Regards de femmes es una película del año 2005.

Sinopsis
Este documental está centrado en la expresión de las mujeres africanas que trabajan en torno a la imagen. Esta exploración se desarrolla a partir del encuentro y en torno a la palabra de artistas y profesionales del cine, presentes en el Festival de Cine de Apt, en 2004. Su testimonio refleja la creatividad que anima el África negra y las cuestiones que se plantean, hoy en día, las mujeres.

Referencias

Regards de femmes


Collingwood O'Hare Entertainment este a britanica companie de divertisment infiintata in 1988 si cunoscuta pentru munca sa in animatia copiilor. A fost numit de fondatori Tony Collingwood.

Francizele bine cunoscute includ Harry și găletușa lui plină cu dinozauri și Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!.

Studiouri de animație

Collingwood O'Hare Entertainment


Zameus squamulosus, vrsta morskog psa iz reda kosteljki, jedina u rodu Zameus.

Živi po svim oceanima na dubinama do 2 200 metara, najčešće između 400 i 900 metara. Maksimalno naraste 84 cm. Za ljude je bezopasan, a koristi se i u ljudskoj prehrani i izradi ribljeg brašna.

Izvori

Kosteljke

Zameus squamulosus


رأس المرمورة هو أحد الرؤوس على الساحل الشرقي للبلاد التونسية، يقع في ولاية مدنين قرب بلدة حاسي الجربي.

مرمورة

رأس المرمورة


Rašćani su naseljeno mjesto u općini Tomislavgrad, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 103

 Srbi - 102
 Jugoslaveni - 1

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 41

 Hrvati - 41

Izvori

Naselja u Hercegbosanskoj županiji
Tomislavgrad

Rašćani (Tomislavgrad, BiH)


Hans-Joachim Kohnert (* 28. Juni 1905 in Bromberg, Westpreußen; † 26. Juni 1972 in Unterpfaffenhofen-Harthaus) war hochrangiger NS-Funktionär und Bauernvertreter; nach 1945 wurde er Vertriebenenfunktionär und Lobbyist für deutsche Fleischwarenfabriken.

Leben
Hans Joachim Kohnert war Sohn des Landwirts und Rittergutbesitzers Fritz Kohnert und seiner Frau Eda, geb. Schlubach. Der Ehe entstammten zwei Töchter und drei Söhne. Nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs lebte er in Polen. Nach dem Abitur in Bromberg und dem polnischen Militärdienst besuchte Kohnert die Technische Hochschule im Freistaat Danzig. Er beendete sein agrarwissenschaftliches Studium 1930 als Diplomlandwirt und wurde 1931 promoviert. 1930 wurde er Stabsfeldwebel der Reserve der Polnischen Armee.

Ab 1935 übernahm Kohnert die Leitung der Organisation der deutschen Minderheit im polnischen Warthe-Gebiet, der "Deutschen Vereinigung" von Erik von Witzleben. Der SS trat Kohnert am 13. November 1939 bei (Mitglieds-Nr.: 356 871) und zwar mit dem Rang des SS-Oberführers, gut ein Jahr später (1. Januar 1941) auch der NSDAP (Mitgliedsnummer 7.848.301); zuvor (20. Oktober 1939) war ihm bereits das goldene Parteiabzeichen der NSDAP verliehen worden.

Im Jahr 1938 begann Kohnert mit dem Aufbau der SS im Warthegau. Die Organisation existierte unter der Bezeichnung "Selbstschutz" und wurde beim Überfall auf Polen gegen die polnische Armee und Bevölkerung eingesetzt. Der von Kohnert kommandierte "Selbstschutz" ist für die Ermordung Tausender Bürger von Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) verantwortlich. Ihr Führer erlangte so traurige Berühmtheit als "Henker von Bromberg".

Davon abgesehen, profitiert Kohnert anscheinend nach dem Überfall auf Polen der Deutschen Wehrmacht in besonderem Maße von der Verteilung beschlagnahmter polnischen Güter. Im April 1940 wurde ihm das Gut Osterholm (Ostrow (Cottbus) bei Amsee), Kreis Hohensalza, für seine "Verdienste" übergeben, um Kohnerts Wunsch nach einer "bodenständigen Verwurzelung in seiner Heimat" zu genügen. Dies stieß allerdings selbst beim Gauleiter Danzig Westpreußen, Albert Forster, auf Bedenken: "Ich finde es sehr eigenartig, dass in meinem Gau (…) beschlagnahmte polnische Güter verteilt werden." Daraufhin wurde ihm von SS-Führer Heinrich Himmler übermittelt, er möge Kohnert "ein Gut zur Verfügung stellen (…). Dies soll als Gegenleistung des Reiches für seine Verdienste um das Deutschtum vor der Besetzung Polens darstellen". Im April 1940 war es dann soweit. Der Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer im Warthegau, Wilhelm Koppe, teilte mit, dass "das Gut Ostrowo nunmehr freigemacht" sei. Kohnert "machte sich Himmlers Verfügung als RKF vom 10. August 1942 zunutze, wonach Kriegsversehrte landwirtschaftliche Betriebe in den eroberten Gebieten erhalten konnten. Offenbar erhielt Kohnert 1943 das fast 500 Hektar große Gut Osterholm im Kreis Hohensalza zum Eigentum, das er seit 1940 bewirtschaftet hatte. Nach Kriegsende ließ es sich Kohnert nicht nehmen, diesen Betrieb als Kriegsschaden für den Lastenausgleich anzumelden."

Am 30. September 1944 wurde Kohnert wegen seiner Verdienste um die Steigerung der Agrarproduktion im Warthegau während der Kriegszeit das Ritterkreuz zum Kriegsverdienstkreuz verliehen. Am 1. April 1941 wurde er, als Nachfolger von Karl Reinhardt, Landesbauernführer im Reichsgau Wartheland.  Die Wehrmacht ernannte ihn am 20. April 1941 zum Leutnant d.R. und verlieh ihm am 30. Januar 1943 das Kriegsverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse ohne Schwerter. Während des 2. Weltkriegs war Kohnert als SS-Oberführer und Leiter der Abtl. "Landwirtschaft und Ernährungswirtschaft" im sog. "Warthegau" im durch deutsche Truppen besetzten Polen.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg arbeitete Kohnert zunächst als Geschäftsführer des Niedersächsischen Landvolkes und danach als Hauptgeschäftsführer des Verbandes deutscher Fleischwarenfabriken in Bonn. Ab 1950 war Kohnert für zehn Jahre als Bundessprecher der Landsmannschaft Westpreußen wieder politisch aktiv.

Ehrungen
Ihm wurde das Goldene Parteiabzeichen der NSDAP verliehen. Am 30. September 1944 wurde Kohnert mit dem Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuzes geehrt.

Literatur
 Hans Kohnert, in: Braunbuch. Kriegs- und Naziverbrecher in der Bundesrepublik, 1965, S. 267f.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Vertriebenenfunktionär
Landwirt (Deutschland)
Landesbauernführer
Person (Westpreußen)
Person (Posen)
Person (deutsche Besetzung Polens 1939–1945)
SS-Mitglied
NSDAP-Mitglied
Träger des Goldenen Parteiabzeichens der NSDAP
Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Kriegsverdienstkreuzes (1939)
Pole
Deutscher
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 1972
Mann

Hans Joachim Kohnert


Mamma + Mamma est un film italien réalisé par Karole Di Tommaso, sorti en 2018.

Synopsis
Un couple de lesbiennes qui veut avoir un enfant se débat avec la bureaucratie et les coûts des cliniques de fertilité.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Mamma + Mamma
 Réalisation : Karole Di Tommaso
 Scénario : Karole Di Tommaso et Chiara Ridolfi
 Musique : Giulia Anania et Marta Venturini
 Photographie : Sara Purgatorio
 Montage : Martina Caggianelli
 Production : Angelo Barbagallo et Matilde Barbagallo
 Société de production : BiBi Film et Rai Cinema
 Pays :
 Genre : Biopic, comédie dramatique et romance
 Durée : 81 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :  (Alice nella Città),

Distribution
 Linda Caridi : Karole
 Maria Roveran : Ali
 Andrea Tagliaferri : Andrea
 Silvia Gallerano : Olga
 Stefano Sabelli : Don Antonio
 Anna Bellato : Chiara
 Sanjay Kansa Banik : Tofail
 Alessandra Mola : la petite Olimpia
 Paola M'Bia : Wennichet
 Luca Di Giovanni : Dr. Balzano
 Fabio Giacobbe Doria : Marco
 Lilith Primavera : Elle-même

Distinctions
Le film a été présenté en sélection officielle au festival international du film de Guadalajara. Le film a également reçu l'Iris Prize de la meilleure actrice pour Linda Caridi.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 2018
Film biographique italien
Comédie dramatique italienne
Film romantique italien
Film italien sur le lesbianisme
Film sur l'homoparentalité

Mamma + Mamma


Frank T. Hopkins (August 11, 1865 unsubstantiated – November 5, 1951) was a self-proclaimed professional horseman who at one time performed with the Ringling Brothers Circus. He was a long-distance rider who claimed to have won 400 races and was recognized by his contemporaries as supporting the preservation of the mustang.

The film Hidalgo was based on Hopkins' purported story, and a few items in his accounts have been verified by outside, reliable, third-party sources. Some experts consider him to be a con-artist, but others side with assertions that he was not.

Early life and education
Hopkins said he was born to a Lakota mother, although this remains unsubstantiated, and European-American father, that he grew up in both cultures, and that he learned to ride and care for horses at an early age. He claimed that his father, Charles Hopkins, was a scout for George Armstrong Custer and he was captured by Chief Gall in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, but he was released four months later and returned to Fort Laramie, which is where Frank said he was born and raised (his father being with Custer cannot be substantiated). The Fort Laramie National Historic site has no record of his birth or family. There is a marriage certificate that Hopkins signed in New York in 1929 where his age was put at 44 which, if true, would place his birth in 1885. However, the photograph shown, said to have been taken in 1905, seems to show the appearance of a middle-aged man. Additionally, the Lakota Nation has no record of any member of his family being enrolled or associated with the nation.

Career
Hopkins claimed to have been a cowboy and professional horseman in the American West, where he gained a reputation for distance riding.  In his autobiographical memoir (unpublished in his lifetime) and accounts to friends, he claimed to have been featured as one of the "Rough Riders of the World" in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, which toured in Europe as well as the United States.

A number of his stories have been debunked  by many historians. Examples include:
 His claim to have been a rider with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show was disputed by the curator of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center, who said Hopkins' name is nowhere to be found in the archives. Hopkins has been found as listed in 1917 as being employed by the Ringling Brothers Circus as a horse handler.
 His claim to have brought 'trick riding' to Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show has been disputed by the Georgian Cossack expert, Irakli Makharadze.
 His claim of being Native American, specifically Lakota, is not only unsubstantiated but the Lakota Nation has no record of him or his mother and does not claim either as members or any association.

In 1926 Hopkins was foreman of a construction crew, digging a subway tunnel in downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In the 1940s, Hopkins claimed he was honorary chair at a Vermont Races, though the Vermont Historical Society has no knowledge of any races in Vermont. Hopkins also claimed to have won a Texas-to-Vermont endurance race at age 21, riding an 800-pound buckskin, but there is no evidence in contemporary sources that such a race was ever held. Up to the time of his death in 1951, he remained an outspoken champion of the threatened mustang which he called "the most significant animal on the North American continent."

Death
Frank Hopkins is interred in Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens County, New York.

In popular culture
Hopkins' accounts of his life and the story of the race in Arabia were the inspiration for the 2004 film Hidalgo, written by John Fusco, directed by Joe Johnston, and starring Viggo Mortensen. The film marketed that it was "based on a true story" although subsequent investigations failed to find any evidence of such a race. Lakota scholar, historian and doctor Vine Deloria says "Hopkins' claims are so outrageously false that one wonders why the people were attracted to this material at all."

References

External links
 The Long Riders Guild Website

1860s births
1951 deaths
American pioneers
Impostors
People of the American Old West
Cowboys
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
People from Goshen County, Wyoming

Frank Hopkins


The Sharon Temple is an open-air museum site, located in the village of Sharon, Ontario, that was in 1990 designated as a National Historic Site of Canada. It is composed of eight distinctive heritage buildings and dwellings, and houses 6,000 artifacts on a 1.8 ha. site. The building is made available for public use such as tours, concerts, weddings, and special occasions by its current owner, the Sharon Temple Museum Society.

