L'Usine de teinturerie et d'apprêt des étoffes Ernest Houpin était une usine de teinturerie et d'apprêt installée à Reims, impasse de la Blanchisserie, de 1850 à 1880. Elle n'a pu résister à la crise du textile et a dû céder son emplacement successivement à une usine de feutre puis une verrerie puis à un fabricant de matériel électrique et enfin à un industriel du secteur des parafoudres.

Usine de teinturerie et d'apprêt des étoffes Ernest Houpin

Historique
Vers 1850, Ernest Houpin établit une usine de teinturerie et d'apprêt des étoffes le long de la Vesle, qui ferme ses portes à la suite de la crise industrielle de 1880.

Ernest HOUPIN
Ernest Omer HOUPIN, fondateur de l'Usine de teinturerie et d'apprêt des étoffes Ernest Houpin est né à Reims le 11 Août 1841.
Il se marie avec sa cousine Eliacine Houpin, le 4 mai 1868, à Reims.
Il décède, à Reims, le 8 avril 1890, et repose au cimetière de ?.

Usine de feutre Haehnlé et
Hans Haehnle, industriel allemand, fonde en 1892 la Manufacture de Feutres de Reims, appelée aussi Usine de Feutre de Giengen, pour éviter les droits de douane élevés pour les importations en France.
L'usine de feutre exploitée par Haehnlé et , succursale de la maison mère dont  le  siège  principal est en Saxe, est installée dans les bâtiments de l'Usine de teinturerie et d'apprêt des étoffes Ernest Houpin.
Un bâtiment supplémentaire est construit en 1908.

Verrerie
En 1918, l'Usine de feutre est remplacée par une verrerie.

Usine de petit matériel électrique GTE France S.A.
À partir de 1933, une usine de production de petit matériel électrique occasionne la construction de nouveaux bureaux en 1960.
En 1988, la raison sociale de cet établissement était GTE France S.A.

Actuellement Citel
En mai 1992, la société Citel, fabricant de parafoudres, crée un établissement secondaire à Reims en rachetant les locaux de l'unité de Claude de l'entreprise GTE Sylvania qui souhaitait se désengager du secteur de l'éclairage.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Hans Haehnle,
 Teinture,
 Apprêt (textile),
 Feutre (textile).

Liens externes
 https://inventaire-chalons.grandest.fr/gertrude-diffusion/dossier/usine-de-teinturerie-et-d-appret-des-etoffes-ernest-houpin-puis-usine-de-feutre-haehnle-et-cie-puis-verrerie-puis-usine-de-petit-materiel-electrique-gte-france-sa-actuellement-citel/5c29fa46-90af-413d-8c49-202c4a48db98

Notes et références

Histoire de Reims
Teinturerie


O Lycée Hoche é um estabelecimento público francês de ensino secundário e superior, localizado em 73, avenue de Saint-Cloud, no distrito de Notre-Dame de Versalhes, em Yvelines. Escola secundária napoleônica criada em 1803, recebeu o nome de Lycée Hoche em 1888 em homenagem a Lazare Hoche, general francês nascido em Versalhes. A capela está classificada como monumento histórico desde 1926, os restantes edifícios do convento estão classificados como monumento histórico desde 1969. O atual diretor é Guy Seguin.

É reconhecida por seus excelentes resultados no bacharelado e nos exames de admissão para as Grandes Ecoles, mais particularmente científicas (Ecole Normale Supérieure, Polytechnique, Mines de Paris, CentraleSupélec, École des Ponts) e comerciais (HEC Paris).

Alunos famosos
 Pierre Clostermann, um piloto de caça, ás condecorado da Segunda Guerra Mundial, escritor, engenheiro e político franco-brasileiro
 Jacques Chevalier, um filósofo católico francês

Ligação externa
 Página oficial

Versalhes
Escolas da França

Lycée Hoche


الرامن  هو طبق ذو شعبية كبيرة في اليابان. وهو عبارة عن نوع من حساء المعكرونة. تحضر في مرق اللحم أو السمك وتكون بطعم صلصة الصويا أو الميسو، كما تضاف إليها شرائح من لحم الخنزير أو الدجاج، أو الطحالب البحرية المجففة، أو البصل الأخضر، أو الذرة. الأكلة متواجدة تقريباً في كل مناطق اليابان، وكل منطقة لها طرق مختلفة قليلاً في تحضير هذه الوجبة. يمكن شراء الوجبة أيضاً عن طريق آلات البيع في اليابان. أصل نشأة الرامن غير واضح. بعض المصادر تقول أنه نشأ في الصين. وتقول مصادر أخرى أنه اخترع في اليابان في أوائل القرن العشرين.

التاريخ

الاصل
الرامن هو النسخة اليابانية  المعدلة من نودلز القمح الصينية. تقول إحدى النظريات ان الرامن قُدم في اليابان لأول مرة في ستينيات القرن السادس عشر من قبل العالم الصيني الكنفوشي Zhu Shunsui الذي كان يعمل مستشاراً لتوكوغاوا ميتسوكوني، بعدما أصبح لاجيء في اليابان هربا من حكم مانشو، بذلك أصبح ميتسوكوني أول من تناول الرامن في اليابان. مع ان معظم المؤرخين يعتبرون هذه النظرية خرافة ابكترها اليابانييون لتجميل اصل الرامن. النظرية الأكثر منطقية تقول ان الرامن تم تقديمه من قبل المهاجرين الصينيين في اواخر القرن التاسع عشر أو اوائل القرن العشرين في الحي الصيني في يوكاهاما. بناء على سجلات متحف الرامن في يوكوهاما، نشأ الرامن في الصين ثم شق طريقه لليابان عام 1859. أول نسخة منه كانت عبارة عن نودلز القمح بالمرق مع لحم الخنزير المشوي على الطريقة الصينية.

اصل الكلمة
كلمة رامن هي النسخة اليابانية من الكلمة الصينية لاميان lamian 拉麵. عام 1910 افتتح أول محل رامن كان اسمه RAIRAIKEN 来々軒 في اساكوسا في طوكيو، وظف المالك الياباني ان ذاك 12 شخص كانتوني للطهي من الحي الصيني في يوكاهاما وقدم الرامن للزبائن اليابانيين ، حتى عام 1950 أطلق على الرامن اسم 中華そば شيناسوبا أو الحساء الصيني. اليوم يطلق عليها اما اسم الشيكوسوبا 支那そば والتي تحمل نفس المعنى، أي الحساء الصيني أو ラーメンو التي تعني رامن وهو الاسم الأكثر شيوعا، تم الاستغناء عن المقطع الأول 支那 والذي يعني الصين، لما فيه من دلاله على الازدراء والتحقير.

الظهور الأول
بحلول عام 1900، قدمت المطاعم التي كانت تقدم الطعام الصيني طبق جديد بسيط مكون من النودلز المقطع بدل الطويل مع القليل من الإضافات، ومرق بنكهة الملح وعظم الخنزير. كان الكثير من الصينيين الذين يجرون عربات الطعام والاكشاك يبيعون الرامن الدمبلنغز dumplings والغيوزا gyōza للعمال. بمنتصف القرن العشرين استخدمت الاكشاك نوع من الابواق الموسيقية チャルメラ الشاروميرا، للترويج والدعاية، ما زالت هذه الاداة مستخدمة من قبل الباعة الذين يستخدمون الابواق في أكشاكهم في اليابان. مع بداية فترة الشووا Shōwa أصبح الرامن من أكثر الاكلات المطلوبة في المطاعم. وفقا لخبير الرامن هيروشي اوساكي، افتتح أول محل للرامن في يوكوهاما عام 1910.

ما بعد الحرب
بعد هزيمة اليابان بالحرب العالمية الثانية احتل الجيش الامريكي البلاد من عام 1945 إلى 1952، في ديسمبر عام 1945 سجلت اليابان اسوا حصاد للارز منذ 42 سنة. ما سبب نقص في الغذاء في جميع انحاء البلاد، كما ان اليابان كانت قد خفضن انتاجها خلال الحرب وحولت الإنتاج للمستعمرات في كل من الصين وتايوان ما زاد الامر سوء لذلك اغرقت امريكا السوق بدقيق القمح للتعامل مع حالة نقص الغذاء. من عام 1948 وحتى 1951 زاد استهلاك الخبز باليابان من 262,121 إلى 611,784 طن، ولكن شق القمح طريقه للرامن الذي يتناوله معضم اليابانيين في السوق السوداء للبقاء على قيد الحياه عندما كان نظام توزيع الطعام الحكومي يتاخر قرابة 20 يوم عن المقرر له. مع ذلك تمكن الامريكان من الحفاظ على المنع الذي فُرض على بيع الطعام في الخارج خلال فترة الحرب. لكن الطحين كان يتحول بالسر من المطاحن التجارية إلى السوق السوداء، حيث كانت 90٪ من الاكشاك تحت سيطرة رجال العصابات المعروفة محليا بالياكوزا yakuza، الذين كانوا يبتزون اصحاب الاكشاك وياخذون منهم المال مقابل الحماية. خلال الاحتلال اعُتقل الكثير من بائعي الرامن. في نفس الفترة ملايين الجنود اليابانيين عادوا من الصين وشرق اسيا من مواقعهم خلال الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية إلى اليابان، بعض هؤلاء كانوا على معرفة بنودلز القمح. خلال عام 1950 تمت ازالة الضوابط المفروضة على تبادل القمح وخفضت القيود المفروضة على بيع الطعام، مما ادى إلى تزايد عدد بائعي الرامن، حتى ان الشركات الخاصة استاجرت الياتاي yatai ووهي خيام تحتوي على عدة تحضير الرامن. هذا الياتاي رامن وفر فرصة نادرة لرواد الأعمال الصغار بعد الحرب. لقد روج الامريكان أيضا إلى فوائد القمح والبروتين الحيواني ما زاد الطلب على الرامن، بذلك ادت جميع هذه العوامل إلى اكتساب الرامن مكانة كبيرة في المطبخ الياباني والذي كان يعتمد على الارز، كما أصبح مرتبطا بالحياة الحضارية.

الانواع
يوجد مجموعة متنوعة من الرامن في اليابان مع اختلافات تتحدد حسب المنطقة الجغرافية والبائع، هذه الانواع جميعها تتشارك باسم واحد وهو الرامن. يمكن ان يتم تصنيف الرامن بناء على مكونين رئيسيين هما النودلز والمرق أو الحساء

النودلز
معظم أنواع النودلز مصنوعة من اربع مكونات رئيسية: طحين القمح، الملح، الماء و الكانزويかん水 وهو عبارة عن مياه قلوية معدنية تحتوي على كربونات الصوديوم واحيانا كربونات البوتاسيوم وحمض الفسفور. على الرغم من ان نودلز الرامن ونودلز الاودون مكونان من نفس المكونات الا انهما نوعان مختلفان. يعد الكانزوي المكون المميز في نودلز الرامن، يرجع اصله إلى منغوليا الداخلية، حيث توجد بحيرات تحتوي كميات كبيرة من هذه المياه المعدنية، والتي يقال ان مياهها مثاليه لصنع هذا النوع من النودلز. صنع النودلز مع الكانزوي يكسبها لون اصفر وقوام صلب. البيض يمكن ان يكون بديل للكانزوي، كما تصنع بعض النودلز بدون البيض أو الكانزوي، والتي تستخدم فقط بالياكيسوبا yakisoba ، لان قوامها ضعيف وأكثر عرضه لامتصاص السوائل ما يجعلها رخوة ومنتفخة. ياتي الرامن باطوال واشكال مختلفة ممكن ان تكون سميكة، رفيعة، مجعدة وغيرها من الاشكال. تقليديا يصنع نودلز الرامن يدويا، لكن مع تزايد شعبيته بدات العديد من محلات الرامن توظف قدرات داخلية لصناعة النودلز الطازج لمواكبة الطلب المتزايد وتحسين الجودة. الات صنع الرامن الاوتوماتيكية والتي تحاكي طرق صنع الرامن اليدوية كانت متوفرة منذ منتصف القرن العشرين وكانت تصنع في المصانع اليابانية ك Yamato MFG وغيرها.

الحساء
يصنع حساء الرامن عادة من مرق الدجاج أو الخنزير المخلوط مع تشكيلة من المكونات مثل: اعشاب البحر الطويلة kombu، رقائق التونا katsuobushi، السردين الصغير المجفف niboshi، عظام البقر، عظام الخنزير، فطر الشيتاكي shiitake والبصل. بعض النسخ الحديثة قد تصنع من مرق الخضار وتضاف صلصة التاري Tare للمرق خلال عمل الحساء.

 التونكوتسو Tonkotsu 豚骨او عظم الخنزير: هو عبارة عن حساء يكون لونه ابيض صافي شبه شفاف يشبه البايتانغ baitang 白湯 الصيني، هذا المرق عبارة عن مرق كثيف يصنع بغلي عظام الخنزير، الدهون والكولاجين على نار عالية لساعات طويلة، مما يؤدي إلى غمر المرق بنكهة الخنزير القوية ويكسبه تركيبة كريمية تشبه قوام الحليب والزبدة اعتمادا على المحل الذي صنع به. على الرغم من انه نوع من أنواع الحساء البسيطة الا ان البعض يعتبره رامن بفئة نكهة مميزة.

