ආර්. ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණය (, ; ඛෙත්තාරාම ක්‍රීඩාංගණය, රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණය හෝ සරල ලෙසින් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණය ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙයි) යනු, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ, මාලිගාවත්තේ,  ඛෙත්තාරාම පාරෙහි පිහිටි ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාංගණයකි . ආරම්භයේදී මෙය ඛෙත්තාරාම අන්තර්ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාංගනය ලෙස ලෙස හැඳින්වූ අතර වර්ෂ 1994 දී මෙය ආර්.ප්‍රේමදාස අන්තර්ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාංගනය ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙහි ඇති විශේෂත්වය වන්නේ මෙම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය ආසියාවේ ඉදිකරනලද ප්‍රථම දිවා-රාත්‍රී ක්‍රිකට් තරඟ පැවැත්විය හැකි ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වීමයි. දැනට ක්‍රීඩාංගනයට යාබදව තණ තීරු 16 කින් යුත් පුහුණු මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ආරම්භ කර තිබේ. සෝනි මැක්ස් ක්‍රිකට් ඇකඩමිය සඳහා නේවාසිකාගාරයක්ද සහිත එය 2003 දී ආරම්භ විය. 2011 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලිය සඳහා මෙය නවීකරනය කරනු ලැබූ අතර නරඹන්නන් 30000ක් සඳහා ඉඩ පහසුකම්ද නවීන තාක්ෂණයෙන් යුතු බහුමාධ්‍ය කුටි, ක්‍රීඩාගාර ආදිය ඇතුලත් කරනලදී.

ඉතිහාසය
මෙම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය තැනීමේ මුල් අදහස අභාවප්‍රාප්ත ජනාධිපති රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස මැතිතුමාගේ ය. 35000 කට අසුන් ගත හැකි කොන්ක්‍රීට් නිර්මාණයක් වූ මෙය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම ක්‍රීඩාංගනයයි. මෙය මුලින්ම විවෘත කරන ලද්දේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා බී' කණ්ඩායම සහ එංගලන්ත බී' කණ්ඩායම අතර 1982 පෙබරවාරි 2 වෙනි දින පැවැත්වූ ක්‍රිකට් තරඟයෙනි. මෙම ක්‍රීඩාංගනයට යාබදව පිහිටි ඛෙත්තාරාම විහාරයට යාම පිණිස ඔරු භාවිතා කළ වගුරු බිමක මෙම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය තැනුනේය.

මෙහි පැවති පළමු අන්තර් ජාතික එක් දින ක්‍රිකට් තරඟය නවසීලන්තය හා ශ්‍රී ලංකාව අතර 1986 අප්‍රේල් 5 වෙනි දින ඇරඹුනේය. 1992 අගෝස්තු 28 වෙනි දින ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව අතර පළමු ටෙස්ට් තරඟය පැවැත්වීමට මෙම ක්‍රීඩාංගනය දායක විය. මෙම ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ සිදු වූ විශේෂ සිදුවීමක් නම් 1997/98 වර්ෂයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව හා ඉන්දියාව අතර පැවැත්වුනු ටෙස්ට් තරඟයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ලබා ගත් ඉහළම ලකුණු වාර්තාවයි. එය ලකුණු 952/6 ක් වූ අතර ඒ දක්වා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ඉතිහාසයේ ලබා ගත් වැඩිම ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාව විය. එම තරඟයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා පිලේ නායකත්වය සනත් ජයසූරිය දැරූ අතර සනත් ජයසූරිය ලකුණු 340 ක්ද, රොෂාන් මහානාම 225 ක්ද රැස් කරමින්දෙවැනි විකට්ටුව සඳහා ලකුණු 576 ක වාර්තාගත සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පැවැත්වූහ. එය ඒ දක්වා ඕනෑම ටෙස්ට් තරඟයකදී ලබා ගත් ඉහළම ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාව විය. වාර්තා බිඳ හෙලූ එම තරඟයෙන් පසු එහි පවත්වන ලද්දේ එක් ටෙස්ට් තරඟයක් පමණී. ඒ නවසීලන්තයට එරෙහිවයි. එකම ආකාරයෙන් සම, පැතලි, තනතිල්ල මද වේගී එකකි. පන්දුව ඉහළ යන්නේ මද වශයෙනි.

පිටිය විස්තර

ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට්
ආර් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේ වැඩිම කණ්ඩායම් ටෙස්ට් ලකුණු එකතුව වන්නේ ඉන්දියාවට එරෙහිව 1997 වසරෙහිදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වාර්තා කල ඉණිම අත්හිටුවන විට ලකුණු 952/6 වෙයි.

අඩුම ටෙස්ට් ලකුණු එකතුව වන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට එරෙහිව 2005දී බංග්ලාදේශය  රැස් කළ ලකුණු 86 වෙයි.

1997දී ඉන්දියාවට එරෙහිව සනත් ජයසූරිය විසින් ලකුණු 340 ක් රැස් කරන ලදි. තවමත් ආර් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේ වැඩිම ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාව වන්නේ මෙයයි.

 මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන් විසින් දවා ගත් කඩුළු 36 ක් ප්‍රමාණය, ආර් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණයෙහි දවා ගෙන ඇති වැඩිම කඩුළු සංඛ්‍යාව වෙයි.

 ඉනිමකදී හොඳම පන්දුයැවීමේ දක්ෂතාවය වන්නේ, 2005/06 තරග වාරයෙහි බංග්ලාදේශයට එරෙහිව මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන් දවා ගත් 6/18 වෙයි.

 තරගයකදී හොඳම පන්දුයැවීමේ දක්ෂතාවය වන්නේ, මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන්ගේ 9/60 වෙයි.

එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර

වැඩිම එදිජා ලකුණු එකතුව වන්නේ, 2009 පෙබරවාරි 3 දිනදී ඉන්දියාව විසින් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට එරෙහිව රැස් කර ගත් 363/5 වෙයි.

සනත් ජයසූරිය විසින්  2514 ක ලකුණු එකතුවක් රැස් කර ගෙන ඇති අතර එය තනි ක්‍රීඩකයෙක් විසින් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේදී රැස් කර ගත් වැඩිම ලකුණු එකතුව වෙයි. මාවන් අතපත්තු, අරවින්ද ද සිල්වා, මහේල ජයවර්ධන, කුමාර් සංගක්කාර සහ සචින් ටෙන්ඩුල්කාර් යන්නෝ 1000 ට වඩා ලකුණු එකතු රැස් කර ඇත්තාහ.

මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන් විසින් මෙහිදී කඩුළු 69 ක් දවා ගෙන ඇති අතර, එය ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණයෙහිදී එක් ක්‍රීඩකයෙක් විසින් දවා ගෙන ඇති වැඩිම කඩුළු එකතුව වෙයි.

2013 තරග වාරයේදී  දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවට එරෙහිව කුමාර් සංගක්කාර විසින් රැස් කරන ලද ලකුණු 169, ආර් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේදී ක්‍රීඩකයෙක් රැස් කර ඇති වැඩිම පෞද්ගලික ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාව වෙයි.

ක්‍රීඩාංගණයක එදිජා තරග 100ක් සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය සැපයීමේ වාර්තාව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල පිහිටවූ පළමුවැන්න හා ලෝකය තුල සතරවැන්න ආර් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණය වෙයි.

මෙම ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේදී ලසිත් මාලිංග විසින් එදිජා තුන් කඩුළු සාමාර්ථය (හැට් ට්‍රික්) දෙවතාවක් වාර්තා කර ඇත. 2011 ලෝක කුසලාන තරගාවලිය තුලදී පළමුවැන්න කෙන්යාවට එරෙහිව වාර්තා වූ අතර දෙවැන්න 2011 අගෝස්තු 22 දිනදී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට එරෙහිව වාර්තා විය.

විස්සයි20 ජාත්‍යන්තර
2009 පෙබරවාරි 10 දිනදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව හා ඉන්දියාව අතර පැවති තරගය මෙහි පළමුවැන්න වෙයි.

ආර් ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේ වැඩිම කණ්ඩායම් ලකුණු එකතුව වන්නේ ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට එරෙහිව බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්  විසින් රැස් කෙරුණු 205/4 වෙයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

ආර්. ප්‍රේමදාස ක්‍රීඩාංගණය


فريد الأنصاري (ولد بإقليم الراشيدية، المغرب 1380 هـ/ 1960م - توفي 17 ذو القعدة 1430 هـ/ 5 نوفمبر 2009، تركيا) عالم دين وأديب مغربي، حصل على الدكتوراه في الدراسات الإسلامية تخصص أصول الفقه، عمل رئيسا لقسم الدراسات الإسلامية بكلية الآداب، جامعة مولاي إسماعيل بمكناس، المغرب. وأستاذا لأصول الفقه ومقاصد الشريعة بالجامعة نفسها. شغل منصب عضو في المجلس العلمي الأعلى بالمغرب و رئيس المجلس العلمي لمدينة مكناس. توفي بعد صراع مع المرض دام عدة سنوات، باستنبول، تركيا، ونقل جثمانه إلى مدينة مكناس، حيث دفن بمقبرة الزيتون.

المسار الدراسي والتدريسي أو المسار العلمي والعملي
 حاصل على دكتوراه الدولة في الدراسـات الإسـلامية، تخصص أصول الفقه، من جامعة الحسن الثاني، كلية الآداب، المحمدية، المغرب.
 حاصل على دبلوم الدراسات العليا، دكتوراه السلك الثالث في الدراسات الإسلامية، تخصص أصول الفقه، من جامعة محمد الخامس، كلية الآداب، الرباط.
 حاصل على دبلوم الدراسات الجامعية العليا (نظام تكوين المكونين)، الماجستير في الدراسات الإسلامية،  تخصص أصول الفقه، من جامعة محمد الخامس، كلية الآداب،  الرباط.
 حاصل على الإجازة في الدراسات الإسلامية من جامعة محمد بن عبد الله، كلية الآداب،  فاس، المغرب.
 عضو المجلس العلمي الأعلى للمغرب.
 رئيس المجلس العلمي المحلي بمكناس.
 عضو اللجنة العلمية لكلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية بجامعة مولاي إسماعيل، مكناس.
 عضو مؤسس لمعهد الدراسات المصطلحية، التابع لكلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية بجامعة محمد بن عبد الله، بفاس.
 عضو رابطة الأدب الإسلامي العالمية.
 رئيس سابق لشعبة الدراسات الإسلامية بكلية الآداب، جامعة مولاي إسماعيل بمكناس، المغرب. لسنوات: 2000-2001م إلى 2002-2003م.
 أستاذ زائر بدار الحديث الحسنية للدراسات الإسلامية العليا بالرباط لسنتي: 2003-2004م و 2004-2005م.
 أستاذ بمركز تكوين الأئمة والمرشدات بوزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية بالرباط.
 رئيس وحدة الدراسات العليا: الاجتهاد المقاصدي: التاريخ والمنهج، بجامعة مولاي إسماعيل بمكناس.
 أستاذ أصول الفقه ومقاصد الشريعة بجامعة مولاي إسماعيل بمكناس.
 أستاذ كرسي التفسير بالجامع العتيق لمدينة مكناس.
 خطيب جمعة وواعظ بعدد جوامع مكناس.

أعماله العلمية
 التوحيد والوساطة في التربية الدعوية (في جزئين)
 أبجديات البحث في العلوم الشرعية: محاولة في التأصيل المنهجي
 قناديل الصلاة - مشاهدات في منازل الجمال (كتاب في المقاصد الجمالية للصلاة)
 الفجور السياسي والحركة الإسلامية بالمغرب: دراسة في التدافع الاجتماعي
 المصطلح الأصولي عند الشاطبي (أطروحة الدكتوراه)
 ميثاق العهد في مسالك التعرف إلى الله
 جمالية الدين: كتاب في المقاصد الجمالية للدين
 بلاغ الرسالة القرآنية من أجل إبصار لآيات الطريق
 سيماء المرأة في الإسلام بين النفس والصورة (تُرجم للفرنسية Les Secrets du Hijab)
 البيان الدعوي وظاهرة التضخم السياسي - نحو بيان قرآني للدعوة الإسلامية
 مجالس القرآن من التلقي إلى التزكية (تُرجم للفرنسية Autour du Coran)
 مفهوم العالِمية من الكتاب إلى الربانية
 مفاتح النور - نحو معجم شامل للمصطلحات المفتاحية لكليات رسائل النور لسعيد النورسي (تُرجم للتركية Risale-i Nur'un Anahtar Kavramları)
 الأخطاء الستة للحركة الإسلامية بالمغرب
 الفطرية - بعثة التجديد المقبلة من الحركة الإسلامية إلى دعوة الإسلام
 الدين هو الصلاة والسجود لله باب الفرج
 مجالس القرآن من التلقي إلى البلاغ - مدارسات في رسالات الهدى المنهاجي للقرآن الكريم من التلقي إلى البلاغ
 كاشف الأحزان ومسالح الأمان
 تفسير سورة البقرة وجزء من سورة آل عمران وسور ق والذاريات والطور والنجم
 مصطلحات أصولية في كتاب الموافقات للشاطبي (رسالة شهادة الدراسات العليا، نوقشت سنة 1989م بكلية الآداب بالرباط)

أعماله الأدبية
كان فريد الأنصاري عضو في رابطة الأدب الإسلامي العالمية.
من أعماله الأدبية:
 ديوان القصائد (الدار البيضاء 1992)
 الوعد (فاس 1997)
 جداول الروح (بالاشتراك مع الشاعر المغربي عبد الناصر لقاح) مكناس 1997
 ديوان الإشارات (الدار البيضاء 1999)
 كشف المحجوب (رواية) فاس 1999
 مشاهدات بديع الزمان النورسي (ديوان شعر) فاس 2004
 آخر الفرسان (رواية)
 ديوان المقامات
 ديوان المواجيد
 من يحب فرنسا ؟ (شعر مشترك مع الشاعر عبد الناصر لقاح)
 عودة الفرسان (رواية)، ألفها سيرتا لمحمد فتح الله كولن.
 كيف تلهو وتلعب ! (قصيدة)

دروسه الصوتية والمرئية
للشيخ مئات الدروس والخطب المرئية والصوتية. وقد بدأ الشيخ تفسيرا للقرآن أسماه بصائر القرآن الكريم و لم يتمه الشيخ .كذلك كان للشيخ أثر عظيم في التربية والتزكية و التعليم في العديد من مساجد مكناس. وقد عمل الشيخ سلسلة تربوية أسماها منازل الإيمان. و العديد من السلاسل والمحاضرات المفردة .كلها متواجدة بموقع الشيخ.

