نهاد أبو غوش سياسي وإعلامي فلسطيني يساري، من مواليد القدس عام 1959، محاضر جامعي وصحفي وكاتب متخصص في الشؤون الإسرائيلية والصراع الفلسطيني الإسرائيلي، درس الاقتصاد والعلوم الإدارية، أمضى عشر سنوات في سجون الأردن بين 1979-1989، عمل بعدها في عدة صحف أردنية وفلسطينية ولبنانية، شغل موقع أمين سر نقابة الصحفيين الفلسطينين. وهو أحد القادة السياسيين في الجبهة الديمقراطية لتحرير فلسطين ، وعضو في المجلس الوطني الفلسطيني، ويشغل حالياً منصب مسؤول الاعلام المركزي للجبهة الديمقراطية في الضفة الغربية.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
سياسيو الجبهة الديمقراطية لتحرير فلسطين
سياسيون فلسطينيون
ماركسيون وشيوعيون عرب
مواليد 1959

نهاد أبو غوش


Slobodna baza, agresivna vrsta psihoaktivne droge kokaina.

Grumenasta je smjesa kristalne strukture, oblika paste ili praha, sivo-bijele boje. Kokain u njoj je od 50 do 90%, a uličnoj prodaji dodaju se primjese, pa je postotak čistoće malen. Konzumenti ju konzumiraju pušenjem mješavine s duhanom u cigaretama ili u lulama. Radi pripreme za pušenje zahtijeva složeniji postupak i vrlo stručnu pripremu. Učinci su slični onom koji daje u krvotok ubrizgan kokain hidroklorid. Slobodna baza za konverziju iz kokaina treba neka hlapljiva otapala. Priprema zahtijeva stručnost i ako zaostane otapalo poput etera, korisnik droge može ostati opasno opržena lica, što se dogodilo Richardu Pryoru. Zbog veće jednostavnosti u pripremi i sigurnosti pri konzumaciji (ali daleko opasniji po zdravlje) potisnuo ga je intenzivniji crack. Postiže iste štetne učinke na korisnika (fizičko i psihičko propadanje) kao kokain ali u većoj mjeri.

Izvori

Psihoaktivne droge

Slobodna baza (kokain)


Ali Jawad al-Sheikh (árabe: علي جواد الشيخ) joven de 14 años de Baréin fallecido el 31 de agosto de 2011 durante las protestas en Baréin de 2011 que forman parte de las protestas en el mundo árabe. Murió cuando fue golpeado por una bomba de gas lacrimógeno lanzada en su cabeza por las fuerzas de seguridad del Gobierno Monárquico del emirato árabe. El Gobierno de Baréin negó su participación, ni la de las fuerzas de seguridad en su muerte, y ofreció una recompensa para obtener información sobre el incidente. Los activistas, sin embargo, comenzaron una serie de grandes manifestaciones de protesta después de su funeral.

Antecedentes

Como parte de una serie de protestas que se produjeron en todo el mundo árabe después de la auto-inmolación y muerte de Mohamed Bouazizi en Túnez, la mayoría chiita de la población de Baréin salieron a las calles para exigir mayores libertades. La medida fue considerada como potencialmente desestabilizadora contra los sunitas, encabezada por el régimen de Baréin, después de que la represión brutal del gobierno condujo a represiones generalizadas de la población chiita en muchos sectores, especialmente en los hospitales y centros médicos del país después de la invasión de Baréin por el Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo soldados liderados por Arabia Saudita. El Gobierno de Baréin también contrató en Pakistán a mercenarios para mantener la seguridad contra los manifestantes, sin embargo, las protestas intermitentes continuaron en el país.

Muerte
Un número de manifestantes, entre ellos Isa Hassan, tío de Ali, tomó parte en una manifestación en el pueblo de Sitra, Baréin, el 31 de agosto, justo después de la oración de la mañana del Viernes. Señalaron que estaban "frente a la policía, que disparó gases lacrimógenos contra ellos desde unos 20 metros de distancia", y causando la muerte de Ali Jawad al-Sheikh. En una entrevista con la Associated Press , Isa explicó que "se supone que para lanzar los botes de gas, no para disparar contra la gente. La policía lo utilizó como un arma".

Después de su muerte, el cuerpo de Ali se retiró del hospital y se trasladó a la morgue, donde el del Ministerio del Interior llevó a cabo una autopsia y elaboró un informe forense sobre la base de los resultados. Los Investigadores de la Comisión Baréin Independiente de investigación estuvieron presentes durante la autopsia, y compiló su propio informe forense. Por la tarde, Osama al-Asfoor, el jefe del Ministerio Público , declaró que la autopsia había demostrado que "Ali había muerto de heridas en la parte de atrás de su cuello "y que" el niño tenía heridas en la barbilla y contusiones en su cara, manos, rodillas y pelvis. "Sin embargo, también añadió que "un examen de sangre no mostró efectos de la exposición al gas lacrimógeno".

El informe forense del Ministerio del Interior concluyó que las lesiones de Ali eran incompatibles con un impacto de una granada de gas lacrimógeno, porque las marcas en su cuello eran demasiado de grandes.

