تقييم التأثير البيئي  هو عملية تقييم الآثار المحتملة (سلبية كانت أم إيجابية) لمشروع مقترح على البيئة الطبيعية. الهدف من هذه العملية هو إعطاء متخذي القرار وسيلة لإقرار الاستمرار في المشروع أو إيقافه.

تعريفات متداولة

يُعرف الأثر البيئي على أنه تغيير طبيعي أو كيميائي أو بيولوجي أو ثقافي أو اجتماعي اقتصادي على النظام البيئي نتيجة للأنشطة الخاصة بالمشروع.
أما تقييم الأثر البيئي فهو عبارة عن تدريب على ما سينفذ قبل أي مشروع أو للأنشطة الرئيسية أو لما سيتم التعهد به للتأكيد على أنه لا يمكن بأي وسيلة الإضرار بالبيئة على المدى القصير أو الطويل. لذلك فهو العملية التي يتم من خلالها التنبؤ ووصف التأثيرات البيئية الناتجة عن أحد النشاطات.
 عرّفته  الرابطة الدولية لتقييم الأثر البيئي (IAIA) على أنه:
«هو عملية تحديد، تنبؤ، تقييم، وتخفيف الآثار البيوفيزيائية والاجتماعية، وجميع التأثيرات الناتجة من مقترحات التطوير التي يجري اتخاذها قبل اتخاذ القرارات الكبرى والالتزامات.»

البداية
بدأ استخدام تقييم الأثر البيئي (EIA) في عام 1960م في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وأخذ التقييم الطابع الرسمي في عام 1969م. مُنذُ ذلك الحين واستخدام تقييم الأثر البيئي (EIA) في ازدياد حول العالم.

أهداف تقييم الأثر البيئي
 تعديل وتحسين تصميمات المشروعات
 تأكيد الاستخدام الأمثل للموارد
 تحسين الأثر الاجتماعي للمشروعات
 تحديد، قياس التأثيرات الرئيسية للمشروع والتقليل منها
 اعلام منفذي اتخاذ القرارات وتقييم الوضع
 منع حدوث أي ضرر لارجعة فيه للبيئة

الإجراءات العامة لتقييم الأثر البيئي
 الفحص الأول ؛ وهو التأكد من الآثار البيئية المطلوب تقييمها للمشروع وذلك لتصنيفها طبقاً لنظام القوائم (القائمة البيضاء، القائمة الرمادية، القائمة السوداء)
 الوضع الراهن ؛ يُعتبر وصف البيئة من الخطوات الهامة لتحديد الوضع الراهن ويشمل وصف شامل للبيئة المحيطة بالمشروع ابتداءً من البيئة الطبيعية وتشمل الهواء، مصادر المياه، التربة، الأحوال الجوية...إلخ. كذلك البيئة الحيوية من نباتات وحيوانات.
 دراسة النشاط ؛ تساعد دراسة النطاق (مجال النشاط) على تحديد حدود دراسة تقييم الأثر البيئي، وكذلك المعلومات اللازمة لتحديد العوامل والآثار الهامة موضع الاهتمام.ولذلك فهي تشمل: النظر في البدائل المتاحة، تحديد حدود دراسة الأثر البيئي، تحديد الآثار البيئية لإمكانية تقييمها، تُعتبر دراسة البدائل المتاحة من أول الخطوات
 تحديد وتقييم الأثر البيئي ؛ تحديد التأثيرات البيئية «إيجابية أو سلبية» وتحليل هذه التأثيرات من أجل الوصول إلى أهم التأثيرات البيئية ومدى تأثيرها على بيئة العمل والبيئة المحيطة. كما يجب الوضع في الاعتبار التأثيرات طويلة المدى وقصيرة المدى والتأثيرات المباشرة وغير المباشرة والمخاطر المحتملة.
 التنبؤ والتخفيف من الأثر البيئي ؛ رصد تقييم الآثار البيئية هو الجمع المخطط والمنهجي لبيانات البيئة من أجل الوفاء بأهداف واحتياجات بيئية محددة.
 الإدارة والمراقبة .
 المراجعة والتقرير ؛ كتابة التقرير النهائي له فوائد كثيرة حيث أنه يساعد مقدم المشروع على التخطيط، ويساعد صانعي القرار على اتخاذ قرارهم، ويُساعد الجمهور على الفهم.

عملية تقييم التأثيرات البيئية
 معلومات تقنية، علمية، هيكل وأداء للبيئة.
 بيانات عن الميزات الاقتصادية والتكنولوجية للمشاريع.
 التنبؤ عن سلوك البيئة والتفاعل بين المشروع والعناصر البيئية.
 الإجراءات التقنية والإدارية.
 مشاركة السكان المختصين في صنع القرار.
 موجز ومقارنة بين تكلفة المشروع، تأثيراته، فوائدة المباشرة وغير المباشرة.

تقييم التأثيرات البيئية ينبغي أن تأخذ بعين الأعتبار النتائج المباشرة أو غير المباشرة، القصيرة أو الطويلة الأمد، الدائمة أو المؤقتة، الفرادى أو التراكمي.

تقييم التأثيرات البيئية ينبغي أن تأخذ بعين الأعتبار العوامل التالية، بما فيها الأرتباط بينهم:
 البشر، والحيوانات والنباتات.
 التربة، والماء، والهواء، والعوامل المناخية والمناظر الطبيعية.
 الملكية والتراث الثقافي.

ومن الواضح أن مقارنة القيمة الأقتصادية لمشروع معين مع الضرر الذي ينتج عنه، هي مسالة حساسة للغاية. على سبيل المثال، في تقييم التأثيرات البيئية لنشاط ملوث للغاية، ينبغي ان يُعطى قيمة اقتصادية لفرص العمل ومقارنتها مع القيمة التي تُعطى لمكافحة زيادة الأمراض الناتجة من ذلك التلوث.

فوائد تقييم الأثر البيئي
 تخطيط وتصميم المشروع البيئي؛ تصميم المشروع بشكل جيد يمكن أن يقلل المخاطر والتأثير على البيئة والناس، وبهذه الطريقة يمكن تجنب التكلفة المرتبطة بالمشروع وإصلاح المعالجة أو تعويض الخسائر.
 التأكد من الخضوع (الإذعان) للمعايير البيئية؛ الخضوع للمعايير البيئية يقلل الإضرار بالبيئة وإرباك المجتمعات.
 توفير رأس المال وترشيد النفقات؛ تقييم الأثر البيئي يمكن أن يتجنب التكلفة غير المنتظرة وغير الضرورية للآثار البيئية
 اختصار الوقت والتكلفة للتصديق على تطبيق التطوير؛ كل التأثيرات البيئية يجب أن توضع في الاعتبار بشكل مناسب قبل التصديق على المشروع. ومن ثم لا يؤخر متخذ القرار لطلب معلومات إضافية أو اللجوء إلى قياس التخفيف من حدة الأثر البيئي.
 زيادة قبول المشروع من العامة؛ يمكن قبول انجاز المشروع بعمليات تقييم الأثر البيئي بشكل مفتوح وشفاف، مع توفير فرص مشاركة العامة من الناس الأكثر تأثيراً بشكل مباشر ومهتمين بالمشروع.

مناهج تقييم الأثر البيئي
مزايا وعيوب مناهج تقييم الأثر البيئي وفائدتها لتطبيق معين إلى حد كبير مسألة اختيار وحكم المحلل. ومع ذلك توجد بعض المعايير الموضوعية في اتخاذ مثل هذا الاختيار وتدرج هذه ادناه تحت المجالات الرئيسية التي تنطوي على عملية التقييم.

مجالات مناهج تقييم الأثر
 تعريف وتحديد الأثر (التأثير)
 قياس الأثر
 تحليل وتقويم الأثر
 اتصال الأثر

خصائص معايير اختيار المنهج
 التبسيط: منهج تقييم الأثر البيئي يجب أن يكون بسيطاً
 يقدر وقت وتكلفة العاملين: تقييم الأثر البيئي يجب أن يُطبق عن طريق مجموعة صغيرة وبتكلفة مادية وفي وقت محدد.

انظر أيضا

 تحليل الأثر الاقتصادي
 مؤشر بيئي

مراجع

تقييم الأثر البيئي
اقتصاديات الاستدامة
تصميم بيئي
تصميم بيئي مستدام
تقييم التكنولوجيا
تنمية مستدامة
رصد بيئي
سموميات بيئية
قانون بيئي
مفاهيم العلوم الاجتماعية البيئية

تقييم الأثر البيئي


Recep Bazarov (en turkmène : Rejep Bazarow, en russe : Реджеп Базаров), né en 1958 à Amu Dar'ya, Gubadag, Dashoguz, Turkménistan, est un homme politique turkmène. Il était le sous-ministre de la province de Daşoguz entre 2011 et 2012 et a obtenu 0,28% des voix aux élections présidentiels de 2012. Après ça, il a été nommé ministre de l'agriculture pour le Turkménistan. Entre 2014 et 2021, Bazarov était le chef du parti agraire du Turkménistan.

Biographie
Recep Bazarov est né en 1958 à Amu Dar'ya (aussi orthographié comme Amyderya), Gubadag, Dashoguz, Turkménistan. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme d'études secondaires en 1975, il a étudié à l'université agricole du Turkménistan (maintenant appelée l'université Saparmourat Niyazov) et obtient son diplôme en études vétérinaires en 1980.

Sa carrière comme chef vétérinaire avec l'Association des fermiers d'Amu Dar'ya a duré de 1980 à 2000.

De 2000 à 2005, il travaillait comme directeur du département agricole pour l'administration du district de Gubadag, alors qu'il a également été vice-président de la société anonyme agricole «Obahyzmat».

Il était président des syndicats de Gudabag de 2005 à 2008.

De 2008 à 2011, il était le sous-gouverneur de l'agriculture du district de Gurbansoltan Eje.

Il était le sous-ministre de la province de Daşoguz entre 2011 et 2012. Pendant ce temps, il était un candidat présidentiel. Il était le quatrième plus populaire des huit candidats et a gagné 0,28% des voix en 2012.

Le 6 juillet 2012, il est nommé ministre de l'agriculture pour le Turkménistan par Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow. Le 4 avril 2014, il est démis de ses fonctions pour qu'il puisse accepter un autre poste.

En septembre 2014, il est élu chef du Parti agraire du Turkménistan.

Il est ensuite devenu député du Mejlisi du Turkménistan et a représenté la circonscription de Zarpchy № 103 à Mary.

Le 30 mars 2021, Bazarov a été désigné le directeur général d'un organisme de bienfaisance pour «les enfants dans le besoin» - le financement étant obtenu de la Banque centrale du Turkménistan.

Famille
Il est marié et a six enfants.

Élections présidentielles
Le 29 décembre 2011, Recep Bazarov s'est inscrit comme candidat présidentiel. Il a déclaré qu'il travaillerait honnêtement et utiliserait toutes ses connaissances « pour améliorer encore la démocratie nationale. » Il a obtenu 0,28 % des voix ( de 8 candidats).

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Biographie officielle

Naissance en 1958
Ministre turkmène de l'Agriculture

Recep Bazarov


Francesco Marmaggi () a fost un cardinal al Bisericii Romano-Catolice, care a servit ca prefect al Congregației pentru Cler și, anterior, ca nunțiu apostolic în România, Cehoslovacia și Polonia, precum și ca emisar special pentru Turcia.

Biografie

Începutul carierei
Marmaggi s-a născut la Roma în perioada formării Regatului Italiei. El a fost instruit la Seminarul Pontifical Roman  din oraș, obținând un doctorat în filozofie și teologie.

Marmaggi a fost ordonat preot la Roma pe 14 aprilie 1900 și după aceea a activat în plan pastoral în cadrul Diecezei de Roma, precum și ca profesor la Ateneul Ateneul Pontifical Roman Sant'Apollinare, funcționar al Tribunalului Penitențiariei Apostolice (1900-1904). A fost membru al Congregației pentru Afaceri Ecleziastice Extraordinare (1904-1917), devenind la 27 ianuarie 1917 subsecretar al congregației sus-numite. El a fost numit camerier secret al Sanctității Sale de către papa Pius al X-lea pe 15 noiembrie 1907 și reconfirmat pe 7 septembrie 1914 de către succesorul acestuia, papa Benedict al XV-lea. Marmaggi a fost ridicat la rangul de prelat domestic al Sanctității Sale pe 2 iunie 1915.