النكهات

 نكهة الميسو 味噌
 نكهة الشويو 醤油 أي صلة الصويا
 نكهة الشوي 塩 أي الملح
 نكهة الكاري カレー

الاضافات
بعد تجهيز الرامن الاساسي، يمكن تتبيله وتبهيره وإضافة بعض الاضافات التالية:

 شرائح لحم الخنزير المشوي أو المطهو ببطء
 بصل اخضر
 اوراق الخردل المتبلة والمخللة
 بيض مسلوق
 براعم الفاصولياء
 براعم الخيزران المخمرة / ساق البامبو
 لحم الخنزير المقطع
 الطحالب البحرية المجففة Nori
 معجون السمك narutomaki / Kamaboko
 حبار
 برقوق/ مخلل الخوخ
 ذرة
 زبدة
 طحالب واكامي Wakame
 زيت الزيتون أو زيت السمسم
 صلصة الصويا
 أنواع أخرى من الخضار

مصادر

تنوع الأصناف

أطباق وطنية
اختراعات صينية
اختراعات يابانية
شوربات
مأكولات بحرية يابانية
مصطلحات المطبخ الياباني
مطبخ صيني ياباني
مطبخ ياباني

رامن


Al-Madina es una película del año 2010.

Sinopsis
Viajó hacia otra tierra, otro mar, con la certeza de encontrar una ciudad mejor, pero no sabía que su ciudad viajaba con él. Buscaba otro ser en esa nueva ciudad, pero se encontró con los mismos suburbios que lo habían visto nacer. El poema de Constantin Cavafis "La ciudad" sirve de telón de fondo para el derrotado regreso a su Marruecos natal de un inmigrante que ha vivido en España entre 2001 y 2010.

Referencias

Al-Madina


La estación de Saint-Remy-en-l'Eau es una estación ferroviaria francesa, de la línea férrea París-Lille, situada en la comuna de Saint-Remy-en-l'Eau, en el departamento de Oise. Por ella transitan únicamente trenes regionales que unen París y Amiens.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 75,414 de la línea férrea París-Lille.

Historia
Fue inaugurada en la segunda mitad del  por parte de la Compañía de ferrocarriles del Norte. En 1937, la estación pasó a ser explotada por la SNCF.

La estación
La pequeña estación está configurada como un apeadero. Dispone de dos vías y de dos andenes laterales.

Servicios ferroviarios

Regionales
 Línea Amiens - París

Enlaces externos

Estaciones de ferrocarril de Francia inauguradas en el siglo XIX
Estaciones de la línea París-Norte a Lille
Estaciones de ferrocarril del departamento de Oise

Estación de Saint-Remy-en-l'Eau


Fosta mănăstire Răducanu este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul orașului Târgu Ocna. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 20974.08.

Ansamblul este format din patru monumente:
 Biserica "Buna Vestire" ()
 Construcții în incintă (ruine) ()
 Turn intrare ()
 Zid de incintă ()

Note

Galerie

Monumente istorice din județul Bacău
Biserici ortodoxe din județul Bacău
Târgu Ocna

Fosta mănăstire Răducanu


A Fundação  Faculdade  de  Ciências  Humanas de Francisco Beltrão (FACIBEL) foi uma fundação municipal de ensino superior brasileira mantida pelo Município de Francisco Beltrão. Foi criada por meio de lei municipal, em 1974, e incorporada pela Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, em 1999.

Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná

FACIBEL


East Kingston may refer to:

East Kingston, New Hampshire, a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States
East Kingston, New York, a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Ulster County, New York, United States
East Kingston, West Sussex, a hamlet in England
East Kingston section of Kingston, Jamaica

See also
East Kingsford, Michigan

East Kingston


25 Aquarii (25 Aqr / d Aquarii) es una estrella en la constelación de Acuario; se localiza al norte de la misma, cerca del límite con Pegaso.
De magnitud aparente +5,11, se encuentra, de acuerdo a la nueva reducción de los datos de paralaje de Hipparcos, a 226 años luz del sistema solar.

25 Aquarii es una gigante naranja de tipo espectral K0III con una temperatura efectiva de 4721 K —aunque otro estudio señala una temperatura significativamente más elevada de 4801 K—.
Es 54 veces más luminosa que el Sol y tiene un diámetro 11 veces más grande que el diámetro solar, tamaño comparable al de muchas gigantes análogas como Pólux (β Geminorum), Giennah (ε Cygni) o ψ1 Aquarii, esta última también en Acuario.

25 Aquarii muestra un contenido metálico inferior al solar, siendo su índice de metalicidad [Fe/H] = -0,17.
Es una estrella evolucionada que tiene una edad de 4470 ± 2380 millones de años.
Su cinemática corresponde a la de una estrella del disco fino.

Referencias

Gigantes naranjas
Constelación de Acuario

25 Aquarii


Aspera Hiems Symfonia/Constellation/My Angel kompilacija je Arcturusa, norveškog sastava avangardnog metala. Diskografska kuća Candlelight Records objavila ga je 25. lipnja 2002.

O albumu

Album sadrži pjesme s albuma Aspera Hiems Symfonia, EP-ovi Constellation i My Angel i dvije nove pjesme. Samo su vokali ponovo snimljeni.

Popis pjesama

 Svi pjesme su s albuma Aspera Hiems Symfonia.

 Pjesme 1 i 2 su nove pjesme.
 Pjesme 3 – 6 su s EPi Constellation.
 Pjesme 7 i 8 su s EPi My Angel.

Osoblje
Arcturus
 Marius Vold – vokali, bas-gitara
 Kristoffer Rygg – vokali
 Samoth – gitara
 Carl August Tidemann – gitara
 Hugh Mingay – bas-gitara
 Steinar Sverd Johnsen – klavijature
 Jan Axel Blomberg – bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje
 Tom Kvålsvoll – mastering
 Kim Sølve – naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi sastava Arcturus
Albumi iz 2002.


أردا توران (بالتركية: Arda Turan؛ المولود 30 يناير 1987) لاعب كرة قدم تركي يلعب حاليًا مع نادي غلطة سراي التركي والمنتخب التركي.

بدأ مسيرته الاحترافية في غلطة سراي ثم انتقل إلى أتلتيكو مدريد عام 2011 بثمن 13 مليون يورو. بدأ اللعب مع أتلتيكو مدريد موسم 2011–12، حتى وقع عقد مع برشلونة في 2015، مقابل 34€ مليون بالإضافة إلى 7€ مليون حوافز ثم انتقل إلى نادي إسطنبول باشاك شهير التركي على سبيل الإعارة، لمدة موسمين ونصف، مع أحقية الشراء للنادي التركي، دون الكشف عن قيمة الصفقة. وعاد مُجددًا في 2020 إلى نادي برشلونة. ثم أصبح يلعب حالياً في نادي غلطة سراي.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أتراك
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الفاتح (إسطنبول)
أشخاص من إسطنبول
رياضيون أتراك مغتربون في إسبانيا
فائزون بميداليات فضية في الألعاب المتوسطية لتركيا
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب المتوسطية في كرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد
لاعبو برشلونة
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2016
لاعبو غلطة سراي
لاعبو كرة قدم أتراك مغتربون
توران
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من إسطنبول
لاعبو مانيسا سبور
لاعبو منتخب تركيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب تركيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب تركيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي إسطنبول باشاكشهر
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبون فائزون بالدوري الأوروبي
مدربو كرة قدم أتراك
مسلمون أتراك
منافسون في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 2005
مواليد 1407 هـ
توران
نادي الفيفا المئوي

أردا توران


Kuršumli han je han, koji se nalazi u Staroj skopskoj čaršiji u Skoplju, u Makedoniji.

Etimologija
Nazvan je Kuršumli, zbog olovnog krova, a (olovo se na turskom naziva kuršum (tur. Kurşun).

O hanu
Pretpostavlja se da je izgrađen na temeljima neke starije građevine. Postoje izvori u kojima se navodi, da je ovaj han zadužbina Muslihedin Abdul Ganija, poznatog i kao Mujezin hodža Al Medini. U jednom razdoblju svoje povijest, han je bio pretvoren u zatvor.

Izvori

Građevine u Skoplju

Kuršumli han


Fodermajs er en afgrøde der anvendes til husdyrs føde, mens majs anvendt til menneskeføde blot kaldes majs. Med en støt stigning i høst af majs til ensilage og dyrefoder er det relevant at skelne mellem betegnelsen majs og fodermajs, hvor fodermajs oftest høstes under andre betingelser og forudsætninger. Det er til dels kvaliteten af majsen ved høst og tørring, der bestemmer hvornår den anvendes til mennesker eller husdyr. Faktorer der påvirker hvordan majs klassificeres, inkluderer bl.a. antallet af korn angrebet af skadedyr, knækkede kerner, farve, skidt og andet organisk materiale, insektrester, osv., men også hvorvidt den høstes før tilstrækkelig modning. Her er det især fugtigheden i majskernerne, som er vigtig for hvorvidt den nemt kan forarbejdes, f.eks. hvis den skal oparbejdes til produkter som majsmel.

Dyrkning af majs til modenhed lykkes kun i områder med en lang, varm vækstsæson. Udenlandske majsforædlere har imidlertid udviklet sorter, der er interessante i dansk grovfoderproduktion, idet de under vore klimaforhold kan nå at udvikle kolber med gulmodne kerner. På dette stadium, der indtræder i september-oktober, er majsafgrøden velegnet til ensilage. Kolberne indeholder store mængder stivelse og sukkerstoffer og er langt mere værdifulde end de øvrige plantedele. Desuden kan den høstes som fodermajs i hele kerner, der nemt kan bruges til dyrefoder, såsom høns, grise, og kvæg. Her høstes den typisk inden den er helt modnet, enten til ensilage, eller i kerner der spises uforarbejdet, og kan indeholde et højere indhold af urenheder og fugt.

Fodermajs i hele eller knækkede kerner kan også bruges til vildtfoder, især ved udsætning af fasaner eller til pleje af hjortevildt i de kolde vintermåneder. Desuden er der med vildsvinets hurtige fremvækst i Sverige opstået et stort marked for brug af fodermajs ved etablering af åteljagt. Her etablerer jægere specifikke foderpladser, hvor der typisk fodres med små mængder tørret fodermajs en til to gange i døgnet, for at trække vildsvin til området. Åteljagt kan være nødvendigt for at regulere bestanden af vildsvin.

En stor del af den samlede årshøst kommer fra områder med ekstensiv dyrkning, bl.a. USA, Brasilien og Sydafrika, og udbyttet svinger en del fra år til år. I andre vigtige produktionslande som Kina og Frankrig dyrkes majs intensivt, og udbytterne er mere stabile, i Kina stærkt voksende. I Danmark bliver hovedparten af majsen anvendt som foder til malkekøer i form af ensilage, men de seneste par år er der også sket en lille stigning i majs høstet ved modenhed (kernemajs). Fodermajs har langsomt erstattet foderroer og kornafgrøder (helsædensilage) og til dels græs som det vigtigste kvægfoder om vinteren, og er endvidere et vigtigt tilskudsfoder om sommeren.

Varmere klima formodes at være en af grundene til, at det dyrkede areal med fodermajs i Danmark er øget gennem de seneste årtier. Det danske areal med fodermajs er således steget fra ca. 11.000 ha i 1980 til ca. 176.000 ha i 2016. Store dele af Europa, herunder Danmark, har i det 20. århundrede oplevet en stigning i middeltemperaturen på op til 0,8 °C. En væsentlig del af denne stigning er sket inden for de sidste årtier. Klimamodeller forudsiger, at opvarmningen vil fortsætte med en stigning på mellem 0,1 °C og 0,4 °C for hvert 10. år, hvilket kun vil øge mulighederne for dyrkning af majsplanten i Nordeuropa.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Foderkorn
Majs

Fodermajs


Faringdon  is a historic market town in the Vale of White Horse, Oxfordshire, England,  south-west of Oxford,  north-west of Wantage and  east-north-east of Swindon. It extends to the River Thames in the north; the highest ground is on the Ridgeway in the south. Faringdon was Berkshire's westernmost town until the 1974 boundary changes transferred its administration to Oxfordshire. The civil parish is formally known as Great Faringdon, to distinguish it from Little Faringdon in West Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census gave a population of 7,121; it was estimated at 7,992 in 2019. On 1 February 2004, Faringdon became the first place in south-east England to be awarded Fairtrade Town status.

History
The toponym "Faringdon" means "hill covered in fern". Claims, for example by P. J. Goodrich, that King Edward the Elder (reigned 899–924) died in Faringdon are unfounded. The town was granted a weekly market in 1218, and as a result came to be called Chipping Faringdon. A weekly outdoor market is still held on Tuesdays. King John established an abbey in Faringdon in 1202 (probably on the site of Portwell House), but it soon moved to Beaulieu in Hampshire. In 1417 the aged Archbishop of Dublin, Thomas Cranley, died in Faringdon while journeying to London.

Places of interest

All Saints' Church

The Church of England parish church of All Saints may date from the 12th century, and the clerestory and possibly the west end of the nave survive from this period. A Norman doorway survives, although not in its original position, in the baptistery. The chancel and north transept are 13th century and the west chapel is 14th century. The north chapel is a late medieval Perpendicular Gothic addition with 15th-century windows.

All Saints has a central bell tower, which was reduced in height in 1645 after it was damaged by a cannonball in the English Civil War. Faringdon was fought over because it commanded the road to the Radcot Bridge over the River Thames. The tower now has a ring of eight bells. The three oldest bells were cast in 1708. James Wells of Aldbourne, Wiltshire, cast the tenor bell in 1779 and another bell in 1803. The three youngest bells, including the treble, were cast in 1874 by Mears and Stainbank.

Local legend
The churchyard is said to be haunted by the headless ghost of a naval officer, Hampden Pye. Local legend has it that Pye was decapitated in a battlefield explosion while fighting in the War of the Spanish Succession, after being convinced to join up by his mother, who sought to separate him from a local girl she considered an unsuitable match. An alternative legend states that Pye was an unfaithful husband who was decapitated by his wife with a gun. The ghost was reportedly exorcised shortly after Pye's death.

Old Town Hall
The Old Town Hall (once the Market Hall) in the Market Place dates from the 17th century. It is a Grade II* listed building. The Corn Exchange, which was designed in the Gothic Revival style, is more recent and dates from 1863.

