Kalante (lat. Calanthe), rod kaćunovki iz Starog (Azija, Afrika) i Novog svijeta (Amerika, Australija), smješten u tribus Collabieae.

Postoji 214 priznatih vrsta, s hibridima 221.

Po životnom obliku su pseudolukovičasti geofiti.

Vrste

 Calanthe abbreviata (Blume) Lindl.
 Calanthe aceras Schltr.
 Calanthe alba W.Suarez & Cootes
 Calanthe × albolilacina J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe albolutea Ridl.
 Calanthe alismifolia Lindl.
 Calanthe alleizettei Gagnep.
 Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl.
 Calanthe alta Rchb.f.
 Calanthe angustifolia (Blume) Lindl.
 Calanthe aquamarina Schuit. & de Vogel
 Calanthe arcuata Rolfe
 Calanthe arfakana J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe argenteostriata C.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng
 Calanthe arisanensis Hayata
 Calanthe aristulifera Rchb.f.
 Calanthe aruank P.Royen
 Calanthe aurantiaca Ridl.
 Calanthe aureiflora J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe balansae Finet
 Calanthe baliensis J.J.Wood & J.B.Comber
 Calanthe beamanii P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe beleensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe bicalcarata J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe biloba Lindl.
 Calanthe bingtaoi J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
 Calanthe bivalvis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
 Calanthe brassii Ormerod
 Calanthe brevicornu Lindl.
 Calanthe burkei P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe calanthoides (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Hamer & Garay
 Calanthe camptoceras Schltr.
 Calanthe cardioglossa Schltr.
 Calanthe carrii Govaerts
 Calanthe caulescens J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe caulodes J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe ceciliae Rchb.f.
 Calanthe celebica Rolfe
 Calanthe chevalieri Gagnep.
 Calanthe chloroleuca Lindl.
 Calanthe chrysoglossoides J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe clavata Lindl.
 Calanthe clavicalcar J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe claytonii P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe coiloglossa Schltr.
 Calanthe conspicua Lindl.
 Calanthe coodei P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe cootesii Naive
 Calanthe cremeoviridis J.J.Wood
 Calanthe crenulata J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe crispifolia Ormerod
 Calanthe cruciata Schltr.
 Calanthe crumenata Ridl.
 Calanthe crystallina P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe curvatoascendens Gilli
 Calanthe davaensis Ames
 Calanthe davidii Franch.
 Calanthe daymanensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe delavayi Finet
 Calanthe densiflora Lindl.
 Calanthe devogelii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 Calanthe discolor Lindl.
 Calanthe × dominyi Lindl.
 Calanthe dulongensis H.Li, R.Li & Z.L.Dao
 Calanthe duyana Aver.
 Calanthe ecallosa J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe ecarinata Rolfe ex Hemsl.
 Calanthe emeishanica K.Y.Lang & Z.H.Tsi
 Calanthe engleriana Kraenzl.
 Calanthe epiphytica Carr
 Calanthe fargesii Finet
 Calanthe finisterrae Schltr.
 Calanthe fissa L.O.Williams
 Calanthe flava (Blume) C.Morren
 Calanthe floresana P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe forbesii Ridl.
 Calanthe formosana Rolfe
 Calanthe fragrans P.Royen
 Calanthe fugongensis X.H.Jin & S.C.Chen
 Calanthe geelvinkensis J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe gibbsiae Rolfe
 Calanthe goodenoughiana Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe graciliflora Hayata
 Calanthe graciliscapa Schltr.
 Calanthe griffithii Lindl.
 Calanthe habbemensis Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe halconensis Ames
 Calanthe hancockii Rolfe
 Calanthe hattorii Schltr.
 Calanthe henryi Rolfe
 Calanthe herbacea Lindl.
 Calanthe hirsuta Seidenf.
 Calanthe hololeuca Rchb.f.
 Calanthe hoshii S.Kobay.
 Calanthe × hsinchuensis Y.I Lee
 Calanthe hyacinthina Schltr.
 Calanthe imthurnii Kores
 Calanthe inflata Schltr.
 Calanthe insularis S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
 Calanthe izu-insularis (Satomi) Ohwi & Satomi
 Calanthe johorensis Holttum
 Calanthe judithiae P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe jusnerii Boxall ex Náves
 Calanthe kaniensis Schltr.
 Calanthe kemulensis J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe keshabii Lucksom
 Calanthe kinabaluensis Rolfe
 Calanthe labrosa (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
 Calanthe lacerata Ames
 Calanthe lambii P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe lamellosa Rolfe
 Calanthe lancilabris Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe lechangensis Z.H.Tsi & Tang
 Calanthe leonidii P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 Calanthe leucosceptrum Schltr.
 Calanthe leuseri P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe ligo P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe limprichtii Schltr.
 Calanthe longgangensis Y.S.Huang & Yan Liu
 Calanthe longibracteata Ridl.
 Calanthe longifolia Schltr.
 Calanthe lyroglossa Rchb.f.
 Calanthe madagascariensis Rolfe ex Hook.f.
 Calanthe mannii Hook.f.
 Calanthe maquilingensis Ames
 Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl.
 Calanthe maxii P.O'Byrne
 Calanthe mcgregorii Ames
 Calanthe metoensis Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
 Calanthe micrantha Schltr.
 Calanthe microglossa Ridl.
 Calanthe millikenii P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe millotae Ursch & Genoud ex Bosser
 Calanthe mindorensis Ames
 Calanthe moluccensis J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe monophylla Ridl.
 Calanthe musa-amanii J.J.Wood
 Calanthe nankunensis Z.H.Tsi
 Calanthe nguyenthinhii Aver.
 Calanthe nicolae P.O'Byrne
 Calanthe nipponica Makino
 Calanthe nivalis Boxall ex Náves
 Calanthe obreniformis J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe odora Griff.
 Calanthe okinawensis Hayata
 Calanthe oreadum Rendle
 Calanthe otuhanica C.L.Chan & T.J.Barkman
 Calanthe ovalifolia Ridl.
 Calanthe ovata Ridl.
 Calanthe parvilabris Schltr.
 Calanthe pauciverrucosa J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe pavairiensis Ormerod
 Calanthe perrottetii A.Rich.
 Calanthe petelotiana Gagnep.
 Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.
 Calanthe poiformis P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
 Calanthe polyantha Gilli
 Calanthe × porphyrea Rchb.f.
 Calanthe puberula Lindl.
 Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl.
 Calanthe pullei J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe punctata Kurzweil
 Calanthe reflexilabris J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe rhodochila Schltr.
 Calanthe rigida Carr
 Calanthe rosea (Lindl.) Benth.
 Calanthe rubens Ridl.
 Calanthe rubra S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh & C.W.Park
 Calanthe ruttenii J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe saccata J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe sacculata Schltr.
 Calanthe salaccensis J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe sandsii P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe scaposa Z.H.Tsi & K.Y.Lang
 Calanthe secunda P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe seranica J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe siargaoensis M.Leon, Naive & Cootes
 Calanthe × sibuyanense Cootes & G.Tiong
 Calanthe simplex Seidenf.
 Calanthe sinica Z.H.Tsi
 Calanthe solomonensis P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 Calanthe spathoglottoides Schltr.
 Calanthe speciosa (Blume) Lindl.
 Calanthe stella P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe striata R.Br. ex Spreng.
 Calanthe × subhamata J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe succedanea Gagnep.
 Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl.
 Calanthe taenioides J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe tahitensis Nadeaud
 Calanthe taibaishanensis M.Guo, J.W.Zhai & L.J.Chen
 Calanthe takeuchii Ormerod & P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe tenuis Ames & C.Schweinf.
 Calanthe torricellensis Schltr.
 Calanthe transiens J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe tricarinata Lindl.
 Calanthe trifida Tang & F.T.Wang
 Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames
 Calanthe trulliformis King & Pantl.
 Calanthe truncata J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe truncicola Schltr.
 Calanthe tsoongiana Tang & F.T.Wang
 Calanthe uncata Lindl.
 Calanthe undulata J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe unifolia Ridl.
 Calanthe × varians J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe velutina Ridl.
 Calanthe ventilabrum Rchb.f.
 Calanthe versteegii J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe vestita Wall. ex Lindl.
 Calanthe villosa J.J.Sm.
 Calanthe wenshanensis J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen & Z.J.Liu
 Calanthe whistleri P.J.Cribb & D.A.Clayton
 Calanthe whiteana King & Pantl.
 Calanthe womersleyi P.J.Cribb & Ormerod
 Calanthe woodii P.J.Cribb
 Calanthe wuxiensis H.P.Deng & F.Q.Yu
 Calanthe yaoshanensis Z.X.Ren & H.Wang
 Calanthe yueana Tang & F.T.Wang
 Calanthe yuksomnensis Lucksom
 Calanthe zollingeri Rchb.f.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Collabieae

Kalante


Stadion Siliwangi, Endonezya'nın Bandung şehrinde çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyumdur.

Stadyumda çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. Endonezya'nın Persib Bandung takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 20.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Endonezya'daki stadyumlar

Stadion Siliwangi


كلوفيس  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة فريسنو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 27 فبراير، 1912.

أعلام

 والتر مارتي
 تايلر براي
 ماري لوفليس
 ناثان سميث
 هارولد إي. كومستوك
 ديمون توماس
 كريس كولفر
 ديك سلمي
 دوغ غريفين

معرض صور

مراجع

الموقع الجغرافي
الموقع الجغرافي للمناطق المحيطة بهذه النقطة هو كالتالي:

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1890
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مدن كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1890 في كاليفورنيا

مدن مقاطعة فريسنو (كاليفورنيا)
كلوفيس (كاليفورنيا)

كلوفيس (كاليفورنيا)


Ana Sofía Gómez Porras (Ciudad de Guatemala, 24 de noviembre de 1995) Es una gimnasta guatemalteca. Ganadora de 4 medallas de oro en juegos centroamericanos

Trayectoria
Inició en la práctica de la gimnasia a edad muy temprana, ya que su madre había tomado la recomendación de un familiar debido a que Sofía se comportaba muy inquieta en el hogar. La primera competencia de la joven atleta tuvo lugar en Huehuetenango a los siete años. Pronto el talento de la niña se hizo notar y para 2005 empezó a entrenar con los esposos Elena Boboc y Adrián Boboc, quienes tenían un año de residir en Guatemala.

Los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud 2011 fueron su debut internacional y en dicho evento tuvo una notable participación al posicionarse en el quinto puesto del concurso completo y cuarta en la viga de equilibrio.

Ya en los Juegos Panamericanos de 2011, obtuvo su primer éxito internacional con la conquista de la medalla de oro en la viga de equilibrio, siendo la primera victoria para su país en esta disciplina en la historia de la justa deportiva. También se agenció la medalla de plata en la competición individual general.

Días antes, en el Campeonato Mundial de Gimnasia, Gómez se había ubicado en el 50.º lugar de la clasificación del todo evento individual. En esa prueba, también había logrado la clasificación para los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012, en enero de ese mismo año.

Londres 2012
Previo a la competencia olímpica, Ana Sofía se entrenó en Estados Unidos y Rumania, junto a la selección de ese país, una de las mejores a nivel mundial.

En la primera prueba en Londres, se ubicó en la decimosexta posición de la calificación previa con un puntaje global de 56.132, que le valió la participación a la ronda final del concurso completo; en el que logró la 22.ª posición de la clasificación general con un puntaje total de 54.899, siendo el salto del potro el que le aportó la mejor calificación con 14.633.

El resultado en Londres no llenó sus expectativas, y llegó a plantearse el retiro de las competencias. Sin embargo, retornó el 2013 para los Juegos Centroamericanos de San José, Costa Rica, en el que conquistó la medalla de oro en el concurso completo, suelo y viga de equilibrio, plata en barras asimétricas, y bronce en el salto de potro.

Juegos Panamericanos de Toronto
Gómez Porras retornó a los Juegos Panamericanos, esta vez realizados en Toronto (Canadá), y obtuvo su mejor resultado en la modalidad de piso al ganar la medalla de bronce.

