An Phalaenopsis rolfeana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Herman Royden Sweet. An Phalaenopsis rolfeana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis rolfeana


Red Bull Svjetsko air race prvenstvo, odnosno Red Bull Air Race World Championship, održano je u Hrvatskoj u dva navrata.

Od 2014. ovo natjecanje je priznato od FAI-a kao službeni motosport, sve utrke su uključene u FAI-jev kalendar, dodjeljuju se posebno dizajnirane FAI-jeve medalje i FAI je priznao pravila utrke. Iste godine uvedeni su Challenger klasa i istoimeni kup.

Izdanja i pobjednici
Na izdanju 2014. godine razlika između prvoplasiranog i drugoplasiranog bila je najmanja u povijesti Svjetskog prvenstva. Taj rekord je srušen, opet u Rovinju na izdanju 2015.godine.

Lokacija
2014.-'15. Rovinj

Legenda:

* piloni čine tzv. zračna vrata, koja mogu biti definirana s jednim ili više pilona

Statistika

Vidi
Hrvatski zrakoplovni savez
Športsko zrakoplovstvo

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica natjecanja

Izvori

Zrakoplovstvo u Hrvatskoj
Šport u Rovinju
Međunarodna natjecanja u športskom zrakoplovstvu u Hrvatskoj

Svjetsko air race prvenstvo u Hrvatskoj


Composition for four instruments () est une œuvre des débuts de la musique sérielle du compositeur américain Milton Babbitt composée en 1948.

Il s'agit de la première œuvre d'ensemble publiée par Babbitt, peu après ses Trois compositions pour piano (1947). Dans ces deux pièces, Babbitt s'appuie sur les méthodes de la composition du dodécaphonisme développées par Arnold Schoenberg. Il innove notamment par son application des techniques sérielles au rythme. La Composition pour quatre instruments est considérée par certains crtiques américains comme l'un des premiers exemples de musique « totalement sérialisée ». Elle est remarquable pour son sens aigu de l'intégration et sa concentration sur ses prémisses particulières - des qualités qui ont incité Elliott Carter, lors de sa première audition en 1951, à persuader New Music Edition de l'éditer.

Structure et analyse

La Composition pour quatre instruments est écrite pour flûte, clarinette, violon et violoncelle. Une division immédiate apparaît entre les deux instruments à vent et les deux cordes. En outre, Babbitt fait appel à tous les sous-ensembles possibles de l'ensemble dans les différentes sections de la pièce. Il n'utilise chaque combinaison d'instruments qu'une seule fois, réservant l'ensemble complet pour la conclusion. La pièce peut être décomposée en quinze sections selon le sous-ensemble d'instruments jouant : quatre solos, quatre trios, six duos, un tutti . Les sous-ensembles instrumentaux sont disposés par paires complémentaires, de sorte que chaque instrument ne joue qu'une fois dans chaque paire de sections. Les quatre solos se succèdent de plus en plus fréquemment (à intervalles de cinq, quatre et trois sections), « convergeant », pour ainsi dire, vers le quatuor final, qui se trouve juste deux sections après le solo de violon [sic, recte : flûte].

La rangée de douze tons sur laquelle repose l'ensemble de la composition est donnée par le compositeur sous la forme 0 4 1 11 3 2 : 8 6 5 10 7 9, et génère les quatre « tricordes » principaux de la pièce. Il n'apparaît cependant jamais complet en tant que succession mélodique, bien que plusieurs auteurs aient donné des versions différentes et contradictoires d'un rang prétendument « rendu explicite seulement dans la section finale ». Alors que le jeu donné par Babbitt concatène les premiers tricordes des quatre instruments dans l'ordre de leurs entrées au tout début de l'œuvre, le « jeu de base » de la fin de la composition de Perle peut être transformé en la version du compositeur « par une inversion globale plus une rétrogradation individuelle des tricordes ». Le tableau des hauteurs de son utilisé dans les 35 premières mesures de la pièce est le suivant :

La première section de la pièce commence par un solo à la clarinette, utilisant le tricorde (014) ou son rétrograde. Les notes de ce solo sont séparées par registre en quatre voix distinctes, bien que les notes d'un tricorde soient généralement interrompues par des notes d'autres tricordes dans d'autres registres, ce qui rend difficile l'écoute individuelle de ces structures. Babbitt présente plusieurs exemples de rangées de tons dans les premières mesures de la pièce. Une analyse note par note des neuf premières mesures révèle deux de ces rangées de tons, la première commençant à la mesure 1 et la seconde à la mesure 7. Un examen plus approfondi de la séparation de l'ouverture en quatre registres révèle deux rangées de notes supplémentaires. L'ensemble des notes contenues dans les deux registres aigus forme une rangée de tons, tout comme les notes des deux registres inférieurs.

La pièce commence par un motif de trois notes, ou tricordes (une collection de trois  distinctes), dans le registre le plus grave : si--do, avec une succession d'intervalles de +4 puis -3 demi-tons. Les mesures suivantes présentent trois transformations de ce tricorde d'ouverture, en formes rétrograde-inversion, rétrograde et inverse (--ré, -la-fa, et -mi-sol, respectivement) séparées dans les registres mi-aigu, aigu et grave, respectivement (donc avec des motifs d'intervalles de -3 +4, -4 + 3, et -4 +3). Cependant, ces trois tricordes se chevauchent dans le temps, de sorte que l'ordre temporel des neuf notes est ---mi--la-sol-ré-fa. De cette façon, l'agrégat dodécaphonique est ordonné du point de vue de la composition en une surface chromatique et thématique, avec les propriétés d'un autre ensemble ordonné en dessous. Le solo de clarinette continue en ajoutant d'autres formes du tricorde de base jusqu'à ce qu'un agrégat dodécaphonique complet soit déployé dans chaque registre.