Faringdon Folly
Just east of the town is Folly Hill or Faringdon Hill, a Greensand outcrop. In common with Badbury Hill to the west of the town, it has an ancient ditched defensive ring (hill fort). This was fortified by supporters of Matilda sometime during the Anarchy of 1135–1141, when she claimed the throne from King Stephen, but was soon defeated by him. Oliver Cromwell fortified it in an unsuccessful campaign to defeat the Royalist garrison at Faringdon House. The Pye family had Scots pines planted around the summit, around the time that Faringdon House was rebuilt in the late 18th century. The building is a conspicuous landmark from the Vale of White Horse, White Horse Hill, the Berkshire Downs near Lockinge, and the Cotswolds to the north-west.

The folly on Folly Hill was designed by Lord Gerald Wellesley, later 7th Duke of Wellington, for Lord Berners and built in 1935. It is  high and affords panoramic views of the Vale of White Horse. It once bore a sign saying "Members of the public committing suicide from this tower do so at their own risk." During the Second World War the Home Guard used it as an observation post. In 1982 Robert Heber-Percy restored it and gave it to the town in trust. It has been a Grade II listed building since 1986. Near the top of London Street near Faringdon Folly is a pub bearing that name.

Faringdon House
There is a manor house and estate, close to the edge of Faringdon, called Faringdon House. The original house was damaged during the civil war. Its owner at the time, Sir Robert Pye, who was a Royalist, was put under siege by his own son Robert who was a Parliamentarian colonel. Building of the current, smaller, house began about 1780 and was not completed until after 1785. The house was bought in 1787 by William Hallett Esq. It was the home of Lord Berners in the mid-20th century. For a time it was owned by the writer Sofka Zinovieff, the granddaughter of Berners' companion, Robert Heber-Percy, who inherited it on Berners' death in 1950.

Geology

Faringdon is the site of the Faringdon Sponge Gravel Member, part of the Cretaceous Lower Greensand Group. It is rich in fossil sponges, other invertebrates, a few vertebrate bones and teeth, and good examples of bioerosion.

Transport

Roads
The £1.6-million  A420 Faringdon Bypass was opened in July 1979.

Buses
Faringdon is linked with Swindon and Oxford by a frequent service operated seven days a week by Stagecoach West, and by an hourly service to Wantage and Didcot, run by Thames Travel and operating on Mondays to Saturdays.

Railway
A  Faringdon branch line was opened in 1864 between Faringdon and the Great Western Railway (GWR) at Uffington, with construction funded by the Faringdon Railway Company (bought outright by the GWR in 1886). Passenger traffic peaked in 1913, but later declined to an extent that the passenger service was withdrawn in 1951. Goods traffic continued until the Beeching closures of 1964. The Faringdon railway station building remains. It currently houses a nursery school.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Oxford TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Oxford on 95.2 FM, Heart South on 102.6 FM, Jack FM on 106.4, and Witney Radio which broadcast to the town on 107.1 FM.

The town is served by the local newspapers the Herald Series and the Oxfordshire Guardian.

Cultural pursuits
Faringdon is notable for the dyed pigeons at Faringdon House. The custom of dyeing pigeons was started by the eccentric Lord Berners. Around the town can be seen stone plaques with comments such as "Please do not throw stones at this notice", reflecting the ongoing influence of Berners. Since 2004, Faringdon has held an annual weekend festival known originally as the "Faringdon Arts Festival", now as "FollyFest". It is generally held as a non-profit event on the last summer weekend of the school year.

Notable residents
Henry James Pye (1745–1813), Poet Laureate from 1790 until his death, inherited Faringdon House from his father (also Henry).
Arturo Barea (1897–1957) was a Spanish journalist, writer and broadcaster who went into exile in 1938 during the Spanish Civil War and settled in England in 1939. He lived for ten years in Faringdon, where he is buried.
Mark Haskins (born 1988), an international professional wrestler who fights as the "Star Attraction", was brought up in Faringdon and has family in the town.
Rapper S1mba (Leonard Simbarashe Rwodzi, born 1999 in Zimbabwe) was brought up in Faringdon and has family in the town.

Nearby places

References

Sources

External links

Faringdon Community website
Faringdon Town Council

Market towns in Oxfordshire
Vale of White Horse

Faringdon


بنيه هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عاليه في محافظة جبل لبنان.

تبعد البنية 30 كلم (18.642 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع 770 م (2526.37 قدم - 842.072 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة 300 هكتاراً (3 كلم²- 1.158 مي²).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عاليه
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان

بنيه


සිවතීර්ථ මාථා  යනු භුවනේස්වර් පැරණි නගරය අවට පිහිටා ඇති හින්දු මාථාවකි. (ආශ්‍රමයකි) මෙය චන්දන් යාත්‍රා සහ දෝල පූර්ණිමා යන උත්සව සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්ව ඇත. දෝල පූර්ණිමා උත්සවය සමරනු ලබන්නේ, දෝල පූර්ණිමා දිනයේ දී ලිංගරාජ දෙවියන් සිය පන්ක්ති භෝගෝ (සමූහ දිවා භෝජනය) ගත් ස්ථානය මෙම මාථා ආශ්‍රමය යැයි ඇති විශ්වාසයත් සමගිනි.

පිහිටීම
භුබනේස්වර් පැරණි නගරයෙහි රාථාගාදා චොව්ක් හි නැගෙනහිර දෙසින් මෙම මාථා ආශ්‍රමය පිහිටයි. මෙම ආශ්‍රමයට පිවිසිය හැකි එක් පිවිසුමක් වන්නේ ලිංගරාජ් දේවස්ථානයේ සිට මෞසිමා දේවාලය තෙක දිවෙන රථා මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ය. මෙය ලිංගරාජයේ උත්තර ද්වාරයේ සිට මීටර් 30ක් පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. 1970 දී මාථා ආශ්‍රමය උරුම කොමිසම යටතට ගන්නා ලදී.  මෙම මාථා ආශ්‍රමය සංකරාචාර්ය නම් සම්ප්‍රදායයට අයත් වේ. ලිංගරාජ දෙවියන්ගේ රථය තැනීමට ගන්නා දැව කඳන් වඩුවන් විසින් කැටයම් කිරීමට ප්‍රථම මෙම දේවාලය වෙත ගෙනැවිත් ඇත.

සිවතීර්ථ මාථා භූමදාන දේවස්ථාන
මාථා සීමාව තුළ දේවස්ථානයන් පිහිටා ඇත්තේ නැගෙනහිර කෙළවරට වන්නට ය. ලිංගරාජ් දේවස්ථාන‍යේ උත්තර පිවිසුම ඉදිරිපස රථා මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ මාථා පිහිටා ඇත. දහතුනක් පමණ වන භූමදාන දේවස්ථාන පේළි එක හමාරක් ලෙස ගොඩනගා ඇත. පසුපස පේළියෙහි දේවාල නවයක් දක්නට ලැබේ. ඉන් උතුරු දෙසින් පිහිටි  දේවාල සතරක්පෞද්ගලික තාප්පයක් විසින් අනවසරයෙන් කොටු කරගෙන ඇත. දකුණු දිශාවේ පිහිටි දේවස්ථාන අර්ධ වශයෙන් වැළලී ඇත. පළමු පේළියේ ඇති දේවාල හතරෙන් තුනක්  ගන්දි අංගය තෙක් වැළලී ඇති අතර සිව්වන දේවාලය බාදා දක්වා ඇත. භූමදාන දේවාල චතුරස්‍රාකාර සැලැස්මකින් යුක්ත ය. උච්චත්වය අනුව මෙම දේවාල ඵීඪ ක්‍රමයෙන් යුත් අතර, ඒවායේ බාදා, ගාන්දි සහ මස්තක යන අංග දැකගත හැක. මෙම දේවාලවල ගන්දි පේසා තුනකින් සමන්විත ය.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 භුබනේස්වර්හි දේවාල ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ග්‍රන්ථාවලිය
 Lesser Known Monuments of Bhubaneswar by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan ()

බාහිර සබැඳි
 http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/75_The_Role_of_Mathas.pdf

ඔඩිෂාවේ ශිව දේවාල
භුබනේස්වර්හි හින්දු දේවාල
ඔඩිෂාවේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ස්මාරක

සිවතීර්ථ මාථා, පැරණි නගරය


John Adams (d. 30 Ekim 1735, Quincy, Massachusetts, ö. 4 Temmuz 1826, Quincy, Massachusetts), 1797'den 1801'e kadar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 2. başkanı olarak görev yapan, Amerikalı devlet adamı, avukat, diplomat, yazar ve ABD'nin kurucu babalarındandır. ABD'nin ilk başkan yardımcısı olması ile de bilinir.

Yaşamı

John Adams 30 Ekim 1735' te Braintree Massachusetts' te doğmuştur. 3 erkek kardeşin en büyüğüdür. 6 yaşındayken hem kız hem de erkekler için olan kız okuluna girmiştir. Daha sonra Braintree Latin okuluna girmiştir. Burada Latince, retorik, mantık ve aritmetik dersleri almıştır. 1751 yılın da 16 yaşındayken Harvard Kolejine girmiştir. Burdayken Thukididis, Cicero, Tacitus ve Platon gibi ünlü ilk çağ bilginlerinin eserlerini okumuştur. 1755' te bu okuldan mezun olduktan sonra Worcester' da öğretmenlik yapmıştır. Ancak daha sonra avukat olmak istemiştir. 1756' da o zamanlarda Worcesterin ünlü avukatlarından olan James Putnam' ın yanında hukuk eğitimi almıştır. 1758' de Harvard' dan Master of Arts kazanmıştır. 1759' da baroya girme isteği kabul edilmiştir. 1759' da Abigail Adams' la tanışmıştır. Bu evlilikten 9 çocuğu olmuştur. Kızlardan 1768' de Susanna, 1770' te Charles, 1772' de Thomas ve 1777' de Elizabeth, Elizabeth doğarken Susanna ise 1 yaşındayken ölmüştür. Erkeklerden ise 1767' de John Quincy Adams, 1770' te Charles Adams ve 1772' de Thomas Bolyston Adams doğmuştur. Charlesle Bolyston babaları gibi avukat olmuştur. Charles alkole bağlı sirozdan dolayı 1800 yılın da 30 yaşın da ölmüştür. Bolyston da 1832 yılın da 59 yaşın da ölmüştür. John Quincy Adams ise siyasetçi olup ilerde A.B.D' nin 6. başkanı olmuştur.

Bağımsızlık Savaşı
John Adams Amerikan Bağımsızlık Savaşının önde gelen kişilerinden birisidir ve artık Boston merkezli Massachusetts kolonisinin ünlü avukatlarından birisi olmuştur. Kendisi İngiltereden ayrılması görüşündeydi. 1774'te Amerika'daki 13 İngiliz kolonisinin kurduğu Kıta Kongresi'nde Massachussets temsilcisiydi. 4 Temmuz 1776 tarihli Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'ni yazan Beşli komite'deki isimlerden birisidir.

Bağımsızlığın ilanının ardından İngiltere'ye karşı Fransa'nın desteğini almak için 1778-1780 yılları arasında Paris'te Benjamin Franklin ile birlikte görev yaptı. Daha sonra Bağımsızlık Savaşı için kredi almak amacıyla Hollanda'ya geçti ve 1785'te İngiltere'ye gidene kadar orada kaldı. Bu dönemde Prusya ile de diplomatik ilişkiler kurdu. 1785-1788 yılları arasında İngiltere'de ABD'nin resmi temsilcisi olarak görev yaptı ve Kral III. George ile görüştü.

ABD'nin ilk başkan yardımcısı
1788'de ABD'ye döndü ve ilk ABD Başkanlık seçimi olan 1789 seçimlerinde aday oldu. Seçiciler kurulu seçiminde George Washington 69 oyun tümünü, John Adams ise 34'ünü aldı. Dönemin seçim usulleri uyarınca her Seçici iki oy kullanır, en çok oy alan Başkan seçilir, ikinci gelen ise Başkan Yardımcısı olurdu. Böylece George Washington ilk ABD Başkanı, John Adams ise ilk Başkan Yardımcısı oldu. 1792 yılındaki ikinci seçimde de George Washington 132 Seçicinin tümünün oyunu alarak Başkan, John Adams ise 77 oyla ikinci gelerek Başkan Yardımcısı oldu.

ABD'nin 2. başkanı
1796 yılında George Washington emekli olmaya karar verirken John Adams Federalist Parti'nin adayı olarak seçimlere katıldı. En önemli rakibi Demokratik-Cumhuriyetçi Parti adayı, Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'nin ünlü mimarı Thomas Jefferson'du. John Adams 138 Seçicinin 71'inin oyunu alarak Başkan, Thomas Jefferson ise 68 oyla Başkan Yardımcısı seçildi.

1797-1801 yılları arasında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ikinci Başkanı olarak görev yaptı. Başkanlığı döneminde ülkesini Napolyon liderliğindeki Fransa ile İngiltere arasındaki savaştan uzak tutmaya çalıştı. Halbuki ABD o dönem adeta ikiye bölünmüştü: Federalist Parti İngiltere'yi desteklerken Demokratik-Cumhuriyetçi Parti Fransız yanlısıydı. Kendi partisiyle çelişkiye düşmeyi göze alarak hem İngiltere hem de Fransa ile barış halini ve ülkesinin bütünlüğünü korumayı başardı. İzlediği bu siyaset yüzünden hem kendi partisiyle hem de Paris'teki Büyükelçilik döneminden beri yakın dostu olan Thomas Jefferson ile sorunlar yaşadı.