مؤلفات عنه
 فقه التاريخ عند الدكتور فريد الأنصاري : المفهوم والمنهج والقضايا، لسعيد بنحمادة ومحمد البركة.
 فقه الدعوة عند الدكتور فريد الأنصاري، وهو مؤلف جماعي، من تنسيق الدكتور محمد البركة.
 فقه الإصلاح :قراءة في التجربة الإصلاحية للعلامة فريد الأنصاري ، إشراف و تنسيق الدكتور عبد العزيز الإدريسي.
 جهود العلامة فريد الأنصاري في تجديد الفكر الإسلامي المعاصر للدكتور سعد عي.
 معالم الرؤية الإصلاحية عند الدكتور فريد الأنصاري : بالقرآن نقيم عمران الإنسان ، تنسيق الدكتور محمد البركة.
 الإبداع الروائي عند الدكتور فريد الأنصاري بين إيحاء التعبير و إيحاء التغيير ، تنسيق و تقديم الدكتور محمد البركة.
 رواية أسفار الروح : سيرة فريد الأنصاري لمحمد الطاهري.

مقالاته
لفريد الأنصاري عدد كبير من المقالات متعلقة بعدة مجالات نُشرت بجرائد ومجلات محلية ووطنية ودولية.
وقد كان الشيخ مشرف مؤسس لمجلة رسالة القرآن المغربية.
من بين الجرائد التي نشرت مقالات بقلم الشيخ: التجديد المغربية، المحجة المغربية، المساء المغربية.
أما المجلات فنذكر: حراء التركية، إسلام أون لاين الالكترونية، رسالة القرآن المغربية...
كما يحوي موقع الفطرية الذي أسسه عدد من مقالاته.
تتميز مقالات فريد الأنصاري بالحس الأدبي الجميل وقد شرح الشيخ محمد إسماعيل المقدم بعض مقالات الدكتور فريد الأنصاري في بعض دروسه.

جنازته
توفي الخميس 5 نوفمبر 2009 بمستشفى سماء باستنبول بتركيا وتم نقل جثمانه إلى المغرب ليدفن بمدينة مكناس يوم الأحد 8 نونبر 2009 في مقبرة الزيتون بعد أداء صلاة الجنازة بعد صلاة الظهر بمسجد الأزهر المعروف بجامع الاروى بحي السلطان محمد بن عبد الله.
وقد كان المسجد يومها ممتلئا عن آخره رغم كبر مساحته وامتلئت الساحة أمام المسجد بالمصلين الآتين من كل حدب وصوب من المغرب وخارجه وكان هذا ملحوظا.
كان عدد المشيعين للجنازة يقدرون بالآلاف في موكب مهيب حيث امتلئت الطرقات والأزقة المؤدية للمقبرة بالمشيعين كما امتلئت المقبرة ومحيطها بالناس بل حتى أسطح المنازل لمتابعة مراسم الدفن والجنازة.

مراجع

 الفطرية: موقع الشيخ فريد الأنصاري

انظر أيضًا
 محمد علي الرباوي
 محمد عدناني
 الشاهد البوشيخي
 مصطفى بن حمزة

وصلات خارجية
 الفطرية: موقع أسسه الشيخ فريد الأنصاري ومجموعة من محبيه
 منتدى موقع الفطرية
 صوتيات ومرئيات للشيخ الدكتور فريد الأنصاري
 عدد خاص بالشيخ فريد الأنصاري يضم سيرة له بقلم أخيه

أعضاء رابطة الأدب الإسلامي العالمية
أكاديميون مغاربة
خريجو جامعة الحسن الثاني
خريجو جامعة محمد الخامس
شعراء مغاربة
علماء مغاربة
كتاب مغاربة فرانكفونيون
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1960
مواليد في الرشيدية (المغرب)
مواليد في المغرب
مواليد في إقليم الرشيدية
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
وفيات السرطان في تركيا
وفيات في إسطنبول

فريد الأنصاري


Villamayor es una aldea de España, en la provincia de Ávila, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Situada a 2 kilómetros de Muñosancho y a 3 de Cisla, en el suroeste de la La Moraña. Es una pedanía del municipio de Muñosancho. Actualmente cuenta con 89 habitantes.

Monumentos
La iglesia de origen medieval fue renovada en el  instalándose la armadura comprada a la capilla de los Pamo en la Iglesia de San Cipriano de Fontiveros, siendo una de las mejores armaduras mudéjares de la Moraña.

Fiestas y costumbres
En junio, se hace la romería de San Pedro, en la que se saca la imagen de San Pedro alrededor del pueblo.

Véase también
 Muñosancho

Localidades de la provincia de Ávila
Municipios desaparecidos de la provincia de Ávila

Villamayor (Ávila)


Roverud Station (Roverud stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Solørbanen, der ligger i byområdet Roverud i Kongsvinger kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 3. november 1893, da banen mellem Kongsvinger og Flisa blev taget i brug. Den blev opgraderet til station 15. november 1916 og var bemandet som sådan indtil 1. juni 1986. Persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 29. august 1994. Norsk Jernbaneklubbs afdeling for Solør/Odalen lejede efterfølgende stationen til museumsbrug, men det kom der ikke noget ud af.

Stationens bygninger blev opført efter tegninger af Paul Armin Due. Stationsbygningen er en laftet træbygning i halvanden etage med ventesal i stueetagen og tjenestebolig for stationsmesteren ovenpå. Bygningen blev malet i de oprindelige farver udvendigt i 1988 og i ventesalen i 1999. Indretningen her er også tegnet af Paul Armin Due men stammer dog fra Arneberg Station, hvis stationsbygning blev revet ned i 1992. Roveruds stationsbygning, ilgodshus, pakhus, das og en lade blev fredet i 2002. Desuden er der kran, traktorremise, skur og tømmeramper på stationen, men de er ikke fredede.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Solørbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1893

Roverud Station


Novus Ordo Seclorum, Latincede "Çağların yeni düzeni" anlamına gelir. Annuit cœptis ile birlikte Amerika Birleşik Devletleri devlet mühründe bulunan iki slogandan biridir. Bu mühür, ABD'nin tedavüldeki 1 dolarlık banknotlarının üzerinde de bulunmaktadır.

Latince deyişler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin ulusal sembolleri

Novus Ordo Seclorum


Trči Lola trči (njemački: Lola rennt, doslovce "Lola trči") je njemački triler kojega je 1998. napisao i režirao Tom Tykwer, a glumili su Franka Potente kao Lola i Moritz Bleibtreu kao Manni.

Priča prati ženu koja u dvadeset minuta mora dobiti 100.000 njemačkih maraka, kako bi spasila život svoga dečka. Tri scenarija filma podsjećaju na film »Blind Chance« Krzysztofa Kieślowskoga iz 1981.; nakon Kieślowskijeve smrti, Tykwer je režisirao svoj planirani film »Nebo«. Film »Trči Lola trči« objavljen je na DVD-u 21. prosinca 1999. i na Blu-rayu 19. veljače 2008. godine.

»Trči Lola trči« prikazivao se na Venecijanskom filmskom festivalu, gdje se film natjecao za Zlatnoga lava. Nakon što je objavljen, film je dobio nekoliko priznanja, uključujući Grand Prix Belgijskoga društva filmskih kritićara, Nagrade publike na Sundance Film Festivalu, najbolji film na Seattle International Film Festivalu i sedam nagrada na Njemačkim filmskim nagradama. Također je izabran za njemačkoga predstavnika na 71. dodjeli Oscara, iako nije u konačnici bio nominiran.

Izvori

Njemački filmovi
Filmovi 1990-ih
Trileri

Trči Lola trči (1998.)


Keigo Kusaba (né le  à Kasugai) est un coureur cycliste japonais, membre de l'équipe Aisan Racing.

Biographie

En 2014, Keigo Kusaba termine deuxième du championnat du Japon et du championnat d'Asie dans le contre-la-montre, chez les juniors (moins de 19 ans). Il effectue ensuite la totalité de sa carrière espoirs au sein de l'équipe de l'université Nihon. Dans cette catégorie, il est notamment quatrième du championnat du Japon et dixième du championnat d'Asie en 2018.

En 2019, il se classe troisième d'une étape sur le Tour de Hokkaido et dixième du champion du Japon sur route. Sa saison 2020 est perturbée par la pandémie de Covid-19, comme pour l'ensemble des coureurs du continent asiatique. Il participe néanmoins au Tour de Langkawi, où il réalise deux tops dix au sprint.

En 2021, il devient champion du Japon sur route à Hiroshima.

Palmarès sur route

Par année
 2014
  du championnat du Japon du contre-la-montre juniors
  Médaillé de bronze du championnat d'Asie du contre-la-montre juniors
 2021
  Champion du Japon sur route

Classements mondiaux

Palmarès sur piste

Championnats nationaux
 2016
  Champion du Japon de poursuite par équipes (avec Hiroki Moriguchi, Hiromi Sakamoto et Keitarō Sawada)
 2017
  du championnat du Japon de poursuite par équipes
 2019
  du championnat du Japon de l'américaine
  du championnat du Japon de scratch

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste japonais
Coureur cycliste sur piste
Naissance en septembre 1996
Naissance à Kasugai

Keigo Kusaba


Die Parlamentswahl in Slowenien 1996 fand am 10. November 1996 statt. Bei der Wahl wurden die Abgeordneten der Staatsversammlung neu bestimmt. 1,54 Millionen Wahlberechtigte konnten über 88 der 90 Sitze im Parlament entscheiden. Zwei Sitze waren für Vertreter der ungarischen und italienischen Minderheit reserviert.

Wahlergebnis
Sieger der Wahl wurde die Liberaldemokratie Sloweniens (LDS). Sie blieb mit 27,01 % die stärkste Partei und konnte ihr gutes Ergebnis von der vorigen Wahl noch einmal verbessern. Zweitstärkste Kraft wurde die Slowenische Volkspartei (SLS) mit 19,38 %. Die Slowenische Nationale Partei (SNS) verzeichnete hingegen den stärksten Absturz, war aber weiterhin als kleinste Fraktion im Parlament vertreten.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Internetseite der Nationalen Wahlkommission (slowenisch, englisch, italienisch, ungarisch)
 Offizielle Internetseite der Staatsversammlung (slowenisch, englisch)

Siehe auch
 Wahlen in Slowenien
 Politisches System Sloweniens

Einzelnachweise

1996
Slowenien

Parlamentswahl in Slowenien 1996


Brot und Rosen steht für:

 Brot und Rosen (Slogan), Slogan aus einer Rede von Rose Schneiderman (1911)
 Brot und Rosen (1961), sowjetischer Film von Fjodor Filippow
 Brot und Rosen (1967), deutscher Film von Horst E. Brandt und Heinz Thiel
 Brød og roser, ehemalige norwegische Frauenrechtsorganisation

Siehe auch:
 Bread and Roses

Brot und Rosen


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Nikiforos Bryennios, Bizanslı general, devlet adamı ve tarihçi (ö. 1137)
 Nikiforos Komnenos, Bizanslı aristokrat ve yüksek rütbeli subay, İmparator I. Aleksios'un en genç kardeşi (ö. 1136 sonrası)
 Kiyâ Büzürgümmîd, Nizarîler'in Alamut Kalesi'nde Hasan Sabbah'tan sonraki ikinci komutanı (ö. 1138)

Ölümler

1062


In Libya there are currently 106 districts, second level administrative subdivisions known in Arabic as baladiyat (singular baladiyah).  The number has varied since 2013 between 99 and 108.  The first level administrative divisions in Libya are currently the governorates (muhafazat), which have yet to be formally deliniated, but which were originally tripartite as: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest; and later divided into ten governorates.