En conséquence, la recherche de "la rangée" a rendu "même les personnes les plus amicales" perplexes et rancunières, en raison d'un malentendu fondamental sur l'approche de Babbitt de son matériau :

L'ensemble du solo d'ouverture de la clarinette peut être analysé comme un tableau de ces tricordes - un « tableau » étant deux ou plusieurs ensembles simultanés présentés de telle sorte que les sommes de leurs segments horizontaux forment des   - et leurs divers renversements et . Les relations tricordales entre les notes des quatre registres de la clarinette préfigurent l'interaction entre les quatre voix des instruments dans la conclusion de la pièce. De même, la façon dont les instruments se déploient tout au long de la pièce correspond directement à la progression des tricordes dans le solo de clarinette. L'organisation des classes de hauteur tout au long de la pièce est constamment et indéniablement autoréférentielle.

Outre son utilisation de rangées de tons multidimensionnelles,   , Babbitt a également sérialisé les motifs rythmiques. Il utilise la  comme structure rythmique principale dans la Composition pour quatre instruments, dont chacune est constituée de quatre durées différentes. Les durées peuvent être représentées par la séquence de chiffres 1 4 3 2 : la deuxième note est quatre fois plus longue que la première, etc. La durée de la note initiale change à chaque phrase, ce qui fait varier les durées tout au long du morceau. Par exemple, les quatre premières notes du solo d'ouverture de la clarinette suivent le modèle de durée 1 4 3 2. Ce motif rythmique est ensuite manipulé par les mêmes transformations que les hauteurs de la rangée de sons. Ces transformations incluent le rétrograde (2 3 4 1), l'inversion (4 1 2 3) et l'inversion rétrograde (3 2 1 4). Babbitt élargit cette idée dans des pièces ultérieures, travaillant par exemple avec un ensemble de douze unités de durée uniques dans la .

Comme il le fait dans le domaine des hauteurs des notes, Babbitt obtient une variété supplémentaire dans les motifs rythmiques de la Composition pour quatre instruments en manipulant la rangée de durées et ses trois variations de différentes manières. Parfois, il élargit la rangée en multipliant chaque durée du motif par les quatre autres membres. En appliquant cette transformation à la rangée originale 1 4 3 2, on obtient les rangées de durées 1 4 3 2, 4 16 12 8, 3 12 9 6, et 2 8 6 4. En suivant la même procédure avec les multiplicateurs pour le rétrograde, 2 3 4 1, on obtient 4 6 8 2, 6 9 12 3, 8 12 16 4, 2 3 4 1. L'inversion des multiplicateurs est 4 1 2 3, et l'inversion rétrograde est 3 2 1 4, ce qui donne 16 4 8 12, 4 1 2 3, 8 2 4 6, 12 3 6 9, et 9 6 3 12, 6 4 2 8, 3 2 1 4, 12 8 4 16, respectivement. Dans les trois dernières mesures de la pièce, la clarinette joue le rétrograde de la rangée de durée du début avec chaque élément multiplié par 4, ce qui donne le motif 8 12 16 4.

La Composition pour quatre instruments occupe une place importante en tant que l'une des premières compositions sérielles, qui s'inspire et réinvente des techniques introduites dans l'œuvre de Arnold Schoenberg et d'Anton Webern. Babbitt a continué à explorer le sérialisme tout au long de sa carrière.

Discographie
 Milton Babbitt: Composition for Four Instruments (1948), Composition for Viola and Piano (1950); John Bavicchi: Trio No. 4, op. 33, Short Sonata for Violin and Harpsichord, op. 39. John Wummer (flute), Stanley Drucker (clarinet), Peter Marsh (violin), Donald McCall (cello); Walter Trampler (viola), Alvin Bauman (piano); David Glazer (clarinet), Matthew Raimondi (violin), Assunta Dell'Aquila (harp); Robert Brink (violin), Daniel Pinkham (harpsichord). LP recording, 1 sound disc, 33⅓ rpm., 12 in. CRI 138. New York: Composers Recordings, 1960.
 Contemporary American Chamber Music. Volume 9: Elliott Carter, Sonata for flute, oboe, cello, and harpsichord (1952); Milton Babbitt, Composition for Four Instruments, for flute, clarinet, violin, and cello; Igor Stravinsky, Fanfare for a New Theatre, for two trumpets; Henry Brant, Angels and Devils, concerto for flute and flute orchestra. New England Conservatory of Music Chamber Players (David Reskin, flute; Tom Hill, clarinet; Michael Levin, violin; Ronald Thomas, cello; John Heiss, cond.). New England Conservatory Series. LP recording, 1 sound disc, analog, 33⅓ rpm, stereo, 12 in. Golden Crest NEC 109. Huntington Station, New York: Golden Crest Records, 1975.
 Slowly Expanding Milton Babbitt Album: Composition for Four Instruments (1948). Rachel Beetz (flute); Joshua Rubin (clarinet); Erik Carlson (violin); Michael Nicolas (cello), produced by Erik Carlson, 2018.

