එම්ප්‍රස් චොන්චු (; ද අයන් එම්ප්‍රස් ලෙස ද හඳුන්වයි) යනුවෙන් හැඳන්වෙන්නේ 2009දී විකාශය වූ දකුණු කොරියානු කාලාන්තර ඓතිහාසික රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවකි. මේ සඳහා පාදක කොට ගෙන ඇත්තේ හොන්ඒ රැජින නැමැති සත්‍ය ඓතිහාසික චරිතයකි. සිය මුතුන්මිත්තන් විසින් වීර්යයෙන් යුතුව ගොඩනැගූ දේශය රැක ගැනීමට ඇය ගෙනගිය සදාතනික අරගලය මින් නිරූපණය වේ. ගොර්යෝ රාජවංශයේ ආදි කර්තෘවරයා වූ තේජෝ වංගොන්ගේ මිණිපිරිය වූ මෙම අධිරාජිනිය, රාජවංශයේ හත්වන පාලකයා වූ ඇගේ පුත් මොක්ජොං රජු වෙනුවෙන් අනුරාජයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළා ය. ගොර්යෝ රාජධානිය වෙනුවෙන් වූ ඇගේ අභිප්‍රායයන් වටහාගන්නා ඇය, යුධ සන්නාහ පැළඳ විදේශීය ආක්‍රමණිකයන්ට එරෙහිව යුධ බිමේ සටන්වැදුණා ය. බලයට පැමිණීමේ දී ඇය විසින් ඇගේ පෙම්වතා, ඇගේ පුත්‍රයා සහ සොහොයුරාව යටපත් කරන ලදී.

සාරාංශය
මෙම මාලා නාට්‍යය සඳහා පාදක කොටගෙන ඇත්තේ ඉතිහාසයේ එන, ගොර්යෝ රාජධානියේ චොන්චු අධිරාජිනිය නැමැති වැන්දඹු රජබිසවගේ චරිතයයි. වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා ඛිටන්වරුන් සහ ඇතැම් ජුර්චෙන්වරුන් වැනි වෙනත් ගෝත්‍ර සහ රාජධානි විසින් අත්පත් කරගැනීම නිසා සිය රාජධානියට අහිමිව තිබූ භූමිය යළි සන්තක කරගැනීමට ඇගේ මුත්තණුවන්ට වූ පෞද්ගලික සිහිනය යතාර්ථයක් බවට පත් කිරීම වෙනුවෙන් ඇය ලියාඕ රාජවංශයට එරෙහිව සටන් වැදුණා ය.

මෙම කතාමාලාව ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සිය පුත්‍රයාගේ (පසුව මොක්ජොං යන නාමයෙන් හැඳින්විණි) ප්‍රසාදය දිනා ගනිමින් ඔහුට සිය බලපෑමට නතු කරගැනීමට ඇයට ඇති අභිප්‍රාය කේන්ද්‍ර කර ගනිමින් නිර්මාණය වී ඇත. ඇගේ සොහොයුරා වන ගොර්යෝහි සොංජොං රජු සිය බෑණනුවන් තමන්ගෙන් පසු පාලකයා වශයෙන් කටයුතු කරනු දැකීමට අදහස් කිරීමට එයට හේතුවයි. සිය බෑණනුවන්ව අනාගත අධිරාජයා ලෙස සූදානම් කරවීමට ඔහුගේ මෑණියන් වූ චොන්චු නුසුදුසු යැයි තීරණය කළ සොංජොං අධිරාජයා, ඔහුව සිය දරුවන් නොමැති භාර්යාව අතට පත්කළේ තමන්ගේම පුත්‍රයා ලෙස හදා වඩා ගැනීමටයි.

මෙම තීරණය සොංජොං සහ ඔහුගේ සොයුරිය අතර විශාල අරගලයක් සඳහා හේතු වේ. ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා එක්ව සහයෝගයෙන් යුතුව ඛිටන් ආක්‍රමණය වැනි බාහිර තර්ජනවලින් ද, නොයෙකුත් රාජ මාලිග කුමන්ත්‍රණ සහ බල අරගල වැනි අභ්‍යන්තර තර්ජනවලින් ද රාජ්‍යය රැක ගැනීමට දැරූ උත්සාහයට මෙය බාධාවක් වේ.

මෙම කතාමාලාව තුළ නොයෙකුත් ස්වාධීන උත්සාහයන් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇති බව පෙනේ. ඉන් සුලබ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස මොක්ජොංහට අපස්මාරය ඇති බවට පෙන්වා තිබීම දැක්විය හැක. පසුකාලීනව ගං ජෝ සෙන්පතියා විසින් ඔහුව රාජ්‍ය පාලනයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමට ද හේතුව එය ලෙස මෙහි දක්වා තිබේ. නමුත් මොක්ජොං රජුට අපස්මාරය පැවති බව සනාථ කෙරෙන කිසිදු ඓතිහාසික සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවේ.

චරිත නිරූපණය
 චේ ෂි-රා, හ්වංබෝ සූ / චොන්චු අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස
 කිම් සුක්-හූන්, කිම් චි-යැං ලෙස
 චෝයි ජේ-සුං, ගං ජෝ ලෙස
 ලී දොක්-හ්වා, සෙන්පති ගං ගම්-චන් ලෙස
 කිම් හෝ-ජින්, වං උක් / ග්යොංජු කුමරු (ග්යොංජුවොන්ගුන්) ලෙස
 ෂින් ඒ, හ්වංබෝ සෝල් / හොන්ජොං අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස (අධිරාජිනියගේ බාල සොයුරියයි)

අතිරේක රංගනය
 බන් හ්යෝ-ජුං, සින්ජොං අධිරාජිනිය (තේජෝගේ 4වන භාර්යාව) ලෙස
 ලී යොං-ආ, දේමොක් අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස (ග්යොංජොංගේ මව)
 චෝයි චොල්-හෝ, ග්යොංජොං ලෙස (5වන අධිරාජයායි. අධිරාජිනියගේ සැමියායි.)
 කිම් මියුං-සූ, සොංජොං ලෙස (6වන අධිරාජයායි. අධිරාජිනියගේ වැඩිමහල් සොයුරායි.)
 මූන් ජුං-හී, මුන්හ්වා අධිරාජිනිය / කිම් ආර්යාව ලෙස (සොංජොංගේ දෙවන භාර්යාව)
 ලී හ්‍යුන්-ක්‍යුං, මුන්දොක් අධිරාජිනිය / යු අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස (සොංජොංගේ පළමු භාර්යාවයි)
 ලී ඉන්, මොක්ජොං ලෙස (අධිරාජිනියගේ පුත්‍රයායි. 7වන අධිරාජයායි.)
 ලී ඉන්-හ්යේ, සොන්ජොං අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස (මොක්ජොංගේ භාර්යාවයි)
 කිම් ජි-හූන්, හ්යොන්ජොං ලෙස (8වන අධිරාජයායි. හොන්ජොං අධිරාජිනියගේ පුත්‍රයායි.)
 පාක් සි-ඉයුන්, වොන්ජොං අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස (හ්යොන්ජොංගේ භාර්යාවයි)
 ඉම් හ්‍යුක්, සියෝ හුයි ලෙස (විදේශ සබඳතා අමාත්‍ය)
 ජොන් මූ-සොං, ලී ජි-බෙක් ලෙස
 වොන් සුක්-යොන්, ලී ක්‍යුම්-උයි ලෙස
 ලී කි-යොල්, චෝයි සුම් ලෙස
 කිම් බ්යුං-කි, කිම් වොන්-ස්‍යුං ලෙස
 කිම් ජොං-ක්යොල්, චෝයි ර්යං ලෙස
 කිම් හා-ක්‍යුල්, චෝයි හං ලෙස
 පාක් ජි-ඉල්, කිම් ෂිම්-ඉයොන් ලෙස
 ඕ වූක්-චුල්, ජෝ ලෙස
 ජෝ බ්යුං-ක්‍යුන්, ලී යැං ලෙස
 ලී ජූන්-වූ, සෝල් ෂින්-යූ ලෙස
 ජොන් සොං-හ්වන්, චෝයි ජි-මොං ලෙස
 මේං හෝ-රිම්, පාක් යැං-යූ ලෙස
 ඉම් බ්යුං-කි, හන් උන්-කොං ලෙස
 චෝයි ජුන්-යොං, ලී හ්‍යුන්-වූන් ලෙස
 චෝයි දොං-ජූන්, දේ දෝ-සූ ලෙස
 පාක් චොල්-හෝ, කිම් හූන් ලෙස
 චෝයි වං-සූන්, චෝයි ජිල් ලෙස
 ලී වොන්-බල්, යූ බැං ලෙස
 හොං ඉල්-ක්වොන්, යැං ක්‍යු ලෙස
 ෂිම් හ්යේ-ජින්, ලියාඕහි ෂියාඕ අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස
 ජං දොං-ජික්, ලියාඕහි ෂෙංසොං අධිරාජයා ලෙස
 ඕ ගුන්-වූ, ලාබාල ලියාඕහි ෂෙංසොං අධිරාජයා ලෙස
 ජි දේ-හන්, සෝ සොන්-න්‍යුං ලෙස
 ජුං හ්‍යුං-චේ, සෝ බේ-අප් ලෙස
 කිම් මියොං-කුක්, යා යූල් ජුක් ර්යොල් ලෙස
 කිම් සුං-හ්‍යුන්, යා යූල් බූන් නෝ ලෙස
 ලී හන්-සොල්, යා වූල් මූ කි ලෙස
 හොං ඉන්-යොං, චුන් හ්යං-බි ලෙස
 කිම් යේ-වොන්, ලාබාලා චුන් හ්යාං-බි ලෙස
 ලී චේ-යොං, සා ඉල්-රා ලෙස
 කිම් හ්යොං-මින්, සා කා-මූන් ලෙස
 ජුං ජින්, කෝ හ්‍යුන් ලෙස
 ආන් හේ-සූක්, යූන් පාලිකාව ලෙස
 කිම් මි-රා, ලී සෝල්-හ්වා ලෙස
 කිම් සෝ-ඉයුන්, ලාබාල හ්වං‍බෝ සූ ලෙස
 පාක් ඉයුන්-බින්, ලාබාලා හ්වං‍බෝ සොල් ලෙස
 කිම් මින්-ජි, ලාබාල කිම් ආර්යාව ලෙස
 හන් බෝ-බේ, ලාබාල සොන්ජොං ලෙස
 පාක් ජි-බින්, ලාබාල මොක්ජොං ලෙස
 චෝයි වූ-හ්‍යුක්, ලාබාල සොංජොං ලෙස

සම්මාන සහ නිර්දේශ

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 එම්ප්‍රස් චොන්චු නිල KBS වෙබ්අඩවිය
 එම්ප්‍රස් චොන්චු සඳහා හන්සිනෙමාහි ඇති ගිණුම

කොරියානු විකාශන පද්ධතියේ රූපවාහිනී නාට්‍ය
ලියාඕ රාජවංශය පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
ගොර්යෝව පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
දකුණු කොරියානු ඓතිහාසික රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

එම්ප්‍රස් චොන්චු


Turcia nu adoptă o stemă oficială, dar reproduce pe pașapoarte și pe clădiri guvernamentale semiluna cu steaua folosită și pe steagul național.

Note

Turcia
Turcia

Stema Turciei


An Calamagrostis nardifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eduard Hackel och Teodoro Theodor Juan Vicente Stuckert. An Calamagrostis nardifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis nardifolia


Eric Michael Garcetti (født 4. februar 1971) er den nuværende borgmester i Los Angeles og tidligere medlem af Los Angeles byråd, der repræsenterer det 13. distrikt. Han fungerede som formand for rådet fra 2006 til 2012.