El Informe forense de la Comisión concluyó que las lesiones de Ali eran compatibles con un impacto de una granada de gas lacrimógeno disparado sin detonar a corta distancia.

Consecuencias

Las fotografías de Ali directamente después de ser herido fueron puestos en libertad por la Sociedad de Jóvenes de Baréin por los Derechos Humanos . Mohammed al-Maskati, el líder de la Sociedad, dijo que: "La imagen está afectando a la gente". Una cinta de vídeo había sido también de la familia de Ali en torno a su cuerpo en el hospital. Nabeel Rajab , presidente del Centro de Baréin para los Derechos Humanos , explicó que el video era "un regalo al pueblo".

El padre de Ali, Jawad al-Sheikh, le preguntó en una entrevista con la CNN de "grupos de derechos humanos a tomar medidas contra los líderes de Bahrein, diciendo: 'He perdido a mi hijo..., no se merece este destino".

El gobierno reconoció la muerte de Ali, pero dijo en un informe de la agencia de noticias estatal que "no hubo acción de la policía, en contra de infractores de la ley en Sitra"; había ocurrido la mañana de ese día y  las fuerzas de seguridad habían sido los últimos implicados en "la dispersión de un pequeño grupo de alrededor de 10 personas a las 1:15 am de "ese día". El Ministerio del Interior también estableció una "recompensa de más de 26.000 dólares por información sobre los responsables de su muerte".

Los activistas que participaron en el levantamiento dijeron que la policía había rodeado el hospital en el que Ali había muerto, lo que impidió cualquier reunión de personas en la zona. Los activistas también manifestaron su intención de hacer una protesta el 1 de septiembre de 2011, después de asistir al funeral de Ali a principios de ese mismo día.

Los grandes enfrentamientos con la policía, sin embargo, comenzaron el 31 de agosto y continuaron en la mañana del 1 de septiembre.

Funeral y protestas
El cortejo fúnebre se celebró a principios de 1 de septiembre, con fotografías de Ali tanto antes de su muerte y de su cuerpo sin vida que cubre el ataúd. Ya se había retrasado por algunas horas, porque el padre de Ali no estaba dispuesto a firmar el certificado de defunción para la liberación del cuerpo de su hijo, ya que la causa de la muerte  se indicó como "desconocida". No está claro si el certificado fue firmado alguna vez. Los activistas declararon que miles de personas asistieron a su funeral. Posteriormente, los dolientes comenzaron a marchar en las calles de Sitra con retratos de Ali y cantando "Abajo, abajo, Hamad! "'. No hay personal de seguridad que estuviera presente en la protesta y los manifestantes se habían dispersado por la tarde. Sin embargo, las protestas se celebraron extensamente en la capital nacional de Manama que la noche mientras los manifestantes trataron de tomar el control de las perlas de la rotonda, que fue el lugar de las protestas a principios de año hasta que una ofensiva del gobierno y la destrucción del monumento. Las fuerzas gubernamentales utilizaron gases lacrimógenos y bloquearon las carreteras con autobuses para detener las protestas.

Las reacciones locales

El jeque Isa Qassim , un alto clérigo chií, ha acusado a las fuerzas de seguridad por la muerte de Ali Jawad, diciendo: "el asesinato de un joven de 14 años de edad, por las fuerzas de seguridad durante una manifestación contra el gobierno Miércoles muestra que la táctica de los gobernantes suníes es no escuchar las demandas de los derechos de las personas mayores".

Véase también

 Protestas en Baréin de 2011
 Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb

Referencias

Baréin en 2011
Protestas en el mundo árabe de 2010-2011
Víctimas de violencia policial

Ali Jawad al-Sheikh


McClintock (asteroide n.º 20440) es un asteroide del cinturón principal, a 1,9664283 UA. Posee una excentricidad de 0,1906337 y un período orbital de 1 383,21 días (3,79 años).

McClintock tiene una velocidad orbital media de 19,10848412 km/s y una inclinación orbital de 0,85659º.

Este asteroide fue descubierto el 10 de mayo de 1999 por LINEAR.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides
 Asteroide del cinturón principal

Enlaces externos
 Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Datos orbitales (en inglés).

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por el Linear
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Sitio de Pruebas Experimentales
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1999
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(20440) McClintock


Shizotipni poremećaj ili shizotipni poremećaj ličnosti psihički je poremećaj iz klase poremećaja ličnosti i bolest iz spektra shizofrenija. Osobe sa shizotipnim poremećajem često osjećaju društvenu tjeskobu te im je teško održavati povezanost s drugima, obično zbog uvjerenja da drugi o njima imaju negativno mišljenje. Shizotipni se poremećaj češće dijagnosticira kod muškaraca.

Uobičajeno je tumačenje uzroka poremećaja ideja da je poremećaj dio spektra shizofrenije. Ljudi sa shizotipnim poremećajem češće imaju rođake sa shizofrenijom. Premda genetika igra ulogu u oblikovanju ličnosti i nastanku bolesti, društveni čimbenici mogu djelovati kao "okidač" — zanemarivanje djeteta, psihološka trauma i obiteljski problemi predstavljaju rizik za razvijanje shizotipnog poremećaja. Djeca se u pravilu nauče prilagoditi društvenim situacijama, no čini se da proces prilagodbe ne funkcionira kako bi trebao u ljudi sa shizotipnim poremećajem. Nedruštvenost je dio shizotipnog poremećaja.

