Glavočike cjevnjače (cjevastocvjetne glavočike, lat. Asteroideae), potporodica glavočika koje u glavicama imaju samo cjevaste cvjetove ili se na obodu nalaze i jezičasti cvjetovi.

U Hrvatskoj je potporodica glavočika cjevnjača zastupljena s oko 80 rodova i više od 300 vrsta. Važniji predstavnici su stolisnik, tratinčica i druge.

Tribusi

 Subfamilia Asteroideae (Cass.) Lindl.
 Tribus Calenduleae Cass.
 Garuleum Cass. (8 spp.)
 Dimorphotheca Vaill. (15 spp.)
 Gibbaria Cass. (2 spp.)
 Osteospermum L. (78 spp.)
 Calendula L. (13 spp.)
 Tribus Senecioneae Cass.
 Subtribus Abrotanellinae H. Rob., G. D. Carr, R. M. King & A. M. Powell
 Abrotanella Cass. (21 spp.)
 Subtribus Tussilagininae Dumort.
 Tussilago L. (1 sp.)
 Petasites L. (18 spp.)
 Homogyne Cass. (3 spp.)
 Endocellion Turcz. ex Herder (2 spp.)
 Crocidium Hook. (1 sp.)
 Blennosperma Less. (3 spp.)
 Ischnea F. Muell. (4 spp.)
 Tetradymia DC. (10 spp.)
 Lepidospartum (A. Gray) A. Gray (3 spp.)
 Hoehnephytum Cabrera (3 spp.)
 Luina Benth. (2 spp.)
 Cacaliopsis A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Rainiera Greene (1 sp.)
 Aequatorium B. Nord. (13 spp.)
 Paragynoxys (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. (13 spp.)
 Gynoxys Cass. (116 spp.)
 Nordenstamia Lundin (17 spp.)
 Paracalia Cuatrec. (3 spp.)
 Angeldiazia M. O. Dillon & Zapata (1 sp.)
 Robinsonecio T. M. Barkley & Janovec (2 spp.)
 Roldana La Llave (65 spp.)
 Mixtecalia Redonda-Mart., García-Mend. & D.Sandoval (1 sp.)
 Telanthophora H. Rob. & Brettell (12 spp.)
 Villasenoria B. L. Clark (1 sp.)
 Pittocaulon H. Rob. & Brettell (5 spp.)
 Psacaliopsis H. Rob. & Brettell (5 spp.)
 Psacalium Cass. (52 spp.)
 Pippenalia McVaugh (1 sp.)
 Digitacalia Pippen (5 spp.)
 Yermo Dorn (1 sp.)
 Barkleyanthus H. Rob. & Brettell (1 sp.)
 Arnoglossum Raf. (9 spp.)
 Rugelia Shuttlew. ex Chapm. (1 sp.)
 Nelsonianthus H. Rob. & Brettell (2 spp.)
 Miricacalia Kitam. (1 sp.)
 Parasenecio W. W. Sm. & Small (70 spp.)
 Taimingasa (Kitam.) C. Ren & Q. E. Yang (3 spp.)
 Japonicalia C. Ren & Q. E. Yang (3 spp.)
 Tephroseris Rchb. (47 spp.)
 Nemosenecio (Kitam.) B. Nord. (6 spp.)
 Sinosenecio B. Nord. (45 spp.)
 Hainanecio Y. Liu & Q. E. Yang (1 sp.)
 Vickifunkia C.Ren, L.Wang, I.D.Illar. & Q.E.Yang (10 spp.)
 Ligularia Cass. (145 spp.)
 Dicercoclados C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen (1 sp.)
 Cremanthodium Benth. (77 spp.)
 Ligulariopsis Y. L. Chen (1 sp.)
 Farfugium Lindl. (2 spp.)
 Sinacalia H. Rob. & Brettell (3 spp.)
 Syneilesis Maxim. (7 spp.)
 Chersodoma Phil. (12 spp.)
 Dolichoglottis B. Nord. (2 spp.)
 Acrisione B. Nord. (2 spp.)
 Centropappus Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Bedfordia DC. (3 spp.)
 Brachyglottis J. R. Forst.& G. Forst. (35 spp.)
 Lordhowea B. Nord. (4 spp.)
 Haastia Hook. fil. (3 spp.)
 Papuacalia Veldkamp (17 spp.)
 Brachionostylum Mattf. (1 sp.)
 Traversia Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Capelio B. Nord. (3 spp.)
 Caputia B. Nord. & Pelser (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Othonninae Less.
 Gymnodiscus Less. (2 spp.)
 Othonna L. (96 spp.)
 Crassothonna B. Nord. (14 spp.)
 Euryops (Cass.) Cass. (102 spp.)
 Hertia Neck. (9 spp.)
 Lopholaena DC. (18 spp.)
 Stenops B. Nord. (2 spp.)
 Oligothrix DC. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Senecioniinae Dumort.
 Dauresia B. Nord. & Pelser (2 spp.)
 Cissampelopsis (DC.) Miq. (12 spp.)
 Synotis (C. B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen (65 spp.)
 Senecio L. (1446 spp.)
 Hasteola Raf. (3 spp.)
 Aetheolaena Cass. (20 spp.)
 Culcitium Humb. & Bonpl. (5 spp.)
 Lasiocephalus Willd. ex Schltdl. (4 spp.)
 Iocenes B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Chaetacalia Pruski (1 sp.)
 Haplosticha Phil. (3 spp.)
 Robinsonia DC. (8 spp.)
 Scapisenecio Schmidt-Leb. (5 spp.)
 Erechtites Raf. (28 spp.)
 Cadiscus E. Mey. ex DC. (1 sp.)
 Crassocephalum Moench (25 spp.)
 Arrhenechthites Mattf. (6 spp.)
 Dendrocacalia (Nakai) Nakai (1 sp.)
 Io B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Austrosynotis C. Jeffrey (1 sp.)
 Mikaniopsis Milne-Redh. (15 spp.)
 Phaneroglossa B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Oresbia Cron & B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Dendrosenecio (Hauman ex Hedberg) B. Nord. (12 spp.)
 Adenostyles Cass. (5 spp.)
 Dolichorrhiza (Pojark.) Galushko (4 spp.)
 Caucasalia B. Nord. (4 spp.)
 Iranecio B. Nord. (4 spp.)
 Turanecio Hamzaoglu (12 spp.)
 Pojarkovia Askerova (1 sp.)
 Curio P. V. Heath (21 spp.)
 Delairea Lem. (2 spp.)
 Gynura Cass. (53 spp.)
 Solanecio Sch. Bip. ex Walp. (17 spp.)
 Kleinia Mill. (55 spp.)
 Steirodiscus Less. (6 spp.)
 Lamprocephalus B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Cineraria L. (49 spp.)
 Mesogramma DC. (1 sp.)
 Bolandia Cron (5 spp.)
 Bertilia Cron (1 sp.)
 Stilpnogyne DC. (1 sp.)
 Pladaroxylon (Endl.) Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Lachanodes DC. (1 sp.)
 Pericallis Webb & Berthel. (16 spp.)
 Emilia Cass. (124 spp.)
 Psednotrichia Hiern (3 spp.)
 Packera Á. Löve & D. Löve (76 spp.)
 Bethencourtia Choisy (3 spp.)
 Jacobaea Mill. (64 spp.)
 Monticalia C. Jeffrey (81 spp.)
 Faujasia Cass. (4 spp.)
 Eriotrix Cass. (2 spp.)
 Faujasiopsis C. Jeffrey (3 spp.)
 Parafaujasia C. Jeffrey (2 spp.)
 Hubertia Bory (24 spp.)
 Humbertacalia C. Jeffrey (9 spp.)
 Pentacalia Cass. (164 spp.)
 Dresslerothamnus H. Rob. (5 spp.)
 Ortizacalia Pruski (1 sp.)
 Scrobicaria Cass. (3 spp.)
 Lomanthus B. Nord. & Pelser (21 spp.)
 Misbrookea Funk (1 sp.)
 Werneria Kunth (29 spp.)
 Anticona E. Linares, J. Campos & A. Galán (1 sp.)
 Xenophyllum Funk (23 spp.)