Referencer

Eksterne visninger

 Kontoret for borgmester Erik Garcetti
 Eric Garcetti's Hjemmeside
 Eric Garcetti Kennedy New Frontier Award Winner
 Garcetti bøde for Etik Overtrædelse
 Eric Garcetti's gæst DJ projekt på KCRW

Borgmestre fra USA
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet

Eric Garcetti


Spirit was an American rock band founded in 1967 and based in Los Angeles. Their most commercially successful single in the United States was "I Got a Line on You". They were also known for their albums, including their self-titled debut album, The Family That Plays Together, Clear, and Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus.

Original lineup
The original lineup of the group evolved from a Los Angeles band, the Red Roosters, which included Randy California (born Randy Craig Wolfe; guitars, vocals), Mark Andes (bass) and Jay Ferguson (vocals, percussion). With the addition of California's stepfather Ed Cassidy on drums, and keyboard player John Locke, the new band was originally named the Spirits Rebellious (after a book by Kahlil Gibran), but the name was soon shortened to Spirit. Before returning to his native state, California previously played with Jimi Hendrix as a member of Jimmy James and the Blue Flames in New York City's Greenwich Village in 1966. Hendrix gave Randy Wolfe the nickname "Randy California" to distinguish him from Randy Palmer, whom Hendrix named "Randy Texas".

Cassidy was recognizable by his shaved head (hence his nickname "Mr. Skin", later the title of a Spirit song) and his fondness for wearing black. Born in 1923, he was about twenty years older than the rest of the group. Although his earlier career was primarily in jazz (including stints with Cannonball Adderley, Gerry Mulligan, Roland Kirk, Thelonious Monk and Lee Konitz), he had served as the founding drummer of Rising Sons, an early blues rock vehicle for Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder.

1960s
Early demo recordings by the band were produced by their Topanga Canyon roommate Barry Hansen, later known as the radio host Dr. Demento. In August 1967, the record producer Lou Adler (known for his work with The Mamas & the Papas and The Grass Roots) signed the band to his label, Ode Records. The group's first album, Spirit, was released in 1968. "Mechanical World" was released as a single (it lists the playing time merely as "very long"). The album was a hit, reaching number 31 on the Billboard 200 and staying on the chart for seven months. The album had jazz influences and used elaborate string arrangements (not found on their subsequent recordings) and is the most overtly psychedelic of their albums. A song from the album, "Fresh Garbage", was included on the CBS sampler album The Rock Machine Turns You On, released in 1968 in the UK, Europe and South Africa, and was the UK's first introduction to the band.

The band capitalized on the success of their first album with another single, "I Got a Line on You". Released in November 1968, a month before their second album, The Family That Plays Together, it became their biggest hit single, reaching number 25 on the charts (number 28 in Canada). The album matched its success, reaching number 22. In December, they appeared at the Denver Auditorium, with support band Led Zeppelin, who soon after interpolated parts of Spirit's song "Fresh Garbage" in an extended medley based around their cover of Bob Elgin and Jerry Ragavoy's "As Long as I Have You" (initially popularized by Garnet Mimms) during their early 1969 concerts. Spirit also appeared with Led Zeppelin at two outdoor music festivals in July 1969. Jimmy Page's use of a theremin has been attributed to his seeing Randy California use one that he had mounted to his amplifier. Guitar World magazine stated that "California's most enduring legacy may well be the fingerpicked acoustic theme of the song 'Taurus', which Jimmy Page lifted virtually note for note for the introduction to 'Stairway to Heaven'." The Independent noted the similarity in 1997. In 2014, Mark Andes and a trust acting on behalf of Randy California filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for "Stairway to Heaven". Page denied copying "Taurus", and the suit was unsuccessful. The verdict was overturned on appeal in September 2018. On March 9, 2020, the Ninth Circuit re-instated the original jury verdict.

After the success of their early records, the group was asked by French film director Jacques Demy to record the soundtrack to his film Model Shop, and they also made a brief appearance in the film. Their third album, Clear, released in 1969, reached No. 55 on the charts.

"1984" and the Sardonicus era

After the release of Clear, the group recorded the song "1984", written by California and produced by the group on their own. After being released in February 1970, it placed at No. 69 on the Billboard charts and No. 66 on the RPM charts. The song would finally see general release on The Best of Spirit in 1973.

In 1970, Spirit started working on their fourth LP Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus. The band chose frequent Neil Young collaborator David Briggs as the producer at the recommendation of the singer-songwriter, an acquaintance from the Topanga Canyon scene. It was a prolific time for the group's writers, and the album was released in late 1970, peaking at No. 63 in early 1971 in the USA, and No. 49 in Canada. The album included Randy California's "Nature's Way", a minor hit (No. 111) which was written in an afternoon during an engagement at the Fillmore West in San Francisco.

Epic also released an early mix of "Animal Zoo" as a single, but it too only made it to No. 97 on the charts. Like The Who's Tommy and Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon, Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus is critically regarded as a landmark of art rock, with a tapestry of literary themes about the fragility of life and the complexity of the human experience, illustrated by recurring lyric "life has just begun", and continued the group's pioneering exploration of environmental issues in their lyrics (cf. "Fresh Garbage"). The album is also notable for its inventive production and the use of a modular Moog synthesizer.

1971–73
After the group undertook a promotional tour to support the album Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus, Ferguson and Andes left the group, forming Jo Jo Gunne. California had accused them of plotting to take over the group. Their final gig with Spirit occurred on January 30, 1971, which almost ended with a fist-fight.

John Arliss initially took Andes' place. California was still in the lineup, but he had suffered a head injury from a horse riding accident and was unable to tour. Shortly thereafter, bassist and recent University of Texas School of Law graduate Al Staehely was recruited by Locke and Cassidy to replace Arliss. The trio toured briefly before deciding that they had to add a guitarist to do the music justice. Al's brother, John Christian (Chris) Staehely, auditioned for the band and was quickly brought on board, departing the Texas rock group Krackerjack.

The Staehelys, Cassidy and Locke recorded the 1972 album Feedback in Columbia/Epic's Hollywood studios. It was a different turn for the group, showing more of a country rock influence pervading their jazzier tendencies, but it only met with a mild commercial response, also reaching No. 63 in the charts. While the tour for Feedback proceeded very well for much of that year, Cassidy and Locke lacked an affinity for roots-based music and soon left the lineup. The Staehely brothers completed the critically successful tour with drummer Stu Perry before dissolving the group in mid-1973 and releasing their own album, Sta-Hay-Lee.

California, meanwhile, had recorded and issued his first solo album, Kapt. Kopter and the (Fabulous) Twirly Birds, also on Epic Records in late 1972. Featuring appearances by Noel Redding (as "Clit McTorius"), Leslie Sampson (the drummer from Redding's band Road; as "Henry Manchovitz"), and Cassidy, the album had a hard rock sound. Following a brief tour in support of the album in the Los Angeles area with Cassidy and bassist Larry "Fuzzy" Knight, California toured Europe with this trio under the imprimatur of Spirit amid pressure from booking agents who wanted to capitalize on the band's name and were not interested in his solo work. During this period, a follow-up album (The Adventures Of Kaptain Kopter And Commander Cassidy In Potato Land) also was recorded with Cassidy. Although Locke made a guest appearance, it was not intended as a Spirit album at the time. California moved to Molokai, Hawaii, after Epic rejected the completed album.

In 1973, Epic Records decided to re-issue the group's first and third albums as a two-fer entitled Spirit in response to Sardonicus continuing to sell well as a catalog item; eventually, Sardonicus earned the band's only RIAA gold certification in 1976. That same year, Epic issued The Best of Spirit compilation album alongside the Sardonicus track "Mr. Skin" as a single. "Mr. Skin" became another minor hit (peaking at No. 92), and the two-fer also hit the charts along with The Best of Spirit. Cassidy decided to capitalize on the new demand for the group and put together an entirely new group for touring purposes, which lasted throughout the year.

The Mercury years (1974–79)
In 1974, Cassidy made it a point to find and re-establish contact with his stepson. He eventually persuaded California to return to the mainland and give the band another shot. Andes worked with the duo for a while, but never intended to stay, as he was in the process of forming the group Firefall at the same time. Andes was replaced by former Frank Zappa sound engineer Barry Keene.

In early 1975, the group was scheduled to open for Ten Years After at a show in Florida, but when the headlining band backed out at the last minute, Spirit was granted permission to take over the theater for the evening. After going around to local radio stations to promote the show and setting a low ($3) ticket price, Spirit managed to sell out the 3,000-seat theater. Using the profits from the show, they blocked out as much time as they could at Studio 70 in Tampa, Florida.

After recording a large amount of material at the studio, manager Marshall Berle (the nephew of Milton Berle) offered the cache of tapes to Mercury Records. On the basis of the material, the group was offered a contract, and a double-album entitled Spirit of '76 was culled from the material and released in May 1975. The album peaked at No. 147 and garnered some FM airplay, so they quickly followed it up with Son of Spirit, released later that year and featuring many songs taken from the same sessions.

For the tour in support of Son of Spirit, Locke re-joined the group. Eventually, Andes returned to the lineup as well, and though Ferguson declined to participate in the group reunion at first, the band (with the addition of Mark's brother Matt Andes as a second guitarist) recorded an album entitled Farther Along, released in late 1976.

First full reunion and Future Games
The album returned the group to the U.S. charts one last time, peaking at No. 179. For a few shows at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, Ferguson re-joined the group. Neil Young created an incident during the final show's encore of "Like a Rolling Stone" when he walked on stage inebriated. California would later claim that he did not recognize Young, but at the time was angry with Young for upstaging what he saw as his own comeback. California moved over in front of Neil and began pushing him backwards, away from the microphone, back past the drumkit and offstage. Young, along with other influential artists including New Hollywood director Hal Ashby, had been visiting the band backstage before they went on, and Locke (a friend of Young) had invited the guitarist to join them in their encore. When Locke saw California pushing Young offstage, he got up from his piano and said that he had had enough and didn't ever want to play with California again, walking off stage. Cassidy initially quelled the situation by leaving his kit and physically pulling both California and Young back onstage to the microphone to close out the song, asking the audience to sing along with them. After finishing the song, the band members argued backstage over what had unfolded leading to the end of the reunion.

Afterwards, California assembled Future Games: A Magical Kahauna Dream with Cassidy and limited assistance from session musicians. Although Mercury approved its release in early 1977, the experimental album (which included a Hendrix-influenced cover of "All Along the Watchtower" and underpinned science fiction-based lyrical themes with many samples from Star Trek: The Original Series in a variant of filk) received no promotion, ending what little bit of commercial momentum the group might have regained. It also (initially) ended their contract with Mercury. During this period, Ferguson was having success in his solo career with the hits "Thunder Island" (1977; No. 9) and "Shakedown Cruise" (1979; No. 31).

Return to trio
In a reprise of the Kapt. Kopter-era trio, California, Cassidy and Larry "Fuzzy" Knight toured extensively as Spirit throughout 1978; an English leg saw the band headline a triple bill that included post-punk ensemble Alternative TV and The Police. Throughout the tour, California doubled on the foot-controlled Moog Taurus to partially compensate for the lack of a keyboardist. The German TV/radio programme Rockpalast recorded and broadcast Spirit's entire show of March 4/5, 1978, including the encore jam where Dickey Betts joined the band. This trio lineup also recorded a heavily-overdubbed live album (also released in 1978) that was released in slightly different configurations in several countries by different independent labels. It was not a commercial success, and after the tour's end in 1979, California left the group again.

The 1980s and beyond

After Spirit's demise, California put together another group with the short-lived intent of restarting his solo career. While in England, a fan presented him with a petition of 5,000 signatures requesting the release of the Potato Land album from 1973. Consequently, in 1981, California released an overdubbed selection of tracks from the original album alongside several unrelated songs dating from the late 1970s. Contrary to the intention of the original sessions, it was released under the imprimatur of Spirit in the United States by Rhino Records (a nascent archival label with ties to Dr. Demento) and in Britain by Beggars Banquet Records, a well-regarded independent label specializing in punk rock and its derivations. Surprisingly, it was the only Spirit album other than Sardonicus to chart in Britain, peaking at No. 40 in the UK Albums Chart and receiving airplay on BBC Radio 1.

