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand. Published by U.D.H. Pub. House, 1989. ISBN 81-85044-05-8.
 The Story of Congress Pilgrimage: 1885-1985, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1990. ISBN 81-85355-46-0. (7 vols)
 Indian National Congress in England, by Harish P. Kaushik. Published by Friends Publications, 1991.
 Women in Indian National Congress, 1921-1931, by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat Publications, 1999.
 History of Indian National Congress, 1885-2002, by Deep Chand Bandhu. Published by Kalpaz Publications, 2003. ISBN 81-7835-090-4.

External links

 Indian National Congress — Official website
 Indian National Congress Discussion Group
 Congress Archives
 Congress Media
 Congress Sandesh

ඉන්දියාව තුළ පිහිටි දේශපාලන පක්ෂ
Political parties established in 1885

Socialist parties
Indian independence movement
Subhas Chandra Bose
Liberal parties

ඉන්දියානු ජාතික කොන්ග්‍රසය


ECO (Encyclopedia of Chess Openings İngilizce sözcüklerinin baş harfleri), satranç açılışlarını sınıflandıran bir kod sistemidir. Aleksandar Matanoviç'in editörü olduğu Yugoslavya'daki Informator Yayınevi tarafından 1966 senesinde geliştirildiğinden bu yana kullanılmaktadır.

A

 1..... (1. e4; 1. d4 dışındakiler)
 1. d4 (1 ...d5, 1... Af6 dışındakiler)
 1. d4 Af6 2. (2. c4 dışındakiler)
 1. d4 Af6 2. c4 (2... e6, 2... g6 dışındakiler)

B

 1. e4 (1... c5, 1... e6, 1... e5, dışındakiler)
 1. e4 c5

C

 1.e4 e6
 1.e4 e5

D

 1.d4 d5
 1.d4 Af6 2.c4 g6 3.Ac3 d5

E

 1.d4 Af6 2.c4 e6
 1.d4 Af6 2.c4 g6 (3...d5 dışındakiler)

Dış bağlantılar
 Encyclopedia of Chess Openings (İngilizce)

Satranç

ECO kodları


ලින්ටන් සේමගේ යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නළුවෙකු, වේදිකා නාට්‍ය නළුවෙකු සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයෙකුද වෙයි. ඔහු වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ වන්නේ පාදඩයා (1998), සුළං කිරිල්ලී (2002) සහ මෑඩ් කව්ගර්ල් (2006) වැනි චිත්‍රපටවල ඔහුගේ චරිත සඳහා ය. ඔහු සිය රංගන දිවිය ආරම්භ කළේ 1978 දී ටී. අර්ජුන විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සරා චිත්‍රපටියෙනි. 1995 දී ඔහු "මී හරකා" චිත්‍රපටයේ ඔහුගේ චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් සරසවිය හොඳම නළුවා සම්මානය සහ 1999 දී හොඳම නළුවාට හිමි ජනාධිපති චිත්‍රපට සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහු උපන්නේ 1957 ගාල්ලේ බූස්සේදීය. ඔහු දේව පතිරාජ විද්‍යාලයෙන් සහ ගාල්ල මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය සම්පූර්ණ කළේය.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
1975 දී ඔහු නර්තන ශිල්පියෙකු වීමේ අභිලාෂය ඇතිව කොළඹ පදිංචියට ගියේය. අනතුරුව ලයනල් වෙන්ඩ්ට් හි "රංග ශිල්ප ශාලිකා" සමඟින් එක්වී බැසිල් මිහිරිපැන්න මහතාගේ මගපෙන්වීම යටතේ නර්තනය ආරම්භ කළේය. ඉන්පසු චිත්‍රසේනගේ ''කරදිය'', ධම්ම ජාගොඩගේ ''කොර සහ අන්ධයා'', ''වෙස් මුහුද'' වැනි නාට්‍යවල රඟපෑවේය. ඔහු ගාමිණී හත්තොටුවේගම විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද වීදි නාට්‍ය කණ්ඩායමේ පැරණිතම සාමාජිකයෙකි. ඔහුගේ මංගල රූපවාහිනී රංගනය පැමිණියේ පරාක්‍රම නිරිඇල්ල විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සෙක්කුව ටෙලිනාට්‍යයේ "කිරිපුස්සා" චරිතයෙනි. ඒ චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් ඔහු රාජ්‍ය නාට්‍ය උළෙලේ විශිෂ්ටතා සම්මානය දිනාගත්තේය. ''මනමේ'', ''සිංහබාහු'', ''වෙඩික්කාරයෝ'', ''රන් සලකුණ'', ''පුන්තිලා'', ''පැන්ස දෙක හංසයා'', අත් සහ මෝරා වැනි ජනප්‍රිය විචාරක පැසසුම් ලත් වේදිකා නාට්‍ය රැසක ඔහු දිගටම රඟපෑවේය.