 Arbelaezaster Cuatrec. (1 sp.)
 Caxamarca M. O. Dillon & A. Sagást. (2 spp.)
 Cabreriella Cuatrec. (2 spp.)
 Dorobaea Cass. (3 spp.)
 Garcibarrigoa Cuatrec. (2 spp.)
 Pseudogynoxys (Greenm.) Cabrera (16 spp.)
 Talamancalia H. Rob. & Cuatrec. (2 spp.)
 Charadranaetes Janovec & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Jessea H. Rob. & Cuatrec. (4 spp.)
 Graphistylis B. Nord. (9 spp.)
 Dendrophorbium (Cuatrec.) C. Jeffrey (84 spp.)
 Herodotia Urb. & Ekman (1 sp.)
 Mattfeldia Urb. (1 sp.)
 Zemisia B. Nord. (2 spp.)
 Ekmaniopappus Borhidi (1 sp.)
 Nesampelos B. Nord. (3 spp.)
 Elekmania B. Nord. (9 spp.)
 Leonis B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Antillanthus B. Nord. (17 spp.)
 Herreranthus B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Lundinia B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Jacmaia B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Odontocline B. Nord. (6 spp.)
 Ignurbia B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Oldfeltia B. Nord. & Lundin (1 sp.)
 Shafera Greenm. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Doroniceae Panero
 Doronicum L. (32 spp.)
 Tribus Anthemideae Cass.
 Subtribus Osmitopsidinae Oberpr. & Himmelr.
 Osmitopsis Cass. (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Cotulinae Kitt.
 Schistostephium Less. (8 spp.)
 Soliva Ruiz & Pav. (5 spp.)
 Leptinella Cass. (34 spp.)
 Cotula L. (58 spp.)
 Hilliardia B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Hippia L. (9 spp.)
 Adenanthellum B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Inezia E. Phillips (2 spp.)
 Thaminophyllum Harv. (3 spp.)
 Lidbeckia Bergius (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Ursiniinae K. Bremer & Humphries
 Ursinia Gaertn. (44 spp.)
 Subtribus Inulantherinae Oberpr. & Töpfer
 Inulanthera Källersjö (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Athanasiinae Lindl. ex Pfeiff.
 Eriocephalus L. (32 spp.)
 Adenoglossa B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Lasiospermum Lag. (4 spp.)
 Hymenolepis (Plantae)Hymenolepis Cass. (10 spp.)
 Athanasia L. (41 spp.)
 Leucoptera B. Nord. (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Phymasperminae Oberpr. & Himmelr.
 Phymaspermum Less. (24 spp.)
 Gymnopentzia Benth. (1 sp.)
 Eumorphia DC. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Pentziinae Oberpr. & Himmelr.
 Myxopappus Källersjö (2 spp.)
 Marasmodes DC. (13 spp.)
 Cymbopappus B. Nord. (3 spp.)
 Pentzia Thunb. (31 spp.)
 Oncosiphon Källersjö (8 spp.)
 Foveolina Källersjö (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Handeliinae K. Bremer & Humphries
 Ugamia Pavlov (1 sp.)
 Cancrinia Kar. & Kir. (7 spp.)
 Microcephala Pobed. (4 spp.)
 Trichanthemis Regel & Schmalh. (10 spp.)
 Richteria Kar. & Kir. (10 spp.)
 Tanacetopsis (Tzvelev) Kovalevsk (24 spp.)
 Lepidolopsis Poljakov (2 spp.)
 Allardia DC. (9 spp.)
 Sclerorhachis (Rech. fil.) Rech. fil. (7 spp.)
 Polychrysum (Tzvelev) Kovalevsk. (1 sp.)
 Handelia Heimerl (1 sp.)
 Pseudohandelia Tzvelev (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Artemisiinae Less.
 Lepidolopha C. Winkl. (8 spp.)
 Elachanthemum Y. Ling & Y. R. Ling (1 sp.)
 Arctanthemum (Tzvelev) Tzvelev (3 spp.)
 Ajania Poljakov (40 spp.)
 Ajaniopsis C. Shih (1 sp.)
 Leucanthemella Tzvelev (2 spp.)
 Crossostephium Less. (1 sp.)
 Delwiensia W. A. Weber & R. C. Wittmann (1 sp.)
 Artemisia L. (485 spp.)
 Nipponanthemum (Kitam.) Kitam. (1 sp.)
 Artemisiella Ghafoor (1 sp.)
 Phaeostigma Muldashev (3 spp.)
 Turaniphytum Poljakov (2 spp.)
 Mausolea Bunge ex Poljakov (1 sp.)
 Hippolytia Poljakov (19 spp.)
 Neopallasia Poljakov (1 sp.)
 Chrysanthemum L. (40 spp.)
 Opisthopappus C. Shih (1 sp.)
 Tridactylina (DC.) Sch. Bip. (1 sp.)
 Kaschgaria Poljakov (2 spp.)
 Filifolium Kitam. (1 sp.)
 Stilpnolepis Krasch. (1 sp.)
 Brachanthemum DC. (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Brocchiinae Oberpr. & Töpfer
 Brocchia Vis. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Vogtiinae Oberpr. & Töpfer
 Vogtia Oberpr. & Sonboli (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Matricariinae Willk.
 Matricaria L. (5 spp.)
 Heliocauta Humphries (1 sp.)
 Anacyclus L. (9 spp.)
 Achillea L. (138 spp.)
 Subtribus Anthemidinae Dumort.
 Gonospermum Less. (7 spp.)
 Tanacetum L. (140 spp.)
 Xylanthemum Tzvelev (7 spp.)
 Archanthemis Lo Presti & Oberpr. (4 spp.)
 Nananthea DC. (1 sp.)
 Anthemis L. (161 spp.)
 Tripleurospermum Sch. Bip. (41 spp.)
 Cota J. Gay (37 spp.)
 Subtribus Leucanthemopsidinae Oberpr. & Himmelr.
 Castrilanthemum Vogt & Oberpr. (1 sp.)
 Hymenostemma Kunze ex Willk. (1 sp.)
 Leucanthemopsis (Giroux) Heywood (10 spp.)
 Prolongoa Boiss. (1 sp.)
 Phalacrocarpum (DC.) Willk. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Lonadinae Oberpr. & Töpfer
 Lonas Adans. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Lepidophorinae Oberpr. & Töpfer
 Lepidophorum Neck. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Leucantheminae K. Bremer & Humphries
 Daveaua Willk. ex Mariz (1 sp.)
 Otospermum Willk. (1 sp.)
 Mauranthemum Vogt & Oberpr. (4 spp.)
 Rhodanthemum B. H. Wilcox, K. Bremer & Humphries (15 spp.)
 Leucanthemum Hill (51 spp.)
 Plagius L´Hér. ex DC. (3 spp.)
 Coleostephus Cass. (3 spp.)
 Glossopappus Kunze (1 sp.)
 Chrysanthoglossum B. H. Wilcox, K. Bremer & Humphries (2 spp.)
 Chlamydophora Ehrenb. ex Less. (1 sp.)
 Heteromera Pomel (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Santolininae Willk.
 Santolina L. (26 spp.)
 Rhetinolepis Coss. (1 sp.)
 Mecomischus Coss. ex Benth. & Hook. fil. (2 spp.)
 Cladanthus Cass. (5 spp.)
 Chamaemelum Mill. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Glebionidinae Oberpr. & Himmelr.
 Endopappus Sch. Bip. (1 sp.)
 Otoglyphis Pomel (2 spp.)
 Nivellea B. H. Wilcox, K. Bremer & Humphries (1 sp.)
 Heteranthemis Schott (1 sp.)
 Argyranthemum Webb ex Sch. Bip. (24 spp.)
 Glebionis Cass. (3 spp.)
 Tribus Astereae Cass.
 Subtribus Printziinae G. L. Nesom
 Printzia Cass. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Denekiinae G. L. Nesom
 Denekia Thunb. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Nannoglottidinae G. L. Nesom
 Nannoglottis Maxim. (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Mairiinae G. L. Nesom
 Mairia Nees (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Chiliotrichinae Bonifacio
 Llerasia Triana (14 spp.)
 Nardophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Hook. & Arn. (6 spp.)
 Aylacophora Cabrera (1 sp.)
 Cabreraea Bonif. (1 sp.)
 Chiliophyllum Phil. (1 sp.)
 Chiliotrichiopsis Cabrera (3 spp.)
 Lepidophyllum Cass. (1 sp.)
 Chiliotrichum Cass. (3 spp.)
 Haroldia Bonif. (1 sp.)
 Katinasia Bonif. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Celmisiinae Saldivia
 Celmisia Cass. (69 spp.)
 xCelmearia Heenan (0 sp.)
 Damnamenia Given (1 sp.)
 Pleurophyllum Hook. fil. (3 spp.)
 Pachystegia Cheeseman (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Oritrophiinae Neson
 Oritrophium (Kunth) Cuatrec. (24 spp.)
 Novenia Freire (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Pteroniinae Neson
 Pteronia L. (76 spp.)
 Subtribus Homochrominae Benth.
 Felicia Cass. (89 spp.)
 Polyarrhena Cass. (4 spp.)
 Zyrphelis Cass. (25 spp.)
 Amellus L. (12 spp.)
 Poecilolepis Grau (2 spp.)
 Nolletia Cass. (14 spp.)
 Chrysocoma L. (20 spp.)
 Heteromma Benth. (3 spp.)
 Engleria O. Hoffm. (2 spp.)
 Jeffreya Wild (2 spp.)
 Roodebergia B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Melanodendron DC. (1 sp.)
 Commidendrum Burch. ex DC. (4 spp.)
 Subtribus Madagasterinae G. L. Nesom
 Madagaster G. L. Nesom (5 spp.)
 Rochonia DC. (4 spp.)
 Vernoniopsis Humbert (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Iranoasterinae G. L. Nesom
 Iranoaster Kaz.-Osaloo, Farhani & Mozaff. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Afroasterinae G. L. Nesom
 Afroaster J. C. Manning & Goldblatt (18 spp.)
 Subtribus Formaniinae G. L. Nesom
 Formania W. W. Sm. & Small (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Eschenbachiinae G. L. Nesom
 Eschenbachia Moench (11 spp.)
 Thespis DC. (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Grangeinae Benth.
 Ceruana Forssk. (1 sp.)
 Dichrocephala L´Hér. ex DC. (4 spp.)
 Grangea Adans. (10 spp.)
 Grangeopsis Humbert (1 sp.)
 Grauanthus Fayed (2 spp.)
 Colobanthera Humbert (1 sp.)
 Dactyotrichia Wild (1 sp.)
 Gyrodoma Wild (1 sp.)
 Mtonia Beentje (1 sp.)
 Nidorella Cass. (30 spp.)
 Conyza p. p. (1 sp.)
 Conyza s. lat. (42 spp.)
 Rhamphogyne S. Moore (1 sp.)
 Heteroplexis C. C. Chang (3 spp.)
 Microglossa DC. (11 spp.)
 Sarcanthemum Cass. (1 sp.)
 Welwitschiella O. Hoffm. (1 sp.)
 Psiadia Jacq. (64 spp.)
 Subtribus Chamaegerinae G. L. Nesom
 Chamaegeron Schrenk (4 spp.)
 Lachnophyllum Bunge (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Bellidinae Willk.
 Bellis L. (14 spp.)
 Bellidiastrum Scop. (1 sp.)
 Bellium L. (5 spp.)
 Galatella Cass. (32 spp.)
 Crinitaria Cass. (4 spp.)
 Tripolium Nees (3 spp.)
 Kitamuria G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Lagenophorinae G. L. Nesom
 Keysseria Lauterb. (10 spp.)
 Piora J. Kost. (1 sp.)
 Pytinicarpa G. L. Nesom (3 spp.)
 Lagenophora Cass. (23 spp.)
 Solenogyne Cass. (3 spp.)
 Lagenocypsela Swenson & K. Bremer (2 spp.)
 Novaguinea D. J. N. Hind (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Brachyscominae G. L. Nesom
 Brachyscome  Cass. (102 spp.)
 Ceratogyne  Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Roebuckiella  P. S. Short (9 spp.)
 Erodiophyllum  F. Muell. (2 spp.)
 Calotis  R. Br. (28 spp.)
 Peripleura  (N. T. Burb.) G. L. Nesom (9 spp.)
 Tetramolopium  Nees (38 spp.)
 Vittadinia  A. Rich. (22 spp.)
 Isoetopsis  Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Elachanthus  F. Muell. (2 spp.)
 Chondropyxis  D. A. Cooke (1 sp.)
 Minuria  DC. (12 spp.)
 Kippistia  F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Achnophora  F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Camptacra  N. T. Burb. (4 spp.)
 Dichromochlamys  Dunlop (1 sp.)
 Dimorphocoma  F. Muell. & Tate (1 sp.)
 Hullsia  P. S. Short (1 sp.)
 Iotasperma  G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Pilbara  Lander (1 sp.)
 Ixiochlamys  F. Muell. & Sond. (4 spp.)
 Pappochroma  Raf. (9 spp.)
 Remya  Hillebr. ex Benth. & Hook. fil. (3 spp.)
 Olearia  Moench (155 spp.)
 Landerolaria  G. L. Nesom (10 spp.)
 Neolaria  G. L. Nesom (3 spp.)
 Phaseolaster  G. L. Nesom (3 spp.)
 Walsholaria  G. L. Nesom (4 spp.)
 Muellerolaria  G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Spongotrichum  (DC.) Nees ex Spach (2 spp.)
 Linealia  G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Vicinia  G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Wollemiaster  G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Ephedrides  G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Asterinae Dumort.
 Neobrachyactis Brouillet (4 spp.)
 Psychrogeton Boiss. (27 spp.)
 Callistephus Cass. (1 sp.)
 Cordiofontis G. L. Nesom (5 spp.)
 Sinosidus G. L. Nesom (8 spp.)
 Helodeaster G. L. Nesom (3 spp.)
 Myriactis Less. (10 spp.)
 Metamyriactis G. L. Nesom (6 spp.)
 Geothamnus G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Tibetiodes G. L. Nesom (27 spp.)
 Griersonia G. L. Nesom (3 spp.)
 Chlamydites J. R. Drumm. (1 sp.)
 Iteroloba G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Yonglingia G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Arctogeron DC. (1 sp.)
 Asterothamnus Novopokr. (7 spp.)
 Kemulariella Tamamsch. (6 spp.)
 Rhinactinidia Novopokr. (2 spp.)
 Sinobouffordia G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Chaochienchangia G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Cardiagyris G. L. Nesom (9 spp.)
 Aster L. (98 spp.)
 Rhynchospermum Reinw. (1 sp.)
 Miyamayomena Kitam. (3 spp.)
 Turczaninowia DC. (1 sp.)
 Kalimeris (Cass.) Cass. (5 spp.)
 Heteropappus Less. (16 spp.)
 Sheareria S. Moore (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Baccharidinae Less.
 Baccharis L. (445 spp.)
 Pseudobaccharis Cabrera (7 spp.)
 Exostigma G. Sancho (2 spp.)
 Hinterhubera Sch. Bip. (9 spp.)
 Laestadia Kunth (6 spp.)
 Blakiella Cuatrec. (1 sp.)
 Flosmutisia Cuatrec. (1 sp.)
 Linochilus Bentham (60 spp.)
 Laennecia Cass. (19 spp.)
 Westoniella Cuatrec. (6 spp.)
 Talamancaster Pruski (6 spp.)
 Aztecaster G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Archibaccharis Heering (37 spp.)
 Plagiocheilus Arn. ex DC. (6 spp.)
 Diplostephium Kunth (53 spp.)
 Parastrephia Nutt. (5 spp.)
 Floscaldasia Cuatrec. (2 spp.)
 Guynesomia Bonif. & G. Sancho (1 sp.)
 Kieslingia Faúndez, Saldivia & Martic. (1 sp.)
 Pacifigeron G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Podocoma Cass. (6 spp.)
 Microgyne Less. (2 spp.)
 Sommerfeltia Less. (2 spp.)
 Asteropsis Less. (2 spp.)