Prior to 2013 there were twenty-two first level administrative subdivisions known by the term shabiyah (Arabic singular  šaʿbiyya, plural šaʿbiyyāt) which constituted the districts of Libya. In the 1990s the shabiyat had replaced an older baladiyat system.

Historically the area of Libya was considered three provinces (or states), Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest.  It was the conquest by Italy in the Italo-Turkish War that united them in a single political unit. Under the Italians Libya was eventually divided into four provinces and one territory: Tripoli, Misrata, Benghazi, Derna, (in the north) and the Territory of the Libyan Sahara (in the south). After the French and British occupied Libya in 1943, it was again split into three provinces: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan-Ghadames in the southwest.

Article 176 of the 1951 constitution of Libya stated "The Kingdom of Libya shall be divided into administrative units in conformity with the law to be promulgated in this connection. Local and regional councils may be formed in the Kingdom. The extent of these units shall be determined by law which shall likewise organize these Councils." in exact quote.

After independence (1951), Libya was divided into three governorates (muhafazat), matching the three provinces of before, but in 1963 it was divided into ten governorates. In 1983 a new system was introduced dividing the country into forty-six districts (baladiyat). In 1987 this was reduced to twenty-five districts.

On 2 August 1995, Libya reorganized into thirteen districts (shabiyat). In 1998 this was increased to 26 shabiyat districts. In 2001 it was increased to thirty-two districts plus three administrative regions.  Finally in 2007 it was reduced to twenty-two districts.

For historical evolution see also: Subdivisions of Libya.

Libyan districts were further subdivided into Basic People's Congresses which act as townships or boroughs until 2011.

Etymology
The term  in Arabic can mean both "popularity" or "That that is of the people" or more simply "pertaining to the people".  The second meaning was used by the Libyan government to refer to the districts of Libya, in tandem with the general ideology of the state.  Sha'biyat in Libya are the highest administrative level.  A lower level, equivalent to a county, exists and divides each Shabiyah into smaller entities.

The term was new and exclusive to Libya, in line with exclusive terms for republic (jamahiriya), ministry (amanah) and embassy (people's-bureau)—all of which are different from what is used throughout Arabic-speaking countries, including even Libya itself before its adoption of the neology.

Districts (Shabiya)
Shabiyah (  šaʿbiyyah, plural:   šaʿbiyyāt)  is a neologism exclusive to Libya under Gaddafi,  in line with exclusive terms for republic (jamahiriya), ministry (amanah) and embassy (people's-bureau).
The term basically means a district, that is, a top level administrative division. Etymologically, it is an adjective meaning "of or pertaining to the people, popular".

22 districts (2007)
In 2007 the twenty-two districts (shabiya) replaced the older thirty-two district system.

The list is as following:

32 districts (2001)
The 2001 reorganization of Libya into districts (shabiya) resulted in thirty-two districts and three administrative regions (المنطقة الإدارية):

The three administrative regions are missing from the above map, Qatrun, Marada, and Jaghbub

26 districts (1998)
In 1998 Libya was reorganized into twenty-six districts which were: Butnan, Jafara, Jufra, Kufra, Marj, Murqub, Quba, Al Wahat, Bani Walid, Benghazi, Derna, Gharyan, Jabal al Akhdar, Murzuq, Misrata, Nalut, Nuqat al Khams, Sabha, Sabrata/Sorman, Sirte, Tarhuna/Msalata, Tripoli, Wadi al Hayaa, Wadi al Shatii, Yafran, and Zawiya

13 districts (1995)
On 2 August 1995 Libya dropped the baladiyat system and reorganized into thirteen districts (shabiyat).  Among them were Butnan (formerly Tobruk), Jabal al Akhdar, Jabal al Gharbi, Zawiya, Benghazi, and Tripoli.  However, there is not agreement about the other seven names.

Former baladiya
Baladiyah (singular) or baladiyat (plural), are Arabic words used in many Arab countries to denote administrative divisions of the country. In Libya, the baladiyat system of districts was introduced in 1983 to replace the governorate system.  Originally there were forty-six baladiyat districts, but in 1988 that number was reduced to twenty-five baladiyat. The table hereunder lists the old twenty-five baladiyat in alphabetical order with a link to each one and numbered to be located on the map. Note that each district linked may be both a baladiyah and a shabiyah. The many changes may not always be reflected in the article.

  1 Ajdabiya
  2 'Aziziya
  3 Butnan
  4 Fati
  5 Jabal al Akhdar
  6 Jufra
  7 Khoms
  8 Kufra
  9 Nuqat al Khams
 10 Wadi al Shatii
 11 Ubari
 12 Zawiya
 13 Benghazi

 14 Derna
 15 Ghadames
 16 Gharyan
 17 Misrata
 18 Murzuq
 19 Sabha
 20 Sawfajjin
 21 Sirte
 22 Tripoli
 23 Tarhuna
 24 Yafran
 25 Zlitan

Evolution

For 1995 data, [4] and [5] are the two different sources mentioned in the bibliography: "The Europa World Year Book 2001" and "Ershiyi (21) Shiji Shijie Diming Lu", Beijing, 2001.

For 1988, name is provided if different from nowadays. As said above, AR stands for the three "Administrative Region" of 2001.

Fazzan wasn't strictly a district, but a historical muhafazah or wilayah along with Tripolitania (capital Tripoli) and Cyrenaica (capital Cyrene -near nowadays Shahhat- with Diocletian, moved to Ptolemais after the earthquake of 365, and to Barce -nowadays Barca- with Omer Bin Khattab in 643).

See also
 FIPS region codes of Libya
 ISO 3166-2:LY
 List of cities in Libya
 Subdivisions of Libya

Notes

External links

Historical population data by district from Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht (Library, University of Utrecht), retrieved by WebArchive.
Administrative Map of Libya – Nations Online Project

Libya
Districts, Libya
Libya geography-related lists
Libya, Districts

Districts of Libya


سداسيات الأرجل  من اليونانية (εξα - hexa) = «ستة» + (πόδα - poda) = «أقدام». وهي شعيبة حيوانية تتبع شعبة مفصليات الأرجل.

الطوائف

طوائف هذه الشعيبة:

مراجع

سداسيات الأرجل
حيوانات ظهرت في العصر الديفوني المبكر

سداسيات الأرجل


O LKPS Lublin, também conhecido como LUK Lublin por questões de patrocínio, é um clube de voleibol masculino polonês com sede na cidade de Lublin, na voivodia de Lublin. Atualmente o clube disputa a PlusLiga, a primeira divisão do campeonato polonês.

Histórico
O clube foi fundado em 26 de agosto de 2013 como uma Associação sob o nome de Lublin Volleyball Friends Club. Começou atuando na III Liga e após duas temporadas conquistou o acesso para a II Liga. Na temporada 2018–19 conquistou o acesso para a I Liga.

Conquistou o acesso à PlusLiga na temporada 2020–21 ao consagrar-se campeão da I Liga ao derrotar o BBTS Bielsko-Biała na melhor de cinco jogos.

Em agosto de 2022, o clube triunfou o título da terceira edição do PreZero Grand Prix, o torneio de voleibol de praia da pré-temporada, após vencer na final o Stal Nysa pelo placar de 2–0.

Resultados obtidos nas principais competições

Títulos

Campeonatos nacionais
 Campeonato Polonês - I Liga
Campeão: 2020–21
Terceiro lugar: 2019–20

Elenco atual
Atletas selecionados para disputar a temporada 2022–23.

Ligações externas

 no PlusLiga

LKPS Lublin

LKPS Lublin


Les noyaux salivaires correspondent au noyau salivaire supérieur et au noyau salivaire inférieur qui innervent les glandes salivaires.

Ils sont situés dans le tegmentum pontique du tronc cérébral.

Le noyau salivaire supérieur innerve les glandes lacrymales, sous-maxillaire et sublinguale et fait partie du nerf facial .

Le noyau salivaire inférieur innerve la glande parotide par l'intermédiaire du ganglion otique et forme la composante parasympathique du nerf glosso-pharyngien.

Noyau salivaire supérieur
Le noyau salivaire supérieur du nerf facial est un noyau de nerf crânien viscéro-moteur.

Il est situé dans la partie caudale de la protubérance et formé par un rassemblement  de neurones cholinergiques.

Les fibres efférentes se dirigent vers le  tractus solitaire et émergent du tronc avec le nerf intermédiaire de Wrisberg pour se diviser en deux groupes pré du ganglion géniculé..

Un premier groupe traverse le ganglion géniculé et passe par la corde du tympan et passe le relais par synapse aux neurones post-ganglionnaires du ganglion submandibulaire pour contrôler la salivation des glandes sous-maxillaire et sublinguale.

Un deuxième groupe passe par le nerf grand pétreux et se termine dans le ganglion ptérygopalatin. A ce niveau, il donne le relais synaptique à deux groupes post-ganglionnaires à destination des glandes lacrymales et des glandes muqueuses nasales et buccales.

Le noyau est contrôlé par des voies descendantes en provenance de l'hypothalamus.

Le noyau salivaire supérieur reçoit des fibres du nerf trijumeau qui interviennent dans l'arc réflexe d'irritation de la cornée provoquant une sécrétion lacrymale.

Noyau salivaire inférieur
Le noyau salivaire inférieur est un noyau de nerf crânien parasympathique.

Il est situé dans la partie rostrale du bulbe rachidien latéralement à la formation réticulée, immédiatement caudal au noyau salivaire supérieur.

Les neurones pré-ganglionnaires émettent des fibres dans le nerf glosso-pharyngien. Ces fibres se poursuivent dans le nerf tympanique, passent par le plexus tympanique et le nerf petit pétreux jusqu'au ganglion otique. A ce niveau une liaison synaptique passe le relais aux fibres post-ganglionnaires via le nerf auriculotemporal qui les achemine jusqu'à la glande parotide.

Le noyau salivaire inférieur reçoit des fibres afférentes en provenance du noyau du faisceau solitaire intervenant dans le réflexe salivaire.

Comme pour le noyau salivaire supérieur, le noyau inférieur est contrôlé par des voies descendantes en provenance de l'hypothalamus.

L'entrée parasympathique des fibres du noyau salivaire inférieur stimule la glande parotide pour produire une vasodilatation et sécréter de la salive.

Galerie

Notes et références

Nerf crânien

Noyau salivaire


Kup Županijskog nogometnog saveza Osječko-baranjske županije je nogometno kup-natjecanje za klubove s područja Osječko-baranjske županije kojeg organizira Županijski nogometni savez Osječko-baranjske županije.
Županijskom kupu također prethode kupovi nogometnih središta - Beli Manastir, Donji Miholjac, Đakovo, Našice, Osijek i Valpovo, čiji pobjednici nastavljaju natjecanje u Županijskom kupu.
Pobjednik i finalist natjecanja stječu pravo nastupa u Hrvatskom nogometnom kupu. U natjecanju ne sudjeluju klubovi koji imaju izravan plasman u Hrvatski nogometni kup po ostvarenom koeficijentu.

Dosadašnje završnice

Poveznice
 Županijski nogometni savez Osječko-baranjske županije
 Nogometno središte Našice
 Nogometno središte Osijek
 Osječki nogometni podsavez
 Nogometno središte Donji Miholjac
 Nogometno središte Đakovo
 Nogometno središte Našice
 Nogometno središte Valpovo
 Hrvatski nogometni kup
 1. ŽNL Osječko-baranjska
 2. ŽNL Osječko-baranjska
 3. ŽNL Osječko-baranjska

Izvori

Osječko-baranjska
Nogomet u Osječko-baranjskoj županiji


Bud - iagttagelse fra en bil med radio er en kortfilm, der er instrueret af Henrik Ruben Genz.

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Bud - iagttagelse fra en bil med radio


Limnocharis laforestii, jedna od dviju priznatih vrsta jednosupnica iz roda močvarna draga  (Limnocharis), porodica žabočunovki (Alismataceae).

Vrsta je raširena od Meksika preko tropske Amerike do sjeveroistočne Argentine. Geofit s rizomom, vodena trajnica.

Sinonimi
 Limnocharis flava var. minor Micheli

Izvori

Močvarna draga

Limnocharis laforestii


Golíat-tarantúla (fræðiheiti:Theraphosa blondi)  eða golíat-könguló, er stærsta könguló í heimi. Hún tilheyrir flokknum Theraphosidae. Náttúruleg heimkynni hennar eru í norðanverðri Suður-Ameríku.

Hún er stærsta könguló í heimi hvort heldur litið er til þyngdar eða kroppslengdar (lengdar miðbúks) en er næststærsta könguló heims, á eftir veiðikönguló (Heteropoda maxima) sé litið til lengdar með fótleggjum.

Tilvísun

Tarantúlur

Golíat-tarantúla


مقبس دجي  والمعروف باسم أل جي إي 771 (LGA 771) وهو مقبس أتلقطه شركة إنتل عام 2006 ليستخد مع وحدات إنتل من نوع كزيون ثنائية وثلاثية اللب في الخوادم. وتسميته لمقبس غير دقيق لأنه يستخدم نظام شبكة سطوح مصفوفة الذي يحوي إبر بدلا من فجوات، التي تلمس 771 سطحا معدنيا موجود على أسفل وحدة المعالجة المركزية. وهو يعتبر بديلا لمقبس 604. وينبغي عدم التحيّر بينه وبين مقبس تي المعروف باسم أل جي إي 775 (LGA 775) الذي يستخدم في الحواسيب المكتبية, فمقبس دجي تم تصميمه على نمط تصميم مقبس تي وهو مشابه له كثيرا.