It was constructed between 1825 and 1832 by the "Children of Peace", a sect led by former Quaker David Willson on whose property it was built. Other restored buildings include David Willson's Study, which is a smaller architectural gem. The Ebenezer Doan house of 1819, constructed by the temple's master-builder and relocated from the former Doan family farm nearby, has been restored in an early garden setting. Also on site are the "cook house" where communal meals were created and served, the "drive shed' complete with period carriages, and another of David Willson's architectural curiosities – the round outhouse. The Ontario Heritage Trust has a public easement to ensure its preservation meets conservation standards.

The historic structure and its traditional uses

The Children of Peace

The leader of the sect was David Willson, who was born in New York State in 1778 and migrated to Upper Canada in 1801. He joined the Quakers of which his wife was a member, but his ministry was rejected when he began to preach at the beginning of the War of 1812. His sect placed great emphasis on ceremony, music and practical education. Followers of the sect were strong political reformers and Willson played a critical role in the creation of the Canadian Alliance Society, the first political party in the province. Several members joined William Lyon Mackenzie in the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion. They continued to play a key role in the development of democracy in Canada by ensuring the elections of both "fathers of responsible government," Robert Baldwin and Louis LaFontaine, in their riding despite threats of political violence by the Orange Order. After Willson's death in 1866 the sect slowly diminished. The last service was held in the temple in 1889.

Symbolism

Called by a vision to "ornament the Christian Church with all the glory of Israel," the Children of Peace rebuilt Solomon's Temple as the seat of their "New Jerusalem."  This three-tiered building was "calculated to inspire the beholder with astonishment; its dimensions – its architecture – its situation – are all so extraordinary."  The Children of Peace, having fled a cruel and uncaring English pharaoh, viewed themselves as new Israelites lost in the wilderness of Upper Canada.
The symbolism of the temple is a careful blending of Quaker tradition and Old Testament imagery. The temple was built square (unlike Quaker meeting houses) signifying "dealing on the square with all people. The door in the centre of the four sides is to let the people come in from the east and west, the north and south on equal and the same footing." At the centre of the building is the "ark" containing a bible open to the ten commandments. The ark is surrounded by four pillars: "Faith, Hope, Love and Charity" – the pillars of the church. Surrounding these inner pillars are twelve more, named after the disciples. The temple rises more than seventy feet (21 m) in three diminishing storeys, representing the Trinity. At each corner of the roof on every storey is an ornate lantern, capped with four golden spires; these twelve lanterns, "when illuminated," are "symbolical of the twelve apostles going out into the world to preach salvation." At the apex of the temple, suspended between the top four lanterns, is a golden globe; on this, the highest point in the village of Hope, they inscribed their highest hope – peace to the world.

Uses
The temple is an architectural representation of the Children of Peace's vision of a society based on the values of peace, equality, and social justice. The building was used once a month to collect alms for the poor, for two special feasts, and on Christmas; two other meeting houses in the village of "Hope" (now Sharon) were used for regular Sunday worship.

The "Illumination" was an evening service held by candle-light in association with the group's two annual feasts: the Feast of the Passover on David Willson's birthday in June, and the Feast of the First Fruits on the first Friday evening in September. The feast held the next day attracted over a thousand.

These Illumination ceremonies were also used for political purposes. For example, Willson timed election rallies for Members of Parliament Robert Baldwin and Louis LaFontaine to coincide with the Illumination and Feasts in 1843.

Ebenezer Doan, master builder

The "Master Builder" or architect-contractor in charge of designing and building the Sharon Temple is Ebenezer Doan (1772–1866). Doan was a highly accomplished builder, as evidenced by the creative techniques used in the temple structure. The simple rock foundation does not even go below the frost line; yet the building remains structurally sound after more than 175 years. Doan was an early Quaker immigrant from Bucks County, Pennsylvania, who joined the Children of Peace in 1812. His first house (1819), drive shed and granary have now been relocated on the temple grounds and restored.

The temple as museum

The York Pioneer & Historical Society Period
Under the impetus of the Rev. James L. Hughes, the Toronto-based York Pioneer and Historical Society raised funds to purchase the temple and its grounds in 1917 and opened the temple as a museum in 1918. Shortly afterwards, the York Pioneers moved David Willson's study to the site. This is significant as one of the earliest examples of historic preservation in Canada, one of the reasons for which the temple received its National Historic Designation in 1993. The York Pioneers collected artifacts from throughout York County and created a county museum and park, which they displayed in the temple. A baseball diamond, recreation area and refreshment stand were added on the surrounding grounds. In the 1950s, the site's focus began to change, emphasizing the story of the Children of Peace. The York Pioneers restored and moved the 1819 home of Ebenezer Doan, master builder of the temple, and a log house associated with Jesse Doan, bandmaster of the Children of Peace, to the site. These acquisitions were followed in 1967, Canada's centennial year, by the construction of an exhibit building. The baseball diamond and other remnants of the park's early days were removed. Lastly, they moved the Cookhouse, and the Gatehouse, to the temple grounds.

Music at Sharon
To celebrate the 150th anniversary of the completion of the temple in 1981, the York Pioneer and Historical Society founded "Music at Sharon," an annual summer concert series with Lawrence Cherney as artistic director. The series was presented from 1981 to 1990. The concerts grew in number from five in the inaugural season to fourteen in 1989; in 1990 the entire festival was given over to the production of Serinette, a commissioned opera by Harry Somers. Music at Sharon commissioned new works by John Beckwith (Three Motets on Swan's 'China'), Phil Nimmons, Linda C. Smith, Carol Ann Weaver, Glen Buhr, Derek Holman, and many others. A commemorative album of the first series featuring the Elmer Iseler Singers and an instrumental ensemble directed by John Beckwith was issued (1982, Melbourne SMLP-4041/RCI 554). The majority of the concerts were broadcast on CBC radio.

Samuel Lount, the film
The 1985 film Samuel Lount was largely filmed on the temple site, and released in December 1985. It was produced by Elivira Lount, a descendant of the martyr of the Rebellion of 1837, and written and directed by Laurence Keane. R.H. Thomson appeared as Samuel Lount and David Fox as David Willson.

Serinette, the opera
Serinette, a 'Festival opera' in two acts with music by Harry Somers and libretto by James Reaney, was commissioned with the support of the Canada Council and the Ontario Arts Council for the tenth season (1990) of Music at Sharon; it was designed specifically for production in the temple. It premiered on 7 July 1990, and was broadcast on CBC radio's 'Saturday Afternoon at the Opera'. The production was conducted by Victor Feldbrill, directed by Keith Turnbull, and designed by Sue LePage. Reaney's libretto is based on an historical feud between the Ridout and Jarvis families in the 1830s, and the attraction of the fictitious central figure, Colin Jarvis ('younger brother' of the historical Samuel Jarvis) to the utopian community at Sharon. A central symbol is the "serinette," a mechanical singing bird imported from Europe.  Each act began with the performers and audience processing into the building; the finale was performed inside the candle-lit Temple with the spectators observing from outside, in imitation of the original annual "illumination" of the temple. The success of the opera led to the rebirth of the now annual tradition of a fall "illumination." The work calls for 14 singer-actors, and a 12-piece chamber orchestra.

The Sharon Temple Museum Society
In 1991 the charitable, not-for-profit Sharon Temple Museum Society was created, and it assumed the obligations of the York Pioneer and Historical Society, and now owns and maintains the site and its legacy of buildings, artifacts and documents.

The temple is now a National Historic Site and museum as well as a National Peace Site.  The 2010 album The Wind That Shakes the Barley by Loreena McKennitt was recorded there in the summer of 2010. McKennitt remarked, "There is a fascinating interplay between architecture and sound, visually and sonically. The temple inspired us all."  The site and grounds are kept busy and host numerous public and private events.

Restoration
Since the temple was rescued from demolition by the York Pioneer and Historical Society in 1917, the building has undergone periodic restoration work but without significant structural intervention. The Ontario Heritage Foundation funded extensive restoration of the exterior in 1995 and currently holds a conservation easement on this and other buildings on the site. Further extensive work was accomplished with an Infrastructure Stimulus Fund grant.  The most recent work includes: restoration of a wood shingle roof, exterior painting, full reglazing of Temple windows (1993); partial restoration of the Arc, replacement of the gold globe (1996); remedial repair to the floors (1998); restoration and painting of the temple doors (2001); repainting ground floor windows (2003); ceiling plaster repairs on interior of Temple (2005); foundation repairs, installation of fire detection system (2011).

References

Further reading

External links
 Sharon Temple Museum Society
 ''Rebuilding Hope: Celebrating our social-democratic heritage"
 Ontario Plaques - Sharon Temple
 175 Years of Hope - A Celebration of the Sharon Temple and the Children of Peace

Museums in the Regional Municipality of York
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Religious museums in Canada
Open-air museums in Canada
Rural history museums in Canada
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1831
East Gwillimbury
19th-century religious buildings and structures in Canada

Sharon Temple


Aderus flavitarsis é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por George Charles Champion em 1890.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita na Guatemala.

Referências

flavitarsis
Coleópteros da América Central
Insetos descritos em 1890
Espécies descritas por George Charles Champion

Aderus flavitarsis


Komsomolski  es un posiólok del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado 6 km al sur de Gulkévichi y 150 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 1 380 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Komsomólskoye, al que pertenece asimismo Telman.

Transporte

Al oeste de la localidad pasa la carretera federal M29 Cáucaso.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Комсомольский (Гулькевичский район Краснодарского края).
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar

Komsomolski (Gulkévichi, Krasnodar)


Viktoría er borg á norðausturströnd eyjunnar Mahé í Indlandshafi og höfuðborg Seychelles-eyja. Íbúar eru um 26 þúsund.

Seychelles-eyjar

Viktoría (Seychelleseyjum)


Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie (; 13 June 182119 January 1901) was a French monarchist politician, diplomat and writer (of historical works and translations).

Broglie twice served as Prime Minister of France, first from May 1873 to May 1874, and again from May to November 1877.

Biography
Jacques Victor Albert de Broglie was born in Paris, France, the eldest son of Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie, a liberal statesman of the July Monarchy, and Albertine, baroness Staël von Holstein, the fourth child of Madame de Staël. He was therefore the great-grandson of Jacques Necker.

After a brief diplomatic career at Madrid and Rome, upon the revolution of 1848 Albert de Broglie withdrew from public life and devoted himself to literature. He had already published a translation of the religious system of Leibniz (1846). He now at once made his mark by his contributions to the Revue des deux mondes and the Orleanist and clerical organ . These, and other contributions, brought him the succession to Lacordaire's seat in the Académie française in 1862, joining his father in this august society.

In 1870 he succeeded his father as the 4th duc de Broglie, having previously been styled prince de Broglie. In the following year he was elected to the National Assembly for the département of the Eure, and a few days later (on 19 February) was appointed French Ambassador to London. After his negotiations concerning the commercial treaties between Britain and France were met with criticism he resigned as ambassador in March 1872 and took his seat in the Assembly, where he became the leader of the royalist campaign against President Thiers.

When Thiers was replaced by Marshal Mac-Mahon, Broglie was appointed Prime Minister and Foreign Minister in May 1873. On 26 November, after the passing of the Septennate, the government was restructured and Broglie exchanged the Foreign with the Interior Ministry. His conservative policies roused the bitter hatred of the Republicans, while his attempts to reach a compromise between the rival claimants to the monarchy alienated both the Legitimist and the Bonapartists.

The result was the fall of the cabinet on 16 May 1874. Three years later (on 16 May 1877) he was entrusted with the formation of a new Cabinet, with the object of appealing to the country and securing a conservative majority in the chamber. While the conservatives increased their share of the vote, the election nevertheless confirmed a decisive Republican majority. De Broglie was defeated in his own constituency and resigned on 20 November.

Defeated again in 1885, he abandoned politics and reverted to his historical work, publishing a series of historical studies and biographies. He died in Paris on 19 January 1901, aged 79.

1st Ministry (25 May – 26 November 1873)

2nd Ministry (26 November 1873 – 22 May 1874)

3rd Ministry (17 May – 23 November 1877)

Bibliography
De Broglie edited:
The Souvenirs of his father (1886, etc.)
The Mémoires de Talleyrand (1891, etc.)
Letters of the Duchess Albertine de Broglie (1896)

He published:
 (1878)
Frédéric II et Marie Thérèse (1883)
Frédéric II et Louis XV (1885)
Marie Thérèse Impératrice (1888)
Le Père Lacordaire (1889)
Maurice de Saxe et le marquis d'Argenson (1891)
La Paix d'Aix-la-Chapelle (1892)
L'Alliance autrichienne (1895)
La Mission de M. de Gontaut-Biron à Berlin (1896)
Voltaire avant et pendant la Guerre de Sept Ans (1898)
Saint Ambroise (trans., Margaret Maitland in the series, The Saints) (1899)

He wrote memoirs around 1895, which were published in instalments in the  between 1925 and 1929, and collected in book format in 1938, with a postface by his grandson the 6th Duke:

Family

On 18 June 1845, styled Prince de Broglie, he married Joséphine-Eléonore-Marie-Pauline de Galard de Brassac de Béarn (1825–1860).