Kaybettiği 1800 yılı seçimleri
1800 seçimlerinde 138 Seçicinin 65'inin oyunu alabildi. Rakipleri Demokratik-Cumhuriyetçi Parti'nin adayları Thomas Jefferson ve Aaron Burr ise yetmiş birer oy aldı. Dönemin usulleri gereği eşit oy alan iki adaydan kimin başkan olacağına Temsilciler Meclisi karar verecekti. 36 tur süren oylama sonucunda Jefferson Başkan, Burr ise Başkan Yardımcısı oldu. Bu süreçte John Adams, Peacefield'daki çiftliğine çekilerek siyasetten uzak kaldı. Federalist Parti'yle bütün ilişkisini kestiği gibi rakibi Jefferson'un yemin törenine de katılmadı.

Thomas Jefferson ile dostluğu
Eski dostu Jefferson ile bir daha görüşmedi. Ancak ortak arkadaşları Benjamin Rush'ın çabalarıyla 1812 yılından itibaren mektupla haberleşmeye tekrar başladılar ve 1826'daki ölümlerine kadar ABD tarihinin en ünlü mektuplaşmasına imza attılar: Toplam 158 mektup. Tarihin garip bir cilvesi, ikisi de aynı gün, 4 Temmuz 1826'da, ABD'nin bağımsızlığını kazanmasının 50. yıldönümünde hayata gözlerini yumdular.

Mirası
John Adams, 1825 yılında, henüz hayattayken, oğlu John Quincy Adams'ın ABD'nin 6. Başkanı oluşuna şahit oldu. Baba-oğul ABD Başkanı olan Adams'ların bu başarısı uzun yıllar bir daha tekrarlanmadı. Bu durumun ikinci örneği Bush'lardır: George H. W. Bush (1989-1993) ve oğlu George W. Bush (2001-2009).

John Adams, bugün Beyaz Saray olarak bilinen başkanlık binasını inşa ettiren ve ilk kullanan Başkandır. Hayatı boyunca köleliğe karşı çıkmış ve hiçbir zaman köle sahibi olmamıştır. Fransa ve İngiltere ile savaşa girmekten kaçınmasına karşın ABD Ordusu'nun ve Donanması'nın kurucusu olarak bilinir.

Popüler kültür
HBO yapımı John Adams isimli mini dizide Paul Giamatti tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

1735 doğumlular
Braintree, Massachusetts doğumlular
Massachusetts doğumlu siyasetçiler
1826 yılında ölenler
Norfolk County'de ölenler
Massachusetts'te defnedilenler
18. yüzyılda Amerikalı avukatlar
19. yüzyılda Amerikalı avukatlar
18. yüzyıl Amerikalı siyasetçileri
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı siyasetçileri
18. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri devlet başkanları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkan yardımcıları
Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirgesini imzalayan delegeler
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Hollanda büyükelçileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Birleşik Krallık büyükelçileri
Harvard College'da öğrenim görenler
Amerikalı muhafazakârlar
Federalist Parti mensubu siyasetçiler
George Washington'un danışmanları
Quasi Savaşı'nda kişiler
Amerikalı Üniteryenler
Galler asıllı Amerikalılar
Amerikalı vergi direnişçileri
Amerikan Bilim ve Sanat Akademisi üyeleri
Hall of Fame for Great Americans üyeleri
Amerikan Felsefe Topluluğu üyeleri
Amerikalı siyasetçiler

John Adams


Setçe, Sakarya ilinin Geyve ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 52 km, Geyve ilçesine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet

Geyve'nin mahalleleri

Setçe, Geyve


Benak bzw. Benák ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Jaroslav Benák (* 1962), tschechischer Eishockeyspieler und -trainer
 Manja Benak (* 1989), slowenische Fußballspielerin

Benak


Proteales, veliki biljni red iz razreda dvosupnica koji svoje ime nosi po rodu Protea, čija je domovina južna Afrika, a najpoznatija je među njima kraljevska protea (Protea cynaroides), nacionalni cvijet Južnoafričke Republike, koji se smatra za jednim od najljepših na cvijetu. Ime roda, porodice i reda dolazi po grčkom bogu mora Proteju.

To je red eudikotiledonih cvjetnica, s 4 porodice, oko 85 rodova i gotovo 1750 vrsta. Uz Buxales, Cerotophyllales, Ranunculales i Trochodendrales, Proteales je dio skupine poznate kao bazalni eudikoti u botaničkom klasifikacijskom sustavu Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV).

Najveća porodica u redu je Proteaceae, koja ima 80 rodova i 1615 vrsta i uglavnom je ograničena na južnu hemisferu, većinom u Australiji, Južnoj Africi i Madagaskaru. Sabiaceae obuhvaća 4 roda i oko 120 vrsta zimzelenog drveća ili liana porijeklom iz tropske Amerike i jugoistočne Azije. Platanaceae ima samo jedan rod Platanus na sjevernoj hemisferi, s 8-10 vrsta. Slično tome, Nelumbonaceae ima samo jedan vodeni rod, lotos (Nelumbo), s dvije sjeverno umjerene vrste. Preraspodjela ovih obitelji u jedan red bila je iznenađujuća posljedica molekularnih studija na razini porodica. Teško je zamisliti da su tri tako različite porodice grupirane u jedan red, ali čak i nemolekularni podaci nude određenu potporu za ovaj odnos, posebice odnos Platanus i Proteaceae.

Jedini je priznat u nadredu Proteanae  Takht..

Porodice
 Nelumbonaceae Sjeverna Amerika, južna i jugoistočna Azija, sjeverna Australija
 Platanaceae ili vodoklenovke, Sjeverna Amerika, Sredozemlje
 Proteaceae ili dvoličnjakovke, tropska Amerika, Afrika, Azija, Australija, Novi Zeland
 Sabiaceae, tropska Amerika, južna i jugoistočna Azija

Izvori

Dvosupnice
Biljni redovi

Proteales


An Coelachne friesiorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Coelachne friesiorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Coelachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Coelachne

Coelachne friesiorum


FC Red Bull Salzburg Bundesliga (Avusturya)'da yer alan futbol kulübü. Wals-Siezenheim'da kurulmuştur. Önceleri adı SV Austria Salzburg olan kulüp, 2005'te Red Bull tarafından satın alınmasıyla isim değişikliğine gitti ve adı FC Red Bull Salzburg olarak değiştirildi.

Red Bull'un satın almasından sonra
1973'ten itibaren sponsor firmaların isimlerini kullanmaya başlayan kulüp; Gerngross, Sparkasse, Casino, Wüstenrot gibi isimler kullansa Austria ön adını hiçbir şekilde değiştirmemekteydi. Major League Soccer'daki New York Red Bulls adlı kulübün de sahibi olan Red Bull, 2005'te mali sıkıntıya düşen kulübün %100 hissesini alırken, adıyla beraber amblemini ve renklerini de değiştirerek kulübü yeni kurulmuş bir kulüp durumuna getirdi. Böylece 1933'ten beri kullanılan Mor-Beyazın yerini, enerji içeceği kutusundaki Kırmızı-Mavi aldı. Taraftar profiline de müdahale eden Red Bull, stadın ayakta maç izlenecek ucuz tribününün kapasitesini yarıya indirdi. Kulübün satılmasına ve kulüpte meydana gelen değişikliklere karşı çıkan taraftarlar protestoyla yetinmediler. Kulüplerinin aşırı ticarileştirilerek genetiğiyle oynandığına inanan taraftarlar, gerçekleştirip 7 Ekim 2005'te Austria Salzburg kulübünü kurdular. Tıpkı onlar gibi, eski ve bozulmamış haldeki kulüplerini kendi elleriyle yeniden kurup, en alt kümeden mücadeleye başladılar. 800 üyenin girişimiyle kurulan Mor-Beyazlı 'öz' Austria Salzburg, dört sezon üst üste şampiyon olarak, üçüncü kümeye kadar yükselmeyi başardı.

Başarıları

Avusturya

Bundesliga (Avusturya)
 Şampiyon (17) - 1993-94*, 1994-95*, 1996-97*, 2006-07, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22, 2022-23

ÖFB-Cup
 Şampiyon (8) - 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021 ,2022
 Finalist (4) - 1974*, 1980*, 1981*, 2002*

ÖFB-Supercup
 Şampiyon (3) - 1994*, 1995*, 1997*

Avrupa
UEFA Kupası
 Finalist (1) - 1993-94*

* Austria Salzburg olarak

Mevcut kadro

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site
 UEFA.COM profili
 EUFO.DE profili
 Weltfussball.de profili
 Playerhistory.com profili
 Transfermarkt.de profili
 Football Squads.co.uk profili
 National Football Teams.com profili
 Football-Lineups.com profili

FC Red Bull Salzburg


Miyozinler, 16 kadar üyesi tanımlanmış ATP-bağımlı bir motor protein ailesidir. Kas hücrelerinde "miyozin II" bulunur ve toplam kas protein kütlesinin % 55'ini oluşturur. Aktin ile birlikte aktomiyozin oluşturarak kaslardaki kasılma ve gevşeme hareketlerini düzenler. Ağır ve hafif zincirlerden oluşur. Molekül ağırlığı yaklaşık 500-540 KDa olup birbirine dolanmış iki sarmaldan oluşan fibröz bir kuyruğu vardır. Sarmalların ucunda birer globüler baş kısmı bulunur.

İskelet kası
Motor proteinler

Miyozin


مارسيو روبرتو دوس سانتوس الشهير باسم مارسيو سانتوس ( في ساو باولو) (بالبرتغالية:Márcio Roberto dos Santos) لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الدفاع .

لعب مارسيو سانتوس في أندية نوفوريزونتينو (1987-1990) إنترناسيونال (1990-1991) بوتافوغو (1992) بوردو (1992-1994) فيورنتينا (1994-1995) أياكس أمستردام (1995-1997) أتليتيكو مينيرو (1997) ساو باولو (1997-1999) سانتوس (2000) جينان (2001) غاما (2001) شاندونغ لونينغ تايشان (2001) إتي جوندياي (2002) بوليفار (2003) جوينفيل (2003) بورتوغيزا سانتيستا (2004-2006) .

ساهم مارسيو سانتوس في تتويج نادي أياكس أمستردام ببطولة دوري الدرجة الممتازة مرتين موسمي 1995/1996 و1996/1997 وبطولة كأس السوبر الهولندي 1996 وبطولة كأس العالم للأندية 1995 وبطولة كأس السوبر الأوروبي 1996 كما ساهم في تتويج نادي ساو باولو ببطولة ولاية ساو باولو 1998 .

شارك مارسيو سانتوس مع منتخب البرازيل في 43 مباراة دولية مسجلا 5 أهداف في الفترة من 1990 إلى 1997 . تم استدعائه للمشاركة في بطولة كوبا أمريكا 1991 التي أقيمت في تشيلي واحتل فيها منتخب البرازيل المركز الثاني خلف منتخب الأرجنتين .

تم استدعائه مجددا للمشاركة في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1994 التي أقيمت في الولايات المتحدة . كان مارسيو سانتوس أحد الركائز الأساسية في خط الدفاع حيث شارك أساسيا في جميع مباريات البطولة وساهم في فوز منتخب بلاده على منتخبي روسيا والكاميرون 2/0 و3/0 على التوالي ثم التعادل مع منتخب السويد 1/1 . في الأدوار الإقصائية ساهم في الفوز على منتخبات الولايات المتحدة المستضيف، هولندا ، والسويد بنتيجة 1/0 ، 3/2 ، و1/0 على التوالي . في المباراة النهائية أمام منتخب إيطاليا انتهى الوقتان الأصلي والإضافي بالتعادل 0/0 وتقدم مارسيو سانتوس لتنفيذ ركلة الجزاء الأولى التي أضاعها ولكن استطاع زملائه حسم الركلات لصالحهم 3/2 ليتوج بلقب البطولة .

تم استدعائه مجددا للمشاركة في بطولة كوبا أمريكا 1997 التي أقيمت في بوليفيا وتوج فيها منتخب البرازيل بطلا بعد فوزه في المباراة النهائية على منتخب بوليفيا المستضيف 3/1 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في الصين
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في بوليفيا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو المنتخبات الفائزة بكأس العالم
لاعبو أياكس أمستردام
لاعبو باوليستا
لاعبو بوتافوغو
لاعبو بورتوغيزا سانتيستا
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو سانتوس
لاعبو ساو باولو
لاعبو غريميو نوفوريزونتينو
لاعبو فيورنتينا
لاعبو كأس العالم 1994
لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برازيليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بوليفيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم فازوا بكوبا أمريكا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بوليفيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم من ساو باولو
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 1991
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 1997
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي إنترناسيونال
لاعبو نادي بوليفار
لاعبو نادي جوينفيل
لاعبو نادي شاندونغ لونينغ تايشان
لاعبو نادي غاما
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1969
مواليد في ساو باولو

مارسيو روبرتو دوس سانتوس


تويوتا كريستا، هي سيارة من سيارات تويوتا تمت صناعتها في سنة 1992. وكانت تعتبر من السيارات العملية من حيث استهلاك الوقود ولكن لاتعتبر من السيارات القوية فوزنها يعتبر خفيفا جداً بالنسبة لبقية السيارات.

سيارات اخترعت في 1980
سيارات تويوتا
سيارات صالون رياضية
سيارات عقد 1990
سيارات عقد 2000
سيارات فارهة

تويوتا كريستا


Edgar Stillman Kelley (født 14. april 1857 i Sparta, Wisconsin, død 12. november 1944 i Oxford, Ohio) var en amerikansk komponist.

Kelley studerede musik dels i Chicago, dels i Stuttgart og blev organist i San Francisco, ved siden deraf kritiker og dirigent ved et operetteteater; senere levede han i Berlin og derefter som konservatorielærer i Cincinnati. Han har skrevet operaer og operetter, symfonier, kammermusik, kor- og orkesterværker som Ben-Hur, Macbeth, The Pilgrim's Progress (1918).