Prema MKB-10, shizotipni poremećaj karakteriziraju:
neobični izrazi lica (osoba djeluje "hladno" i udaljeno)
ponašanje koje se smatra ekscentričnim
sklonost nedruštvenosti
neobična uvjerenja
sumnjičavost ili paranoidne misli
ruminacija
depersonalizacija ili derealizacija
pretjerana upotreba metafora ili razmišljanje manifestirano neobičnim načinom izražavanja
povremene kvazipsihotične epizode s prividima ili deluzijama.

Liječenje

Kad se osobama sa shizotipnim poremećajem prepisuju lijekovi, obično psihijatri prepisuju antipsihotike. Antidepresivi mogu biti propisani ako je prisutna depresija.

Drugi poremećaji
Shizotipni se poremećaj često pojavljuje zajedno s distimijom i opsesivno-kompulzivnim poremećajem. Shizoidni poremećaj može nalikovati shizotipnom. Većina ljudi sa shizotipnim poremećajem ne razvije shizofreniju.

Izvori

Poremećaji ličnosti i ponašanja odraslih

Shizotipni poremećaj


Der Große Preis von Brasilien 1976 fand am 25. Januar in São Paulo statt und war das erste Rennen der Automobil-Weltmeisterschaft 1976.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Ende November 1975 hatte sich ein Flugzeugabsturz ereignet, bei dem neben Graham Hill unter anderem auch Tony Brise, der Stammfahrer des von Hill geleiteten Teams, ums Leben gekommen war. Dies bedeutete auch das Ende des Teams Embassy Hill.

Eine der größten Überraschungen im Vorfeld der Saison 1976 war die Ankündigung des zweimaligen Weltmeisters Emerson Fittipaldi, seinen Vertrag mit dem etablierten Team McLaren nicht zu verlängern und stattdessen in das bislang wenig erfolgreiche Copersucar-Team seines Bruders Wilson Fittipaldi einzusteigen. Den dadurch freigewordenen Platz im Spitzenteam McLaren besetzte Teamchef Teddy Mayer daraufhin mit James Hunt, der aufgrund des aus finanziellen Gründen stark reduzierten Engagements des Hesketh-Teams auf der Suche nach einem neuen Vertrag als Stammfahrer war und somit nun Teamkollege von Jochen Mass wurde.

In finanziellen Schwierigkeiten befand sich vor Saisonbeginn auch das Team Shadow, da sich dessen Hauptsponsor zurückgezogen hatte. Frank Williams fand hingegen nach mehreren Jahren der Unterfinanzierung in Walter Wolf einen zuverlässigen Geldgeber für sein Team. Jacky Ickx wurde daraufhin als Stammfahrer unter Vertrag genommen. Der Stammfahrer des Vorjahres, Jacques Laffite, unterschrieb unterdessen beim Team Ligier, welches sein Landsmann Guy Ligier ins Leben gerufen hatte.

Das Team Lotus startete mit Ronnie Peterson und Mario Andretti in die neue Saison. Große Hoffnungen ruhten auf dem neuen Wagen des Typs 77, der nun endgültig den inzwischen völlig veralteten Typ 72 ablöste.

Die Teams Ferrari und Tyrrell behielten ihre jeweiligen Fahrerpaarungen des Vorjahres bei und verzichteten zu Saisonbeginn auf den Einsatz eines neuen Wagens. Bei Brabham hingegen hatte man mit dem BT45 einen komplett neues Fahrzeug entwickelt und zudem entschieden, mit 12-Zylinder-Motoren von Alfa Romeo anzutreten. Chefentwickler Gordon Murray hoffte, durch die flache Form des Motors ähnliche aerodynamische Vorteile erzielen zu können, wie sie dem Ferrari 312T zugeschrieben wurden, der in der vorangegangenen Saison das beste Auto im Feld gewesen war. Die Fahrerbesetzung des Vorjahres wurde auch bei Brabham zunächst beibehalten, ebenso wie bei March, Shadow und Penske.

Ian Ashley ging für das B.R.M.-Werksteam an den Start und als einziger Neuling wurde zur Saisoneröffnung der einheimische Ingo Hoffmann als zweiter Fahrer des Copersucar-Teams engagiert.

Training
Die Abstände zwischen den Rundenzeiten der 22 Teilnehmer des Trainings waren größtenteils gering, sodass sich der Kampf um die Pole-Position spannend gestaltete. Am Ende sicherte sich erstmals James Hunt den besten Startplatz, indem er Niki Laudas Rundenbestzeit um lediglich zwei Hundertstelsekunden unterbot. Die zweite Reihe bildeten Jean-Pierre Jarier und Clay Regazzoni vor Emerson Fittipaldi, der mit dem eigentlich unterlegenen Copersucar eine sehr gute Trainingsleistung zeigte. Neben ihm qualifizierte sich Jochen Mass für die dritte Reihe vor Vittorio Brambilla, John Watson, Patrick Depailler und Carlos Pace.