ඔහුගේ එකම වේදිකා නිෂ්පාදනය වන ''පංචායුධ'' නාට්‍යය නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. ඔහු ඉන්දීය ජාතික නාට්‍ය රඟහලේ නාට්‍ය පාඨමාලාවක් සඳහා ඉන්දියාවට ගියේය. 1978 දී ඔහු ටී. අර්ජුන විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සාර හරහා වේටර්වරයෙකුගේ චරිතය සමඟින් සිය මංගල සිනමා රංගනය ඉටු කළේය. නිරිඇල්ලගේ ''පලමුවෙනියා සහ අවසානය'', පී.යූ.ඞී. පෙරේරාගේ ''සින්ඩ්‍රැල්ලගේ සෙරෙප්පුව'' වැනි කෙටි චිත්‍රපටවල ඔහු රඟපෑවා. ඔහුගේ වඩාත්ම කැපී පෙනෙන සිනමා රංගනය 1994 දී අයි. එන්. හේවාවසම් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද "මී හරකා" චිත්‍රපටය හරහා පැමිණියේය. එම වසරේ ඔහු එම චිත්‍රපටයේ "ගුණපාල" චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් හොඳම නළුවාට හිමි සරසවිය සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

ඔහු "නදී ගීතය", "ඉරට හඬන මල්", "ඉන්ද්‍රකීලය", "කෝකිල ගින්න", "මඟුල් සක්වල", සහ "ඉති පහන්" ඇතුළු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා කිහිපයක රඟපෑවේය. . ඔහු "අකරදරුව" සහ "දෙවෙනි කැමැත්ත" මාලා දෙකක්ද නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

ප්‍රධාන නළුවා / නළුවා

 අංක ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය සිනමාවේ ඇති ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය චිත්‍රපට සංඛ්‍යාව දක්වයි.

අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයෙකු
 1999: පාදඩයා
 2002: මගේ වම් අත

නිෂ්පාදකයා
 1999: පාදඩයා

සම්මාන
 ජනාධිපති සිනමා සම්මාන
1999 - හොඳම නළුවා ('මී හරකා)

2002 - හොඳම සහය නළුවා (සුදු සෙවනැලි)

 සරසවිය සම්මාන
1995 - හොඳම නළුවා (මී හරකා)

ඩකා ජාත්‍යන්තර සිනමා උළෙල

2000 හොඳම චිත්‍රපටය - පාදඩයා

2000 හොඳම අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - පාදඩයා''

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි
බිංදුවෙන් පටන්ගෙන ඉහළටම නැගි ලින්ටන් සේමගේ

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිනමාවේ නළුවෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික අධ්‍යක්ෂවරු
සිංහල ජනයා

ලින්ටන් සේමගේ


Sanjay Gandhi (14 December 1946  23 June 1980) was an Indian politician and the younger son of Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi. He was a member of parliament, Lok Sabha and the Nehru–Gandhi family.