 Inulopsis O. Hoffm. (4 spp.)
 Subtribus Doellingeriinae G. L. Nesom
 Doellingeria Nees (13 spp.)
 Subtribus Oclemeninae G. L. Nesom
 Oclemena Greene (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Egletinae G. L. Nesom
 Egletes Cass. (7 spp.)
 Subtribus Pentachaetinae G. L. Nesom
 Pentachaeta Nutt. (6 spp.)
 Rigiopappus A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Tracyina S. T. Blake (1 sp.)
 Ericameria Nutt. (37 spp.)
 Subtribus Solidagininae O. Hoffm.
 Eastwoodia Brandegee (1 sp.)
 Columbiadoria G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Sericocarpus Nees (7 spp.)
 Cuniculotinus Urbatsch, R. P. Roberts & Neubig (1 sp.)
 Acamptopappus (A. Gray) A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Amphipappus Torr. ex A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Chrysothamnus Nutt. (9 spp.)
 Bathysanthus G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Solidago L. (147 spp.)
 Chrysoma Nutt. (1 sp.)
 Stenotus Nutt. (3 spp.)
 Nestotus R. P. Roberts, Urbatsch & Neubig (3 spp.)
 Petradoria Greene (1 sp.)
 Toiyabea R. P. Roberts, Urbatsch & Neubig (4 spp.)
 Oreochrysum Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Lorandersonia Urbatsch, R. P. Roberts & Neubig (6 spp.)
 Tonestus A. Nels. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Ionactinae G. L. Nesom
 Ionactis Greene (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Chaetopappinae G. L. Nesom
 Chaetopappa DC. (12 spp.)
 Monoptilon Torr. & A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Astranthiinae G. L. Nesom
 Townsendia Hook. (30 spp.)
 Astranthium Nutt. (11 spp.)
 Dichaetophora A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Geissolepinae G. L. Nesom
 Geissolepis B. L. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Chrysopsidinae G. L. Nesom
 Pityopsis Nutt. (12 spp.)
 Bradburia Torr. & A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Chrysopsis (Nutt.) Elliott (10 spp.)
 Noticastrum DC. (20 spp.)
 Croptilon Raf. (3 spp.)
 Heterotheca Cass. (70 spp.)
 Osbertia Greene (3 spp.)
 Tomentaurum G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Conyzinae Horan.
 Erigeron L. (486 spp.)
 Aphanostephus DC. (5 spp.)
 Apopyros G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Hysterionica Willd. (13 spp.)
 Neja D. Don (6 spp.)
 Leptostelma D. Don (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Gutierreziinae G. L. Nesom
 Gundlachia A. Gray (5 spp.)
 Aquilula G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Gymnosperma Less. (1 sp.)
 Amphiachyris (DC.) Nutt. (2 spp.)
 Medranoa Urbatsch & R. P. Roberts (5 spp.)
 Thurovia Rose (1 sp.)
 Bigelowia DC. (2 spp.)
 Gutierrezia Lag. (35 spp.)
 Euthamia Elliott (13 spp.)
 Subtribus Boltoniinae G. L. Nesom
 Chloracantha G. L. Nesom, Y. B. Suh, D. R. Morgan, S. D. Sundb. & B. B. Simpson (4 spp.)
 Batopilasia G. L. Nesom & Noyes (1 sp.)
 Boltonia L´Hér. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Symphyotrichinae G. L. Nesom
 Canadanthus G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Ampelaster G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Almutaster Á. Löve & D. Löve (1 sp.)
 Psilactis A. Gray (6 spp.)
 Symphyotrichum Nees (98 spp.)
 Sanrobertia G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Machaerantherinae G. L. Nesom
 Oreostemma Greene (3 spp.)
 Eurybia (Cass.) Cass. (27 spp.)
 Triniteurybia Brouillet, Urbatsch & R. P. Roberts (1 sp.)
 Machaeranthera Nees (2 spp.)
 Leucosyris Greene (9 spp.)
 Xylorhiza Nutt. (10 spp.)
 Oonopsis Greene (5 spp.)
 Dieteria Nutt. (4 spp.)
 Xanthisma DC. (20 spp.)
 Haplopappus Cass. (72 spp.)
 Notopappus Klingenb. (5 spp.)
 Grindelia Willd. (67 spp.)
 Xanthocephalum Willd. (5 spp.)
 Stephanodoria Greene (1 sp.)
 Rayjacksonia R. L. Hartm. & M. A. Lane (3 spp.)
 Isocoma Nutt. (16 spp.)
 Adiaphila G. L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Pyrrocoma Hook. (14 spp.)
 Adeia G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Hazardia Greene (11 spp.)
 Benitoa D. D. Keck (1 sp.)
 Corethrogyne DC. (1 sp.)
 Lessingia Cham. (12 spp.)
 Tribus Gnaphalieae (Cass.) Lecoq & Juill.
 Subtribus Athrixiinae
 Alatoseta Compton (1 sp.)
 Athrixia Ker Gawl. (15 spp.)
 Lepidostephium Oliv. (2 spp.)
 Phagnalon Cass. (37 spp.)
 Pentatrichia Klatt (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Oederinae
 Arrowsmithia DC. (12 spp.)
 Fluminaria N. G. Bergh (1 sp.)
 Nestlera Spreng. (1 sp.)
 Rhynchopsidium DC. (2 spp.)
 Leysera L. (3 spp.)
 Oedera L. (38 spp.)
 Oxylaena Benth. ex Anderb. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Metalasia clade
 Amphiglossa DC. (10 spp.)
 Pterothrix DC. (3 spp.)
 Muscosomorphe J.C.Manning (1 sp.)
 Disparago Gaertn. (9 spp.)
 Myrovernix Koek. (5 spp.)
 Dicerothamnus Koek. (2 spp.)
 Elytropappus Cass. (3 spp.)
 Stoebe L. (25 spp.)
 Ifloga Cass. (15 spp.)
 Dolichothrix Hilliard & B. L. Burtt (1 sp.)
 Atrichantha Hilliard & B. L. Burtt (1 sp.)
 Calotesta P. O. Karis (1 sp.)
 Hydroidea P. O. Karis (1 sp.)
 Phaenocoma D. Don (1 sp.)
 Lachnospermum Willd. (5 spp.)
 Metalasia R. Br. (57 spp.)
 Planea P. O. Karis (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Lasiopogon clade
 Lasiopogon Cass. (7 spp.)
 Subtribus Gnaphaliinae Dumort.
 Galeomma Rauschert (2 spp.)
 Achyrocline Less. (47 spp.)
 Helichrysum Mill. (562 spp.)
 Aphelexis D. Don (4 spp.)
 Chiliocephalum Benth. (2 spp.)
 Syncephalum DC. (5 spp.)
 Stenocline DC. (2 spp.)
 Catatia Humbert (2 spp.)
 Pseudognaphalium Kirp. (110 spp.)
 Quasiantennaria R.J.Bayer & M.O.Dillon (1 sp.)
 Anaphalis DC. (111 spp.)
 Plecostachys Hilliard & B. L. Burtt (2 spp.)
 Tenrhynea Hilliard & B. L. Burtt (1 sp.)
 Syncarpha DC. (21 spp.)
 Libinhania N. Kilian, Galbany, Oberpr. & A. G. Mill. (13 spp.)
 Gnaphalium L. (46 spp.)
 Cladochaeta DC. (1 sp.)
 Achyranthemum N. G. Bergh (7 spp.)
 Subtribus FLAG clade
 Omalotheca Cass. (9 spp.)
 Castroviejoa Galbany et al. (2 spp.)
 Psilocarphus Nutt. (4 spp.)
 Logfia Cass. (11 spp.)
 Micropus L. (1 sp.)
 Chamaepus Wagenitz (1 sp.)
 Gnomophalium Greuter (1 sp.)
 Stylocline Nutt. (8 spp.)
 Ancistrocarphus A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Hesperevax (A. Gray) A. Gray (3 spp.)
 Bombycilaena (DC.) Smoljan. (3 spp.)
 Filago L. (46 spp.)
 Leontopodium (Pers.) R. Br. (57 spp.)
 Mexerion G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Gnaphaliothamnus Kirp. (9 spp.)