On February 14, 1982, Spirit, performed as a three-piece band, Randy California, Ed Cassidy and an unknown bass player, at Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis, MO. The show was sponsored and heavily promoted by local rock radio station K-SHE 95 and billed as; "K-SHE 95 presents the 5th Annual St. Valentine's Day Massacre," JOHN KAY & STEPPENWOLF, w/special guests; SPIRIT. The show was a near sell out with a little over 8,000 in attendance. California's second solo album, Euro-American, was released in 1982 by Beggars Banquet. It featured a lineup including drummer Preston Heyman. During this period, California performed on the second tier at the 1982 Glastonbury Festival. When the power generator failed—allegedly because the operator had fallen asleep stoned and neglected to refill the fuel—Heyman performed a twenty-minute solo while the situation was rectified.

In December 1982, the original Spirit lineup re-formed and recorded several songs from their first four albums (as well as a few new tracks) live on a soundstage. The band was joined by several guests, including Jeff Baxter and Bob Welch. The resulting Spirit of '84 (released internationally as The Thirteenth Dream) was initially recorded for an audiophile label; however, Mercury Records re-signed the band (including a California solo deal) and released the album in 1984. The album was only a moderate critical success and failed to chart. While some of the original members went on to do other projects, California and Cassidy continued touring with new members Scott Monahan on keyboards and Dave Waterbury on bass.

California headed to England and recorded his third solo album, the contemporary hard rock effort Restless, for which Heyman (who played on the track "Jack Rabbit") secured a deal with Phonogram for in late 1985. Following a few live dates in England, California returned to the United States and resumed touring extensively with Cassidy, Monahan, and Waterbury. There was one more solo album from California: a collection of material entitled Shattered Dreams that was released in 1986.

In 1988, California secured a deal for Spirit with prominent independent label I.R.S. Records (best known for cultivating R.E.M. and The Go-Go's), leading Locke to rejoin the band. They recorded an album entitled Rapture in the Chambers at the Malibu, California, recording studio Nileland, where studio owner/engineer, bassist and vocalist Mike Nile was asked to join the band. Although the group (including California, Cassidy, Locke, Nile, Monahan, and George Valuck on keyboards) toured extensively in support, the album failed to chart. California, Cassidy, and Nile continued to tour as a power trio while self-releasing Tent of Miracles in 1990. Nile contributed heavily to the album, writing songs and sharing lead vocals.

Spirit continued working almost continually for the next six years. Although they only released one album after Tent of Miracles, the group was always either recording or touring. California had his own home recording studio since the early 1980s, though he had been making home recordings for years prior to that. This came to an end on January 2, 1997, when California drowned off the coast of Hawaii. He had been surfing with his son, who got caught in a riptide. He managed to push his son to safety but ended up losing his own life.

While Cassidy played a few dates with Spirit alumni under the name "Spirit Revisited" in 1998, California's death was effectively the end of the group. Locke died of complications resulting from lymphoma in August 2006. Cassidy died on December 6, 2012, in San Jose, California, at age 89.

Posthumous
California's death, however, did not mark the end of the emergence of Spirit material. Starting in 2000, there have been five collections of previously unreleased studio and live material, four of which were two-CD sets. California had also prepared an anthology of material from the group's first stint with Mercury Records entitled The Mercury Years. The two-CD set was released in early 1997, though it raised the ire of some fans who did not care for the fact that some of the material had been re-edited or featured overdubbing that was not present on the original releases.

Likewise, nearly all of Spirit's original albums are currently in print on CD. This is thanks to the efforts of Sony Music (with the Epic catalog, though Collector's Choice Music was the first to reissue Feedback on CD in the U.S., following a brief release on disc in France in the late 1990s) and Beat Goes On alongside Edsel, both UK labels (with the Mercury catalog, some of which had made it to CD prior to Beat Goes On and Edsel reissuing all of their Mercury albums). Their later independent albums are available through the group's website. The one album that is unavailable at this time is Rapture In The Chambers, which has not been reissued since the original 1989 release, though it was released on CD at that time.

Spirit has also found its work sampled by modern artists several times. The most notable of these was the "Extra P. Remix" of the song "Resurrection" by Common (which samples "Ice" from Clear) and "Feel Good Time" by Pink (which samples the track "Fresh Garbage").

"I Got a Line On You" was most recently covered by Alice Cooper's super group the Hollywood Vampires on the album of the same name, released on September 11, 2015.

Musical style

According to AllMusic, Spirit was a "Ambitious and acclaimed West Coast psychedelic band that fused hard rock to jazz, blues, country, and folk"; Formed by an eclectic group of musicians who had backgrounds in rock, pop, folk, blues, classical music and jazz backgrounds, Spirit "had an eclectic musical style in keeping with the early days of progressive rock" and they "seemed determine to out-eclecticize everybody else on the California psychedelic scene, with [their] melange of rock, jazz, blues, folk-rock, and even a bit of classical and Indian music." Robert Christian wrote that Randy California was "the rock equivalent of the cool, progressive jazzman of the '50s".

Band members
Original lineup

 Randy California – guitar, vocals
 Ed Cassidy – drums
John Locke – keyboards
Mark Andes – bass, guitar, vocals
Jay Ferguson – vocals, percussion, keyboards, guitar
Later members
Following Sardonicus, many musicians passed through the group's ranks. Most of them did not make a huge contribution to the group's sound, but some did. The most important of the later group members are listed here:

John Arliss – bass
Al Staehely – bass, lead vocals
John Christian Staehely – guitar, vocals
Stu Perry – drums
Scott Shelly – guitar, vocals
Donnie Dacus – guitar, vocals
Steve Olitski – keyboards
Steve Edwards – guitar, vocals
Barry Keene – bass
Benji – keyboards
Matt Andes – guitar, vocals
Larry "Fuzzy" Knight – bass, vocals
Terry Anderson – vocals
Scott Monahan – keyboards, bass, vocals
Dave Waterbury – bass, vocals
Mike Nile – bass, vocals
George Valuck – keyboards
Steve "Liberty" Loria – bass, vocals
Gordon Patriarca- bass
Rachel Andes – vocals
Walter Egan – bass, vocals

Timeline

Discography

Albums

Live albums

Compilations

Singles

References

External links
The unofficial Spirit homepage: Tent of miracles
Randy California and Spirit

Beggars Banquet Records artists
Epic Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups disestablished in 1973
Musical groups reestablished in 1974
Musical groups disestablished in 1979
Musical groups reestablished in 1982
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Ode Records artists
Progressive rock musical groups from California
Psychedelic musical groups

Spirit (band)


Johannes Dietterle ( - ) est un espérantiste allemand.

Biographie
Johannes Dietterle nait le  à Chemnitz, en Allemagne, dans une fratrie de quatre enfants. La famille déménage à Dresde en 1872, où Johannes Dietterle étudie entre 1872 et 1885, de l'école primaire jusqu'au gymnasium de la Sainte-Croix. Il étudie la théologie, la philosophie, la pédagogie et les langues orientales à l'université de Leipzig et la philosophie à la faculté de Tübingen. En 1891, il obtient un doctorat en histoire, philosophie et pédagogie.

Johannes Dietterle travaille comme enseignant entre 1889 et 1893. En 1893, il abandonne l'enseignement et devient diacre de Mittweida, puis pasteur luthérien de  en 1896. En 1907, il déménage à Leipzig où il travaille comme enseignant

Œuvres

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Espérantiste allemand
Naissance en août 1866

Johannes Dietterle


Riječ naklada ima dva značenja:

 poduzeće koje izdaje knjige; izdavač, nakladnik
 broj primjeraka tiskan u jednom izdanju; tiraža

Izvori

Naklada


Ringstabekk Station (Ringstabekk stasjon) var en metrostation på Kolsåsbanen på T-banen i Oslo.

Stationen blev lukket 1. juli 2006, da Kolsåsbanen skulle opgraderes til metrostandard. Efterfølgende blev den dog betjent igen af sporvogne på Lilleakerbanen, der fortsatte fra deres hidtidige endestation Jar til Bekkestua. 15. august 2011 blev stationen erstattet permanent af den nye Ringstabekk Station, der også erstattede Tjernsrud Station med en beliggenhed mellem de to gamle stationer.

Nedlagte T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1924
Ophørt i 2009

Ringstabekk Station (1924-2006)


Shortland Street is a New Zealand prime-time soap opera centring on the fictitious Shortland Street Hospital, first broadcast on TVNZ 2 on 25 May 1992. It is New Zealand's longest-running drama and soap opera, being broadcast continuously for over 7,700 episodes and 31 years, and is one of the most watched television programmes in New Zealand.

The show was originally screened as five half-hour episodes each week, and received mixed reviews on its premiere. After its launch, it dropped in ratings and would have been cancelled if TVNZ had not ordered a year's worth of episodes in advance. TVNZ renewed the production in early 1993 when the show's rating had picked up, and it now has "long-term public enthusiasm". Today, it is one of New Zealand's highest-rated shows, frequently making AGB Nielsen Media Research's top 5 programmes of the week, achieving an average linear daily reach of 345,000 viewers (in the year up to June 2021) and is TVNZ's "most streamed show".

Development
After the cancellation of Gloss, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) noticed the lack of New Zealand content on their channels, and in 1990, set about creating a local equivalent of the Australian soap Neighbours. Greg McGee at South Pacific Pictures wanted to do a series about the new private clinics emerging under New Zealand's Labour government, and suggested the idea to scriptwriter Dean Parker, who declined due to a dislike of private medicine, so TV2 and South Pacific Pictures purchased a formula from Grundy Television, who get a royalty cheque for every broadcast. $10 million was given for an initial 230 episodes. Caterina De Nave was hired as the show's producer and subsequently travelled to Australia to work with Grundy Television to work out an idea for the five times a week soap. TV2 programmer Bettina Hollings suggested the setting of a hospital after reading an article detailing ideal locations of a drama, which included a hospital, a police station and a school. De Nave worked with several storyliners including Jason Daniel and they worked out an outline of the show.

De Nave noticed Neighbours and Home and Away had a generally straightforward Australian cast and wished for the cast of her show to be culturally diverse to reflect New Zealand. She also wanted the cast to have strong female characters to attract the necessary female audience. Daniel created the character of Kirsty while De Nave created Meredith and Ken Catran created Hone. The character of Stuart was originally planned to be gay but the plans made TVNZ nervous and were scrapped. De Nave also wished to counter-stereotype races and made Polynesian Sam Aleni a paramedic as there was only one paramedic of Polynesian descent throughout New Zealand. De Nave decided to make the setting that of a private hospital as it reflected New Zealand medicine at the time.

Production
The working title was The Shortland Street Project after its planned filming location in a TVNZ-owned studio at 74 Shortland Street in Auckland Central. However, the studio was found to be too small for the required sets, and the production studio was moved to a warehouse in Browns Bay. After running through many name options, the original working-title was chosen and subsequently truncated to simply Shortland Street. The name subsequently is a homage to the Shortland Street studios, which were home to New Zealand's first regular television broadcast in 1960, and were home to TVNZ and its predecessors' Auckland operations until TVNZ moved to its new purpose-built television centre on Victoria Street West in 1990.

History

1990s
Shortland Streets first episode aired on 25 May 1992 to mixed reviews. Ratings were originally high after a successful marketing campaign, but fell steadily throughout the year until 1993 when they rose dramatically. The show would have been cancelled in the first year if it was not for the fact TVNZ ordered a year's worth of episodes.

2000s
With high public interest in the show and a viewing figure of a constant 600,000, Shortland Street received more sets and the outdated nursing uniforms were replaced. In 2000, an Australian consultant drastically changed the show so that it would suit the 21st century tone of New Zealand. This included transitioning the hospital to a public hospital, bringing in low income families and writing off 14 characters. Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield were brought back as their characters Chris Warner and Rachel McKenna and the show appointed a new producer.