During his lifetime, he was widely expected to succeed his mother as head of the Indian National Congress and Prime Minister of India, but following his early death in a plane crash, his elder brother Rajiv became their mother's political heir and succeeded her as Prime Minister of India and President of the party after her assassination. His wife Maneka Gandhi and son Varun Gandhi are politicians in the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Early life and education

Gandhi was born in New Delhi, on 14 December 1946, as the younger son of Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi. Like his elder brother Rajiv, Gandhi was educated at St. Columba's School, Delhi,  Welham Boys' School, Dehra Dun and then at the Doon School, Dehra Dun. Gandhi was also educated at the Ecole D'Humanité, an international boarding school in Switzerland. Gandhi did not attend university, but took up automotive engineering as a career and underwent an apprenticeship with Rolls-Royce in Crewe, England for three years. He was very interested in sports cars, and also obtained a pilot's licence in 1976. He was interested in aircraft acrobatics and won several prizes in that sport. His brother was however a captain in Indian Airlines flying the Boeing 737-200ADV aircraft.

Maruti Limited controversy
In 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's cabinet proposed the production of a "People's car": an efficient indigenous car that middle-class Indians could afford. In June 1971, a company known as Maruti Motors Limited (now Maruti Suzuki) was incorporated under the Companies Act and Gandhi became its managing director. While Gandhi had no previous experience, design proposals or links with any corporation, he was awarded the contract to build the car and the exclusive production licence. The criticism that followed this decision was mostly directed at Indira, but the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and grand victory over Pakistan muted the critical voices. The company did not produce any vehicles during his lifetime. A test model put out as a showpiece to demonstrate progress was criticized. Public perception turned against Gandhi, and many began to speculate about growing corruption. Gandhi then contacted Volkswagen AG from West Germany for a possible collaboration, transfer of technology and joint production of the Indian version of the "People's Car", to emulate Volkswagen's worldwide success with the Beetle. During the emergency, Gandhi became active in politics and the Maruti project went on the back burner. There were accusations of nepotism and corruption. Finally, the Janata Government came to power in 1977 and "Maruti Limited" was liquidated.  A commission was set up by the new government headed by Justice Alak Chandra Gupta which gave very critical report of the Maruti affair. A year after his death in 1980, and at the behest of Indira, the Union government salvaged Maruti Limited and started looking for an active collaborator for a new company. Maruti Udyog Ltd. was incorporated in the same year through the efforts of Nehru Gandhi family friend and industrial doyen V. Krishnamurthy. The Japanese company Suzuki was also contacted to present the design and feasibility of their car to be manufactured in India. When Suzuki learned that the Government of India had contacted Volkswagen as well, it did everything to pip the German company in the race to produce India's first People's Car (Maruti 800). It provided the government a feasible Design of their 'Model 796', which was also successful in Japan and East Asian countries.

Role during emergency

In 1974, the opposition-led protests and strikes had caused a widespread disturbance in many parts of the country and badly affected the government and the economy. On 25 June 1975 following an adverse court decision against her, Indira Gandhi declared a national emergency, delayed elections, censored the press and suspended some constitutional freedoms in the name of national security. Non-Congress governments throughout the country were dismissed. Thousands of people, including several freedom fighters like Jaya Prakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani who were against the Emergency were arrested.

In the extremely hostile political environment just before and soon after the Emergency, Gandhi rose in importance as Indira's adviser. With the defections of former loyalists, Gandhi's influence with Indira and the government increased dramatically, although he was never in an official or elected position. According to Mark Tully, "His inexperience did not stop him from using the power his mother, Indira, had taken to terrorise the administration, setting up what was in effect a police state."

It was said that during the Emergency, he virtually ran India along with his friends, especially Bansi Lal. It was also quipped that Gandhi had total control over his mother and that the government was run by the PMH (Prime Minister House) rather than the PMO (Prime Minister Office).  He "recruited into the party thousands of younger people,  who used threats and force to intimidate rivals and those who opposed Mrs Gandhi's authority or his own."

During the emergency, Indira  declared a 20-point economic programme for development. Gandhi also declared his own much shorter five points program promoting
 Literacy
 Family planning
Tree Planting
 Eradication of Casteism
 Abolition of dowry
Later during the emergency Sanjay's programme was merged with Indira's 20-point programme to make a combined twenty-five point programme.