 Jalcophila M. O. Dillon & Sagást. (3 spp.)
 Andicolea Mayta & Molinari (20 spp.)
 Mniodes (A. Gray) Benth. & Hook. fil. (24 spp.)
 Diaperia Nutt. (3 spp.)
 Antennaria Gaertn. (45 spp.)
 Dielitzia P. S. Short (1 sp.)
 Cuatrecasasiella H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Chryselium Urtubey & S. E. Freire (1 sp.)
 Chevreulia Cass. (6 spp.)
 Gamochaeta Wedd. (59 spp.)
 Chionolaena DC. (16 spp.)
 Lucilia Cass. (8 spp.)
 Belloa J. Rémy (5 spp.)
 Berroa Beauverd (1 sp.)
 Facelis Cass. (3 spp.)
 Micropsis DC. (5 spp.)
 Raouliopsis S. F. Blake (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Australasian clade
 Troglophyton Hilliard & B. L. Burtt (6 spp.)
 Vellereophyton Hilliard & Burtt (7 spp.)
 Anaxeton Gaertn. (10 spp.)
 Anderbergia B. Nord. (6 spp.)
 Langebergia Anderb. (1 sp.)
 Edmondia Cass. (3 spp.)
 Helichrysopsis Kirp. (1 sp.)
 Petalacte D. Don (1 sp.)
 Stuartina Sond. (2 spp.)
 Parantennaria Beauverd (1 sp.)
 Millotia Cass. (17 spp.)
 Ewartia Beauverd (4 spp.)
 Argyrotegium J. M. Ward & Breitw. (4 spp.)
 Euchiton Cass. (19 spp.)
 Ewartiothamnus Anderb. (1 sp.)
 Leucogenes Beauverd (4 spp.)
 Raoulia Hook. fil. (23 spp.)
 Rachelia J. M. Ward & Breitw. (1 sp.)
 Anaphalioides (Benth.) Kirp. (7 spp.)
 Pterygopappus Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Gilberta Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Ixiolaena Benth. (2 spp.)
 Chthonocephalus Steetz (6 spp.)
 Tietkensia P. S. Short (1 sp.)
 Trichanthodium Sond. & F. Muell. (4 spp.)
 Siloxerus Labill. (4 spp.)
 Pogonolepis Steetz (2 spp.)
 Sondottia P. S. Short (2 spp.)
 Blennospora A. Gray (3 spp.)
 Decazesia F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Quinqueremulus Paul G. Wilson (1 sp.)
 Polycalymma F. Muell. & Sond. (1 sp.)
 Erymophyllum Paul G. Wilson (5 spp.)
 Cephalosorus A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Cephalipterum A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Bracteantha Anderb. & Haegi (6 spp.)
 Neotysonia Dalla Torre & Harms (1 sp.)
 Argentipallium Paul G. Wilson (6 spp.)
 Eriochlamys Sond. & F. Muell. (4 spp.)
 Rutidosis DC. (9 spp.)
 Phacellothrix F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Fitzwillia P. S. Short (1 sp.)
 Dithyrostegia A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Podotheca Cass. (8 spp.)
 Leiocarpa Paul G. Wilson (10 spp.)
 Feldstonia P. S. Short (1 sp.)
 Myriocephalus Benth. (15 spp.)
 Rhetinocarpha Paul G. Wilson & M. A. Wilson (1 sp.)
 Calocephalus R. Br. (16 spp.)
 Balladonia P. S. Short (2 spp.)
 Lemooria P. S. Short (1 sp.)
 Gilruthia Ewart (1 sp.)
 Gnephosis Cass. (17 spp.)
 Notisia P. S. Short (1 sp.)
 Actinobole Endl. (4 spp.)
 Angianthus J. C. Wendl. (19 spp.)
 Epitriche Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Pleuropappus F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Quinetia Cass. (1 sp.)
 Bellida Ewart (1 sp.)
 Schoenia-group ( sp.)
 Schoenia Steetz (4 spp.)
 Pithocarpa Lindl. (5 spp.)
 Hyalosperma Steetz (8 spp.)
 Coronidium Paul G. Wilson (21 spp.)
 Rhodanthe Lindl. (46 spp.)
 Pycnosorus Benth. (6 spp.)
 Craspedia G. Forst. (27 spp.)
 Acanthocladium F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Ammobium R. Br. (3 spp.)
 Waitzia J. C. Wendl. (8 spp.)
 Leptorhynchos Less. (11 spp.)
 Leucochrysum (DC.) Paul G. Wilson (5 spp.)
 Anemocarpa Paul G. Wilson (3 spp.)
 Xerochrysum Tzvelev (6 spp.)
 Acomis F. Muell. (4 spp.)
 Pterochaeta Steetz (1 sp.)
 Chrysocephalum Walp. (11 spp.)
 Gratwickia F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Hyalochlamys A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Haegiela P. S. Short & Paul G. Wilson (1 sp.)
 Triptilodiscus Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Haptotrichion Paul G. Wilson (2 spp.)
 Lawrencella Lindl. (2 spp.)
 Asteridea Lindl. (9 spp.)
 Panaetia Cass. (4 spp.)
 Siemssenia Steetz (2 spp.)
 Podolepis Labill. (20 spp.)
 Walshia Jeanes (1 sp.)
 Ixodia R. Br. (2 spp.)
 Argyroglottis Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Paenula Orchard (1 sp.)
 Apalochlamys Cass. (1 sp.)
 Ozothamnus R. Br. (62 spp.)
 Cremnothamnus Puttock (1 sp.)
 Odixia Orchard (2 spp.)
 Haeckeria F. Muell. (3 spp.)
 Calomeria Vent. (4 spp.)
 Humeocline Anderb. (1 sp.)
 Basedowia E. Pritz. (1 sp.)
 Thiseltonia Hemsl. (2 spp.)
 Cassinia R. Br. (46 spp.)
 Taplinia Lander (1 sp.)
 Tribus Inuleae Cass.
 Subtribus Inulinae Dumort.
 Duhaldea DC. (13 spp.)
 Cyathocline Cass. (4 spp.)
 Caesulia Roxb. (1 sp.)
 Blumea DC. (86 spp.)
 Blumeopsis Gagnep. (1 sp.)
 Nanothamnus Thomson (1 sp.)
 Merrittia Merr. (1 sp.)
 Schizogyne Cass. (2 spp.)
 Vieraea Webb & Berthel. (1 sp.)
 Rhanterium Desf. (3 spp.)
 Buphthalmum L. (3 spp.)
 Pentanema Cass. (33 spp.)
 Vicoa Cass. (17 spp.)
 Chrysophthalmum Sch. Bip. (3 spp.)
 Carpesium L. (20 spp.)
 Telekia Baumg. (1 sp.)
 Inula L. (79 spp.)
 Limbarda Adans. (1 sp.)
 Rhanteriopsis Rauschert (5 spp.)
 Monactinocephalus Klatt (2 spp.)
 Pulicaria Gaertn. (85 spp.)
 Dittrichia Greuter (2 spp.)
 Jasonia (Cass.) Cass. (1 sp.)
 Anvillea DC. (2 spp.)
 Pallenis (Cass.) Cass. (6 spp.)
 Asteriscus Mill. (9 spp.)
 Chiliadenus Cass. (10 spp.)
 Allagopappus Cass. (2 spp.)
 Perralderia Coss. (3 spp.)
 Iphiona Cass. (15 spp.)
 Lifago Schweinf. & Muschl. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Plucheinae Cass. ex Dumort.
 Stenachaenium Benth. (4 spp.)
 Geigeria Griess. (27 spp.)
 Ondetia Benth. (1 sp.)
 Antiphiona Merxm. (2 spp.)
 Calostephane Benth. (6 spp.)
 Pegolettia Cass. (9 spp.)
 Cratystylis S. Moore (4 spp.)
 Iphionopsis Anderb. (3 spp.)
 Pterocaulon Elliott (26 spp.)
 Sachsia Griseb. (3 spp.)
 Pechuel-loeschea O. Hoffm. (1 sp.)
 Cylindrocline Cass. (2 spp.)
 Doellia Sch. Bip. (2 spp.)