The show reached huge ratings in 2007 when a Serial Killer Storyline was introduced, with five characters meeting their demise. Episode 4000 saw the return of series original Dr. Hone Ropata for a six-week stint in 2008.

2010s
Shortland Street aired its first ever 90-minute episode on 2 August 2010. The episode featured Chris discovering he had a son with series original Alison Raynor in 1996, and the conclusion to the three-year Kieran Mitchell storyline which saw the shows second highest ever ratings. Shortland Street has since made the 90-minute episode an annual feature. On 18 April 2011, Shortland Street screened its first episode in high definition.

In July 2011, Shortland Street achieved a New Zealand first when it made its 2011 feature-length episode available to purchase via Facebook, becoming the second ever TV show in the world to use this technology. In August 2011, All Blacks Keven Mealamu, Anthony Boric and Jerome Kaino filmed a scene that aired on the opening night of the 2011 Rugby World Cup on 9 September. The show added short transition scenes in which two characters in the hospital elevator discussed the wins or losses (the latter never actually happening) the All Blacks endured during the tournament.

On 15 December 2016, Shortland Street released a charity single featuring Lionel Wellington and J.J. Fong to raise money for Starship Children's Health hospital.

On 25 May 2017, Shortland Street celebrated 25 years on New Zealand television.

2020s
Production of Shortland Street was suspended on 24 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the nationwide lockdown from 26 March to 28 April 2020, and TVNZ 2 reduced broadcasting the show to three episodes per week to spread out the existing backlog of episodes. Production resumed on 30 April with some restrictions, such as intimate scenes not being allowed. The show returned to five episodes per week on 29 June 2020.

In early August 2022, the Minister of Health Andrew Little and a Health New Zealand spokesperson confirmed that Shortland Street and TVNZ's advertising division TVNZ Blacksand Partnerships would be working with the  Health Ministry, Health NZ, and New Zealand Nurses Organisation (NZNO) to produce the "Real Nurses" multimedia marketing campaign to recruit nursing workers from both domestic and overseas markets in order to address the country's shortage of nurses. Little confirmed that the Real Nurses multimedia campaign would be integrated into the television series' storyline. In response, NZNO President Anne Daniels criticised the series for misrepresenting the difficult working conditions for nurses while National Party MP Chris Penk expressed concerns about the collaboration between the Government and creative industry. In response to criticism, Little stated that the "Real Nurses" campaign had been created by the NZNO, which had approached the Government to secure financial support for it. Auckland University of Technology (AUT) communication professor Dr. Rosser Johnson expressed support for the "Real Nurses" multimedia campaign, arguing that it could encourage younger demographics to consider nursing as a career and rejected claims that it would serve as government propaganda.

Spinoffs
Since 2018, there are weekly spinoffs during Christmas and New Year breaks that are exclusively streamed on TVNZ On Demand. The most recent being Shortland Street: Retribution, the first spinoff with an R16 (Violence and Coarse Language) rating, with the storyline revolving around Constable Curtis Hannah (Jaden Daniel) and Esther Samuels (Ngahuia Piripi). The series is also the first spinoff to be set in Christchurch and the South Island.

Characters

Shortland Street stars an ensemble cast. Most of the characters either work at Shortland Street Hospital, or are relations to employees of the hospital.

Since 1992, many notable faces have appeared on the soap. Only one character remains from the original cast: Chris Warner. Though taking a 4-year break, Chris has featured in the show the longest of the current cast, outstaying all of his family, who either died or left. Rachel McKenna, another long-standing character , first appeared in the soap in 1993 and has made regular appearances since. Nick Harrison, another long-running character, disappeared from the show in 2005. Currently Nicole Miller is the longest-running female character, joining the show in 2009.

Characters on the show attribute and portray several different demographics found in New Zealand. These range from the rich and well-off (such as Chris Warner) to the struggling and poor (Wendy Cooper). Other areas covered include different ethnicities, sexualities, genders, and abilities. In the first year of the show, it was decided that CEO Michael McKenna's personal assistant, Jenny, should be a solo mother to help draw in that demographic, who statistically would be watching TV at 7 pm. The show has also had a long string of families, such as the Warners, McKennas, Harrisons, Crombies, Hudsons, Jeffries, Valentines, McKays, Coopers, Avia-Levis, Hannahs, and Kings and various teenagers, helping young audiences and families relate to the show.

Production
Shortland Street is produced by South Pacific Pictures, with assistance from Fremantle and Television New Zealand. In the first few years, the production was also assisted by New Zealand On Air.

Today, most of the filming for Shortland Street occurs at South Pacific Pictures West Auckland studios, with Ferndale High School scenes being filmed at the nearby Waitākere College. The exterior shots of the hospital are filmed on location at the Waitakere Studios at an existing section of a building dressed up to appear as the facade of a hospital entrance. Location scenes are filmed in Auckland, but other locations, including Fiji, Mt Ruapehu, Rotorua and Rarotonga have been used.

Originally, Shortland Street was filmed at Browns Bay on the North Shore until their relocation to purpose built studios in West Auckland in 2000. The original Ferndale High School was played by a North Shore college until the studio relocated.
When cast members are hired their contracts are either 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 6 months or a year.

While the name Shortland Street is based on an actual street in Auckland CBD, the only place where the scenes are actually filmed in Auckland CBD is the fictitious Q Road, which is the actual Karangahape Road, better known as K' Rd.

High definition production of Shortland Street started in early 2011, with the first HD episode broadcast on 18 April 2011 on the Freeview HD and Sky platforms.

On 24 July 2018 It was announced that the show will air six nights a week starting in September 2018.

The show has had a reputation for being raunchy and controversial with the very first episode of the show featuring a sex scene between resident "Dr. Love" Chris Warner and his aerobics instructor. Another early controversy was that of a lesbian kiss between Meredith Fleming and Annie Flynn with several complaints made to the Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) but it went no further. It was not until 2008 that the show received its first ever BSA warning, when it featured an oral sex scene in mid-2008 between sexually confused Gerald and a fellow man. A few months later, the show received a second warning for an episode in August 2008 depicting the brutal murder of Craig Valentine, who was beaten unconscious, then set alight in his car. Again, a few months later, the show received yet another warning about a scene in January 2009 where Tania Jeffries hit a gang leader in the head with a hammer.

Scenes aired in April 2010 sparked criticism when Leanne Miller and her daughter Nicole stated that the city of Tauranga was not "gay friendly".

The show caused controversy in August 2010 when the character of Sophie McKay was shown to be being stalked by her university lecturer who she had been dating. This upset the family of murdered girl Sophie Elliott who was killed by her university tutor, Clayton Weatherston, who she had been dating. The similarities upset the families with producer Steven Zanoski saying: "the storyline was a classic and not inspired by real events."

The show's production department received several complaints following the lesbian love storyline involving Maia Jeffries and Jennifer Mason.

A storyline aired in April 2011 which featured the Cooper Family try to go to the beach, but they get confronted by a group of Māori who demand money. This sparked criticism with some saying it was discrimination against Māori people. Maori adviser Ngamaru Raerino stated that viewers shouldn't have jumped to conclusions and should have let the storyline completely unfold which reveals the group are protesting against a corrupt camp owner who had been polluting the beach.

In September 2011, Shortland Street was identified as one of the main influences to people who self-harm, airing two storylines involving suicide attempts.

During 2017, one episode ended with a cliffhanger featuring Chris Warner confronting his son Harry with a 'dick pic' he found on his tablet computer. A video clip of the scene, including the line "Please tell me that is not your penis!", went viral worldwide, even to a point of parody on Jimmy Kimmel Live! recreated by said host and Alec Baldwin. The line was voted the New Zealand quote of the year in a contest held by Massey University.

International

Australia
In Australia, free-to-air digital channel 7Two aired episodes about three years behind until August 2015. Previous Australian broadcasters include: ABC 2010–2011, UKTV 1997–2000, and SBS briefly between 1994 and 1995. The show aired on Fox One for several years, before Foxtel abruptly dropped the show in November 2020, which was attracting only 7,000 viewers per episode overnight (and another 7,000 in consolidated viewing figures). As Shortland Street qualifies as Australian content under the free trade agreement between the two countries, its future on Australian television became unclear for a time. However, it was announced on 16 December 2020 that the series had been picked up by SBS Viceland. The remainder of Season 28 (2020) aired on the SBS On Demand service, before SBS Viceland started broadcasting new episodes in sync with New Zealand (the first time this had happened on Australian television) beginning with Season 29 from 11 January 2021.

Ireland
The show debuted on RTÉ One in October 1997, airing weekdays at 17.30, later moving to 16.50. In more recent years it was broadcast in the mornings; times varied from 10:40-11:55 due to RTÉ One's somewhat fluid morning schedule. This episode was repeated at 17.30 on RTÉ Two. As of August 2022, the show airs weekdays at 14:00 on RTÉ One, repeated at 18:00 on RTÉ Two. Episodes broadcast in the past 30 days are also available on the RTÉ Player.. On the 18 September 2023 however, it returned to being broadcast at 11:40 because of Australian soap drama Neighbours's return.

Episodes are around four years behind New Zealand (about 1'000 episodes). RTÉ has broadcast the show since 1997, making Ireland one of few countries to have aired the series unbroken from the outset since it began. RTÉ do not edit explicit language, however some of the more graphic scenes are edited out on rare occasions.

Pacific
In Fiji, the show has been on air since 1994 screening weekdays on Fiji One usually around 8:30 pm weekdays. It is one of the most popular shows in Fiji. The show is screened on Cook Island Television at 8.00 pm weekdays. It is one of the most popular shows in the Cook Islands.

United Kingdom
In the UK, the series was originally screened on various regions of the ITV network from 1993 to 2003. From 29 March 1993, Central were the first ITV region to screen the soap, beginning in an afternoon timeslot, 15:20–15:50. However, in September 1993, the start time for children's programming block CITV was moved to 15:30, so Shortland Street was moved to lunchtimes at 13:55. Six months later in April 1994 to 2000, it was shown in an early evening timeslot, first at 17:10-17:40 (immediately before the ITN Early Evening News) and, later at 17:30–18:00. Eventually the serial was moved back to the lunchtime slot, 13:00–13:30, from 12 June 2000 and it remained there for over two years.

Meridian become the second region to start the series in mid-1993 around 14:30 until late 2002. Anglia followed in April 1994 and, like Central, aired the show at 17:10.They dropped the series around 2000.

Ulster began broadcasting in April 1994, at 2.50pm. Shortland Street replaced The Young Doctors, which Ulster had completed in the same month.

From May 1994, Border, Granada started showing the series as a replacement for A Country Practice (although some regions continued to air both), broadcast in the afternoons at their own pace in various daytime slots. In January 1995, Tyne Tees and Yorkshire started the series as a replacement for The Young Doctors. By 1999, Granada, Yorkshire and Tyne Tees had all dropped the series entirely, opting for local programming instead, while Border switched the series to a 17:10 slot. By 2001, it was moved to an earlier afternoon timeslot until it dropped altogether in the summer of 2003.

Grampian also started the series in 1994 but it was dropped by late 1998. Scottish have never broadcast Shortland Street. HTV started the series in August 1994, mostly in an afternoon slot but also in an early evening slot for a short time. The series was dropped in early 2000, but reappeared again that May.

From January 2003, the Carlton-owned ITV franchises including Central Television, Westcountry, HTV and Carlton-London networked Shortland Street in an afternoon slot, 14:30–15:00, Monday to Wednesday, with a Thursday episode added a few months later. A special programme was aired (presented by stalwart Shortland Street cast members Michael Galvin (Chris Warner) and Angela Bloomfield (Rachel McKenna)) introducing new viewers from Westcountry and Carlton-London to the show. Viewers in the HTV region skipped a large number of episodes to bring it in line with Central. However, Shortland Street failed to attract a significant audience in its new afternoon slot and was axed completely by ITV and was last shown on 28 August 2003, finishing at episode 2367. Central had shown the serial consecutively for over 10 years. The last franchise to air the show was Meridian, who by now were only airing it on Fridays at 14:30.