Out of the five points, Sanjay is now chiefly remembered for the family planning initiative that attracted much notoriety and caused longterm harm to population control in India.

Involvement in politics and government
Although he had not been elected and held no office, Sanjay began exercising his newfound influence with Cabinet ministers, high-level government officials and police officers. While many Cabinet ministers and officials resigned in protest, Sanjay reportedly appointed their successors.

In one famous example, Inder Kumar Gujral resigned from the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting when Sanjay attempted to direct the affairs of his ministry and give him orders. Gujral is reported to have angrily rebuked Sanjay and refused to take orders from an unelected person. Gujral was replaced by Vidya Charan Shukla, a Sanjay Gandhi acolyte. In another incident, after popular Bollywood singer Kishore Kumar refused to sing at a function of the Indian Youth Congress, his songs were banned on All India Radio upon Gandhi's insistence.

Sanjay stood for his first election to the Indian parliament following the lifting of the Emergency in March 1977. This election saw the crushing defeat of not only Sanjay in his constituency of Amethi but also the wiping out of Indira's Congress party throughout Northern India. However, Sanjay won Amethi for the Congress(I) in the next general election held in January 1980.

Just one month before his death, he was appointed secretary general of the Congress Party in May 1980.

Jama Masjid beautification and slum demolition
Sanjay Gandhi and Brij Vardhan, accompanied by Jagmohan the vice-chairman of Delhi Development Authority (DDA), was reportedly irked during his visit to Turkman Gate in old Delhi area that he couldn't see the grand old Jama Masjid because of the maze of tenements. On 13 April 1976, the DDA team bulldozed the tenements. Police resorted to firing to quell the demonstrations opposing the destruction. The firing resulted in at least 150 deaths. Over 70,000 people were displaced during this episode. The displaced inhabitants were moved to a new undeveloped housing site across the Yamuna river.

Compulsory sterilization program
In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread compulsory sterilization program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is somewhat disputed, with some writers holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers blaming the officials who implemented the program rather than Gandhi himself.

David Frum and Vinod Mehta state that the sterilization programmes were initiated at the behest of the IMF and the World Bank:

Attempted assassination
Sanjay Gandhi escaped an assassination attempt in March 1977. Unknown gunmen fired at his car about 300 miles south-east of New Delhi during his election campaign.

Opposition years (1977–1980)
After losing the 1977 general election, the Congress party split again with Indira Gandhi floating her own Congress(I) faction. She won a by-election from the Chikmagalur Constituency to the Lok Sabha in November 1978 However, the Janata government's Home Minister, Charan Singh, ordered her and Sanjay arrested on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant that Indira Gandhi was automatically expelled from Parliament. However, this strategy backfired disastrously. Her arrest and long-running trial gained her great sympathy from many people.

Kissa Kursi Ka case
Kissa Kursi Ka is a satirical film directed by Amrit Nahata that lampooned Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi. The film was submitted to the Censor Board for certification in April 1975. The film had lampooned Sanjay Gandhi's car manufacturing plans, besides Congress supporters like Swami Dhirendra Brahmachari, private secretary to Indira Gandhi R.K. Dhawan, and Rukhsana Sultana. The board sent the film to a seven-member revising committee, which further sent it to the Government. Subsequently, a show-cause notice raising 51 objections was sent to the producer by the Information and Broadcasting ministry. In his reply submitted on 11 July 1975, Nahata stated that the characters were "imaginary and do not refer to any political party or persons". By the time, the Emergency had already been declared.

Subsequently, all the prints and the master-print of the film at Censor Board office were picked up, and brought to Maruti factory in Gurgaon where they were burned. The subsequent Shah Commission, established in 1977 by the Janata party led Government of India,  to enquire into excesses committed in the Indian Emergency found Sanjay guilty of burning the negative, along with V. C. Shukla, Information and Broadcasting minister during the emergency. The legal case ran for 11 months, and the court gave its judgment on 27 February 1979. Both Sanjay Gandhi and Shukla were sentenced to a two-year plus a month prison sentence. Sanjay Gandhi was denied bail. In his judgment, District Judge, O. N. Vohra at Tis Hazari in Delhi, found the accused guilty of "criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, mischief by fire, dishonestly receiving criminal property, concealing stolen property and disappearance of evidence". The verdict was later overturned.