مراجع

مقابس وحدة المعالجة المركزية

مقبس دجي


Neptalí Bonifaz Ascázubi (Quito, 29 de dezembro de 1870 - Ibidem, 23 de agosto de 1953) foi um político, economista e proprietário de terras equatoriano que venceu as eleições presidenciais de 1931, mas não assumiu o cargo porque foi desqualificado para a presidência pelo Congresso Nacional antes de se empossado.

Biografia
Era filho do diplomata peruano Neptalí Bonifaz Febre y Zanabria e de Josefina Ascázubi y Salinas, de Quito, filha do ex-presidente Manuel de Ascásubi.

Seus estudos iniciais foram realizados em Quito num colégio de jesuítas e aos quinze anos foi enviado para a Europa para estudar Ciências Econômicas, Políticas e Comerciais na Universidade de Genebra, na Suíça, e na Sorbonne, na França.

Ao retornar ao Equador, dedicou-se quase que exclusivamente às atividades agrícolas em suas haciendas, até que em 1927 foi chamado pelo presidente Isidro Ayora para ocupar o cargo de presidente do recém-criado Banco Central do Equador.

Foi candidato à presidência nas eleições equatorianas de 1931, patrocinado pelo Partido Conservador. Venceu as eleições, mas não pôde assumir o mandato, pois sua eleição foi desclassificada pelo Congresso Nacional ao ser declarado "inapto para exercer a Presidência", por ter atribuído a nacionalidade peruana em diversas correspondências. Bonifaz, que estava em Hacienda Guachalá, deslocou-se para Quito.

Guerra dos Quatro Dias

Em 28 de agosto de 1932, em decorrência da decisão do Congresso, a guarnição de Quito, juntamente com os partidários de Bonifaz, se revoltaram. Houve um confronto sangrento com tropas leais ao governo e nas ruas de Quito os combates continuaram até 1 de setembro, fazendo com que o presidente interino Alfredo Baquerizo se refugiasse na embaixada argentina e o ministro Carlos Freile Larrea assumisse o governo.

Finalmente os rebeldes foram derrotados. Esse episódio, no qual morreram mais de duas mil pessoas, é conhecido como a Guerra dos Quatro Dias. Mais tarde, Bonifaz dedicou-se às suas atividades privadas e serviu novamente como presidente do Banco Central do Equador em 1939.

Morte
Afastado voluntariamente do serviço público e dedicado a suas atividades particulares, Neptalí Bonifaz faleceu na cidade de Quito em 23 de agosto de 1953.

Políticos do Equador

Neptalí Bonifaz


Daviskvadrant eller Engelsk kvadrant, Back-staff var et nautisk astronomisk instrument af hårdt træ til måling af Solens højde over kimingen, opfundet ca. 1594 af den engelske navigatør og opdagelsesrejsende John Davis. Daviskvadranten var populær længe efter opfindelsen af spejlinstrumenterne i midten af 1700-tallet.

Historien

I 1500-tallet blev Jakobsstaven anvendt som måleinstrument i forhold til navigation, måling af solhøjde med videre. Den var meget svingende i forhold til dens nøjagtighed og havde desuden den ulempe, at man skulle stirre direkte ind i solen for at anvende den. Derfor udviklede den engelske opdagelsesrejsende John Davis instrumentet i 1594, således man kunne stå med ryggen til solen. Han beskrev instrumentet i sin bog "Seaman's Secrets" fra 1594. Dog var det først efter Davis død i 1605, at instrumentet fik dets nuværende udseende med de to buer.

Daviskvadranten var i både 1600-tallet og 1700-tallet det dominerende vinkelmålingsinstrument – særligt i England.
I Danmark blev jakobsstaven stadig flittigt anvendt, indtil den samt daviskvadranten blev udkonkurreret af oktanten og sekstanten sidst i 1700-tallet.
Da man brugte daviskvadranten med ryggen mod Solen og kunne måle vinklen til solen via skyggen på instrumentets endestykke, som var angivet fra 0-60 grader, kunne man ikke bruge den om natten. Instrumentets to buer optimerede til gengæld præcisionen af målingerne i forhold til tidligere anvendte instrumenter.

Anvendelse og brug

Daviskvadrant blev anvendt som et navigationsinstrument, som udelukkende blev brugt til at måle solhøjden eller komplementvinkel (solens zenitdistance). Når solen står i zenit, befinder den sig midt på himlen, lodret over iagttageren. Man målte altså afstanden/vinklen mellem solens aktuelle placering og zenit punktet.

Selve anvendelsen af instrumentet foregår på følgende måde:
 På den lille bue anbringes skyggekrydset i en position således gradtallet er et helt tal. Dog skal dette angivne gradtal være mindre end det antal grader man vurderer zenitdistancen til at være.
 Der er et lille hul i sigtekrydset, hvorigennem man sigter igennem på sprækken i horisontkrydset. Imens drejes instrumentet således at horisonten kan ses gennem denne sprække.
 Sigtekrydsets position på den store bue justeres indtil man gennem sigtekrydsets hul kan se skyggekrydsets skygge på horisontkrydset, således den øverste del af skyggen flugter med horisonten set gennem sprækken.
 Tilslut aflæses vinklen på hver bue, således man tilslut har to vinkler: a og b. Disse to gradtal adderes, hvorved zenitdistancen beregnes.

Udvikling
Den første udgave af Daviskvadrant havde kun en bue oven på en stav med vinkel inddeling. Staven holdes op så den er vandret og buen indstilles så dens skygge går til enden af staven, solens vinkel kan nu aflæses på staven. Denne kvadrant kunne kun måle en vinkel på 45o.

I en senere version af Daviskvadranten er buen på toppen erstattet med et skyggekryds, og en 30 grader bue er placeret under staven. Skyggekrydset justeres ligeledes så skyggen falder på enden og en slidse justeres på buen så den er lige med horisonten, de 2 vinkler lægges sammen for at få vinklen til solen.

Det instrument vi i dag kender som daviskvadranten opstod først i starten af 1700-tallet, hvor den til sidst bestod af en lille 60 graders bue på toppen og en stor 30 graders bue for neden, med fælles centrum i horisont krydset. Her indstilles skyggekrydset på den lille bue så solens skygge falder på horisontkrydset og sigtekrydset justeres på den store bue så den rammer horisonten. Summen af de to vinkler er her reultatet

Kilder

Vinkel
Navigationsudstyr

Daviskvadrant


Tina Turner (fædd Anna Mae Bullock; 26. nóvember 1939 – 24. maí 2023) var bandarísk söngkona, lagahöfundur og leikkona, sem oft hefur verið nefnd "drottning rokksins". Hún náði fyrst frægð sem hluti af Ike & Tina Turner Revue áður en hún hóf vel heppnaðan sólóferil.

Tina Turner hóf söngferilinn með hljómsveit Ikes Turner, Kings of Rhythm, árið 1957. Hún söng með þeim lagið "Boxtop" sem "Little Ann". Árið 1960 var hún kynnt sem Tina Turner þegar smellurinn "A Fool in Love" kom út. Ike & Tina Turner urðu einn af frægustu tónleikadúettum sögunnar. Þau gerðu fjölda vinsælla laga á borð við "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", "River Deep – Mountain High", "Proud Mary" og "Nutbush City Limits". Þau hættu samstarfinu árið 1976.

Á 9. áratugnum hleypti Tina Turner af stokkunum einni best heppnuðu endurkomu tónlistarsögunnar. Árið 1984 gaf hún út metsöluplötuna Private Dancer með smellinum "What's Love Got to Do with It" sem hlaut Grammýverðlaun sem plata ársins og varð fyrsta og eina lag hennar sem náði 1. sæti á Billboard-listanum. Hún var 44 ára gömul og elsta sólótónlistarkona sem hafði náð í efsta sæti listans. Velgengni hennar hélt áfram með lögunum "Better Be Good to Me", "Private Dancer", "We Don't Need Another Hero", "Typical Male", "The Best", "I Don't Wanna Fight" og "Goldeneye". Árið 1988 hélt hún í tónleikaferðina Break Every Rule World Tour og setti heimsmet í aðsókn á tónleika með sólótónlistarmanni (180.000 áhorfendur). Hún lék í kvikmyndunum Tommy (1975), Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) og Last Action Hero (1993). Árið 1993 kom ævisögulega kvikmyndin What's Love Got to Do with It sem byggðist á ævisögu hennar, I, Tina: My Life Story út. Árið 2009 dró hún sig í hlé eftir tónleikaröðina Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour sem er 15. söluhæsta tónleikaröð 21. aldar. Árið 2018 var söngvamyndin Tina gerð um hana.

Tina Turner seldi yfir 100 milljón plötur um allan heim. Hún var einn af söluhæstu tónlistarmönnum allra tíma. Hún hlaut 12 sinnum Grammýverðlaun, þar á meðal átta samkeppnisverðlaun, þrjú heiðursverðlaun og Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Hún var fyrsti svarti listamaðurinn og fyrsta konan sem birtist á forsíðu tímaritsins Rolling Stone. Tímaritið setti hana á lista yfir 100 mestu tónlistarmenn allra tíma og 100 mestu söngvara allra tíma.

Hún á stjörnu á Hollywood Walk of Fame og St. Louis Walk of Fame og var tvisvar tekin inn í Frægðarhöll rokksins, fyrst með Ike Turner árið 1991 og sem sólólistakona árið 2021. Hún fékk heiðursverðlaun Kennedy Center og Women of the Year-verðlaunin.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískar söngkonur
Bandarískir leikarar
Bandarískir lagahöfundar

Tina Turner


Brandisia, biljni rod čija je porodična pripadnost još nije točno utvrđena, moguće da pripada u Orobanchaceae ili Paulowniaceae ili Scrophulariaceae. Rod je sa svojih 9 vrsta (grmovi, povremeno parazitski) raširen po planinskom području suptropske istočne Azije; od toga osam vrsta u Kini.

Vrste
 Brandisia annamitica Bonati
 Brandisia cauliflora P.C.Tsoong & L.T.Lu
 Brandisia discolor Hook.f. & Thomson
 Brandisia glabrescens Rehder
 Brandisia hancei Hook.f.
 Brandisia kwangsiensis H.L.Li
 Brandisia racemosa Hemsl.
 Brandisia rosea W.W.Sm.
 Brandisia swinglei Merr.

Izvori

Volovotkovke

Brandisia


Das Gebiet Höchsten ist ein mit Verordnung vom 19. April 1938 ausgewiesenes Landschaftsschutzgebiet im Bereich der baden-württembergischen Gemeinden Deggenhausertal im Bodenseekreis (LSG-Nummer 4.35.032, sieben Hektar) und Illmensee im Landkreis Sigmaringen (LSG-Nummer 4.37.025, vierzehn Hektar) in Deutschland.

Lage
Das zusammenhängende Gebiet ist insgesamt 21 Hektar groß und gehört naturräumlich zum Linzgau. Es erstreckt sich auf einer Länge von etwa einem Kilometer zwischen den Weilern Raubacker im Südosten, Lehen im Nordwesten und Glashütten im Norden, auf einer Höhe von rund .

Der namengebende Berg Höchsten, dessen höchster Punkt einige Meter nördlich liegt, ist mit  die höchste Erhebung im Linzgau und die höchste nicht zur Schwäbischen Alb gehörende Erhebung im Landkreis Sigmaringen. Über den Höchsten verläuft die Rhein-Donau-Wasserscheide, die ein Teil der europäischen Hauptwasserscheide ist.

Schutzzweck
Wesentlicher Schutzzweck ist die Erhaltung eines die Landschaft bestimmenden Höhenzugs mit hervorragender Aussicht.

Flora und Fauna

Flora
Der Höchsten ist im Alpenvorland eine der wenigen Erhebungen der Würmeiszeit, die nicht vollständig von Gletschern überdeckt waren. Auch deshalb haben noch Reste alpiner Vegetation überlebt. Durch die Kulturlandschaft Oberschwabens und deren landwirtschaftliche Bewirtschaftung wurden diese bis auf zum Teil wenige Quadratmeter zurückgedrängt.

Siehe auch
 Siehe auch → Liste der Schutzgebiete im Bodenseekreis

Weblinks
 Verordnung, Datenauswertebogen und Karte im  (Landkreis Sigmaringen)
 Verordnung, Datenauswertebogen und Karte im  (Bodenseekreis)

Einzelnachweise

Landschaftsschutzgebiet im Bodenseekreis
Schutzgebiet in Deggenhausertal
Schutzgebiet in Illmensee
Landschaftsschutzgebiet im Landkreis Sigmaringen
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa

Höchsten (Landschaftsschutzgebiet)


හස්ති පක්ෂියා  අභාවයට ගිය පියාඹීමට නොහැකි කුරුල්ලෙකු විය.මෙම පක්ෂීන් ගේ ජන්ම භුමිය මැඩකස්කර් දූපත්විය..