Vielversprechend verlief auch das Trainingsdebüt des Ligier JS5, mit dem sich Jacques Laffite den elften Startplatz sicherte, während die beiden Lotus-Piloten mit den Plätzen 16 und 18 deutlich hinter den Erwartungen zurückblieben.

Rennen
Der durch eine Ampelanlage anstelle der bis dato meist üblichen Flagge freigegebene Start gelang Regazzoni am besten. Er übernahm die Führung vor Lauda, Hunt, Brambilla, Jarier, Mass, Watson und dem schlecht gestarteten Fittipaldi.

Im Verlauf der ersten Runden verloren Mass, Watson und Fittipaldi den Anschluss an die Spitzengruppe, während Pryce den sechsten Rang einnahm und somit gemeinsam mit Jarier, der Brambilla überholte, die ungebrochene Konkurrenzfähigkeit des Vorjahres-Shadow unter Beweis stellte.

In der neunten Runde übernahm Lauda die Spitzenposition vor Regazzoni. Hunt und Jarier überholten den Schweizer ebenfalls. Im Zuge dessen kam es zu leichten Berührungen der Fahrzeuge, die für Regazzoni einen Reparaturstopp erforderlich machten. Als Brambilla wegen eines Problems mit dem Öldruck ausfiel, gelangte Hans-Joachim Stuck auf den sechsten Rang und somit in die Punkteränge.

In den folgenden zwölf Runden blieb die Reihenfolge konstant, obwohl Jarier hartnäckig versuchte, Hunt zu überholen. Dieser fiel schließlich aufgrund von technischen Problemen zurück und schied nach 33. Runden aus. Im folgenden Umlauf geriet Jarier auf Öl, welches Hunts Wagen verloren hatte und drehte sich ins Aus. Beinahe wäre seinem Teamkollegen Pryce Selbiges widerfahren, dieser konnte sich jedoch auf der Strecke halten und verlor lediglich den zweiten Platz an Depailler. Stuck wurde letztendlich Vierter vor Jody Scheckter und Jochen Mass, der aufgrund einer schlechten Anfangsphase in der dritten Runde auf dem 19. Rang gelegen hatte.

Meldeliste

Klassifikationen

Startaufstellung

Rennen

WM-Stände nach dem Rennen
Die ersten sechs des Rennens bekamen 9, 6, 4, 3, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

Konstrukteurswertung

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Rennergebnis auf der offiziellen Website der Formel 1

1976
Brasilien
Sportveranstaltung in São Paulo
Autódromo José Carlos Pace

Großer Preis von Brasilien 1976


Bromothymol blue (also known as bromothymol sulfone phthalein and BTB) is a pH indicator. It is mostly used in applications that require measuring substances that would have a relatively neutral pH (near 7). A common use is for measuring the presence of carbonic acid in a liquid. It is typically sold in solid form as the sodium salt of the acid indicator.

Structure and properties

Bromothymol blue acts as a weak acid in a solution. It can thus be in protonated or deprotonated form, appearing yellow or blue, respectively. It is bright aquamarine by itself, and greenish-blue in a neutral solution. The deprotonation of the neutral form results in a highly conjugated structure, accounting for the difference in color. An intermediate of the deprotonation mechanism is responsible for the greenish color in neutral solution.

The protonated form of bromothymol blue has its peak absorption at 427 nm thus transmitting yellow light in acidic solutions, and the deprotonated form has its peak absorption at 602 nm thus transmitting blue light in more basic solutions. Highly acidic Bromothymol blue is magenta in color.

The general carbon skeleton of bromothymol blue is common to many indicators including chlorophenol red, thymol blue, and bromocresol green.

The presence of one moderate electron-withdrawing group (bromine atom) and two moderate donating groups (alkyl substituents) are responsible for bromothymol blue's active indication range from a pH of 6.0 to 7.6. While the conjugation is responsible for the length and nature of the color change range, these substituent groups are ultimately responsible for the indicator's active range.

Bromothymol blue is sparingly soluble in oil, but soluble in water, ether, and aqueous solutions of alkalis. It is less soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, and practically insoluble in petroleum ether.

Synthesis and preparation
Bromothymol blue is synthesized by addition of elemental bromine to thymol blue in a solution in glacial acetic acid.

To prepare a solution for use as pH indicator, dissolve 0.10 g in 8.0 cm3 N/50 (a.k.a. 0.02 Normal) NaOH and dilute with water to 250 cm3. To prepare a solution for use as indicator in volumetric work, dissolve 0.1 g in 100 cm3 of 50% (v/v) ethanol.

Uses

Bromothymol blue may be used for observing photosynthetic activities, or as a respiratory indicator (turns yellow as CO2 is added). A common demonstration of BTB's pH indicator properties involves exhaling through a tube into a neutral solution of BTB.  As CO2 is absorbed from the breath into the solution, forming carbonic acid, the solution changes color from green to yellow. Thus, BTB is commonly used in science classes to demonstrate that the more that muscles are used, the greater the CO2 output.

Bromothymol blue has been used in conjunction with phenol red to monitor the fungal asparaginase enzyme activity with phenol red turning pink and bromothymol blue turning blue indicating an increase in pH and therefore enzyme activity. However, a recent study suggests that methyl red is more useful in determining activity due to the bright yellow ring formed in the zone of enzyme activity.