They had the following children:
 Louis-Alphonse-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie (1846 – 1906) father of the scientist brothers including the 7th Duke, the Nobel Laureate.
 Maurice (1848 – 1862)
 Henri-Amédée (1849 – 1917)
 François-Marie-Albert (1851 – 1939) great-grandfather of the 8th duke, Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie (1949 – 2012).
 César-Paul-Emmanuel (1854 – 1926)

Honours and titles
  Duke of France (succeeded as 4th Duke of Broglie 1870)
  Chevalier, Légion d'honneur (1845)

Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links
 www.academie-francaise.fr

1821 births
1901 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Albert
Albert
Orléanists
Prime Ministers of France
French interior ministers
Government ministers of France
Members of the National Assembly (1871)
French senators of the Third Republic
Senators of Eure
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
19th-century French historians
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Knights of the Legion of Honour

Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie


Oğuz grubu Türkî diller dil ailesinden Şaz Türkçesinin güneybatı koludur. Bu gruba ait dillerin toplam konuşan sayısı 120 milyon civarında olup Azerice, Türkçe ve Türkmence, bu gruptaki dillerin yaklaşık %95'ini oluştururlar. Gagauzca,  Balkan Gagauz Türkçesi'nden farklı bir dildir.

Oğuzcanın bir yazı dili olarak varlığını ortaya koyması oldukça geçtir. Başlangıcı, Oğuzlar'ın Anadolu'da kurdukları Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin sonlarına denk gelir. Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu'nun resmî dili Farsça olduğu için 13. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yazılmış olan eserler de nitelik bakımından daha çok halka seslenen basit içerikli dinî eserlerdir. Selçukluların devamı niteliğindeki Anadolu Beylikleri döneminde ise, Oğuz Türkçesi artık çok yönlü yüzlerce telif ve tercüme eserlerle olgunluğa erişmiş bir yazı dili durumuna gelmiştir. Eski Anadolu Türkçesi veya Eski Türkiye Türkçesi diye adlandırılan bu dönem 13. ve 15. yüzyıllar arasını kaplamıştır. Azerice de yazı dili geleneğine sahip olma bakımından Türkiye Türkçesiyle hemen hemen paraleldir. Türkmen Türkçesi ve Gagavuzca'ya nispeten daha geç yazı dili olmuştur.

Sınıflandırma

Günümüzde konuşulan Oğuz dilleri bulundukları coğrafya ve sahip oldukları ortak özelliklerden yola çıkarak Doğu, Batı ve Güney kollarına ayrılmaktadır.
{| class="wikiotable"otru
|  rowspan="4" bgcolor="#d1ebeb" | Ön Türkçe
|  rowspan="4" bgcolor="#d6e1ec" | Şaz Türkçesi
|  rowspan="4" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | Oğuz
|  colspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Salarca
|-
|  rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Batı
|
 Türkçe
 Azerice<ref>Glottologda Modern Azeric  girdisi.</ref>
 Gagavuzca Balkan Gagavuzcası Ahıska Türkçesi|-
|  rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Doğu|
 Türkmence Horasan Türkçesi|-
|  rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | Güney|
 Kaşkayca|-
|}
Kırım Tatarcası ve Urumca Kıpçak grubuna ait diller olmakla birlikte Oğuz dillerinden büyük oranda etkilenmişlerdir.

Günümüzde ölü bir dil olan Peçenekçe'nin de çok büyük ihtimalle bir Oğuz dili olduğu düşünülmektedir ancak yeterli kanıt bulunamamıştır.

 Özellikler
Oğuz dilleri belirli dilsel ortak özellikler gösterdiklerinden ötürü aynı dil grubu altında sınıflandırılırlar. Bu özelliklerin bazıları diğer Türki diller ile paylaşılmakla beraber kimileri de bu dil grubuna mahsustur.

 Paylaşılan özellikler
Başta bulunan *h sesinin düşmesi (Halaçça dışındaki tüm Türk dillerinde bulunur)
Eski Türkçede bulunan -n vasıta ekinin düşmesi (Yakutça ve Halaçça dışındaki tüm Türk dillerinde bulunur)

 Özgün özellikler
İnce ünlülerden önce duraksamaların titreşimlileşmesi (Örnek: gör- < kör)
'dan sonra gelen 'nin düşmesi (Örnek: quru < quruq, "kuru", sarɯ < sarɯɣ, "sarı")
Ortaç formlarının -gandan  -an'''a değişmesi

 Konuşanların dağılımı

 Notlar

 Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk dilleri
 Türk halkları
 Türkler
 Azeriler
 Gagauzlar

 Kaynakça

 Heinz F. Wendt: Fischer Lexikon Sprachen'', 1961 (ISBN 3-596-24561-3)

Oğuz dil grubu


Johan Jakob Jakobsen (* 15. April 1937 in Namsos, Nord-Trøndelag; † 30. Juni 2018) war ein norwegischer Politiker der Senterpartiet (Sp), der unter anderem 28 Jahre lang Abgeordneter des Storting, mehrfach Minister sowie zwölf Jahre Vorsitzender der Senterpartiet war.

Leben

Berufliche Tätigkeiten und Kommunalpolitiker
Jakobsen, Sohn eines Provinzagronomen, trat nach dem Abitur 1956 in die Offiziersanwärterschule in Bergen ein und begann dann 1959 eine Ausbildung an der Landwirtschaftsschule in Jønsberg, ehe er von 1959 bis 1962 ein Studium an der Norwegischen Landwirtschaftshochschule in Ås absolvierte. Im Anschluss war er von 1962 bis 1972 Abteilungsleiter bei der Landwirtschaftskooperative Felleskjøpet in Namsos und bei A/L Namdal Kornsilo. Zugleich betrieb er von 1963 bis 1993 einen eigenen Bauernhof in Namsos und erwarb darüber hinaus 1971 ein Examen an der Handelsschule.

Mitte der 1960er Jahre begann er seine politische Laufbahn in der Kommunalpolitik und war von 1967 bis 1972 Mitglied des Gemeinderates von Namsos sowie zugleich zwischen 1971 und 1973 Mitglied des Rates des Fylke (Fylkesting) von Nord-Trøndelag. Darüber hinaus war er von 1967 bis 1969 Vizevorsitzender des Senterungdommen, des Jugendverbandes der Zentrumspartei, sowie Mitglied der Kommissionen zur Ausarbeitung der Parteiprogramme für die Wahlen 1969 und 1973.

Storting-Abgeordneter, Fraktions- und Parteivorsitzender
Nachdem er von 1969 bis 1973 stellvertretendes Mitglied des Storting sowie zwischen 1972 und 1973 Politischer Sekretär im Verkehrsministerium war, wurde er 1973 erstmals für die Senterpartiet als Abgeordneter in das Storting gewählt und vertrat in diesem bis 2001 28 Jahre lang den Wahlkreis Nord-Trøndelag. Zu Beginn seiner Parlamentszugehörigkeit war er von Oktober 1973 bis September 1977 Sekretär des Odelsting, der damals noch bestehenden ersten Kammer des Parlaments.

Im Oktober 1977 wurde Jakobsen, der Vorsitzender der Kommission zur Ausarbeitung des Parteiprogramms für die Wahl 1977 war, als Nachfolger von Erland Steenberg erstmals Vorsitzender der Fraktion der Sp im Storting, und hatte diese Funktion bis zu seiner Ablösung durch Johan Buttedahl im Juni 1983 inne. Danach war er Mitglied des Fraktionsvorstands seiner Partei.

1979 wurde er zugleich als Nachfolger von Gunnar Stålsett Vorsitzender der Senterpartiet und übte diese Funktion zwölf Jahre lang bis 1991 aus.

Im Laufe seiner Abgeordnetentätigkeit war er Mitglied der Storting-Ausschüsse für Landwirtschaft (Landbrukskomité), für Auswärtige und Verfassungsangelegenheiten (Utenriks- og konstitusjonskomité), für Wahlen (Valgkomité), für Verteidigung (Forsvarskomité) sowie für Arbeitsplanung (Arbeidsordningskomité). Darüber hinaus war er zwischen Januar 1978 und September 2001 auch Delegierter beim Nordischen Rat sowie zuletzt von November 1997 bis September 2001 Mitglied der Delegation des Storting für Beziehungen zum Europäischen Parlament.

Minister und Funktionen in der Privatwirtschaft
Am 8. Juni 1983 wurde er von Ministerpräsident Kåre Willoch im Rahmen einer Kabinettsumbildung zum Verkehrsminister in dessen Regierung berufen und gehörte dieser bis zum Ende von Willochs Amtszeit am 9. Mai 1986 an. Während dieser Zeit war er auch Mitglied des Verteidigungsrates.

Im April 1991 folgte er Anne Enger Lahnstein im Amt des Vorsitzenden der Sp-Fraktion im Storting und hatte diese Funktion nunmehr bis zu seiner Ablösung durch Odd Roger Enoksen im März 2000 inne. Anne Enger Lahnstein wurde stattdessen seine Nachfolgerin als Parteivorsitzende.

Am 16. Oktober 1989 wurde er von Ministerpräsident Jan P. Syse zum Minister für Kommunales und Arbeit in dessen Regierung berufen, einer aus Høyre, Kristelig Folkeparti und Senterpartiet gebildeten Minderheitsregierung. In dieser war er nach einer Neuausrichtung der Ressorts zuletzt vom 1. Januar 1990 bis zum Ende von Syses Amtszeit am 3. November 1990 Kommunalminister.

Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Parlament 2001 übernahm Jakobsen zahlreiche Positionen in Unternehmen der Privatwirtschaft, aber auch in gesellschaftlichen und sozialen Institutionen. Zum einen war er seit 2001 Vorstandsmitglied der Stiftung für schwedisch-norwegische Zusammenarbeit (Svensk-norske Samarbeidsfond) sowie der Norwegischen Veterinärhochschule und war zwischen 2000 und 2007 Vorstandsmitglied von Falstadsenteret, des norwegischen Zentrums für Menschenrechte in Ekne sowie von 2001 bis 2002 Berater der Phytochem Holding ASA. Ferner war er von 2004 bis 2007 Vorstandsmitglied des Regionalmuseums von Namdalen und ab 2006 Berater des Norwegischen Instituts für strategische Studien (Norsk institutt for strategiske studier).

Veröffentlichungen
 Mot Strømmen, Gyldendal, Oslo 2000
 Muntre minner fra ting og torg, Gyldendal, Oslo 2001
 Makten og æren : en biografi om Nils Trældal, Gyldendal, Oslo 2005

Weblinks
 Biografie in Store norske leksikon (Onlineversion)
 Eintrag auf der Homepage des Storting

Verkehrsminister (Norwegen)
Kommunalminister (Norwegen)
Storting-Abgeordneter (Nord-Trøndelag)
Fylkesting-Abgeordneter (Nord-Trøndelag)
Parteivorsitzender der Senterpartiet
Landwirt (Norwegen)
Norweger
Geboren 1937
Gestorben 2018
Mann

Johan J. Jakobsen


Oľšinkov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Medzilaborce din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 25 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Oľšinkov este atestată documentar din 1567.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Oľšinkov


Mario Basler (fæddur 18. desember 1968) er þýskur fyrrverandi knattspyrnumaður. Og Þjálfar núna TSG Eisenberg .

Basler var sérfræðingur í dauðum boltum, Basler var þekktur fyrir að skora mikið af mörkum úr aukaspyrnum, og tvisvar sinnum tókst honum að skora beint úr hornspyrnu. Hann spilaði 51 landsleik fyrir Þýskaland, og skoraði 20 mörk. Hann lék meðal annars með Werder Bremen, FC Bayern München og Kaiserslautern.

Titlar
Werder Bremen
Þýska Bikarkeppnin: (1) 1993–94
FC Bayern München
Bundesligan:(2)  1996–97, 1998–99
Þýska Bikarkeppnin: (1) 1997-98
 Meistaradeild Evrópu: (Úrslit) 1998-99

Þýskaland
EM 1996 (Gull)

Tenglar
https://www.fupa.net/spieler/mario-basler-33485.html
https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/mario-basler/

Þýskir knattspyrnumenn

Mario Basler


Kira Georgievna Muratova, rođena Korotkova (na ukrajinskom: Кіра Георгіївна Муратова, Soroca, 5. studenog 1934. – Odesa, 6. lipnja 2018.) - bila je sovjetska i ukrajinska filmska redateljica, scenaristica i glumica poznata po svojem neubičajenom redateljskom stilu.