විස්තරය

17 වන සියවස දක්වා මෙම පක්ෂින් මැඩකස්කරයේ විසූ බව දැක්වේ.ප්‍රංශ ජාතික ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙකු වූ එටිනේ ද ෆ්ලැකෝ(ර්)ට් නම් ගේ වර්ථාවල මෙම වීශාල කුරුල්ලා පිළිබද විස්තර ඇතුලත් වේ.එසේම සුප්‍රකට දේශ ගවේශක මාර්කෝ පෝලෝ ගේ දේශාටන වාර්ථාවලද  මෙම පක්ෂියා පිළිබද විස්තර ඇතුලත්ය.මෙම පක්ෂියා මීටර් 3 පමණ උසින් ද කිලෝ ග්‍රෑම් 400 kg පමණ බරින්ද යුක්තවී ඇත. මෙම පක්ෂියාගේ බිත්තරයක පරිධිය මීටරයකට වඩා තරමක් වැඩිය.බිත්තරයක දිග සෙන්ටි මීටර 34 කි..  සමාන්‍ය කුකුළ් බිත්තරයකට වඩා 160 ගුණයකින් මෙම බිත්තරය විශාල විය.

ආහාර
මොවුන් බොහෝවිට තාල වර්ගයට අයත් ශාක ඵල ආහාරයට ගෙන ඇත.සර්පයින් පළතුරු ආදී ආහාර වර්ග ඔවුන්ගේ ආහාර වන්නට ඇතිබව විශ්වාස තරයි.

ජෛව භූගෝල විද්‍යාව

හස්ථි පක්ෂියාද පැස්බර කිවි වැනි පක්ෂීන් මෙන් පියාඹීමට නොහැකි කුරුල්ලෙකි., මොවුත් කුරුලුලොවේ දැවැන්තයන් ලෙස අතීතයේ වාසය කරඇත. මීට වසර මිලියන 85 කට පෙර මොවුන් පැස්බරුන් හා සමගාමීව වාසය කරඇත.  කෙසේ වෙතත් පැස්බරා හා හස්ථි පක්ෂියාගේ ජානවල සමානකමත් මෙතෙක් සොයාගෙන නැත.

හස්ථි පක්ෂියාට අයත් යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරෙන බිත්තර කැනරි දූපත් වලින් සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම දූපත් ඍජුව අප්‍රිකානු මහද්වීපයට සම්භන්ධවී නැත.මොවුන් මුහුදු මට්ටමින් එතරම් උසින් අඩු වෙරළාසන්න භූමින්හි සැරිසරා ඇත.අප්‍රිකාව මැඩගස්කර් දූපත් ආශ්‍රිතව වෙරළාසන්න පෙදෙස්වල පමණක් මොවුන්ගේ ෆොසිල හමුවී ඇත.

අභාවය
හස්ථි පක්ෂියා මිහිතලයෙන් සදහටම සමු ගැනීම කෙරේ ඍජුවම මානව ක්‍රියාකාරකම් බලපා ඇතිබව සත්ව විද්‍යාඥයන් පෙන්වා දෙයි.අතීතයේ මැඩගස්කර් දූපතේ උතුරු මෙන්ම දකුණු දිග කලාපයේද ව්‍යාප්තව පැවතිණ. හස්ථි පක්ෂීන් ඉතා දරුණු ලෙස මිනිස් දඩයම්කරුවන්ගේ ගොදුරු බවට පත්වී ඇත.මෙම පක්ෂි බිත්තරද මිනිසා විසින් විනාශ කරන්නට ඇත.හස්ථි පක්ෂීන්ට අයත් යැයි සැළකෙන බත්තර පිළිස්සී තිබීම මගින් ඒබව සනාථ වෙයි.මෙම බිත්තර මිනිසුන් විසින් ආහාරයට ගෙන ඇත.,

මානව ක්‍රියාකරකම් වලට අමතරව අප්‍රිකානු කලාපයේ පැතිරගිය වසංගත රෝගයන්ට ගොදුරුවීම නිසාද මොවුන් විනාශවී ඇත.ඇතැම් පක්ෂි ෆොසිල අධ්‍යනයේදී වසංගත රෝග නිසා මියගිය පක්ෂී ෆොසිල බහුලව සොයාගෙන ඇත.මෙවැනි වසංගත හස්ථි පක්ෂීන්ටද පැතිර යන්නට ඇතැයි සිතිය හැක.

නම්

ඉංග්‍රීසි
Aepyornis maximus  යන විද්‍යාත්මක නාමයෙන් හඳුන්වන හස්ථි පක්ෂියා ඉංග්‍රීස් බසින් 'elephant bird', යන නමින් හඳුන්වයි.මෙම නාමය දේශ ගවේශක මාකො පොලෝ විසින් හඳුන්වාදුන් වදනකි.ඇතකු වැනි විශාල කුරුල්ලකු දුටු බව ඔහු ලියා ඇත.  අතීත දේශ ගවේශකයන්ගේ සටහන් අනුව මෙම පක්ෂියාගේ බිත්තර මැඩගස්කර් දූපත් අසල දී හමුවී ඇත.

බිත්තර

Occasionally the subfossilized eggs are found intact. The National Geographic Society in Washington holds a specimen of an Aepyornis egg which was given to Luis Marden in 1967.  The specimen is intact and contains the skeleton of the unborn bird. The Denver Museum of Nature and Science (Denver, Colorado) holds two intact eggs, one of which is currently on display. Another giant Aepyornis egg is on display at the Harvard Museum of Natural History in Cambridge, MA. A cast of the egg is preserved at the Grant Museum of Zoology at London University.

David Attenborough owns an almost complete eggshell, dating from 6-700 CE, which he pieced together from fragments that were given to him while making his 1961 BBC series Zoo Quest to Madagascar. In March 2011, the BBC aired the 60 min. documentary Attenborough and the Giant Egg, presented by Attenborough, about his personal scientific quest to discover the secrets of the elephant bird and its egg.

There is also an intact specimen of an elephant bird's egg (contrasted with the eggs from other bird species, including a hummingbird's) on display at the Delaware Museum of Natural History, just outside Wilmington, Delaware, USA, and another in the Natural History Museum, London, England.

The Melbourne Museum in ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව has two Aepyornis eggs. The first was acquired for 100 pounds by Professor Frederick McCoy in June 1862, and is an intact example. In 1950 it was subjected to radiological examination, which revealed no traces of embryonic material. A second, side-blown Aepyornis egg was acquired at a later date.

කලාව හා සාහිත්‍ය

The Rukh is  known from Sindbad the Sailor's encounter with one in "One Thousand and One Nights". Some scholars think the Roc is a distorted account of the Aepyornis. Historical evidence for this can be found in Megiser (1623).
 H.G. Wells wrote a short story entitled "Aepyornis Island" (1894) about the bird. It was first collected in The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents (1895).
 Wildlife artist Walton Ford created a painting called "Madagascar" about the Elephant Bird in 2002.

මේවාත් බලන්න

සටහන්

යොමුව

බාහිර යොමු
 Aristotle.net
 Delaware Museum of Natural History
 Digimorph.org
 Fossil Aepyornithidae
 Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents
 University of Sheffield
  Vorompatra info
 Fossilised egg gives clue to fate of ancient birds The Independent

Bird extinctions since 1500
Extinct flightless birds
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Malagasy region
Prehistoric birds
Ratites
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Holocene extinctions
Pleistocene birds
Megafauna

හස්ති පක්‍ෂියා


සමනලුන් යනු ලෙපිඩොප්ටෙරා අනුපිළිවෙලෙහි මැක්‍රොලෙපිඩොප්ටෙරාන් ක්ලේඩ් රොපලෝසෙරා හි කෘමීන් වන අතර එයට සලබයන් ද ඇතුළත් වේ. වැඩිහිටි සමනලුන්ට විශාල, බොහෝ විට දීප්තිමත් වර්ණ සහිත පියාපත් සහ කැපී පෙනෙන, පියාසර ක්‍රමයක් ඇත. කණ්ඩායම සමන්විත වන්නේ විශාල සුපිරි පවුලක් වන පැපිලියොනොයිඩියා කාණ්ඩයටයි; එහි අවම වශයෙන් එක් හිටපු කණ්ඩායමක් වන නායකයින් (කලින් සුපිරි පවුල "Hesperioidea") අඩංගු වන අතර නවතම විශ්ලේෂණයන් යෝජනා කරන්නේ එහි සලබයා-සමනලුන් (කලින් සුපිරි පවුල "Hedyloidea") ද අඩංගු වන බවයි. සමනල පොසිල වසර මිලියන 56කට පමණ පෙර පැලියෝසීන් යුගයට අයත් වේ.

Butterflies have a four-stage life cycle, as like most insects they undergo complete metamorphosis. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. When metamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs out, and after its wings have expanded and dried, it flies off. Some butterflies, especially in the tropics, have several generations in a year, while others have a single generation, and a few in cold locations may take several years to pass through their entire life cycle.

Butterflies are often polymorphic, and many species make use of camouflage, mimicry, and aposematism to evade their predators. Some, like the monarch and the painted lady, migrate over long distances. Many butterflies are attacked by parasites or parasitoids, including wasps, protozoans, flies, and other invertebrates, or are preyed upon by other organisms. Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; other species are agents of pollination of some plants. Larvae of a few butterflies (e.g., harvesters) eat harmful insects, and a few are predators of ants, while others live as mutualists in association with ants. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the  visual and literary arts. The Smithsonian Institution says "butterflies are certainly one of the most appealing creatures in nature".

Etymology

The Oxford English Dictionary derives the word straightforwardly from Old English butorflēoge, butter-fly; similar names in Old Dutch and Old High German show that the name is ancient, but modern Dutch and German use different words (vlinder and Schmetterling) and the common name often varies substantially between otherwise closely-related languages. A possible source of the name is the bright yellow male of the brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni); another is that butterflies were on the wing in meadows during the spring and summer butter season while the grass was growing.

Paleontology

The earliest Lepidoptera fossils date to the Triassic-Jurassic  boundary, around 200 million years ago. Butterflies evolved from moths, so while the butterflies are monophyletic (forming a single clade), the moths are not. The oldest known butterfly is Protocoeliades kristenseni from the Palaeocene aged Fur Formation of Denmark, approximately 55 million years old, which belongs to the family Hesperiidae (skippers). Molecular clock estimates suggest that butterflies originated sometime in the mid-Cretaceous, but only significantly diversified during the Cenozoic. The oldest American butterfly is the Late Eocene Prodryas persephone from the Florissant Fossil Beds, approximately 34 million years old.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Traditionally, butterflies have been divided into the superfamily Papilionoidea excluding the smaller groups of the Hesperiidae (skippers) and the more moth-like Hedylidae of America. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the traditional Papilionoidea is paraphyletic with respect to the other two groups, so they should both be included within Papilionoidea, to form a single butterfly group, thereby synonymous with the clade Rhopalocera.

Biology

General description

Butterfly adults are characterized by their four scale-covered wings, which give the Lepidoptera their name (Ancient Greek λεπίς lepís, scale + πτερόν pterón, wing). These scales give butterfly wings their colour: they are pigmented with melanins that give them blacks and browns, as well as uric acid derivatives and flavones that give them yellows, but many of the blues, greens, reds and iridescent colours are created by structural coloration produced by the micro-structures of the scales and hairs.

As in all insects, the body is divided into three sections: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax is composed of three segments, each with a pair of legs. In most families of butterfly the antennae are clubbed, unlike those of moths which may be threadlike or feathery. The long proboscis can be coiled when not in use for sipping nectar from flowers.

Nearly all butterflies are diurnal, have relatively bright colours, and hold their wings vertically above their bodies when at rest, unlike the majority of moths which fly by night, are often cryptically coloured (well camouflaged), and either hold their wings flat (touching the surface on which the moth is standing) or fold them closely over their bodies. Some day-flying moths, such as the hummingbird hawk-moth, are exceptions to these rules.

Butterfly larvae, caterpillars, have a hard (sclerotised) head with strong mandibles used for cutting their food, most often leaves. They have cylindrical bodies, with ten segments to the abdomen, generally with short prolegs on segments 3–6 and 10; the three pairs of true legs on the thorax have five segments each. Many are well camouflaged; others are aposematic with bright colours and bristly projections containing toxic chemicals obtained from their food plants. The pupa or chrysalis, unlike that of moths, is not wrapped in a cocoon.

Many butterflies are sexually dimorphic. Most butterflies have the ZW sex-determination system where females are the heterogametic sex (ZW) and males homogametic (ZZ).

Distribution and migration

Butterflies are distributed worldwide except Antarctica, totalling some 18,500 species. Of these, 775 are Nearctic; 7,700 Neotropical; 1,575 Palearctic; 3,650 Afrotropical; and 4,800 are distributed across the combined Oriental and Australian/Oceania regions. The monarch butterfly is native to the Americas, but in the nineteenth century or before, spread across the world, and is now found in Australia, New Zealand, other parts of Oceania, and the Iberian Peninsula. It is not clear how it dispersed; adults may have been blown by the wind or larvae or pupae may have been accidentally transported by humans, but the presence of suitable host plants in their new environment was a necessity for their successful establishment.