Kilder

Komponister fra USA
Organister fra USA
Dirigenter fra USA
Amerikanere i 1800-tallet
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Wisconsin

Edgar Stillman Kelley


في الملاحة الجوية، معدل الصعود  اختصارا (RoC)، هو السرعة التي ترتفع بها الطائرة عاموديا. وحميع الدول الأعضاء في منظمة الطيران المدني الدولي تستخدم قدم/بالدقيقة (بما فيها الدول التي تستخدم النظام المتري) كوحدة قياس، بينما بعض دول العالم مازالت تستخدم وحدة بالمتر/دقيقة.

أما معدل الهبوط فأحيانا يطلق عليه معدل الانحدار أو الغرق.

يوجد نوعين من السرعات الجوية لمعظم الطائرات بالنسبة لمعدل الصعود يرمز اليهما ب Vx و Vy. ترمز Vx إلى أفضل زاوية للصعود في حين ترمز Vy إلى أفضل سرعة لمعدل الصعود. عادة ما تكون سرعة أفضل زاوية للصعود (Vx) أقل من سرعة أفضل سرعة لمعدل الصعود (Vy). الفارق ما بين السرعتين يتحدد بهدف أو غرض الصعود.

تشير السرعة المبينة ل(Vx) بأنها تزداد مع الارتفاع بينما تقل (Vy).

يختلف معدل الصعود الأولي عن معدل الصعود المتوسط، فمثلا في طائرة الميج 29، يكون معدل صعودها المبدئي 330 متر/ثانية في حين أن متوسط معدل صعودها 109 متر/ثانية (من صفر إلى 6000 متر).

يقاس معدل الصعود بمؤشر السرعة العامودي.

انظر أيضا
 في سبييدس

مراجع

ديناميكا هوائية
معدلات زمانية
هندسة الطيران والفضاء الجوي

معدل الصعود


Der Paul Loicq Award ist eine Auszeichnung der Internationalen Eishockey-Föderation IIHF, der seit 1998 jährlich an die Person vergeben wird, die sich durch ihr Wirken um das internationale Eishockey oder den Weltverband IIHF verdient gemacht hat. Der Gewinner der Auszeichnung wird jährlich mit den Neuaufnahmen in die IIHF Hall of Fame bekanntgegeben.

Der Preis ist nach dem Belgier Paul Loicq benannt, der von 1922 bis 1947 Präsident der Internationalen Eishockey-Föderation war.

Preisträger

Weblinks
 Liste der Preisträger in der IIHF Hall of Fame

Sportliche Auszeichnung (Eishockey)

Paul Loicq Award


කටක Cancer( ♋ ) (Greek: Καρκίνος,Karkinos Latin: Cancer) රාශිය යනු රාශි චක්‍රයේ හතරවන රාශියයි.මෙය අංශක 90-120 අතර පිහිටා ඇත.හිරුගේ උත්තරායන ගමනේ උච්චතම අක්ෂාංශය නියොජනය වන්නේ කටක රාශිය තුලයි.ජුලි 15 ත් අගෝස්තු 15 අතර කාලය තුල සමාන්‍යයෙන් හිරු කටක රාශිය හරහා ගමන්කරයි.මෙම රාශිය කකුළුවකුගෙන් සංකේතවත් කෙරේ.කිසියම් පුද්ගලයෙකු උපත ලබන අවස්ථාවේ දී නැගෙනහිර ක්ෂිචිජයෙන් කටක රාශිය උදාවී පැවතුනේ නම් ඔහු කටක ලග්නයෙන් උපන්නෙකු ලෙස ජොතිෂ්‍යට අනුව සදහන් කරයි.

ජොතිෂ්‍ය
වෘශ්චික හා මීන රාශිය මෙන්ම කටක රාශිය ජල රාශි ගණයට අයත්ය. ලොව නිර්මානය වී ඇති සතර මහා ධාතූන්ගෙන් එකක් ලෙස ජලය හදුන්වයි.පඨවි ආපෝ තේජෝ වායෝ යන්න මෙම සතරමහා ධාතූන්ය.මෙහි ආපෝ යතුවෙන් හදුන්වන්නේ ජලයයි.. ජල ධාතුව හෙවත් අපෝ ධාතුව ලොකයට ඉතාම අත්‍යවශම ධාතුවයි. ග්‍රීක ජෝතිෂ්‍ය මත අනුව කටක රාශිය මුහුදට අධිපති නෙප්චූන් දෙවියන්ගේ නිවහනයි.. වෛදික ජෝතිෂ්‍ය මත අනුව කටක රාශිය වන්ද්‍රයාගේ නිවහනයි.

සම්භන්ධතා
කටක රාශිය  ජලය,සෙම,හෘදයl,උතුරු දිශාව,රාත්‍රිය,සක්ව ගුණය,චංවලබව,සමෘධිත් බව නියොජනය කරනබව ජෝතිෂ්‍යයේ දැක්වේ. රාශී චක්‍රෙය් තරුරටා හරහා හිරු ගමන් ගන්නාසේ දකින ගමන් මාර්ගය හෙවත් ක්‍රාන්ති වලය තුල උතුරින්ම පිහිටි රාශිය කටකයයි.මකර රාශිය කටක රාශිය ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ පැත්තේ පිහිටයි කටක රාශිය මුහුද,ගංගා,ඇල දොළ,ලිං,නාන තටාක,වගුරු බිම් සහ දිය අගල් නියෝජනය කරයි. ශරීරාංග වශයෙන් උරස් කුහරය හෘදය පියයුරු නියෝජනය කරයි. කටක ලග්න හිමියන් සංවේදී හදවත් ඇති පුද්ගලයන්ය.ඉක්මනින් කෝප ගැනීම මෙන්ම ඉක්මනින් කෝපය සන්සිදේ.චංචල අදහස් ඇත.කටක ලග්න හිමියන් ආධ්‍යත්මික අංශයට බරය.අදහස් නිතර වෙනස්කරයි.

ජනප්‍රවාද

ග්‍රීක ජනප්‍රවාද
ග්‍රීක ජනප්‍රවාද අනුව කටකය රාශිය හා හර්ක්‍යුලිස් යෝධයා  අතර සම්කබන්කුධයක්ළු පවතී.. හර්ක්‍යලිස් දිනක් ලනැයින් හයිඩ්‍රා සමග සටනක් ඇතිකර ගත්තේය.හයිඩ්‍රා හර්ක්‍යුලිස්ව සපාකෑමට කකුළුවකු එවීය.කකුළුවා හර්ක්‍යුලිස්ගේ පා ඇගිලි සපා කෑහ.එවිට හයිඩ්‍රා හර්ක්‍යුලිස්ට කඩුවෙන් පහර දුන්නේය..හර්ක්‍යුලිස් තමාව සපාකෑ කකුළුවා පයින් පාගා මරා දැමීය.. පසුව හයිඩුා තමාට උදවු කල කකුළුවා ගේ සිතුවම අහසේ ඇන්දේය.

චීන ජනප්‍රවාද
චීන ජනප්‍රවාද අනුව කටක රාශිය 28 ක්වූ විමානයන් අතර 23 වන විමානයයි.. මෙය චීන පසින් Gui යනුවෙන් හදුන්වයි.එහි තේරුම අවතාරය යන්නයි.. චීන ජෝතිෂ්‍යයට අනුව අහස කොටස් හතරකට බෙදෙයි.මෙම සෑම කොටසකටම දිශාවක් අයත්ය ඍතුවක්  මිත්‍යා මැවිල්ලක් අඩංගුය.ඒ අනුව කටක රාශිය අයත් අහස් කලාපයට රතු පැහැය දකුණු කුරුල්ලා සහ ගිම්හාන ඍතුව අයත්ය.

සටහන්

උපුටා දැක්වීම්

  Longitude of Sun, apparent geocentric ecliptic of date, interpolated to find time of crossing 0°, 30°....

බාහිර යොමු
  The dictionary definition of Cancer at Wiktionary
  Media related to Cancer  at Wikimedia Commons
 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 300 medieval and early modern images of Cancer)

රාශි චක්‍රය

කටක රාශිය


The People's Revolutionary Army (, abbreviated as ERP) was the military branch of the communist Workers' Revolutionary Party (, PRT) in Argentina.

History

Origins

The ERP was founded as the armed wing of the PRT, a communist party emerging from the Trotskyist tradition, but soon turned to the Maoist theory, especially the Cultural Revolution.  During the 1960s, the PRT adopted the foquista strategy of guerilla warfare associated with Che Guevara, who had fought alongside Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution.

The ERP launched its guerrilla campaign against the Argentine military dictatorship headed by Juan Carlos Onganía in 1969, using targeted urban guerrilla warfare methods such as assassinations and kidnappings of government officials and foreign company executives.  For example, in 1973 Enrique Gorriarán Merlo and Benito Urteaga led the ERP kidnapping of Esso executive Victor Samuelson and obtaining a ransom of $12 million. They also assaulted several companies' offices using heavily armed commandos of the ERP's elite "Special Squad". Although claim and counter-claim are invariably difficult to reconcile, figures released for an official publication, Crónica de la subversión en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma) at least give an indication of the kind of guerrilla activity undertaken, with claims that the rural guerrillas occupied 52 towns, robbed 166 banks and took US$76 million in ransoms for the kidnappings of 185 people.

The group continued the violent campaign even after democratic elections and the return to civilian rule in 1973, with Juan Peron's return. On 20 June 1973 the Peronist movement split after the Ezeiza massacre, that started when Lieutenant-Colonel Jorge Osinde's crowd monitoring right-wing Peronist militia reported the arrival of heavily armed Montoneros in two buses the day that Peron returned from exile. Victor E. Samuelson, an Exxon executive, was abducted on 6 December 1973 by the ERP. He was released after 144 days in captivity, after the Exxon Corporation paid a record ransom of $14.2 million. The avowed aim of the ERP was a communist revolution against the Argentine government in pursuit of "proletarian rule."

The ERP publicly remained in the forefront. ERP guerrilla activity took the form of attacks on military outposts, police stations and convoys. In 1971, 57 policemen were killed fighting the left-wing guerrillas, and in 1972 another 38 policemen lost their lives in the guerrilla violence. On 28 December 1972, Marine Private Julio César Provenzano of the ERP, is killed when the bomb he planted in one of the lavatories of the Argentine Naval Headquarters went off prematurely. On 3 April 1973, ERP guerrillas kidnapped Rear-Admiral Francisco Agustín Alemán.

In January 1974 the ERP Compañía Héroes de Trelew, named in commemoration of the 1972 Massacre of Trelew, during which 16 left-wing guerrillas who had attempted to escape detention had been shot dead, attacked the barracks at Azul, killing the Commanding Officer (Colonel Camilo Arturo Gay) and his wife (Hilda Irma Casaux) and kidnapping and later executing Lieutenant-Colonel Jorge Ibarzábal, with Patricia Gay the daughter of Gay and Casaux later taking her own life. However, in August, an assault on the Argentine Army's Villa Maria explosives factory in Cordoba and the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment at Catamarca by 70 ERP guerrillas dressed in army fatigues, met mixed fortune after killing and wounding eight policemen and soldiers but losing 16 guerrillas shot dead after they surrendered to 300 paratroopers of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant-Colonel Eduardo Humberto Cubas. During the attack in Villa Maria was kidnapped Colonel Argentino del Valle Larraburu. On 23 October 1974, ERP guerrillas shot and killed Lieutenant-Colonel José Francisco Gardón as he was leaving the Buenos Aires hospital where he specialized in blood diseases. On 18 August 1975 Captain Miguel Alberto Keller, accompanied by an NCO and five conscripts were forced to stop their army lorry at what they believed to be a military checkpoint, and Keller was shot dead as he approached the ERP guerrillas waiting in ambush. In December 1975 a force of some 300 ERP guerrillas and supporting militants attacked the Monte Chingolo barracks outside Buenos Aires but lost 63 dead, many of whom were wounded in the attack and subsequently killed. In addition, seven army troops and three policemen were killed and 34 wounded (including 17 policemen). In all, 293 Argentine servicemen and police were killed fighting left-wing guerrillas between 1975 and 1976.

In 1976 there had been plans to send a large part of the Uruguayan Tupamaros (MLN-T), the Chilean Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR) and the Bolivian National Liberation Army (ELN) to fight alongside the ERP and Montoneros in Argentina, but the plans failed to materialize largely due to the military coup.

Operations in Tucumán and Buenos Aires

After the return of Juan Perón to the presidency in 1973, the ERP shifted to a rural strategy designed to secure a large land area as a base of military operations against the Argentine state.  The ERP leadership chose to send the Compania del Monte Ramón Rosa Jimenez (Ramón Rosa Jimenez Mountain Company) to the province of Tucumán at the edge of the long-impoverished Andean highlands in the northwest corner of Argentina. Many of the officers in the rural guerrilleros company were trained in Cuba.

In July 2008, Cuban leader Fidel Castro admitted that he supported the guerrilla forces in South America: "The only place where we didn't attempt to promote a revolution was in Mexico. Everywhere else, without exception, we tried". Politician Gustavo Breide Obeid, who fought as an army captain against ERP guerrillas in Tucumán Province, claimed in 2007 that mercenaries from Jordan, Nicaragua and Angola served in the 'Ramón Rosa Jimenez' Mountain Company. By December 1974, the guerrillas numbered about 100 fighters, with a 400-person support network from the Montoneros. Led by Mario Roberto Santucho, they soon established control over a third of the province and organized a base of some 2,500 sympathizers.

Santucho's armed guerrillas in the northwestern province of Tucuman never exceeded 300 in the first year of the campaign.

The growth in ERP strength in the northwest, together with an increase in urban violence carried out by the left-Peronist Montoneros following Perón's death in 1974, led the government of Isabel Perón to issue "annihilation decrees" and expand the military's powers to fight a counter-insurgency campaign in February 1975. In all, 83 servicemen and policemen were killed in fighting the left-wing guerrillas, between 1973 and 1974.