Rodila se u moldavskom gradu Soroca, koji je tada bio dio Rumunjske, od oca Rusa i majke Rumunjke. Otac joj je strijeljan u Drugom svjetskom ratu. S majkom, koja je bila ginekolog preselila se u Bukurešt. 1954. godine upisala se na VGIK, sovjetski institut za kinematografiju, gdje je studirala režiju kod Sergeja Gerasimova. Diplomirala je 1959., a 1962. udala se za ukrajinskog redatelja Aleksandra Muratova i nastanila se u Odesi u Ukrajini. Prvi dugometražni film "Naš iskreni kruh", režirala je 1964. godine sa suprugom. Imala je s njime kćer, a poslije se razvela od njega i udala za slikara Evgenija Golubenka, ali je zadržala prezime prvoga supruga. Bila je u Odesi do 1978., kada je zbog sukoba otišla u Lenjingrad, odakle se ponovno vratila u Odesu.

Imala je ozbiljnih problema s cenzurom. Povučeno je nekoliko njenih filmova, jer se nisu uklapali u norme socrealizma i više puta zabranjen joj je rad na više godina. Filmski stručnjak Isa Willinger rekao je da su njena filmska djela pripadala ruskoj avangardi. Problemi su prestali prvo s početkom perestrojke, a kasnije i s krajem Sovjetskog Saveza.

Devedesetih je za Kiru Muratovu započelo izuzetno produktivno razdoblje tijekom kojeg je svake dvije ili tri godine snimala igrani film, često radeći s istim glumcima i ekipom. Dvije glumice koje je Kira Muratova više puta birala su: Renata Litvinova i Natalija Buzko. Njeni filmovi obično su bili produkcije Ukrajine ili koprodukcije između Ukrajine i Rusije, uvijek na ruskom jeziku, iako je Muratova mogla govoriti ukrajinski i nije se protivila ukrajinizaciji ukrajinske kinematografije. Muratova je podržala prosvjednike Euromajdana i ukrajinsku revoluciju 2014.

Filmovi Kire Muratove premijerno su prikazani na međunarodnim filmskim festivalima u: Berlinu, Cannesu, Moskvi, Rimu, Veneciji i drugima. Uz Aleksandra Sokurova, smatrali su je najosebujnijom suvremenom filmskom redateljicom na ruskom jeziku. Njezini radovi mogu se vidjeti kao postmoderna, koji koriste eklekticizam, parodiju, diskontinuirano uređivanje, isprekidano pripovijedanje i intenzivne vizualne i zvučne podražaje. Njegujući potpunu nezavisnost kao umjetnica, Muratova stvara svoje ideje (i ideale) savršenstva i nesavršenstva, podsvjesnog i dekadencije, te istovremeno preispituje zamagljene granice među njima. Njena paradoksalna vizija kombinira istančan humor i duboku tugu, te se igra s razlikama i sličnostima između poezije i okrutnosti, nježnosti i grubosti.

Godine 1990. bila je član žirija na Venecijanskom filmskom festivalu. Vjerojatno najoriginalniji pristup Kire Muratove je tendencija da dvije ili nekoliko priča stopi u jednu. "Asteničeskij sindrom" počinje s 40-minutnim uvodom srednjovječne doktorice pobješnjele zbog smrti svog muža (koji podsjeća na Josifa Staljina). Taj film dobio je grand prix žirija na Berlinskom filmskom festivalu.

Izvori

Ukrajinski umjetnici
Životopisi, SSSR
Filmski redatelji
Filmski scenaristi
Filmski glumci

Kira Muratova


Ljiljana Pirolić jest bosanskohercegovačka novinarka i književnica. Rođena je u Višegradu, a diplomirala je novinarstvo na Fakultetu političkih znanosti u Sarajevu. Radila je kao radijski novinar u emisijama Radija Sarajevo do 1994. godine. Nakon toga postala je dopisnik iz Sarajeva njemačkih medijskih kuća WDR iz Kölna i Deutsche Welle iz Bonna. Prvi roman Casino Sarajevo objavila je 2010. godine, a za njega je nagrađena nagradom Fondacije za izdavaštvo FBiH za 2010. godinu.

Bibliografija

 Casino Sarajevo, roman, 2010., Dobra knjiga, Sarajevo, ISBN:978-9958-27-002-4

Izvori

 promocija romana   -  https://radiosarajevo.ba/
 Članak o promociji  -  https://www.dw.com/bs/casino-sarajevo/a-14959760

Bosanskohercegovački književnici
Bosanskohercegovački radijski novinari

Ljiljana Pirolić


Las Leyes de Ešnunna son una compilación de leyes hallada en la ciudad-Estado mesopotámica de Ešnunna, atribuida a algún rey desconocido de la misma, quizá Bilalama o Dadusha. En cualquier caso fue compilado a comienzos del periodo paleobabilónico, cuando Ešnunna controlaba la cuenca del río Diyala. Posee más de 50 artículos, escritos en acadio.

Contienen impuestos a materias primas y disposiciones legales sobre alquileres, salarios, préstamos, esclavos, relaciones familiares, propiedades y violencia física. Carece de prólogo y epílogo, al contrario de lo que sucede en otros códigos de la época, aunque también pudo haberlos tenido y no conocerse, dado el mal estado de conservación en el que nos ha llegado. La mayoría de las penas aplican la ley del talión.

Bibliografía

Literatura en acadio
Historia del derecho
Literatura del siglo XVIII a. C.
Asia en el siglo XVIII a. C.

Leyes de Ešnunna


An Koeleria in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Koeleria in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Koeleria altaica
 Koeleria asiatica
 Koeleria askoldensis
 Koeleria besseri
 Koeleria biebersteinii
 Koeleria boliviensis
 Koeleria brevis
 Koeleria calderonii
 Koeleria capensis
 Koeleria carolii
 Koeleria caudata
 Koeleria cenisia
 Koeleria cheesemanii
 Koeleria crassipes
 Koeleria delavignei
 Koeleria embergeri
 Koeleria eriostachya
 Koeleria fueguina
 Koeleria glauca
 Koeleria heribaudii
 Koeleria hirsuta
 Koeleria hungarica
 Koeleria inaequaliglumis
 Koeleria karavajevii
 Koeleria kurtzii
 Koeleria litvinowii
 Koeleria luerssenii
 Koeleria macrantha
 Koeleria mendocinensis
 Koeleria micrathera
 Koeleria mixta
 Koeleria nitidula
 Koeleria novozelandica
 Koeleria permollis
 Koeleria praeandina
 Koeleria pyramidata
 Koeleria rhodopea
 Koeleria riguorum
 Koeleria skrjabinii
 Koeleria splendens
 Koeleria thonii
 Koeleria tzvelevii
 Koeleria vallesiana
 Koeleria ventanicola
 Koeleria wilczekiana
 Koeleria vurilochensis

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Koeleria

Koeleria


Jan Bombek (4. prosinca 2001.), slovenski skijaš skakač. Član kluba SSK Ljubno BTC.

Najveći uspjeh postigao je na juniorskim svjetskim prvenstvima. 2019. godine bio je prvi u momčadskoj konkurenciji u Lahtiju te u Oberwiesenthalu 2020. kad je obranio momčadski naslov prvaka te bio brončani u mješovitoj konkurenciji. Natjecao se i u Alpskom kupu u kojem je 24. i 25. veljače 2018. bio drugi (HS102) i prvi (momčadski, HS80) na Planici. Također se natjecao u Kontinentalnom kupu i FIS kupu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Jan Bombek na stranicama Međunarodne skijaške federacije

Slovenski skijaši skakači

Jan Bombek


A  or rice paddle is a large flat spoon used in East Asian cuisine. It is used to stir and to serve rice, and to mix vinegar into the rice for sushi.

Shamoji are traditionally made from bamboo, wood, or lacquer, and nowadays often from plastic. The shamoji is dipped in water frequently during use to prevent rice from sticking to it. Some expensive plastic shamoji have non-stick surfaces. Metal is rarely used, as this is more likely to cut rice grains or to damage the hangiri wooden tub traditionally used for mixing.

It is said to have been first devised by a monk on Itsukushima, Hiroshima Prefecture. The word is an example of nyōbō kotoba, being derived from the first part of , plus the  suffix.

Modern rice cookers may include a shamoji in the box, usually made of white plastic.

Shamoji are also used to crush vegetables, such as garlic and cucumbers, as cleavers are used in Western cuisine.

The shamoji has also been a symbol of unity between the mother and wife in Japanese society.  In one tradition, it was passed down from one generation to the next to symbolize the family duties that were handed down.

In Japan, the  is also a good luck charm dedicated to Shinto shrines and decorated with the word  written on the part that scoops up rice when praying for victory. This is because the Japanese word , which means to scoop up rice, is pronounced the same as , which means to capture the enemy. The custom became even more famous during the Russo-Japanese War, when soldiers dedicated many  to Itsukushima Shrine to pray for Japan's victory in the war. In March 2023, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida visited Ukraine and presented President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with a  with the word  written on it to pray for Ukraine's victory over Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

See also
List of Japanese cooking utensils

References

East Asian food preparation utensils
Japanese food preparation utensils
Itsukushima

Shamoji


ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය යනු (ග්‍රීක භාෂාවෙන් trigonon "ත්‍රිකෝණය" + metron "මිණුම") ත්‍රිකෝණ විශේෂයෙන් එක් කෝණයක්  (සෘජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණ) වූ තල ත්‍රිකෝණයන් සමග සම්බන්ධ වූ ගණිතයෙහි කොටසකි. ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය කටයුතු කරන්නේ ත්‍රිකෝණයක පාද සහ කෝණ අතර සම්බන්ධතාවයන් හා මෙම සම්බන්ධතා විස්තර කරන ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික ශ්‍රිත සමගයි.

ත්‍රිකෝණමිතියට ශුද්ධ ගණිතය සහ ව්‍යවහාරික ගණිතය යන කොටස් දෙකේම යෙදීම් ඇත. ඒ එය විද්‍යාවේ හා තාක්ෂණයේ අත්‍යවශ්‍ය අංගයක්වන බැවිනි. එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ද්විතීයික පාසලේ දී වෙනම පාඨමාලාවක් ලෙස හෝ පෙර කලනය පාඨමාලා කොටසක් ලෙස හෝ උගන්වනු ලැබේ. සාමාන්‍යය භාවිතයේදී ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය " ට්‍රිග් " (trig) ලෙස ද හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ.

ගෝලීය ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය ලෙස හඳුන්වන ත්‍රිකෝණමිතියේ අංශය ගෝල මත වූ ත්‍රිකෝණ පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනය කරන අතර එය නක්ෂත්‍රයේදී හා යාත්‍රා කිරීමේදී වැදගත් වේ.

මෙහිදී භාවිතාවන සූත්‍ර තුනකි.

දළ විශ්ලේෂණය

සෘජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක එක් කෝණයක්  වන නිසා වෙනත් කෝණයක් දන්නේ නම් එමගින් ඉතිරි කෝණය සෙවිය හැක. මන්දයත් ඕනෑම ත්‍රිකෝණයක අභ්‍යන්තර කෝණ තුනෙහි ඓක්‍යය  වන බැවිනි. එමනිසා සුළු කෝණ දෙකෙහි ඓක්‍යය  වන අතර ඒවා අනුපුරක කෝණ ලෙස හැදින්වේ. සෘජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයේ හැඩය සම්පුර්ණයෙන් නිර්ණය කරනු ලබන්නේ සමරූප්‍යතාවය තෙක්ම කෝණවලට අනුවයි. මින් අදහස් වන්නේ අනෙක් කෝණයන්ගෙන් එකක් දන්නා විට ත්‍රිකෝණයේ විවිධ පාදවල අනුපාතය ත්‍රිකෝණයේ ප්‍රමාණය මත පදනම් නොවී එකම අගයක් ගන්නා බවයි.

මෙම අනුපාතයන් දන්නා A කෝණයක් සදහා වු පහත සඳහන් ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික අනුපාතයන් මගින් ලබාදේ. මෙහි a,b හා c යනු ඉහත පෙන්නුම් කරන රූපයේ පාද සදහා දී ඇති දිග යන් වේ.