Many butterflies, such as the painted lady, monarch, and several danaine migrate for long distances. These migrations take place over a number of generations and no single individual completes the whole trip. The eastern North American population of monarchs can travel thousands of miles south-west to overwintering sites in Mexico. There is a reverse migration in the spring. It has recently been shown that the British painted lady undertakes a 9,000-mile round trip in a series of steps by up to six successive generations, from tropical Africa to the Arctic Circle — almost double the length of the famous migrations undertaken by monarch. Spectacular large-scale migrations associated with the monsoon are seen in peninsular India. Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and also using stable hydrogen isotopes.

Butterflies navigate using a time-compensated sun compass. They can see polarized light and therefore orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light near the ultraviolet spectrum appears to be particularly important. Many migratory butterflies live in semi-arid areas where breeding seasons are short. The life histories of their host plants also influence butterfly behaviour.

Life cycle

Butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain dormant in their pupal or egg stages and thereby survive winters. The Melissa Arctic (Oeneis melissa) overwinters twice as a caterpillar. Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from temperate to tropical regions with tropical regions showing a trend towards multivoltinism.

Courtship is often aerial and often involves pheromones. Butterflies then land on the ground or on a perch to mate. Copulation takes place tail-to-tail and may last from minutes to hours. Simple photoreceptor cells located at the genitals are important for this and other adult behaviours. The male passes a spermatophore to the female; to reduce sperm competition, he may cover her with his scent, or in some species such as the Apollos (Parnassius) plugs her genital opening to prevent her from mating again.

The vast majority of butterflies have a four-stage life cycle; egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis) and imago (adult). In the genera Colias, Erebia, Euchloe, and Parnassius, a small number of species are known that reproduce semi-parthenogenetically; when the female dies, a partially developed larva emerges from her abdomen.

Egg

Butterfly eggs are protected by a hard-ridged outer layer of shell, called the chorion. This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had time to fully develop. Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, called micropyles; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly eggs vary greatly in size and shape between species, but are usually upright and finely sculptured. Some species lay eggs singly, others in batches. Many females produce between one hundred and two hundred eggs.

Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special glue which hardens rapidly. As it hardens it contracts, deforming the shape of the egg. This glue is easily seen surrounding the base of every egg forming a meniscus. The nature of the glue has been little researched but in the case of Pieris brassicae, it begins as a pale yellow granular secretion containing acidophilic proteins. This is viscous and darkens when exposed to air, becoming a water-insoluble, rubbery material which soon sets solid. Butterflies in the genus Agathymus do not fix their eggs to a leaf, instead the newly laid eggs fall to the base of the plant.

Eggs are almost invariably laid on plants. Each species of butterfly has its own host plant range and while some species of butterfly are restricted to just one species of plant, others use a range of plant species, often including members of a common family. In some species, such as the great spangled fritillary, the eggs are deposited close to but not on the food plant. This most likely happens when the egg overwinters before hatching and where the host plant loses its leaves in winter, as do violets in this example.

The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies, but eggs laid close to winter, especially in temperate regions, go through a diapause (resting) stage, and the hatching may take place only in spring. Some temperate region butterflies, such as the Camberwell beauty, lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer.

Caterpillar larva

Butterfly larvae, or caterpillars, consume plant leaves and spend practically all of their time searching for and eating food. Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species are predators: Spalgis epius eats scale insects, while lycaenids such as Liphyra brassolis are myrmecophilous, eating ant larvae.

Some larvae, especially those of the Lycaenidae, form mutual associations with ants. They communicate with the ants using vibrations that are transmitted through the substrate as well as using chemical signals. The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather honeydew secretions. Large blue (Phengaris arion) caterpillars trick Myrmica ants into taking them back to the ant colony where they feed on the ant eggs and larvae in a parasitic relationship.

Caterpillars mature through a series of developmental stages known as instars. Near the end of each stage, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, mediated by the release of a series of neurohormones. During this phase, the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the softer epidermis beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle. At the end of each instar, the larva moults, the old cuticle splits and the new cuticle expands, rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar.

Caterpillars have short antennae and several simple eyes. The mouthparts are adapted for chewing with powerful mandibles and a pair of maxillae, each with a segmented palp. Adjoining these is the labium-hypopharynx which houses a tubular spinneret which is able to extrude silk. Caterpillars such as those in the genus Calpodes (family Hesperiidae) have a specialized tracheal system on the 8th segment that function as a primitive lung. Butterfly caterpillars have three pairs of true legs on the thoracic segments and up to six pairs of prolegs arising from the abdominal segments. These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that are engaged hydrostatically and help the caterpillar grip the substrate. The epidermis bears tufts of setae, the position and number of which help in identifying the species. There is also decoration in the form of hairs, wart-like protuberances, horn-like protuberances and spines. Internally, most of the body cavity is taken up by the gut, but there may also be large silk glands, and special glands which secrete distasteful or toxic substances. The developing wings are present in later stage instars and the gonads start development in the egg stage.

Pupa

When the larva is fully grown, hormones such as prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) are produced. At this point the larva stops feeding, and begins "wandering" in the quest for a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf or other concealed location. There it spins a button of silk which it uses to fasten its body to the surface and moults for a final time. While some caterpillars spin a cocoon to protect the pupa, most species do not. The naked pupa, often known as a chrysalis, usually hangs head down from the cremaster, a spiny pad at the posterior end, but in some species a silken girdle may be spun to keep the pupa in a head-up position. Most of the tissues and cells of the larva are broken down inside the pupa, as the constituent material is rebuilt into the imago. The structure of the transforming insect is visible from the exterior, with the wings folded flat on the ventral surface and the two halves of the proboscis, with the antennae and the legs between them.

The pupal transformation into a butterfly through metamorphosis has held great appeal to mankind. To transform from the miniature wings visible on the outside of the pupa into large structures usable for flight, the pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of nutrients. If one wing is surgically removed early on, the other three will grow to a larger size. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size. Several boundaries seen in the adult colour pattern are marked by changes in the expression of particular transcription factors in the early pupa.

Adult

The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips (unlike moths that have tapering or feathery antennae). The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.

Many Heliconius butterflies also use their proboscis to feed on pollen; in these species only 20% of the amino acids used in reproduction come from larval feeding, which allow them to develop more quickly as caterpillars, and gives them a longer lifespan of several months as adults.

The thorax of the butterfly is devoted to locomotion. Each of the three thoracic segments has two legs (among nymphalids, the first pair is reduced and the insects walk on four legs). The second and third segments of the thorax bear the wings. The leading edges of the forewings have thick veins to strengthen them, and the hindwings are smaller and more rounded and have fewer stiffening veins. The forewings and hindwings are not hooked together (as they are in moths) but are coordinated by the friction of their overlapping parts. The front two segments have a pair of spiracles which are used in respiration.

The abdomen consists of ten segments and contains the gut and genital organs. The front eight segments have spiracles and the terminal segment is modified for reproduction. The male has a pair of clasping organs attached to a ring structure, and during copulation, a tubular structure is extruded and inserted into the female's vagina. A spermatophore is deposited in the female, following which the sperm make their way to a seminal receptacle where they are stored for later use. In both sexes, the genitalia are adorned with various spines, teeth, scales and bristles, which act to prevent the butterfly from mating with an insect of another species. After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating its wings with hemolymph and letting them dry, during which time it is extremely vulnerable to predators.

Pattern formation
The colorful patterns on many butterfly wings tell potential predators that they are toxic. Hence, the genetic basis of wing pattern formation can illuminate both the evolution of butterflies as well as their developmental biology. The color of butterfly wings is derived from tiny structures called scales, each of which have their own pigments. In Heliconius butterflies, there are three types of scales: yellow/white, black, and red/orange/brown scales. Some mechanism of wing pattern formation are now being solved using genetic techniques. For instance, a gene called cortex determines the color of scales: deleting cortex turned black and red scales yellow. Mutations, e.g. transposon insertions of the non-coding DNA around the cortex gene can turn a black-winged butterfly into a butterfly with a yellow wing band.

Behaviour

Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from pollen, tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, decaying flesh, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies are important as pollinators for some species of plants. In general, they do not carry as much pollen load as bees, but they are capable of moving pollen over greater distances. Flower constancy has been observed for at least one species of butterfly.

Adult butterflies consume only liquids, ingested through the proboscis. They sip water from damp patches for hydration and feed on nectar from flowers, from which they obtain sugars for energy, and sodium and other minerals vital for reproduction. Several species of butterflies need more sodium than that provided by nectar and are attracted by sodium in salt; they sometimes land on people, attracted by the salt in human sweat. Some butterflies also visit dung and scavenge rotting fruit or carcasses to obtain minerals and nutrients. In many species, this mud-puddling behaviour is restricted to the males, and studies have suggested that the nutrients collected may be provided as a nuptial gift, along with the spermatophore, during mating.

In hilltopping, males of some species seek hilltops and ridge tops, which they patrol in search for females. Since it usually occurs in species with low population density, it is assumed these landscape points are used as meeting places to find mates.

Butterflies use their antennae to sense the air for wind and scents. The antennae come in various shapes and colours; the hesperiids have a pointed angle or hook to the antennae, while most other families show knobbed antennae. The antennae are richly covered with sensory organs known as sensillae. A butterfly's sense of taste is coordinated by chemoreceptors on the tarsi, or feet, which work only on contact, and are used to determine whether an egg-laying insect's offspring will be able to feed on a leaf before eggs are laid on it. Many butterflies use chemical signals, pheromones; some have specialized scent scales (androconia) or other structures (coremata or "hair pencils" in the Danaidae). Vision is well developed in butterflies and most species are sensitive to the ultraviolet spectrum. Many species show sexual dimorphism in the patterns of UV reflective patches. Colour vision may be widespread but has been demonstrated in only a few species. Some butterflies have organs of hearing and some species make stridulatory and clicking sounds.

Many species of butterfly maintain territories and actively chase other species or individuals that may stray into them. Some species will bask or perch on chosen perches. The flight styles of butterflies are often characteristic and some species have courtship flight displays. Butterflies can only fly when their temperature is above ; when it is cool, they can position themselves to expose the underside of the wings to the sunlight to heat themselves up. If their body temperature reaches , they can orientate themselves with the folded wings edgewise to the sun. Basking is an activity which is more common in the cooler hours of the morning. Some species have evolved dark wingbases to help in gathering more heat and this is especially evident in alpine forms.

As in many other insects, the lift generated by butterflies is more than can be accounted for by steady-state, non-transitory aerodynamics. Studies using Vanessa atalanta in a wind tunnel show that they use a wide variety of aerodynamic mechanisms to generate force. These include wake capture, vortices at the wing edge, rotational mechanisms and the Weis-Fogh 'clap-and-fling' mechanism. Butterflies are able to change from one mode to another rapidly.

Ecology

Parasitoids, predators, and pathogens
Butterflies are threatened in their early stages by parasitoids and in all stages by predators, diseases and environmental factors. Braconid and other parasitic wasps lay their eggs in lepidopteran eggs or larvae and the wasps' parasitoid larvae devour their hosts, usually pupating inside or outside the desiccated husk. Most wasps are very specific about their host species and some have been used as biological controls of pest butterflies like the large white butterfly. When the small cabbage white was accidentally introduced to New Zealand, it had no natural enemies. In order to control it, some pupae that had been parasitised by a chalcid wasp were imported, and natural control was thus regained. Some flies lay their eggs on the outside of caterpillars and the newly hatched fly larvae bore their way through the skin and feed in a similar way to the parasitoid wasp larvae. Predators of butterflies include ants, spiders, wasps, and birds.

Caterpillars are also affected by a range of bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, and only a small percentage of the butterfly eggs laid ever reach adulthood. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been used in sprays to reduce damage to crops by the caterpillars of the large white butterfly, and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has proved effective for the same purpose.

Endangered species
Queen Alexandra's birdwing is the largest butterfly in the world. The species is endangered, and is one of only three insects (the other two being butterflies as well) to be listed on Appendix I of CITES, making international trade illegal.

Black grass-dart butterfly (Ocybadistes knightorum) is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is endemic to New South Wales. It has a very limited distribution in the Boambee area.

Defences

Butterflies protect themselves from predators by a variety of means.

Chemical defences are widespread and are mostly based on chemicals of plant origin. In many cases the plants themselves evolved these toxic substances as protection against herbivores. Butterflies have evolved mechanisms to sequester these plant toxins and use them instead in their own defence. These defence mechanisms are effective only if they are well advertised; this has led to the evolution of bright colours in unpalatable butterflies (aposematism). This signal is commonly mimicked by other butterflies, usually only females. A Batesian mimic imitates another species to enjoy the protection of that species' aposematism. The common Mormon of India has female morphs which imitate the unpalatable red-bodied swallowtails, the common rose and the crimson rose. Müllerian mimicry occurs when aposematic species evolve to resemble each other, presumably to reduce predator sampling rates; Heliconius butterflies from the Americas are a good example.

Camouflage is found in many butterflies. Some like the oakleaf butterfly and autumn leaf are remarkable imitations of leaves. As caterpillars, many defend themselves by freezing and appearing like sticks or branches. Others have deimatic behaviours, such as rearing up and waving their front ends which are marked with eyespots as if they were snakes. Some papilionid caterpillars such as the giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) resemble bird droppings so as to be passed over by predators. Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations. Some species are myrmecophiles, forming mutualistic associations with ants and gaining their protection. Behavioural defences include perching and angling the wings to reduce shadow and avoid being conspicuous. Some female Nymphalid butterflies guard their eggs from parasitoidal wasps.