Shortland Street returned to British screens on 23 August 2010, when Living began airing two episodes a day from the 2007 season with episodes 3736/3737 which originally aired in New Zealand on 21/22 May 2007 beginning on 23 August 2010 at 15.00–16.00 (and repeated at 10.00 the following morning). However, four weeks into its run the morning repeats were dropped by Living, and as of Monday 20 September moving from 15.00 to 16.00 and 12.00–13.00. As from Monday 27 September 2010, it was shown on Living Loves from 18.00 to 19.00 Monday to Friday with five repeat episodes shown on Saturday and Sunday mornings. After just over two months on-air it was cancelled by Sky with the final episode shown on 29 October 2010. The show has not aired in the UK since.

Canada
In Canada, the series was aired on the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network during 2001 and 2002.

South Africa
In previous years, South Pacific Pictures publicity has claimed the show was sold to South Africa. Journalists have used it to demonstrate Shortland Street'''s interracial appeal.Wilson, Tim "Street Cred" Metro May 1999 pp. 71–77

Ukraine
A licensed version of the show started production in Ukraine in 2016 called "Central Hospital" (Центральна лікарня) with an initial run of 60 episodes.

ZimbabweShortland Street'' was broadcast on Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation's TV 1.

References

External links

New Zealand television soap operas
1992 New Zealand television series debuts
1990s New Zealand television series
2000s New Zealand television series
2010s New Zealand television series
2020s New Zealand television series
Medical television series
Television shows funded by NZ on Air
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Fictional streets and roads
TVNZ 2 original programming
Television shows set in Auckland
Television series by All3Media
Television series by South Pacific Pictures
English-language television shows

Shortland Street


Asenvågøy fyr (norsk:Asenvågøy fyrstasjon) er et fyr som ligger nord på Asen, omkring 9 km nordvest for Lysøysund i Bjugn kommune i Sør-Trøndelag fylke i Norge.

Fyret stod færdig i 1921 og blev oprettet for at sikre trafikken under sildefiskeriet mellem Stoksund og Lysøysundet. Fyret har en unik havn hvor man kan lægge til uanset vejret.

6. oktober 1975 blev fyret automatiseret og derfor uden mandskab. Stiftelsen Frohavet har i dag overtaget driften af fyret og om sommeren er der i perioder omvisning på fyret.

Se også
 Fyrtårne i Norge

Kilder
 Norsk fyrliste 2008 – side 423
 fyr.no

Eksterne henvisninger

 Asenvågsøya Fyrs Venner

Fyrtårne i Trøndelag
Etableret i 1921
Bjugn

Asenvågøy fyr


«We Found Love» —en español: «Encontramos el amor»— es una canción interpretada por la cantante barbadense Rihanna, con la colaboración del DJ y productor británico Calvin Harris. Publicada como sencillo principal de su sexto álbum de estudio, Talk That Talk (2011), fue compuesta a manera de canción dance pop y electro house de medio tempo, que también contiene elementos de europop, pop, techno, trance y eurodisco, en la cual la cantante habla de «encontrar el amor donde no hay esperanza».

La canción recibió buena crítica, además de que se elogió su composición musical y la interpretación vocal de Rihanna, sin embargo, algunos críticos consideraron que el contenido lírico de la canción era escaso. «We Found Love» alcanzó el número 1 en su sexta semana en el Billboard Hot 100, dando a Rihanna el récord de la artista que ha acumulado veinte sencillos entre los diez primeros puestos en la historia del Billboard Hot 100 en el menor tiempo posible. Con la canción convirtiéndose en el undécimo número uno, Rihanna se ha convertido en la séptima artista en la historia de los cincuenta y tres años del Billboard en tener por lo menos once sencillos número uno, empatando con Whitney Houston en el tercer lugar entre las mujeres con más sencillos números uno, solo por detrás de Madonna (doce) y Mariah Carey (dieciocho). La canción también se mantuvo en el número 1 en los Estados Unidos por diez semanas no consecutivas, superando así a sus antecesores «Umbrella» y «Love the Way You Lie», quienes lograron mantenerse allí por siete semanas consecutivas, además se convirtió en la canción con más larga estadía en el número 1 por una artista femenina en Billboard Hot 100 desde la canción «Irreplaceable» de Beyoncé, canción que también logró diez semanas en el número 1. Hasta la fecha, «We Found Love» ha vendido más de 5.400.000 descargas en Estados Unidos, según Nielsen SoundScan. En otros lugares, «We Found Love» alcanzó el puesto número 1 en Nueva Zelanda, Dinamarca, Francia, Canadá, Irlanda, Suecia, Finlandia, Noruega, Alemania, Suiza y el Reino Unido, y ha alcanzado los cinco primeros puestos en Australia, Italia, España, Países Bajos, Bélgica y Corea del Sur. El 2 de septiembre del 2013 la revista Billboard publicó su lista Hot 100 55th Anniversary: The All-Time Top 100 Songs donde se ubicó en la posición n.º 24 de las canciones más importantes de todos los tiempos. En lo que va de la década se ubicó en el lugar número 2 solo por debajo de «Party Rock Anthem» y a su vez fue catalogada como la mejor canción en el mismo periodo de tiempo según la misma revista.

El video de la canción fue dirigido por Melina Matsoukas y presenta la relación de Rihanna con su novio como si fuera una droga y cómo su adicción a cada uno de ellos resulta con la cantante dejando a su novio a causa de su carácter posesivo. El vídeo recibió una respuesta mixta de los críticos, y señaló que el video alude fuertemente al asalto del exnovio Chris Brown a Rihanna. Aunque hasta 2011 se peleaban el puesto las canciones «Umbrella» y «S&M», hoy en día la canción más exitosa de Rihanna es «We Found Love» por el increíble y rápido éxito obtenido, sobre todo en el ámbito radial y comercial, el video de la canción ganó un premio Grammy por mejor video musical en formato corto en la ceremonia de estos del 2013.

Antecedentes y lanzamiento

Después del lanzamiento y el éxito de su álbum anterior, Loud (2010), la cantante reveló a través de Twitter que el álbum sería relanzado con nuevas canciones en el otoño de 2011, escribiendo: «La era Loud continúa con más música nueva para agregar a su colección».
En septiembre de 2011, Rihanna usó Twitter para confirmar que los planes para la reedición de Loud''' había sido desechados, con la cantante Twiteando: «I thought about a RihRelease, but LOUD is its own body of work! Plus you guys work so fucking hard that you deserve to act brand new»/ «Pensé en un Rihlanzamiento, ¡pero Loud es un trabajo con un cuerpo propio! Además de que ustedes chicos trabajan tan condenadamente duro que ustedes se merecen algo nuevo». El 19 de septiembre de 2011, Rihanna provocó más entusiasmo entre sus seguidores en Twitter cuando la cantante publicó que estaba escuchando la canción, sólo para ser retwiteado por Calvin Harris, quien respondió: «Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place»/«A veces se siente como si encontraramos el amor en un lugar sin esperanza», sugiriendo que su respuesta contenía la lírica de la canción. En una entrevista con Capital FM, Harris explicó que los seguidores de Rihanna en Twitter le habían enviado mensajes a él con respecto a sus expectativas de la canción, diciendo: «Es mejor que la canción no sea basura», lo que Harris interpreta como algo amenazante, pero llegó a decir que «todo es parte de la diversión». «We Found Love» se estrenó en el Reino Unido el 22 de septiembre de 2011, en capital FM radio. name="MAINSTREAM"/}} La canción fue lanzada a través de iTunes el 22 de septiembre de 2011, en Australia, Francia, Italia y los Estados Unidos.

 Portada
La portada de «We Found Love» fue revelada el 21 de septiembre de 2011 por la propia cantante, mediante su cuenta de Twitter, luego de que publicara un enlace externo hacia la imagen. Junto a ello, escribió:

En la fotografía se puede observar a Rihanna con un look serio, rudo, casi masculino, en una fotografía que aparece en blanco y negro mientras camina por una calle. Nuevamente aparece el logo «R» que siempre ha identificado a la cantante, solo que en esta oportunidad está elaborado con diversas palabras y en distinto orden, y el texto «feat. Calvin Harris». Un crítico de la revista Sugar Magazine, escribió: «En cualquier otro sería un aspecto muy extraño, pero Rihanna de alguna manera hace una sobrecarga que se ven bien». Un crítico de Neon Limelight comentó que Rihanna parece estar adoptando una imagen poco femenina para el nuevo proyecto, escribiendo: «Ella realmente va por ese sexy marimacho; el aspecto relajado reina en la portada del sencillo».

 Composición
«We Found Love» es una canción electro house y dance-pop. También muestra elementos de europop, pop, techno y trance. Glen Gamboa de Newsday describió «We Found Love» como la versión dominante del dubstep. De acuerdo con la hoja de música digital publicada en musicnotes.com, la canción está escrita en la tonalidad de Sol bemol mayor y se ha fijado en 120 latidos por minuto. La instrumentación de «We Found Love» se compone de campanas de alarma, un teclado, sintetizadores y tiempo en 4/4. También se hace uso de pitidos, bloops, ruidos zumbidos, loops electrónicos y ritmos complejos.

El rango vocal de Rihanna en la canción abarca una octava, desde la nota más baja de Do ♯ 4 a la nota más alta de Do ♯ 5. Elan Priya de NME comentó que Rihanna suena muy relajada, y Bill Lamb de About.com escribió que su voz es sencilla y espontánea. Leah Collins de The Vancouver Sun escribió que la voz de Rihanna en «We Found Love» es similar a la de «Fly». De acuerdo con Elan, el teclado que trabaja en la canción se parece al de «Only Girl (In the World)» y la melodía es similar a la de «Complicated», un tema tomado de su quinto álbum de estudio Loud. Del mismo modo Miguel Cragg de The Guardian señaló que «We Found Love» está en la misma línea que «Only Girl (In the World)», en relación con su ritmo bailable.

El contenido lírico de la canción es de recambio y en gran parte gira en torno a Rihanna cantando, «We Found Love in a hopeless place/ encontramos amor en un lugar sin esperanza». Jody Rosen de la revista Rolling Stone la describió como algo a medias romántico. Rihanna canta acerca de la búsqueda del amor en un lugar sin esperanza. Rihanna comienza la canción con voz de falsete aireado como ella canta, «Yellow diamons in the light, and we're standing side by side, as your shadow crosses mine, what it takes to come alive/ Diamantes amarillos en la luz, ahora están de lado a lado, como tu sombra cruza a la mía, lo que se necesita para volver a la vida». El coro de la canción es esencialmente basado en una línea de conexión. Michael Cragg comentó que el primer coro es casi dejado de un lado para un favor de un gran pedazo de Harris, antes de que ingresen en el segundo coro. El coro en repetidas ocasiones gira a lo largo de la canción. En el segundo verso, canta: «Shine a light through an open door, love and life I will divide, turn away cause I need you more, feel the heartbeat in my mind. It's the way I'm feeling I just can't deny, but I've gotta let it go/ Brilla una luz a través de una puerta abierta, amor y vida dividiré, aléjate porque te necesito más, siento el latido del corazón en mi mente. Es la forma en que me estoy sintiendo y no lo puedo negar, pero tengo que dejarlo ir».