 Epaltes Cass. (7 spp.)
 Sphaeromorphaea DC. (6 spp.)
 Karelinia Less. (1 sp.)
 Laggera Sch. Bip. ex Benth. & Hook. fil. (12 spp.)
 Nicolasia S. Moore (7 spp.)
 Pluchea Cass. (62 spp.)
 Porphyrostemma Benth. ex Oliv. (3 spp.)
 Pseudoconyza Cuatrec. (1 sp.)
 Sphaeranthus L. (38 spp.)
 Tessaria Ruiz & Pav. (5 spp.)
 Streptoglossa Steetz ex F. Muell.  (8 spp.)
 Coleocoma F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Thespidium F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Allopterigeron Dunlop (1 sp.)
 Litogyne Harv. (1 sp.)
 Adelostigma Steetz (2 spp.)
 Monarrhenus Cass. (2 spp.)
 Delamerea S. Moore (1 sp.)
 Neojeffreya Cabrera (1 sp.)
 Triplocephalum O. Hoffm. (1 sp.)
 Pseudoblepharispermum J.-P. Lebrun & Stork (3 spp.)
 Tribus Athroismeae Panero
 Subtribus Lowryanthinae Pruski & Anderb.
 Lowryanthus Pruski (1 sp.)
 Apodocephala Baker (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Athroisminae Panero
 Athroisma DC. (12 spp.)
 Blepharispermum DC. ex Wight (15 spp.)
 Leucoblepharis Arn. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus incertae sedis
 Anisochaeta DC. (1 sp.)
 Artemisiopsis S. Moore (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Symphyllocarpinae Smoljan.
 Symphyllocarpus Maxim. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Centipedinae Panero
 Centipeda Lour. (10 spp.)
 Subtribus Anisopappinae Panero
 Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. (46 spp.)
 Tribus Feddeeae Pruski, P. Herrera, Anderb. & Franc.-Ort.
 Feddea Urb. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Helenieae Lindl.
 Subtribus Marshalliinae H. Rob.
 Marshallia Schreb. (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Psathyrotinae Baldwin
 Psathyrotes (Nutt.) A. Gray (3 spp.)
 Trichoptilium A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Pelucha S. Watson (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Gaillardiinae Less.
 Helenium L. (34 spp.)
 Balduina Nutt. (3 spp.)
 Gaillardia Foug. (21 spp.)
 Subtribus Tetraneuridinae Rydb.
 Baileya Harv. & A. Gray ex Torr. (3 spp.)
 Hymenoxys Cass. (26 spp.)
 Amblyolepis DC. (1 sp.)
 Tetraneuris Greene (9 spp.)
 Psilostrophe DC. (7 spp.)
 Subtribus Plateileminae Baldwin
 Plateilema (A. Gray) Cockerell (1 sp.)
 Tribus Millerieae Lindl.
 Subtribus Melampodiinae Less.
 Acanthospermum Schrank (7 spp.)
 Lecocarpus DC. (4 spp.)
 Melampodium L. (45 spp.)
 Staurochlamys Baker (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Galinsoginae Benth.
 Alepidocline S. F. Blake (6 spp.)
 Cuchumatanea Seid. & Beaman (1 sp.)
 Alloispermum Willd. (17 spp.)
 Faxonia Brandegee (1 sp.)
 Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav. (12 spp.)
 Stenocarpha S. F. Blake (2 spp.)
 Aphanactis Wedd. (9 spp.)
 Oteiza La Llave (4 spp.)
 Sabazia Cass. (16 spp.)
 Freya V. M. Badillo (1 sp.)
 Schistocarpha Less. (13 spp.)
 Selloa Kunth (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Milleriinae Benth.
 Axiniphyllum Benth. (5 spp.)
 Guizotia Cass. (7 spp.)
 Micractis DC. (2 spp.)
 Milleria St.-Lag. (1 sp.)
 Rumfordia DC. (7 spp.)
 Sigesbeckia L. (11 spp.)
 Smallanthus Mack. (22 spp.)
 Stachycephalum Sch. Bip. ex Benth. (3 spp.)
 Trigonospermum Less. (6 spp.)
 Unxia L. fil. (2 spp.)
 Zandera D. L. Schulz (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Desmanthodiinae H. Rob.
 Desmanthodium Benth. (8 spp.)
 Subtribus Dyscritothamninae Panero
 Bebbia Greene (1 sp.)
 Dyscritothamnus B. L. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Tridax L. (34 spp.)
 Cymophora B. L. Rob. (4 spp.)
 Tetragonotheca L. (4 spp.)
 Subtribus Espeletiinae Cuatrec.
 Espeletia Mutis ex Humb. & Bonpl. (158 spp.)
 Tamananthus V. M. Badillo (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Guardiolinae H. Rob.
 Guardiola Cerv. ex Humb. & Bonpl. (12 spp.)
 Subtribus Jaegeriinae Panero
 Jaegeria Kunth (11 spp.)
 Tribus Tageteae Cass.
 Subtribus Flaveriinae Less.
 Flaveria Juss. (21 spp.)
 Sartwellia A. Gray (4 spp.)
 Haploesthes A. Gray (4 spp.)
 Subtribus Clappiinae H. Rob.
 Pseudoclappia Rydb. (2 spp.)
 Oxypappus Benth. (1 sp.)
 Clappia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Jamesianthus S. F. Blake & Sherff (1 sp.)
 Arnicastrum Greenm. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Tagetinae Dumort.
 Tagetes L. (52 spp.)
 Callilepis DC. (7 spp.)
 Thymophylla Lag. (13 spp.)
 Adenophyllum Pers. (13 spp.)
 Nicolletia A. Gray (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Pectidinae Less.
 Porophyllum Adans. (31 spp.)
 Pectis L. (93 spp.)
 Subtribus Jaumeinae Benth. & Hook. fil.
 Jaumea Pers. (2 spp.)
 Dyssodia Cav. (6 spp.)
 Boeberastrum (A. Gray) Rydb. (2 spp.)
 Boeberoides (DC.) Strother (1 sp.)
 Urbinella Greenm. (1 sp.)
 Chrysactinia A. Gray (6 spp.)
 Comaclinium Scheidw. & Planch. (1 sp.)
 Dysodiopsis (A. Gray) Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Gymnolaena (DC.) Rydb. (3 spp.)
 Harnackia Urb. (1 sp.)
 Hydropectis Rydb. (3 spp.)
 Lescaillea Griseb. (1 sp.)
 Leucactinia Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Bajacalia Loockerman, B. L. Turner & R. K. Jansen (3 spp.)
 Schizotrichia Benth. (3 spp.)
 Strotheria B. L. Turner (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Varillinae B. L. Turner & A. M. Powell
 Varilla A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Coultereliinae H. Rob.
 Coulterella Vasey & Rose (1 sp.)
 Tribus Madieae Jeps.
 Subtribus Baeriinae Benth.
 Eriophyllum Lag. (13 spp.)
 Pseudobahia (A. Gray) Rydb. (3 spp.)
 Syntrichopappus A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Lasthenia Cass. (18 spp.)
 Baeriopsis J. T. Howell (1 sp.)
 Amblyopappus Hook. & Arn. (1 sp.)
 Monolopia DC. (5 spp.)
 Constancea B. G. Baldwin (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Venegasiinae B. G. Baldwin
 Venegasia DC. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Hulseinae B. G. Baldwin
 Hulsea Torr. & A. Gray (7 spp.)
 Eatonella A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Arnicinae B. G. Baldwin
 Arnica L. (31 spp.)
 Subtribus Madiinae Benth. & Hook. fil.
 Raillardella (A. Gray) Benth. (3 spp.)
 Adenothamnus D. D. Keck (1 sp.)
 Hemizonella (A. Gray) A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Kyhosia B. G. Baldwin (1 sp.)
 Anisocarpus Nutt. (2 spp.)
 Carlquistia B. G. Baldwin (1 sp.)
 Madia Molina (11 spp.)
 Argyroxiphium DC. (5 spp.)
 Wilkesia A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Dubautia Gaudich. (26 spp.)
 Deinandra Greene (22 spp.)
 Holocarpha Greene (4 spp.)