Nunțiu apostolic
Papa Benedict al XV-lea l-a numit arhiepiscop titular de Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto (denumirea latină a orașului Edirne) pe 30 august 1920 și apoi, pe 1 septembrie 1920, ca primul nunțiu apostolic în Regatul României. Numirea a urmat după o lungă perioadă de negocieri între România și Sfântul Scaun și a fost precedată de numirea lui Dimitrie Pennescu ca primul ambasador al României la Sfântul Scaun (vezi Biserica Romano-Catolică din România). El a fost consacrat ca episcop în Bazilica Santa Maria in Trastevere din Roma pe 26 septembrie 1920 de către cardinalul Pietro Gasparri, secretarul de stat al Vaticanului, asistat de arhiepiscopul Bonaventura Cerretti, secretar al Congregației pentru Afaceri Ecleziastice Extraordinare, și de arhiepiscopul Lorenzo Schioppa, nunțiu apostolic în Ungaria. Luigi Maglione, nunțiul apostolic în Elveția, a fost consacrat în aceeași ceremonie. Marmaggi a fost reprezentantul papei la încoronarea în 1922 a lui Ferdinand I ca rege al României Mari, ceremonie care a avut loc la Alba Iulia.

El a fost numit trimis extraordinar în Turcia, după Războiul Greco-Turc. Această misiune a fost o dovadă a deciziei papei Pius al XI-lea de a întări relațiile diplomatice ale Sfântului Scaun, o politică schițată în enciclica Pacem, Dei Munus Pulcherrimum ce intenționa protejarea credincioșilor catolici din Orientul Mijlociu. În același timp, papa Pius l-a trimis, de asemenea, pe arhiepiscopul Celso Constantini ca delegat apostolic în China pentru a stabili relații cu guvernul Beiyang.

Marmaggi a fost transferat ca nunțiu apostolic în Prima Republică Cehoslovacă pe 30 mai 1923, dar, cinci ani mai târziu, pe 13 februarie 1928, el a fost rechemat la Roma ca o formă de protest. Acest lucru a fost urmarea mai multor neînțelegeri survenite între autoritățile celor două părți, stârnite de hotărârea Cehoslovaciei de a continua celebrarea Den upálení mistra Jana Husa, un festival în onoarea reformatorului religios ceh din secolul al XV-lea Jan Hus, care a influențat dogma protestantă și a fost ars pe rug ca eretic.

În urma acestui conflict, nunțiul a părăsit Praga pe 6 iulie 1925 și s-a întors la Roma, după ce le-a cerut în mod repetat președintelui Tomáš Masaryk, primului ministru Antonín Švehla și ministrului de externe Edvard Beneš să nu participe la ceremonii, întrucât fusese anunțată intenția celor trei oficiali de a lua parte la festival, în calitate de persoane private. Protestul lui Marmaggi a fost susținut de Partidul Poporului, de orientare catolică, care l-a critica public pe președintele Masaryk. Relațiile Cehoslovaciei cu Vaticanul au trecut printr-o perioadă de criză, iar ambasadorul Cehoslovaciei la Roma a fost rechemat în țară; ambele ambasade au continuat să funcționeze, fiind conduse de însărcinați cu afaceri. Nunțiul Marmaggi nu s-a mai întors la Praga, el rămânând formal în funcție, iar Vaticanul a purtat negocieri cu guvernul cehoslovac pentru normalizarea situației, încheindu-se un nou acord pe 20 ianuarie 1928.

Cardinal și prefect

Marmaggi a îndeplinit apoi funcția de nunțiu apostolic în Polonia din 13 februarie 1928 până când a fost făcut cardinal-preot de Santa Cecilia in Trastevere în consistoriul din 16 decembrie 1935 de către Pius al XI-lea. Doi ani mai târziu, alături de cardinalii Maglione, Pietro Boetto, Nicola Canali, Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, Alberto di Jorio, Giovanni Mercati, Raffaele Rossi, Carlo Salotti, Federico Tedeschini și Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant, a făcut parte dintr-o comisie papală pentru analizarea situației create de Războiul Civil Spaniol și a implicațiilor acestui conflict asupra clerului romano-catolic din Spania. Potrivit istoricului Vicente Cárcel Ortí, această comisie a fost înființată ca urmare a îngrijorărilor manifestate de papa Pius cu privire la hotărârea liderului naționalist Francisco Franco de a anula reformele republicane (într-o perioadă în care teritoriul controlat de forțele naționaliste era mult mai mică decât teritoriul controlat de forțele republicane).

Cardinalul Marmaggi a participat, de asemenea, la conclavul din 1939 care l-a ales pe papa Pius al XII-lea. El a părăsit Polonia în martie 1939, când a fost numit (pe 14 martie) în funcția de prefect al Congregației pentru Cler, pe care a îndeplinit-o până la moartea sa. Potrivit surselor, el l-a vrut ca succesor pe Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, delegatul apostolic în Turcia și Grecia și viitorul Papă Ioan al XXIII-lea, dar cererea sa a rămas fără răspuns. El a activat, de asemenea, pe post de camerlengo în perioada 10 martie 1947 - 21 iunie 1948.

A murit la Roma pe 3 noiembrie 1949, în urma unui atac de cord, și a fost înmormântat într-o capelă a surorilor poloneze din cimitirul Campo Verano după o ceremonie funerară oficiată pe 7 noiembrie de Józef Gawlina, fost episcop al Ordinariatului Militar al Poloniei. Rămășițele sale pământești au fost transferate, la o dată ulterioară, în basilica Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. O stradă din Roma a fost numită în onoarea lui (Via Cardinale Marmaggi).

Referințe

Nașteri în 1876
Decese în 1949
Arhiepiscopi romano-catolici din secolul al XX-lea
Episcopi romano-catolici italieni
Nunții apostolici în România
Diplomați ai Sfântului Scaun
Cardinali italieni
Oameni din Roma

Francesco Marmaggi


Grupa ST, djelovali i kao Nenad Vilović i Grupa ST, hrvatski glazbeni sastav iz Splita.

Povijest

Osnovani su 1975. godine. Prvo su svirali klasični disco pop i pop glazbu, a 1979./80. su se okrenuli ka punku i novovalnoj glazbi, a neke skladbe poslije imale su prizvuka ska (Parangal). Ostvarili su kvalitetni disco uradke. Značajniji uradci su Znala si ti (1980.), Mala enciklopedija (1980.; Festival zabavne glazbe Split 1980., autor Nenad Vilović), Ti nisi moj tip, Parangal (Split '81.), To nije tvoj stil, Zabranjeno voće, Ljetni šminker (s Ivankom Luetić, glazba i aranžman Nenad Vilović, stihovi Bratislav Zlatanović i Nenad Vilović; Split '80.), Dalmatinac  (Nenad Vilović:; Split '77.), Noćno kupanje (autor Nenad Vilović; Split '81.). Objavili su album Grupa ST.

Album su snimili u studiju Nenada Vilovića. Skladbe su pisali Nenad Vilović, T. Bračić, Bratislav Zlatanović (stihove) i R. Bulajić (stihovi). Glazba im je imala elemente funka, soula, popa, pop rocka, disca.

Članovi

 Ivanka Luetić - vokal
 Joško Tomić - bubnjevi
 Nenad Vilović - vokal
 Nenad Bego - bas gitara
 Siniša Počuča - gitara
 Zlatan Jelovac - klavijature
 Željko Bračić - gitara

Diskografija
Singlice:
  Dalmatinac (Split '77) / Mužika iz našeg mista (Split '77), 1977.
  Zabranjeno voće / Nova ploča, 1977.
  Ti nisi moj tip / Tko bi znao, 1978.
  Ima jedno blago / To nije tvoj stil, 1980.
 Superkazanova / Ja znam, 1980.
 Mala enciklopedija / Ljetni šminker, 1980.

Albumi:
 Grupa ST, 1981.

Izvor
Narantxa: Grupa "ST" - Grupa "ST", Oleg Berić
Grupa ST, Rateyourmusic
Nenad Vilović i Grupa ST, Rateyourmusic
 omoti albuma

(): ST (3), Discogs. Pristupljeno 30. siječnja 2019.

Vanjske poveznice
Diskografija.com

Splitski glazbeni sastavi

Grupa ST


مورتاز خورتسيلافا، من مواليد 5 يناير 1943، لاعب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم جورجي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب الاتحاد السوفييتي لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب مورتاز خورتسيلافا خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع ناديين في سبعة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 19 هدفًا ضمن 340 مباراة. ولم يفز بأي موسم بالكأس وفاز في موسم واحد بالدوري.

خاض مورتاز خورتسيلافا مسيرته مع نادي دينامو تبليسي في موسم 1961 ليلعب معه خمسة عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 293 مباراة سجل خلالها 15 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي توربيدو كوتيسي في عامي 1975-1977 ولمدة موسمين، حيث شارك في 47 مباراة سجل خلالها 4 أهداف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية من جورجيا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سامغريلو زيمو سفانيتي
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
سوفيتيون فازوا بالميدالية البرونزية الأولمبية
لاعبو الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم الذهبيون
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
لاعبو توربيدو كوتيسي
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كأس العالم 1970
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من الاتحاد السوفيتي
خورتسيلافا
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
لاعبو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي دينامو تبليسي
خورتسيلافا
مدربو كرة قدم سوفيت
مدربو نادي دينامو تبليسي
مرغاليون
خورتسيلافا
رياضيون من سامغريلو زيمو سفانيتي

مورتاز خورتسيلافا


Le Nouveau Boss de la mafia () est un poliziottesco italien réalisé par Alberto De Martino et sorti en 1972.

Synopsis
Antonio, le fils d'un mafieux repenti assassiné par la mafia, est déterminé à venger la mort de son père. parvient avec une ruse à s'infiltrer dans la famille palermitaine de Don Vincenzo, jusqu'à ce qu'il devienne son bras droit et l'amant de sa nièce Monica.

Lorsque les désaccords avec le boss commencent, Antonio rassemble tous les chefs de la mafia et parvient à obtenir leur soutien et l'autorisation de tuer Don Vincenzo, désormais vieux et corrompu par le pouvoir.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Le Nouveau Boss de la mafia ou Le Nouveau Boss de la maffia
 Titre original italien :  ( « Les familles des victimes ne seront pas informées »)
 Réalisation : Alberto De Martino
 Scénario : Luigi Mordini,
 Photographie : Aristide Massaccesi
 Montage :
 Musique : Francesco De Masi
 Décors :
 Costumes : Adriana Spadaro
 Maquillage : Franco Di Girolamo
 Production : Gino Mordini
 Société de production : Claudia Cinematografica
 Pays de production :
 Langue de tournage : italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 2,35:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 103 minutes ()
 Genre : Poliziottesco
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 France :

Distribution
Antonio Sabàto : Antonio Mancuso
Telly Savalas : don Vincenzo
Paola Tedesco : Monica
Giuliano Persico : Nicola Mancuso
Nino Dal Fabbro : don Nino Faiena
Sergio Rossi : don Turi Petralìa
Giorgio Piazza : Torre
Guido Lollobrigida : Peppino Lo Surdo
Sergio Tramonti : Carmelo
Teodoro Corrà : Le Marseillais
Carlo Gaddi : Vanni, un acolyte de Don Vincenzo
Rosita Toros : La femme avec Lo Surdo
Franco Fragalà
Orazio Stracuzzi
Francesco D'Adda : Un Marseillais

Production
Le film est tourné aux studios Incir De Paolis ainsi qu'à Palerme, Rome, Milan et Hambourg. Le metteur en scène Alberto De Martino parle du film comme de « l'histoire de César et de Brutus », une « intrigue pour ainsi dire shakespearienne ».

Exploitation
Les recettes du film se sont élevées à  de l'époque.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1972
Film réalisé par Alberto De Martino
Film sur la mafia sicilienne
Film en italien
Poliziottesco
Film tourné aux studios Incir De Paolis
Film tourné à Palerme
Film se déroulant à Palerme
Film tourné à Rome
Film se déroulant à Rome
Film tourné à Milan
Film se déroulant à Milan
Film tourné à Hambourg
Film se déroulant à Hambourg
Film avec une musique composée par Francesco De Masi

Le Nouveau Boss de la mafia


USS Sampson (DDG-10), named for Admiral William T. Sampson USN (1840–1902), was a Charles F. Adams-class guided missile destroyer in the United States Navy.

Construction and career
Sampson was laid down by the Bath Iron Works at Bath in Maine on 2 March 1959, launched on 21 May 1960 by Mrs. John S. Crenshaw and commissioned on 24 June 1961 at the Boston Navy Yard.

1960s
Following shakedown off Guantanamo Bay in September, Sampson tested and evaluated the Tartar missile system off Puerto Rico.  Homeported at Norfolk, Virginia, she conducted further tests and trials in early 1962 before joining Destroyer Squadron 18 (DesRon 18) and Destroyer Division 182 (DesDiv 182) in July.  Composed completely of missile ships, DesRon 18 was then the most modern squadron in the Navy.  Further radar and missile tests followed in 1963; and, in July, Sampson operated in the Midshipman Training Squadron.  Finally, in January 1964, Sampson fired two Tartar missiles under simulated combat conditions.  During 1964, she also underwent her first regular overhaul, and received missile replenishment at sea from helicopters.