 සයින් (sin) ශ්‍රීතය අර්ථ දක්වනුයේ, කෝණයට සම්මුඛ පාදයේ දිග එහි කර්ණයේ දිගට දක්වන අනුපාතය ලෙසයි.

 කොසයින ශ්‍රීතය (cos) අර්ථ දක්වනුයේ, බද්ධ පාදයේ දිග කර්ණයේ දිගට දක්වන අනුපාතය ලෙසයි.

 ටැංජන ශ්‍රීතය (tan) අර්ථ දක්වනුයේ සම්මුඛ පාදයේ දිග බද්ධ පාදයේ දිගට දක්වන අනුපාතය ලෙසයි.

කර්ණය යනු සෘජුකෝණි ත්‍රිකෝණයක සෘජුකෝණයට සම්මුඛ පාදයයි. එය ත්‍රිකෝණයේ දිගම පාදය වන අතර A කෝණයට බද්ධ පැතිදෙකෙන් එකකි. බද්ධ පාදය යනු A කෝණයට බද්ධ වන අනෙක් පාදයයි. සම්මුඛ පාදය යනු A කෝණයට ඉදිරියෙන් ඇති පාදයයි. සමහර අවස්ථා වලදී සම්මුඛ පාදය හා බද්ධ පාදය පිලිවෙලින් අබිලම්භය හා ආධාරකය ලෙසද හදුන්වනු ලැබේ. සෘජු කෝණි ත්‍රිකෝණයේ කුමන පාද අතර අනුපාත සයිනය, කෝසයිනය හා ටැංජනයට සමානද යන්න පහසුවෙන් මතකයට ගැනීම සදහා බොහෝ පුද්ගලයින් ස.ක-බ.ක-ස.බ යන වචන පෙළ මතකයේ තබාගනී. ((Mnemonics) යටතේ පහත බලන්න)

sin A හි පරස්පරය A හි කොසීකනය(csc හෝ cosec)ලෙස ද, cos A හි පරස්පරය A හි සීකනය(sec) ලෙස ද, tan A හි පරස්පරය A හි කොටැංජනය(cot) ලෙස ද අර්ථ දක්වයි. මෙම ශ්‍රිත වල ප්‍රතිලෝම ශ්‍රිතයන්ට පිලිවෙලින් චාප සයිනය, චාපකෝසයිනය හා චාප ටැංජනය ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලැ‍බේ. මේවා අතර ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික සර්වසාමයන් ලෙස හැදින්වෙන අංක ගණිත සම්බන්ධතාවයන් පවතී.

යම් කෙනෙකුට අභිමත ත්‍රිකෝණයක් සම්බන්ධව අසනු ලබන සියලු ගැටළු වලට මෙම ශ්‍රිත සමගින් සයින් නියමය හා කෝසයින නියමය භාවිතයෙන් සැබවින්ම පිළිතුරු දිය හැක. මෙම නියමයන් භාවිතයෙන් ඕනෑම ත්‍රිකෝණයක පාද දෙකක් හා එක් කෝණයක් දී ඇති විට,හෝ කෝණ දෙකක් හා එක් පාදයක් දී ඇති විට හෝ ඉතිරි කෝණ හා පාද ගණනය කළ හැක. ජ්‍යාමිතියේදී සියලු බහුඅස්‍ර පරිමිත ත්‍රිකෝණ සංඛ්‍යාවක එකතුවක් ලෙස විස්තර කල හැකි බැවින් මෙම නියම ජ්‍යාමිතියේ සියලු කොටස් වලදී ප්‍රයෝජනවත් වේ.

පයිතගරස් සම්මත සර්ව සාම්‍යයෝ
මෙම සම්මත සර්ව සාම්‍යයෝ සෑම අගයකටම සත්‍ය වේ.

කෝණ දෙකක ඓක්‍යයේ සහ අන්තරයේ සූත්‍ර
 සහ  යනු ඕනෑම කෝණ දෙකක් නම්,

පරිමාණගත කෝණ වලට අදාළ සම්මත සූත්‍ර (A B සූත්‍ර)
 සහ  යනු ඕනෑම කෝණ දෙකක් නම්,

පරිමාණගත කෝණ වලට අදාළ සම්මත සූත්‍ර (C D සූත්‍ර)
  සහ    යැයි ගත් විට,

මේවාත් බලන්න
 ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික ශ්‍රිත

ගණිතය

ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය


Augustus Frederic Rudolf Hoernlé CIE (1841 – 1918), also referred to as Rudolf Hoernle or A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, was a German Indologist and philologist. He is famous for his studies on the Bower Manuscript (1891), Weber Manuscript (1893) and other discoveries in northwestern China and Central Asia particularly in collaboration with Aurel Stein. Born in India to a Protestant missionary family from Germany, he completed his education in Switzerland, and studied Sanskrit in the United Kingdom. He returned to India, taught at leading universities there, and in the early 1890s published a series of seminal papers on ancient manuscripts, writing scripts and cultural exchange between India, China and Central Asia. His collection after 1895 became a victim of forgery by Islam Akhun and colleagues in Central Asia, a forgery revealed to him in 1899. He retired from the Indian office in 1899 and settled in Oxford, where he continued to work through the 1910s on archaeological discoveries in Central Asia and India. This is now referred to as the "Hoernle collection" at the British Library.

Life
Rudolf Hoernle was born in Secundra, near Agra, British India on 14 November 1841, the son of a German Protestant missionary family. His father Christian Theophilus Hoernle (1804–1882) had translated the gospels into Kurdish and Urdu, and came from a family with a history of missionary activity and social activism in southwest Germany. Hoernle at age 7 was sent to Germany to be with his grandparents for his education.

Hoernlé attended school in Switzerland, then completed theological studies in Schönthal and the University of Basel. He attended theological college in London in 1860, studying Sanskrit under Theodor Goldstucker from 1864 to 1865.

He was ordained in 1864, and became a member of the Church Missionary Society. He returned to India in 1865 as a missionary posted in Mirat. He requested a transfer from active missionary service, and accepted a teaching position at the Jay Narayan college in Varanasi (Benares Hindu University), coming in contact with Dayanand Saraswati of the Arya Samaj movement. In 1878, he moved to Cathedral Mission College in West Bengal as its Principal (University of Calcutta). He joined the Indian Education Service, where the Government engaged his services to inspect coins and archaeological deposits, a role expanded to the study of discoveries related to India in Central Asian archaeological sites.

Hoernlé was elected the President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1897. In 1899, at age 58, he retired and settled in Oxford. He continued to publish his studies from Oxford, including his Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India in 1907. He died on 12 November 1918 from influenza.

Work

Hoernlé spent nearly his entire working life engaged in the study of Indo-Aryan languages. His first paper appears in 1872, on the comparative grammar of Gauri languages. In 1878, he published a book on the comparative grammar of north Indian languages, which established his reputation as an insightful philologist as well as won him the Volney Prize of the Institut de France. During the 1880s, he published numerous notes and articles on numismatics and epigraphy in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Indian Antiquary, along with translations of medieval era Hindu and Jain Sanskrit texts.

His first fame to deciphering ancient archaic Indian scripts came with the Bakhshali manuscript, which was a fragmented pieces of a manuscript found in 1881. The fragments remained an undeciphered curiosity for a few years till it was sent to Hoernle. He deciphered it, and showed it to be a portion of a lost ancient Indian arithmetical treatise.

Hoernle is perhaps best known for his decipherment of the Bower Manuscript collected by Hamilton Bower in Kucha (Chinese Turkestan). Bower found the birch-bark manuscript in 1890 and it was sent to Hoernle in early 1891. Within months, Hoernle had deciphered and translated it, establishing it to be a medical treatise and the oldest known manuscript from ancient India. His fame led the British India government to seek more manuscripts and archaeological items from Xinjiang (China) and Central Asia, sending him 23 consignments of discoveries before he retired.

In 1893, Hoernle deciphered the Weber manuscript – one of the oldest preserved Sanskrit texts on paper. He identified the chronological evolution of Brahmi script, early Gupta script and a host of other scripts along with the nature of substrate they were written on (birch-bark, palm-leaf, paper).

He was an early scholar of Khotanese and Tocharian languages, which he had sensed as a different Indo-Aryan language in some of the texts that formed the Weber manuscript.

Victim of forgery
As his breakthrough studies gained fame, various governments including the British government sought and offered handsome rewards for ancient manuscripts. This led to major forgeries, and Hoernlé was deceived by some. Hoernle was concerned about potential for forgery, as some of the fragmentary manuscripts he received appeared to contain Central Asian scripts but made no sense in any language. Hoernle tended to assume good faith and spent time analyzing, making sense of them. In past, his patience with the unknown languages ultimately led to the discovery of Khotanese and Tocharian languages.

The first forged manuscript came from Islam Akhun, purchased by George Macartney and sent to Hoernle in 1895. Thereafter several more Akhun manuscripts followed. According to Peter Hopkirk, Backlund stationed in Central Asia wrote to Hoernle, informing him of his suspicions about Akhun's forgery, and reasons to doubt purchases from Akhun. However, Hoernle found reasons to dismiss Backlund's concerns and continue his analysis of manuscripts sold by Akhun, stating "if these are copies freshly produced, then they are copies of ancient manuscripts" just like reprints of old books.

In a preliminary report in 1897, Hoernle wrote about the new manuscripts he had received from Khotan, the following:

Thereafter, he published A Collection of Antiquities from Central Asia: Part 1 on them. The truth about the forged manuscripts by Islam Akhun was confirmed during a site visit to Khotan by the explorer and long term collaborator Sir Aurel Stein and revealed to Hoernle. Stein found many manuscript fragments similar to the Bower and Weber manuscripts in different parts of Central Asia but found nothing remotely similar to those sold by Islam Akhun and ultimately delivered through Macartney to Hoernle since 1895. Stein visited Akhun in person, wasn't able to verify any of the sites Akhun had previously claimed to be the source of his elaborate manuscripts. Akhun first tried to offer alternative explanations, but his workers and he ultimately confessed to the fraud. Stein saw the forgery operations and discovered that Hoernle's good faith was wrong. Akhun and his workers never had any ancient manuscripts they were making copies from. Stein reported his findings to Hoernlé, who was deeply dismayed by the forgeries and his error, and upset. He considered acquiring and destroying Part 1 of his report. It had already been widely distributed after being published as a special number of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and Stein had already disclosed the forgery that formed that collection. Hoernle went ahead and published Part 2, glossing over his personal errors in Part 1, according to Peter Hopkirk. Hoernle did include a note for the benefit of all scholars, stating:

Hoernlé retired after publishing his 1899 report, his reputation survived this revelation, and his obituaries in 1918 tactfully omitted the incident, according to Kirk.

Hoernle collection, British Library
In 1902, the Government of India restarted sending consignments to Hoernle, now based in Oxford. He received 12 consignments, which ultimately were transferred to the Indian Office Library in London in 1918, and are now a part of the British Library's Hoernle collections. Hoernle also received all material collected by Aurel Stein during his 1st and 2nd expedition to Central Asia, now split between the British Library and the Delhi Museum. The volume of shipments from India to Hoernle in Oxford increased so much that he could not process them alone. Many Indologists at Oxford helped him sort, catalog and study them. His collaborators between 1902 and 1918 included "F.W. Thomas, L.D. Barnett, H. Lüders, S. Konow, E. Leumann, K. Watanabe, and S. Lévi", states Sims-Williams. During this period, Hoernle and these scholars made significant progress in understanding the scope and scale of Indian literature found in Central Asia, Tibet and South Asia. Hoernle, thus, continued to make his contributions to Indology and published many articles from Oxford during these years. The Hoernle collection of the British Library includes over 4000 Sanskrit, 1298 Tocharian and 200 Khotanese manuscripts.

Hoernle collection, Otani University
In 1920, the Japanese Sanskrit scholar, monk, and later professor at Ōtani University Izumi Hōkei (1884-1947) discovered in a Cambridge bookstore a collection of 431 books from Hoernlé's former possession on Buddhism, medicine, languages, and literature. This collection is now kept in the library of Ōtani University (Kyoto).

Two-wave Indo-Aryan migration
Hoernle proposed the two-wave theory of the Indo-Aryan migration. According to this theory, Aryans invaded the subcontinent first through Kabul valley, then much later in a second invasion, the Aryans arrived in much larger numbers into a more drier climatic period moving and settling into the Gangetic plains. The second invasion, he proposed, occurred before the Rigveda was composed and before the earliest version of the Sanskrit language took a form. The first invaders spoke Magadhi, the second spoke Sauraseni, according to Hoernle. This theory was adopted by later scholars such as George Abraham Grierson.