Support for Charan Singh
The Janata coalition under prime minister Morarji Desai was only united by its hatred of Indira Gandhi.The party included right wing Hindu Nationalists, Socialists and former Congress party members. With little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1979, the government started to unravel over the issue of dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the RSS. The ambitious Union Finance minister, Charan Singh, who as the Union Home Minister during the previous year had ordered arrest of Gandhi, took advantage of this and started courting different Congress factions including Congress (I). After a significant exodus from Janata party to Charan Singh faction, Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister in July 1979. Charan Singh was appointed Prime Minister, by President Reddy, after Indira and Sanjay promised Singh that Congress(I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions. The conditions included dropping all charges against Indira and Sanjay. Since Charan Singh refused to drop the charges, Congress withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979.

Before the 1980 elections Gandhi approached the then Shahi Imam of Jama Masjid, Syed Abdullah Bukhari and entered into an agreement with him on the basis of 10-point programme to secure the support of the Muslim votes. In the elections held in January, Congress returned to power with a landslide majority.

1980 Indian elections
The Congress(I) under Gandhi swept to power in January 1980. Elections soon after to legislative assemblies in States ruled by opposition parties brought back Congress ministries to those states. Sanjay Gandhi at that time selected his own loyalists to head the governments in these states.

Personal life
Gandhi married Maneka Anand, who was 10 years his junior, in New Delhi on 24 September 1974. Their son, Varun, was born shortly before Gandhi's death. Maneka and Varun represent the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the Lok Sabha.

Death
Gandhi died instantly from head wounds in an air crash at 8:10 a.m. on 23 June 1980, near Safdarjung Airport in New Delhi. He was flying a new aircraft of the Delhi Flying Club, and, while performing an aerobatic manoeuvre over his office, lost control and crashed. Gandhi was a novice pilot but given to flashy daredevilry and dangerous low-flying. His brother had repeatedly warned Gandhi to wear proper shoes and not Kolhapuri chappals in the cockpit but Gandhi chose to ignore his advice. He was clad in kurta-pajama and Kolhapuri chappal when he got into the advanced Pitts S-2A aircraft. Before reaching the recommended minimum height of 5,000 feet, Gandhi indulged in some reckless maneuvers. The engine of the biplane apparently stalled before it crashed. Gandhi died instantly. It took eight surgeons four hours to stitch up his mutilated body.

The only other passenger in the plane was a flight instructor Captain Subhash Saxena, who also died in the crash. WikiLeaks has revealed that three attempts were made on Sanjay's life before he died in the plane crash.

According to his wife, Gandhi wanted to raise his children in the Zoroastrian faith of his family.

The death of Gandhi impacted the political face of India. Gandhi's death led his mother to induct her other son Rajiv into politics. After the assassination of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv succeeded her as Prime Minister of India. Gandhi's widow Maneka fell out with her in-laws soon after Gandhi's death and started her own party named Sanjay Vichar Manch in Hyderabad. Maneka served in a number of non-Congress opposition-led governments over the years. Currently, she and her son Varun are members of the BJP, which is the current ruling party in India. Maneka was appointed to the cabinet as Minister of Women and Child Development by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in May 2014, she currently represents BJP from Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency) in Uttar Pradesh. Varun is a BJP member of Parliament from Pilibhit constituency in Uttar Pradesh.

Family

References

External links

1946 births
1980 deaths
People from Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Indian National Congress politicians
Children of prime ministers of India
India MPs 1980–1984
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
People of the Emergency (India)
Accidental deaths in India
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in India
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1980
St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni
The Doon School alumni
Nehru–Gandhi family
Parsi people
Ecole d'Humanité alumni

Sanjay Gandhi


රොහාන් ශාන්ත බුලේගොඩ Rohan Shantha Bulegoda (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Rohan Shantha Bulegoda) යනු ප්‍රවීන ජනප්‍රිය ගායකයකි.