 Centromadia Greene (4 spp.)
 Calycadenia DC. (10 spp.)
 Osmadenia Nutt. (1 sp.)
 Hemizonia DC. (1 sp.)
 Blepharizonia (A. Gray) Greene (2 spp.)
 Lagophylla Nutt. (5 spp.)
 Holozonia Greene (1 sp.)
 Layia Hook. & Arn. (15 spp.)
 Blepharipappus Hook. (1 sp.)
 Achyrachaena Schauer (1 sp.)
 Harmonia B. G. Baldwin (5 spp.)
 Jensia B. G. Baldwin (2 spp.)
 Tribus Chaenactideae B. G. Baldwin
 Dimeresia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Orochaenactis Coville (1 sp.)
 Chaenactis DC. (19 spp.)
 Tribus Bahieae B. G. Baldwin
 Schkuhria Roth (2 spp.)
 Achyropappus Kunth (3 spp.)
 Bahia Lag. (1 sp.)
 Holoschkuhria H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Nothoschkuhria B. G. Baldwin (1 sp.)
 Apostates Lander (1 sp.)
 Picradeniopsis Rydb. ex Britton (8 spp.)
 Florestina Cass. (8 spp.)
 Palafoxia Lag. (12 spp.)
 Platyschkuhria (A. Gray) Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Hymenothrix A. Gray (11 spp.)
 Loxothysanus B. L. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Hymenopappus L´Hér. (14 spp.)
 Bartlettia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Chamaechaenactis Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Peucephyllum A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Psathyrotopsis Rydb. (3 spp.)
 Espejoa DC. (1 sp.)
 Chaetymenia Hook. & Arn. (1 sp.)
 Thymopsis Benth. (2 spp.)
 Hypericophyllum Steetz (13 spp.)
 Tribus Perityleae B. G. Baldwin
 Subtribus Galeaninae Panero & B. G. Baldwin
 Galeana La Llave & Lex. (1 sp.)
 Villanova Lag. (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Lycapsinae H. Rob.
 Lycapsus Phil. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Peritylinae Rydb.
 Eutetras A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Amauria Benth. (3 spp.)
 Pericome A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Perityle Benth. (72 spp.)
 Tribus Eupatorieae Cass.
 Subtribus Neomirandeinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Neomirandea R. M. King & H. Rob. (26 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Bartlettina R. M. King & H. Rob. (43 spp.)
 Subtribus Hofmeisteriinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Hofmeisteria Walp. (10 spp.)
 Subtribus Oaxacaniinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Oaxacania B. L. Rob. & Greenm. (1 sp.)
 Carterothamnus R. M. King (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Piqueriinae Benth. & Hook.
 Piqueria Cav. (6 spp.)
 Centenaria P. Gonzáles, A. Cano & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Stevia Cav. (270 spp.)
 Carphochaete A. Gray (7 spp.)
 Iltisia S. F. Blake (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Oxylobinae R. M. King & H. Rob.
 Ageratina O. Hoffm. (325 spp.)
 Oxylobus (Moq. ex DC.) A. Gray (7 spp.)
 Jaliscoa S. Watson (3 spp.)
 Spaniopappus B. L. Rob. (5 spp.)
 Standleyanthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Kaunia R. M. King & H. Rob. (12 spp.)
 Jaramilloa R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Mikaniinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Mikania Willd. (452 spp.)
 Subtribus Trichocoroninae R. M. King & H. Rob.
 Trichocoronis A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Shinnersia R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Sclerolepis Cass. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Alomiinae Less.
 Alomia Kunth (4 spp.)
 Brickellia Elliott (108 spp.)
 Steviopsis R. M. King & H. Rob. (5 spp.)
 Brickelliastrum R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Flyriella R. M. King & H. Rob. (4 spp.)
 Ageratella A. Gray ex S. Watson (1 sp.)
 Asanthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Malperia S. Watson (1 sp.)
 Pleurocoronis R. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Kyrsteniopsis R. M. King & H. Rob. (7 spp.)
 Carminatia Moc. ex DC. (4 spp.)
 Crossothamnus R. M. King & H. Rob. (4 spp.)
 Helogyne Nutt. (8 spp.)
 Condylopodium R. M. King & H. Rob. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Eupatoriinae Dumort.
 Eupatorium L. (61 spp.)
 Eutrochium Raf. (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Liatrinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Liatris Gaertn. ex Schreb. (39 spp.)
 Carphephorus Cass. (7 spp.)
 Garberia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Hartwrightia A. Gray ex S. Watson (1 sp.)
 Neocuatrecasia R. M. King & H. Rob. (13 spp.)
 Tamaulipa R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Lourteigia R. M. King & H. Rob. (12 spp.)
 Lapidia Roque & S. C. Ferreira (1 sp.)
 Semiria D. J. N. Hind (1 sp.)
 Criscianthus Grossi & J. N. Nakaj. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Hebecliniinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Hebeclinium DC. (29 spp.)
 Decachaeta DC. (9 spp.)
 Mexianthus B. L. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Praxelinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Guayania R. M. King & H. Rob. (5 spp.)
 Chromolaena DC. (167 spp.)
 Praxelis Cass. (20 spp.)
 Lomatozona Baker (4 spp.)
 Eitenia R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Eupatoriopsis Hieron. (1 sp.)
 Praxeliopsis G. M. Barroso (1 sp.)
 Osmiopsis R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Critoniinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Critonia P. Browne (40 spp.)
 Antillia R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Ciceronia Urb. (1 sp.)
 Eupatorina R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Fleischmanniopsis R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Koanophyllon Arruda (127 spp.)
 Eupatoriastrum Greenm. (7 spp.)
 Sphaereupatorium (O. Hoffm.) Kuntze ex B. L. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Bishovia R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Nothobaccharis R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Santosia R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Grisebachianthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (7 spp.)
 Lorentzianthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Chacoa R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Idiothamnus R. M. King & H. Rob. (4 spp.)
 Peteravenia R. M. King & H. Rob. (5 spp.)
 Critoniella R. M. King & H. Rob. (6 spp.)
 Aristeguietia R. M. King & H. Rob. (21 spp.)
 Asplundianthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (11 spp.)
 Austrocritonia R. M. King & H. Rob. (4 spp.)
 Badilloa R. M. King & H. Rob. (11 spp.)
 Grosvenoria R. M. King & H. Rob. (6 spp.)
 Corethamnium R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Castanedia R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Imeria R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Hughesia R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Cronquistianthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (23 spp.)
 Steyermarkina R. M. King & H. Rob. (4 spp.)
 Uleophytum Hieron. (1 sp.)
 Amboroa Cabrera (2 spp.)
 Tuberostylis Steetz (2 spp.)
 Ascidiogyne Cuatrec. (2 spp.)
 Ellenbergia Cuatrec. (1 sp.)
 Paneroa E. E. Schill. (1 sp.)
 Phania DC. (3 spp.)
 Phalacraea DC. (4 spp.)
 Guevaria R. M. King & H. Rob. (5 spp.)
 Ferreyrella S. F. Blake (2 spp.)
 Nesomia B. L. Turner (1 sp.)
 Piqueriella R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Macvaughiella R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Microspermum Lag. (8 spp.)
 Subtribus Fleischmanniinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Fleischmannia Sch. Bip. (99 spp.)
 Zyzyura H. Rob. & Pruski (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Adenostemmatinae B. L. Rob.
 Adenostemma J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (23 spp.)
 Sciadocephala Mattf. (6 spp.)
 Gymnocoronis DC. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Ayapaninae R. M. King & H. Rob.
 Isocarpha R. Br. (5 spp.)
 Ayapana Spach (17 spp.)
 Polyanthina R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Gongrostylus R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Condylidium R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Siapaea Pruski (1 sp.)
 Lepidesmia Klatt (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Ageratinae Less.
 Ageratum L. (37 spp.)
 Conoclinium DC. (4 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Ophryosporus Meyen (42 spp.)
 Subtribus Disynaphiinae R. M. King & H. Rob.
 Urolepis (A. DC.) R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Radlkoferotoma Kuntze (3 spp.)
 Malmeanthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Acanthostyles R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Symphyopappus Turcz. (13 spp.)