 Crítica

La canción fue recibida con una respuesta mixta por parte de los fanáticos, que esperaban algo más urbano y también por parte de los críticos de la música que generalmente eran críticos con la polarización simplificada del contenido lírico. Un crítico de la revista Instint elogió la canción, escribiendo que «We Found Love» no marca un alejamiento de las canciones de baile del material que Rihanna debutó en Loud, pero sin duda cuenta con una mayor energía. Del mismo modo, Michael Cragg de The Guardian comentó que la canción toma la dirección dance en alusión a «Only Girl (In the World)» y continúa con el lanzamiento de canciones similares, haciendo referencia a «We Found Love». Cragg también comparó la canción con el reciente sencillo de Leona Lewis, «Collide», pero criticó la estructura de la canción, diciendo que la lírica es un poco extraña. Él terminó su revisión, explicando que de cualquier manera, podría haber recitado la conferencia de Nick Clegg del miércoles sobre el sonido de Harris y sería un éxito. Describieron «We Found Love» como un himno de club en el sentido más amplio, Glen Gamboa de Newsday comparó también dijo que la canción es más una más ágil, la versión corriente de dubstep, el material de Harris es conocido por la producción de Kylie Minogue.

Elan Priya de NME empezó por un comentario negativo: Por ahora es bastante habitual tener la mandíbula en el suelo al escuchar el primer sencillo de un álbum de Rihanna, «Pon De Replay», «SOS», «Umbrella», «Only Girl (In The World)» y «Russian Roulette». A pesar de felicitar a Rihanna por hacer sonar la pista muy relajada, Elan concluyó diciendo que el efecto del conjunto es decepcionante. Continuó escribiendo que en lugar de reinventar la rueda pop. Rihanna repite: «We Found Love in a hopeless place/ Hemos encontrado el amor en un lugar sin esperanza» aproximadamente 350 veces, con la esperanza que empiece a significar algo, es el peor sencillo de la carrera de Rihanna. Es probable que encabeze la lista Hot 100 de todas formas.

Amanda Dobbins de New York Magazine elogió la composición de la canción, escribiendo las huellas digitales electro de Harris están en todo esto, juega como una pista directamente, con algunas soñadoras voces de Rihanna añadido más. Robbie Daw de Idolator comentó que la letra de la canción, con especial énfasis en la línea «We Found Love in a hopeless place», es posiblemente la mejor letra de la música pop en lo que va de 2011. Scott Shelter PopCrush escribió: «'We Found Love' es bailable, pero se siente mucho más brillante que un club típico». Leah Collins de The Vancouver Sun inicialmente elogió el desempeño vocal de Rihanna en la canción, escribiendo que suaviza su voz, y agrega: «su desempeño es más que nada la repetición de la línea "We Found Love in a hopeless place", parece pasar a un segundo repetitivo de Harris con el sintetizador». Del mismo modo, Amos Barshad de Grantland criticó la interpretación vocal de la cantante, que calificó de una idea de último momento completa antes de concluir: «Las personas que asisten regularmente a la fiesta Electric Zoo». Un crítico de GlobalGrind comentó sobre la letra, lo que sugiere que tal vez hay un mensaje oculto en la canción para su exnovio Chris Brown, en la línea de «We Found Love in a hopeless place».

 Rendimiento comercial
Al principio, la salida del sencillo causó diferentes opiniones en los críticos y fanáticos, los cuales dudaban del éxito de esta canción a nivel mundial, principalmente en Estados Unidos, donde canciones como Sexy and I Know It de LMFAO y Someone like You de Adele, peleaban por el primer lugar. Sin embargo, la canción logró ser un enorme éxito en Estados Unidos y a nivel mundial, rompiendo las expectativas y siendo, hasta la fecha el sencillo más exitoso de Rihanna, debido al gran éxito comercial y radial.

 Australia

«We Found Love»  hizo su debut en la lista de sencillos de Nueva Zelanda el 26 de septiembre de 2011, en el número catorce, y alcanzó el número dos en su segunda, Luego bajó a la posición número tres en su tercera semana, en la cuarta logró recuperar en número dos y en su quinta semana alcanzó el número uno, desplazando a «Somebody That I Used to Now» de Gotye, y al lograr estar en la posición más alta de la lista, la canción se convirtió en el quinto sencillo de Rihanna en lograrlo en ese país. La canción estuvo 9 semanas en el número uno, y cayó al segundo lugar en la décima semana al ser reemplazada por «I'm Sexy And I Know It» y logró ser certificada con tres platinos por parte de la RIANZ. En Australia, «We Found Love» debutó en la lista australiana el 9 de octubre de 2011, en el número tres., en su segunda semana en la lista, «We Found Love» cayó al cuarto lugar, pero alcanzó el puesto número dos en su tercera semana donde permaneció por cinco semanas consecutivas. En el 2013, la canción logró ser certificada con seis discos de platino por las ventas de más de 420.000 copias, siendo hasta la fecha la canción con ventas más altas de Rihanna en dicho país.

 América del Norte

En los Estados Unidos, la canción debutó en el Billboard Hot 100, el 28 de septiembre de 2011, en el número dieciséis. «We Found Love» se convirtió el segundo debut más alto de Rihanna de sus treinta y uno entradas de tabla, con el más alto siendo la colaboración con Eminem, «Love the Way You Lie», que debutó en el número dos el 10 de julio de 2010. A la semana siguiente, «We Found Love» alcanzó el número nueve, dando a Rihanna el récord de artista solista que ha acumulado veinte sencillos entre los diez primeros lugares en el menor tiempo posible, en un lapso de seis años y cuatro meses, superando el récord anteriormente en manos de Madonna, quien logró alcanzar veinte entre los diez primeros en un plazo de seis años y nueve meses. En su tercera semana en la lista, aumentó del número nueve a siete en la lista Hot 100 y se levantó de nuevo al número seis en su cuarta semana. En su quinta semana en el gráfico, la canción alcanzó el número dos, siendo imposible alcanzar la posición uno por «Someone like You» de Adele. En su sexta semana, alcanzó el número uno en el Billboard Hot 100, dando a Rihanna su undécimo número en la tabla. Con «We Found Love» convirtiéndose en el undécimo de la cantante en el Hot 100, Rihanna se ha convertido en la séptimo artista en la historia de 53 años de la tabla en lograr por lo menos once sencillos números uno, detrás de los Beatles (20), Mariah Carey (18), Michael Jackson (13), Madonna (12), The Supremes (12) y empata con Whitney Houston, que también ha alcanzado el colocar once números uno en la lista. Además, Rihanna se mueve en el tercer lugar, empatando con Houston, de las artistas femeninas con más sencillos número uno, detrás de Carey y Madonna. «We Found Love» ha pasó ocho semanas consecutivas en la cima de la lista Billboard Hot 100, y tras haber caído por dos semanas al número dos, finalmente logra recuperar la primera posición, estando así un total de 10 semanas en el número uno siendo la canción con más tiempo en dicha posición por una artista femenina en lo que va de la década, y es la segunda en total solo detrás de Blurred Lines. Hasta la fecha la canción ha vendido 5.400.000 copias en los Estados Unidos Dando a Rihanna el segundo sencillo más exitoso en dicho país solo detrás de Love The Way You Lie

«We Found Love» debutó en el número siete en el Hot Digital Songs, con las ventas de descargas digitales de 117.000 después de sólo cuatro días de acuerdo a Nielsen SoundScan. En su quinta semana, la canción alcanzó el número uno, con unas ventas de 231.000 copias, este es su undécimo número uno en la tabla Digital Songs, ampliando su registro. La canción pasó una segunda semana en el número uno en la lista, con unas ventas de 243.000 copias, con lo que las ventas totales de 1.057.000 de copias vendidas, marcando el vigésimo sencillo de Rihanna en alcanzar la marca de un millón de copias vendidas, extendiendo su récord siendo la mayor entre las mujeres. La canción logró liderar la lista de Radio Songs por un total de 12 semanas, siendo así la canción que más tiempo ha durado en dicha posición en lo que va de la década. El 12 de octubre de 2011, la canción debutó en el número treinta y nueve en la lista Hot Dance Club Songs y también debutó en el número veintiuno en la tabla Pop Songs. Alcanzó el número uno en el Hot Club Dance Songs y el número siete en Pop Songs. El 16 de noviembre de 2011, «We Found Love» debutó en el número cuarenta y uno en Latin Pop Songs.

La canción debutó en el Canadian Hot 100 chart en el número diez y alcanzó el número uno en su sexta semana, donde permaneció cuatro semanas, hasta que fue sustituida por «Sexy And I Know It», y para la siguiente semana logró recuperar la primera posición y permaneció allí otras dos semanas, de esta manera logró pasar 6 semanas no consecutivas en el número uno.

En México, la canción fue la más escuchada del 2012, y Where Have You Been, su segundo sencillo del disco Talk That Talk fue la tercera más escuchada de ese mismo año.

 Europa

En Europa, la canción debutó en la lista de sencillos de Dinamarca en el número doce el 30 de septiembre de 2011, en su segunda semana logró alcanzar el número uno y permanecer allí durante seis semanas no consecutivas, y en marzo de 2013 la canción fue certificada dos veces platino por la IFPI.http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content/rihanna-we-found-love «We Found Love» también debutó tanto en las listas Flandes y Valonia de Bélgica el 1 de octubre de 2011, en los números catorce y veintitrés, respectivamente, y en su segunda semana en ambas cartas, la canción alcanzó el número tres en la región de Flandes y el número dos en la región de Valonia y en el año siguiente año la canción fue certificada platino.http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2012

«We Found Love» también debutó en los diez primeros en Noruega y Países Bajos, en los números tres y ocho, respectivamente. En su segunda semana en el gráfico, la canción alcanzó el número uno en Noruega y permaneció allí por nueve semanas consecutivas. En Francia, debutó en la lista el 29 de septiembre de 2011, en la ubicación número 15 y alcanzó el número uno a la siguiente semana, permaneciendo allí cinco semanas consecutivas. Debutó en el número cuarenta y seis en España y saltó al número dos semanas luego. En Suiza la canción debutó en el número tres y dos semanas después logró estar en el número uno, luego de estar dos semanas en la primera posición bajo a la segunda y se mantuvo allí 3 semanas, para volver de nuevo al número uno, logrando así permanecer tres semanas en esa posición. Y en el 2012 la canción fue certificada doble platino en ese país.

En el Reino Unido, debutó como número uno con 87.000 ejemplares vendidos en UK Singles Chart, Uk Dance Chart y UK Digital Chart el 9 de octubre de 2011, a pesar de sólo haber sido puestos en libertad durante cuatro días. Con «We Found Love» debutando en la cima de la lista, la cantante ha establecido un récord al convertirse en la primera artista solista femenina en estar arriba de la tabla seis veces en cinco años consecutivos, de acuerdo con Digital Spy. «We Found Love» se mantuvo en la cima de la tabla por segunda semana consecutiva con ventas de 106.553 copias. En su tercera semana en la lista de sencillos, la canción mantuvo su posición número uno, vendiendo 92.000 copias. En su cuarta semana en el gráfico, la canción vendió 85.453 copias y se deslizó a la tercera posición. Con la venta de 85.453 copias en el número tres, es la venta más alta en el número tres. A pesar de caer al número tres, la canción alcanzó su posición número uno durante una semana por cuarta vez en la lista UK Dance. A la semana siguiente, subió al dos antes de pasar la cuarta semana no consecutiva en el número uno la semana siguiente. La canción logró la quinta semana no consecutivos en el número uno, el 20 de noviembre de 2011, lo que significa que Rihanna ha superado a Adele como la artista en estar más tiempo en el número uno en el 2011, con un total de seis semanas. En el Reino Unido, la canción ha vendido 732.896 copias en nueve semanas. y para mediados de julio del 2013 la canción ya había superado las 1.300.000 copias vendidas, con lo cual la BPI le otorgó dos discos de platino, de igual manera es la novena canción más vendida de la década en ese país.

En Alemania entró en listas en el número uno el 28 de octubre de 2011. Fue el cuarto número uno de Rihanna en Alemania donde permaneció por tres semanas. «We Found Love» ha pasado siete semanas consecutivas en el número uno en Irlanda.En Suecia la canción debutó en el número 37, en su segunda semana alcanzó el número 8, y finalmente en la tercera logró llegar al número uno donde permancio cinco semanas consecutivas.