රොහාන් ශාන්ත බුලේගොඩ කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 රසිකයා ගොනාට අන්දලා මුදල් හම්බ කරන්න මම කැමැති නෑ - ගායන ලෝකයට ආ පුවත්පත් කලාවේදියා බු‍ලේගොඩ

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු කලා කරුවන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

රොහාන් ශාන්ත බුලේගොඩ


Pasang Lhamu Sherpa (em nepali: पासाङ ल्हामु शेर्पा) (nascida em 1961, em Surke - falecida em 1993, no Monte Everest) é uma alpinista nepalesa, lembrada por ser a primeira mulher de seu país a chegar ao cume do Monte Everest. Mas ela faleceu na descida.

Vida pregressa
Pasang Lhamu Sherpa nasceu na aldeia de Surke, não muito longe de Lukla, no distrito de Solukhumbu, em 10 de dezembro de 1961. Embora ela fizesse parte de uma família de alpinistas e carregadores e tivesse gostado de se dedicar aos negócios da família, na época as mulheres xerpas serviam apenas para cuidar dos afazeres domésticos e da família. Enquanto seus irmãos iam para a escola, Pasang não recebia educação escolar e deveria se casar com um homem escolhido por sua família.

Em vez disso, por volta de 1979, ele recusou o casamento arranjado e deixou a aldeia para se casar com Lhakpa Sonam Sherpa, com quem mais tarde teve três filhos. O casal abriu uma empresa de trekking, chamada Thamserku Trekking, que trabalhava principalmente com alpinistas ocidentais e Pasang pôde seguir sua paixão pelo montanhismo.

Carreira
Ela escalou o Mont Blanc, ponto mais alto da Europa, tornando-se a primeira mulher nepalesa a fazê-lo, e os picos da Cordilheira dos Himalaias: Pico Yala, Pico Pisang e Cho Oyu, mas seu sonho passou a ser escalar o Monte Everest. Antes de 1993, de fato, 16 mulheres de diferentes países conseguiram conquistar o pico mais alto do mundo, mas entre elas não havia nenhuma nepalesa.

Em 1990, juntou-se à expedição francesa liderada por Marc Batard, que também incluía Christine Janin. A expedição alcançou o cume do Everest em 5 de outubro de 1990, tornando Christine Janin a primeira francesa a conseguir o feito, mas, obedecendo às ordens de Batard, Pasang Lhamu Sherpa parou em uma altitude menor.

No outono de 1991, Pasang, seu marido e alguns outros xerpas organizaram sua própria expedição para tentar chegar ao cume, mas tiveram que desistir a algumas dezenas de metros do final devido a uma nevasca repentina. Um destino semelhante aconteceu com uma terceira tentativa organizada no ano seguinte.

Conquista do Everest e morte
Em abril de 1993, foi organizada uma nova expedição totalmente nepalesa, que incluía Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, Sonam Tshering Sherpa (que já havia alcançado o cume em 5 ocasiões anteriores), Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa, Pemba Dorje Sherpa e Dawa Tashi Sherpa. A expedição foi seguida com apreensão pelo país, pois, se bem-sucedida, Pasang se tornaria uma heroína para o Nepal e um símbolo para as mulheres nepalesas realizarem seus sonhos.

Na manhã de 22 de abril de 1993, o grupo alcançou o cume do Everest e Pasang Lhamu Sherpa tornou-se a primeira mulher nepalesa a conquistar os 8.842 metros.

Durante a descida, Sonam Tshering passou mal e Pasang decidiu ficar com ele, enquanto Pemba Dorje e Lhakpa Norbu desciam até o acampamento-base para pegar tanques de oxigênio. Contudo, uma nevasca repentina os impediu de retornar até seus companheiros. O mau tempo durou dias, impossibilitando o resgate e os dois alpinistas morreram na montanha.

Reconhecimentos
O corpo de Pasang Lhamu Sherpa foi encontrado apenas 18 dias depois, em 10 de maio de 1993, durante uma expedição que também incluiu Vladas Vitkauskas, que naquela mesma ocasião se tornou o primeiro montanhista lituano a conquistar o Monte Everest.