It may also be used in the laboratory as a biological slide stain. At this point, the bromothymol is already blue, and a few drops of BTB are used on a water slide. The specimen is mixed with blue BTB solution and fixed to a slide by a cover slip. It is sometimes used to define cell walls or nuclei under the microscope.

Bromothymol is used in obstetrics for detecting premature rupture of membranes. Amniotic fluid typically has a pH > 7.2, bromothymol will therefore turn blue when brought in contact with fluid leaking from the amnion. As vaginal pH normally is acidic, the blue color indicates the presence of amniotic fluid. The test may be false-positive in the presence of other alkaline substances such as blood or semen, or in the presence of bacterial vaginosis.

See also
pH indicator
Litmus
Phenolphthalein
Methyl orange
Universal indicator

References

External links
J.T.Baker MSDS
Bromothymol Blue (Sodium Salt) -Sigma Aldrich

PH indicators
Triarylmethane dyes
Microbiological media ingredients
Benzoxathioles
Phenol dyes
Bromoarenes
Isopropyl compounds

Bromothymol blue


Hysteric Blue fue una banda de rock japonesa formada en Osaka, Japón en 1997 y disuelta en 2004. Durante el curso de su carrera musical publicó un total de 14 singles, cinco álbumes de estudio, un álbum recopilatorio, tres compilaciones de vídeo, un DVD y 16 videos musicales.
Son conocidos por su canción Grow Up en el Opening del anime Gakkō no Kaidan.
La banda se separó después que el guitarrista Naoki Akamatsu se declarara culpable de once cargos de violación y sentenciado a 14 años de prisión. Después de eso Mayumi han comenzó una nueva banda, The Screaming Frogs, que terminó al poco tiempo de su debut. Finalmente en 2013, Mayumi y Takuya se reunieron para formar una banda que sería sucesora de su etapa como Hysteric Blue, llamada Sabão.

Libros
 Papel Azul (1999-11-?)

Discografía

Singles
 RUSH! (1998-10-31)
 Haru ~spring~ (春~spring~) (1999-1-21)
 Little Trip (1999-5-8)
 Naze... (なぜ…) (1999-7-28)
 Futari Bocchi (ふたりぼっち) (1999-10-22)
 Chokkan Paradise (直感パラダイス) (2000-1-26)
 Dear (2000-3-29)
 Grow up (グロウアップ) (2000-10-25) Opening de Gakkō no Kaidan
 Daisuki (だいすき) (2000-11-22)
 Reset me (2001-8-22)
 Frustration Music (フラストレーション ミュージック) (2001-10-24)
 Bayside Baby (ベイサイドベイビー) (2002-1-23)
 Home Town (2002-11-7)
 DOLCE ~Natsuiro Renbo~ (DOLCE~夏色恋慕~) (2003-6-18)

Álbumes
 baby Blue (1999-4-1)
 WALLABY (2000-2-23)
 Bleu-Bleu-Bleu (2001-1-24)
 MILESTONE (2002-2-20)
 JUNCTION (2003-8-6)

Álbum de Recopilaciones
 Historic Blue (2002-11-20)

Complicaciones de Vídeo
 Baby Clips 1
 Baby Clips 2
 Baby Clips 3

DVD
Historic Blue Films

Referencias
La wiki japonesa

Grupos de rock de Japón
Grupos de pop rock de Japón

Hysteric Blue


Squadrons are the main form of flying unit of the Royal Air Force (RAF).  These include Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) squadrons incorporated into the RAF when it was formed on 1 April 1918, during the First World War. Other squadrons of the RAF include those from Commonwealth air forces which have served within the RAF structure and squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm before it transferred to the Royal Navy in 1939.

Some squadrons have an individual tradition of presenting their squadron number in Roman numerals or using a suffix to their squadron number (such as "(F)" for "Fighter", "(B)" for "Bomber" or "(AC)" for "Army Co-operation") to indicate a past or present role. An example would be No. 18 (Bomber) Squadron RAF which currently actually operates the heavy-lift Chinook helicopter. However, these practices have, at least in the past, been deprecated at higher levels and generally only apply to certain squadrons with long traditions, especially those numbered from 1 to 20. Historical Squadrons can choose to 'lay up' their standards at RAF Cranwell or in places of worship following disbandment.

Flying training units and operational evaluation squadrons have generally been (Reserve) squadrons, although they are regular active-duty units. The policy of the (Reserve) numberplate was rescinded in February 2018, to coincide with the renaming of 22 (Training) Group to just 22 Group in line with other RAF Groups.

Some Squadron names include the location they were originally formed.

Regular RFC, RNAS, and RAF squadrons (Nos. 1–299)
Squadrons in Bold Type are currently active

Nos. 1–50

Nos. 51–66

Nos. 67–71
During the First World War, in order to avoid confusion with similarly numbered British flying squadrons, units of the separate Australian Flying Corps were known for administrative purposes as 67, 68, 69, and 71 squadrons. Since the Second World War these numbers have always been used by RAF units.

However, the designation 70 (or LXX) Squadron has always been used for RFC/RAF units.