The Lycaenidae have a false head consisting of eyespots and small tails (false antennae) to deflect attack from the more vital head region. These may also cause ambush predators such as spiders to approach from the wrong end, enabling the butterflies to detect attacks promptly. Many butterflies have eyespots on the wings; these too may deflect attacks, or may serve to attract mates.

Auditory defences can also be used, which in the case of the grizzled skipper refers to vibrations generated by the butterfly upon expanding its wings in an attempt to communicate with ant predators.

Many tropical butterflies have seasonal forms for dry and wet seasons. These are switched by the hormone ecdysone. The dry-season forms are usually more cryptic, perhaps offering better camouflage when vegetation is scarce. Dark colours in wet-season forms may help to absorb solar radiation.

Butterflies without defences such as toxins or mimicry protect themselves through a flight that is more bumpy and unpredictable than in other species. It is assumed this behavior makes it more difficult for predators to catch them, and is caused by the turbulence created by the small whirlpools formed by the wings during flight.

Declining numbers
Declining butterfly populations have been noticed in many areas of the world, and this phenomenon is consistent with the rapidly decreasing insect populations around the world. At least in the Western United States, this collapse in the number of most species of butterflies has been determined to be driven by global climate change, specifically, by warmer autumns.

In culture

In art and literature

Butterflies have appeared in art from 3500 years ago in ancient Egypt. In the ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan, the brilliantly coloured image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewellery, and emblazoned on incense burners. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a jaguar, and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies with fire and warfare persisted into the Aztec civilisation; evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the Zapotec and Maya civilisations.

Butterflies are widely used in objects of art and jewellery: mounted in frames, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and used in some mixed media artworks and furnishings. The Norwegian naturalist Kjell Sandved compiled a photographic Butterfly Alphabet containing all 26 letters and the numerals 0 to 9 from the wings of butterflies.

Sir John Tenniel drew a famous illustration of Alice meeting a caterpillar for Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, c. 1865. The caterpillar is seated on a toadstool and is smoking a hookah; the image can be read as showing either the forelegs of the larva, or as suggesting a face with protruding nose and chin. Eric Carle's children's book The Very Hungry Caterpillar portrays the larva as an extraordinarily hungry animal, while also teaching children how to count (to five) and the days of the week.

A butterfly appeared in one of Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories, "The Butterfly that Stamped".

One of the most popular, and most often recorded, songs by Sweden's eighteenth-century bard, Carl Michael Bellman, is "Fjäriln vingad syns på Haga" (The butterfly wingèd is seen in Haga), one of his Fredman's Songs.

Madam Butterfly is a 1904 opera by Giacomo Puccini about a romantic young Japanese bride who is deserted by her American officer husband soon after they are married. It was based on John Luther Long's short story written in 1898.

In mythology and folklore

According to Lafcadio Hearn, a butterfly was seen in Japan as the personification of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guest room and perches behind the bamboo screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. Large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad omens. When Taira no Masakado was secretly preparing for his famous revolt, there appeared in Kyoto so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened—thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil.

Diderot's Encyclopédie cites butterflies as a symbol for the soul. A Roman sculpture depicts a butterfly exiting the mouth of a dead man, representing the Roman belief that the soul leaves through the mouth. In line with this, the ancient Greek word for "butterfly" is ψυχή (psȳchē), which primarily means "soul" or "mind". According to Mircea Eliade, some of the Nagas of Manipur claim ancestry from a butterfly. In some cultures, butterflies symbolise rebirth. The butterfly is a symbol of being transgender, because of the transformation from caterpillar to winged adult. In the English county of Devon, people once hurried to kill the first butterfly of the year, to avoid a year of bad luck. In the Philippines, a lingering black or dark butterfly or moth in the house is taken to mean an impending or recent death in the family. Several American states have chosen an official state butterfly.

Collecting, recording, and rearing

"Collecting" means preserving dead specimens, not keeping butterflies as pets. Collecting butterflies was once a popular hobby; it has now largely been replaced by photography, recording, and rearing butterflies for release into the wild. The zoological illustrator Frederick William Frohawk succeeded in rearing all the butterfly species found in Britain, at a rate of four per year, to enable him to draw every stage of each species. He published the results in the folio sized handbook The Natural History of British Butterflies in 1924.

Butterflies and moths can be reared for recreation or for release.

In technology

Study of the structural coloration of the wing scales of swallowtail butterflies has led to the development of more efficient light-emitting diodes, and is inspiring nanotechnology research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments and the development of new display technologies.

References

External links

 Papilionoidea on the Tree of Life
 Butterfly species and observations on iNaturalist

 Rhopalocera at insectoid.info

Regional lists
 North America
 Africa: Ghana
 Asia: Singapore Israel  Indo-China Sulawesi (Southeastern Sulawesi) Turkey

Articles containing video clips
Extant Lutetian first appearances
Insects in culture

සමනලයා


Scaling may refer to:

Science and technology

Mathematics and physics
 Scaling (geometry), a linear transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects
 Scale invariance, a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables are multiplied by a common factor
 Scaling law, a law that describes the scale invariance found in many natural phenomena
 The scaling of critical exponents in physics, such as Widom scaling, or scaling of the renormalization group

Computing and information technology
 Feature scaling, a method used to standardize the range of independent variables or features of data
 Image scaling, the resizing of an image
 Multidimensional scaling, a means of visualizing the level of similarity of individual cases of a dataset
 Scalability, a computer or network's ability to function as the amount of data or number of users increases
 Scaling along the Z axis, a technique used in computer graphics for a pseudo-3D effect
 Reduced scales of semiconductor device fabrication processes (the ability of a technology to scale to a smaller process)

Other uses in science and technology
 Tooth scaling, in dentistry, the removal of plaque and calculus
 Fouling, i.e., formation of a deposit layer (scale) on a solid surface, e.g., in a boiler; in particular, a kind of micro fouling as crystallization of salts
 Scaling rock, the removal of loose rock from a rock wall after blasting
  Scaling of innovations, a process that leads to widespread use of an innovation

Other uses
 Scaling, North Yorkshire, England
 Climbing
 Card throwing, known in magic circles as scaling
 Scaling fish, the removal of fish scales from the fish

See also
 Scale (disambiguation)
 Scaling function (disambiguation)
 Homogeneous function, used for scaling extensive properties in thermodynamic equations

Scaling


Makao (, ; Portekizce: Macau, ), ya da tam resmî adıyla Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Makao Özel İdari Bölgesi, Güney Çin Denizi kıyısında, İnci Nehri Deltası'nın batısında bulunan bir şehir. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'ne bağlı özel idari bölgedir ve yönetimsel ve ekonomik sistemleri, Çin anakarasındakilerden farklıdır. Yüzölçümü 28,2 km olan Makao, 667.400 kişilik nüfusuyla Dünya'da nüfusun en yoğun olduğu bölgedir.

Ming Çini 1557 yılında Makao topraklarını Portekiz İmparatorluğu'na kiraladıktan sonra Makao, Portekiz'in bir kolonisi oldu. Portekiz, 1887 yılına kadar halen Çin egemenliği altındaki bu topraklar için yıllık bir kira ödedi ve bu toprakları yönetti; 1887'de ise Portekiz, Çin ile imzaladığı bir anlaşmanın kapsamında Makao'yu daimi olarak kendi kolonisi olarak yönetme hakkını kazandı. Koloni, 1999 yılında Makao üzerindeki egemenliğin Çin'e devredilmesine kadar Portekiz yönetimi altında kaldı.

Seyrek nüfuslu bir takım ada olarak başlayan Makao artık günümüzde büyük bir tatil beldesidir ve kumar turizmi açısından Dünya'nın en popüler varış noktasıdır. Uluslararası turizm gelirinin dokuzuncu en yüksek alıcısıdır, kumar endüstrisinin değeri de Las Vegas'ın yedi katıdır. Dünya'nın en yüksek kişi başına gelirlerine sahip olmasına rağmen, ciddi oranda gelir eşitsizliği mevcuttur. Uluslararası Para Fonu'na göre Makao, kişi başına satın alma gücü paritesi açısından Katar'dan sonra ikinci sıradadır.

Makao'nun İnsani Gelişme Endeksi çok yüksektir, ancak bu Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından değil, Makao Hükûmeti tarafından hesaplanır. Makao, 2020 yılı itibarıyla Dünya'nın en yüksek dördüncü beklenen yaşam süresine sahiptir. Makao'nun toprakları neredeyse tümüyle kentleşmiş haldedir; bu kentleşmenin çoğu da ıslah edilmiş alanların üzerinde yer almıştır: Makao'nun toplam alanının üçte ikisi denizden ıslah edilmiştir.

Şehrin tarihi merkezindeki Portekiz ve Çin mimarisinin eşsiz karışımı, 2005 yılında UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi'ne girmesine yol açtı.

İsim

"Makao" ismine yapılmış ilk yazılı atıf, 20 Kasım 1555 yılında yazılmış bir mektupta yer alır; mektupta bu yerin ismi "Ya/A Ma Gang" ("亞/阿-媽/馬-港") şeklinde yazılır. Yerliler, deniz tanrıçası Mazu ("A-Ma" olarak da anılır)'nun bu limanı kutsadığı ve koruduğuna inanırlardı ve A-Ma Tapınağı civarındaki sularına onun ismini verdiler. Portekizli kaşifler bölgeye ilk kez vardıkları ve bu yerin ismini sordukları zaman, yerel insanlar, kaşiflerin tapınak hakkında sorduklarını düşünmüş ve buranın "Ma Kok" (媽閣) olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Bu yerin Portekizcedeki en erken yazılışı Amaquão şeklindeydi. Zaman geçtikçe bu isim çeşitli şekillerde yazıldı, ancak 17. yüzyıl boyunca Amacão / Amacao ve Macão / Macao, en yaygın yazılış şekilleri oldu. Portekizcenin 1911 yılı imla reformuyla bu yerin ismini Macau şeklinde yazmak standart oldu, ancak İngilizce ve diğer Avrupa dillerinde Macao şeklinde yazılmaya devam etti.

Makao Yarımadası'nın Çincede birçok farklı ismi olmuştur; ör. Jingao (井澳/鏡澳), Haojing (濠鏡) ve Haojingao (濠鏡澳). Taipa, Coloane ve Hengqin adaları toplu olarak Shizimen (十字門) ismiyle anılırdı. Zaman geçtikçe bu toprakların tümüne atfen Aomen ya da Oumun () ismi kullanılmaya başladı.

Tarih ve yönetim
1557'de Portekizlilerin bir ticaret üssü ve Çin'de misyonerlik çalışmaları merkezi olarak kurdukları Makao'nun yönetimi, 1887'de Çin hükümeti tarafından Portekiz'e bırakılıp, bu antlaşma 1979'da yenilendi. 1987'de Çin ile Portekiz arasında, Makao'nun 1999'da Çin'e geri verilmesini öngören bir antlaşma imzalandı.

1976'da büyük ölçüde özerklik tanınan, 1990'da özerkliğin sınırları yeniden genişletilen Makao, 1999'a kadar Portekiz hükûmeti tarafından atanan bir vali tarafından yönetilmekteydi.

Coğrafya ve iklim

Ekim - Aralık dönemi günlerin güneşli, ılık ve nemin çok düşük olduğu zamanlardır. Ocak - Mart dönemi ise oldukça soğuk fakat güneşlidir. İlkbaharda (Nisan'dan itibaren), nem artmaya başlar ve  yazın (Mayıs'tan Eylül'e) iklim ılıktır ve nemli yağmurlar tayfunlara sebep olur.

Yüzey şekilleri

Makao, aşağı yukarı bütünüyle kentleşmiştir ve tarıma ayrılan alanlar toplam yüzölçümün ancak %10'unu bulur. İklim tropikal, yıllık sıcaklık ortalaması 22 °C, yıllık yağış ortalaması 1.800 mm'dir.

Demografi

Makao İstatisik ve Nüfus Sayımı Servisi'nin tahminlerine göre, 2018 yılının sonu itibarıyla Makao'nun nüfusu 667.400 civarındadır. Kilometre başına 21.340 kişilik nüfus yoğunluğuyla Makao, Dünya'da nüfus yoğunluğun en yüksek olduğu bölgedir. Nüfusun büyük çoğunluğu (yüzde 88,7) Çinlilerdir; özellikle kökenleri Guangdong (yüzde 31,9) ve Fujian (yüzde 5,9) eyaletlerine dayanan kişilerin yüzde oranları yüksektir. Nüfusun diğer yüzde 11,6'sını ise başta Filipinliler (yüzde 4,6), Vietnamlılar (yüzde 2,4) ve Portekizliler (yüzde 1,8) olmak üzere Çinli olmayan etnik azınlıklar oluşturmaktadır. Makao'da doğup büyümüş birkaç bin sakinin karışık Portekiz soyu vardır; kökenleri karışık olan bu yerliler, kendi başına "Makaolu" (Çince: 土生葡人; Portekizce: macaense) diye bir etnik grubun üyeleri olarak görülür. Göçmenler haricinde toplam nüfusun yüzde 49,4'ü Makao doğumlu, yüzde 43,1'i ise Çin anakarasında doğmuştur. Koloni döneminin bir mirası olarak, nüfusun büyük bir bölümü Portekiz vatandaşlığına sahiptir; 1999 yılında Makao üzerinde egemenlik Çin'e devredildiği zaman, Makao'nun 107.000 sakini Portekiz pasaportu sahibi idi.