Sources et bibliographie
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{{article|langue=en|auteur1=Elliott Carter|année= 1976|titre=To Think of Milton Babbitt|périodique=Perspectives of New Music |volume=14-15|numéro=2-1| sous-titre=Sounds and Words. A Critical Celebration of Milton Babbitt at 60|date=Spring-Summer/Fall-Winter|passage= 29–31}}.
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 Notes et références

 Voir aussi

 Bibliographie complémentaire
 Laura Karpman et Milton Babbitt. 1986. "An Interview with Milton Babbitt". Perspectives of New Music 24, no. 2 (Spring-Summer): p.80–87.
 David Lewin. 1995. "Generalized Interval Systems for Babbitt's Lists, and for Schoenberg's String Trio". Music Theory Spectrum 17, no. 1: p.81–118.
 Andrew Mead. 1994. An Introduction to the Music of Milton Babbitt. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Robert Morgan. 1991. Twentieth Century Music''. New York: W. W. Norton.

Liens externes

Œuvre de Milton Babbitt
Œuvre pour flûte
Babbitt, Composition for Four Instruments
Œuvre pour violon
Œuvre pour violoncelle

Composition for Four Instruments


An Fimbristylis variegata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gordon-gray. An Fimbristylis variegata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha KwaZulu-Natal. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis variegata


Ukhnaagijn Khürelsükh (mongolsk (sprog): Ухнаагийн Хүрэлсүх, født 14. juni 1968) er en mongolsk politiker fra Mongolsk Folkeparti og Mongoliets præsident siden 25. juni 2021. Han har tidligere været premierminister fra 4. oktober 2017 til 27. januar 2021 og han har været valgt ind i den Store National-Khural (landets parlament) ved valgene i 2000, 2004 og 2012, og han har haft flere ministerposter siden 2004, inden han blev premierminister. Han var desuden formand for Mongolsk Folkeparti 2008-12.

Khürelsükh har eksamener i statskundskab, offentlig forvaltning og jura, og han har været officer i den mongolske hær.

Referencer

Mongoliets premierministre
Mongoliets præsidenter
Nuværende statsoverhoveder

Ukhnaagijn Khürelsükh


is a town located in Kasuya District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of April 1, 2017, the town has an estimated population of 45,307 and a density of 5,200 persons per km2. The total area is 8.70 km2.

Although the town still has a railway station the line is no longer used, but has been converted into a cycle path/ footpath.

References

External links

Shime official website

Towns in Fukuoka Prefecture

Shime, Fukuoka


Als Gabelpunkt wird eine spezielle Vermarkung von Vermessungspunkten für Städte und andere dicht verbaute Gebiete bezeichnet. Der Messpunkt wird indirekt durch zwei gleich lange Metallstangen definiert, die in zwei an einem Gebäude oder einem Mauersockel einbetonierte Ösen eingehängt werden. Die beiden Ösen werden in gleicher Höhe (etwa 20–40 cm) in die Mauer einbetoniert und ragen 2–3 cm vor. In ihre etwa cm-breiten Löcher wird die Gabel eingehängt, sodass sie fast waagrecht von der Wand absteht. Zur Kontrolle ist der Punkt meist zusätzlich als Bodenpunkt durch einen Metallstift im Gehsteig markiert.

Die Gabel stellt ein gleichschenkliges Dreieck mit einer Armlänge zwischen 1,3 Meter und 2 Meter dar. Diese Länge der Arme unterscheidet sich jedoch zwischen einzelnen Städten. Besonders verbreitet ist diese Vermarkungsart in Österreich. In den Punktkarten werden hier oft nicht nur die Gauß-Krüger-Koordinaten des Gabelpunktes, sondern auch die der beiden Metallösen angegeben.

Die Gabelpunkte dienen vor allem der Vermarkung von Einschaltpunkten und sind dann in Abständen von 300 bis 500 Meter angebracht. Allein in Wien, wo sie schon in den 1950ern eingeführt wurden, gibt es einige tausend von ihnen.

Sie sind durch ihre spezielle Lage in den Mauersockeln relativ gut geschützt, manchmal werden sie aber im Zuge von Baumaßnahmen beschädigt oder zerstört. Dies muss dem Vermessungsamt umgehend gemeldet werden. Geschieht dieses nicht, so kann es nach dem Vermessungsgesetz, wie bei anderen amtlichen Vermarkungen von Messpunkten auch, gerichtlich geahndet werden. Häufiger jedoch wird bei der Erneuerung von Zaunsockeln der Gabelpunkt nicht wieder eingefügt, obwohl an den Ösen entsprechende Warntafeln angebracht sind.

Siehe auch
 Stadtvermessung
 Polygonzug

Literatur und Weblinks
 R.Mansberger, A.Klisch: Vermessung, Kapitel Grundlagenvermessung. Skriptum Univ. für Bodenkultur, Wien 2011
 Gabelpunkte zur Mehrzweckkarte, Stadtvermessung Wien
 Systeme der Landesvermessung, p. 8–11 in: BEV, 2011

Einzelnachweise

Vermessungspunkt

Gabelpunkt


Masagua (del náhuatl, significa «paraje del venado») es un municipio del departamento de Escuintla de la región sur-central de la República de Guatemala.