In January 1965, Sampson sailed for her first Mediterranean deployment, but an electrical fire on the night of 14 January caused extensive damage to her fire control capability and forced her to abbreviate her deployment and enter the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for repairs on 15 March.

The destroyer returned to fleet duties on 24 June.  While conducting gunnery exercises, on 17 July, Sampson spotted the 50-foot sailing sloop, Cecelia Anna, flying distress signals and rescued her 6 crewmen and mascot puppy moments before the sloop sank.  In 1966, Sampson conducted gunnery exercises and escort duties near Guantánamo Bay, Cuba; then, in March, she deployed to the Mediterranean for extensive operations with the 6th Fleet.  She returned to Norfolk in August.  On 28 November, following three weeks of exercises in the Caribbean and additional tests, Sampson got underway to participate in exercise "Lantflex 66" in which she provided ASW and AAW services for the ASW carrier, , and conducted exercises in the Puerto Rico operating area before returning to Norfolk in December.

Sampson re-deployed to the Mediterranean in mid-1967. While there, a Sampson radarman rescued a German seaman from the harbor at Ferrol, Spain. <Sampson visited Rota and El Ferrol, Spain from 10 May to 18 May 1967.

By 25 May 1967, there was evidence that a crisis was brewing in the Middle East that eventually lead up to the Six-Day War, 5-10 Jun 1967. The Sampson was assigned to the USS America CVA-66 task group. This task group also joined up with TG 60.2, the carrier Saratoga CVA-60, and her destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Geis.

On 8 June 1967, the  was attacked by Israeli fighter jets aircraft and Israeli Navy motor torpedo boats. The attack killed 34 crew members and wounded 171 crew members. Sampson was a member of the force which steamed to rendezvous with the heavily damaged USS Liberty (AGTR-5) on 9 June. Sampson was in Souda Bay, Crete 13-18 June 1967.

Leaving the 6th Fleet at the end of August 1967, Sampson steamed back to the United States, and soon shifted to her new home port of Charleston, South Carolina.

Sampson operated out of Charleston in the Atlantic and Caribbean during 1968 until again deploying to the Mediterranean in September.  She returned to Charleston in February 1969 and resumed operations in the Atlantic and the Caribbean until redeploying to the Mediterranean in October of that year.  After six months with the 6th Fleet, she returned to Charleston on 28 March 1970.

1970s
Sampson operated out of Charleston in the western Atlantic until 23 September, when, after only two days' notice, she got underway for special operations in the Mediterranean.  She spent the month of October cruising first with , then with , during the latest Levantine crisis.  On 1 November, she stood out of Barcelona, Spain, to return to the United States.  Sampson entered the mouth of the Cooper River on the 12th, moored at Charleston, and began a leave and upkeep period.

Sampson stayed in Charleston into 1971.  During the first three months of the new year, she operated in the vicinity of the British West Indies; then prepared for overseas movement.  On 9 April, following exercises and type training, Sampson steamed out of Charleston, passed Fort Sumter, and headed for the Mediterranean.  She cruised with the 6th Fleet for six months, participating in exercises with both American and NATO forces.  By 16 October, the guided missile destroyer was back in port at Charleston.  She spent the rest of 1971 preparing for regular overhaul.

For four months, from 4 January until 4 May 1972, Sampson underwent the first Compressed Regular Overhaul ever attempted on a DDG.  From mid-May until 9 July, she was underway for post-overhaul trials, exercises, and refresher training.  She was in Charleston during the period 9 July to 18 August, at which time Sampson stood out for her new home port, Athens, Greece.  She stopped at Rota, Spain, ten days later and entered Phaleron Bay on 3 October.  The guided missile destroyer remained in the Mediterranean, home ported at Athens, Greece throughout 1973 and into 1974. In April 1974, she was in port at Athens.

In 1973 she was dispatched to and docked in Tunis, Tunisia where she provided communication link for Helos of USS Forrestal for the Medjerda River flood.  During 1973 she visited Barcelona, Spain, Palma de Majorca, Naples Italy, Mikonos, Crete, Istanbul, Turkey, and Villa France.  She met the Soviet Black Seas fleet at the straits of Bosporus during the 1973 Israeli/Arab war.

1980s
Sampson underwent a major overhaul in the Portsmouth shipyard during 1980–81.  In November 1982 Sampson deployed to the Persian Gulf and later the Mediterranean.  After transiting the Suez canal and Red Sea, the Sampson shadowed the Soviet carrier Minsk & cruiser Tashkent in the Indian Ocean, and made port calls in Djibouti, and in Karachi. Sampson was on station off Beirut when the US Embassy was bombed.  The ship returned to Mayport, FL in May 1983.  From October to December of that year, Sampson was deployed in the eastern Caribbean in support of Operation Urgent Fury.

1990s
On 7 August 1990 the Sampson deployed with the USS Saratoga battle group in support of Desert Shield/Storm. Once there the Sampson performed the final Adams class guided missile destroyer deployment as a unit of the Maritime Interception Force, conducting the first boarding and search of a merchant on 28 AUG 1990, during OPERATION DESERT SHIELD and the first diversion of a ship with prohibited cargo. After conducting the first-ever exercise ASROC shot in the Red Sea, USS SAMPSON operated with ships of various NATO navies conducting surveillance and protection of shipping in the approaches to the Suez Canal.

Decommissioning
Sampson was decommissioned on 24 June 1991 exactly 30 years after commissioning, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 November 1992 and sold for scrap on 25 July 1995. Sampson was repossessed by the US Navy on 14 March 2000 after the scrap yard failed to dismantle the ship in a timely manner. On 10 February 2003, the Navy issued a contract to Metro Machine of Philadelphia, Pa to dismantle Sampson for $2,900,000. Sampson was completely dismantled on 15 October 2003.

References

External links
MaritimeQuest USS Sampson DDG-10 pages
USS Sampson Reunion Association -Ships history page

Cold War destroyers of the United States
Gulf War ships of the United States
1960 ships
Charles F. Adams-class destroyers

USS Sampson (DDG-10)


BI-LO er en supermarkedskæde ejet af virskomheden Southeastern Grocers med hovedsæde i Jacksonville, Florida. Den 9. marts 2012 havde virksomheden 207 BI-LO supermarkeder. BI-LO supermarkederne ligger i South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, og Tennessee. BI-LOs hovedkvarter lå tidligere i Mauldin, South Carolina.

Historie
BI-LO blev grundlagt af Frank L. Outlaw i 1961 under navnet "Wrenn & Outlaw". Navnet "BI-LO" blev valgt i 1963 efter en afstemning.

Referencer

Detailvirksomheder fra USA
Virksomheder i Jacksonville
Ophørt i 2021

BI-LO (USA)


Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (d. 10 Nisan 1755, Saksonya - ö. 2 Temmuz 1843, Paris) Alman hekim.

Kınakınanın etkilerine ilişkin tutarsız savlara inanmayarak bu etkileri kendi üstünde denemek isteyen Hahnemann, her gün küçük dozlarda kınakına alarak bu deneyleri sonucunda kınakınanın hastalarda ateşi düşürdüğünü, buna karşılık sağlam bedenlerde ateşe benzeyen durumlar yarattığını gözlemledi. Homeopatinin temel yasası olan benzerlik yasasını ve homeopati öğretisini ortaya attı. Eleştirilere aldırmayarak denemelerini sürdürdü.

Başlıca yapıtları
 Organon der Rationellen Heilkonst (İyi Etme Sanatının Aracı, 1810)
 Reine Arzneimittellehre (Arı Farmakoloji, 1811-1821)

1755 doğumlular
1843 yılında ölenler
Alman hekimler
Homeopati

Samuel Hahnemann


Der Single-Channel Analyzer (deutsch: Einkanal-Analysator), auch als Differentialdiskriminator bezeichnet, ist ein elektronisches Bauteil, welches ein Ausgangssignal erzeugt, sofern die Amplitude des Eingangssignals zwischen zwei vorher definierten Werten liegt.

Wirkung

Die Wirkung dieser Einheit besteht somit darin, anzuzeigen, ob das Eingangssignal innerhalb eines bestimmten Amplitudenbands liegt (auch als Amplitudenfenster bezeichnet). Die Amplitude des Ausgangssignals ist von der des Eingangssignals unabhängig, es handelt sich also um ein logisches oder binäres Ausgangssignal.

Systeme

Es gibt unterschiedliche Systeme, die als Single-Channel Analyzer bezeichnet werden. Diese unterscheiden sich z. B. darin, ob der untere und der obere Wert des Amplitudenfensters (LLD: lower-level discriminator und ULD: upper-level discriminator) unabhängig voneinander einstellbar sind oder ob nur die Fensterbreite veränderbar ist, während der untere Wert fest vorgegeben ist. Die meisten handelsüblichen SCAs bieten die Möglichkeit, den ULD auszuschalten. Das Gerät wird damit zu einem Integral-Diskriminator, das genau dann ein Ausgangssignal generiert, wenn das Eingangssignal eine zuvor definierte Amplitude überschreitet.

Verwendung

Single-Channel Analyzer werden unter anderem in Teilchendetektoren verwendet. Dort treten Strahlungen von unterschiedlicher Energie auf, die auf verschiedene Teilchensorten hindeuten. Mithilfe eines Single-Channel Analyzer können selektiv nur solche Ereignisse (Strahlungsquanten) gezählt werden, die in ein bestimmtes Energiefenster fallen.

Siehe auch

 Komparator (Analogtechnik)

Quellen

Elektrotechnisches Messgerät
Teilchendetektor

Single-Channel Analyzer


Yuta Kamiya (født 24. april 1997) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Ehime FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuta Kamiya


إدواردو لويس  ، من مواليد 6 ديسمبر 1955، لاعب كرة قدم برتغالي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برتغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برتغاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في كندا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من لوريس (البرتغال)
رياضيون برتغاليون مغتربون في كندا
لاعبو أوفارينسي
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو بنفيكا
لاعبو بورتو
لاعبو ريو أفي
لاعبو كرة قدم برتغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم برتغاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في كندا
لاعبو ماريتيمو
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم
مدربو كرة قدم برتغاليون
مواليد 1955
مواليد في لوريس (البرتغال)
رياضيون من محافظة لشبونة

إدواردو لويس


Takumi Abe (født 26. maj 1991) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Thespakusatsu Gunma.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takumi Abe


Zsuzsa Almássy, née le  à Budapest en Hongrie, est une patineuse artistique hongroise, sextuple championne de Hongrie dans les années 1960, vice-championne d'Europe en 1971 et médaillée de bronze mondiale en 1969.

Biographie

Carrière sportive
Zsuzsa Almássy domine le patinage féminin hongrois dans les années 1960 en devenant sextuple championne nationale en 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 et 1970.

Elle représente son pays à huit championnats européens, sept mondiaux et trois Jeux olympiques d'hiver (1964 à Innsbruck, 1968 à Grenoble et 1972 à Sapporo). Elle conquiert trois médailles européennes (le bronze en 1967 et 1970 et l'argent en 1971) et une mondiale (le bronze en 1969).

Elle quitte les compétitions sportives après les mondiaux de 1972.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Patineuse artistique hongroise
Naissance en octobre 1950
Naissance à Budapest
Patineuse artistique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1964
Patineuse artistique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968
Patineuse artistique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1972

Zsuzsa Almássy


فرانشيسكو ماريا جريمالدي (2 أبريل 1618 - 28 ديسمبر 1663) (بالإيطالية:Francesco Maria Grimaldi)، عالم رياضيات وفيزيائي إيطالي درس بكلية اليسوعيين ببولونيا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

رجال دين-علماء كاثوليك
علماء رياضيات
رياضياتيون إيطاليون
رياضياتيون إيطاليون في القرن 17
علماء يسوعيون
فيزيائيون إيطاليون
فيزيائيون إيطاليون في القرن 17
مواليد 1618
مواليد في بولونيا (إيطاليا)
وفيات 1663
وفيات في بولونيا (إيطاليا)
يسوعيون إيطاليون
يسوعيون إيطاليون في القرن 17

فرانشيسكو ماريا جريمالدي


James Allen Whitmore Jr. (født 1. oktober 1921, død 6. februar 2009) var en amerikansk film-, teater- og tv-skuespiller.