 No. 67 Squadron
 1916–18: No. 1 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps
 From 1941: No. 67 Squadron
 No. 68 Squadron
 1916–18: No. 2 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps
 From 1941: No. 68 Squadron
 No. 69 Squadron RAF
 1916–18: No. 3 Squadron Australian Flying Corps
 From 1941: No. 69 Squadron
 No. LXX Squadron (Atlas C1)
 No. 71 Squadron
 1916–18: No. 4 Squadron Australian Flying Corps
 From 1940: No. 71 Squadron (staffed by US volunteers in 1940–42)

Nos. 72–100

Nos. 101–150

Nos. 151–200

Nos. 201–250
The first squadrons to carry numbers above 200 were former RNAS squadrons that were renumbered upon amalgamation with 200 added to their RNAS squadron number. Independent flights of the RNAS were grouped together in squadrons and given numbers in the 200 series.

Nos. 251–299

Nos. 300–352
Squadrons in the 300–352 series were staffed during the Second World War by volunteers from countries in occupied Europe. In some cases, these RAF squadrons and personnel were regarded by a relevant government-in-exile as serving concurrently with its air force.

Similarly, in 1940–42, three "Eagle Squadrons" were composed of volunteers from the US: No. 71 (Eagle) Squadron, later 334th Fighter Squadron USAAF; No. 121 (Eagle) Squadron, later 335th Fighter Squadron USAAF and No. 133 (Eagle) Squadron, later 336th Fighter Squadron USAAF.

Polish (300–309)
See also Squadrons Nos. 315–318, 663 and Polish Fighting Team (under Other)
 No. 300 "Land of Masovia" Polish Bomber Squadron (Ziemi Mazowieckiej)
 No. 301 "Land of Pomerania" Polish Bomber Squadron (Ziemi Pomorskiej)
 No. 302 "City of Poznań" Polish Fighter Squadron (Poznański)
 No. 303 "Kosciuszko" Polish Fighter Squadron (Warszawski im. Tadeusza Kościuszki)
 No. 304 "Land of Silesia" Polish Bomber Squadron (Ziemi Śląskiej im. Ks. Józefa Poniatowskiego)
 No. 305 "Land of Greater Poland" Polish Bomber Squadron (Ziemi Wielkopolskiej im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego)
 No. 306 "City of Toruń" Polish Fighter Squadron (Toruński)
 No. 307 "City of Lwów" Polish Fighter Squadron (Lwowskich Puchaczy)
 No. 308 "City of Kraków" Polish Fighter Squadron (Krakowski)
 No. 309 "Land of Czerwień" Polish Fighter-Reconnaissance Squadron (Ziemi Czerwieńskiej)

Czechoslovakian (310–313)

(Note: the RAF has never had a flying unit named 314 Squadron, although it has used the number for No. 314 Technical Services Unit.  A proposed 314 Squadron was allocated squadron code "UY" during the period April to September 1939, but was never formed.)

Polish (315–318)
See also Squadrons Nos. 300–309, 663 and Polish Fighting Team (under Other)

Note: the RAF never had a No. 319 Squadron; the "Polish Fighting Team" was attached to No. 145 Fighter Squadron. A proposed 319 Squadron was allocated squadron codes VE for the period April to September 1939. There was also 663 Artillery Observation Squadron; No. 138 Special Duty Squadron Polish Flight "C" and No. 1586 Polish Special Duty Flight.

Dutch (320–325)

Note: Nos. 323 to 325 Squadrons were not formed, but allocated Squadron Codes GN, PQ and EA respectively for the period April to September 1939. However these numbers were used for post-war Royal Netherlands Air Force squadrons.

French (326–329)
See also Nos. 340–347 Squadron

Norwegian (330–334)

Greek (335–339)

Note: Nos: 337–339 never formed, but were allocated Squadron Codes OK, ML and KN respectively for the period April to September 1939. The Royal Hellenic Air Force 13th Light Bomber Squadron was also under RAF command in World War II.

French (340–347)
See also Nos. 326–329 Squadron

Note: No. 348 Squadron was not formed, but Squadron codes letters FR were allocated for the period April to September 1939.

Belgian (349–350)

Yugoslavian (351–352)

Nos. 353–361

Note: Nos. 362–399 Squadrons were not formed.

Article XV squadrons of World War II (Nos. 400–490)
Under Article XV of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, the air forces of Australia, Canada and New Zealand formed squadrons for service under RAF operational control. Most were new formations, however some had already existed prior to the creation of Article XV and had already been operational during the war, including combat operations.

Royal Canadian Air Force (400–443)

Note: Although squadron numbers 444 to 449 were also reserved for the RCAF, it did not use them during the Second World War.

Royal Australian Air Force (450–467)

Note: Although squadron numbers 465 and 468 to 479 were also reserved for the RAAF during the Second World War, it did not use them.

Royal New Zealand Air Force (485–490)

Note: Although the squadron numbers 491 to 499 were reserved for RNZAF units during the Second World War, no such squadrons were formed.

Royal Auxiliary Air Force squadrons (Nos. 500–509)
Formed as "Special Reserve" squadrons but absorbed into the Royal Auxiliary Air Force

Note: No. 505, 506, 507, 508 and 509 Squadrons allocated Squadron codes YF, FS, GX, DY and BQ respectively for the period April to September 1939, but were never formed.