 Video musical

 Desarrollo
El video musical de «We Found Love» fue filmado el 26, 27 y 28 de septiembre de 2011, en Country Down, Irlanda del Norte. El video fue filmado en un campo en la ciudad de Bangor, County Down, durante su gira europea Loud Tour y fue dirigido por Melina Matsoukas, que había dirigido previamente los videos de «Rude Boy» (2010), y el controversial «S&M» (2011). Durante el rodaje, un número de residentes comenzaron a conducir alrededor de la ubicación del rodaje, llamando a la BBC para informarle que el tráfico en la zona estaba congestionado, debido a que los conductores estaban tratando de ver a la cantante. Fotos de Rihanna se filtraron en la Internet ese mismo día. El dueño del campo, Alan Graham, expresó su desagrado con respecto a la escena en que Rihanna deja al descubierto sus senos en su campo, y pidió a la producción que dejara de filmar, diciendo: «Cuando la filmación se hizo en mi mente inaceptable pedí que detuvieran el rodaje. Se me hizo evidente que la situación se estaba volviendo inadecuada, exigí que se detuvieran y lo hicieron». Como el agricultor solicitó que el rodaje del video se detuviera, la ubicación de rodaje fue trasladada a un lugar cerrado en el barrio Titanic de Belfast, el 28 de septiembre de 2011, donde se continuó con el rodaje del video, sin fotógrafos o aficionados que se les permita ver a nada. El video tuvo críticas positivas, pues se le elogió su calidad de imagen, edición y trasfondo, siendo ganador del Grammy en la categoría de "Mejor Video Musical en formato corto" en 2013 y ganando "Video Del Año" en los MTV Video Music Awards en 2012.

Se informó que a los extras no se les informó acerca de lo que se esperaba de ellos hasta un período de tiempo muy corto de antemano, con el fin de mantener el contenido del video al mayor secreto posible. En lo que respecta al contenido del video, Rihanna publicó un mensaje en su cuenta de Twitter escribiendo: «Realmente no puedo dejar de pensar en este video que acabo de filmar! fácilmente es el mejor video que he hecho hasta ahora!». Rihanna explicó con más detalle el concepto del video, diciendo: Nunca había hecho un video como este. Este es probablemente uno de los más profundos videos que he hecho, su todo sobre el amor que es como una droga. El interés de hombres en el amor es el modelo y exboxeador Dudley O'Shaughnessy. Después del lanzamiento del video, Matsoukas explicó el contenido del vídeo en una entrevista con MTV:
«Nos encanta, obviamente, hacer imágenes provocativas, pero siempre tratamos de impulsar definitivamente los límites. Creo que es porque, al final, en realidad no es en absoluto la violencia doméstica. Es realmente acerca de que es tóxico, y que están en este viaje de drogas, que sin duda juega un papel, pero creo que también se trata de ser triunfante sobre las debilidades y ella lo es por que lo deja. No es tratando de glorificar a ese tipo de relación. Las partes malas de él, eso es lo que no queremos. Al final, su salida, que representa que lo consigue sacar fuera de su vida. Las drogas, la adicción a los tóxicos y el, eso es lo que lleva a su caída y trae un montón de daños».

También en una entrevista, la directora pasó a explicar el contenido con respecto a la violencia en el hogar de Rihanna, diciendo que no es una recreación de la experiencia pasada de la cantante, sino que Rihanna está actuando en el video, diciendo:

«La canción es totalmente un delirio y esa es la sensación, sólo la música corriendo en ti, y entonces empecé a pensar acerca de las drogas, la adicción, el amor y la forma en que es una adicción, todos hemos vivido los altibajos de estar en una relación tóxica. En realidad se trata de los obstáculos que representa dejarlo ir, pero al mismo tiempo lo bueno que te hace sentir, así que es difícil dejarlo ir. Una vez más, se remonta a una historia que todos nos podemos identificar. No es la historia de Rihanna, es su historia en el video, que lo realiza. Obviamente, hay un montón de comparaciones con su vida real, y eso no es en absoluto la intención. Es sólo que creo que la gente naturalmente debe ir allí porque el arte imita la vida, y es una historia con la que todos se relacionan y que hemos experimentado todos. Al igual, se basa en mi vida, se basa en su vida, se basa en tu vida, como todo el mundo».

El video oficial contó para agosto de 2015 con más de 500 millones de visitas en YouTube.

 Sinopsis

El video comienza con un monólogo sobre el amor y la angustia por un narrador invisible, la modelo Agyness Deyn: «It's like you're screaming but no one can hear. You almost feel ashamed that someone could be that important, that without them, you feel like nothing. No one will ever understand how much it hurts. You feel hopeless, like nothing can save you. And when it's over and it's gone, you almost wish that you could have all that bad stuff back so you can have the good./ Es como si estuvieras gritando, pero nadie pudiera oírte. Casi te sientes avergonzada de que alguien pueda ser tan importante, que sin él, te sientes como si no fueras nada. Nadie jamás va a entender lo mucho que duele. Te sientes sin esperanza, como si nada pudiera salvarte. Y cuando todo ha terminado y él se ha ido, deseas poder tener todas esas cosas malas de nuevo para al menos tener algo bueno.» Varias escenas de Rihanna y su amante se intercalan a lo largo de la narración, que representa situaciones diferentes entre sí. Las escenas entrecortadas muestran a la pareja en escenarios de amor y odio. Antes de que el audio de la canción comience, los rayos se proyectan en una pared en la que Rihanna está de pie. El primer verso comienza, Rihanna y su amante, una vez más demostrado en multitud de escenarios diferentes, que representan la forma más completa de enamorados entre sí, mientras que la participación en actividades divertidas, como ir a los juegos en un parque de atracciones y comer en restaurantes de comida rápida. En el coro, las imágenes de las drogas, varias pastillas y dilatación de las pupilas se muestran, mientras que las escenas breves de Rihanna y su novio preparándose para tener relaciones sexuales y sus varios grados de desnudez se muestran.

El coro continúa y el video abruptamente da cortes de Rihanna y otras personas bailando con la música. Calvin Harris funciona como el DJ en la escena. Cuando el segundo coro comienza, Rihanna y su novio se ven felices corriendo frenéticamente en un supermercado, empujándose unos a otros en un carrito de compra. Esta escena es interrumpida cuando Rihanna y su novio, empiezan a discutir airadamente mientras están en un coche, el video luego progresivamente muestra a la pareja experimentando crecientes dificultades en su relación. La pareja empieza a abusar físicamente entre sí, posiblemente debido al abuso de drogas. Es durante el coro final en donde Rihanna se ve vomitando, también es vista desmayada en la calle mientras su novio trata de revivirla. Después de aparentemente tener lo suficiente, Rihanna decide dejar a su novio después de encontrarlo inconsciente en el piso de su apartamento. El video termina con Rihanna acurrucada en el rincón de una habitación, llorando.

 Presentaciones en vivo y versiones
«We Found Love» se llevó a cabo por primera vez el 14 de noviembre de 2011 en uno de los conciertos de Rihanna en su gira Loud Tour en Londres. Ella interpretó la canción justo después de su exitoso sencillo «Umbrella». El 17 de noviembre de 2011 Rihanna cantó la canción en la primera temporada de The X Factor USA. Durante la presentación Rihanna vistiendo jeans rotos y una chaqueta de aviador con luces de neón. El 12 de febrero de 2023, Rihanna la interpretó en vivo como parte del espectáculo de medio tiempo del Super Bowl LVII.

La banda británica de rock alternativo Coldplay hizo un cover de la canción el 27 de octubre de 2011, durante una actuación en el Live Lounge BBC Radio 1. Jocelyn Vena de MTV News llamado el rendimiento como algo impecable. Jason Lipshutz de la revista Billboard también señaló que la banda utiliza un piano, un bombo y una guitarra para transmitir la declaración romántica de la canción, al tiempo que haciendo una balada con reminiscencia de Bruno Mars y Katy Perry. Matthew Perpetua de la revista Rolling Stone escribió: «Puede sorprender que su versión es realmente muy buena, mientras que la versión de Rihanna es un himno de golpes rave, Chris Martin y compañía lo transformaron en una balada de piano encantadora casi indistinguible de muchas de sus propias canciones». Un escritor de The Hollywood Reporter, dijo: «La voz de Martin se mezcla con el piano para una toma un poco más suave en la trágica historia de amor». El reparto de Glee'' versionó la canción en el episodio de la tercera temporada ¨Yes/No¨. La concursante Diana Hetea de The X Factor Rumania llevó a cabo «We Found Love» en la gala de la Elección Pública el 10 de diciembre de 2011. A pesar del mal de la laringitis, el rendimiento de Hetea fue elogiada por tres jueces que lo llamaron el complemento perfecto para ella, tanto visual como verbalmente.

Listado de canciones

Posicionamiento en listas

Semanales

Certificaciones

Historial de lanzamientos

Véase también
 Anexo:Sencillos número uno del Billboard Hot 100 (década de 2010)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de Rihanna

Sencillos de 2011
Sencillos de Rihanna
Sencillos de Calvin Harris
Sencillos de música electrónica
Sencillos de dance pop
Canciones producidas por Calvin Harris
Canciones en inglés
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Hot 100
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Pop Songs
Sencillos número uno en la Dance Club Songs de Billboard
Sencillos número uno en Reino Unido
Sencillos número uno en Alemania
Sencillos número uno en Canadian Hot 100
Sencillos número uno en Dinamarca
Sencillos número uno en Finlandia
Sencillos número uno en Francia
Sencillos número uno en Irlanda
Sencillos número uno en Israel
Sencillos número uno en Noruega
Sencillos número uno en Nueva Zelanda
Sencillos número uno en Suecia
Sencillos número uno en Suiza
Sencillos certificados de triple platino por la Recording Industry Association of America
Sencillos certificados de triple platino por la Australian Recording Industry Association
Sencillos certificados de doble platino por la British Phonographic Industry
Sencillos certificados de doble platino por la IFPI de Suiza
Sencillos certificados de doble platino por la IFPI de Dinamarca
Sencillos certificados de multi platino por la Federación de la Industria Musical Italiana
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Belgian Entertainment Association
Sencillos certificados de platino por Productores de Música de España
Sencillos certificados de oro por la Bundesverband Musikindustrie
Vídeos musicales certificados por VEVO
Canciones número uno de LOS40 (España)
Ganadores del premio Grammy al mejor vídeo musical
Ganadores del MTV Video Music Award a vídeo del año
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Digital Songs
Sencillos certificados de diamante por la Recording Industry Association of America

We Found Love


Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije Sjedinjenih Država (eng.: United States Special Operations Command, USSOCOM ili SOCOM) je združeno borbeno zapovjedništvo Oružanih snaga Sjedinjenih Američkih Država koje nadgleda komponente snaga za specijalne operacije Vojske, Mornarice, Korpusa marinaca i Zračne snage Sjedinjenih Država. Svaka od grana Oružanih snaga ima svoje zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije, a postoji i Združeno zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije (Joint Special Operations Command, JSOC) koje objedinjuje specijalne postrojbe "prvog reda" iz svih grana Oružanih snaga. U SAD-u i nekim državama Commonwealtha se koristi termin snage za specijalne operacije (special operations forces; SOF) jer pojam "specijalne snage" izravno označava "Zelene beretke", odnosno Specijalne snage Američke vojske.

Podčinjena zapovjedništva Zapovjedništva za specijalne operacije su: Združeno zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije, Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije Vojske, Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije snaga Korpusa marinaca, Zapovjedništvo mornaričkog specijalnog ratovanja, Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije Zračne snage.

Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije je osnovano 16. travnja 1987. nakon istraga i preporuka nakon neuspješnog pokušaja oslobađanja američkih taoca iz američkog veleposlanstva u Tehranu 1980. Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije je jedno od četiri funkcionalna borbena zapovjedništva Oružanih snaga SAD-a uz Kibernetičko zapovjedništvo, Strateško zapovjedništvo i Transportno zapovjedništvo. Uz funkcionalna postoji i šest geografskih borbenih zapovjedništava koje svakom zapovjedništvu daju odgovornost nad dijelom svijeta. Zapovjednik SOCOM-a je časnik u činu generala.

Povijest

Neracionalna struktura zapovjedništva i kontrole raznih odvojenih američkih postrojbi za specijalne operacije (SOF), koja je dovela do neuspjeha spašavanja američkih taoca iz američkog veleposlanstva u Tehranu u operaciji Orlova kandža 1980., naglasila je potrebu unutar Departmana obrane za reformom i reorganizacijom. Od incidenta, načelnik Glavnog stožera Vojske Sjedinjenih Država, general Edward C. Meyer, pozvao je na daljnje restrukturiranje sposobnosti specijalnih operacija. Iako neuspješan na razini Oružanih snaga, Meyer je ipak nastavio konsolidirati američke SOF pod novim 1. zapovjedništvom za specijalne operacije 1982.

Do 1983. godine u Kongresu je rasla svijest o potrebi za vojnim reformama. U lipnju je Senatski odbor za Oružane snage (SASC) predvođen senatorom Barryjem Goldwaterom započeo dvogodišnje istraživanje Departmana obrane, koje je uključivalo ispitivanje postrojbi za specijalne operacije. Ministarstvo obrane je 1. siječnja 1984. osnovalo Zajedničku agenciju za specijalne operacije; međutim, ta agencija nije imala ni operativnu ni zapovjednu vlast nad postrojbama za specijalne operacije. Zajednička agencija za posebne operacije nije učinila mnogo na poboljšanju spremnosti i sposobnosti specijalnih postrojbi.

I Zastupnički dom i Senat Kongresa su donijeli zakone o reformi snaga za specijalne operacije, a potom su predstavnici Senata i Zastupničkog doma sklopili kompromis. Zakon je pozvao na uspostavu ujedinjenog borbenog zapovjedništva na čelu s generalom od četiri zvjezdice za sve postrojbe za specijalne operacije i pomoćnikom ministra za obranu za specijalne operacije i sukobima niskog intenziteta, Koordinacijskim odborom za sukobe niskog intenziteta unutar Vijeća za nacionalnu sigurnost, te novi Program glavnih snaga (MFP-11) za snage za specijalne operacije (takozvana "čekovna knjižica snaga za specijalne operacije"). Američki Kongres je odlučio prisiliti Ministarstvo obrane i predsjedničku administraciju na potrebene reforme.

Predsjednik Ronald Reagan odobrio je uspostavu novog Zapovjedništva 13. travnja 1987. Departman obrane je aktiviralo Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije (USSOCOM) 16. travnja 1987. i imenovalo generala Jamesa Lindsaya za prvog zapovjednika Zapovjedništva za specijalne operacije. Senat ga je prihvatio bez rasprave.

Prva taktička operacija novoosnovanog Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije bila je operacija Iskrena volja (Earnest Will) u rujnu 1987. koja je trebala osigurati nesmetani i sigurni prolazak tankera za naftu i drugih trgovačkih brodova neutralnih država kroz Perzijski zaljev za vrijeme Iransko-iračkog rata. U operaciji je sudjelovala 160. avijacijska pukovnija za specijalne operacije, Navy SEALsi i Specijalni plovilni timovi.

Iranski napadi na tankere su potaknuli Kuwait da od Sjedinjenih Država u prosincu 1986. zatraži registraciju 11 kuwaitskih tankera kao američkih brodova kako bi ih pratila Mornarica Sjedinjenih Država. Predsjednik Reagan pristao je na zahtjev Kuwaita 10. ožujka 1987., nadajući se da će to spriječiti iranske napade. Međutim, zaštita koju su pružili američki brodovi nije zaustavila Iran, koji je koristio mine i male čamce kako bi uznemiravao convoye koji su se kretali prema Kuwaitu.

Krajem srpnja 1987., vice admiral Harold J. Bernsen, zapovjednik američkih snaga na Srednjem Istoku, zatražio je pomoć mornaričkih specijalnih ratnih snaga. Specijalni plovilni timovi su u kolovozu bili raspoređeni sa šest ophodnih brodova Mark III i dva voda Navy SEALova. Srednjoistočne snage su odlučile pretvoriti dvije brodske teglenice, Hercules i Wimbrown VII, u mobilne morske baze. Mobilne morske baze omogućile su postrojbama za specijalne operacije u sjevernom Perzijskom zaljevu da spriječe tajno iransko postavljanje morskih mina i napade na male brodove.

Američka fregata USS Samuel B. Roberts udarila je 14. travnja 1988. u podvodnu minu 100 km istočno od obale Bahraina, što je prouzrokovalo veliko oštećenje na trupu broda. Desetorica mornara su bila ozlijeđena. Tijekom operacije Moleća bogomoljka Sjedinjene Države su žestoko uzvratile, napadajući iranske fregate Sahand i naftne platforme u naftnim poljima Sirri i Sassan. Nakon što su američki ratni brodovi bombardirali platformu Sirri i zapalili je, transportni helikopter UH-60 s vodom Navy SEALova poletio je prema platformi, ali se nije mogao dovoljno približiti zbog razbuktale vatre. Sekundarne eksplozije ubrzo su uništile platformu. Nakon toga su iranski napadi na neutralne brodove drastično opali.

Iran je 18. srpnja prihvatio obustavu vatre Ujedinjenih naroda, a 20. kolovoza 1988. okončan je Iransko-irački rat. Snage za specijalne operacije pružile su sposobnost potrebne kako bi CENTCOM (Central Command) dobilo kontrolu nad sjevernim Perzijskim zaljevom i spriječio iranske male brodove i brodare. Mogućnost rada noću pokazala se ključnom jer su iranske snage koristile tamu kako bi prikrile svoje postupke. Osim toga, zbog operativnih zahtjeva za vrijeme operacije Iskrena volja, Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije je razvilo nove sustave naoružanja, obalne ophodne brodove i čamce za specijalne operacije Mark V.

Ustroj

 Združeno zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije (Joint Special Operations Command; JSOC)
 1. operativni odred specijalnih snaga–Delta (1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta)
 Mornarička specijalna ratna razvojna grupa (Naval Special Warfare Development Group; DEVGRU)
 Pukovnijska izvidnička satnija 75. Ranger pukovnije (Regimental Reconnaissance Company, RRC)
 24. specijalni taktički eskadron (24th Special Tactics Squadron)
 Obavještajni potporni aktivitet (Intelligence Support Activity; ISA)
 Združena komunikacijska jedinica (Joint Communications Unit; JCU)

 Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije Vojske Sjedinjenih Država (United States Army Special Operations Command; USASOC)
 Zapovjedništvo Specijalnih snaga
 1. operativni odred specijalnih snaga–Delta (1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta)
 75. Ranger pukovnija (75th Ranger Regiment)
 160. avijacijska pukovnija za specijalne operacije (160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment)
 4. grupa za psihološke operacije (4th Psychological Operations Group)
 8. grupa za psihološke operacije (8th Psychological Operations Group)
 95. brigada za civilne poslove (95th Civil Affairs Brigade)
 528. brigada za podršku specijalnih operacija (528th Sustainment Brigade Special Operations)
 Škola i centar specijalnog ratovanja John F. Kennedy (John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School)

 Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije snaga Korpusa marinaca (Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command; MARSOC)
 Marine Raider Regiment Marinski obavještajni bataljun (Marine Intelligence Battalion; MIB)
 Marinska grupa za potporu specijalnih operacija (Marine Special Operations Support Group; MSOSG)
 Marinska škola za specijalne operacije (The Marine Special Operations School; MSOS)

 Zapovjedništvo mornaričkog specijalnog ratovanja (Naval Special Warfare Command; NSWC / WARCOM)
 Navy SEALs
 Posada specijalnih ratnih borbenih plovila (Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen; SWCC)
 Specijalni amfibijski izvidnički bolničari

 Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije Zračne snage (Air Force Special Operations Command; AFSOC)
 Borbeni kontroleri (Combat Control Team, CCT)
 Paraspasiteljii (Pararescue)
 Vremenski tehničari za specijalne operacije (Special Operations Weather Technicians; SOWT)
 1. krilo za specijalne operacije (1st Special Operations Wing; 1 SOW)
 24. krilo za specijalne operacije (24th Special Operations Wing; 24 SOW)
 27. krilo za specijalne operacije  (27th Special Operations Wing; 27 SOW)
 193. krilo za specijalne operacije (193d Special Operations Wing; 193 SOW) Zračne nacionalne garde
 919. krilo za specijalne operacije (919th Special Operations Wing; 919 SOW) Pričuvnog zapovjedništva Zračne snage
 352. krilo za specijalne operacije (352d Special Operations Wing; 352 SOW)
 353. grupa za specijalne operacije (353d Special Operations Group; 353 SOG)
 Škola za specijalne operacije Zračne snage Sjedinjenih Država (United States Air Force Special Operations School)

 Zapovjednici

 kurziv označava vršitelja dužnosti''

Poveznice
 Spetsnaz
 Snage za specijalne operacije (Rusija)
 Zapovjedništvo specijalnih snaga OSRH

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 YouTube: United States Special Operations Forces (dokumentarni film)
 YouTube: USSOCOM against Global Terrorism (dokumentarni film)
 YouTube: Secrets of US Navy SEALs (dokumentarni film)

Američke vojne postrojbe
Oružane snage SAD-a
Specijalne snage

Zapovjedništvo za specijalne operacije (SAD)


Vrhpolje () ist ein Dorf im Westen Serbiens, nahe der Grenze zu Bosnien und Herzegowina.

Geographie und Bevölkerung

Das Dorf liegt in der Opština Ljubovija, im Okrug Mačva, im nordwestlichen Zentralserbien, in der historischen Region Azbukovica, die ein Teil der serbisch-bosnischen Grenzregion Podrinje ist, benannt nach dem Fluss Drina.

Der Ort hatte bei der Volkszählung 2011 926 Einwohner, während es 2002 noch 985 Einwohner waren. Nach den letzten drei Bevölkerungsstatistiken fällt die Einwohnerzahl von Vrhpolje weiter. Das Dorf besteht aus 316 Haushalten. Die Bevölkerung stellen zu 99 % Serben.

Vrhpolje ist zusammen mit Crnča eines der zwei größten Dörfer der Opština. Das Dorf liegt am Ufer der Drina und zu Fuße des Berges Nemić. Vrhpolje liegt südlich der Gemeindehauptstadt Ljubovija. Das Dorf ist eine Streusiedlung bestehend aus mehreren Weilern, von denen einer Udrž heißt.

Demographie

Geschichte
In Vrhpolje kann man Überreste einer römischen Siedlung besichtigen. In der Nähe von Vrhpolje befindet sich ein kleines Ethno-Dorf gegründet 2005, das das Leben der Menschen vor 100 Jahren nachstellt. Das Dorf besitzt eine Grundschule.

Religion
Von 1995 bis 1999 wurde im zum Dorf gehörenden Weiler Udrž, die Serbisch-orthodoxe Filialkirche Hl. Prophet Jeremias erbaut und am 24. Juli 2010 feierlich eingeweiht.

Belege
 Knjiga 9, Stanovništvo, uporedni pregled broja stanovnika 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, maj 2004, ISBN 86-84433-14-9
 Knjiga 1, Stanovništvo, nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, Februar 2003, ISBN 86-84433-00-9
 Knjiga 2, Stanovništvo, pol i starost, podaci po naseljima, Republički zavod za statistiku, Beograd, Februar 2003, ISBN 86-84433-01-7

Ort in der Opština Ljubovija
Ort an der Drina

Vrhpolje (Ljubovija)