Opvækst
James Whitmore studerede på Amherst Central High School i Snyder, New York, inden han blev uddannet fra Choate School (nu Choate Rosemary Hall) i Wallingford, Connecticut. Han fortsatte med at studere ved Yale University, hvor han var medlem af den hemmelige forening Skull and Bones, som også tidligere præsident George W. Bush var en del af.

Karriere
Da Whitmore afsluttede sine studier, startede han i militæret. Han blev udnævnt til løjtnant og tjente i US Marine Corps. Han var i en periode, der blev bogført i Panamakanalsonen under 2. verdenskrig. Da 2. verdenskrig var forbi, optrådte Whitmore i flere produktioner på Broadway. Mediefirmaet MGM ansatte Whitmore på kontraktmæssigt grundlag.

Whitmore viste sig, at General Oliver O. Howard i 1975 i TV-filmen I will Fight No More Forever, som er baseret på konflikten i 1877 mellem den amerikanske hær og indianerstammen Nez Perce. I 2002 spillede Whitmore en rolle i The Majestic med Jim Carrey i hovedrollen. For den yngre generation er han måske bedst kendt for sin rolle En verden udenfor, som den kommercielle talsmand for anlægget Miracle-Gro i mange år.

Whitmore gjorde også omfattende teaterarbejde. Han blev tildelt en Tony Award for bedste optræden af en nykommer i Broadway-produktionen af Command Decision (1948). Han vandt senere titlen "King of the One Man Show". Han spillede i filmen Give 'em Hell, Harry! 1975 blev han nomineret til en Oscar for bedste mandlige hovedrolle, og han havde rollen som Theodore Roosevelt i filmen Bully (1977), men denne film havde ikke den samme succes som de to foregående film, han havde været involveret i.

I 1999 spillede Whitmore rolle Raymond Oz i to episoder af tv-serien Private Practice, som han blev tildelt en Emmy Award i kategorien af bedste gæsteskuespiller i en dramaserie. I 2002 fik Whitmore rollen bedstefar i Disney Channels A Ring of Endless Light. Whitmore er blevet tildelt en stjerne på Hollywood Walk of Fame på 6611 Hollywood Blvd. I april 2007 optrådte han også i C.S.I. serien. i en episode med titlen "Ending Happy" som karakteren Milton, som var en ældre mand.

Privatliv
Whitmore var gift to gange med Nancy Mygatt. De giftede sig for første gang i 1947, og parret havde tre sønner sammen, inden deres skilsmisse i 1971. En af disse sønner, James III, gik til fars fodspor og blev succesfuld som skuespiller og instruktør under navnet James Whitmore Junior. En anden af deres sønner, Steve Whitmore, var en offentlig talsmand for Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Din yngste søn, Daniel, arbejdede inden for skovservice snevejreren og som brandmand inden han etablerede sit eget byggefirma.

Efter skilsmissen fra Mygatt blev Whitmore gift med skuespillerinden Audra Lindley (som døde i 1997). Ægteskabet varede fra 1972 til 1979. Han giftede sig igen med sin tidligere kone Nancy Mygatt, men parret skiltes efter to års ægteskab. I 2001 giftede han sig med en skuespiller og forfatter Noreen Nash, som var bedstemor til den berømte skuespiller Sebastian Siegel. Whitmore er bedstefar til Matty Whitmore. I sine senere år tilbragte Whitmore de fleste af sine somre i Peterborough.

Selv om Whitmore ikke altid har været politisk aktiv, blev Whitmore bekendt med sin underskrift for Barack Obama til USA's præsident. I januar 2008 optrådte Whitmore i en serie tv-reklamer.

Død
Whitmore blev diagnosticeret med lungekræft i november 2008 og døde i sit eget hjem i Malibu, Californien den 6. februar 2009. På det tidspunkt var han 87 år gammel. Han blev kremeret og hans aske spredt over Stillehavet.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra New York
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Emmy-vindere

James Whitmore


Scandellari peut se référer à :

Patronyme
 Cesare Scandellari (1933-), médecin italien ;
 Ferruccio Scandellari (1882-1937), peintre italien ;
 Filippo Scandellari (1717-1801), peintre italien, fils de Giacomo ;
 Giacomo Antonio Scandellari (v. 1680-), sculpteur italien ;
 Giulio Scandellari (-), peintre italien ;
 Giuseppe Scandellari (-), peintre italien ;
 Pietro Scandellari (1711-1789), peintre italien, fils de Giacomo ;
 , philologue et hispaniste italienne.

Voir aussi
 Jacques Scandelari (1943-1999), réalisateur français.

Homonymie de patronyme
Patronyme italien

Scandellari


La start - Zefir este un film românesc din 1983 regizat de Ilie Sterian. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Răzvan Țancu, Cristina Deleanu, Constantin Diplan.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1983 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1983

La start - Zefir


Die Dorfkirche Roggendorf ist eine mittelalterliche Feldsteinkirche in der mecklenburgischen Gemeinde Roggendorf im Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg.

Geschichte
Roggendorf wurde erstmals 1194 urkundlich als Rotgentorp erwähnt. Die dortige Dorfkirche wird bereits im Ratzeburger Zehntregister des Jahres 1230 genannt. Das Dorf und spätere Gut Roggendorf gehörte vom Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts der Familie von Lützow, die das Gut 1641 an die Familie von Uffel in Dutzow verkaufte. Diese verkaufte Roggendorf 1694 an die verschwägerte Familie von Fabrice. Die Familie von Fabrice behielt Roggendorf bis 1887 und verkaufte dann an die Familie von Haase, die auch das Gutshaus Roggendorf neu erbaute. Mit der Gutsherrschaft über Roggendorf war nachweislich ab 1653 das Kirchenpatronat über die Dorfkirche verbunden.

Baugeschichte
Die aus Anfang des 15. Jahrhunderts stammende Feldsteinkirche mit dem um 1407 erbauten Langhaus hat einen für Westmecklenburg zu dieser Bauzeit typischen eingezogenen Kastenchor. Der Blendengiebel des Langhauses und die Fenstereinfassungen bestehen aus Backsteinen, auch die Dreifenstergruppe mit der spitzbogigen Blende im Chorgiebel.
Gotische Mauerpfeiler stützen den Bau. Das Kirchenschiff ist flachgedeckt, der mit einem Kreuzrippengewölbe gedeckte Chor eingezogen. Die Öffnung des Chores zum Schiff ist mit einem spitzbogigen Triumphbogen gestaltet. Auf der Südseite wurde am Chor später aus Ziegeln ein kleiner Anbau errichtet. Aus dem gleichen Baumaterial ist auch der Giebel des Kirchenschiffes.

Der geböschte Kirchturm ist Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts als verbretterter Holzturm westlich vor das Langhaus gesetzt und der Pyramidenhelm ist mit Holzschindeln gedeckt worden.
Auf der Westseite befindet sich eine Turmuhr.

Ausstattung
Das Innere der Kirche überrascht mit seiner farbigen Ausgestaltung. Die alten Wandmalereien wurden bei der Restaurierung nach 1970 freigelegt. Romanische Weihekreuze befinden sich im Chor. Die Rippenausmalung wird um 1300 entstanden sein.

Die Kirche verfügt über einen Schnitzaltar mit Aufsatz auf der Zeit des Barocks mit Gemälden, die das Heilige Abendmahl und eine Kreuzigungsszene darstellen. Er stammt aus der Kirche in Müsselmow und gelangte in den 1950er Jahren nach Roggendorf.

Bemerkenswert ist der prachtvolle, aus Sandstein gearbeitete Taufbehälter, der vermutlich aus der Brandin-Werkstatt in Wismar zu sein scheint. Als Vorläufer können der Taufstein in der Dobbertiner Klosterkirche (1586), im Güstrower Dom (1591/92) und in der Woostener Dorfkirche (1612) unweit von Dobbertin angesehen werden. So kommt als Entstehungszeit das frühe 17. Jahrhundert in Betracht. Die Taufe ist mit reichem Ornamentwerk der Spätrenaissance verziert. Sie steht auf einer von vier Löwen getragenen Bodenplatte, auf der sich vier um einen ornamentierten Rundpfeiler gruppierte Hermenpfeiler erheben, die das flache Becken mit Cherubköpfchen tragen. Auf dem 1699 gestifteten Messingdeckel befinden sich in Treibarbeit ausgeführte Früchtemotive.

Es sind noch Reste des alten Gestühls mit schlichten Wangen vorhanden, an einer Tür findet sich die Datierung von 1593.

Der reich geschnitzte Orgelprospekt ist vom Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Orgel (II/P/11) von 1891 stammt aus der Werkstatt des Rostocker Orgelbauers Julius Schwarz.

Nach Friedrich Schlie verfügte die Dorfkirche Roggendorf 1898 über zwei Glocken. Die größere war ursprünglich ein Guss des Lübecker Ratsgießers Johann Georg Wilhelm Landré von 1796 und wurde 1851 von P. M. Hausbrandt in Wismar umgegossen. Die kleinere war ein Werk des Lübecker Ratsgießers Johann David Kriesche aus dem Jahr 1771. Beide wurden von der Familie Fabrice im Rahmen des Patronats gestiftet.

Eine Besonderheit in dieser binnenländischen Kirche ist ein Votivschiff, das im Langhaus hängt. Die Helene von Roggendorf wurde um 1845 von Kapitän Dieckelmann aus Hamburg der Gemeinde geschenkt. Im Innern befindet sich ein Gebetszettel mit den Worten: Lieber Gott, lass meinen Sohn Willi von seinen Leiden frei werden, eine traurige Mutter bittet darum.

Gemeinde
Seit 2000 ist die Kirchengemeinde Roggendorf mit Gadebusch und Groß Salitz dauerhaft verbunden. Sie gehört zur Propstei Wismar im Kirchenkreis Mecklenburg der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Norddeutschland.

Literatur
 Friedrich Schlie: Die Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Grossherzogthums Mecklenburg-Schwerin. II. Band: Die Amtsgerichtsbezirke Wismar, Grevesmühlen, Rehna, Gadebusch und Schwerin. Schwerin 1898, (Neudruck 1992, ISBN 3-910179-06-1), S. 517–519.
 Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Die Bezirke Neubrandenburg-Rostock-Schwerin. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1980, S. 316.
 Horst Ende: Dorfkirchen in Mecklenburg. Berlin 1975, : 21, 27, 146.
 ZEBI e.V., START e.V.: Dorf- und Stadtkirchen im Kirchenkreis Wismar-Schwerin. Bremen, Rostock 2001, ISBN 3-86108-753-7, S. 198–199.

Weblinks

 Kirchenkreis Wismar: Gadebusch - Roggendorf - Groß Salitz

Einzelnachweise

Kirche
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg
Kirchengebäude der Propstei Wismar
Feldsteinkirche

Dorfkirche Roggendorf


"Tanrı Misafiri", Ajda Pekkan'ın 16 Eylül 1973'te yayınladığı "Tanrı Misafiri/İçme Sakın" 45'liğinin A-yüzünde yer alan şarkıdır. Şarkı, Lübnanlı şarkıcı Feyruz (Fairuz) tarafından seslendirilen, müziği Lübnanlı müzik grubu Rahbani Brothers tarafından bestelenen "Tarik El Nahl" adlı parçanın Türkçe aranjmanıdır.

Ebru Gündeş, şarkıyı Aralık 1992'de yayınladığı aynı adlı albümde seslendirmiştir.

1973 şarkıları
1993 şarkıları
Ajda Pekkan şarkıları
Fikret Şeneş tarafından yazılan şarkılar
1990'larda Türkçe şarkılar

Tanrı Misafiri (şarkı)


Zlatko Vujović (Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, 26 de agosto de 1958) es un exfutbolista bosniocroata que se desempeñaba como delantero.

Su hermano Zoran Vujović también fue futbolista, ambos fueron internacionales con la selección de fútbol de Yugoslavia, aunque Zlatko disputó gran parte de su carrera deportiva en Francia.

Clubes

Nacidos en Sarajevo
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Croacia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Yugoslavia en los años 1970
Futbolistas de Yugoslavia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Moscú 1980
Futbolistas de Yugoslavia en la Copa Mundial de 1982
Futbolistas de Yugoslavia en la Eurocopa 1984
Futbolistas de Yugoslavia en la Copa Mundial de 1990
Futbolistas de Bosnia y Herzegovina
Futbolistas del Hrvatski Nogometni Klub Hajduk Split
Futbolistas del Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux
Futbolistas de la Association Sportive de Cannes Football
Futbolistas del Paris Saint-Germain Football Club
Futbolistas del Football Club Sochaux-Montbéliard
Futbolistas del Olympique Gymnaste Club de Niza
Bosniocroatas

Zlatko Vujović


Beklenen fayda, iktisat biliminde, kişiler ve benzeri aktif unsurların, olasılıklar barındıran bir duruma dair sahip oldukları nicel beklenti düzeyini anlatmak için kullanılan ifadedir.