Juegos Olímpicos 2016
Gómez Retorno a los juegos olímpicos de Brasil en 2016 luego de su competencia en Toronto para poder ganar su mejor puntaje en su carrera. Con 21 años de edad y un vestuario muy guatemalteco compitió con entrenamiento previo en el extranjero para estar lista para Río 2016. A pesar de no haber clasificado ni haber ganado ninguna medalla, Gómez fue abanderada durante el desfile de las naciones. En el año 2017 anunció su retiro para dedicarse a sus estudios universitarios y convertirse en entrenadora gimnástica

Vida privada
Ana Sofía terminó sus estudios básicos en el Instituto Normal Central para Señoritas Belén en 2011.

Véase también
Gimnasia en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012

Referencias

Gimnastas artísticos de Guatemala
Gimnastas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012
Gimnastas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Abanderados en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Abanderados olímpicos de Guatemala
Nacidos en Ciudad de Guatemala

Ana Sofía Gómez


STS-33 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Discovery deployed a payload for the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It was the 32nd shuttle mission overall, the ninth flight of Discovery, the fifth shuttle mission in support of the DoD, the seventh post-Space Shuttle Challenger disaster mission and the last Shuttle mission of the 1980s. Due to the nature of the mission, specific details remain classified. Discovery lifted off from Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, on November 22, 1989, at 7:23:30 p.m. EST; it landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on November 27, 1989, at 7:30:16 p.m. EST.

The mission was officially designated STS-33R as the original STS-33 designator belonged to the ill-fated Challenger STS-51-L, the 25th Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation for that mission contained the designator STS-33 throughout. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.

Crew

Crew seating arrangements

Mission background

STS-33 was the original designation for the mission that became STS-51-L, the Challenger disaster. After Challengers destruction, NASA recycled the mission numbering system back to STS-26, which was the 26th shuttle mission and the first to fly after the disaster.

S. David Griggs, a veteran of STS-51-D, was to have been the pilot of this mission. He was killed in the crash of a vintage World War II aircraft in June 1989 while training to serve as pilot on STS-33, and is commemorated on the mission insignia with a single gold star on the blue field. He was replaced by John Blaha. Sonny Carter, a mission specialist on this flight, was killed in a commercial plane crash on April 5, 1991 while training to fly on STS-42.

Mission summary
STS-33 was originally scheduled to launch on November 20, 1989, but was delayed because of problems with the integrated electronics assemblies which controlled the ignition and separation of the shuttle's solid rocket boosters (SRBs). STS-33 was the third night launch of the Space Shuttle program, and the first since shuttle flights resumed in 1988 following the Challenger disaster of 1986.

During the mission, Discovery deployed a single satellite, USA-48 (1989-090B). Experts believe that this was a secret Magnum ELINT (ELectronic INTtelligence) satellite headed for geosynchronous orbit, similar to that launched by STS-51-C in 1985, making this mission essentially a duplicate of that earlier mission. According to Jim Slade of ABC News, USA-48 was intended to eavesdrop on military and diplomatic communications from the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states. The satellite deployed by STS-33 was a replacement for the one launched by STS-51-C, which was running out of the maneuvering fuel required for keeping its station over the Indian Ocean. However, astronaut Gary E. Payton stated in 2009 that STS-51-C's payload is "still up there, and still operating".

Aviation Week claimed that during STS-33, the shuttle initially entered an  x  orbit at an inclination of 28.45° to the equator. It then executed three Orbital Manoeuvering System (OMS) burns, the last on its fourth orbit. The first burn was to circularize the orbit at . The satellite was deployed on the seventh orbit, and ignited its Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) booster at the ascending node of the eighth orbit, successfully placing it in a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). This was the eighth IUS launched aboard the shuttle, and the seventh successfully deployed.

STS-33 suffered a cabin leak in the Waste Collection System.

STS-33 was observed by the  telescope of the U.S. Air Force Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory (AMOS) during five passes over Hawaii. Spectrographic and infrared images of the shuttle obtained with the Enhanced Longwave Spectral Imager (ELSI) were aimed at studying the interactions between gases released by the shuttle's primary reaction control system (RCS) and residual atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen species in orbit.

The landing was initially scheduled for November 26, 1989, but was postponed for a day because of strong winds at the landing site. Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on November 27, 1989, at 7:30:16 p.m. EST, after a mission duration of 5 days, 0 hour, 6 minutes, and 46 seconds.

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-33 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft launched in 1989
Department of Defense Space Shuttle missions

STS-33


NGC 68 este o galaxie lenticulară situată în constelația Andromeda. Această galaxie este galaxia din centrul grupului NGC 68. A fost descoperită în 11 septembrie 1784 de către William Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 67
 NGC 69

Galaxii lenticulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Andromeda
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1784
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 68


Simon Josephus Hollósy (n. 2 februarie 1857, Sighet, comitatul Maramureș - d. 8 mai 1918, Teceu Mare, azi în Ucraina) a fost un pictor de origine românească și  armeană din Imperiul Austro-Ungar. El este considerat unul dintre  cei mai importanți pictori maghiari adepți ai naturalismului și realismului în pictura secolului al XIX-lea din Regatul Ungariei.

Hollósy a fost mai important și mai influent în activitatea didactică de profesor decât a fost ca artist. Creația sa nu a fost prea numeroasă dar ca profesor a influențat pictorii care au activat în tabăra de creație artistică intitulată Școala de pictură de la Baia Mare, al cărui membru fondator a fost împreună cu pictorii István Réti, János Thorma și Károly Ferenczy în anul 1896. Activitatea lor la Baia Mare a fost una semnificativă la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea. Muzeul Național al Ungariei a organizat în anul 1966 o mare expoziție a cărui tematică a fost Operele Școlii de la Baia Mare, Celebrarea a o sută de ani de la înființare.

Copilăria și formarea artistică
Simon Josephus Hollósy s-a născut în ziua de 1 februarie 1857 în Sighetul Marmației într-o familie de moldavo-armeni,  dintr-o sarcină gemelară, împreună cu sora sa Ana Maria. Tatăl lor, Simeon Corbul, era recunoscut ca un comerciant cu o mare reputație. În timp ce bunicul, Crăciun Corbul, și-a păstrat numele și prenumele moldovenesc atâta timp cât a trăit, în 1850, tatăl lui Simon și-a schimbat numele de familie în Hollósy. Nașterea artistului a fost înregistrată în data de 2 februarie, el avându-i ca nași pe Johannes Todorovits, Veronica Hollósy, Lucas Hollósy și Elisabetha Czongola. Mama lui Simon, Anna Mály, era o descendentă a unei familii de intelectuali armeni. Membrii familiei Corbu - Hollósy vorbeau în mod curent limba armeană, română și maghiară. Simon a învățat de la prietenii cu care se juca idiomul idiș al limbii germane și ruteana localnicilor. De la vechiul nume al familiei, lui Simon i se spunea printre prieteni - Corbul.

În anul 1857, Sighetul Marmației avea circa 6.000 locuitori. După 36 de ani, în 1896, moment în care Simon s-a întors de la München, populația localității locuia în 1.800 de case care erau răspândite pe o suprafață de zece hectare. În statistica Comitatului Maramureș din 1891, s-a consemnat existența unui număr de 268.282 de locuitori, din care 12,5% erau maghiari. Cu toate că maghiarii erau minoritari, existau 246 de școli populare din care 106 erau maghiare și doar 34 românești, 30 rutene, 64 bilingve ruteno-maghiare și doar 11 bilingve româno-maghiare. O situație profund nedreaptă o aveau evreii, de cultură și limbă idiș, care nu aveau nicio școală, chiar dacă numărul lor era de 45.074, adică de circa două ori mai mare ca numărul populației maghiare. Pe de altă parte, toate școlile medii existente în comitat erau de limbă maghiară.

Toți biografii artistului au făcut referiri la situația multiculturală a regiunii în care s-a născut și mai ales la naționalitatea armeană a acestuia. Incursiunea statistică expusă mai sus al cărei autor este criticul și istoricul de artă Raoul Șorban, a fost enunțată de acesta ca o oportunitate de a elimina unele confuzii care reies fără excepție din biografiile diverșilor autori, privind procesul de deznaționalizare organizat instituțional și aplicat de statul austro-ungar. Șorban a menționat că Simon Hollósy nu a participat, decât poate accidental, la realitățile și viața din Austro-Ungaria. Ca pictor münchenez, comportamentul artistic de care a dat dovadă, nu a fost grevat de normele restrictive sau de conjuncturile care ar fi putut să-l subordoneze unui program derulat de stat. Este o certitudine, în opinia lui Șorban, că opera și gândirea lui Hollósy s-au dezvoltat independent de doctrinele și moravurile Austro-Ungariei. O dovadă este că artistul s-a stabilit la München în 1878 și nu s-a germanizat chiar dacă a locuit acolo timp de 39 de ani.

Simon Hollósy a frecventat în perioada 1864 - 1872 școala elementară, după care școala gimnazială la liceul catolic al călugărilor piariști din Sighetul Marmației. Copilăria și-a trăit-o cu pornirile hoinare specifice vârstei și o dragoste de natură care a fost reflectată în corespondența artistului cu pictorul Arthur Verona. Acolo a amintit de jocurile copilăriei, de săniuș, de scăldat, de drumețiile pe care le făcea pe la stâne, despre dojenile pe care le primea de la tatăl lui privind evitarea reptenției școlare printr-o prezență corespunzătorare la clasă. În aceste epistole nu transpare niciun indiciu privitor la preocupări artistice.

Conform unor date istorice, se știe că în mai 1872 în Sighetul Marmației a avut loc un incendiu pustiitor, eveniment care i-a adus familiei Hollósy mari distrugeri și pierderi materiale. Ca urmare, magazinul de modă al lui Simeon Hollósy (Corbul), tatăl, a intrat în faliment. După absolvirea claselor gimnaziale de la Sighet, Simon Hollósy a fost trimis de familie la Budapesta, pentru că să urmeze cursurile academiei comerciale. A fost acolo împreună cu fratele lui mai vârstnic Ștefan. Acesta studia dreptul și mai apoi a devenit scriitor.

Artistul a studiat patru ani la academia comercială, dar fără a manifesta vreun interes pentru aceasta. Pe de altă parte, în acest timp, el și-a cultivat simțul și talentul muzical, deoarece avea înclinații și deprinderi în mânuirea violinei și mai ales a violoncelului. Se știe că în câțiva ani, Simon Hollósy a devenit un virtuoz al instrumentului, pasiunea lui pentru muzică păstrându-se nealterată toată viața.

Informațiile despre tinerețea artistului armean sunt destul de confuze și reconstituirea datelor sunt aproximative. Cu certitudine se poate spune însă, că în anul 1874, adică la vârsta de 17 ani, Simon a realizat un tablou cu tematică religioasă pentru biserica din Coștiui, Maramureș, comuna Rona de Sus, de lângă Sighetul Marmației. Din datele documentare care au ajuns în contemporaneitate, se poate spune că Hollósy era un necunoscut și nu pictase încă nimic. Faptul că i se comandase un tablou pentru care a primit 400 de florini, echivalentul a 800 de coroane, o sumă importantă pentru acele vremuri, înseamnă că nu era lipsit de experiență în domeniu. Se știe că Anna Maly, mama lui Simon, a păstrat timp îndelungat multe din improvizările pe care le făcea Simon pe vremea când a învățat să scrie. Din această perioadă a mai rămas o lucrare din jurul anul 1874, o scenă de gen intitulată Copii de țigani la pescuit. Cu o astfel de temă, Simon Hollósy și-a susținut în 1878 examenul de admitere la Academia de Arte Frumoase din München, iar în 1875 a realizat o copie - Vornicel la nuntă, după Mihály Munkácsy.

În 1875 sau 1876, Hollósy era "audient" la Școala de desen după model din Budapesta. Zoltan Felvinczi Takets a studiat problema și a precizat că artistul apare în registrul matricol al șolii doar pentru un singur semestru, dar nu a participat la cursuri. Opinia lui Takets a fost că "tânărul Hollósy n-a beneficiat, în nici un fel, de acel semestru". Takets a menționat că Simon a pictat în 1876 o Coborâre de pe cruce și câteva portrete. În toamna anului 1878 Simon a plecat împreună cu József Hollósy la München unde s-a înscris la Academia de Arte Frumoase. La academie a avut ca profesori trei pictori reputați, pe Otto Seitz, Alois Gabl și Ludwig von Löfftz. Simon i-a amintit pe maeștrii săi de școală istoricului Kristóf Szongott și pictorului Alexandru Ziffer. Simon a frecventat cursurile academiei până în anul 1882. A obținut la examenele pe care le-a dat o medalie de bronz și mai multe medalii de argint.