Seu funeral foi assistido por milhares de pessoas e, mais tarde, Pasang Lhamu Sherpa recebeu vários prêmios do governo do país:

 Ela foi a primeira mulher a receber a "Estrela do Nepal".
 Ela foi a primeira mulher a ser nomeada Herói Nacional do Nepal, ou "Rastriya Bibhuti".
 Selos postais foram emitidos em sua imagem.
 Uma estátua dela em tamanho real segurando uma bandeira nepalesa foi erguida no bairro de Chuchepati em Catmandu (capital do Nepal), não muito longe de Boudhanath (estupa budista em Catmandu, Nepal).
 O pico Jasemba de 7.350 metros foi renomeado como Pico Pasang.
 Eescolas e estradas receberam seu nome.
 Um memorial a ela foi construído no município de Dhalabari, no distrito de Jhapa.
 Uma variedade de trigo recebeu seu nome.
 Ela se tornou uma inspiração para alpinistas e meninas nepalesas.

Em 2017, a diretora Nancy Svendsen começou a trabalhar em um documentário intitulado The Glass Ceiling (Teto de vidro), que conta a história de Pasang Lhamu Sherpa.

Mortos em 1993
Nascidos em 1961
Montanhistas do Nepal
Xerpas
Montanhistas que escalaram ao topo do Monte Everest

Pasang Lhamu Sherpa


Ultra er det andet album af den danske musiker Sivas efter Familie Før Para fra 2016. Albummet blev udgivet den 20. april 2018.

Spor

Referencer

Album fra 2018
Sivas-album

Ultra (Sivas-album)


Eren Özker (25 Temmuz 1948 - 25 Şubat 1993) Ankara doğumlu Türk kukla sanatçısı. The Muppet Show adlı ABD yapımı televizyon dizisinin ilk sezonunda bazı kukla karakterleri canlandıran sanatçı, ABD'ye yerleşmiş ve genç yaşta burada kanserden ölmüştür.

Dış bağlantılar
 Akşam Gazetesi'nde hakkında küçük bir makale

Türk kuklacılar
1948 doğumlular
1993 yılında ölenler
Türkiye'de kanserden ölenler
Türk asıllı Amerikalılar
Ankara doğumlu sanatçılar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Türk göçmenler

Eren Özker


محمد الأَضْرَعِي فنان كوميدي شعبي يمني، من مواليد محافظة ذمار قرية أضرعة، بدأ مشواره الفني في بداية التسعينات كمنشد ومن ثم اتجه إلى التمثيل الكوميدي والأغاني ذات الطابع السياسي والاجتماعي، أصدر في انتخابات 1997م مع مجموعة من المنشدين أول عمل سياسي بعنوان "نجوم الليل تسألني"، سجن عدة مرات بسبب أعماله الفنية عن الفساد في اليمن وغلاء الأسعار.

ألبومات فنية
 أنا الشعب.
 أنا حر.
 أصل الحكاية.
 هات حقي.
 الأضرعي ورمضان صوم سوا.
 وجهة نظر
 من السبب (2006) سياسي.
 هذا حرام (2007).
 اللهم إني صايم (2007) عمل رمضاني.
 ثورة ياشباب الثورة (2011) خاص بثورة الشباب.
 أيش عاد تشتي مننا (2011) خاص بثورة الشباب.
 إحنا لها (2011) خاص بثورة الشباب.
 بيفرجها الله(2012).

مسلسلات
 يا فصيح لمن تصيح.
 وجهة نظر 2011.
 غاغة 2017.

انظر أيضاً
 فهد القرني.

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من محافظة ذمار
كوميديون يمنيون

محمد الأضرعي


The Corrs er et irsk folkrock/popband der består af de fire søskende Andrea (forsanger og tin whistle), Sharon (violin), Caroline (trommer og bodhrán) og Jim Corr (guitar og klaver). Gruppen blev dannet i deres fødeby Dundalk, Irland, i 1990, og deres diskografi inkluderer seks studiealbums, tre livealbums og tre opsamlingsalbum samt seks videoalbums og 25 singler. Denne liste inkluderer ikke materiale som medlemmer har indspillet som solokunstnere.