Beklenen fayda kuramı, temellerini Daniel Bernoulli'nin, St. Petersburg Paradoksu için 1738'de önerdiği çözümden alır. Bernoulli bu çözümde, kişilerin edindikleri para miktarı arttıkça ek bir birim paradan giderek daha az fayda sağladıkları düşüncesinden hareket etmiştir. Bu bir anlamda iktisat biliminde azalan marjinal fayda bağlamında ortaya atılmış ilk önermedir.

1944 yılında John von Neumann ve Oskar Morgenstern, kişilerin rassal sonuçlar içeren durumlara dair seçimlerini aksiyomlara dayandırarak yeniden yorumlamış ve kuramın bugünkü halinin temellerinin oluşmasını sağlamışlardır.

Ekonomi terimleri
Mikroekonomi
İnanç revizyonu

Beklenen fayda


was a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 14,385 and a density of 51.73 persons per km². The total area was 278.08 km².

On March 20, 2006, Kubokawa, along with the towns of Taishō and Towa (both Hata District), was merged to create the town of Shimanto (in Takaoka District) and no longer exists as in independent municipality.

External links

 Official website of Shimanto

Dissolved municipalities of Kōchi Prefecture
Shimanto, Kōchi (town)

Kubokawa, Kōchi


Adele Doré, verheiratete Adele Milan-Doré (* 9. April 1869 in Wien als Barbara Appollonia Föderl; † 9. Februar 1918 in Berlin) war eine österreichische Schauspielerin.

Leben und Wirken
Als Tochter eines Musikers der Wiener Hofoper erhielt sie ihre schauspielerische Ausbildung an der Theaterschule von Max Otto in Wien sowie bei ihrem späteren Ehemann Emil Milan. Ihre Bühnenlaufbahn begann mit kleineren Rollen 1888 am Deutschen Theater in Amsterdam und als Tragödin am Salzburger Landestheater. Ihr weiterer Weg führte sie über Regensburg 1890 nach Köln, wo sie als "Hero" (in Franz Grillparzers "Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen") debütierte und sieben Jahre lang erfolgreich im Charakterfach, u. a. als "Magda" in Hermann Sudermanns "Heimat", wirksam blieb. 1897 wurde sie am Thalia-Theater in Hamburg engagiert, wo sie erstmals als "Nora" auftrat. 1901 wechselte sie zum neu eröffneten Deutschen Schauspielhaus in Hamburg, debütierte mit der Rolle der "Klara" und blieb diesem Bühnenensemble bis kurz vor ihrem Tod verpflichtet. Ihren künstlerischen Durchbruch erzielte sie dort 1902 mit der Darstellung von Grillparzers "Medea". Ebenso überzeugend interpretierte sie die Hebbelschen Frauengestalten (neben der "Klara" [aus "Maria Magdalena"], die "Judith", die "Mariamne" [aus "Herodes und Mariamne"] und die "Rhodope" [aus "Gyges und sein Ring"]), weiterhin Friedrich Schillers "Maria Stuart",Sophokles' "Elektra", die "Rebekka West" (aus Ibsens "Rodmersholm"), die "Christine" (aus Arthur Schnitzlers "Liebelei"), die "Alice" (aus August Strindbergs "Totentanz") sowie die "Gerlind" aus Ernst Hardts "Gudrun".

Sie war verheiratet mit dem Schauspieler, Regisseur und Schriftsteller Emil Milan (1859–1917). Beider Grabstätte befindet sich auf dem Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf.

Literatur
 Ottmar G. Flüggen: Biographisches Bühnenlexikon der deutschen Theater. München 1892.
 Ludwig Eisenberg: Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. Verlag von Paul List, Leipzig 1903, S. 210, ()
 Kurt Küchler: Hamburgische Schauspielerporträts: Max Montor, Robert Nihl, Adele Doré, Alex Otto. Altona-Ottensen 1910.
 Robert Nihl: Das bunte Buch des Deutschen Schauspielhauses in Hamburg. 1925, S. 51 f.
 Wilhelm Kosch: Deutsches Theaterlexikon. Bd. 2. Klagenfurt-Wien 1960.

 Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, 2. A., München 2007, S. 104.

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Person (Hamburg)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Geboren 1869
Gestorben 1918
Frau

Adele Doré


Ingibjörg Stefánsdóttir, de son nom de scène Inga (née le  à Reykjavík) est une chanteuse et actrice islandaise. Elle est la représentante de l'Islande au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 1993 avec la chanson Þá veistu svarið.

Biographie
Ingibjörg commence à chanter à douze ans. Elle entame une carrière de chanteuse d'opéra en 1992, apparaissant parallèlement dans le duo Pís of keik.

Le , Ingibjörg Stefánsdóttir participe au Söngvakeppni Sjónvarpsins, avec sa chanson Þa veistu svarið (en français Alors vous connaîtrez la réponse), en remportant l'émission elle devient la représentante de l'Islande au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 1993. Þa veistu svarið obtient 42 points et se classe treizième des vingt-cinq participants.

Aujourd'hui, elle travaille comme professeur de yoga et directrice du centre de yoga Yoga Shala à Reykjavík.

Filmographie
 1992 : Veggfóður
 1995 : Nei er ekkert svar
 1995 : The Viking Sagas
 2002 : Maður eins og ég
 2021 : Trapped (série télévisée, 8 épisodes)

Références

Liens externes

Source de la traduction

Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson pour l'Islande
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 1993
Chanteuse islandaise du XXe siècle
Actrice islandaise du XXe siècle
Actrice islandaise du XXIe siècle
Naissance en août 1972
Naissance à Reykjavik

Ingibjörg Stefánsdóttir


Frans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, znan kao Walter Robyns (Aalst, Belgija, 25. svibnja 1901. – 27. prosinca 1986., belgijski botaničar. Njegov sin André Robyns (1935. – 2003.) također je bio botaničar.

Životopis
Doktorirao na Katoličkom sveučilištu u Leuvenu. Dvije je godine boravio u Kraljevskim botaničkim vrtovima u Kewu, putovao po središnjoj Africi i taksonomski radio na brojnim skupinama afričkih biljaka, među kojima su: Rubiaceae, trave i mahunarke.

Od 1931. do 1966. obnašao je dužnost ravnatelja Nacionalnog botaničkog vrta Belgije (Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Nationale Plantentuin van België), gdje je oblikovao prijelaz instituta s lokacije u Bruxellesu u Bouchoutu, dvorcu u Meiseu.

Inicirao je seriju monografija o flori središnje Afrike i serija neprekinuto izlazi do danas ("Flore d'Afrique centrale"). Od 1959. do 1964. bio je predsjednik Međunarodne asocijacije za taksonomiju biljaka.

U botaničkim referencijama ga se navodi pod kraticom Robyns; sin mu je pod kraticom A. Robyns.

Djelomična bibliografija
 Flore agrostologique du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi, Bruxelles : Goemaere, 1929-1934 – Agrostološka flora Belgijskog Konga i Ruande-Urundija.
 Flore des spermatophytes du Parc national Albert (s Rolandom Tournayem) Bruxelles : Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge, 1947-1955 – Sjemenjače iz Nacionalnog parka Albert.
 Les territoires biogéographiques du Parc National Albert, Bruxelles : Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge, 1948 – Biogeografski teritorija Nacionalnog parka Albert.
 Flore du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi, préparée par le Comité exécutif, Bruxelles : [Jardin botanique de l'État], 1958 – Flora of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi.

Eponimi
Eponimi:
 Robynsia, porodica Rubiaceae, ime je uveo John Hutchinson (1931.).
 Robynsiella, porodica Amaranthaceae, ime je uveo Karl Suessenguth (1938.).
 Robynsiochloa, porodica Poaceae, ime je uveo Henri Jacques-Félix (1960.).
 Robynsiophyton, porodica Fabaceae, ime je uveo Rudolf Wilczek (1953.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Walter Robyns na stranicama Nacionalnog botaničkog vrta Belgije
 Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaïre-Rwanda-Burundi). Spermatophytes na stranicama Smithsonian Collections Search Center
 Walter Robyns, Nacionalna knjižnica Francuske
 Walter Robyns na SUDOC-u

Belgijski biolozi
Belgijski botaničari


Oyomabang est un quartier de la ville de Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun, situé dans l'arrondissement de Yaoundé VII, subdivision de la Communauté Urbaine De Yaoundé.

Histoire

Situé sur l'axe Cité Verte – Nkolbisson, Elig Evouna Bella autrefois et désormais Oyombang, il est un quartier en pleine mutation qui désigne un « vieil iroko »  ou un « petit campement ». Il tire son étymologie des termes oyom « vieux ou minuscule » et abang « village ».
Autrefois, le regroupement des tribus allogènes à Yaoundé se faisait par zone de provenance. Cette expression vient surement du Chef supérieur des Eton, Jean Tsanga Manga, qui y séjournait parfois.

Géographie

Situé à la sortie Ouest de la Ville de Yaoundé, il est entouré des quartiers Nkol Bisson, Etetak, et Cité Verte.

Éducation

Oyomabang a connu une grande mutation qui a vu des maisons en dur surgirent de terre laissant ainsi place à un développement sans précédent. En effet, le quartier abrite désormais plusieurs établissements scolaires primaires et secondaires.

Parmi les établissements scolaires, il existe par exemple :

-Collège EKANI EYENGA
-Ecole primaire bilingue FLORALYS
-Groupe scolaire a.p.I la petite plume

Activités économiques

Les activités économiques sont dynamiques et variées au quartier Oyomabang. Entre autres, un marché populaire, des snack-bars, des ventes à emporter et de commerces généraux près d'une trentaine enregistrée.

Santé

Pour les besoins sanitaires, Oyomabang compte quelques cliniques privées et centres de santé, une pharmacie et un laboratoire d'analyses médicales.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes
 Site officiel - Communes et villes unies du Cameroun

Quartier de Yaoundé

Oyomabang


Eugeissona utilis est une espèce de plante à fleurs. Elle a été décrite pour la première fois par Odoardo Beccari en 1871. Cette espèce appartient au genre  Eugeissona et à la famille des Arecaceae. Elle est endémique de Bornéo.

Description
C'est un grand palmier très densément cespiteux qui pousse jusqu'à 20 m de haut. Originaire de l'Ile de Bornéo, il forme d'importants bosquets extensifs dans la forêt tropicale pluviale et les forêts de bruyère. Les stipes sont supportés par de nombreuses racines en échasses. La grande couronne porte de nombreuses feuilles érigées ou étalées aux pétioles très épineux et aux folioles élégamment arquées. Chaque stipe dans un bosquet ne fleurit qu'une fois en produisant une grande inflorescence terminale, avant de mourir. C'est un palmier monocarpique.

Les fruits sont gros et couvert de petites écailles . Les graines sont protégées par une coque très dure.

Toutes les parties du palmier sont utilisées intensément pour la construction et les couvertures des habitats des populations locales ; et le peuple Punan (ou Penan) extrait son alimentation de base, un "sagou", à partir du cœur du stipe de ce palmier.

Galerie

Références

Liens externes

Calamoideae
Espèce d'Arecaceae (nom scientifique)
Flore endémique de Bornéo
Végétation tropicale asiatique
Arbre en Asie

Eugeissona utilis


An Tetraria in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Tetraria in nahilalakip ha familia nga Cyperaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Tetraria australiensis
 Tetraria autumnalis
 Tetraria bachmannii
 Tetraria bolusii
 Tetraria borneensis
 Tetraria brachyphylla
 Tetraria bromoides
 Tetraria burmanni
 Tetraria capillacea
 Tetraria capillaris
 Tetraria capitata
 Tetraria compacta
 Tetraria compar
 Tetraria compressa
 Tetraria crassa
 Tetraria crinifolia
 Tetraria cuspidata
 Tetraria exilis
 Tetraria eximia
 Tetraria fasciata
 Tetraria ferruginea
 Tetraria fimbriolata
 Tetraria flexuosa
 Tetraria fourcadei
 Tetraria galpinii
 Tetraria gracilis
 Tetraria graminifolia
 Tetraria involucrata
 Tetraria ligulata
 Tetraria macowaniana
 Tetraria maculata
 Tetraria microcarpa
 Tetraria microstachys
 Tetraria mlanjensis
 Tetraria natalensis
 Tetraria nigrovaginata
 Tetraria octandra
 Tetraria paludosa
 Tetraria picta
 Tetraria pillansii
 Tetraria pleosticha
 Tetraria pubescens
 Tetraria pygmaea
 Tetraria robusta
 Tetraria scariosa
 Tetraria schonlandii
 Tetraria secans
 Tetraria spiralis
 Tetraria sylvatica
 Tetraria thermalis
 Tetraria triangularis
 Tetraria usambarensis
 Tetraria ustulata
 Tetraria vaginata
 Tetraria variabilis

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tetraria

Tetraria


The Safety Appliance Act is a United States federal law that made air brakes and automatic couplers mandatory on all trains in the United States. It was enacted on March 2, 1893, and took effect in 1900, after a seven-year grace period.  The act is credited with a sharp drop in accidents on American railroads in the early 20th century.