Hollósy s-a stabilit definitiv, după terminarea academiei la München unde a locuit până la sfârșitul vieții. În anul 1886 și-a deschis la München propria Școală particulară de pictură. Din acest an cariera sa a orbitat definitiv pe traiectoria îmbinării creației originale cu opera pedagogică.  Încurajat de István Réti și János Thorma, elevii și prietenii săi, Hollósy a deschis în vara anului 1896 o tabără de creație artistică intitulată Școala de pictură de la Baia Mare, al cărui exponent de mai apoi a fost pictorul Károly Ferenczy. Simon Hollósy a deschis calea spre noi abordări în pictură bazându-se pe propria personalitate și pe evidențierea meritelor pictorilor francezi, așa cum a fost de exemplu Gustave Courbet. S-a situat permanent pe o poziție contrară stilului academic și i-a admirat pe Jules Bastien-Lepage, Jules Breton, Emile Zola, Henri Murger, Lev Tolstoi și Feodor Dostoievski.

Simon Hollósy nu a excelat printr-o prezență expozițională numeroasă, conform uzanțelor epocii în care a trăit. A participat la expoziții la München și Budapesta în anii 1897, 1899 și 1900 și la expozițiile colective ale Școlii de la Baia Mare în 1907 și 1909. A participat cu lucrări la Expoziția Universală de la Paris din anul 1900; la Satu Mare tot cu Școala de pictură de la Baia Mare în 1901 și la Baia Mare la Expoziția Jubiliară din anul 1912.

Școala particulară de pictură Simon Hollósy

Școala particulară de pictură înființată de Simon Hollósy la München în anul 1886 s-a manifestat în cadrul unei ambianțe universitare de tip germanic ale cărei structuri didactice și pedagogice excelau în abordarea autoritară a unui stil academist specific acelor vremuri. Școala lui Hollósy a avut meritul de a se opune conservatorismului academic de învățare a meșteșugului picturii după modele, prin promovarea educației artistice bazată pe aternative liberale privind studiul naturii. Schimbarea pe care artistul și-a dorit-o, s-a petrecut de-a lungul unei progresii evolutive de durată. În cadrul acestui proces se pot distinge două etape de dezvoltare: etapa cursurilor anuale permanente de la München (1886 - 1895) și etapa cursurilor alternative - iarna, studii în capitala Bavariei și vara, studii de plein-air în mediul taberelor pe care le organiza în cadrul unor destinații rurale provinciale (1896 - 1918). Etapa a doua a fost structurată pe experiența dobândită în cele șase tabere de vară pe care le-a organizat la Baia Mare între anii 1896 - 1901.

Prin fundamentarea unui curriculum educațional caracterizat de un radicalism antiacademic, Hollósy a avut un impact remarcabil la public, ceea ce a determinat o ascensiune specataculoasă de notorietate pedagogică în tot mediul artistic german. Ca urmare, școala pe care a înființat-o a cucerit o poziție dominantă pe piața învățământului particular din Munchen. Școala s-a aflat la mare concurență cu atelierele în care se studia până atunci și care aparțineau unor pictori celebrii în epocă, așa cum au fost cele a le lui Franz Lembach, Anton Ażbe, Anton von Knirr, etc. Astfel, școala lui Hollósy a depășit cu mult limita culturală germană, devenind unul dintre factorii de educație instituționalizați cei mai importanți din Europa Centrală și de Est.

Rezultatele pe care Simon Hollósy le-a obținut ca urmare a celor trei decenii de activitate didactică independentă, îl plasează pe acesta în topul personalităților artistice europene ale epocii lui. Analiștii activității sale au considerat că școala sa a pregătit circa 1000 de studenți. Impresionant în acest sens este faptul că aceștia proveneau din cele mai diferite medii artistice. Ei veneau din Europa Centrală și cea de Răsărit - în special Polonia, Austria, Germania, Ungaria, Ucraina, Lituania, România și Rusia. De asemenea, școala a atras și studenți din Europa Occidentală: din Belgia, Spania, Elveția, Italia, Danemarca și chiar din SUA sau Armenia, India, Japonia și Australia. Datorită structurii cosmopolite de tip internațional, impactul pedagogiei promovate de Simon Hollósy poate fi identificat în operele unor reprezentanți de vârf din diferite țări. Așa pot fi enumerați în:
 Basarabia - Moisei Kogan;
 Cehia - František Dvoržak;
 Elveția - Max Buri și Hans Emmenneger;
 Germania - Konrad von Kardoff, Alexander Liebmann, Jakob Nussbaum, Emil Pottner;
 Slovacia - Viktor Belány și Elemer H. Hradil.
 România - Artur Verona, Sándor Ziffer și Samuel Mutzner;
 Rusia - Vladimir A. Favorky, Alexandr N. Tihomirov, Mstislav V. Dobujinsky și Zenovin Grjebin;
 Ungaria - István Réti, János Thorma, Czigány Dezső, Zoltán F. Takács, Ferencz Sablya-Frischauf;

Performanțele didactice ale lui Simon Hollósy au fost depășite de limitele, de altfel remarcabile, ale propriilor abilități pedagogice. Școala lui Hollósy a avut o contribuție importantă la înnoirea tehnicilor de educațiie artistică și de înnoire a modalităților de expresie.

Simon Hollósy a fost promotorul organizării unei Academii de Artă încă din anul 1894, mărturie stând în acest sens documentul de intenție pe care l-a conceput în vederea inițierii acestui proiect, document care conține în mod formal și enunțul unor argumente și principii pedagogice de urmat.

Conform analizei lui Tiberiu Alexa, succesul Școlii lui Hollósy s-ar fi datorat organizării taberelor de vară de la Baia Mare între anii 1896 - 1918. După ce Simon Hollósy a părăsit tabăra de vară de la Baia Mare în anul 1901, acesta a încercat să organizeze tabere de creație similare la Fonyód - Balaton în anul 1902 și Hunedoara în 1903, încercări care s-au dovedit a fi nereușite. Ca urmare, Hollósy a reușit în final să organizeze Școala la Teceu Mare în Maramureș în anul 1904. Din acest moment întreaga sa activitate s-a desfășurat între München (iarna) și Teceu Mare (vara). Au existat și două excepții când, a organizat tabere de creație la Sighetu Marmației în anul 1913 și Gilău în 1915.

Opera

Din opera pe care Simon Hollósy a lăsat-o posterității, doar o parte a reușit să supraviețuiască până astăzi. Creația sa plastică reușește să arate un proces îndelungat de definire a mijloacelor tehnice și formale prin care artistul a transpus de fapt propriile trăsături intelectuale în cadrul unui discus plastic propriu și original.

Datorită fragmentarismului moștenirii pe care a lăsat-o în urmă, critica de artă a reușit să stabilească etapele majore ale creației artistului. Astfel, în perioada penultimului deceniu al secolului al XIX-lea se poate vedea în lucrările sale eforturile acestuia pentru depășirea tarelor academiste, ale picturii de salon müncheneze. Compozițiile din acei ani au o tematică exclusiv rurală și sunt caracterizate de un stil pictural naturalist cu care pictorul a încercat să exprime un amestec de frământări existențiale și căutări artistice care-l măcinau. Aceste compoziții au dat formă unor caractere umane și a unor tipologii de subiecte și tematici prin care intelectualitatea contemporanetății lui și-a construit propriile imagini despre sine și societate. Cea de a doua etapă a fost cea a realismului prezent în lucrările de plein-air în care pictorul a alternat tematica compozițiilor de gen cu peisagistica, mai ales în ultimul deceniu al secolului al XIX-lea. În mod particular se remarcă în această etapă perioada taberelor băimărene a școlii pe care a înființat-o în anul 1896. În acești ani a apărut un surprinzător proces de agregare stilistică al elementelor impresioniste, simboliste și realiste prezente în lucrările anterioare. Ultima etapă a fost cea a taberelor de creație pe care le-a organizat la Teceu Mare, perioadă în care discursul artistic al creației sale s-a îmbogățit cu o dominantă pre-expresionistă.

După decesul din anul 1918, circulația operelor sale nu a fost una importantă, ba chiar defavorabilă. La Bienala de la Veneția din anul 1922 au fost expuse doar trei lucrări și până în deceniul al șaselea al secolului al XX-lea tablourile lui Hollosy au apărut în public doar sporadic. Revenirea în atenția publicului s-a produs o dată cu expoziția aniversară din anul 1957 - cea a centenarului nașterii sale. Ulterior, pânzele lui Hollosy au obținut dintr-o dată un statut prețios în colecțiile publice ale muzeelor din Ungaria și din România (Muzeul de Artă din Cluj-Napoca, Muzeul de Artă din Târgu Mureș și Muzeul de Artă din Baia Mare). După expozițiile organizate cu ocazia întemeierii taberei de artă din Baia Mare din anul 1996, întreaga creație a lui Simon Hollosy a ieșit în centrul atenției publicului la Budapesta și Baia Mare și mai apoi în Franța, Germania și București.

Opera versus piața de artă

După anul 1996 au apărut sporadic pe piața de artă lucrări semnate de către Simon Hollosy la licitațiile publice organizate la Budapesta.

Pictura care înfățișează ruinele Cetății Hust realizată în anul 1896 și care a fost achiziționată de Muzeul de Artă din Sighetu Marmației, a fost furat în anul 1990 și a fost recuperat cu concursului statului ungar.

Elevii lui Hollósy la Baia Mare

Lísta artiștílor șí elevílor dín cercul műnchenez al luí Hollósy care l-au urmat pe pictor la Baía Mare între anlí 1896-1901:

Abrevieri: A-U = Austro-Ungaria E = Elvetia G = Germania P = Polonia R = Rusia RO = Románia

1896 Auskerin (R) • Austeim, Beniamin (R) • Belányi, Viktor (A-U) • Buri, Max (E Geneva) • Cohn-Fowler, Charles (Calcuta) • Czuzy, Károly (A-U) • Deák, Lajos (A-U) • Eschler (G) • Ferenczy, Károly (G München) • Genehr, H. (G) • Grosz, Mór (A-U) • Guillemot, Edmond Havas, Béla (A-U) • Horthy, Béla (A-U) • Johnson, Eduard (Boston) • Joó, Béla (A-U) • Kallos, Ede (A-U) • Kardorff, Conrad von (G) • Kamencky, A (A-U) • Kiszely, József (A-U) • Liebmann, Alexander (G) • Lottermoser (G) • Mély, József (A-U) • Meisl, G. Münich, E (A-U) • Nussbaum, Jakob (G Köln) • Papp, Gábor (A-U Cluj) • Réti, István (A-U Baia Mare) • Rotterdam, Ulrich (G) • Rudnay, Gyula (A-U) • Schereschewsky, Rufin (Ruben) (R Odesa) • Scharff, Viktor (A-U Viena) • Schwarz, Georg (G München) • Szenes, Fülöp (A-U) • Slányi (A-U) • Tegyei, Lajos (A-U) • Toth Molnár, Ferencz (A-U) • Troitsch, Walter (G) • Verona, Artur (RO Bráila) • Weil, Adolf (SUA New-York) • Wolf, C. (A-U)