In addition to his palaeographical and codicological work, Hoernlé published an important series of editions and studies on the history of medicine in South Asia, including a magisterial edition, translation and study of the Bower Manuscript.

World War I
Hoernle, of German heritage and living his retirement in England, was deeply dismayed by World War I.

Honours
In February 1902 he received the honorary degree Master of Arts (MA) from the University of Oxford.

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1897.

Family
Hoernlé was the second of nine children.
In 1877 Hoernlé married Sophie Fredericke Louise Romig; the philosopher Alfred Hoernlé was their son.

Publications
 A history of India, Cuttack: Orissa Mission Press 1907
 Studies in the medicine of ancient India, Part I. Osteology, Or The Bones of the Human Body, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1907
 Manuscript remains of Buddhist literature found in Eastern Turkestan; facsimiles with transcripts, translation and notes, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1916
 The Bower Manuscript, Calcutta 1897

References

External links

1841 births
1918 deaths
Deaths from Spanish flu
Linguists from the United Kingdom
Central Asian studies scholars
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Presidents of The Asiatic Society

Rudolf Hoernlé


The Big Thompson River is a tributary of the South Platte River, approximately  long, in the U.S. state of Colorado. Originating in Forest Canyon in Rocky Mountain National Park, the river flows into Lake Estes in the town of Estes Park and then through Big Thompson Canyon. It includes four crossings/bridges which are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Course of the river

The headwaters of the Big Thompson River begin in Forest Canyon within Rocky Mountain National Park in Larimer County, Colorado. The river flows east through Moraine Park to the town of Estes Park. There it is held in Lake Estes by Olympus Dam before being released into the Big Thompson Canyon. The North Fork Big Thompson River also begins in Rocky Mountain National Park, on the northern slopes of the Mummy Range. This tributary flows east, through the town of Glen Haven, where it merges with the Big Thompson River in the town of Drake, in the Big Thompson Canyon.

From Lake Estes, the river descends  in elevation through the mountains in the spectacular  Big Thompson Canyon, emerging from the foothills west of Loveland. It flows eastward, south of Loveland across the plains into Weld County and joins the South Platte approximately  south of Greeley. It receives the Little Thompson River approximately  upstream from its mouth.

Water resources in the Big Thompson River are managed by the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District as part of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project.

1976 flood

On July 31, 1976, during the celebration of Colorado's centennial, the Big Thompson Canyon was the site of a devastating flash flood that swept down the steep and narrow canyon, claiming the lives of 143 people, 5 of whom were never found, making it the deadliest disaster in Colorado's history. This flood was triggered by a nearly stationary thunderstorm near the upper section of the canyon that dumped  of rain in less than 4 hours (more than 3/4 of the average annual rainfall for the area). Little rain fell over the lower section of the canyon, where many of the victims were.

Around 9 p.m., a wall of water more than  high raced down the canyon at about , destroying 400 cars, 418 houses and 52 businesses and washing out most of U.S. Route 34. This flood was more than 4 times as strong as any in the 112-year record available in 1976, with a discharge of 1,000 cubic meters per second (35,000 ft³/s).

In 2008, a man who was thought to have died in the flood was found to be alive and living in Oklahoma. Daryle Johnson and his family had rented a cabin east of Estes Park, but left without telling anyone on the morning of July 31. A woman who was researching the flood's victims discovered he was still alive.

2013 flood

The canyon was just one of the many areas along the Front Range that were devastated in the September 2013 flood. While not as intense as the 1976 flood, the storms that caused the flooding in 2013 still sent enough water down the canyon to wash out the highway in many places. The flood also damaged the US Bureau of Reclamation's Dille Diversion Dam. The biggest infrastructure casualty, however, was the City of Loveland's hydroelectric plant (rebuilt after the 1976 flood); the Idylwilde Reservoir was completely filled with silt and rocks, the Idylwilde Dam broke free of the bedrock, and the hydroelectric plant in the Viestenz-Smith Mountain Park was filled with water and silt. The dam was in the process of being relicensed with the FERC, but it was instead demolished, the dam material and contents of the reservoir being used as fill for highway repairs. The park has since been redone to accommodate the post-flood river channel and to harden it against potential future floods. The city also rebuilt its municipal electric distribution line into the canyon to replace the original 1925 transmission line and remove obsolete distribution equipment.

See also
 Big Thompson River Bridges, four crossings that were listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 List of Colorado rivers

References

External links
 I Dream of Genealogy Memorial for Big Thompson Canyon Flood Victims of 1976
 NOAA Site on the Big Thompson Canyon Floods
 Colorado State University: Big Thompson Watershed
 Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District
 Larimer County website: History of the flood

Tributaries of the Platte River
Rivers of Larimer County, Colorado
Rivers of Weld County, Colorado
1970s floods in the United States
1970s floods
1976 natural disasters in the United States
1976 in Colorado
Rivers of Rocky Mountain National Park

Big Thompson River


An Bambusa marginata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Munro. An Bambusa marginata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Myanmar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa marginata


بلدة الدروشا أو الدروشة بلدة سورية تابعة لمنطقة قطنا في محافظة ريف دمشق، سوريا. تقع جنوب ناحية عرطوز على في الجهة الشرقية للشارع الرئيسي الواصل بين ناحيتي عرطوز وسعسع. ترتفع البلدة 789 م عن سطح البحر.

تحدها بلدة البويضة ومخيم خان الشيح من الجهة الجنوبية.

يبلغ تعداد سكان البلدة 6,091 حسب إحصاء 2004 م.

انظر أيضا
قائمة بلدات سوريا

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة قطنا
دروشا

الدروشا


Ioan Avramie a fost un predicator din Țara Românească.

Bibliografie

Anul nașterii lipsă
Țara Românească
Români din secolul al XVII-lea
Români din secolul al XVIII-lea
Anul decesului lipsă

Ioan Avramie


Everett Warner, né Everett Longley Warner le  à Vinton (Iowa) et mort le  à Bellows Falls (Vermont), est un peintre et graveur impressionniste américain, ainsi qu'un des principaux contributeurs au camouflage de la marine américaine pendant les deux guerres mondiales.

Biographie

Enfance et formation
Everett Warner naît le  dans la petite ville de Vinton (Iowa), d'un père avocat et d'une mère descendant d'une lignée de missionnaires, la famille Riggs, qui a travaillé pendant des années avec les Indiens Dakota Sioux, traduisant et préservant leur langue traditionnelle. Il passe une partie de son enfance dans l'Iowa, puis déménage à Washington (district de Columbia), lorsque son père est nommé examinateur pour le bureau des pensions.

Tout en terminant ses études secondaires, il suit des cours au Corcoran Museum et à la Washington Art Students League. Puis travaille, pendant plusieurs années, comme critique d'art pour le The Evening Star. En 1900, il s'installe à New York et étudie à l'Art Students League avec le maître du dessin  et l'illustrateur . Son travail est  sélectionné pour figurer dans certains des concours d'art les plus prestigieux du pays comme à l'Art Institute of Chicago, à la Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, à la National Academy of Design.

Carrière artistique
En 1903, grâce aux revenus de ses ventes de tableaux, Everett Warner part en Europe (il y retournera quatre ans plus tard), où il étudie à Paris à l'Académie Julian, tout en faisant des voyages en Italie, Allemagne, Espagne, Pays-Bas…. Il rejoint, à cette époque, les peintres américains de Montreuil dans le Nord de la France, il y réalise plusieurs tableaux. De retour définitivement aux États-Unis en 1909, il rejoint la colonie artistique d'Old Lyme à Old Lyme, Connecticut, qui, sous le parrainage de la mécène Florence Griswold, est devenue un centre bien connu de l'impressionnisme américain. L'un des principaux membres de cette colonie est Childe Hassam, un proche associé d'Abbott Handerson Thayer, un peintre largement connu pour ses théories du camouflage naturel.

En 1915, à l'Exposition internationale Panama-Pacifique de San Francisco, Everett Warner remporte une médaille d'argent dans la catégorie peinture et une médaille de bronze en gravure. Les sculptures allégoriques de l'artiste née dans l'Iowa, , qui a reçu une médaille d'argent et qui, quelques années plus tard, s'est associée au peintre du New Hampshire Barry Faulkner (cousin de Thayer) pour établir une corporation d'artistes de camouflage. Ironiquement, à peu près à cette époque, un déclin inévitable commence dans les perspectives de carrière de tous ces jeunes artistes, dont beaucoup sont très doués, en grande partie à cause de l'intérêt pour l'art moderne, qui avait été présenté au public américain en 1913 au célèbre New York Armory Show. Comme l'a noté Helen K. Fusscas dans A World Observed : The Art of Everett Longley Warner,  Dans les années qui ont suivi, Warner et les autres ont continué à travailler, à exposer et à remporter des prix, mais n'ont jamais atteint la notoriété qu'ils auraient pu espérer.

Camouflage de navire de la Première Guerre mondiale
Lorsque les États-Unis entrent dans la Première Guerre mondiale en 1917, Everett Warner cherche les moyens de contribuer à l'effort de guerre. Il envisage plusieurs options et postule pour le . Pendant de nombreuses années, l'un de ses amis les plus proches est le scientifique, formé au MIT, et artiste, formé à Paris,  (1879-1970), qui jouera plus tard un rôle de premier plan dans le camouflage des navires de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. C'est peut-être par l'intermédiaire de Bittinger que Warner est approché par le US Shipping Board (à l'été 1917) pour mettre en œuvre un schéma de camouflage inventé par Thomas Edison. En utilisant les spécifications d'Edison, Warner a appliqué ce schéma à un ancien paquebot allemand, le SS Ockenfels. Bien que le résultat soit censé être un « navire invisible », il est, non seulement visible, mais aussi structurellement absurde, avec pour résultat qu'une section attachée à la proue était tombée avant que le navire ne quitte le port de New York. Rappelant ce fiasco, Everett Warner déclare : .

Quelques mois plus tard, Everett Warner présente son propre plan de camouflage de navire au gouvernement américain. Selon les archives existantes, il fait valoir qu'il est « impossible de rendre un navire invisible d'un sous-marin, car il se découpait presque invariablement sur le ciel et se présenterait par conséquent en silhouette. Sa proposition est donc de briser la silhouette de manière à rendre très difficile à l'ennemi d'obtenir la portée. Cette méthode, connue officiellement sous le nom de Warner System, est l'une des six mesures de camouflage approuvées par les États-Unis, d'autres ayant été conçues par George de Forest Brush (en partenariat avec son fils Gerome Brush, et avec Abbott Handerson Thayer), William Mackay, Lewis Herzog, Maximilian Toch et une personne nommée Watson.

En , Everett Warner accepte une mission en tant que lieutenant dans les réserves navales américaines et est affecté à la gestion d'une subdivision basée sur la conception (à Washington, DC) d'une nouvelle section de camouflage américaine. Parmi ses collègues concepteurs de camouflage figurent Frederick Judd Waugh (peintre de marine), Gordon Stevenson (peintre de portraits), John Gregory (sculpteur d'origine britannique), Kenneth MacIntire, M. O'Connell (artiste publicitaire), M. Nash et une marine enseigne nommée Richardson. Parallèlement, une subdivision de recherche est créée à Eastman Kodak Company à Rochester, New York, sous la direction du lieutenant Loyd A. Jones, physiologiste optique. L'officier responsable des deux subdivisions était le lieutenant Harold Van Buskirk.

Rien de tout cela n'était sans précédent, et, dans une large mesure, ces efforts découlaient du travail des Britanniques, qui avaient mis en place une équipe similaire en 1917. Cette unité a été dirigée par le peintre britannique Norman Wilkinson, qui est maintenant largement reconnu comme étant à l'origine de la pratique de la peinture camouflage dazzle. En , Wilkinson a servi pendant quatre semaines en tant que conseiller en camouflage auprès de l'US Navy. Son collaborateur lors de cette visite aux États-Unis (au cours de laquelle il a donné des conférences dans les ports de Boston, New York, Philadelphie et Norfolk sur le but, la conception et l'application du camouflage dazzle) était Everett Warner.

Peintures vue d'avion
En 1919, après la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, la Marine prend beaucoup temps pour qu'Everett Warner puisse retourner à la vie civile. Pendant une période de trois ou quatre semaines, il organise des vols d'observation quotidiens à bord d'hydravions militaires au-dessus de régions telles que New York et la côte est. Il devient l'un des premiers artistes à esquisser et à peindre à partir d'une vue aérienne. Il prolonge son expérience en réalisant de grands tableaux à partir des petits qu'il avait réalisés en vol. En planifiant l'exposition de ceux-ci, il lui vint à l'esprit qu'ils ne devraient pas être accrochés au mur, mais être placés sur le sol, à plat et face vers le haut, tandis que le public les verrait de côté, à un angle oblique (comme une anamorphose), renforçant ainsi la sensation de profondeur.