Some 3,500 soldiers of the 5th Mountain Infantry Brigade, and two companies of elite commandos, placed under the command of Brigadier-General Acdel Vilas began immediately deploying in the Tucumán mountains in Operacion Independencia, joined later by 1,500 more troops from the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade and 8th Mountain Infantry Brigade.  The pattern of the war was largely dictated by the nature of the terrain, the mountains, rivers and extensive jungle denying both sides easy movement. The A-4B Skyhawk fighters and B.62 Canberra bombers of the Argentine Air Force were used for offensive air support while the North American T-34 and FMA IA 58 Pucará served as a light ground-attack and reconnaissance aircraft. While fighting the guerrilla in the jungle and mountains, Vilas concentrated on uprooting the ERP support network in the towns, using state terror tactics later adopted nationwide during the "Dirty War", as well as a civic action campaign. By July, the Argentine Army commandos were mounting search-and-destroy missions. The Army special forces discovered Santucho's base camp in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September. Most of the Compania del Monte's headquarters staff was killed in October and the remainder dispersed by the end of the year. While most of the leaders of the movement were killed outright, many of the captured ERP subalterns and sympathizers were incarcerated during the government of Isabel Perón, but little mercy was shown to captured guerrillas and civilian collaborators during the military dictatorship.

In May 1975, ERP representative Amilcar Santucho was captured trying to cross into Paraguay to promote the JCR unity effort. As a way to save himself, he provided information about the organization to Secretaría de Inteligencia (SIDE) agents that enabled Argentine security agencies to destroy what was left of the ERP, although pockets of ERP guerrillas continued to operate in the heavily wooded Tucuman mountains for many months. The case, during which an FBI official transmitted information obtained from the prisoners (Amilcar was detained along with a MIR member) to the Chilean DINA, was one practical operation of Operation Condor, which had started in 1973

Meanwhile, the guerrilla movement switched its main effort to the north and on 5 October 1975 guerrillas struck the 29th Mountain Infantry Regiment. The 5th Brigade suffered a major blow at the hands of Montoneros, when over one-hundred—perhaps several hundred—Montoneros guerrillas and milicianos (militants) were involved in the planning and execution of the most elaborate Montoneros operation in the so-called "Dirty War", which involved the hijacking of a civilian airliner, taking over the provincial airport, attacking the 29th Infantry Regiment's barracks at Formosa province and capturing its cache of arms, and finally escaping by air. Once the operation was over, they made good their escape towards a remote area in Santa Fe province. The aircraft, a Boeing 737, eventually landed on a crop field not far from the city of Rafaela. In the aftermath, 12 soldiers and 2 policemen were killed and several wounded. The sophistication of the operation, and the getaway cars and safehouses they used to escape from the crash-landing site, suggest several hundred guerrillas and their civilian supporters were involved.

In December 1975 most 5th Brigade units were committed to the border areas of Tucumán with over 5,000 troops deployed in the province. There was however, nothing to prevent infiltrating through this outer ring and the ERP were still strong inside Buenos Aires. Mario Santucho's Christmas offensive opened on 23 December 1975. The operation was dramatic in its impact, with ERP units, supported by Montoneros, mounting a large scale assault against the army supply base Domingo Viejobueno at the industrial suburb of Monte Chingolo, south of Buenos Aires. The attackers were defeated and driven off with 53 ERP guerrillas and 9 supporting militants killed. Seven army troops and three policemen were reported killed. In this particular battle the ERP and supporting Montoneros militants had about 1,000 deployed against 1,000 government forces. This large-scale operation was made possible not only by the planning of the guerrillas involved, but also by their supporters who provided houses to hide them, supplies and the means of escape.

On 30 December a bomb exploded at the headquarters of the Argentine Army in Buenos Aires, injuring at least six soldiers. In the eyes of the military, the credibility of the government was now destroyed and the strategy of attrition was bankrupt. The guerrillas had even successfully utilized divers of the Grupo Especial de Combate of the Montoneros: the modern type 42 destroyer  was severely damaged by explosives placed under her keel by frogmen of the Montoneros on 22 August 1975 while moored in the port of Ensenada. The damage was so great that the ship remained unseaworthy for several years. By the end of 1975, a total of 137 servicemen and police had been killed that year by left wing guerrillas. Elements within the armed forces, particularly among the junior officers, blamed the weakness of the government and began to seek a leader who they considered was strong enough to ensure a preservation of Argentinian sovereignty, settling on Lieutenant-General Jorge Videla. On 11 February 1976, colonel Raúl Rafael Reyes, the commander of the 601st Air Defence Artillery Group, was killed and two army conscripts (Privates Tempone and Gómez) wounded in an ambush by six ERP guerrillas in the La Plata suburb of Buenos Aires.

The Argentine armed forces moved ahead with the "Dirty War", dispensing with the civilian government through a coup d'état in March 1976. In his editorial immediately after the military takeover, Santucho wrote that "a river of blood will separate the military from the Argentine people", and this would result in a popular uprising followed by a civil war. On 29 March 1976, the ERP leadership lost twelve killed in a gun battle in downtown Buenos Aires with army elements (including the ERP Chief of Intelligence) but Santucho along with fifty guerrillas were able to fight their way out of the ambush. The Argentine Army and police scored more success in mid-April in Córdoba, when in a series of raids it captured and later killed some 300 militants entrusted with supporting the ERP operations in that province. During the first few months of the military junta, more than 70 policemen were killed in leftist actions In mid-1976, the Argentine Army completely destroyed the ERP's elite "Special Squad" in two violent firefights. The ERP's commander, Mario Roberto Santucho, and Benito Urteaga were killed in July of that year by military forces led by captain Juan Carlos Leonetti of the 601st Intelligence Battalion. Several hundred guerrillas of the Guevarist Youth Group in training for operations to coincide with the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, were captured and killed in a series of raids in Zárate soon afterwards. Although the ERP continued for a while under the leadership of Enrique Gorriarán Merlo, by late 1977 the guerrilla threat had been eradicated or gone underground. In 2008, the PRT-ERP reported the loss of 5,000 of its members killed in action or having disappeared after being detained. By that time the military dictatorship had expanded its own campaign against "subversives" to include state terror against active civilian collaborators,  non-violent students, intellectuals, and political activists who were presumed to form the social, non-combatant base of the insurgents. According to different sources, 12,261 to 30,000 people, are estimated to have disappeared and died during the military dictatorship that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983.  Admittedly there were 12,000 disappeared in the form of PEN detainees that survived the dictatorship, thanks to international pressure to release them from the clandestine detention camps. Some 11,000 Argentines have applied for and received up to US$200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship.
The PRT continued political activities, although limited to few members, organizing conventions even after democracy returned to the country. In December 2015, Professor Gustavo Morello (SJ) in his book The Catholic Church and Argentina's Dirty War (Oxford University Press, 2015) concluded that during the "Dirty War" in Argentina "15,000 people were killed, 8,000 were jailed and some 6,000 were exiled."

Aftermath
After the destruction of the left-wing in Argentina, some revolutionary cadres made their way to Nicaragua, where the Sandinistas had taken power in 1979. An ERP commando team comprising veterans of the "Dirty War" under Gorriarán Merlo, for example, demonstrated their active involvement in the revolutionary struggle by killing ex-dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1980. Gorriarán returned to Argentina in 1987 to become a leader of the Movimiento Todos por la Patria (All For the Motherland Movement or MTP).

Claiming another military coup by the Carapintadas was imminent against the new democratic government of Raúl Alfonsín (which at the time was leading a series of trials against members of the Argentine Military accused of human rights violations), Enrique Gorriarán Merlo led the 1989 attack on La Tablada Regiment, during which the Argentine army used white phosphorus as an anti-personnel weapon, and in which the guerrillas used captured army conscripts as 'shields' and ended in the capture of the surviving MTP members. Alfonsín countered the claim that the MTP were trying to forestall a military coup and declared that the attack had the ultimate goal of sparking a massive popular uprising, that could have led to civil war. In their newspapers and in the Argentine press, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo denounced the way Alfonsín had handled the La Tablada incident, making a connection between what had happened to their disappeared children and the treatment endured by the MTP guerrillas. Gorriarán was given a life sentence along with other MTP comrades, but was freed by interim president Eduardo Duhalde two days before Néstor Kirchner's access to power in 2003. In protest to Duhalde's decision, former Lieutenant-Colonel Emilio Guillermo Nani who took part in the fighting to recover the La Tablada barracks and lost an eye as a consequence, formally announced that he would be returning the medal for wounded military personnel that he won during the administration of Argentine president Raúl Alfonsín. The MTP still exist today as a political movement which has abandoned armed struggle.

In January 2016 for the first time in decades, Mauricio Macri (the previous president of Argentina) through the new Human Rights Secretary Claudio Avruj, granted an audience to CELTYV (Centre for Legal Studies on Terrorism and its Victims) representing the victims of left-wing terrorism in Argentina in a move that drew strong condemnation from Estela Barnes de Carlotto, head of the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo.

See also
 Dirty War
 Montoneros
 Nicaragua Betrayed
 Raúl Argemí

References

Bibliography
 Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina, by Paul H. Lewis (2001).
 Nosotros Los Santucho, by Blanca Rina Santucho (1997, in Spanish).
 Argentina's Lost Patrol : Armed Struggle, 1969-1979, by Maria Moyano (1995).
 Argentina, 1943-1987: The National Revolution and Resistance, by Donald C. Hodges (1988).
 Monte Chingolo, la mayor batalla de la guerrilla argentina, by Gustavo Plis-Sterenberg (2003).

Defunct communist militant groups
Guerrilla movements in Latin America
History of Argentina (1955–1973)
History of Argentina (1973–1976)
Dirty War
Trotskyist organisations in Argentina
Military wings of socialist parties
Terrorism in Argentina
Paramilitary organisations based in Argentina

People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)


El 14.º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea (14. Flieger-Ausbildungs-Regiment) fue una unidad de la Luftwaffe de la Alemania nazi.

Historia
Fue formado el 1 de abril de 1939 en Klagenfurt, a partir del 14.º Batallón de Reemplazo Aéreo con:

Stab
I Batallón de Instrucción desde el 14.º Batallón de Reemplazo Aéreo
Escuela Elemental de Vuelo (Escuela/14.º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea) desde la Escuela Mixta Experimental Superior Klagenfurt-Annabichler.

El II Batallón de Instrucción fue formado en 1940, mientras la Escuela/14.º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea deja el regimiento el 1 de octubre de 1941, y se convirtió en la 14.º Escuela Mixta Experimental Superior. El 16 de agosto de 1942 es redesignado como el 14º Regimiento Aéreo.

Comandantes
Coronel Friedrich Leesemann - (1 de abril de 1939 - 8 de febrero de 1942)

Orden de Batalla
1939 – 1940: Stab, I. (1-5), 6., 7., Escuela.
1941 – 1942: Stab, I. (1-5), 7., II. (8-12).

Referencias
Lexikon Der Wehrmacht - 14. Flieger-Ausbildungs-Regiment
WW2 - 14. Flieger-Ausbildungs-Regiment

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Regimientos de Instrucción Aérea

14.º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea


La Carretera Estatal de Idaho 69, y abreviada SH 69 (en inglés: Idaho State Highway 69) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Idaho. La carretera inicia en el sur desde Kuna hacia el norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 13 km (8.068 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera Estatal de Idaho 69 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Idaho por sus siglas en inglés ITD.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de ITD

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Idaho

Carretera Estatal de Idaho 69


Bu madde, 3 Mayıs 1907'de kurulan Fenerbahçenin başkanlarının listesini içermektedir.

 Kulüp, kuruluş döneminden 1934 yılı Şükrü Saracoğlu başkanlığına dek Genel Kurul tarafından; "Reis", "Umumi Katip", "Umumi Kaptan ve Veznedar" olarak seçilen 3 kişilik "Müessesan Kurulu" adı verilen grup tarafından yönetilmiştir. Bu dönem içerisinde "Fahri Başkan" sıfatıyla da bazı kulüp yöneticileri reislik yapmıştır.
 Kuruluş yılını takiben; Tevfik Haccar Taşçı, Hakkı Saffet Tarı, Galip Kulaksızoğlu, Yahya Berki Karagözoğlu, Mustafa Elkâtipzade, Arif Emirzade Beyler halef oldular.
 Kulübün; 1918'de düzenlenen tüzüğüne "Kulübün bütün umur ve muamelatı "Heyet-i İdare" ile "Kaptanlar Heyeti" tarafından görülür. İdare heyeti: "Reis", "Umûmi Kâtip", "Muhasip", "Umûmi Kaptan", "Dahiliye müdürü" ve 2 üyeden kurulu olup, Hükumete karşı mesuldür. Kulübün muamelat-ı umûmiyesini mürakabeye memur bir de müfettiş vardır." maddesi eklenmiştir.

Başkanlar

Yıllara göre başarı grafiği

Notlar

Kaynakça
 Dağlaroğlu Rüştü, 1907-1987 Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü Tarihi, İstanbul 1987, sy: 16
Fenerbahçe SK Resmi internet sitesi, Başkanlarımız: https://fenerbahce.org/kulup/baskanlarimiz

Spor kulübü başkanları listeleri
Türk listeleri

Fenerbahçe başkanları listesi


The Republic of Indian Stream or Indian Stream Republic was an unrecognized republic in North America, along the section of the border that divides the current Canadian province of Quebec from the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It existed from July 9, 1832, to August 5, 1835. Described as "Indian Stream Territory, so-called" by the United States census-taker in 1830, the area was named for Indian Stream, a small watercourse. It had an organized elected government and constitution and served about three hundred citizens.

History
The area was first settled by Europeans under a land grant, from King Philip, an Abenaki man, named after Metacomet, who was also called King Philip.