Regular RAF squadrons (Nos. 510–598)

Note: No No. 599 Squadron seems to have been formed. There were to have been Reserve squadrons using numbers 551–566 which would have been created by adding 500 to existing Operational Training Unit designations. In the event the plan was never put into effect, although there was some desultory use of some of the numbers by some of the OTUs for a short period. Despite their lack of formal activation, this block of numbers has never been re-allocated for use by other units.

Advanced Training Squadrons (550–565)
In the event of a German Invasion the Operational Training Units would have been re-formed into the Squadrons below, under plans as part of Operation Saracen, formulated in Spring 1940, which were later revised as Operation Banquet. Some reserve Squadron numbers were used by their respective OTU's during operational tasks until at least May 1944.

No. 550 Squadron – Air Fighting Development Unit (Banquet)
No. 551 Squadron – 51 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 552 Squadron – 51 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 553 Squadron – 53 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 554 Squadron – 53 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 555 Squadron – 55 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 556 Squadron – 56 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 557 Squadron – 57 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 558 Squadron – 58 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 559 Squadron – 59 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 560 Squadron – 56 Operational Training Unit (Banquet)
No. 561 Squadron – 61 Operational Training Unit (Saracen and Banquet)
No. 562 Squadron – 57 Operational Training Unit (Banquet)
No. 563 Squadron – 58 Operational Training Unit (Banquet)
No. 564 Squadron – 59 Operational Training Unit (Banquet)
No. 565 Squadron – 61 Operational Training Unit (Banquet)

Royal Auxiliary Air Force Squadrons (600–616)

Note: No. 606 Squadron RAF was allocated Squadron codes BG for the period April to September 1939, but was not formed. A non-flying No. 606 Helicopter Support Squadron of the RAuxAF was later formed in 1999.

Regular RAF squadrons (Nos. 617–650)

Note: Nos. 629, 632–634, 636–638, 641–643 and 645–649 were never formed, but some were allocated Squadron codes for the period April to September 1939 – 629 (LQ), 632 (LO), 636 (VZ), 637 (UK), 638 (PZ), 641 (EV), 645 (KF), 646 (YG), 647 (ZS), 648 (YT) and 649 (HA). However a fictional "633 Squadron" was featured in the eponymous novel and film. In addition, a fictional 641 Squadron featured in the film "Mosquito Squadron". Also, RAF Volunteer Gliding Squadrons (formerly Volunteer Gliding Schools until 2005) have been numbered in the range 611 to 671 since 1955.

Air observation post squadrons
These squadrons were formed during the Second World War to perform artillery spotting and liaison roles, in co-operation with Army units.  Most AOP squadron aircrew were provided by the Army. Nos. 661–664 and 666 Squadron were re-formed as Royal Auxiliary Air Force units in 1949. Nos. 651, 652 and 656 Squadron were transferred to the Army Air Corps in 1957.

Regular RAF squadrons (Nos. 667–695)

Note: Nos. 693–694 and 696–699 Squadrons were never formed.

Fleet Air Arm squadrons

While still under the control of the Royal Air Force, flights of the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) were organised into squadrons with numbers in the 700 and 800 range.  The range 700 to 750 had been previously used for Fleet Air Arm Catapult Flight numbers.

These squadrons were transferred to the Royal Navy (RN) in 1939, becoming Royal Naval Air Squadrons (RNAS).  The 700 and 800 range of squadron numbers continued to be used by the Royal Navy for newly formed Royal Naval Air Squadrons.

Training Depot Stations
Training Depot Stations (TDS) were still in use after the formation of the Royal Air Force in 1918.

University Air Squadrons

The majority of Universities in the United Kingdom are, or have been, represented by Royal Air Force (RAF) University Air Squadrons (UAS), where under-graduates can sample elements of the Royal Air Force, and learn to fly, as well as take advantage of scholarship schemes.  Previously operating the Bulldog T.1, they now all currently operate the Tutor T.1.  Although each UAS retain their own identity an activities, when two are co-located at the same airfield, such as Cambridge UAS and London UAS at RAF Wittering, and Liverpool UAS and Manchester and Salford UAS at RAF Woodvale, the two individual UAS share the same fleet of aircraft.  All University Air Squadrons are currently commanded by No. 6 Flying Training School RAF (6FTS).

Squadrons below listed in bold are currently active, others are disbanded, or otherwise amalgamated into a current existing UAS.

Air Experience Flights

Air Experience Flights are co-located with University Air Squadrons and operate the Tutor T1 training aircraft.

Volunteer Gliding Squadrons

Initially formed as Gliding Schools (GS), and then renamed Volunteer Gliding Schools (VGS), these squadrons retained their gliding school numbers when reformed as squadrons.  Conflicts with the main squadron numbers resolved by the VGS suffix.  The currently active squadrons, now part of 2 Flying Training School (2FTS) headquartered at RAF Syerston along with the Central Gliding School, all operate the Viking T1 winch-launched sailplane glider.