1897 Ács, Ferencz (Cluj) • Aich inger Belányi, Viktor (A-U) • Blum, Leonhard (G München) • Bonte, Philip Braun, Leopold (G Berlin) • Buri, Max (E. Geneva) • Csók, István (A-U) • Degenhard, John (Australia) • Diamant, Lazar (Turcia, Smirna) • Domansky Emmeneger, Hans (E Basel) • Ferenczy, Károly (A-U Budapesta) • Fürst, Zs. (A-U) • Glatz, Oszkár (A-U Budapesta) • Goetz, Adalbert (G Frankfurt M) • Goldmann, Solomon (R Odesa) • Goldstein, Lazár (R. Odesa) • Grünwald, Béla (G. München) • Harrach, Albert conte Havas, Béla (A-U Páncota) • Heinzmann, Edwin (G Saafeld) • Hermann, Ferdinand (A-U) • Herrer, Cezar (Spania) • Holzer, Károly (A-U Budapesta) • Jagerspacher, Gustav (A-U Gmunden) • Kardorff, Conrad von (G Wabitz) • Keifmann, Hermann (P Varsovia) • Keil, Friedrich (G) • Kischkowsky, Gamma (R. Kiev) • Kiszely, Nándor (A-U Lipto) • Kubinyi, Sándor (A-U Debreczen) • Laurant, Edward (P Varsovia) • Laurens, Michel Loose, Max (G. Leipzig) • Luczembacher, J (A-U) • Mareck, Ignatic (P Varsovia) • Margitay, Jakab (A-U) • Mark, L (A-U) • Münich, Odön (A-U Banka-Bistrika) • Mutterer, Franz (G München) • Nussbaum, Jakob (G Frankfurt M) • Nyitray, József (A-U) • Okum, Edmund (P Varsovia) • Papp, Gábor (A-U Cluj) • Paravicini, Alfred Plechl, Adalbert Pottner, Emil (G Braunschweig) • Ratzka, Arthur (A-U Linz) • Ravici, Vasile (Basil) (RO, Bucuresti) • Réti, István (A-U Baja Mare) • Ritter, Victor (A-U Viena) • Ringer, Johann von (G München) • Scharff, Victor (A-U Viena) • Schereschewsky, Rufin (Ruben) (R Odesa) • Schimler, Ignatie (G. Brannschwe ig) • Schlemensohn, Georg (R Odesa) • Schwarz, Georg (G München) • Simmler, Vincenz (P Varsovia) • Szenes, Fülöp (A-U Budapesta) • Tegyay, Lajos (A-U) • Thorma, János (Baia Marc) • Uhl, Emil (Cehia) • Vátter, Max (G München) • Verona, Artur (RO Bráila) • Weil, Adolf (SUA New-York) • Wolf, K (Páncota) • Wünsch, Richard (A-U Viena) • Zempléni, Tivadar (A-U Budapesta)

1898 Band, Michael (R Odesa) • Benes Csók, István (A-U) • Cohn-Fowler, Charles (Calcuta) • Engelhardt, Alois (A-U Viena) • Faragó, József (A-U) Ferenczy, Károly (A-U Budapesta) Ferkay, Jenő (A-U Budapesta) Frischauf, F. (A-U Budapesta) Fuchs, Carl (A-U Viena) Glatz, Oszkár (A-U Budapesta) Goldstein, Lazar (R Odesa) Graetzer (G) Griglevsky (P) Gross, Mór (Satumare) Grünwald, Béla (G. München) Hermann, Nándor (A-U Budapesta) Herrer, Cezar (Spania, Manilla) Hidvéghy, István (A-U Miskolc) Horthy, Béla (A-U) Hradil, Elemér (A-U Budapesta) Jagerspacher, Gustav (Gmunden) Jancsó, Jenő (Oradea) Károlyi, Lajos (A-U Szeged) Keményffy, Árpád (A-U Budapesta) Ken, Kálmán (A-U Kalocsa) Kiszely, N. (A-U) Klaber, L. (A-U) Kober, Leo (G München) Kogan, Sigesmund (R Basarabja Orhei) Kozanowsky (R Kiev) Koziranowsky, Alfons (R Kiev) Kriglewsky, Alexander (P Varsovia) Krijanovsky (P) Kubinyi, Sándor (A-U) Kubrinsky, Joseph (P Varsovia) Lenkey, Edmund (G München) Malecky, Josef (P Varsovia) Mátray Mérő, István (Deva) Münich, Ödön (Oradea) Nyilassy, Sándor (A-U) Plahel (Plechl?) Béla (A-U) Pollacsek, József (A-U Budapesta) • Ravici, Vasile (RO Bucuresti) • Reichl Rerrich, Béla (A-U Budapesta) • Réti István (Baia Marc) • Robert, Leonard (A-U) • Rusecky Schereschewsky, Ruben (R Odesa) • Stulkes, Ania (R Odesa) • Satkowsky, Stanislav (R Petersburg) • Seirzinsky (P Varsovia) • Salkovsky Skvirtsinsky Stulkerz Szalay, Stephan (P. Varsovia) • Székely, Aladár (A-U Budapesta) • Szenes, Fülöp Szeremley, Julius (G München) • Symansky (R Nijni-Novgorod) • Takács, Zoltán (Somcuta Mare) • Tamas, Emeric (Brasov) • Thorma, János (Baia Mare) • Tóth, László (A-U Budapesta) • Wieden (Lista este semnatá de Hollósy la 15 oct. Arh. Stat Baia Marc, fond. Scoala de picturá)

1899 Balogh, József (A-U Miskolc) • Belányi, Viktor (A-U) • Bihary, Lajos (A-U Budapesta) • Krach, E (A-U Budapesta) • Csók, István (A-U) • Cohn-Fowler, Charles (Calcuta) • Coulin, Arthur (Sibiu) • Czapek B (A-U) • Dworlak, Z (P Cracovia) • Epstein. Viktor (A-U) • Feber K (E) • Ferenczy, Károly (A-U) • Finkelstein (P. Varsovia) • Frischauf, Ferencz (A-U Budapesta) • Fuchs, Y (A-U Viena) • Goetz R (G Frankfurt M) • Grjebin S (R Odesa) • Grünwald, Béla (G. München) • Herrar, Cezar (Spania) • Honti, Nándor (A-U Budapesta) • Hradil, Elemér (A-U Miskolc) • Jagerspacher, Gustav (A-U Gmunden) • Jancsó, J (Oradea) • Károlyi L (Szeged) • Katz, Endre (A-U Korancirn) • Király, F (A-U Budapesta) • Klein, J (Oradea) • Kőber, Leo (A-U Budapesta) • Kogan, S (R Basarabja Orhei) • Krizanowisky, S (P Varsovia) • Lambert, H (G München) • LOwith, A. (A-U Viena) • Lutzenbacher, H Lüders, E (G. Lübeck) • Mayr (G München) • Mészáros, Gyula (A-U) • Münich, Odőn (Oradea) • Nagy, Vilmos (A-U Budapesta) • Olsewsky (P Varsovia) • Olsewskaia (P Varsovia) • Polgár, Márton (A-U Budapesta) • Réti, István (Baja Mare) • Rozsaffy, Dezsö, (A-U Budapesta) • Rudnay, Gyula (Budapesta) • Rychter Taddeusz (P Varsovia) • Schubert, B (A-U) • Schubert, H (A-U Viena) • Schutt, E (A-U) • Siliga, F (A-U) • Stagl, R. (A-U) • Stark, F (A-U Budapesta) • Szeremle, Gyula (A-U) • Takáts, Zoltán (Somcuta Mare) • Tamas, Emeric (Brasov) • Thorma, János (Baia Mare) • Trovotinszky L (A-U) • Vesztroczy M (A-U) • Virágh Gy. (A-U Ungvár) • V. Voss, B (Silezia) • Weissenberg Y (R Odesa) • Wieden, E (A-U Viena) • Zichy I. conte (A-U Somogy) • Zsóldos Gy. (A-U) •
1900 Balogh, József (A-U) • Blum, Annie Blum, Leonhard Csók, István (A-U) • Dittrich, Z (A-U) • Dworfak, Zygmund (P) • Feber, Carl Epoteiu, Victor (A-U) • Faragó, József (A-U) • Ferenczy, KárOly (A-U) • Flottow, Ernst von (G) • Frischauf, F (A-U) • Gasparetz, E (A-U) • Glatz, Oszkár (A-U Budapesta) • Goldstein, Hersch (R) • Grschebin, Simon (R) • Grünwald, Béla (A-U) • Horthy, Béla (A-U) • Hradil, E (A-U) • Hradil Margit (A-U) • Jagerspacher, Gustav (A-U) • Kardorff, Carl von (G) • Klein, Jenő (A-U) • Kocsis, György (A-U) • Kormány, Károly (A-U) • Kr izanowsky, Conrad Kubinyi, Sándor (A-U) • Lohwag, Ernestine (A-U Viena) • Mayr, Albert Mészáros, Gyula (A-U) • Nyillasy, Sándor (A-U) • Obendorfer, Rudolf (G) • Olszewsky, Bron islav Olszewskaya, Marianne Réti, István (A-U) • Rozsaffy, Dezső (A-U) • Rudnay, Gyula (A-U) • Rychter, Taddeusz (P) • Sergheiev, Maria (R) • Stagl, Rudolf Schubert, B (A-U) • Takács, Zoltán (Somcuta Marc) • Tamás, Emeric (Brasov) • Thorma, János (Baia Mare) • Török, Jenő (A-U) • Ujházy, Berta (A-U) • Ujházy, Sándorné (A-U) • Veith, Margarethe Walter, Ernest Wieden, L. Wimmer, D.

1901 Abramatfits, Henriette • Aronstein, Bertha • Back, Victor • Balogh, József • Belányi, Viktor • Benkovich, Guido • Bernstein, Stephanie • Blum, Annie • Blum, Leonard • Csók, István • Dittrich, Zoltán • Dobusinsky, Alex. Dobusinskaia • Epstein, Victor • Faragó, József • Felber, Karl • Ferenczy, Károly • Frischauf, Ferencz • Gasparetz, Elena • Glatz, Oszkár • Goldstein, Efraim • Gröh, Béla • Grünwald, Béla • Handel, Josef • Hartung, Wanda von Heldrich, Babette • Herrer, Cezar • Helmberger, Adolphe • Hidvéghy, Géza • Hradl, Elemér • Hradl, Margit • Kallos, Ede • Kacz, Endre • Kemenczky, Arpád • Kemper, Miklós • Kocsis, György • Korsenowsky, Stanislav • Kariewsky, Stanislav • Kubinyi, Sándor • Landschreiber, Marcus • Lanow, Maria • Lohwag, Ernestine (A-U Viena) • Malinovsky, Hedwige • Markovsky, Leo • Mehmert, Hermann • Ninlsielska, Victoria • Novák, Andor • Nyillasy, Sándor • Olszewiszky, Branislav • Omelustaia, Antonia • Pelczynski, Czeslav • Piato, Josef • Réti, István • Rudnay, Gyula • Schönberg, Jakob • Seifmann, Johann • Sergheieff, Mari • Stagl, Rezső • Székely, Andor • Szigeti, Jenö • Szöri, József • Veith, Margit • Wieden, Louis (Viena) • Walter, Ernst • Wurnul, Fanny von (Cf. listelor semnate de Hol-lósy; arh. stat. Baja Marc, fond Scoala de picturá)