This grant was sold to one land-speculation company, while a second group of Indians from the same tribe made representations to another company of Europeans that their chief had been deposed and that they were empowered to issue a grant to the second company. Following the Revolutionary War, both companies surveyed the territories and issued their own land grants to settlers, which frequently overlapped one another. After the War of 1812, when both companies were in financial straits, they merged and reconciled all land claims.

The establishment of Indian Stream as an independent nation was, essentially, the result of the ambiguous boundary between the United States and British Lower Canada as defined in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. There were three possible interpretations of where "the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River" might be. As a result, the area in and around the three tributaries that fed into the head of the Connecticut River was not definitively under the jurisdiction of either the United States or Lower Canada (which was formed in 1791).

The relevant text from the treaty reads:

The Republic encompassed the northern reaches of what is now the state of New Hampshire, including the four Connecticut Lakes. While the British claimed the southeasternmost branch (the chain of Connecticut Lakes), the U.S. claimed the border as it is today (i.e., Halls Stream to the west, which is, arguably, the "northwesternmost headwater" of the Connecticut). Both sides sent in tax collectors and debt-collecting sheriffs. The double taxation angered the population, and the Republic was formed to put an end to the issue until such time as the United States and Great Britain could reach a settlement on the boundary line. Some of the citizenry considered Indian Stream to be part of the U.S. but not a part of New Hampshire. The Indian Stream assembly declared independence on July 9, 1832, and produced a constitution. One of the drafters of the constitution was Luther Parker, who served as justice of the peace for the Republic from 1832 to 1835.

The Constitution of Indian Stream states in "Part Second - Form of Government":

The independence declaration did not cause the sheriff of Coos County to cease his involvement in affairs, with later events leading to an impending invasion by New Hampshire. On July 30, 1835, this sheriff asked for the militia. Two companies of infantry from the towns around Colebrook met at Stewartstown, ready to march into the disputed territory. The sheriff preceded them and, on August 4, met with between 30 and 40 members of the assembly, to whom he issued an ultimatum. Threatened with forcible occupation, most of the gathered assembly capitulated and relented to being annexed by New Hampshire. The Republic ceased to operate independently the next day when five leaders of Indian Stream wrote to a British official in Sherbrooke, Lower Canada, that, with a response to their petition for protection by the British not having occurred in time, Indian Stream had agreed to annexation by New Hampshire. One of the "Streamers", Richard I. Blanchard, agreed to serve as a deputy sheriff of Coos County. The militia stayed in Stewartstown and dispersed to their homes on August 6.

The annexation of Indian Stream by New Hampshire did not resolve the land dispute. Local British officials took a dim view of the annexation. An incident soon tested the situation. In October 1835, Blanchard led a small party to arrest John Tyler for an unpaid hardware-store debt. After the arrest, Tyler was freed on the road back to Coos County by a group of his neighbors. In reporting the incident to the British magistrate, Tyler falsely stated under oath that the location of his arrest was Drayton, Lower Canada. The magistrate then issued a warrant for Blanchard's arrest, which was carried out by a deputy and a few members of the British faction of Streamers, who returned with Blanchard toward the magistrate's house in Lower Canada.

Along the way, a group of Streamers stopped them in the road, rescued Blanchard and returned with their freed comrade to Indian Stream. The deputy's party continued on to the magistrate's house. Several hours later, there was a commotion in the road nearby from a posse of armed Streamers, emboldened by liquor, bent on making an impression. The invading posse shot the deputy through the thigh and then captured the hobbled magistrate with a blow of a saber to his scalp during a struggle. They returned to Canaan, Vermont, with the bleeding magistrate as prisoner, where local leaders treated his wound and released him immediately. In the aftermath, a detachment of fifty New Hampshire militia, including troops and officers, occupied the territory from mid-November until February 18, 1836.   On April 2, 1836, a resolution "that New Hampshire has a right to exercise an unconditional control over the territory of Indian Stream" was approved by the citizens of Indian Stream.

This international incident caused a diplomatic crisis. The British ambassador to the United States protested to President Andrew Jackson and the Secretary of State. Both governments, appalled at the idea of war over a matter so trivial as a hardware-store debt, determined to take measures so that matters did not escalate, and an uneasy peace endured in the years preceding the conclusion of a treaty settling the border.

In July 1837, Lord Palmerston in London dismissed all charges in the British judiciary system arising from the incident and reiterated the British position that the territory was part of British North America. The area was still described as Indian Stream at the time of the U.S. census taken on June 1, 1840, when the local population totalled 315. Upon petition by the residents, the area was incorporated as the town of Pittsburg in 1840.

In 1842, the land dispute was definitively resolved by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty, and the land was assigned to New Hampshire. The 1845 Lewis Robinson "Map of New Hampshire based on the latest authorities" shows the boundary as being north of the town of Clarksville but just south of modern-day Pittsburg.

See also
 Aroostook War
 Caroline affair
 Republic of Madawaska

References

Further reading
 Brown, Roger Hamilton. The Struggle for the Indian Stream Territory. Cleveland, OH: Western Reserve University Press, 1955.

 Harmon, Joshua. Quinnehtukqut. Buffalo: Starcherone Books, 2007.
 Lent, Jeffrey. Lost Nation. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002. (historical fiction)
 Pike, Robert E. Tall Trees, Tough Men.  New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1967.
 Pike, Robert E. Spiked Boots: Sketches of the North Country.  Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press, 1999 [reprint].
 Audet, François Joseph. La République d'Indian Stream. Toronto: The Copp-Clark Co., 1906

External links
 Historic USGS Maps of New England & New York: Indian Stream, NH-VT Quadrangle

History of New Hampshire
Pittsburg, New Hampshire
Rebellions in the United States
Canada–United States border disputes
Former unrecognized countries
Former countries in North America
Former countries of the United States
Former republics
Former territorial entities in North America
States and territories established in 1832
1830s in New Hampshire
1832 establishments in New Hampshire
States and territories disestablished in 1835
Former regions and territories of the United States

Republic of Indian Stream


شيبويا  وتعني «حي شيبويا» هو أحد أحياء طوكيو ال 23. تعتبر من أهم مراكز الأعمال في طوكيو، كما تتمحور حول محطة شيبويا التي تعتبر واحدة من أكبر محطات القطارات في طوكيو. كما تعرف المدينة بشهرتها في مجال آخر الموضات وخاصة بين الشباب، وتكون نشيطة على الغالب في الفترة المسائية.

نبذة تاريخية

بعد افتتاح خط يامونته للقطار سنة 1885، بدأت تظهر شيبويا باعتبارها محطة للسكك الحديدية قي جنوب غرب طوكيو لتصبح في نهاية المطاف مركزا تجاريا وترفيهيا أساسيا في المدينة، حيث كان في البداية عباراة عن قرية سنة 1889 وفي 1909 بلدة، حيا في مدينة طوكيو سنة 1932 وجناحا للمترو سنة 1943.

واحدة من أكثر القصص المشهورة المرتبطة بحي شيبويا، قصة هاتشيكو الكلب الذي كان ينتظر صاحبه أمام محطة شيبويا بين سنوات 1923 و1935 حتى بعد وفاة صاحبه، حيث أصبح مشهورا في اليابان كرمز للولاء، وقد تم بناء تمثال لهاتشيكو أمام المحطة والساحة التي كان يتردد عليها، حيث يعتبر هذا التمثال الأكثر شعبية بين السياح في هذه المنطقة.

سنة 1965 صاحبة الـ 18 سنة ميساو كاتاغيري، قتلت من طرف شرطي مضطرب حيث جرح رفقتها 16 شخصا أمام الحرم الشريف بشيبويا، وقد حكم عليه سنة 1972 بالإعدام.

شيبويا حصلت على شعبية كبيرة بين الشباب والشابات في الـ 30 سنة الأخيرة، حيت تجد فيها العديد من محلات الموضة، ووجود مركز تجاري (شيبويا 109) أمام محطة شيبويا، وعلى طول الحش نجد محلات أخرى للأزياء وموضة الشباب ومحلات شهيرة لتصميم الملابس. في تسعينات القرن الماضي أصبحت شيبويا باسم مركز صناعة التكنلوجيا باليابان.

جغرافيا

يضم حي شيبويا العديد من المناطق التجارية المشهورة مثل إبيسو، دايكانياما، هاراجوكو، هيروو، أوموته-ساندو، سينداغايا، يويوغي.

أماكن سياحية

مناطق خضراء

 ميجي جينغو، هو معبد شنتو، وهو مخصص لروح الإمبراطور ميجي وزوجته الإمبراطورة شوكن.
 شنجوكو غيوين، الحديقة الإمبراطورية سابقاً.
 حديقة يويوغي، كانت تخدم كقاعدة تدريب للجيش الإمبراطوري الياباني، وكانت مكانا لإجراء دورة الألعاب الأولمبية لسنة 1964 التي نظمت بطوكيو

أعلام

 هاجيمي تامورا
 تتسو هارا
 نوبويو أوياما
 فوميو كيشيدا
 مينوبه ريوكيتشي
 آن واتانابي
 مينورو كاواساكي
 هيروشي ميازاوا
 هاتشيكو
 نوجابيس

مواقع خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لشيبويا باللغة الإنكليزية

مراجع

أحياء طوكيو
صناديق تصفح طوكيو
مدن ساحلية في اليابان
مدن محافظة كاناغاوا
مدن مختارة من قبل الحكومة
مستوطنات ساحلية في اليابان
ملاعب ألعاب قوى أولمبية
ملاعب الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1964
يوكوهاما

شيبويا (طوكيو)


Le MV Agusta TT 235 ou plus exactement Trasporto Tevere 235 est un triporteur motorisé fabriqué par le constructeur italien MV Agusta, une des marques les plus emblématiques de l'histoire de la moto, de 1960 à 1968. C'est le plus gros modèle utilitaire triporteur de la marque et le dernier produit.

Pourquoi MV Agusta s'est intéressé de ce secteur d'activité restera toujours un mystère, car il n'y avait aucune chance qu'il puisse rivaliser avec les autres constructeurs italiens de ce type de véhicules comme Moto Guzzi sans parler de Piaggio et ses fameux petits Ape. D'après les archives de l'époque,  des trois séries ont été fabriqués.

Histoire
Au cours de la période d'après guerre, alors que l'Italie devait se reconstruire et les habitants se déplacer, MV Agusta n'a pas pensé à construire uniquement des motos mais aussi d'autres moyens de transport, des véhicules utilitaires légers. L'époque était favorable à tout moyen de transport, même rudimentaire.

En 1947, MV Agusta présente son premier motocarro, un triporteur motorisé, construit en raccordant un avant de moto et une remorque à l'arrière, le tout solidement fixé sur un robuste châssis. Ce type d'engin était très en vogue à l'époque en Italie mais aussi en Allemagne qui les utilisait aussi comme taxi. Le modèle MV Agusta utilisait le moteur de la fameuse MV 98, monocylindre à deux temps de . Durant l'année 1948, plusieurs modèles (en Italie destinés uniquement au transport de marchandises) ont vu le jour équipés du moteur MV Agusta de  avec une boîte à trois vitesses.

En 1953, MV Agusta présente le prototype d'une voiturette à deux places, Vetturetta 350. Le modèle restera au stade du prototype et est visible au Musée MV Agusta.

En 1954, MV Agusta présente le Motocarro 175. Ce modèle comporte un moteur à quatre temps de  avec un seul arbre à cames en tête, et offre une charge utile de .

En 1956, MV Agusta présente la fourgonnette 1100 / D2 équipée d'un moteur Agusta diesel à deux cylindres de  avec une boîte de vitesses à quatre rapports, développant 27 ch, disposait d'une charge utile de . Une version pick-up a suivi. Quelques mois plus tard la version 1101 / D2L, avec une charge utile de  a été lancée.

En 1958, MV Agusta présente un nouveau véhicule triporteur équipé d'un moteur dérivé du 125 Turismo Rapido de 1954, avec l'adoption d'une pompe de lubrification à engrenages et d'un ventilateur. C'est le troisième véhicule de ce type. Par rapport aux modèles précédents, le constructeur a ajouté une cabine de protection, avec un large pare-brise en verre munie d'un essuie glace, mais sans portières. Le plateau métallique à ridelles de chargement à l'arrière est fixe ou basculant. La charge utile est de  pour un poids à vide de seulement . La consommation est de 2,95 litres aux  en pleine charge.  seront fabriqués entre 1958 et 1960.

En 1961, MV Agusta présente une version améliorée du Centauro 150 RF, le Centauro 150 RFB, équipé du même moteur quatre temps de . Le véhicule accepte la même charge utile de  mais adopte des freins à tambours de  au lieu des tambours de  précédemment. Les dimensions ont aussi été revues à la hausse avec un empattement porté à , une longueur de  et une largeur de . Le poids à vide n'augmente que de  à . La consommation reste inchangée à 2,95 litres aux .  seront fabriqués entre 1961 et 1965.

En 1960, MV Agusta présente un modèle plus puissant avec une cabine entièrement fermée comprenant deux portières métalliques, le Trasporto Tevere 235.

Ce triporteur, plus puissant et plus gros que la série Centauro, a été décliné en trois séries équipées du même moteur monocylindre de  développant 10 ch CUNA à  par minute mais avec des caractéristiques dimensionnelles différentes :

Voir aussi

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Bibliographie
  Fiche technique MV Agusta Trasporto Tevere 235
  Fiche technique MV Agusta Trasporto Tevere 235 TTC

TT 235
Véhicule utilitaire
Automobile des années 1960
MV Agusta

MV Agusta TT 235


Dangerously in Love ist das Solodebüt der US-amerikanischen R&B-Sängerin Beyoncé. Es wurde im Juni 2003 von ihrer Plattenfirma Columbia Records veröffentlicht. Knowles nahm das Album von 2002 bis 2003 auf, während ihre Girlgroup Destiny's Child eine Pause einlegte. Das Album enthält Einflüsse aus der Soul- und der R&B-Musik sowie Elemente aus dem Hip-Hop und der orientalischen Musik.