Background
After the Civil War, railroads expanded rapidly throughout the United States. The increased traffic was accompanied by an increase in accidents among railroad personnel, especially brakemen. Many accidents were associated with coupling and uncoupling of railroad cars, and particularly with the use of link-and-pin couplers, which were widely used then. The operation of hand brakes was also very hazardous. The rise in accidents led to calls for safety legislation, as early as the 1870s. In the 1880s, on-the-job deaths of railroad workers were second only to those of coal miners. Through that decade, several state legislatures enacted safety laws. However, the specific requirements varied among the states, making implementation difficult for interstate rail carriers, and Congress passed the Safety Appliance Act in 1893 to provide a uniform standard.  Former Iowa railroad commissioner Lorenzo Coffin doggedly lobbied for the act almost singlehandedly for six years before Congress finally passed the bill in 1893.

1893 act
The original act was entitled, "An Act to Promote the Safety of Employees and Travelers upon Railroads by Compelling Common Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce to Equip Their Cars with Automatic Couplers and Continuous Brakes and Their Locomotives with Driving-wheel Brakes, and for Other Purposes." Its first section makes it unlawful, among other things, for a railroad company engaged in interstate commerce to run any train without having a sufficient number of the cars so equipped with train brakes (such as air brakes) that the engineer on the locomotive can control the speed of the train without requiring brakemen to use a hand brake for that purpose.

The second section prohibits such a carrier from hauling or using on its line in moving interstate traffic any car not equipped with couplers which can be coupled and uncoupled automatically "without the necessity of men going between the ends of the cars", and the fourth section forbids the use in interstate commerce of any car not provided with secure grab irons or hand holds on the ends and sides of the car "for greater security to men in coupling and uncoupling cars". The sixth section imposes for every violation of the act a penalty of $100.

Summary of sections

Section 1
Need safety checks on locomotive and a sufficient number of cars. Starting on January 1, 1898, unlawful for a common carrier used for interstate commerce to use locomotive engine not equipped with a power driving-wheel brake and appliances for operating the train-brake system. Also need sufficient number of cars equipped with power or train brakes so engineer in the locomotive can control its speed without requiring a brakeman to use a common hand brake to do so.

Section 2
Need automatic couplers that can be uncoupled without man going between. On January 1, 1898, it will be unlawful for a common carrier used for interstate commerce to haul or permit to be hauled any car that is not equipped with couplers coupling automatically by impact and which can be uncoupled without a man going between the ends of the cars.

Section 3
Can't receive cars not equipped.  When any person, firm, company, or corporation engaged in interstate commerce by railroad has equipped a sufficient number of cars to be in compliance with Section 1, he/it may refuse to receive the connecting lines of road or shippers of any cars not equipped in such a manner.

Section 4
Secure grab irons. After July 1, 1895, unless Interstate Commerce Commission says otherwise, unlawful for RR company to use any car in interstate commerce that doesn't have secure grab irons or handholds in the ends and sides of each car (more secure for men who couple and uncouple cars.)

Section 5
Setting standards. Within 90 days of passage of act, the American Railway Association is authorized to set standard height of drawbars for freight cars and fix maximum variation from such standard heights to be allowed between drawbars of empty and loaded cars. Will submit these standards to the Interstate Commerce Commission, which will inform the carriers. If ARA fails to set standard, ICC will do so before July 1, 1894. After July 1, 1895, no cars can be used that don't comply.

Section 6
If violate provision. Any common carrier in violation of any provisions will be liable to pay a penalty of $100 for every violation, to be recovered in federal court.

Section 7
Can extend time within which carriers need to comply with this act. ICC can extend period from time to time with a full hearing and for good reason.

Section 8
If someone working for a non-compliant train is injured. An employee injured in a train that is not in compliance with this act will not need to bear the risk occasioned even if he knew that it was unlawful to do things that way and still continued working for the employer.

Amendments
The original law was amended by a subsequent act in 1903, whose first section provides that the requirements of the original act respecting train brakes, automatic couplers, and grab irons shall be held to apply to all trains and cars used on any railroad engaged in interstate commerce, unless a minor exception were satisfied. By its second section this act requires that not less than 50 percent of the cars in a train shall have their train brakes used and operated by the engineer on the locomotive, and confers upon the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the authority to increase this minimum percentage to the end that the objects intended may be more fully accomplished. By an order promulgated June 6, 1910, the Commission increased the minimum number of cars whose train brakes must be under the engineer's control to 85 percent.

A 1910 legislative amendment required additional equipment, including ladders, sill steps, and hand brakes.

Transfer of implementation authority
The 1966 Department of Transportation Act transferred authority for implementation of the Safety Appliance Act to the Secretary of Transportation. The Secretary designated the newly created Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) as the implementing agency. FRA began to take over enforcement responsibilities from the ICC in 1967.

Subsequent railroad safety legislation

The Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 expanded FRA's safety responsibilities:
 covers all railroads, both intrastate and interstate
 all areas of railroad safety
 authority to issue emergency orders
 preemption of safety rules issued by individual states.

Related railroad safety legislation:
 Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1974
 Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1976
 Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1978
 Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1980
 Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1982
 Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1988
 Rail Safety Enforcement and Review Act of 1992.

Case law
 Southern Railway Co. v. United States
 United States v. Erie Railroad Co. (1915).

See also
 History of rail transport in the United States
 Transportation safety in the United States

References

1893 in American law
1893 in rail transport
History of rail transportation in the United States
Railway safety
United States federal transportation legislation
United States railroad regulation

Railroad Safety Appliance Act


Alain Cojean (né le , en Bretagne) est un chef d'entreprise français, fondateur de la chaîne de restauration Cojean, dont il a été le président de 2000 à 2019, tout en étant investi dans des projets humanitaires.

Biographie

Création de la chaîne de restauration Cojean
En 2000, il monte une nouvelle entreprise de restauration, qui deviendra l'enseigne Cojean, et que les médias qualifient de "fast good".

En 2001, il ouvre à Paris près de la Place de la Madeleine le premier restaurant de la chaîne de restauration rapide Cojean Suivront trente-cinq adresses à Paris et à Londres

L'entreprise a la réputation d'avoir "métamorphosé la façon de déjeuner vite à Paris". La profession remarque rapidement ce nouveau venu, que l'on prend pour un "extraterrestre", et, en France comme à l'étranger, elle devient une référence pour une nouvelle approche de la restauration. Le magazine Snacking parle alors de "révolution en marche" et Ouest-France rappelle qu'« il a un succès phénoménal et inspire des grands chefs étoilés qui se sont, dès 2005, lancés dans la restauration rapide : Anne-Sophie Pic, Bocuse, Robuchon… D'autres sont arrivés ». Pour Time, Cojean est le "parrain d'un nouveau mouvement".

Cojean a souvent été copié : "Cojean a engendré des copies partout et on compte maintenant près de six mille établissements de ce type en France", précise Bernard Boutboul, le directeur de Gira Conseil dans un entretien avec le journal L'Indépendant.

En 2017, Alain Cojean cède l'entreprise mais en reste le président. Fidèle à sa conception de l'entreprise, il reverse la moitié du produit de la vente de ses parts aux cadres de l'entreprise et à sa nouvelle fondation, et permet à tous les directeurs des restaurants du groupe de devenir actionnaires.

En 2019, l'entreprise de restauration Cojean devient labellisée BCorp et Alain Cojean en quitte la présidence.

Projets philanthropiques

La fondation "nourrir aimer donner"
Alain Cojean défend l'idée que l'entreprise, outre la quête du gain, se doit d'être utile. Raison pour laquelle il fonde en 2011 la fondation « nourrir aimer donner » sous l'égide de la Fondation de France. Son financement est assuré par 10 % du résultat annuel de l'entreprise Cojean. « La fondation "nourrir aimer donner" a pour but de lutter contre la pauvreté et de contribuer au développement durable des communautés les plus démunies en travaillant notamment sur l'accès à l'eau et à la nourriture et d'une manière générale, de lutter contre toute forme d'injustice », précisent les statuts.

La fondation monte et accompagne des projets d'aide à l'insertion des plus démunis, notamment un centre de formation à la pâtisserie, pour des jeunes handicapés et sourds-muets à Calcutta, « Shuktara Cakes », un autre centre de formation à la pâtisserie à Siem Reap, au Cambodge.

Ouvrages
2022 : Nourritures célestes, Mama Éditions

Notes et références

Homme d'affaires français
Naissance dans le Finistère
Naissance en novembre 1961

Alain Cojean


O descarte no fundo do oceano é um método de 'Sequestro' de resíduos radioativos em sedimentos do fundo do oceano, onde é improvável que seja perturbado geologicamente ou por atividade humana.

Vários métodos de deposição de material no fundo oceânico têm sido propostos, incluindo envolvê-lo em concreto e como o Reino Unido já fez anteriormente, lançando-o em torpedos projetados para aumentar a profundidade de penetração no fundo oceânico, ou depositando contêineres em poços perfurados com técnicas semelhantes às utilizadas na exploração de petróleo .

O sedimento do fundo do oceano está saturado com água, mas como não há lençol freático per se e a água não flui através dele, a migração de resíduos dissolvidos é limitada à taxa na qual eles podem se difundir através da argila densa. Isso é lento o suficiente para que possa levar milhões de anos para que os resíduos se difundam através de várias dezenas de metros de sedimentos, de modo que, quando chegarem ao mar aberto, estejam altamente diluídos e decompostos . Acredita-se que grandes regiões do fundo do oceano sejam completamente geologicamente inativas e não se espera que haja uma extensa atividade humana lá no futuro. A água absorve essencialmente toda a radiação em poucos metros, desde que os resíduos permaneçam contidos.

Um dos problemas associados a esta opção passa pela dificuldade de recuperar os resíduos, se necessário, uma vez que se encontram no fundo do oceano. Além disso, estabelecer uma estrutura internacional eficaz para desenvolver, regular e monitorar um repositório no fundo do mar seria extremamente difícil.

Além das considerações técnicas e políticas, a Convenção de Londres proíbe o descarte de materiais radioativos no mar e não faz distinção entre resíduos despejados diretamente na água e resíduos enterrados sob o fundo do oceano. Permaneceu em vigor até 2018, após o qual a opção de disposição no fundo do mar pode ser revisitada em intervalos de 25 anos.

A deposição de resíduos, em recipientes adequados, em zonas de subducção também foi sugerida. Aqui, os resíduos seriam transportados pelo movimento das placas tectônicas para o manto da Terra e se tornariam inofensivos por diluição e decomposição natural. Várias objeções foram levantadas a este método, incluindo vulnerabilidades durante o transporte e descarte, bem como incertezas nos processos tectônicos reais.

Veja também

 Descarte de furos horizontais
 Descarte oceânico de resíduos radioativos
 Descarte de poços profundos
 Repositório de resíduos nucleares de Yucca Mountain
 Planta Piloto de Isolamento de Resíduos
 Ciclo do combustível nuclear
 Resíduos radioativos

Referências

Tecnologia de tratamento de resíduos
Resíduos radioativos

Ocean floor disposal


Shan State (, ; , ) is a state of Myanmar. Shan State borders China (Yunnan) to the north, Laos (Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces) to the east, and Thailand (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son Provinces) to the south, and five administrative divisions of Burma (Myanmar) in the west. The largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km2, almost a quarter of the total area of Myanmar. The state gets its name from Burmese name for the Tai peoples: "Shan people". The Tai (Shan) constitute the majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shanland is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio, Kengtung, and the capital, Taunggyi. Taunggyi is 150.7 km northeast of the nation's capital Naypyitaw.

The Shan state, with many ethnic groups, is home to several armed ethnic armies. While the military government has signed ceasefire agreements with most groups, vast areas of the state, especially those east of the Salween River, remain outside the central government's control, and in recent years have come under heavy ethnic-Han Chinese economic and political influence. Other areas are under the control of military groups such as the Shan State Army.

According to data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Shan State is the region that produces the most opium in Myanmar, accounting for 82% (331 metric tons) of the country's total output (405 metric tons) in 2020. With that said, opium poppy cultivation has declined year-on-year since 2015. In 2020, cultivation in Shan State declined a further 12%, with reductions taking place in East, North and South Shan with respective decreases of 17%, 10% and 9% from previous levels in 2019.