Tras la Independencia de Centroamérica en 1821, la constitución del Estado de Guatemala promulgada el 11 de octubre de 1825 estableció los circuitos para la administración de justicia en el territorio del Estado y menciona que Masagua era parte del Circuito de Escuintla en el Distrito N.º 2 del mismo nombre, y que era parte del departamento de Guatemala/Escuintla.

Masagua pasó de categoría a municipio el 1 de mayo de 1830 y en 1883 le fue anexado el antiguo municipio de San Juan Mixtán.

En la década de 2000 se convirtió en un importante centro de distribución de energía eléctrica con la construcción de la planta de generación eléctrica Jaguar Energy en 2008 y con la instalación de la comercializadora de energía «ION energy» —propiedad del grupo guatemalteco Corporación Multi Inversiones— en 2014.

Toponimia
Existen dos explicaciones del origen y significado del topónimo «Masagua».

Nombre castellano

Muchos de los nombres de los municipios y poblados de Guatemala constan de dos partes: el nombre del santo católico que se venera el día en que fueron fundados y una descripción con raíz náhuatl; esto se debe a que las tropas que invadieron la región en la década de 1520 al mando de Pedro de Alvarado estaban compuestas por soldados españoles y por indígenas tlaxcaltecas y cholultecas.  En este caso, el topónimo «Masagua» proviene de las raíces «maza» (español: «venado»), «hua» (español: posesivo calificativo de paraje) y «co», por lo que significaría «paraje de venado».

Otra hipótesis del origen del topónimo

Otra versión indica que «Masagua» provendría de las voces «mazat» (español: «venado») e «iaguí» (español: «que va»), por lo que significaría «Venado que huye».

Geografía física

Suelos
El municipio, tiene suelos de serie bacul, de origen aluvial, siendo arcillas neutras de color café; los suelos de textura franco arenosa, son de productividad agrícola y son intensamente trabajados con cultivos limpios, especialmente con caña de azúcar, subutilizando el uso de la tierra en mayor porcentaje.

Clima

Según la Clasificación climática de Köppen, su clima es de Tropical de Sabana (Aw). Por su altitud promedio de los 107 , sus temperaturas máximas son altas, por lo que la sensación térmica del municipio es muy caluroso. A pesar de que posee varios meses secos, sus precipitaciones en la temporada de lluvias son altas, promediando los 2200 mm anuales, debido a que se ubica entre la planicie costera del Pacífico y la cadena volcánica de la Sierra Madre de Chiapas, donde la humedad se acumula con mucha facilidad.

Ubicación geográfica

Masagua se encuentra a una distancia de 15 km de la cabecera departamental, Escuintla y es uno de los pocos municipios del departamento de Escuintla que no limitan con otros departamentos o con el Océano Pacífico:

 Norte y noreste: Escuintla
 Sur: San José
 Este: Guanagazapa
Sureste: Iztapa
 Oeste: La Democracia

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos y los tributos destinados para los mismos. Aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, están sujetos a la legislación nacional y las principales leyes que los rigen desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios de Guatemala está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal mientras que el código municipal —ley ordinaria que contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios— establece que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal». Por último, el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos.

Existen también las Alcaldías Auxiliares, los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo (COCODE), el Comité Municipal del Desarrollo (COMUDE), las asociaciones culturales y las comisiones de trabajo. Los alcaldes auxiliares son elegidos por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus principios y tradiciones, y se reúnen con el alcalde municipal el primer domingo de cada mes, mientras que los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo y el Comité Municipal de Desarrollo organizan y facilitan la participación de las comunidades priorizando necesidades y problemas.

Los alcaldes que ha habido en el municipio son:

 2016-2020: Blanca Alfaro

Historia

Se tienen conocimientos de la existencia del municipio de Masagua en el siglo .

La constitución del Estado de Guatemala promulgada el 11 de octubre de 1825 estableció los circuitos para la administración de justicia en el territorio del Estado y menciona que el poblado de Masagua era parte del Circuito de Escuintla en el Distrito N.º 2 del mismo nombre, junto con Escuintla, San Pedro Mártir, Chahuite, Palín, Guanagazapa, los dos Mixtanes (Santa Ana y San Juan), Don García, Tecuaco, La Gomera, Chipilapa, Siquinalá y Cotzumalguapa.

Masagua pasó de categoría a municipio el 1 de mayo de 1830 y en 1883 le fue anexado el antiguo municipio de San Juan Mixtán.

Demarcación política de Guatemala de 1902

En 1902, el gobierno del licenciado Manuel Estrada Cabrera publicó la Demarcación Política de la República, y en ella se describe así a Masagua: «su cabecera es el pueblo del mismo nombre, a 16 km de Escuintla, ocupa un área de 480 caballerías, 50 manzanas, y está limitado: al Norte, por Escuintla; al Sur, por San José; al Oriente, por el río de las Ojas, el cual los separa del municipio de Guanagazapa y al Occidente, el municipio de Don García.  El clima es caliente y sano; y los cultivos principales: maíz y frijol. Una parte de sus moradores se dedica a la crianza de ganado».

Economía
La economía es diversa en este municipio ya que se practica la agricultura y la actividad pecuaria. Cada uno de ellos representa una gran cantidad de dinero por año ya que producen grandes cantidades de elementos que son vendidos tanto en el municipio como en el resto del departamento.