Enseignement
Pendant , de 1924 à 1942, Everett Warner est professeur agrégé de peinture et de design au College of Fine Arts de l'Université Carnegie-Mellon de Pittsburgh, en Pennsylvanie. Ce n'est sûrement pas une pure coïncidence si l'homme qui l'a engagé pour ce poste, Homer Saint-Gaudens (fils du sculpteur Augustus Saint-Gaudens), avait été l'officier responsable du corps de camouflage de l'armée américaine pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Nan Sheets faisait partie des artistes qui ont étudié avec lui.

Camouflage de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Au début de 1941, après avoir visionné un film d'actualités montrant ce qu'il considérait comme un camouflage dazzle amateur sur les navires de la Royal Navy, il écrivit une lettre à l'US Navy offrant ses services. À l'époque, la Marine n'avait pas prévu d'utiliser des schémas de camouflage dazzle et a décliné son offre. À l'été 1942, après que les États-Unis soient entrés dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Warner (alors âgé de ) est invité à retourner dans la marine, pour servir de chef de l'aide civile au commandant Charles Bittinger (son ami proche des années précédentes) dans la conception de camouflage de navire.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale
À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Everett Warner est démobilisé de la Marine. À , il se retire de l'enseignement et s'installe avec sa famille à Westmoreland (New Hampshire). Ses tentatives pour relancer sa carrière de peintre, bien qu'admirables, ont eu moins de succès qu'il ne l'espérait et (se souvenant de ses débuts en tant que critique d'art) il a progressivement abandonné l'art au profit de la publication d'articles.

Everett Longley Warner meurt d'une crise cardiaque le , à l'âge de . Neuf ans plus tard, son atelier de peinture est détruit dans un incendie majeur, entraînant la perte de plusieurs de ses dessins, peintures, lettres, notes et maquettes de navires camouflées.

Œuvres dans les collections publiques

 Montreuil, collection des amis du musée d'Art et d'Histoire Roger-Rodière : Moonlight in Montreuil, lithographie, entre 1903 et 1905,

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Norman Wilkinson (artiste)
 Camouflage éblouissant

Bibliographie

  Roy Behrens, False Colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books, 2002 .
  Roy Behrens, Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books, 2009 .
  Helen K. Fusscas, A World Observed: The Art of Everett Longley Warner 1877-1963. Exhibition catalog. Old Lyme, Connecticut: Florence Griswold Museum, 1992.
  Everett L. Warner, "The Science of Marine Camouflage Design" in Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society 14 (5) 1919, .
  Everett L. Warner, "Fooling the Iron Fish: The Inside Story of Marine Camouflage" in Everybody's Magazine (November 1919), .

Liens externes

  Site officiel
  Lyme in Winter by Everett Warner
  Everett Warner (1877-1963) Ship Camouflage Artist
  Camouflage de navires de la Première et de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Peintre américain du XXe siècle
Peintre américain du XIXe siècle
Peintre impressionniste américain
Graveur américain du XXe siècle
Graveur américain du XXIe siècle
Élève de l'Académie Julian
Camoufleur
Naissance en juillet 1877
Naissance dans le comté de Benton (Iowa)
Décès en octobre 1963
Décès dans le comté de Windham (Vermont)
Décès à 86 ans
Montreuil-sur-Mer

Everett Warner


Bitka kraj Pašmana bila je pomorska bitka koju su 1190. godine vodile snage gradova Zadra i Pise protiv Mletačke Republike. Predstavlja jednu od bitaka Hrvatsko-mletačkog rata koji se vodio u razdoblju od 1181. do 1202. godine i u kojem su Mlečani dvadeset godina bezuspješno pokušavali osvojiti Zadar, da bi ga na kraju 1202. godine zauzeli križari poslije dvotjedne opsade.

Dvije godine prije bitke zadarski knez Desinjin Damjan sklopio je s Pisom protumletački savez. Godine 1190. sa svojim se snagama sukobio s mletačkim brodovljem kraj otoka Pašmana i izvojevao pobjedu.

Vidi još

 Hrvatsko-mletački ratovi

Izvori

Pašman
Hrvatsko-mletački ratovi
Pomorske bitke u Jadranskom moru
Pašman
Pašman
Povijest Zadra

Bitka kraj Pašmana 1190.


An Stanhopea horichiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Rudolph Jenny. An Stanhopea horichiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stanhopea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Stanhopea

Stanhopea horichiana


An Tropidia mindanaensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Tropidia mindanaensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tropidia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tropidia (Orchidaceae)

Tropidia mindanaensis


Astragalus dipelta, vrsta kozlinca, jednogodišnjeg raslinja iz pordice mahunarki čija su domovina Afganistan, Iran, Kazahstan, Kirgistan, Tadžikistan, Turkmenistan i Uzbekistan. Vrsta je nekada bila uključivana u danas nepriznati rod Dipelta.

Sinonimi
 Tragacantha turkestanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Kuntze
 Dipelta turkestanica Regel & Schmalh.
 Didymopelta turkestanica (Regel & Schmalh.) Regel & Schmalh.

Izvori

Galegeae
Flora Afganistana
Flora Irana
Flora Kazahstana
Flora Kirgistana
Flora Tadžikistana
Flora Turkmenistana
Flora Uzbekistana

Astragalus dipelta


دو سيفر  هو إقليم فرنسي رقم 79 تابع لمنطقة بواتو شارنت. وسكانه حوالي 370.000 نسمة وفق تعداد 2012. مركز إقليم دو سيفر والمدينة الكبرى فيه هي مدينة نيور.

تاريخ

قبل الثورة الفرنسية, كان معظم أراضي هذا الإقليم الجزء الأوسط من مقاطعة بواتو خلال الحكم الأرستقراطي في فرنسا.

يعد إقليم دو سيفر واحد من الأقاليم الـ 83 التي تشكلت منها فرنسا، والتي تم إنشاؤها أثناء الثورة الفرنسية يوم 4 مارس 1790.

تسمية
أخذ اسمه من نهرين مصدراهما في الإقليم : السيفر النيورتي في جنوب الإقليم الذي يصب في المحيط الأطلسي والسيفر النانتي في شمال الإقليم الذي يصب في نهر لوار في مدينة نانت. من حيث اسمه الذي يعني 2 سيفر باللغة الفرنسية Deux-Sèvres.

جغرافيا
يعتبر إقليم دو سيفر جزء من منطقة بواتو شارنت ويحيط به كل من الأقاليم التالية : فيين (بالفرنسية: Vienne) في الشرق, شارنت (بالفرنسية: Charente) في الجنوب الشرقي, شارنت البحرية (بالفرنسية: Charente Maritime) في الجنوب الغربي وهي الإقاليم الثلاثة الأخرى التابعة لبواتو شارنت وفونديه (بالفرنسية: Vendée) في الغرب وماين ولوار (بالفرنسية: Maine et Loire) في الشمال اللذان من أقاليم منطقة بايي دو لا لوار.

شخصيات
رنيه كاييه (1799-1838) كان مستكشفا فرنسيا، وأول أوروبي يعود على قيد الحياة من بلدة تمبكتو.

معرض صور

مراجع

2 (عدد)
أقاليم آكيتين الجديدة
تأسيسات سنة 1790 في فرنسا
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1790

دو سيفر (إقليم فرنسي)


Røde lagner er en dansk kortfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Jesper Mark Hansen og efter manuskript af Jesper Mark Hansen og Kristian Pedersen.

Handling
To kvinder, en tjener og en middag. En helt almindelig situation med fælles affektion bliver til en magtkamp mellem de to kvinder, som ikke har et helt almindeligt forhold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Røde lagner


An Habenaria letestuana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko ngan Tomasz Sebastian Olszewski. An Habenaria letestuana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria letestuana


عقد 1790 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1790 و31 ديسمبر 1799 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1780 ولحقه عقد 1800.

أحداث

 معركة ماتشين (1791)
 اختراع المذياع (1791)
 إعلان إلغاء الملكية (1792)
 انتفاضة 10 اغسطس 1792 (1792)
 معاهدة زيشتوف (1791)
 قانون شابليي (1791)
 اضطرابات بريستلي (1791)

مواليد

 خوان ألفاريز هورتادو (1790)
 بيرجرين (1790)
 بووهاتن إليس (1790)
 أدريان-جان-بيير تيلورييه (1790)
 وليام ليتش (1790)
 يان بابتيست فان دير هولست (1790)
 ميلكور موزكيز (1790)
 جون باكمان (1790)
 خوان الباريث مينديثابال (1790)
 جون فردريك دانيال (1790)
 جيمس ه بيك (1790)

وفيات

 وليام هوبر (1790)
 جيكوب كريسي شافر (1790)
 لايمان هول (1790)
 جون هوارد (1790)
 ويليام روي (1790)
 كرستفريد غاناندر (1790)
 آدم سميث (1790)
 يوهان هينريك جوسلر (1790)
 جوزيف الثاني (1790)
 يوهان الثاني برنولي (1790)
 ويليام كولين (1790)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1790 ابتداءً من

عقد 1790


مصطفى رشيد هو ممثل ومخرج بحريني وُلد في 7 يونيو 1968، وله العديد من الأعمال على شاشات التلفزيون، وقد حصل على المركز الأول لأفضل مسلسل كوميدي بمهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتلفزيون عن مسلسله (عمى ألوان). مصطفى رشيد لديه ابنتان.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

ممثلون وممثلات بحرينيون
مواليد 1388 هـ

مصطفى رشيد


El  Batallón de Campaña de Reemplazo (3. Feldersatz-Bataillon) fue un Batallón de reemplazo del Ejército alemán (Heer) durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Historia
Formado el 26 de agosto de 1939. En 1 de enero de 1940 es renombrado III Batallón del 307.º Regimiento de Infantería. El 15 de junio de 1943 es reformado y el 23 de junio de 1943 es subordinado a la 3.ª División de Granaderos Panzer. Disuelto en diciembre de 1944 (?).

Referencias
 Batallón de Campaña de Reemplazo en "Orders of battle"
Lexikon Der Wehrmacht - 3. Feldersatz-Bataillon (en alemán)

Heer (Wehrmacht)
Batallones de Campaña de Reemplazo
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Unidades militares creadas en 1939
Unidades militares desaparecidas en 1944

3.er Batallón de Campaña de Reemplazo


في الرياضيات، الانعكاس  هو دالة تحول شكلا ما إلى صورة مرآته (المعكوسة). فمثلا، انعكاس شكل الحرف "p" بالنسبة لخط عموي (أو مرآة) يصبح الشكل "q".
لعكس مسطح ثنائي الأبعاد، يستعمل خط مرآةً ويُسمى محور الانعكاس. بينما يلزم لانعكاس جسم ثلاثي الأبعاد مثل القطة مستوى ثنائي الأبعاد مرآة. ويعتبر الانعكاس في بعض الأحيان حالة خاصة من حالات الانقلاب (inversion).

وبالمفهوم الهندسي، لإيجاد الانعكاس لنقطة ما، يتم إسقاط خط عمودي على الخط (أو المستوى) المستعمل كمحور الانعكاس، ثم مد الخط بشكل مستقيم في الجهة الأخرى من المحور وبنفس المسافة.

ولتحديد الانعكاس لرسم ما، يتم تحديد انعكاسات كل النقاط المؤلفة له على الناحية الأخرى من محور الانعكاس.

ملاحظات
 القيام بانعكاس مرتين على نفس المحور يعود بنا إلى الشكل الأصلي.
 الانعكاس يحافظ على المسافات بين النقاط المعكوسة.
 أن الانعكاس لا يؤثر على النقاط الموجودة على المرآة أو على المحور.
 بعد الانعكاس في المرآة يكون أصغر ببعد واحد من الفضاء المعكوس (مثلاً إذا كانت المرآة موجودة في الفضاء الثلاثي الأبعاد فإن الصورة المعكوسة عليها تكون في الفضاء الثنائي الأبعاد وهكذا).