Names and etymology
Muang Tai (Shan: ) is the native name for the region as well as a term used for the Tai-inhabited parts of Myanmar outside of Shan State. Muang (မိူင်း) means country in Tai languages and is used before the names of other countries, e.g. Muang Maan (Myanmar).

Shan Pyi () derives from a Burmese corruption of the name Siam which is an old name for Lower Thailand. Pyi is a Burmese word meaning country and thus Shan Pyi can be translated as Shan State or Shanland. Officially, the region is called Shan State in English and Shan Pyine in Burmese but the ne in often dropped in colloquial speech.

History

Shan State is the unitary successor state to the Burmese Shan States, the princely states that were under some degree of control of the Irrawaddy valley-based Burmese kingdoms.

Historical Tai-Mao states extended well beyond the Burmese Shan States, ranging from full-fledged kingdoms of Assam in the northwest to Lan Xang in the east, to Lan Na and Ayutthaya in the southeast, as well as several petty princely states in between, covering present-day northern Chin State, northern Sagaing Division, Kachin State, Kayah State in Myanmar as well as Laos, Thailand and the southwestern part of Yunnan, China. The definition of Burmese Shan States does not include the Ava Kingdom and the Hanthawaddy Kingdom of the 13th to 16th centuries, although the founders of these kingdoms were Burmanized Shans and Monized Shans, respectively.

Early history
The founding of Shan States inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the Pagan Kingdom in the Shan Hills and accelerated after 1287, when the Pagan Kingdom fell to the Mongols. The Tai people, who came south with the Mongols, stayed, and quickly came to dominate much of northern to the eastern arc of Burma—from northwestern Sagaing Division to Kachin Hills to the present-day Shan Hills. The most powerful Shan states were Mong Yang (Mohnyin) and Mong Kawng (Mogaung) in present-day Kachin State, followed by Hsenwi (Theinni), Hsipaw (Thibaw) and Mong Mit (Momeik) in present-day northern Shan State. Smaller Shan states, such as Kale in northwestern Sagaing Division, Bhamo in Kachin State, Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe) and Kengtung (Kyaingtong) in Shan State, and Mong Pai (Mobye) in Kayah State, played a precarious game of paying allegiance to more powerful states, sometimes simultaneously.

The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic, and included other ethnic minorities such as the Chin, the Kachin, the Wa, the Ta'ang, the Lisu, the Lahu, the Pa O, and the Kayah. Although Burmanised Shans founded the Ava Kingdom that ruled central Burma, other Shan states, Mohnyin in particular, constantly raided Ava territories throughout the years. A Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States finally conquered Ava in 1527.

Toungoo and Konbaung periods (1555–1885)

In 1555, King Bayinnaung dislodged Shan king Sithu Kyawhtin from Ava. By 1557 he went on to conquer all of what would become known as the Burmese Shan states under his rule, from the Assamese border in the northwest to those in Kachin Hills and Shan Hills, including the two most powerful Shan states, Mohnyin and Mogaung. The Shan states were reduced to the status of governorships, but the Saophas were permitted to retain their royal regalia and their feudal rights over their own subjects. Bayinnaung introduced Burmese customary law and prohibited all human and animal sacrifices. He also required the sons of Saophas to reside in the Burmese king's palace, essentially hostages, in order to ensure the good conduct of their fathers and to receive training in Burmese court life. Burmese kings continued this policy until 1885 when the kingdom fell to the British. (The northernmost Shan states, in Yunnan, had already fallen to the Chinese Ming dynasty by the middle of the 15th century.)

The reach of the Burmese sovereign waxed and waned with the ability of each Burmese monarch. Shan states became briefly independent following the collapse of the first Toungoo dynasty, in 1599. The Restored Toungoo dynasty under King Nyaungyan and King Anaukpetlun recovered the Shan states, including the two strongest—Monhyin and Mogaung by 1605 and Lan Na by 1615. In the early-18th century, the rule of Burmese monarchs declined rapidly and by the 1730s, the northernmost Shan states, many of which had paid dual tribute to China and Burma, had been annexed by the Qing Dynasty of China. The annexed border states ranged from Mogaung and Bhamo in present-day Kachin State to Hsenwi and Kengtung in present-day Shan State to Sipsongpanna (Kyaingyun) in present-day Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan.

In the middle of the 18th century, the Burmese Konbaung dynasty's reassertion of the easternmost boundaries of Burmese Shan states led to war with China. It made four separate invasions of Burma from 1765 to 1769, during the Sino-Burmese War. The Burmese success in repelling Chinese forces laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between Burma and China.

The present-day boundary of southern Shan State vis-à-vis Thailand was formed shortly thereafter. Burma lost southern Lan Na (Chiang Mai) in 1776 and northern Lan Na (Chiang Saen) in 1786 to a resurgent Bangkok-based Siam, ending more than two centuries of Burmese suzerainty over the region. It retained only Kengtung on the Burmese side. The southern border of Shan State remained contested in the following years. Siam invaded Kengtung in 1803–1804 and 1852–1854, and Burma invaded Lan Na in 1797 and 1804. Siam occupied Kengtung during World War II (1942–1945).

Throughout the Burmese feudal era, Shan states supplied much manpower in the service of Burmese kings. Without Shan manpower, the Burmans alone would not have been able to achieve their victories in Lower Burma, Siam, and elsewhere. Shans were a major part of Burmese forces in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824–1826, and fought valiantly—a fact that the British commanders acknowledged.

After the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, the Burmese kingdom was reduced to Upper Burma alone. The Shan states—especially that east of the Salween River, were essentially autonomous entities, paying token tribute to the king. In 1875, King Mindon, to avoid certain defeat, ceded Karenni states, long part of Shan states, to the British. When the last king of Burma, Thibaw Min, ascended the throne in 1878, the rule of central government was so weak that Thibaw had to send thousands of troops to tame a rebellion in the Shan state of Mongnai and other eastern Shan states for the remainder of his six-year reign.

Colonial period (1886–1948)

On 28 November 1885, the British captured Mandalay, officially ending the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 11 days. But it took until 1890 for the British to subdue all of the various Shan states. Under the British colonial administration, established in 1887, the Shan states were ruled by their saophas as feudatory princely states of the British Crown. The British placed Kachin Hills inside Mandalay Division and northwestern Shan areas under Sagaing Division. In October 1922, the Shan and the Karenni states were merged to create the Federated Shan States, under a commissioner who also administered the Wa States. This arrangement survived the constitutional changes of 1923 and 1937.

During World War II, most of the Shan states were occupied by the Japanese. Chinese Kuomintang forces who illegally entered Burmese territory came down to northeastern Shan states to face the Japanese. Thai forces, allied with the Japanese, occupied Kengtung and surrounding areas in 1942, annexing the territory to the Thai state.

After the war, the British returned, while many Chinese KMT forces stayed inside Burmese Shan states. Negotiations leading to independence at the Panglong Conference in February 1947 secured a unitary Shan State, including former Wa states, but without the Karenni states. More importantly, Shan State gained the right of secession in 10 years from independence.

Independence (1948–2010)
Soon after gaining independence in January 1948, the central government led by U Nu faced several armed rebellions. The most serious was the Chinese Nationalist KMT invasion of Shan State in 1950. Driven out by the Chinese Communist forces, Nationalist KMT armies planned to use the region east of the Salween River as a base from which to regain their homeland. In March 1953, the KMT forces, with US assistance, were on the verge of taking the entire Shan State and within a day's march of the state capital Taunggyi. The Burmese army drove the invaders east across the Salween, but much of the KMT army and their progeny have remained in the eastern Shan State under various guises to the present day. The Burmese army's heavy-handedness fueled resentment.

In 1961, Shan saophas led by Sao Shwe Thaik, the first president of Burma and saopha of Yawnghwe, proposed a new federal system of government for greater autonomy, although the Shans had the constitutional right to secede. Though Shan leaders promised not to exercise the right, the Burmese army led by Gen. Ne Win thought the proposal was secessionist. Gen. Ne Win's coup d'état in 1962 brought an end to the Burmese experiment with democracy and with it, the call for greater autonomy for ethnic minorities. The coup fueled the Shan rebellion, started in 1958 by a small group called Num Hsük Han ('young warriors'), now joined by the Shan State Army (SSA).

By the early-1960s, eastern Shan State festered with several insurgencies and warlords, and it emerged as a major opium-growing area, part of the so-called Golden Triangle. Narcotics trafficking became a vital source of revenue for all insurgencies. Major forces consisted of the SSA and the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), as well as those of the drug lords Khun Sa, and Lo Hsing Han. By the mid-1960s, CPB had begun receiving open support from China. Thailand also began a decades-long policy of support for non-communist Burmese rebels. Families of insurgent leaders were allowed to live in Thailand, where insurgent armies were free to buy arms, ammunition, and other supplies.

In the late-1980s and 1990s, the military government signed ceasefire agreements with 17 groups, including all major players in Shan State. An uneasy truce has ensued, but all forces remain heavily armed. Today, the 20,000-strong United Wa State Army (UWSA) is the largest armed group, and is heavily involved in the narcotics trade. Under the 2008 Constitution, endorsed by the Burmese junta, certain UWSA-controlled areas were given the status of an autonomous region.

In recent decades, Chinese state and ethnic Chinese involvement in Shan State has deepened. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from China have come to work in Upper Burma since the 1990s. Chinese investment in the state has funded everything from hydro power and mining projects to rubber plantations, logging, and wildlife trade.  Wa and Kokang regions, led by local leaders, use the Chinese yuan and operate on Chinese Standard Time.

New constitution (2010–present)

In the general election of November 2010, 117 seats were open for Shan State Parliament (or Shan State Hluttaw): two each for 55 townships and seven seats for different ethnic constituencies. But elections for Mongmao, Pangwaun, Pangkham, Namphan, and Mong La Township Constituencies were canceled. Fifty-four candidates from Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), 31 from Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (SNDP), six from PaO National Organization, four from Ta'ang (Palaung) National Party, three each from Inn National Development Party and Wa Democratic Party, four from three other parties, and two independent candidates were elected. Only one candidate from National Unity Party (Burma) was elected for Shan State Hluttaw (2011), although it was the second largest party in term of numbers of candidates.

In 2011, Aung Myat (aka Sao Aung Myat), a former military officer of the Myanmar Army and a USDP candidate of Pindaya constituencies, was named as Chief Minister of Shan State Government. Two candidates from SNDP were named for the first Shan State Government. Sai Ai Pao (aka Sai Aik Paung) was named for Industry and Mining Minister and Sai Naw Kham (aka Tun Tun Aung) was named for Construction Minister. In the Shan State cabinets (2011), one was from the Myanmar Army and six were from the Union Soldiery and Development Party (USDP).

Sai Mauk Kham (aka Maung Ohn), one of the two vice presidents of Myanmar (2011–2015), was elected from Shan State No. 3 Constituency as a National Assembly candidate in the November 2010 election.

Geography

Most of the Shan State is a hilly plateau, the Shan Plateau, which together with the higher mountains in the north and south forms the Shan Hills system. The gorge of the Thanlwin (Salween/Namhkong) River cuts across the state. Inle Lake where the leg-rowing Intha people live in floating villages, in the great Nyaung Shwe "plain", is the second largest natural expanse of water in Burma, shallow but   long and   wide. Pindaya Caves near Aungpan are vast limestone caverns which contain 6,226 Buddha images.

The road to Taunggyi via Kalaw and Aungpan branches off at Thazi from the main Yangon–Mandalay Road; another road via Ywangan and Pindaya branches off from Kyaukse south of Mandalay. The railhead stops short of Taunggyi at Shwenyaung, again from Thazi junction, and nearby Heho has an airport.

A severe magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck in Tarlay, Tachileik Township, the eastern part of Shan State, on 24 March 2011. It killed more than 70 and injured more than 100 people. 390 houses, 14 Buddhist monasteries, and nine government buildings were damaged.

Administrative divisions

Shan State is traditionally divided into three sub-states: Southern Shan State (1–2), Northern Shan State (3–7), and Eastern Shan State (8–11). It is officially divided into 11 districts:

Taunggyi
Loilen (Loilem)
Kyaukme
Muse
Laukkaing (Laogai)
Kunlong
Lashio
Keng Tung
Mong Hsat
Mong Hpayak
Tachileik

An additional district, Hopang District, was formed as the 12th district of Shan State in September 2011 by combining the townships of Mongmao, Pangwaun, Namphan, and Pansang from Lashio District with Matman Township from Kengtung District, as well as the townships and subtownships of Hopang, Panlong, and Namtit from Kunlong District.

Government

Executive

The Shan State Government is the cabinet of Shan State in Myanmar.