Referințe

Bibliografie
Raoul Șorban: O viață de artist între München și Maramureș (Hollósy Simon), Editura Meridiane, București, 1986 – cu reeditare revizuită în 1996
Tiberiu Alexa: CV - Simon Hollósy  - publicat pe site-ul Muzeului Județean de Artă «Centrul Artistic Baia Mare» în 27 septembrie 2011, accesat 25 august 2016
AGÉMIAN, Sylvia: Manuscrits arméntens illustrés dans les collections de Roumanie. Publié par le Catholicossat Arménien de Cilicie. (Antelias, Liban, 1982).
ARADI, Nóra: Nagybánya értékeléséhez (Aprecieri despre Baia Mare). MHT MK Anuar 1953-54, Budapesta 1954, pp. 423-434
ARADI, Nóra: Réti István, Budapesta 1960
BEENKEN, H.: Das 19 Jh. in der deutsehen Kunst, München 1944
BOGDAN, Radu: Tendințe și orientări în pictura românească din a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, SCIA, 1/1960.
BÖLÖNY, György: Nagybánya (Baia Marc), rev. "Világ", Budapesta 27.111.1911
COMARNESCU, Petre: v. Ionel Jianu, CONSTANTIN Paul: Arta "1900" în România, București 1972
DRÁGOI, Livia: Portretul în pictura din Transilvania în sec. XIX. (Teză de doctorat, Univ. Bucuresti, 1979)
EBERTSHÁUSEN Heidi C: Maleret int 19. Jahrhundert, Münchner Sehule, München 1979
ENESCU, Theodor: Luchian și primele manifestări de artă independentă în România, SCIA 3-4 1956
FELVINCZI: v. Takáts Zoltán, FLOREA Vasile: Arta românească modernă și contemporană, București, 1982
FÜLEP, Lajos: A művészet forradalmától a nagy forradalomig (De la revoluția artei la marea revoluție, 2 vol., Budapesta 1974
FÜLEP, Lajos: Művészet és Világnézet (Artă și ideologie), Budapesta 1976
GENTHON, István: Az Uj Magyar Festőmű-vészei Története (Istoria picturii maghiare între 1800-1935), Budapesta 1935
GENTHON, István: Ferenczy, Budapesta 1963
GIURESCU, Dinu C.: Istoria ilustrată a românilor, București, 1981
GOEBERT, Dr.: Dte Armenter in Europa und insbesonders in ősterreich-Ungarn, 1886
GOVRICHIAN, Grigore: Metropola Armenilor din Transilvania, Viena, 1896
GRIGORESCU, Dan: Istoria unei generații pierdute: Expresioniștii, Bucuresti, 1980
GURLITT, Cornelius: Die deutsche Kunst des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Berlin, 1899
HAACK, Friedrich: Die Kunst des XIX. Jahr hunderts, Esslingen, 1913
HAMANN R. și J. HERMAND: Epochen deutseher Kultur von 1870 bis zur Gegenwart, vol. 1-4, München, 1971
HANÁK, P. & col.: Magyarország története 1890-1918, 7/1, ed. II. Budapesta 1983
HERMAND, J.: Gegenwart, vol. 1-4, Mün-chen, 1971
HOLOSSY, Simon: Scrisoare către un ziar din Budapesta, republicată (fără titlu) în suplimentul ziarului "Nagybánya és Vidéke", Baia Mare 25 dec. 1898
HÜGEL, Gerhard Eike: Hans Hermann, München 1979
IORGA, Niculae: Choses d'art armenniennes en Roumanie, București 1935
JIANU, Ionel și COMARNESCU Petru: Luchian, Bucuresti 1956
JIANU, Ionel: N. Grigorescu în istoria culturii românești (în vol. Mărturii despre Grigorescu), București 1957
KARLINGER, H.: München und dic Kunst d. 19 Jh., München 1966
KELLER, Horst: Deutsche Maler des 19. Jahrhunderts, München 1979
KOLANGIAN, Suren: Armenii în Transilvania în sec. X—XIII, Academia din Erevan 1965
KRASSER, Harald: Arthur Coulin, București 1970
LEONHARD, Kurt: Adolf Hoelzel, Deutsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, München 1968
LIEB, N.: München. Die Geschichte setner Kunst, München 1971
LUDWIG, H.: Munchner Malerei in 19. Jh., München 1971
LUKACSI, Cristophorum: Historia Armeno-rum Transilvaniae, Viena 1859
MEZEI, Otto: Nagybánya, Budapesta 1983
MOGHILEVSKY, A. P.: Tanitvány a mesteréről (Un elev despre maestrul său), rev. "Szovjet Kultúra", Budapesta XI I .1953 p. 33.
MOLNÁR, Ernő dr.: Hollósy levelek, rev. "Magyar Művészet", Budapesta 1938, pp. 248 pt urm.

NÉMETH, Lajos: Hollósy Simon és kora mű-vészete (H. S. și arta epocii sale), Budapesta 1956
NÉMETH, Lajos: Hollósy Simon műveinek jegyzéke (Lista operelor lui H.S.) Művészet Történeti Tanulmányok, Budapesta 1960, pp. 145-167
NÉMETH, Lajos: Hollósy Simon (în limba armeneană), rev. "Hay Endanik" ("Familia armeană"), nr. 9 urm., Venetia 1971
ODABASIAN, Cristi: Aniversarea a 500 de ani de la înființarea Episcopiei Armene din Suceava, rev. "Biserica ortodoxă română", București, 1981, nr. 9-10, pp. 962-965
OLDENBOURG, Rudolf: Die Münchner Malerei in neunzehnten Jahrhundert I Teli, Ed. F. Bruckmann, München 1922
PANAITESCU, P. P.: Hrisovul lui Alexandru cel Bun pentru Episcopia Armeană din Suceava, București 1935
PIETSCH, Ludwig: Die Malerei auf der Münchener Jubiliiums-Kunst-Ausstellung, 1888, München
POGÁNY Ö., Gábor: A nagybányai iskola (Școala de la Baia Mare), rev. "Szabad művészet", II. 1948 Budapesta
RADOCSAY, Dénes: Hollósy, Simon leveleiből, MMT Anuar, Budapesta 1951, pp. 171— 183; Alte scrisori, adresate Primăriei Baia Mare, la Arh. Stat. Baia Mare, fond Școala de pictură. Scrisorile lui Hollósy către Arthur G. Verona și Samuel Mützner, în 1imba germană (cu fraze intercalate în 1imba română), în număr de cca. 15-20, pe care am avut prilejul să le citesc, au ajuns în locuri necunoscute după dispariția celor doi pictori români. Cu Ary Murnu, Hollósy a corespondat în limba maghiară. Ary Murnu nu și-a păstrat corespondența. Trei scrisori adresate de Hollósy lui Jean Mihaly de Ama au fost împrumutate de Lucia Mihaly de Ama avocatului Katz din Sighetul Marmației. După decesul acestuia se presupune că scrisorile au ajuns în posesia fiului său adoptiv.
REITMEIER, Lorenz Josef dr.: Dachau (Ansichten und Zeugnisse aus zwölf Jahrhun-derten), Dachau 1976
REITMEIER, Lorenz Josef dr.: Dachau (der andere Teil), Dachau 1979
RÉTI, István: A nagybányai művésztelep (Colonia de artă de la Baia Mare), carte redactată, prefațată și adnotată de Nóra Aradi, cu un studiu de Károly Lyka consacrat lui István Réti. Ediția este incompletă: au fost omise referirile autorului la problemele de estetică și la evenimentele politice dintre cele două războaie mondiale (cf. op. cit., "observații la redactare").
ROSENBERG, Adolf: Die Münchener Maler-schule in ihrer Entwicklung seit, 1871, Hannover 1887
ROTH, Eugen: Der Glaspalast in München, Süddeutscher Verlag, 1975
ROUJON, Henry: Bastien Lepage, Paris f.a.
SCHINDLER, H.: Grosse Bayer. Kunstgeschichte 2 vol., München 1976
SCHÖNBERG, Arnold, KANDINSKI Wassily: Briefe, Bilder und Dokumente einer aussergewöhnlichen Begegnung. DTV, München 1983
SIRUNI, H. Dj.: Cuvinte românești în dialectul armenilor din Ardeal, revista. "Ani", p. 82-90
SOLTÉSZ, Zoltánné: Hollósy Simon leveleiből. MMIi Anuar, Budapesta 1954, pp. 613-631;
SORBAN, Raoul: Simon Hollósy — întemeietorul Coloniei de artă de la Baia Mare, în volumul Centenar Muzeal Orădean, Oradea 1972, pp. 363-371;
SZOKOLAY, Béla: A nagybányai művésztelep (Co1onia de artă de la Baia Mare), Cluj 92
SZONGOTT, Kristóf: Szamosújvár (Gherla), Gherla 1893
SZONGOTT, Kristóf: A Korbuly család (Familia Corbul) (între cele 12 foto-portrete se află o fotografie a lui Hollósy), Gherla 1906
TAKÁCS, Zoltán: Hollósy Simonról (Despre H. S.) A Szépművészeti Múzeum Évkönyvei (Anuarele Muzeului de Arte Frumoase), Budapesta 1918, pp. 151-177;
TAKÁTS, Zoltán: Hollósy Simon, ms. dactilografiat (45 pp.), o mică monografie scrisă pentru ESPLA în 1958. Din lipsa foto-reproducerilor corespunzătoare, lucrarea care rezumă concentrează studiile autorului despre S.H. apărute în diverse publicații din Ungaria — nu a putut fi tipărită. Manuscrisul se află la Arhivele Statului din Baia Mare (col. R. Șorban)
TIHOMIROV A.N.: Hollósy Simon rev. "Szabad Művészet" Budapesta 1954, nr. 1; pp. 35-41
TONITZA, Nicolae: Scrieri despre artă, București 1962
TOCA, Mircea: Un artist patriot de seamă: V. A. Constantinescu, în Studia Univ. Babes-Bolyai, Historia, XXIX, 1984. Cluj-Napoca 1984, pp. 50-71
UHDE-BERNAYS, Hermann: Die Münchner Malerei in neunzehnten Jahrhundert II. Teli 1850-1900. Ed. F. Bruckmann, München f .a . (1927?)
UHDE-BERNAYS, H.: Münchner Landschafter, München 1927
VĂTĂȘIANU, Virgil: O. Smigelschi, Bucuresti 1982

Legături externe
 Școala de la Baia Mare - Cronologie estetică și stratigrafia stilistică - accesat în 25 august 2016

Nașteri în 1857
Decese în 1918
Pictori maghiari
Pictori armeni
Cetățeni de onoare ai Băii Mari
Oameni din Sighetu Marmației
Nașteri pe 2 februarie
Decese pe 8 mai

Simon Hollósy


Arrifana adını taşıyan Portekiz'de yerleşim birimleri:

 Arrifana - Guarda belediyesinde bucak.
 Arrifana - Santa Maria da Feira belediyesinde bucak.
 Arrifana - Vila Nova de Poiares belediyesinde bucak.

Arrifana


Das Klinikum Memmingen ist ein Krankenhaus in Memmingen. Es ist das zweitgrößte Klinikum im Regierungsbezirk Schwaben in Bayern und verfügt als Krankenhaus der Schwerpunktversorgung (Versorgungsstufe II) über 14 Hauptabteilungen, acht Dialyseplätze, 500 Betten und beschäftigt etwa 1.700 Mitarbeiter.

Im Jahr 2018 wurden 23.900 Patienten stationär und ca. 82.100 Patienten ambulant behandelt es gab außerdem 2.108 Geburten, über 5.500 Dialysen wurden durchgeführt.

Das Klinikum ist durch den Zusammenschluss des ehemaligen Kreiskrankenhauses mit dem Stadtkrankenhaus entstanden. Seit 2004 ist das Klinikum akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.

Träger des Klinikums ist die Stadt Memmingen. Seit dem 1. Januar 2020 ist das Klinikum ein Kommunalunternehmen der Stadt Memmingen. Der Stadtrat diskutiert aktuell über die Zukunft des Klinikums, da der aktuelle Gebäudekomplex in die Jahre gekommen ist und trotz zwei aufwändiger Sanierungen und Anbauten den heutigen Zahlen und Anforderungen nicht mehr entspricht. Gerade im Bereich der Notaufnahme und dem Zentral-OP (ZOP) gibt es große Platzprobleme. Ebenso wird die Parkplatznot stark bemängelt.

Im gleichen Haus befindet sich das Bezirkskrankenhauses Memmingen (BKH). Träger dieses Fachkrankenhauses sind die Bezirkskliniken Schwaben.

Medizinische Abteilungen
 Allgemein-, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie
 Notfallklinik
 Unfallchirurgie, Wiederherstellungschirurgie und Orthopädie
 Innere Medizin I
 Innere Medizin II
 Urologie
 Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe
 Pädiatrie und Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum
 Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie
 Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin
 Pathologie
 Neurologie
 Neurochirurgie

Zudem befinden sich im Haus folgende Abteilungen
 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik (Bezirksklinik)
 Kernspintomographie
 Praxis für Strahlentherapie
 Schönheitschirurgie

Belegarztabteilungen
 HNO
 Dermatologie

Weitere Einrichtungen
 Pflegedienst
 Darmzentrum
 Pankreaszentrum
 Physikalische Therapie
 Sozialdienst
 Qualitätsbeauftragter
 Seelsorge mit einer Kapelle
 Berufsfachschule

Ambulante Angebote
 Physikalische Therapie
 Babyschwimmen
 Ambulantes Operieren
 Asthmaschulung
 Diabetikerschulung
 Neurodermitisschulung
 Kapelle im Klinikum

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Memmingen
Bauwerk in Memmingen
Unternehmen (Memmingen)
Krankenhaus der Schwerpunktversorgung

Klinikum Memmingen


Sayadaw U Paṇḍita (, ; also Ovādācariya Sayādo Ū Paṇḍitābhivaṁsa; 28 July 1921 – 16 April 2016) was one of the foremost masters of Vipassanā. He trained in the Theravada Buddhist tradition of Myanmar. A successor to the late Mahāsi Sayādaw, he has taught many of the Western teachers and students of the Mahāsi style of Vipassanā meditation. He was the abbot of  Meditation Center in Yangon, Myanmar.