Agricultura
La mayor producción que realiza el municipio es la caña de azúcar ya que las grandes cosechas y la industrializaciones de azúcar hacen que el municipio obtenga una gran cantidad de dinero por año. También se cosechan granos básicos como maíz, frijol, arroz y maicillo.

Actividad pecuaria
Se producen grandes cantidades gracias a la ganadería y producen productos como los lácteos, también aves de corral como las gallinas, pollos, etc.

Generación eléctrica

Una planta de generación eléctrica a base de carbón mineral, propiedad de Jaguar Energy está localizada en Tierra Colorada, Masagua, Escuintla, contigua a la comunidad de San Miguel Las Flores y a veinticinco kilómetros del Puerto de San José. Esta empresa es subsidiaria de la estadounidense Ashmore Energy International Ltd.(AEI) y fue registrada en Guatemala a principios de 2008. La planta, con un costo estimado de US$750 millones, produciría 300 megavatios y la energía producida se vendería a Energuate —la distribuidora de electricidad más grande en Guatemala— subsidiaria del fondo de inversiones británico ACTIS.

Por su parte, la comercializadora de energía «ION energy» —propiedad del grupo guatemalteco Corporación Multi Inversiones— inició operaciones en Masagua en 2014.

Véase también

 Caso Redes en Guatemala
 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2023
 Escuintla
 Historia Territorial de Guatemala
 Jaguar Energy
 Organización territorial de Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Municipios de Escuintla
Toponimia náhuatl de Guatemala

Masagua


Cristina Alicia Esteban Calonje (nascida a 5 de novembro de 1976) é uma política espanhola que é membro do 14.º Congresso dos Deputados pelo partido Vox.

Cristina Esteban Calonje é gestora de recursos do Banco BBVA em Madrid, onde administra fundos de investimento e planos de pensão. Ela fala alemão e inglês. É casada com Antonio Vallejo-Nágera Deroulede, empresário imobiliário, e tem dois filhos.

Mulheres da Espanha na política
Políticos do Vox (partido político)
Nascidos em 1976
Pessoas vivas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Cristina Esteban


Baretica je otočić u Korčulanskom otočju, oko 400 metara južno od franjevačkog samostana na Badiji. Prekriven je alepskim borom.

Okruglog je oblika, oko 50 metara u promjeru. Površina otoka je 2259 m2, a visina manja od 1 metra.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Korčulansko otočje

Baretica


Pego Portekiz'de Abrantes belediyesine bağlı olan, 36,08 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2570 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Abrantes

Pego (Abrantes)


La Torreta de Elda es una edificación defensiva medieval situada en el término del municipio de Elda, en la provincia de Alicante (España). Está considerada como Bien de Interés Cultural. Se encuentra a una altura de 550 metros y es una torre rectangular con cuatro anexos, también rectangulares.

La fecha de construcción se calcula entre finales del siglo XIV y principios del XV. Su objetivo respondía a la ubicación fronteriza entre los reinos de Castilla y Valencia. En concreto, la torreta protegía el camino entre Elda y Sax, así como el camino de La Noguera, que enfila hacia Petrel. Se documenta que en 1386, la señora de Elda, Sibila de Forcia, pidió a Pedro IV de Aragón un servicio de vigilancia y aduana. Su uso continuado se recoge en un documento de 1494 entre el Condado de Cocentaina y el Obispado de Cartagena, en el que se cita la Torreta como posesión del entonces señor de Elda, Juan Roig de Corella.
En diciembre de 1705, se empleó la Torreta para vigilancia militar, en el contexto de la Guerra de Sucesión. Después de la Guerra de la Independencia perdió su función y fue abandonada.

Referencias

Elda
Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Alicante
Elda
Arquitectura en la Comunidad Valenciana en el siglo XIV
Torres defensivas de España del siglo XIV

Torreta de Elda


Misiūnas ist ein litauischer männlicher Familienname.

Weibliche Formen
Misiūnaitė (ledig)
Misiūnienė (verheiratet)

Namensträger
 Dalius Misiūnas (* 1980), Manager und KTU-Professor
 Eimutis Misiūnas (* 1973), Richter und Politiker, Innenminister
 Jonas Misiūnas (* 1933), Richter und  Strafrechtler
 Mindaugas Misiūnas (* 1953), Direktor von Kolleg Kaunas

Familienname
Litauischer Personenname

Misiūnas


.ac, Ascension Adası'nın internet kod harfleri.

.ac aynı zamanda Birleşik Krallık (.ac.uk), Japonya (.ac.jp), Belçika (.ac.be) gibi bazı ülkelerde üniversiteler gibi akademik kuruluşlara verilen ikinci düzey alan adıdır.

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 com.ac : Şirketler için.
 net.ac : Ağ Servis Sağlayıcılar.
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İnternet ülke alan kodları
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The Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)  is a medium-sized penguin. It resides in South America, its range mainly contains most of coastal Peru. Its nearest relatives are the African penguin, the Magellanic penguin and the Galápagos penguin. The Humboldt penguin and the cold water current it swims in both are named after the explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The species is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN with no population recovery plan in place. The current population is composed of 32,000 mature individuals and is going down. It is a migrant species.