Legislature

The legislature of Shan State in Burma, called Hluttaw was established on 8 February 2016. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 137 members—103 elected members and 34 military representatives. As of February 2016, Sai Long Hseng of the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) leads the Hluttaw.

Judiciary

The Shan State High Court is the judiciary of Shan State.

Shan national anthem
The national anthem of Shan State (Shan: ၵႂၢမ်းၸိူဝ်ႉၸၢတ်ႈတႆး Kwam Jue Jaat Tai) was composed by Dr Panyan on 7 February 1947.

Transport

Airports
 Heho Airport
 Lashio Airport
 Tachilek Airport
 Kengtung Airport
 Momeik Airport
 Mong Ton Airport
 Mong Hsat Airport
 Nansang Airport
 Namtu Airport

Demographics

The people of Shan State can be divided into ten primary ethnic groups: the Shan (Tai), Pa-O, Intha, Lahu, Lisu, Taungyo, Danu, Palaung, Ahka, and Kachin (Jingpo).

The valleys and tableland are inhabited by the Shan people, who resemble the Thai, Sam, and Lao people in language and customs. They are largely Buddhists and are mainly engaged in agriculture. Among the Shans live the Bamar, Han Chinese, and Karens. The hills are inhabited by various peoples, notably the Wa, who are numerous in the north and along the Chinese border. The Palaung people are numerous in the Northern Shan State, in the townships of Namkham, Muse, Namhpaka, Kutkai, and Lashio along the China-Myanmar border, and in the middle of Shan State, in the townships of Namhsan, Kyaukme, and Hsipaw. Some of the Palaung people can also be found in Kalaw Township in the Southern Shan State. The population of the Palaung people is over 1,000,000.

The Lisu people are numerous in the Northern Shan State, in the townships of Mongmit, Hsipaw, Kyaukme, Namhsan, Namhpaka, Kutkai, Namtu, Lashio, Hopang, and Tangyan, as well as the Kokang region. There is also a numerous Lisu population in the Southern Shan State, in the townships of Taunggyi, Pekon, Hopon, Mongpon, Loilem, Lai-Hka, Nansang, Mong Nai, Mong Pan, and Mong Ton. The Jingpo people are numerous along the Chinese border in the Northern Shan State, in the townships of Namkham, Muse, Namhpaka, Kutkai, Mungmyit Kodawng, Kengtung, and Lashio. The Jingpo people in Shan State are estimated to number over 200,000.

There is a dwindling population of Anglo-Burmese in major hill stations, such as Kalaw and in Taunggyi, a hold-over from the colonial period.

Religion
According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Buddhists make up 81.7% of Shan State's population, forming the largest religious community there. Minority religious communities include Christians (9.8%), Muslims (1%), Hindus (0.1%), and animists (6.6%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Shan State's population. 0.9% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.

According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 77,513 Buddhist monks were registered in Shan State, comprising 14.5% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. Shan State is home to Myanmar's largest samanera community.

The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (97%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (2.9%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders. 3,814 thilashin were registered in Shan State, comprising 6.3% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.

Economy
Silver, lead, and zinc are mined, notably at the Bawdwin mine, and there are smelters at Namtu. Rubies are extracted in large quantity in Mong Hsu Township with output peaking in the late-1990s and early 2000s.

Teak is cut, and rice and other crops are grown. Shan State is known for its garden produce of all sorts of fresh fruit and vegetables thanks to its temperate and sunny climate. Itinerant markets that travel from place to place, setting up on every fifth day in each small town or village, are typical, although large towns have permanent markets. It is part of the Golden Triangle, an area in which some of the world's opium and heroin are still illegally produced, and it has become a leading global production area for methamphetamine. Drug trafficking is controlled by local warlords in partnership with foreign organized crime groups, some of whom have private armies amounting to thousands of soldiers. Much of the methamphetamine (ya ba) that ends up across the Mekong and wider Asia Pacific region is produced in Shan as well.

There are some border trading centers along the Shan State border and neighboring countries. Muse, the biggest border trading center along the Myanmar–China border and Tachileik, another important trading center between Myanmar and Thailand are in Shan State.

The construction project of Sino-Burma pipelines of oil and gas that passes through northern part of Shan State was started in September 2010 and was finished in June 2013.

Education

Educational opportunities in Myanmar are limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. It is especially a problem in Shan State where vast areas are beyond government control. According to official statistics, only about 8% of primary school students in Shan State reach high school.

Taunggyi University is the main university in the state, and until recently the only four-year university in the state. The military government, which closed down universities and colleges in the 1990s to quell student unrest, has "upgraded" former colleges and two-year institutes. The government now requires that students attend their local universities and colleges, such as Lashio University, Kyaingtong University, Panglong University.

Health care
The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5 to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack basic facilities and equipment. The following is a summary of the public health system in the state, in fiscal year 2002–2003.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Conway, Susan "The Shan, Culture Arts and Crafts", River Books, 2006
 Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K
 Milne, Leslie, The Shans at Home. London, 1910.
 Sāimöng, Sao, The Shan States and the British Annexation. Cornell University, Cornell, 1969 (2nd ed.)
 Scott, J. G., Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. 5 vols. Rangoon, 1900–1901.
 Scott, J. G., Burma and beyond. London, 1932.
 Shan State - Myanmar - Mimu

External links

 Official government website
 "Shan State" relief map showing major towns and revised township boundaries, 18 November 2010, Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)
 Shan Herald Agency for News S.H.A.N.
 Taipei American Chamber of Commerce; Topics Magazine, Analysis, November 2012.  Myanmar: Southeast Asia's Last Frontier for Investment, BY DAVID DUBYNE
Chronology for Shans in Burma

States of Myanmar

Shan State


An Cyperus microumbellatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kaare Arnstein Lye. An Cyperus microumbellatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an duro. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus microumbellatus


Mallorca, İspanya'nın bir parçası olan ve Akdeniz'de bulunan Balear Adaları'ndaki en büyük adadır. Adanın yerel dilleri İspanyolca ve Katalancadır. Adanın başkenti Palma, aynı zamanda Balear Adaları özerk topluluğunun da başkentidir.

Diğer Balear Adaları; Minorka, İbiza ve Formentera gibi, ada özellikle Almanya ve Birleşik Krallık'tan gelen turistler için son derece popüler bir tatil yeridir. Adanın uluslararası havalimanı olan Palma de Mallorca Havalimanı, İspanya'nın en yoğun havalimanıdır. 2017 yılında 28 milyon yolcu tarafından kullanılmış olup, 2012 yılından bu yana kullanım her yıl artmaktadır.

İsminin kökeni, Latince insula maior, "büyük ada"dır.

Adaya yılda 21 milyon turist gelmektedir. 861.430 nüfuslu (2016) Mallorca, Tenerife'nin ardından, İspanya'daki ikinci en kalabalık adadır.

Tarihi
Adada Eski Taş Çağı döneminden (MÖ 6000-4000 yılları arası) yaşam olduğuna dair bulgular mevcuttur. Ada MÖ 123 senesinde Romalıların (Caecilius Metellus döneminde ele geçmiştir. Romalılar döneminde adanın en önemli şehri olan Palma ((Palmaria)) ve Alcúdia ((Pollentia)) şehirleri kurulmuştur) eline geçmiştir. MS 426'da ise Vandalların istilasına uğramış, 465 senesine kadar farklı krallıkların eline geçmiştir. 524 senesinde ise ada Bizans hakimiyeti altına girmiş ve Sardinya eyaletinin bir parçası olarak yönetilmiştir. Bizans hakimiyeti döneminde adada Hristiyanlık yaygınlaşmıştır. Ancak 707 senesinden itibaren ada Kuzey Afrikalı Müslümanların saldırılarına uğramaya başlamıştır. 902 senesinde Córdoba Halifeliği tarafından fethedilen ada yeni bir döneme girmiş, yerel sanayinin yükselişine ve yapay sulama metotlarının uygulanması ile tarım sahasında gelişmelere uğramıştır. 1015 senesinde Kurtuba idaresinden çıktıktan sonra ada 1087 senesine kadar bir tayfa emirliği olan Denia emirliğine bağlı olarak, 1087-1114 seneleri arasında ise bağımsız olarak (tayfa emirliği) kendisini yönetmiştir. 1114 senesinde adaya çıkarma yapan ve Palma şehrini 8 ay kuşatan Pisa ve Katalan Krallıkları adayı tamamen ele geçirmeye muvaffak oldu. Ancak 1123 senesinde adayı bu sefer Murabıtlar ele geçirmeye başarılı oldular ve 1203 senesine kadar da yönettiler. Murabıtların yerini alan Muvahhidler 1229 senesine kadar adayı ellerinde tuttular. 1229'da 15.000 asker ve 1500 atlık bir kuvvetle sefere çıkan Aragon Kralı I. Jaume 3 aylık bir sefer sonucu adayı ele geçirdi ve İslam hakimiyetine son verdi. I. Jaume'in 1276'da ölümü üzerine krallığı oğulları arasında paylaşıldı ve oğullarından II. Jaume tarafından Mayorka Krallığı kuruldu ve ada bu krallık hakimiyeti altına girdi. 1344'te ada, Aragon Kralı IV. Pere tarafından zapt edilerek tekrar Aragon Krallığı hakimiyeti altına girdi. 1479'da bu krallık Kastilya Krallığı ile birleşene kadar (İspanya Krallığı) Aragon Krallığı hakimiyeti altında kaldı.

İlgili bağlantılar
 Akdeniz adaları

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 InfoMallorca, turizm rehberi (İngilizce)

Akdeniz'e kıyısı olan iller

Mallorca


Mark Kenly Domino Tan (født Ry) er tøjdesigner.

I 20014 modtog han Dansk Design Talent-prisen fra Magasin du Nord. Han vandt Bikubenfonden/Kronprinseparrets Stjernedryspris 2015

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Om Mark Tan  på tv3.dk

Designere fra Danmark

Mark Kenly Domino Tan


Markiz Adaları (Fransızca: Îles Marquises) Fransız Polinezyası olarak adlandırılan Tahiti'nin yaklaşık 1.190 km kuzeydoğusundaki iki volkanik ada topluluğundan oluşur. Yüzölçümü 1.274 km² olup nüfusu 9000 kadardır. Telefon kodu 689'dur. Tai o Hae Adası en büyük ve en kalabalık ada olma özelliğini taşır. Kahve, vanilya, ekmekağacı gibi tropik ürünler yetiştirilmektedir. Ünlü Fransız ressam Paul Gauguin, Hiva Oa adasında gömülüdür.

Fransız Polinezyası'nın adaları
Büyük Okyanus'taki takımadalar
Volkanik adalar
Sıcak nokta yanardağları

Markiz Adaları


Las Asambleas del Partido Republicano de 2012 en Misuri se hicieron entre el 15 al 24 de marzo de 2012. Las Asambleas del Partido Republicano fueron una asambleas, con 49 de 52 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012.  En el estado de Misuri estaban en disputa 49 delegados en la cual Mitt Romney ganó.

Elecciones

Resultados

Distritos y estados
La siguiente tabla muestra a los ganadores en cada distrito congresional y a nivel estatal.

Véase también
 Primarias del Partido Republicano de 2012 en Misuri
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Destino 2012 en Univision (en español)
 Calendario de las asambleas en Misuri (en inglés)
 Asambleas y asambleas en CNN (en inglés)
 Candidatos a las Asambleas (en inglés)

2012
Misuri

en:Missouri Republican primary and caucuses, 2012#Caucuses


La selección de fútbol de Nueva Zelanda participó en la segunda edición de la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC, esta vez organizada en Nueva Caledonia en el año 1980.

Nueva Zelanda no tuvo una buena actuación, a pesar de que el fútbol de ese país estaba en auge, ya que 1 año después lograría la clasificación a la Copa Mundial 1982. Quedó eliminado en la primera fase, producto de una victoria y dos derrotas en el grupo que compartió con Tahití, Fiyi e Islas Salomón. La selección neozelandesa convirtió 7 goles, pero recibió 8, terminando con una diferencia negativa. Algo solo se repitió en la Copa siguiente, la edición de 1996.

Participación

Grupo A

Equipos participantes en la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC 1980
Nueva Zelanda en 1980
Nueva Zelanda en la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC

Nueva Zelanda en la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC 1980


Nn, Türk alfabesinin 17. harfi, Latin alfabesinin ise 14. harfidir. Kiril alfabesinde H ile gösterilir. Bazı yörelerde genizden söylenebilir. Bugün hâlâ bazı Türk lehçelerinde genizden çıkan Ñ sesi kullanılır. Bu ses Türkmence'de Ň ile gösterilir.

Bilgisayar kodları

Kaynakça

Latin alfabesi harfleri

N