Dangerously in Love war für Knowles der endgültige Durchbruch als Solokünstlerin. Das Album war weltweit erfolgreich. In den Vereinigten Staaten und im Vereinigten Königreich stieg das Album sofort auf Platz eins der Charts ein. Mit weltweit mehr als elf Millionen verkauften Exemplaren gilt das Album als eines der erfolgreichsten Alben des Jahres 2003.

Ausgekoppelt wurden daraus insgesamt fünf Singles: der Nr.-1-Hit Crazy in Love mit Jay-Z, Baby Boy im Duett mit Sean Paul, Me, Myself and I, '03 Bonnie & Clyde sowie Naughty Girl. In den USA wurde zudem der Titeltrack Dangerously in Love als Radio-Single veröffentlicht.

2004 wurde das Album bzw. seine Singles unter anderem mit fünf Grammys prämiert.

Hintergrund
Knowles begann ihre Karriere Ende der 1990er-Jahre als Leadsängerin der Contemporary-R&B-Gruppe Destiny's Child. Laut Corey Moss von MTV News wollten die Fans Knowles auch als Solo-Sängerin zu sehen. Während die Girlgroup Ende 2000 ihr drittes Album Survivor aufnahm, gab Knowles bekannt, dass die Gruppe eine Pause einlegen wird, damit sich die Sängerinnen Soloprojekten widmen können. Diese Idee stammt von Knowles Vater Mathew Knowles, dem Manager der Gruppe.

Michelle Williams veröffentlichte im April 2002 als erste ihren Solodebüt Heart to Yours. Währenddessen versuchte sich Knowles als Schauspielerin in der Komödie Austin Powers in Goldmember und nahm ihre erste Solo-Single Work It Out auf, das auf dem Soundtrack zum Film erschien. Kelly Rowland arbeitete mit dem amerikanischen Rapper Nelly auf dessen Single Dilemma zusammen, die in den USA zehn Wochen lang die Billboard Hot 100 anführte. Ihr Soloalbum Simply Deep erschien 2002. Knowles war auch als Schauspielerin in Fighting Temptations zu sehen und nahm eine weitere Single auf. Im Jahr 2002 arbeitete Knowles mit ihrem damaligen Freund Jay-Z bei dessen Hit '03 Bonnie & Clyde zusammen, der in den USA Platz vier erreichte und in der Schweiz ein Nummer-eins-Hit wurde. Das Lied machte Knowles auch als Solokünstlerin bekannt, und sie begann in der Folge mit der Aufnahme zum Album Dangerously in Love.

Aufnahme
Bevor Knowles mit den Arbeiten an Dangerously in Love begann, wählte sie die Produzenten aus, mit denen sie zusammenarbeiten wollte. Zwei Tage lang hatte Knowles Termine und Gespräche mit Produzenten der West- und der Ostküste Amerikas. Knowles begann mit den ersten Aufnahmen in Miami (Florida). Dort arbeitete sie mit dem kanadischen Produzenten Scott Storch, dem ersten Produzenten, den sie für ihr Album aussuchte. In den folgenden Monaten lebte sie in einem Hotel in Miami, das sich in der Nähe des Aufnahmestudios befand.

Wie schon bei Survivor, übernahm Knowles auch beiDangerously in Love Teile der Produktion. Sie schrieb bei den meisten Lieder mit und entschied wie produziert und abgemischt wurde. Auch wenn sie nicht für die Rhythmen des Albums verantwortlich zeichnet, so brachte sie sich bei den Melodien der Lieder ein und überzeugte die Produzenten von ihren Ideen. Dafür gilt sie als Co-Writerin und Koproduzentin des Albums. Außerdem ist sie neben ihrem Vater Matthew Knowles als ausführender Produzent genannt. Insgesamt wurden 43 Lieder aufgenommen, wobei es nur 15 auf die endgültige Version des Albums schafften.

Laut Knowles fühlten sich die Aufnahmen der Lieder ohne ihren Gruppenmitgliedern als "Befreiung und therapeutisch" an. Die Abhängigkeit von Destiny's Child machte es Knowles schwerer, "ihre Kreativität auch als Solokünstlerin" zu behalten. Damit Knowles auch als Solokünstlerin Erfolg hatte, suchte sie nach weiteren Künstlern, die Interesse zeigten, mit ihr zusammenzuarbeiten. Nachdem die Aufnahmen fertig waren, sandte Knowles Kopien der Aufnahmen an die Gastkünstler, mit denen Knowles bei den Liedern zusammenarbeiten wollte. Neben Jay-Z bekam Knowles auch die Möglichkeit, mit dem jamaikanischen Dancehall-Musiker Sean Paul und der amerikanischen Rapperin Missy Elliott zusammenzuarbeiten. Knowles arbeitete auch mit Timbaland beim Lied Wrapped Around Me zusammen, das es jedoch aus unbekannten Gründen nicht auf die endgültige Albumfassung schaffte.

Der Albumname Dangerously in Love basiert auf einem Lied mit diesem Titel, das Knowles bereits für Survivor geschrieben hatte. Dangerously in Love unterschied sich jedoch zu sehr von den weiteren Liedern auf dem Destiny's-Child-Album. So wurde es zwar mit auf das Album genommen, jedoch entschied sich die Gruppe, das Lied nicht als Single zu veröffentlichen. Nachdem Knowles mit den Arbeiten an ihrem Debütalbum begonnen hatte, entschied sie sich das Lied erneut zu verwenden. Ursprünglich sollte das Album Ende 2002 erscheinen, jedoch wurde dieser Plan geändert, damit stattdessen Kelly Rowland ihr Album veröffentlichen konnte, solange der Erfolg ihrer Single Dilemma noch anhielt. Da der Plan nicht vorsah, dass zwei Destiny's-Child-Mitglieder gleichzeitig ihr Album veröffentlichen und somit konkurrieren würden, wurde die Veröffentlichung von Dangerously in Love auf 2003 verschoben, somit blieb Knowles noch länger Zeit um am Album zu arbeiten. Dies erlaubte ihr auch, weitere Lieder aufzunehmen, darunter die erste Single Crazy in Love. Ende 2002 legte Knowles an der Arbeit zu Dangerously in Love eine Pause ein, um mit Destiny's Child eine Weihnachtstournee zu unternehmen. Nach einigen Monaten begann Knowles im März 2003 wieder mit den Arbeiten an ihrem Album und nahm unter anderem noch Lieder mit Sean Paul und P. Diddy auf.

Musik
Knowles' Vater und Manager sagte, dass Dangerously in Love ihre musikalischen Wurzeln zeige. Während Williams und Rowland eher Gospel- und Popmusik veröffentlichten, fokussierte sich Knowles auf zeitgenössische R&B-Musik. Das Album konzentriert sich sowohl auf schnellere R&B-Stücken und Club-orientierten Liedern, als auch auf Balladen und ruhigere Slow-Jam-Titel in der zweiten Hälfte. Knowles sagte dazu, dass ihr Album eine gute Balance zwischen Balladen und schnelleren Titeln habe. Insgesamt sind jedoch deutlich mehr Balladen auf dem Album vertreten.

Laut Knowles wollte sie sich mit dem Album als wirkliche Künstlerin akzeptiert sehen. Deswegen kamen sehr viele musikalische Einflüsse und Genres auf das Album. Es enthält Contemporary-R&B-, Hip-Hop/Rap-, Soul- und Rock-Einflüsse. Die Hip-Hop-Einflüsse stammen von Jay-Z, OutKast, Missy Elliott und Lil' Kim; die Reggae-Einflüsse von Sean Paul; und dank den Produzenten Storch enthält das Album auch Einflüsse aus der orientalischen bzw. arabischen Musik. Seine Arbeit an dem Album gibt dem Werk einen Einfluss auch aus der Musik des mittleren Ostens. Für die Vielseitigkeit der Musik nutzten Knowles und ihre Produzenten für die Musik sehr viele unterschiedliche Musikinstrumente.

Inhalt und Interpretationen
Als '03 Bonnie & Clyde Ende 2002 als Single veröffentlicht wurde, spekulierten die Kritiker, dass Knowles und Jay-Z eine Beziehung haben. Trotz viele Gerüchte verrieten Knowles und Jay-Z nichts über eine gegenseitige Beziehung. Dennoch gibt es auf dem Album Andeutungen: Im Lied Signs singt Knowles darüber, in jemanden verliebt zu sein, der als Sternzeichen Schütze ist. Jay-Z hat dieses Sternzeichen.

Knowles sagte, dass Dangerously in Love inhaltlich mit den Destiny's-Child-Alben vergleichbar sei. Aber da Knowles nur für sich selbst schreiben musste, hatte sie die Gelegenheit auch persönlichere Themen auf dem Album zu verarbeite. Neben einem Stück, das die verschiedenen Stadien eines romantischen Verhältnisses beschreibt, enthält Dangerously in Love Lieder, die von der Liebe und von der Ehrlichkeit handeln.

Während sich einige Lieder auf die "Schönheit der Liebe" fokussieren, behandelt das Album aber auch andere Themen, wie "Trennung" und "Kontrolle". Mit dem Lied Daddy (mit der Cellistin Nioka Workman) zollt Beyoncé Tribut an ihren Vater und Manager. Das Lied drückt auch Beyoncés Wunsch aus, dass ihr zukünftiger Ehemann dieselben Fähigkeiten und Eigenschaften wie ihr Vater haben soll. Ursprünglich sollte es nicht auf das Album, weil sie damit infantil erscheinen könnte, aber schließlich entschloss sie sich das Album mit diesem Lied ausklingen zu lassen.

Rezeption
Die Webseite Metacritic.com ermittelte für Dangerously in Love eine durchschnittliche Bewertung von 64 von 100, basierend auf 16 Kritiken. Entertainment Weekly gab dem Album die Note A- und schrieb, das Album bestätige den Geschmack der Sängerin für Innovation. Allmusic bewertete Dangerously in Love mit vier von fünf Sternen. Stephen Thomas Erlewine nannte die Platte besonders aufgrund der ersten Hälfte eine der besten "Mainstream-R&B"-Platten des Jahres 2003.

Titelliste
 Crazy in Love (featuring Jay-Z) – (Beyoncé Knowles, Rich Harrison, Shawn Carter, Eugene Record) – 3:56
 Naughty Girl – (B. Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller, Angela Beyince, Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder, Donna Summer) – 3:29
 Baby Boy (featuring Sean Paul) – (Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Sean Paul, Robert Waller, Shawn Carter) – 4:04
 Hip Hop Star (featuring Big Boi & Sleepy Brown) – (B. Knowles, Bryce Wilson, Makeda Davis, Big Boi, S. Carter) – 3:43
 Be With You – (B. Knowles, Rich Harrison, Angela Beyince, Shuggie Otis, George Clinton, Jr., Bootsy Collins, Gary Cooper) – 4:20
 Me, Myself & I – (Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller) – 5:01
 Yes (Beyoncé Knowles, Bernard Edwards, Jr., Shawn Carter) – 4:19
 Signs (featuring Missy Elliott) – (Missy Elliott, Nisan Stewart, Craig Brockman) – 4:59
 Speechless – (Beyoncé Knowles, Andreao Heard, Sherrod Barnes, Angela Beyince) – 6:00
 That's How You Like It (featuring Jay-Z) – (D. Andrews, B. Bridgeman, S. Carter, R. DeBarge, E. DeBarge, Etterlene Jordan) – 3:40
 The Closer I Get to You (Duett mit Luther Vandross) – (James Mtume, Reggie Lucas) – 4:57
 Dangerously In Love 2 – (Beyoncé Knowles, Errol McCalla, Jr.) – 4:54
 Beyoncé Interlude – (Beyoncé Knowles) – 0:16
 Gift From Virgo – (Beyoncé Knowles, Shuggie Otis) – 2:46
 Daddy (Hidden track) – (Beyoncé Knowles, Mark Batson) – 4:57
Bonustracks
 Bienvenue (IAM featuring Beyoncé) – (Akhenaton, Shurik'n, Deni Hines) – 4:05
 Work It Out – (Beyoncé Knowles, Pharrell Williams, Chad Hugo) – 4:06
 '03 Bonnie & Clyde (Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé) – (S. Carter, Kanye West, Prince, D. Harper, R. Rouse, Tupac Shakur, Tyrone Wrice) – 3:27
 What's It Gonna Be – (B. Knowles, LaShaun Owens, Karim Mack, Corte Ellis, Larry Troutman, Roger Troutman, Kandice Love) – 3:37

Charts

Album

Singles

Auszeichnungen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Album (Contemporary R&B)
Nummer-eins-Album
Album 2003
Beyoncé-Album
Mehrfach-Platin-Album (Vereinigte Staaten)
Mehrfach-Platin-Album (Vereinigtes Königreich)

Dangerously in Love (Album)


Olaylar
 Filippi Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 Jül Sezar tarafından planlanan Rostra, Augustus tarafından tamamlandı.
 Sezar Tapınağı'nın yapımına başlandı.

Doğumlar
 16 Kasım - Tiberius, Roma imparatoru (ö. 37)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Roma imparatoru (ö. 23)

Ölümler
 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Romalı senatör, Jül Sezar'a düzenlenen suikastin baş aktörlerinden biri ve Brutus'un kayınbiraderi (d. MÖ 85'den önce)
 Marcus Junius Brutus, Roma Cumhuriyeti diktatörü Julius Caesar'a karşı senatoda yapılan saldırı ile tanınan askeri ve politik lider (d. MÖ 85)
 Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, Senatör olarak görev yapmış olan Roma soylusu
 Servilia Caepionis, Marcus Junius Brutus'ün annesi (d. MÖ 107)
 Servilius Casca, Jül Sezar'a düzenlenen suikaste katılan Romalı politikacı

MÖ 42