Deres debutalbum, Forgiven, Not Forgotten, blev produceret af David Foster og udgivet i 1995 på Atlantic Records i samarbejde med 143 Records. Inden da var deres debutsingle "Runaway", udkommet og albummet blev en øjeblikkelig succes i deres hjemland samt i Australien. Den kommercielle succes i andre lande var dog beskedne til at begynde med. Opfølgningsalbummet, Talk On Corners, fra 1997 oplevede heller ikke den store succes uden for Irland og Australien. Gruppens indspillede en coverversion af Fleetwood Macs "Dreams" til Legacy: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac's Rumours. Den 17. marts 1998 optrådte de med sangen i Royal Albert Hall i London sammen med Fleetwood Macs trommeslager Mick Fleetwood som en del af BBC's dækning af St. Patrick's Day. Denne begivenhed gjorde at gruppen blev mere kendt, og Talk On Corners blev genudgivet med deres coverversion af "Dreams", sammen med en ny version af "What Can I Do?", "So Young" og "Runaway". Albummet solgte næste 3 millioner eksemplarer i Storbritannien, og var det bedst sælgende album i 1998 og det 9. bedst sælgende i 1999, og det er fortsat det 19. bedst sælgende album nogensinde i Storbritannien. Albumet er også det 12. bedst sælgende album nogensinde i Irland.

Deres første livealbum, Unplugged, blev udgivet i 1999 og blev fulgt op 10 måneder senere med In Blue. Sidstnævnte var dedikeret til deres mor Jean, der var død under indspilningen af albummet, og med den bedste åbningsweekend nogensinde i Irland gik direkte ind som nummer 1 på landets albumhitlisten. Førstesinglen "Breathless" gav dem deres første og eneste nummer 1-hit på UK Singles Chart, mens albummet solgte platin i USA for salg over 1 million eksemplarer. Den toppede også i 17 andre lande.

Med Borrowed Heaven (2004) vendte gruppen tilbage til deres keltiske rødder, efter den mere poppede forgænger. Det toppede som nummer 1 i Irland og blev certificeret guld eller platin i adskillige lande, heriblandt Australien, Frankrig, Tyskland og New Zealand. Home, der indeholdt traditionel irsk musik fra deres afdøde mors sangbog, blev udgivet i 2005. Opsamlingsalbummet Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection (2006) blev udgivet samtidig med en annoncering af at gruppen ville blive sat på pause på ubestemt tid. I de følgende år fik bandmedlemmer tilsammen otte børn. Andrea fik en skuespilkarriere og medvirkede i tre film, og spillede med i skuespillet Dancing at Lughnasa. Både Andrea og Sharon udgav soloalbums; henholdsvis Ten Feet High (2007) og Lifelines (2011); og Dream of You (2010) og The Same Sun (2013). I 2015 blev gruppen genforenet og udgav deres sjette studiealbum, White Light. I 2017 kom Jupiter Calling. The Corrs har solgt mere end 40 millioner albums på verdensplan.

Studiealbums

Livealbums

Noter
 A ^ Kun udgivet i Japan.
 B ^ Kun udgivet i USA; hittede i Irland som en importeret udgivelse.

Opsamlingsalbum

Singler

Noter
 A ^ "Runaway" toppede som nummer 86 på Billboard Hot 100.
 B ^ Kun udgivet i Australien og New Zealand.
 C ^ Kun udgivet i Irland og Storbritannien som en del af en reklamekampagne for Pepsi.
 E ^ "Breathless" toppede som nummer 34 på Billboard Hot 100.
 F ^ Kun udgivet i Nordamerika.
 G ^ "Bring On the Night" nåede ikke UK Singles Chart, men toppede som nummer 87 på både UK Singles Downloads Chart og UK Singles Sales Chart, samt nummer 72 på Scottish Singles Chart

Andre sange på hitlisterne

Videografi

Videoalbums

Musikvideoer

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Diskografier
Diskografi

The Corrs' diskografi