Makao sakinlerinin çoğu tarafından konuşulan dil, Guangdong eyaletinden kaynaklanan bir Çin dili olan Kantoncadır. Kantonca, nüfusun  yüzde 87,5'i tarafından konuşulur; yüzde 80,1 bunu anadil, yüzde 7,5 ise bunu ikinci dil olarak konuşur. Makao'nun öteki resmî dili olan Portekizce, nüfusun sadece yüzde 2,3'ü tarafından konuşulur; yüzde 0,7 bunu anadil, yüzde 1,6 ise bunu ikinci dil olarak konuşur. Son senelerde Çin anakarasından gelen göçmenlerin artışıyla, Putonghua konuşanların sayısı da artmıştır; bunlar, nüfusun yaklaşık yarısını oluşturmaktadır; yüzde 5,5 bunu anadil, yüzde 44,9 ise bunu ikinci dil olarak konuşmaktadır. Çin anakarasında kullanılan basitleştirilmiş Çince karakterlerden farklı olarak, Makao'da yazı yazarken geleneksel Çince karakterler kullanılır. İngilizce ek bir ortak dil olarak görülür ve nüfusun bir çeyreğinden fazlası (yüzde 27,5) tarafından konuşulur; yüzde 2,8 bunu anadil, yüzde 24,7 ise bunu ikinci dil olarak konuşur. Makao'da Portekizcenin temelinden ortaya çıkmış yerel kreol dili olan Makao Kreolü (patuá ismiyle de bilinir), günümüzde ancak sadece Makaolu topluluğunun yaşlı nesline ait birkaç insan tarafından halen konuşulmaktadır.

Çin geleneksel dinlerinin en çok mensubu var (yüzde 58,9); bunun ardından en çok yaygın dini inançlar Budizm (yüzde 17,3) ve Hristiyanlık (yüzde 7,2)tır. Nüfusun yüzde 15,4'ünün dini inancı yoktur. Makao'da Hinduizm, Yahudilik ve İslam gibi diğer dinlere mensup olan bireyler (yüzde 1'den az) de yaşamaktadır.

Makao, Dünya'nın en yüksek dördüncü beklenen yaşam süresine sahiptir: 2018 yılı itibarıyla erkeklerin beklenen yaşam süresi 81,6 yıl, kadınlarınki ise 87,7 yıldır. Makao'daki önde gelen üç ölüm nedeni kanser, kalp hastalığı ve solunum hastalığıdır. Hükûmetin sağladığı sağlık hizmetlerinin çoğu ücretsizdir, ancak alternatif tedaviler de büyük oranda sübvanse edilir.

Makao'da yaşayan göçmen işçiler, Makao işgücünün yüzde 25'inden fazlasını oluşturmaktadır. Bunlar çoğunlukla inşaat, otel ve restoran gibi düşük ücretli sektörlerde çalışmaktadır. Oyun endüstrisinde çalışan yerel sakinlerinin oranının çoğalmasıyla, yerel ile göçmen işçilerin arasındaki gelir eşitsizliği de artmıştır. Ayrıca yaşam ücretlerinin artması nedeniyle, Makao sakini olmayan işçilerin büyük bir kısmı Zhuhai'da yaşamaya başlamıştır.

Ekonomi
Ekonominin başlıca kesimi olan sanayide, başlıca kollar arasında dokuma sanayisi, oyuncak yapımı, elektronik gereçler yapımı, yapay çiçek sanayisi vb. sayılabilir. Turizm ve kumarhaneler (yakındaki Hong Kong ile Çin anakarasında kumar yasaktır) önemli ek gelir kaynakları oluşturur: Yılda 5 milyonu aşkın turist ziyaret eder.

Besin açısından Makao, büyük ölçüde Çin ve Hongkong'dan yapılan dışalıma bağımlıdır; ama dış satımın yüksekliği sayesinde, dış ticaret bilançosu olumludur.

Altyapıyı geliştirmek için birçok tasarı uygulamaya konmuştur.

Kardeş şehirler
  Lizbon Portekiz
  Porto Portekiz
  Brüksel Belçika
  São Paulo Brezilya
  Danang Vietnam
  Luanda Angola
  Coimbra Portekiz
  Linköping İsveç

Ayrıca bakınız

 Makao Portekizcesi
 Makao Tarihi Merkezi

Dipnot

Referans ve kaynaklar

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya

Basılı kaynaklar

Akademik yayınlar

Mevzuat ve içtihat

Kurumsal raporlar

Gazete makaleleri

Çin'in özel idarî bölgeleri
Çin'deki şehirler
Çin'deki liman kentleri
1999'da kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler
Şehir devletleri
Portekizce konuşan bölgeler ve ülkeler

Makao


بيتتشا مدينة في شمال غرب سلوفاكيا وتتبع إقليم جيلينا.

أعلام

 جوزيف تيسو

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1946
قلاع في سلوفاكيا
مدن سلوفاكيا
تأسيسات سنة 1946 في تشيكوسلوفاكيا
جغرافيا إقليم جيلينا

بيتتشا


Stieghorst, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bielefeld kentine bağlı idari bölge. Nüfusu, 31 Ocak 2005 itibarıyla 31.871'dir. Yüzölçümü 27,87 km²'dir.

Bielefeld'in ilçe ve semtleri

Stieghorst


Hacıbey, Çorum - Çorum ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hacıbey, Kastamonu - Kastamonu ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Hacıbey


Lourenço Franco da Rocha (1713, Matto Grosso de Jundiahy (atual Atibaia) — 1771, Parnahyba), foi um bandeirante paulista. É considerado o fundador de Campo Largo de Atybaia, atualmente correspondente ao município de Jarinu. Era filho do bandeirante Bartolomeu da Rocha Pimentel e Ursula Franco de Oliveira, era trineto de Amador Bueno por parte materna.

Nascidos em 1713
Naturais de Atibaia
Mortos em 1771
Sertanistas
Bandeirantes (sertanistas)
História do estado de São Paulo

Lourenço Franco da Rocha


Le championnat du Royaume-Uni 2022 est un tournoi de snooker classé comptant pour la saison 2022-2023. L'épreuve se tient du  au  au Barbican Center de York, en Angleterre. Elle est organisée par la WPBSA et parrainée par le concessionnaire automobile britannique Cazoo.

Déroulement

Contexte avant le tournoi
Ce tournoi se présente comme la première épreuve de la Triple Couronne (Triple Crown en anglais), un ensemble de trois tournois britanniques universellement reconnus comme étant les plus prestigieux dans le snooker. Les autres tournois constituant la Triple Couronne sont les Masters et le Championnat du monde, qui se dérouleront respectivement en janvier et avril 2023. Les joueurs qui ont remporté au moins une fois ces trois tournois arborent une couronne dorée brodée sur leur veston.

Un changement important a été apporté au format du tournoi. Habituellement, il s'agissait d'un tableau inversé, c'est-à-dire que le  mondial affrontait le  mondial et ainsi de suite. Le premier tour n'était jamais télévisé. Afin de garantir que les joueurs membres du top 16 mondial accèdent au stade des matchs télévisés, le format s'est aligné sur celui du Championnat du monde. De ce fait, les seize premiers au classement mondial sont qualifiés directement pour le tableau final. Les seize places restantes sont attribuées après des phases de qualification disputées en quatre tours. Le dirigeant de World Snooker, Steve Dawson, indique que cet alignement de format va permettre de renforcer le caractère événementiel de ce tournoi, le deuxième plus important au calendrier après le Championnat du monde.

Zhao Xintong est le tenant du titre, il avait remporté son premier tournoi de la Triple Couronne l'année passée 10-5 face à Luca Brecel.

Faits marquants
A l'âge de 60 ans et 30 années après son sacre en 1992, Jimmy White réussit l'exploit de se qualifier pour les phases finales du tournoi. Il éliminé Victor Sarkis et Mitchell Mann sans concéder la moindre manche, puis se défait de Stephen Maguire et de Dominic Dale.

Ronnie O'Sullivan remporte son match des  de finales en à peine une heure et vingt-trois minutes de jeu face à Zhou Yuelong, sur le score de 6 manches à 0. O'Sullivan déplore que les autres joueurs ne parviennent pas à donner leur maximum face à lui. Il considère même que son niveau est mauvais, mais qu'il reste meilleur que le mauvais niveau de ses adversaires. Il est à son tour battu 6 manches à 0 par Ding Junhui en quarts de finale ; il s'agit de la première fois que l'anglais ne remporte aucune manche dans un match d'un tournoi de la Triple Couronne.

Jack Lisowski atteint les demi-finales en écartant aisément Shaun Murphy à l'aide de quatre centuries consécutifs, égalant ainsi ce record. Il est battu par Mark Allen sur la dernière bille noire, alors qu'il menait 5 manches à 3.

La finale voit s'opposer Ding Junhui qui est en quête de son quatrième titre –après ceux de 2005, 2009 et 2019–, à Mark Allen qui tente de s'imposer pour la première fois après des échecs en 2011 et 2018. Ding domine la première session et mène 6 manches à 2 à son issue. Allen remporte ensuite sept manches consécutives pour s'imposer 10-7. Cette victoire, sa deuxième dans un tournoi de la Triple Couronne, marque son retour dans le top 5 mondial.

Dotation
La dotation totale a été augmentée de  à  à la suite du changement de format du tournoi. La répartition des prix est la suivante :
 Vainqueur :
 Finaliste :
 Demi-finalistes :
 Quart de finalistes :
  de finalistes :
  de finalistes :
  tour de qualification :
  tour de qualification :
  tour de qualification :
 Meilleur break :
Dotation totale :

Tableau

Finale

Qualifications
 participent aux quatre tours de qualifications à l'issue desquels il n'en reste que 16 qui disputeront le tournoi principal au Barbican Center de York. Les qualifications se déroulent du 5 au  à Ponds Forge à Sheffield.

Le tournoi de qualification est tenu selon le même format que pour le Championnat du monde. Les joueurs entrent dans la compétition de façon échelonnée :
 : 32 têtes de séries (65 à 96) dont les classements mondiaux vont de la  à  place sont opposées à 32 autres joueurs invités, amateurs et professionnels moins bien classés ;
 : les  qualifiés du tour précédent affrontent  classés entre les  et  places (têtes de séries 33 à 64) ;
 : les  qualifiés du tour précédent affrontent  classés entre les  et  places (têtes de séries 1 à 32) ;
 : il oppose les 32 rescapés du . Les 16 vainqueurs sont qualifiés pour le tournoi principal.

Toutes les rencontres se jouent au meilleur des 11 manches.

Centuries

Tableau principal

 137, 107, 103, 102  Ronnie O'Sullivan
 135, 131, 126, 122, 118, 105, 105, 102  Ding Junhui
 133, 111, 110, 104, 100  Shaun Murphy
 132, 115, 113, 109, 108, 105, 105  Mark Allen
 130, 104, 104, 103, 103  Sam Craigie
 129, 100  Mark Selby
 128  Zhou Yuelong
 127, 123, 105, 101, 100  Jack Lisowski
 127, 112, 105  Ryan Day
 124  Luca Brecel
 119, 111  Hossein Vafaei
 118  Xiao Guodong
 103, 102  Stuart Bingham
 103, 101  Kyren Wilson
 103, 100  Tom Ford
 102, 101  Joe Perry

Qualifications

 144  Cao Yupeng
 140, 112  Matthew Selt
 140  Li Hang
 135, 116  Ashley Hugill
 135  Chen Zifan
 134, 108  Andy Hicks
 134, 103  Dylan Emery
 134, 102  Joe Perry
 132, 120  Yuan Sijun
 130  Ali Carter
 129, 124, 108, 106, 103  Marco Fu
 129, 121, 104, 100  Sam Craigie
 129  Jak Jones
 127  Zak Surety
 127, 111  Hossein Vafaei
 126, 109  Matthew Stevens
 126, 105  Thepchaiya Un-Nooh
 124  Fan Zhengyi
 123, 120  Ding Junhui
 123, 113  Fraser Patrick
 123  Peter Lines
 122  Jordan Brown
 121  Dominic Dale
 121  Pang Junxu
 120  Robbie Williams
 119, 107  Michael White
 117, 101, 100  Zhou Yuelong
 117  Jamie Clarke
 116  Andy Lee
 116  Si Jiahui
 113  Julien Leclercq
 113  Wu Yize
 112, 109, 106  Duane Jones
 112  Xu Si
 111  Anthony Hamilton
 109, 101  David Lilley
 108, 102  Tom Ford
 108, 100  Stephen Maguire
 106  David Gilbert
 106, 102  Lyu Haotian
 106  Ross Muir
 103  Alfie Burden
 103  Andres Petrov
 103  Jimmy White
 102  Mark Joyce
 101  Ryan Davies
 100  Tian Pengfei

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Articles connexes
 Championnat du Royaume-Uni
 Championnat du Royaume-Uni 2021
 Snooker
 Glossaire du billard
 Classement mondial de snooker

2022
Snooker en Angleterre en 2022

Championnat du Royaume-Uni de snooker 2022