Early life and education
U Paṇḍita was born in 1921 in Insein in greater Rangoon (now Yangon) during British colonial rule. He became a novice at age twelve, and ordained at age twenty. After decades of study, he passed the rigorous series of government examinations in the Theravāda Buddhist texts, gaining the Dhammācariya (Dhamma teacher) degree in 1952.

U Paṇḍita began practicing Vipassana under the guidance of Mahāsi Sayādaw beginning in 1950.

Career
In 1955, he left his position as a teacher of scriptural studies to become a meditation teacher at the Mahāsi Meditation Center. Soon after Mahasi Sayādaw died in 1982, U Paṇḍita became the guiding teacher (Ovādacariya) of the Mahasi Meditation Center. In 1991, he left that position, founding  Meditation Center in Yangon. There are now  branch centers in Myanmar, Nepal, Australia, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States.

U Paṇḍita became well known in the West after conducting a retreat in the spring of 1984 at the Insight Meditation Society (IMS) in Barre, Massachusetts in the United States. Many of the senior Western meditation teachers in the Mahāsi tradition practiced with U Paṇḍita at that and subsequent retreats. The talks he gave in 1984 at IMS were compiled as the book In This Very Life.

Until his death at age 94 in 2016, he continued to lead retreats and give Dhamma talks, but he rarely gave interviews.

Method and style of teaching
U Paṇḍita was known for teaching a rigorous and precise method of self-examination. He taught  or Vipassanā, emphasizing Buddhist ethics as a requisite foundation. He was also an erudite scholar of the Pali , the Theravāda Canon.

Referred to by others
Judson Brewer a meditation researcher, uses Paṇḍita's quote to illustrate the difference between dopamine secretions and joy: "In their quest for happiness, people mistake excitement of the mind for real happiness."

Bibliography

References

Monasteries
Panditarama Shwe Taung Gon Sasana Yiktha
Panditarama Meditation Center near Yangon (archived)
Panditarama Lumbini International Vipassana Meditation Centre, Nepal
Tathagata Meditation Center, San Jose, California
Saddhamma Foundation
Panditarama Saraniya Dhamma Meditation Centre, Manchester, England

1921 births
2016 deaths
Theravada Buddhist monks
Burmese Theravada Buddhists
Burmese Buddhist monks
People from Yangon
Students of Mahasi Sayadaw

U Pandita


An Ophrys moreana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Helmut Baumann ngan Siegfried Künkele. An Ophrys moreana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Greece. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ophrys

Ophrys moreana


John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley,  (8 July 1882 – 4 January 1958) was a Scottish civil servant and politician who is best known for his service in the War Cabinet during the Second World War, for which he was nicknamed the "Home Front Prime Minister". He served as Home Secretary, Lord President of the Council and Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Anderson shelters are named after him.

A graduate of the University of Edinburgh and the University of Leipzig where he studied the chemistry of uranium, Anderson joined the Civil Service in 1905, and worked in the West African Department of the Colonial Office. During the Great War he headed the staff of the Ministry of Shipping. He served as Under-Secretary for Ireland from 1921 to 1922 during its transition to independence, and as the Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office from 1922 to 1931 he had to deal with the General Strike of 1926. As Governor of Bengal from 1932 to 1937, he instituted social and financial reforms, and narrowly escaped an assassination attempt.

In early 1938, Anderson was elected to the House of Commons by the Scottish Universities as a National Independent Member of Parliament, and was a non-party supporter of the National Government. In October 1938 he entered Neville Chamberlain's Cabinet as Lord Privy Seal. In that capacity, he was put in charge of air raid preparations. He initiated the development of the Anderson shelter, a small sheet metal cylinder made of prefabricated pieces which could be assembled in a garden and partially buried to protect against bomb blast.

After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Anderson returned to hold the joint portfolio of Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security, a position in which he served under Winston Churchill. He retained responsibility for civil defence. In October 1940, he exchanged places with Herbert Morrison and became Lord President of the Council. In July 1941 as Lord President of the Council he was appointed as minister responsible for the British effort to build an atomic bomb, known as the Tube Alloys project. He became the Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1943 and remained in the post until the Labour Party's victory in the general election in July 1945.

Anderson left the Commons when the university constituencies were abolished at the 1950 general election. He became Chairman of the Port of London Authority in 1946 and the Royal Opera House in March the same year. He rejected an offer to join Churchill's peacetime administration when it was formed in  1951, and was created Viscount Waverley of Westdean in the County of Sussex in 1952.

Early life
John Anderson  was born at his parents' home at 1 Livingstone Place, Edinburgh, on 8 July 1882, the oldest child of David Alexander Pearson Anderson, a printer and stationer, and his wife Janet Kilgour  Briglmen. He had three younger siblings: a brother, Charles, who died from meningitis in infancy, and sisters Catherine (Katie) and Janet (Nettie). The family moved to Braid Hills in May 1890. He attended George Watson's College in Edinburgh, where he was dux of the school, earning prizes for Anglo-Saxon, Old English, and Modern Languages.

In October 1899, Anderson sat the examination for students entering the University of Edinburgh, which determined order of merit for scholarships and bursaries. He was ranked eleventh, and awarded a bursary of . In his first year, he was ranked first in his class in mathematics and natural philosophy. In November 1900, the family moved to Eskbank. The previous owner of their new home had been an amateur astronomer and Anderson took over a room with a large telescope.

A neighbour, Andrew Mackenzie, had five daughters, and Anderson became the boyfriend of one of them, Christina (Chrissie) Mackenzie. In 1902 he took a bicycle tour of France and Switzerland, during which he wrote frequently to Chrissie. He graduated the following year with distinction in mathematics, physics and chemistry, earning a Bachelor of Science degree, and first class honours in mathematics and natural philosophy, earning a Master of Arts degree.

The Anderson, Briglmen and Mackenzie families holidayed together in summer of 1903. On 29 August they were bathing in the River Ythan when a freak wave suddenly swept Nettie Anderson and Chrissie's sister Nellie Mackenzie into deep water. Nellie was rescued but Nettie drowned. Anderson and Chrissie were on their way to join the group at the time of the accident, but it fell to him to identify the body and inform his parents.

Along with fellow Scotsmen Joseph Henry Maclagen Wedderburn, Forsyth James Wilson and William Wilson, Anderson went to the University of Leipzig in Germany, where he intended to study physical chemistry under Wilhelm Ostwald. When he arrived he found that Ostwald had abandoned chemistry, so Anderson studied under Robert Luther instead. He chose to examine the chemistry of uranium. Although Henri Becquerel had discovered that uranium had radioactive properties in 1896, Anderson studied only its chemical properties. On his return to Edinburgh he wrote a paper on the subject, but this was not a PhD thesis.

Civil Service career

Colonial Office
Although Anderson was a brilliant student, winning numerous prizes, he decided to forsake a career in science for one in the Civil Service. At the time this was the normal career path for graduates of the University of Edinburgh, and his father advised him that if he wished to marry Chrissie the Civil Service would offer greater job security. To prepare, he took an honours course in economics and political science. In July 1905, he travelled to London with a fellow candidate, Alexander Gray and sat the British civil service examination.

In those days a candidate could take tests in as many subjects as they liked, and Anderson took fourteen, earning a score of 4566 out of a possible 7500, which was the highest score that year and the second highest ever; Gray came second with a score of 4107 out of 7900. Anderson was offered the choice of joining the Home Civil Service or the Indian Civil Service. Most candidates preferred the latter, as salaries and allowances were higher, but Anderson's parents did not want him to leave Britain, and he did not want to subject Chrissie to the rigours of life in India. He therefore joined the Colonial Office as a Second Class Clerk on an annual salary of .

Anderson commenced work at the Colonial Office on 23 October 1905, in the West African Department. He was known in the department as "young John Anderson" to distinguish him from another John Anderson who became the Governor of the Straits Settlements. In London, Anderson shared accommodation with Gray and William Paterson, a family friend from Eskbank. On 2 April 1907, he married Chrissie at St Andrew's Church in Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh; Gray was his best man and Chrissie's sister Kate and William Paterson were witnesses. The newlywed couple rented a house in Sutton, London. They had two children: David Alastair Pearson on 18 February 1911, and Mary Mackenzie on 3 February 1916.

Anderson served on Sir Kenelm Digby's 1908 Committee on Northern Nigerian Lands. This did not involve travel to Nigeria, but the following year he went to Hamburg to meet with his German counterparts at the Hamburg Colonial Institute, where his fluency in German was useful. In 1911 he was the secretary of Lord Emmott's departmental committee that recommended the introduction of a distinctive local currency in British West Africa.

Great War
In 1912, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lloyd George, introduced National Insurance, the start of the welfare state in the United Kingdom. A new government department was created to administer it, chaired by Sir Robert Morant. Anderson and Gray joined the new department. When the position of secretary of the National Insurance Commission fell vacant in May 1913, Anderson was appointed to the position over the head of many more senior civil servants. Anderson formed a good working relationship with the notoriously difficult Morant. "The trouble with young John Anderson", Morant lamented, "is that he is always so damned right."

Following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Anderson was involved in securing supplies of medical and surgical implements that had hitherto been imported from Germany. He summoned a group of experts to analyse and produce arsphenamine, known as "606", a drug formerly sourced from Bayer in Germany. They went on to produce other substances, including aspirin. Anderson registered for service under the Derby Scheme but was placed on the Army Reserve. This did not prevent a young woman from presenting him with a white feather.

Lloyd George became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 7 December 1916, and one of his first acts was to create a Ministry of Shipping under Sir Joseph Maclay, and Morant agreed to release Anderson to become its secretary on 8 January 1917. Although it was not his idea, Anderson recognised the value of an Allied Maritime Transport Council, and threw his support behind it. After the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the Ministry of Shipping became embroiled in a controversy over the continuance of the blockade of Germany and the shipment of relief supplies for starving civilians. In the end the Germans agreed to turn all their ships over to the Allies to carry supplies. The vessels were eventually retained as reparations. For his wartime service with the Ministry of Shipping, Anderson was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1918 New Year Honours, and was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1919 Birthday Honours.

Anderson became a secretary of the Local Government Board in April 1919, but in July it was merged with the Health Insurance Commission to form the Ministry of Health, and Anderson became the second secretary under Morant, who had requested Anderson's appointment as his deputy. However, Anderson did not remain in that position for long either, for on 1 October 1919 he was appointed the Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue, with an annual salary of  plus  war bonus, which was raised to  plus  on 1 March 1920.

Ireland
Chrissie died on 9 May 1920 during an operation for cancer, leaving Anderson a widower with two young children. Nellie Mackenzie, who was training to be a nurse at St Thomas' Hospital, gave up her career to care for them. On 16 May, Anderson became Under-Secretary for Ireland. He was also the HM Treasury representative, and he became a Privy Counsellor of Ireland on 3 June 1920. The administrative arrangements were unorthodox: he did not supersede his predecessor, James Macmahon, but shared the position with him. They were answerable to the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Sir Hamar Greenwood, but as a cabinet minister, Greenwood was located in London; Field Marshal French, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (known as the viceroy), had wielded special executive powers in 1918 and 1919, but in 1920 reverted to the normal figurehead powers of that post. Anderson therefore wielded great executive power. He had two assistant under-secretaries, Alfred William Cope and Mark Sturgis.

Over eighty members of the Royal Irish Constabulary had been killed during the previous year, and both numbers and morale were low. Anderson oversaw a recruitment campaign among ex-servicemen in England, Scotland and Wales. There were insufficient uniforms for them all, so they wore a mixture of khaki Army service dress and dark green Royal Irish Constabulary uniforms, giving rise to the nickname "Black and Tans". Major General Hugh Tudor was given a free hand to reorganise and reequip the constabulary, and facilitated cooperation between the constabulary and the military.

In the face of an insurgency, Anderson strove to avoid the appearance that Britain was engaged in a war of reconquest. He travelled in an armoured car with a police escort, and carried a revolver. He was engaged in peace talks with the Sinn Fein, but unlike Cope he was not in his element. A settlement was brokered, and on 16 January 1922, the viceroy (Viscount FitzAlan) formally handed over power to the Provisional Government. For his service in Ireland, Anderson was made an additional Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 1923 New Year Honours.