Humboldt penguins nest on islands and rocky coasts, burrowing holes in guano and sometimes using scrapes or caves. In South America the Humboldt penguin is found only along the Pacific coast, and the range of the Humboldt penguin overlaps that of the Magellanic penguin on the central Chilean coast. It is vagrant in Ecuador and Colombia. The Humboldt penguin has been known to live in mixed species colonies with the Magellanic penguin in at least two different locations at the south of Chile.

The Humboldt penguin has become a focus of ecotourism over the last decades.

Description
Humboldt penguins are medium-sized penguins, growing to  long and a weight of . The sex of the Humboldt penguin cannot be recognised via differences in plumage, as they are monomorphic. The male is heavier and larger than the females. Their sex can be determined via head width and bill length; the male has a longer bill than the female. While all the Spheniscus penguins are close to each other in size, the Humboldt penguin is the heaviest species in the genus, with 123 females weighing  on average and 165 males averaging . Humboldt penguins have a black head with a white border that runs from behind the eye, around the black ear-coverts and chin, and joins at the throat. They have blackish-grey upperparts and whitish underparts, with a black breast-band that extends down the flanks to the thigh. They have a fleshy-pink base to the bill. Juveniles have dark heads and no breast-band. They have spines on their tongue which they use to hold their prey.

Vocalisation
The Humboldt penguin has different calls that it uses to communicate in different ways. The function of its calls are consistent among Spheniscus species. If an individual comes too close to an adult Humboldt penguin, the Yell is a warning call which is followed by pecking or chasing if ignored. A higher density of penguins leads to more territorial and aggressive behaviours, which leads to more Yells. The Throb is a soft call between pairs at the nest, used by incubating birds when their mates return to the nest. The Haw is a short call given by juveniles alone in the water and by paired birds when one is on the water and the other is on land. It has significant individual variation in duration and frequency. The Bray is a long call used to attract a mate and advertise a territory during the pre-laying and pre-hatching periods. It is an individually distinct call in all variables: syllables per call, duration, inter-syllable intervals, duration of syllables and frequency. When calling, the bird points its head upwards and flaps its flippers slowly. The Courtship Bray is similar to the Bray, however a different posture is assumed and is given synchronously by pairs during the pre-laying period: the birds stand together pointing their necks and head up, with flippers out to the side. The Peep is given by chicks begging for food.

Moulting
Most penguins moult between mid-January and mid-February, however the initiation varies with latitude and favourable conditions such as food abundance. Humboldt penguins are confined to land until they finish moulting. They become hyperphagic during the pre-moulting period. The feathers are lost and replaced within 2 weeks.

Etymology
Both the Humboldt penguin and the Humboldt current were named after Alexander von Humboldt. It is known in Peru as the , which translates to "baby-bird", due to their waddling gait and flightless wings held out suggesting the image of an infant toddling on the beach.

Distribution and habitat
The Humboldt penguin is a top predator endemic to the west coast of South America.

The Humboldt penguin's breeding distribution ranges from southern Chile along the dry and arid coastal regions of the Atacama Desert to subtropical Isla Foca in north Peru. Its range is restricted to the coast and offshore islands affected by the Humboldt current, which provides a continuous supply of nutrients and food, thus supporting huge populations of seabird. In Chile, the most important breeding colony is at Isla Chañaral.

Ecology

Diet
The Humboldt penguin feeds predominantly on pelagic schooling fish. The consumption of cephalopods and crustaceans vary between populations. Northern colonies consume primarily Atlantic saury and garfish, whilst southern populations primarily consume anchovy, Araucanian herring, silver-side, pilchard and squid. There are seasonal differences in the Humboldt penguin's diet that reflect the changes in availability of fish species across seasons.

Foraging behaviour
The Humboldt penguin is a visual hunter. Humboldt penguins leave their islands for foraging after sunrise and different populations have different preferred foraging distances from the colony. Their foraging rhythm depends on the light intensity. They spend more time foraging during overnight trips. Fish are mostly seized from below through short, shallow dives.

The foraging range of Humboldt penguins is between  from Pan de Azúcar, with 90% of the foraging being from a range of  around the island and 50% from a range of . The maximum depth reached is .

Failed breeders take longer foraging trips with longer and deeper dives. They also dive less often than breeding penguins.

Courtship
During courtship, the Humboldt penguins bow their heads to each other and exchange mutual glances with each eye, alternatively. In the ecstatic display to attract a partner, the bird extends its head vertically, collapses its chest, flaps its wings and emits a loud call resembling the braying of a donkey. The mutual displaying consist of the pair standing side by side and repeating the actions of the ecstatic display.

Reproduction
The Humboldt penguin nests in loose colonies, with most pairs laying two eggs of the same size 4 days apart that require 41 days of incubation. Their breeding schedule is adjusted depending on the abundance of food. They breed immediately after moulting, when food is abundant and solar radiation is reduced.

The Humboldt penguin lay eggs from March to December, but also with peaks in April and August–September, due to individuals having a second clutch. Half of the females successfully have two clutches per year and most were double broods. If pairs lose their eggs during the first breeding season, they lay a new clutch within 1–4 months. The incubation shifts last, on average, 2.5 days, before one parent takes over and allows the other to forage. There are no differences in the contribution to provisioning from the male and female parents.

Chicks hatch generally 2 days apart. Chicks are semi-altricial and nidicolous and guarded by one parent while the other forages. Chicks are fed only once every day. Chicks are left unattended at the nest site after a certain age and both parents forage simultaneously.