Independent Flights
The Royal Air Force (RAF) maintains a number of independent flights; some on a permanent basis, others on an ad-hoc basis as required.  Historically, some flights were alphabetically named.  For a full list, see the list of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights.
Bold listings are currently active RAF flights.
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight (BBMF) – at RAF Coningsby – 6x Spitfire (various marks), 2x Hurricane, 1x Lancaster, 1x Dakota, 2x Chipmunk T10
No. 1310 Flight – 2x Chinook HC5, HC6, HC6A
No. 1312 Flight – at RAF Mount Pleasant – 1x Voyager KC2, 1x Atlas C1
No. 1435 Flight – at RAF Mount Pleasant – 4x Typhoon FGR4

Dormant Squadrons
RAF College Cranwell stores some Standards for disbanded Squadrons that have the potential to be re-activated in the future, preserving the heritage of historic units. Once a Squadron Standard is 'laid up' in a place of worship, upon the disbandment of the Squadron, that Standard can no longer be reactivated. Many UK churches have Standards from the RAF following a service of Disbandment. However, some Squadrons choose to lay up their Standards in College Hall at RAF Cranwell, the spiritual home of the RAF, and may be reactivated as active Squadrons in the future. Old disbanded squadrons that have laid up their Standards can be presented new Standards to reactivate them, but this is currently extremely rare.

Squadron Standards (and their last operated aircraft) that are on display in the College Hall Rotunda in order of seniority are:

No. 31 Squadron – Tornado GR4 (to be reformed as a General Atomics Protector RG1 squadron)
No. V (Army Cooperation) Squadron – Sentinel R1
No. 100 Squadron – Hawk T1
 No. 39 Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
No. 111 Squadron – Tornado F3
No. XV Squadron – Tornado GR4
No. 203 Squadron – Sea King HAR3
No. 42 Squadron – Nimrod MR2
No. 50 Squadron – Vulcan B.2/K.2
No. 74 Squadron – Hawk T1
No. 44 Squadron – Vulcan B.2
No. 3 Squadron RAF Regiment
No. 58 Squadron RAF Regiment

Other Squadrons
The Royal Air force and Royal flying corps has always comprised a certain number of non-numbered Squadrons to fulfil special duties, experimental or one-off tasks.

Communication Squadrons

To allow rapid transport of Air Officers, staff and other important people many units and Headquarters operated communication Sections, Flights, Squadrons or wings.

Barrage Balloon Squadrons of the Auxiliary Air Force

Squadron codes

Most units of the Royal Air Force are identified by alphabetical (or similar) characters, known as a "squadron code", that is painted on all aircraft belonging to that unit. When individual units are assigned unusually large numbers of aircraft, multiple squadron codes have been used.

Other air forces, especially those from other Commonwealth countries, have often used similar systems of identification. During the Second World War, when units from other air forces were attached to the RAF – such as the Article XV squadrons (also known as "400 series squadrons") – their squadron codes were often changed, to avoid confusion with RAF units.

Historically, the codes have usually been two letters of the alphabet, painted on the rear fuselage next to the RAF roundel. These formed a suffix or prefix to the call sign of each aircraft (on the other side of the roundel) which was usually a single letter (e. g. "G for George"). In general, when an aircraft is lost or withdrawn from use, its call sign has been applied to its replacement or another aircraft.

See also

Royal Air Force

List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
List of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights
List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force
List of Royal Air Force Glider units
List of Royal Air Force Operational Training Units
List of Royal Air Force schools
List of Royal Air Force units & establishments
List of RAF squadron codes
List of RAF Regiment units
List of Battle of Britain squadrons
List of wings of the Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force roundels

Army Air Corps

List of Army Air Corps aircraft units

Fleet Air Arm

List of Fleet Air Arm aircraft squadrons
List of Fleet Air Arm groups
List of aircraft units of the Royal Navy
List of aircraft wings of the Royal Navy

Others

List of Air Training Corps squadrons
University Air Squadron
Air Experience Flight
Volunteer Gliding Squadron
United Kingdom military aircraft serial numbers
United Kingdom aircraft test serials
British military aircraft designation systems

Notes

References
 Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. .
 Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). .
Lake, Alan. "Flying Units of the RAF".Airlife Publishing. Shrewsbury. 1999.

External links
a list of current squadrons from the RAF website

Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

Squadrons
Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons


සර්බියාව සහ මොන්ටිනිග්‍රෝව යනු අග්නිදිග යුරෝපයෙහි පිහිටි හා, යුගෝස්ලාවියාවේ ඉතිරිව තිබූ සමූහාණ්ඩු දෙක අනුසාරයෙන් පිහිටුවා තිබූ රටකි.

සර්බියාව සහ මොන්ටිනිග්‍රෝව


Parslow ist der Familienname der folgenden Personen:

 Daniel Parslow (* 1985), walisischer Fußballspieler
 Frederick Parslow (1932–2017), australischer Schauspieler
 Philip L. Parslow (1936–2003), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler und Filmproduzent
 Ray Parslow (1924–1997), britischer Kameramann

Parslow


Paper Chain es un LP de Pierre Cope And India Girls, banda integrada por Pierre Cope.

Descripción
Paper Chain es un LP que reúne ocho temas que son reversiones.

Lista de temas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Erasure Information Service La página oficial de Erasure
 Erasure Argentina Foro Argentino dedicado a Erasure (En Español)

Álbumes de Pierre Cope
Álbumes de 2008

Paper Chain