Home Office
All the while Anderson was in Ireland, he was still nominally the Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue, and he returned to this role in January 1922. But not for long; in March  Sir Edward Troup, the Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office, retired and Anderson was appointed to succeed him. At the time the Home office had seven divisions, each with its own Assistant Secretary: Aliens Control, Children and Probation, Crime, Factories and Shops, Channel Islands, Northern Ireland, and Police. Anderson worked an eight-hour day, from 10:15 in the morning to 18:15 each night, with an hour and a half for lunch.

Through the Northern Ireland Division, Anderson continued to be involved with Irish issues. He helped negotiate the border between the new Irish Free State and Northern Ireland in 1923. He also chaired the 1925 Committee of Imperial Defence subcommittee on air raid precautions. That year also saw Red Friday, 31 July 1925, when the government capitulated to the demands of the Miners Federation of Great Britain to provide a subsidy of £23 million (equivalent to £ million in ) to the mining industry to maintain miners' wages and secure industrial harmony.

Appreciating that this might only temporarily stave off a major industrial dispute, the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, appointed Anderson to the chairmanship of an inter-departmental committee to prepare for one. Each department was allocated a specific role: the Board of Trade stockpiled food and coal, the Ministry of Transport arranged for distribution, and the Home Office was responsible for keeping law and order. When the UK General Strike of 1926 commenced on 4 May 1926, Anderson had been preparing for the eventuality for nine months. He was particularly determined to remain even-handed and avoid the appearance of favouring one side over the other. When Winston Churchill suggested sending the Army  to the London docks to protect the supplies of paper needed to print the British Gazette, Anderson cut him off with: "I would beg the chancellor of the exchequer to stop talking nonsense".

Governor of Bengal
Being the head of a department was the pinnacle of a Civil Service career, and by November 1931, Anderson had been the permanent under-secretary for nine years, but at age 49 he was still eleven years away from retirement. At this point an unexpected offer appeared. The Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare, and the Under-Secretary of State for India, Sir Findlater Stewart, were searching for a successor to the Governor of Bengal, Sir Stanley Jackson. The province was a troubled one, and they thought of Anderson, based on his service in Ireland and during the General Strike of 1926. Jackson narrowly escaped an assassin's bullet at the University of Calcutta on 6 February 1932. On 3 March, Anderson had lunch at Buckingham Palace with King George V, who made him an additional Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE).

Anderson sailed from England on the  on 10 March 1932, accompanied by William Paterson, Mary Anderson and Nellie Mackenzie; his son Alastair was studying medicine at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Anderson arrived in Calcutta on 29 March, and was greeted with a 17-gun salute. The position came with an annual salary of approximately , a sumptuary allowance of  and a grant of  to cover his staff's wages. In addition to his personal staff he had 120 servants, a seventy-man mounted bodyguard, and a brass band. There were cars, two special trains, a yacht and a house boat.

There were government houses in Calcutta, Darjeeling, Barrackpore and Dacca. The primary residence of the governor was in Calcutta, but when the weather became hot in April the governor and his staff would move to Darjeeling, returning when the monsoon broke in June. Each year they would spend a month in Dacca in fulfilment of a promise made when Bengal was reunited in 1911. They would then go back to Darjeeling, remaining until it became cold, and then return to Calcutta. Anderson visited all twenty-six districts of Bengal, usually travelling by train, but sometimes by river on a towed barge he named the Mary Anderson after his daughter. He regularly attended church services at St Andrew's Church in Calcutta and St Columba's Church in Darjeeling. On 26 March 1933, he was ordained as an Elder of the Church of Scotland at St Andrew's.

Anderson recognised that the root of Bengal's problems was financial. The chief source of revenue was collected under the terms of the Permanent Settlement of Bengal that had been concluded by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 and taxed landowners known as zamindars based on the value of their land. Other forms of taxation, such as income tax and export duties were collected by the central government and little was returned to Bengal. As a result, public infrastructure, such as police, education and health, had been run down. The export duty on the jute trade was particularly unfair, as it had been imposed during the Great War when the trade was booming, but by 1932 the trade was in decline due to competition from paper and cotton bags. The global Great Depression caused the prices of agricultural commodities to fall. Anderson negotiated a revision of the financial arrangements with Sir Otto Niemeyer, under which the provinces retained half of their income tax and jute duty receipts and provincial debts to the central government were cancelled.

The other major task that Anderson confronted was dealing with terrorism. Collective fines were imposed on areas that sheltered or supported terrorists, and the funds used to increase the police presence. He was aware that he was a target, but as the King's representative he continued to make public appearances, travelling in a Rolls-Royce or an open horse-drawn carriage. On 4 May 1934 a would-be assassin fired at Anderson but the bullet passed between him and Nellie Mackenzie, and the man was wrestled to the ground by Charles William Tandy-Green. A second man fired but also missed Anderson, though wounded the ankle of a teenager sitting behind the governor, and was tackled by Bhupendra Narayan Singh. Tandy-Green and Singh were awarded the Empire Gallantry Medal, which they exchanged for the George Cross in 1940. Five other members of the gang attempted to escape but were captured. The would-be assassins were sentenced to hang, but Anderson commuted the sentences of two of them. By 1935 he was described as the world's most-shot-at-man, having survived three assassination attempts. Anderson tackled the problem of what to do with détenus, individuals who had been detained without trial on suspicion of terrorism by giving them training for jobs in agriculture and manufacturing.

Anderson carried out a series of economic and social programs. He waged a campaign against water hyacinth, an invasive plant species that threatened to clog Bengal's waterways. He regulated jute production through a system of voluntarily restrictions. He established a panel that examined the problem of rural debt, and sponsored legislation to reduce the debts of farmers. He introduced compulsory primary school education. The Government of India Act 1935 was scheduled to become operative on 1 April 1937, soon after his five-year term of office was due to expire, but at the request of the Secretary of State for India, the Marquess of Zetland, and the viceroy, the Marquess of Linlithgow, Anderson agreed to a six-month extension in order to oversee the transition to self-government, but declined a request from Zetland for his term to be further extended. For his services in India, Anderson was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI) on 15 December 1937, and was made a Privy Counsellor in the 1938 New Year Honours.

Political career

Pre-war
After Ireland and Bengal, the British government could find no more dangerous assignment than Palestine, and on 24 October 1937, the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, offered Anderson the position of High Commissioner for Palestine, but he declined. Another opportunity soon presented itself. The sudden death of Ramsay MacDonald on 9 November 1937 created a casual vacancy in his Scottish Universities seat in the House of Commons, and the Unionist Party now needed to find another candidate. Sir John Graham Kerr, another member for the Scottish Universities, discussed this with Sir Kenneth Pickthorn, one of the members for Cambridge University, who suggested that Anderson might make a worthy candidate. Kerr contacted Katie Anderson, who informed him that Anderson was still en route for the UK on the liner SS Comorin.

Anderson arrived back in London on 11 December 1937. He spoke to Kerr, and agreed to stand for election as a National Government candidate without a party label. His candidacy was announced on 4 January 1938. Voting was by postal ballot, which meant that Anderson did not have to campaign but only needed to provide a statement of his political philosophy. In this he affirmed his support for the National Government and gave a qualified support for Scottish nationalism. The results were announced on 28 February; Anderson received more votes than any other candidate, and was declared the winner. He took his seat on 2 March and, after a holiday in Switzerland with Mary Anderson and Nellie Mackenzie, made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 1 June. The occasion was a debate over the provision of funding authorised under the Air Raid Precaution Act of 1937, a subject that he had previously been involved with and would come to be identified.

Mary Anderson and Nellie Mackenzie had preceded Anderson to England and rented a house at 11 Chepstow Villas in Notting Hill for nine guineas a week (). Although this was a bargain, Anderson feared that his income would not be sufficient to keep up the rental payments. Before leaving Calcutta he accepted a directorship from the Midland Bank, and after his return to England he joined the boards of Vickers, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) and the Employers Liability Assurance Corporation. The directors' fees gave him an annual income of around . He was approached by members of the board of Imperial Airways who were seeking a new full-time chairman with an offer of more than twice that amount. However, Chamberlain stipulated that if he accepted then he would have to resign his other directorships and his seat in the House of Commons at the next general election, which was due in 1940. Anderson therefore declined the appointment. He would sometimes go horse riding in Hyde Park with Mary Anderson, but sought a more rural environment. He disposed of the house in Chepstow Villas in October and bought a  property near Merstham in December. During the week he lived with William Paterson and his wife.

In May 1938, Hoare, who was now the Home Secretary, appointed Anderson to chair a new Committee on Evacuation to examine the problems involved in evacuating people and industries from densely populated industrial areas in the event of a war. Over the next eight weeks the committee held twenty-five meetings and examined fifty-seven witnesses. The committee submitted its report in July. The scheme outlined in the report would be implemented when the Second World War broke out in September 1939. Meanwhile, in October 1938 Anderson entered  Chamberlain's ministry as Lord Privy Seal. In that capacity, he was put in charge of civil defence. He initiated the development of a kind of air-raid shelter, and engaged William Paterson to design it. Paterson worked with his co-director, Oscar Carl (Karl) Kerrison, and together they devised a small sheet metal cylinder made of prefabricated pieces which could be assembled in a garden and partially buried to protect against bomb blast. It became known as the Anderson shelter. When war broke out in September 1939, some 1.5 million Anderson shelters had been delivered.

War time
Under a pre-arranged plan, on the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939, Anderson exchanged places with Hoare and became Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security. In the wake of the Norwegian campaign Chamberlain resigned on 10 May 1940 and Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister but Anderson stayed on as Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security in the new coalition government.  Measures taken in Ireland and Bengal were now applied to the UK. Anderson created special tribunals to assess the reliability of aliens resident in the UK. He informed the House of Commons that of the 73,353 aliens in the UK, no less than 55,457 were refugees from Nazi oppression; only 569 were interned. However, as the tide of war turned against the UK, the pressure to act against aliens grew, and on 16 May some 3,000 men whose reliability was classed as uncertain were interned, and in June 3,500 women and children were sent to the Isle of Man. Anderson then decided to intern refugees previously considered reliable, and some 8,000 were transported to Canada and Australia. One transport, the  was sunk by a U-boat. Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain, the Peace Pledge Union and the British Union of Fascists were rounded up. In June 1945, there were still 1,847 persons held in detention under Defence Regulation 18B.

Once the Blitz began, the contingencies that Anderson had been preparing for were realised, and Anderson came under heavy attack in the press and the House of Commons over the issue of not providing deep shelters. On 8 October 1940, in a reshuffle precipitated by Chamberlain's resignation due to ill-health, Anderson was replaced by Herbert Morrison, a less able administrator, but a more adept politician. Anderson  became Lord President of the Council and full member of the War Cabinet. The Lord President served as chairman of the Lord President's Committee. This committee acted as a central clearing house which dealt with the country's economic problems. This was vital to the smooth running of the British war economy and consequently the entire British war effort. Anderson had no staff of his own, but used that of the War Cabinet, particularly its Economic Section. As chairman of the Manpower Committee, he controlled the allocation of the most critical of wartime resources: people.

In 1941, he began courting Ava Wigram, the daughter of the historian John Edward Courtenay Bodley, and the widow of Ralph Wigram, a senior civil servant who served in the British Embassy in Paris during the 1930s and died in 1936. Their only child, Charles, was born severely disabled in 1929. Anderson arranged with King George VI for himself and Ava to be married in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace. The ceremony was officiated by Edward Woods, the Bishop of Lichfield; Alastair Anderson was the best man; and while John's father felt that he was too old to travel, Mary and Katie Anderson were there, as was William Paterson. The newlyweds spent their honeymoon at Polesden Lacey. They now owned three houses between them, so they sold them and bought the Mill House at Isfield in September 1942.

As Lord President of the Council, Anderson was the minister responsible for several scientific organisations, including the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Agricultural Research Council and the Medical Research Council. In August 1941, Anderson became the cabinet minister responsible for the oversight of the British project to build an atomic bomb, known as the Tube Alloys project. A special section of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was created to manage it, under the leadership of Wallace Akers. Anderson negotiated cooperation with the Americans at the Second Washington Conference in June 1942, but after the establishment of the Manhattan Project later that year cooperation broke down. In response to a request from the Americans, Anderson flew to Washington, D.C., on 1 August 1943 for negotiations with James B. Conant and Vannevar Bush. He had to reassure the Americans that Britain's interest was in winning the war, and not in profits to be made from nuclear energy afterwards. He then moved on to Canada for negotiations with officials there. The culmination of his efforts was the signing of the Quebec Agreement on 19 August 1943, which paved the way for the British contribution to the Manhattan Project. In 1945 Anderson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society under Statute 12, which covered those who "rendered conspicuous service to the cause of science,  and whose election would be of signal benefit to the  Society".