المعادلات
في حالة متجه a في الفضاء الإقليدي Rn، فإن معادلة الانعكاس في المستوي الفائق من خلال المصدر المتعامد مع a هي:

بحيث v·a هي نتيجة ضرب متجه v في a ولاحظ ان الطرف الثاني في المعادلة هو ضعف اسقاط v على a ويمكن بسهولة إثبات:

 Refa(v) = -v إذا كانت v متوازية مع a و
 Refa(v) = v, إذا كانت v متعامدة مع a

وبما أن الانعكاسات هذه هي ايزوميترية في فضاء إقليدي ذات مصدر محدد، فيكن تمثيلها بمصفوفة متعامدة والتي هي:

حيث δij هي دلتا كرونكر.
والمعادلة لانعكاس في فضاء أفيني  هي:

انظر أيضاً
 انعكاس (فيزياء)
 مرشح التداخل
 نقل (هندسة رياضية)
 انعكاس انزلاقي
 مجموعة افريزية (هندسة)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الأنعكاس بالنسبة لخط على موقع cut-the-knot
 شرح الأنعكاس الثنائي الأبعاد
 شرح الأنعكاس الثلاثي الأبعاد

تحويل رياضي
تناظرات إقليدية
دوال
نظرية الزمر

انعكاس (رياضيات)


15 වසර (XV) යනු ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර,   අඟහරුවාදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත) විය. එකල ,  එය හැඳින්වුනේ, සීසර්ගේ සහ  ෆ්ලැක්කුස්ගේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික  ධූර වර්ෂය (හෝ, එතරම් ප්‍රචලිත නොවන අයුරින්,  අබ් ඌර්බෙ කෝන්ඩිටා 768 වසර  ) ලෙසිනි. මෙම වසර සඳහා 15 යන නාමය භාවිත වීම ඇරඹුනේ මුල් මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී, වසර නම් කිරීම සඳහා යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රචලිත භාවයට පත් ක්‍රමය ලෙසින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දින දසුන් යුගය ඇරඹීම හා සමගය.
ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු

15


Limba erzeană (эрзянь кель, erźań keľ) este o  limbă fino-ugrică, din grupurile finice de pe Volga, subgrupul mordvin; limba erzeană este una dintre cele trei limbi oficiale ale Republicii Mordovia, împreună cu mokșana și cu rusa.

Situația sociolingvistică
Deoarece mulți rezidenți ai Republicii Mordovia au afirmat că au cunoștințe de limba mordvină în recensământ, fără să precizeze dacă este vorba de mokșană sau de erzeană, numărul exact de vorbitori de erzeană este dificil de precizat. Baza de date a sitului Ethnologue  prezintă următorul număr de vorbitori de erzeană: 119.330 de persoane răspândite în lumea întreagă, 36.700 de persoane în Rusia (conform recensământului din 2010).

Potrivit Comitetului Rus de Statistică, mordvinii ar fi în număr de 843.350 (inclusiv: mokșană - 49,6 mii de persoane, erzeană - 84,4 mii de persoane).

Limba erzeană este menționată în lista limbilor pe cale de dispariție sau aproape de dispariție.

Situare
Aproximativ 28% dintre vorbitorii nativi trăiesc în Republica Mordovia, restul trăiesc în grupuri compacte din Rusia și fostele republici sovietice.

Bilingvism
(Date generale pentru limbile mokșană și erzeană). Numărul total al bilingvilor este de 696.369 dintre care 306.109 bărbați și 389.982 femei; 69% dintre vorbitorii din Mordovia consideră ca limbă maternă mordvina, și doar 30,8% limba rusă.

Scrierea
Principalele perioade ale istoriei limbii erzene:

 Preerzeană - începutul secolelor X-XI până la sfârșitul secolului al XVII-lea;
 Erzeana veche - secolele XVIII-XIX.
 Erzeana modernă - din secolul XIX până în zilele noastre.

Prima perioadă a istoriei limbii erzene este nescrisă. Apariția primului monument scris datează de la sfârșitul secolului al XVII-lea, primele texte coerente (traduse) din limba erzeană au fost create în a doua jumătate a secolului al XVIII-lea. Înainte de a se alătura statului rus în secolul al XV-lea, erzenii nu aveau propriile lor scrieri. Apariția scrierii erzene pe baza alfabetului chirilic este asociată cu creștinarea popoarelor din regiunea Volga în secolul al XVIII-lea. Scrisul se baza pe normele de scriere a limbii ruse. Crearea sa a fost dictată exclusiv de traducerea și lucrarea lexicografică necesară creării de texte sacre. Pentru botez au fost create dicționarele bilingve ale episcopilor Damaskin, Pallas și alții. Dicționarele lui Damaskin (1785) și al lui Pallas ("Dicționar comparativ al tuturor limbilor și graiurilor ordonate alfabetic", 1790 și 1791) au făcut parte din marele plan al Ecaterinei a II-a, care dorea să creeze câte un dicționar bilingv pentru fiecare etnie din Imperiul Țarist.

Note

Erzeană
Erzeană
Limbi pe cale de dispariție

Limba erzeană


An Ischaemum pushpangadanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ravi, N.Mohanan ngan Kiran Raj. An Ischaemum pushpangadanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ischaemum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ischaemum

Ischaemum pushpangadanii


Spider Jerusalem  este un personaj fictiv, fiind personajul principal și anti-eroul seriei Transmetropolitan, creată de către scriitorul american de benzi desenate Warren Ellis pentru Vertigo Comics, aflată în prezent în proprietatea companiei DC Comics.

Pe numele său complet, Spider Django Heraclitus Jerusalem, el este un jurnalist gonzo care scrie despre ipocrizia politicienilor, sărăcia, rasismul, lipsa unei dorințe de a lupta pentru o viață mai bună, mizeria intelectuală. Spider se evidențiază prin cinismul cu care abordează fiecare situație. El nu-și dorește faimă, urăște ipocrizia și prostia, iar singura lui dorință este de a oferi oamenilor Adevărul, chiar dacă asta îl poate costa viața.

Personajul are ca inspirație viața jurnalistului american Hunter S. Thompson.

Origini

Aflăm încă de la începutul seriei că Spider Jerusalem era unul dintre cei mai cunoscuți jurnaliști din megalopolisul futuristic denumit simplu, Orașul (The City). Trecuseră cinci ani de zile de când Spider ieșise la pensie și se refugiase în munți , la marginea orașului. În tot acest timp, el a rupt orice legătură cu civilizația, devenind un pustnic, pentru a scăpa de poluarea și zgomotul orașului, dar mai ales de rușinea de a nu mai putea găsi adevărul.Într-o zi, el primește un telefon de la fostul său agent, care îî reamintește că mai avea de scris două cărți pentru a-și onora contractul. Având nevoie de zgomotul și de agitația orașului pentru a scrie, Spider se vede nevoit să se reîntoarcă în Oraș, metropola pe care o urăște din tot sufletul, dar fără de care se vede în imposibilitatea de a scrie.

O dată întors în oraș, Spider Jerusalem se duce direct la fostul său colaborator Mitchell Royce,devenit acum redactor-șef la ziarul Cuvântul (The Word) și îi cere o slujbă. Acesta, bucuros că ziarul va avea din nou un nume mare alături, îi oferă un post de editorialist fără să stea pe gânduri.

Personalitate și înfățisare
La începutul seriei, Spider Jerusalem este portretizat drept un om rupt de civilizație, cu părul lung și neîngrijit. O dată întors în oraș, primește de la Mitchell Royce un apartament într-o zonă rău famată a orașului, unde printr-o eroare a sistemului de operare al robotul controlat de AI cauzată de consumul de droguri  devine spân.

Din punct de vedere fizic, el este descris drept un om mic de statură, cu un nas lung și dinți stricați. Are corpul acoperit de tatuaje de culoare neagră, care combină elemente geometrice și tribale dar și diferite mesaje de referință occidentală. Tatuajul său caracteristic este un păianjen situat pe frunte.

De obicei Spider nu poartă haine, însă când împrejurările o cer el poartă un costum de culoare neagră, fără cămașă, prin care se pot observa numeroasele sale tatuaje și o pereche de ghete de piele de culoare neagră. Un element caracteristic al garderobei sale sunt ochelarii de soare asimetrici,cu lentila dreaptă de culoare roșie și stânga de culoare verde. Ochelariie conțin o cameră video ascunsă.

Din punct de vedere moral, el reprezintă tipologia anti-eroului depravat, lipsit de orice urmă de compasiune pentru alți oameni și cu o atitudine vădită de mizantropie.
Printre subiectele principale ale scrierilor sale se numără ipocrizia clasei politice, sărăcia și rasismul. În ciuda aparențelor, el este loial prietenilor și colaboratorilor săi însă este iute la mânie și răzbunător dacă cineva îl trădează.

Mitchell Royce, editorul său, consideră că Spider Jerusalem trebuie să fie disprețuit de către comunitate pentru a putea funcționa cum trebuie ca și scriitor și jurnalist.

În universul postcyberpunk creat de Warren Ellis, consumul de droguri nu mai este considerat un subiect tabu, fiind la ordinea zilei. Un element caracteristic al personajului este consumul de droguri, de la cofeină și amelioratori de inteligență, la amfetamină și barbiturice, precum și consumul în cantități mari de alcool și tutun.

Vezi și
Jurnalism Gonzo
Hunter S. Thompson
Cyberpunk
Jurnalist

Referințe

Legături externe
https://comicvine.gamespot.com/spider-jerusalem/4005-15813/

http://kktcuochi.blogspot.ro/2013/11/6-motive-sa-citesti-transmetropolitan.html

Benzi desenate americane

Spider Jerusalem


An Eriochloa acuminata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jan Svatopluk Presl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Eriochloa acuminata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eriochloa

Eriochloa acuminata


الريال الزنجباري أو الريال البرغشي (نسبة إلى السلطان برغش بن سعيد) هي العملة المتداولة في زنجبار ما بين 1882 و 1908، وهي مقسمة إلى 136 بيسة وقد تم تدوالها مع الروبية الهندية والريال النمساوي. وقد تم استبدال الريال بعد ذلك بالروبية الزنجبارية بحيث ⅛2 روبية = 1 ريال.

القطع النقدية
بتاريخ 1299هـ / 1882، ظهرت تلك القطع بأشكالها التالية:
 1 بيسة: نحاس.
 1/4 و 1/2 و 1 ريال: فضة.
 ½2 و 5 ريال: ذهب.
هذه القطع مسكوكة في بروكسل ببلجيكا.

وقد تم ضرب نقود المجموعة الثانية المشكلة من بيسات مختلفة بتاريخ 1304هـ / 1887 بدار السك في برمنغهام - إنجلترا، ولكن لم يتم ضرب أي من القطع الفضية أو الذهبية.

استخدامها
استخدم الريال البرغشي أو الزنجباري بالإضافة إلى استخدام الروبية الهندية وريال ماريا تريزا بدءا من عام 1299هـ / 1881م في عهد السلطان برغش بن سعيد. وقد استخدم هذا الريال أيضا في عمان جنبا إلى جنب مع الريال النمساوي (والذي يساويه بالقيمة) والروبية الهندية (والذي يساوي نصف ريال برغشي). وكذلك استخدم بالكويت ويسمى بالبرغشي، ولكن التداول كان فقط بالفئات الصغيرة من تلك العملة الزنجبارية بالإضافة إلى الريال الفضي والذي يساوي روبيتين. أما فئة الخمس ريالات الذهبي فلم يتم التداول بها. وقد استمرت زنجبار في التداول بتلك العملة حتى عام 1908م أي بعد عشرين عاما من وفاته. حيث تم إصدار عملة جديدة باسم روبية زنجبارية في السلطان علي بن حمود، وتم ادخال بعض التعديلات على تقسيم الريال حيث تم تحويله إلى النظام العشري وادخل السنت بدلا من البيسة وأصبح الريال يساوي 200 سنت، والروبية الهندية والتي لا تزال تستخدم جنبا إلى جنب مع ريال ماريا تريزا تساوي 100 سنت.

المصادر

 Krause, Chester L. and Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801-1991 (18th ed. ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-150-1.

مصادر خارجية
 تاريخ زنجبار

اقتصاد زنجبار
السكة الإسلامية
انحلالات سنة 1908
تأسيسات سنة 1882
تأسيسات سنة 1882 في زنجبار
تاريخ زنجبار
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1908
سلطنة زنجبار
عملات حديثة ملغاة
عملات في الإمبراطورية البريطانية
عملات في تنزانيا

ريال زنجباري


Brigitte Wolf ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Brigitte Wolf (Designerin) (* 1951), deutsche Formgestalterin und Hochschullehrerin
 Brigitte Wolf (Medienmanagerin) (* 1957), österreichische Kommunikationswissenschaftlerin und Medienmanagerin
 Brigitte Wolf (Orientierungsläuferin) (* 1967), Schweizer Orientierungsläuferin

Brigitte Wolf