Breeding sites
The historical breeding sites of this species are burrows on guano layers. Nests of the Humboldt penguin can also be found at caverns, hollows, cliff tops, beaches and scrapes covered by vegetation. They also nest at few Peruvian islands where true soil can be found for digging. The majority of penguins breed on cliff tops.

Migration
Humboldt penguins are sedentary during the breeding season, staying in proximity to their nests and show fidelity to breeding site. They can cover large distances, particularly in response to food shortages or changes in environmental conditions. They are a true migrant between Peru and Chile.

Threats

El Niño-La Niña dynamics
The ecosystem of the Humboldt current is affected by the El Niño phenomenon. During the El Niño, upwelling of nutrient-rich bottom water in the south-eastern Pacific Ocean is depressed, as well as sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) value increases. Massive mortality, especially of juveniles, nest desertion and lack of reproduction occurs. Humboldt penguins migrate south as marine productivity decreases, following the anchovy stocks. Humboldt penguins expend more time and energy foraging as SSTA increases.

Fisheries
The estimated energetic demands of the total Humboldt penguin population during breeding season sums up to 1,400 tons of fish. The Humboldt penguin depends on commercially exploited, schooling prey species including anchovies. This makes them susceptible to changes in prey availability due to overfishing. They are also susceptible to entanglement in fishing nets.

Human presence
Humboldt penguins are extremely sensitive to human presence, with little habituation potential. Passing at a  distance from an incubating Humboldt penguin provokes a response, which is the greatest response distance reported for penguins to date, making it the most timid penguin species so far studied. Humboldt penguins need up to half an hour to recover to normal heart rates after human approach, however, this time decreases with repeated visitation. Cumulative stress by frequent visits and delayed return of foraging partners leads to nest desertion, consequently causing decreased breeding success at frequently visited sites.

Habitat disturbance and feral species
The introduction of feral goats on the Puñihuil islands had a detrimental impact on the Humboldt penguin population. The feral goats browse the vegetation the penguins use to build their nests and they can lead to collapse to dirt burrows. The connection of the island to the mainland also led to the movements of mammals onto the island.

In central Chile, European rabbits and Norway rats graze on the vegetation. Norway rats and black rats also predate on eggs. Feral cats and dogs consume chicks, fledgelings and adult Humboldt penguins.

Industrial development
Some Humboldt penguin colonies face emerging pressures from industrial development; the construction of coal-fired power plants and mining proposals in Chile. Peru's largest colony faces the prospect of a major new industrial port in close proximity to the country's largest colony, at Punta San Juan. Oil spills have previously impacted some colonies. The colony of 800 birds at Cachagua was exposed to two oil spill events in 2015–16. Oil spills related to port and shipping activities have impacted many species of penguins across the southern hemisphere.

In 2017, Andes Iron proposed to construct a mineral export port near the Humboldt Penguin National Reserve in Chile's Coquimbo region. The proposal was rejected on the grounds that the environmental impact would be unacceptable. The decision was welcomed by tour operators and environmentalists. Oceana was one of the non-governmental organisations lobbying for the rejection of the port proposal. Andes Iron challenged the decision, and environmental approval for the Dominga mine and Cruz Grande port project was eventually granted. Oceana has since challenged the proponents compliance at the work site and as of 2020 continues to lobby for the abandonment of the project and protection of region's rich marine biodiversity. If constructed, the Dominga complex will include an open pit copper mine, processing facility, desalination plant and port.

History of Population Decline

Over-exploitation of guano
The historical breeding grounds for the Humboldt penguin were guano layers which covered islands of the Peruvian and northerly Chilean coasts in which the birds could burrow. The guano, a rich fertiliser and source of income for the Peruvian Government, and eggs of the Humboldt penguin were regularly sought after. The birds were also frequently killed by fishermen and guano workers for their oil and skin. The decline of the Humboldt penguin population is attributed to the harvest of guano in the 1800s, which led to the destruction of breeding grounds and to human disturbance.

1982–83 El Niño phenomenon
Before the 1982–83 El Niño event, the total number of individuals of Humboldt penguin individuals was estimated to be 20,000. The 1982–83 El Niño phenomenon led to a major decline in the Humboldt penguin population. The combination of an environment changed by human developments as well as the long duration and strong intensity of the event that year led to major effects on the fecundity and survival of the Humboldt penguins. The consequences were a 65% decline in the Humboldt penguin population, migration towards the south and the failure of the 1982 class of hatchlings. The surviving population in 1984 was estimated to be between 2,100 and 3,000 penguins and all were adults.

Conservation
Humboldt penguins were given legal protection in 1977 by the Peruvian Government and listed in Appendix I of the Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). Both Peru and Chile have implemented the CITES under national law. It is categorised as vulnerable due to extreme population size fluctuations, clustered distribution and the major threats to the species not being ameliorated over time. In August 2010 the Humboldt penguin of Chile and Peru, was granted protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Most penguins breed within protected areas.

Peruvian legislation categorises the species as endangered and prohibits the hunting, possession, capture, transportation and export of the bird for commercial purposes. Chile implemented a 30-year hunting ban in 1995 forbidding hunting, transport, possession and commercialisation of penguins.

In 2017 a large mining project proposed by the company Andes Iron in Chile was vetoed due to the possible environmental impact on the penguins, though that decision was subsequently overturned.