Following the unexpected death on 21 September 1943 of Sir Kingsley Wood, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Anderson was appointed to that office on 24 September. He retained responsibility for Tube Alloys, and his chairmanship of the Manpower Committee. As Chancellor, he introduced the pay-as-you-earn tax system that had been devised by Paul Chambers; the enabling legislation was to have been introduced by Wood on the day that he died. The system was very successful, and was gradually extended to all employers except the armed forces. In a written Commons answer of 12 June 1945, he announced the creation of the Arts Council of Great Britain, a successor body to the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA).

In January 1945, Churchill wrote to King George VI to advise that should he and his second-in-command (and heir apparent) Anthony Eden die during the war, John Anderson should become Prime Minister: "it is the Prime Minister's duty to advise Your Majesty to send for Sir John Anderson in the event of the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary being killed." Although not a member of a political party, Churchill thought Anderson had the abilities to lead the National Government, and that an independent figure was essential to the maintenance of the coalition. During the Yalta Conference Anderson opposed the Soviet Union's demands for war reparations from Germany because of the role World War I reparations played in the Great Depression and the collapse of the Weimar Republic.

After Germany surrendered on 7 May 1945, Churchill unsuccessfully attempted to broker a continuation of the wartime coalition government until after the end of the war with Japan, which was thought at the time to be over a year away. On 23 May Churchill then submitted his resignation to the King, who called an election for 5 July. Anderson retained his role of Chancellor of the Exchequer in the caretaker government, and remained in the post until the Labour victory in the general election in July 1945. He was returned in his Scottish University electorate, along with Sir John Graham Kerr and Sir John Boyd Orr.
On 29 June 1945, Churchill had initialled a minute from Anderson, seeking "authority to instruct our representatives on the Combined Policy Committee to give their concurrence for the use of the atomic bomb against Japan." After the bombing of Hiroshima, Anderson gave a broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 7 August 1945 in which he described the challenges and potentialities of nuclear energy in layman's terms.

Post-war
The new Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, appointed Anderson the chairman of the new Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy on 14 August 1945. On 9 November, he accompanied Attlee to Washington, D.C., for talks on atomic energy with President Harry S. Truman and Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King. Talks took place on the presidential yacht . The President and the two Prime Ministers were joined by Anderson; the President's Chief of Staff, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy; the United States Secretary of State, James F. Byrnes; Lord Halifax; and Lester B. Pearson. They agreed to continue the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust, and agreed to collaborate, but the Americans soon made it clear that this extended only to basic research. The 1946 McMahon Act ended all cooperation on nuclear weapons. On 7 January 1948, with the post-war British atomic weapons project in full swing and being managed by other committees, Anderson tendered his resignation from the Advisory Committee.

Anderson left the Commons on 23 February 1950 at the general election, when the university constituencies were abolished. He declined offers from the Ulster Unionist Party to contest a safe seat in Northern Ireland, and from Churchill to contest the blue-ribbon Conservative Party seat of East Surrey. At the Boat Race 1951, Attlee tried to get Ava to persuade Anderson to accept a peerage, but Anderson still hoped that university constituencies would be restored and he could contest his old seat. He rejected an offer to become the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in Churchill's peacetime administration when it was formed in October 1951, and was created Viscount Waverley, of Westdean in the County of Sussex, on 29 January 1952.

Meanwhile, Anderson had become Chairman of the Port of London Authority in 1946 and Chairman of the Royal Opera House in March the same year. He also became a director of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Hudson's Bay Company. He resumed his membership of the boards of ICI, Vickers and the Employers' Life Assurance Corporation that he had given up when he became a minister, but not the Midland Bank, which in those days would have been considered improper for a former Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Port of London Authority chairman had often been part time and unpaid in the past, but now that a full-time role was called for Anderson insisted on being paid, and was given an annual salary of . The job was an immense one, as the port had been badly damaged by bombing during the war, and a major reconstruction effort was called for. Ava used the Port Authority's yacht, the St Katharine, to hold party cruises on the river around the London Docks for special guests, and invitations were highly sought after.

In addition to British honours and awards, Anderson received many awards from other countries. These included being made a Grand Officer  of the  Legion  of Honour by France; a Commander of the Order of the  Crown  of Italy; the Knight Grand  Cross of the Order of St Olav of Norway, the Order of the North Star of Sweden, of the Military Order of Christ of Portugal, and the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark. He was awarded an honorary D.C.L. by Oxford University, and honorary D.Sc. by McGill University, and honorary LL.D. by the University of Edinburgh, University of Aberdeen,  University of Cambridge, University of St Andrews,  University of Liverpool, University of Leeds, University of Sheffield and the University of London, and was an Honorary Fellow of Gonville and Caius  College, Cambridge. It was intended that he should be awarded the Order of Merit in the 1958 New Year Honours but an operation on 17 August 1957 revealed that he had pancreatic cancer, and it was feared he would not live long enough to receive it, so Queen Elizabeth II made an immediate award, which was conferred at his hospital bed. He died on 4 January 1958 in St Thomas' Hospital, and was buried in the churchyard in Westdean.

See also
Liversidge v. Anderson

Notes

References

External links

1882 births
1958 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Anderson, John
Anderson, John
Anderson, John
Anderson, John
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Leipzig University alumni
Anderson, John
Anderson, John
Members of the Order of Merit
Anderson, John
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945
Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945
People from Dalkeith
Anderson, John
Anderson, John
Anderson, John
Anderson, John
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939
Viscounts created by George VI
Viscounts Waverley

John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley


فاكروشيفي (Вахрушеве) هي مدينة في مقاطعة لوهانسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 13045 نسمة.

مراجع

أسماء المواقع السوفيتية السابقة في أوكرانيا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في جمهورية أوكرانيا السوفيتية الاشتراكية
أماكن مأهولة في جمهورية لوغانسك الشعبية
مدن تغيرت أسمائها في أوكرانيا
مدن مقاطعة لوهانسك

فاخروشيفي


Posrednička sigurnosna stijena (eng. proxy firewall) je sigurnosna stijena preko posrednika. Osnovna mu je namjena izvoditi operacije zaštite na najvišem sloju OSI referentnog modela  (engl. open systems interconnection reference model)(aplikacijskom sloju). Posrednik je nadomjesni sustav koji se rabi pri uspostavi spojno orijentiranih veza. Može ga se postaviti između udaljenog korisnika (koji može biti na javnoj mreži kao što je Interneta) i nekog poslužitelja na Internetu. Udaljeni korisnik vidi samo posrednik, pa tako ne poznaje identitet poslužitelja s kojim doista komunicira. Vrijedi i obrat: poslužitelj također vidi samo posrednika i ne zna tko je korisnik. Zbog toga je posrednička sigurnosna stijena dobar zaštitni mehanizam i dobar sustav za filtrirati pakete između javne mreže i zaštićene privatne mreže. Posrednička sigurnosna stijena vrlo je korisna za zaštitu osjetljivih aplikacija jer potpuno zaštićuje aplikacije i zato što se aktivnosti događaju upravo na aplikacijskom sloju. Radi ojačanja sigurnosnu primjene pristupanja posredniku može se koristiti razni autorizacijski mehanizmi, kao što su zaporke, biometrija i slično. Većinom se posredničke sigurnosne stijene postavlja kao dopunu rada glavne sigurnosne stijene.
Posrednička sigurnosna stijena nije brza i to joj je glavni nedostatak. Razlog usporenosti je taj što se aktivnosti zbivaju na aplikacijskom sloju te obrađuje velika količina. Zato posredničku sigurnosnu stijenu ograničava brzina i troškovi. Unatoč tom nedostatku, pruža bolju sigurnost sustavu i od sigurnosnih stijena za filtriranje paketa i od sigurnosnih stijena koje pamte stanja paketa.

Izvori

Računalna sigurnost

Posrednička sigurnosna stijena


Ismahila Ouédraogo, né le  à Ouagadougou, est un footballeur international burkinabè. Il joue au poste de milieu de terrain avec le PAOK Salonique.

Biographie

En club

Ismahila Ouédraogo commence sa carrière de footballeur à Ouagadougou. Milieu défensif très prometteur, il est issu du centre de formation KOZAF. Il évolue en première division avec le club du même nom KOZAF FC de 2015 à 2018. Ensuite, il signe un contrat avec l'AS Douanes du Burkina de 2015 à 2018. Milieu de terrain dans l'équipe des « gabelous », sa fougue et son style de jeu s'apparentent à ceux du footballeur français, N'Golo Kanté. Il a même été surnommé par les supporteurs « N'Golo Kanté ». Il montre toujours une intelligence dans le jeu, une maîtrise de sa force physique et une capacité à se projeter vers l'attaque. Fort de ses belles performances en championnat du Burkina et au Championnat d`Afrique des Nations (CHAN) 2020, il attire les regards de beaucoup de recruteurs de championnats africains et européens. Le club turc Yeni Matalyaspor lui avait même offert un visa pour un éventuel transfert. Finalement, il opte, le , pour le PAOK Salonique en Grèce. Mais, Ismahila n'arrive pas à trouver ses marques dans le championnat hellénique de première division, la Superleague. Pour cela il a été prêté le 22 juillet 2022, au Volos Football Club, toujours en superleague grecque jusqu'au 4 septembre 2022 où il fait son retour au PAOK Salonique.

En 2021, il signe avec le PAOK Salonique mais ne joue pas avec l'équipe première. Il compte sept apparitions avec l'équipe réserve.

Il a un contrat avec PAOK Thessalonique jusqu'au 30 juin 2025. il est prêté pour la saison 2023-24 à Panserraikos Football Club qui évolue en première division de Grèce.

En sélection

Il joue son premier match international le 22 septembre 2019, contre le Ghana, lors des éliminatoires du championnat d'Afrique des nations 2020 (victoire 0-1).

Il participe ensuite à la phase finale du championnat d'Afrique des nations 2020, organisé au Cameroun. Lors de cette compétition, il joue trois matchs. Il est élu Homme du match de la rencontre opposant l'équipe du Burkina aux Warriors de Zimbabwe, le 20 janvier 2021, au Championnat d`Afrique des Nations (CHAN). Les Etalons du Burkina gagnent 3-1. Ismahila Ouédraogo est au départ du premier but burkinabè inscrit par Issouf Sosso. Ainsi, le Burkina remporte sa première victoire de l'histoire d'une phase finale du championnat d'Afrique des nations de football (CHAN).

Alors qu'il évoluait à l'AS Douanes, il a été élu meilleur joueur AJSB du mois de décembre 2020 du championnat burkinabè de première division, le sélectionneur national, Kamou Malo l'insère dans sa liste élargie de 33 joueurs des Etalons A pour jouer deux rencontres amicales, le 5 juin 2021, à Abidjan,contre la Cote d'ivoire et le 12 juin 2021, à Rabat, contre le Maroc. Sa première sélection en équipe du Burkina a été commenté par Aristide Bancé, un ancien international burkinabè qui l'encourage à continuer dans l'excellence.

Avec les Etalons, il participe aux éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde de football 2022, où le Burkina a manqué de peu de se qualifier pour la première fois, barré par l'Algérie.

Ismahila Ouédraogo fait partie de l'équipe du Burkina qui termine quatrième à la Coupe d'Afrique des Nations 2021 au Cameroun. Après avoir marqué 3 buts au Cameroun, (3-0) le Burkina se fait rejoindre au score. Le Cameroun l'emporte aux tirs au but.

Palmarès
 Vice-champion du Burkina Faso en 2021 avec l'AS Douanes
 4e à la Coupe d'Afrique des Nations en 2022 avec l'Equipe du Burkina Faso de football
 Meilleur joueur AJSB du mois de Décembre 2020 du Championnat du Burkina de football de première division.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international burkinabé
Naissance en novembre 1999
Naissance à Ouagadougou

Ismahila Ouédraogo