As of August 2018, the species is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, noting a declining population of 32,000 mature adults. Climate change, commercial overfishing of main prey species (sardines and anchovy) and bycatch in commercial and artisanal fisheries are all contributing factors in the species' decline. Rats, feral cats and dog attacks threaten some colonies. Historically, the Humboldt penguin population was impacted by the extraction of guano from their breeding colonies, which reduced the available habitat for burrowing and nesting.

In captivity
In addition to their home waters near South America, Humboldt penguins can be found in zoos all around the world, including Spain, Germany, India, South Korea, Ireland, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and other locations.

Mr. Sea
The oldest penguin at Woodland Park Zoo and one of the oldest penguins in North America,  Mr. Sea was euthanized after a decline in activity and appetite. He was 2 months short of his 32nd birthday. The average age for a Humbolt penguin that survives its first year is 17.6 years. He has 12 viable grandchicks, great-grandchicks, and great-great grandchicks.

Escape from Tokyo Zoo
One of the 135 Humboldt penguins from Tokyo Sea Life Park (Kasai Rinkai Suizokuen) thrived in Tokyo Bay for 82 days after apparently scaling the 4-metre-high wall and managing to get through a barbed-wire fence into the bay. The penguin, known only by its number (337), was recaptured by the zoo keepers in late May 2012.

US discovery
In 1953, a Humboldt penguin was found in The Bronx, New York, US. It is not known whether the animal had escaped from a private collection or whether it was a vagrant but the local zoo's population was fully accounted for.

Same-sex raising of young
In 2009 at the Bremerhaven Zoo in Germany, two adult male Humboldt penguins adopted an egg that had been abandoned by its biological parents. After the egg hatched, the two penguins raised, protected, cared for, and fed the chick in the same manner that heterosexual penguin couples raise their own offspring. A further example of this kind of behavior came in 2014, when Jumbs and Kermit, two Humboldt Penguins at Wingham Wildlife Park, became the center of international media attention as two males who had pair bonded a number of years earlier and then successfully hatched and reared an egg given to them as surrogate parents after the mother abandoned it halfway through incubation.

Gallery

References

External links

 Humboldt penguin on PenguinWorld
 BirdLife species factsheet
 Humboldt penguins at Marwell

Humboldt penguin
Humboldt penguin
Birds of Chile
Birds of Peru
Western South American coastal birds
Taxa named by Franz Meyen
Humboldt penguin
Articles containing video clips

Humboldt penguin


Sementa Rajhard (Rijeka, 4. siječnja 1991.), hrvatska glumica i pjevačica.

Filmografija

Televizijske uloge
 "Masked Singer" kao Flamingica (2023.)
 "Čista ljubav" kao Emina Tabaković (2017. – 2018.)
 "Stella" kao Jasmina Klarić  (2013.)
 "Hrvatska traži zvijezdu" kao Sementa Rajhard (2009.)

Filmske uloge
 "Zona Zamfirova 2" kao Done (2017.)

Sinkronizacija
 "Snježno kraljevstvo: Olafova pustolovina" kao Ana (2017.)
 "Snježna groznica" kao Ana (2015.)
 "Snježno kraljevstvo" kao Ana (2013.)

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatski filmski glumci
Hrvatski televizijski glumci
Životopisi, Rijeka

Sementa Rajhard


Karamusul, Kırklareli ilinin Lüleburgaz ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928'den beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 79 km, Lüleburgaz ilçe merkezine 19 km uzaklıktadır. Köy Lüleburgaz'ın güneyinde ve Ergene Nehri kenarındadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Lüleburgaz belde ve köyleri

Karamusul, Lüleburgaz


William Bennett Campbell,  (August 27, 1943 – September 11, 2008) was a politician and the 24th premier of Prince Edward Island.

Born in Montague, Prince Edward Island, Campbell was a teacher by profession before entering politics in 1970 and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island as a Liberal candidate. In 1972, he became Minister of Education; Provincial Secretary in 1974; and Minister of Finance in 1976.

When Liberal leader and PEI Premier Alexander B. Campbell (no relation) announced his retirement, Bennett Campbell was elected interim leader of the PEI Liberal Party by the caucus and was sworn in as premier on September 18, 1978. On December 9, he was elected leader at the party's leadership convention.

His government was defeated in the general election held the next year. He remained party leader and leader of the opposition until he decided to enter federal politics. He won the seat for Cardigan in the House of Commons of Canada through a 1981 by-election following the death of Daniel J. MacDonald. On September 22, 1981, he took over Macdonald's cabinet portfolio and became Minister of Veterans Affairs in the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. He retained his portfolio when John Turner succeeded Trudeau as Liberal leader and prime minister, but lost his seat to Pat Binns in the 1984 election that brought down the short-lived Turner government.

In the 1986 provincial election, Campbell attempted to regain his former district of 3rd Kings, but lost to Progressive Conservative incumbent Joey Fraser by 16 votes.

On September 11, 2008, Campbell died of cancer.

Electoral record

References

External links

1943 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Prince Edward Island
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Prince Edward Island
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
People from Kings County, Prince Edward Island
Premiers of Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party leaders
Members of the 23rd Canadian Ministry

Bennett Campbell


Louisa Johnson er en engelsk sanger som vandt sæson 12 af det britiske udgave af X Factor

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra England
X Factor-deltagere

Louisa Johnson