 Raulinoreitzia R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Disynaphia Hook. & Arn. ex DC. (14 spp.)
 Campovassouria R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Grazielia R. M. King & H. Rob. (12 spp.)
 Neocabreria R. M. King & H. Rob. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Heterocondylus R. M. King & H. Rob. (15 spp.)
 Gymnocondylus R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Alomiella R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Monogereion G. M. Barroso & R. M. King (1 sp.)
 Ayapanopsis R. M. King & H. Rob. (17 spp.)
 Macropodina R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Campuloclinium DC. (17 spp.)
 Subtribus Trichogoniinae V. L. Rivera, S. C. Ferreira & Panero
 Trichogoniopsis R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Platypodanthera R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Trichogonia (DC.) Gardner (26 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Teixeiranthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Dissothrix A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Cavalcantia R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Parapiqueria R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Gyptidinae R. King & H. Rob.
 Gyptis (Cass.) Cass. (7 spp.)
 Gyptidium R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Austroeupatorium R. M. King & H. Rob. (14 spp.)
 Hatschbachiella R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Austrobrickellia R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Stomatanthes R. M. King & H. Rob. (17 spp.)
 Planaltoa Taub. (2 spp.)
 Leptoclinium (Nutt.) Benth. (1 sp.)
 Pseudobrickellia R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Goyazianthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Gardnerina R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Vittetia R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Barrosoa R. M. King & H. Rob. (11 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Bishopiella R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Agrianthus Mart. ex DC. (8 spp.)
 Arrojadocharis Mattf. (2 spp.)
 Lasiolaena R. M. King & H. Rob. (7 spp.)
 Stylotrichium Mattf. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus neopisan
 Litothamnus R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Diacranthera R. M. King & H. Rob. (3 spp.)
 Bahianthus R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Catolesia D. J. N. Hind (3 spp.)
 Morithamnus R. M. King, H. Rob. & G. M. Barroso (2 spp.)
 Prolobus R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Bejaranoa R. M. King & H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Conocliniopsis R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Dasycondylus R. M. King & H. Rob. (9 spp.)
 Scherya R. M. King & H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Acritopappus R. M. King & H. Rob. (19 spp.)
 Tribus Neurolaeneae Rydb.
 Subtribus Enydrinae H. Rob.
 Enydra Lour. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Heptanthinae H. Rob.
 Heptanthus Griseb. (7 spp.)
 Subtribus Neurolaeninae Stuessy, B. L. Turner & A. M. Powell
 Calea L. (157 spp.)
 Tyleropappus Greenm. (1 sp.)
 Greenmaniella W. M. Sharp (1 sp.)
 Neurolaena R. Br. (13 spp.)
 Tribus Coreopsideae Lindl.
 Subtribus Chrysanthellinae Ryding & K. Bremer
 Chrysanthellum Rich. (14 spp.)
 Glossocardia Cass. (12 spp.)
 Trioncinia (F. Muell.) Veldkamp (2 spp.)
 Diodontium F. Muell. (1 sp.)
 Isostigma Less. (13 spp.)
 Henricksonia B. L. Turner (1 sp.)
 Heterosperma Cav. (8 spp.)
 Dicranocarpus A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Petrobiinae Benth.
 Petrobium R. Br. (1 sp.)
 Narvalina Cass. (2 spp.)
 Cyathomone S. F. Blake (1 sp.)
 Selleophytum Urb. (1 sp.)
 Fitchia Hook. fil. (7 spp.)
 Oparanthus Sherff (6 spp.)
 Moonia Arn. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Coreopsidinae Cass. ex Dumort.
 Coreopsis L. (87 spp.)
 Coreocarpus Benth. (7 spp.)
 Cosmos Cav. (35 spp.)
 Bidens L. (222 spp.)
 Goldmanella Greenm. (1 sp.)
 Thelesperma Less. (13 spp.)
 Electranthera Mesfin, Crawford & Pruski (3 spp.)
 Ericentrodea S. F. Blake & Sherff, Sherff (6 spp.)
 Dahlia Cav. (40 spp.)
 Hidalgoa La Llave (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Pinillosinae H. Rob.
 Pinillosia Ossa ex DC. (1 sp.)
 Tetraperone Urb. (1 sp.)
 Koehneola Urb. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Polymnieae Panero
 Polymnia L. (4 spp.)
 Tribus Heliantheae Cass.
 Subtribus Ambrosiinae Less.
 Ambrosia L. (46 spp.)
 Dicoria Torr. & A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Euphrosyne DC. (4 spp.)
 Cyclachaena Fresen. (1 sp.)
 Hedosyne Strother (1 sp.)
 Iva L. (10 spp.)
 Parthenice A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Parthenium L. (21 spp.)
 Xanthium L. (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Chromolepidinae Panero
 Chromolepis Benth. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Dugesiinae Panero
 Dugesia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Ecliptinae Less.
 Perymenium Schrad. (64 spp.)
 Podanthus Lag. (2 spp.)
 Baltimora L. (2 spp.)
 Clibadium L. (38 spp.)
 Ichthyothere Mart. (27 spp.)
 Delilia Spreng. (2 spp.)
 Eclipta L. (10 spp.)
 Lantanopsis C. Wright ex Griseb. (3 spp.)
 Pentalepis F. Muell. (6 spp.)
 Rensonia S. F. Blake (1 sp.)
 Riencourtia Cass. (7 spp.)
 Blainvillea Cass. (5 spp.)
 Calyptocarpus Less. (3 spp.)
 Damnxanthodium Strother (1 sp.)
 Perymeniopsis H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Dimerostemma Cass. (31 spp.)
 Elaphandra Strother (14 spp.)
 Eleutheranthera Poit. ex Bosc (2 spp.)
 Exomiocarpon Lawalrée (1 sp.)
 Iogeton Strother (1 sp.)
 Jefea Strother (5 spp.)
 Lasianthaea DC. (16 spp.)
 Lundellianthus H. Rob. (8 spp.)
 Lipotriche R. Br. (13 spp.)
 Oblivia Strother (3 spp.)
 Otopappus Benth. (17 spp.)
 Oyedaea DC. (25 spp.)
 Pascalia Ortega (2 spp.)
 Plagiolophus Greenm. (1 sp.)
 Steiractinia S. F. Blake (14 spp.)
 Synedrella Gaertn. (1 sp.)
 Synedrellopsis Hieron. & Kuntze (1 sp.)
 Tuxtla Villaseñor & Strother (1 sp.)
 Wamalchitamia Strother (7 spp.)
 Wedelia Jacq. (135 spp.)
 Fenixia Merr. (1 sp.)
 Hoffmanniella Schltr. ex Lawalrée (1 sp.)
 Idiopappus H. Rob. & Panero (1 sp.)
 Kingianthus H. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Leptocarpha DC. (1 sp.)
 Monactis Kunth (12 spp.)
 Trigonopterum Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Aspilia Thouars (66 spp.)
 Schizoptera Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Sphagneticola O. Hoffm. (5 spp.)
 Tilesia G. Mey. (3 spp.)
 Zexmenia La Llave (5 spp.)
 Tuberculocarpus Pruski (1 sp.)
 Echinocephalum Gardner (1 sp.)
 Melanthera Rohr (8 spp.)
 Apowollastonia Orchard (8 spp.)
 Wollastonia DC. ex DC. (24 spp.)
 Indocypraea Orchard (1 sp.)
 Quadribractea Orchard (1 sp.)
 Acunniana Orchard (1 sp.)
 Lipoblepharis Orchard (5 spp.)
 Lipochaeta DC. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Enceliinae Panero
 Encelia Adans. (21 spp.)
 Enceliopsis (A. Gray) A. Nels. (3 spp.)
 Geraea Torr. & A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Flourensia DC. (32 spp.)
 Helianthella Torr. & A. Gray (11 spp.)
 Subtribus Engelmanniinae Stuessy
 Berlandiera DC. (8 spp.)
 Chrysogonum L. (3 spp.)
 Engelmannia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Lindheimera A. Gray & Engelm. (1 sp.)
 Silphium L. (13 spp.)
 Borrichia Adans. (3 spp.)
 Vigethia W. A. Weber (1 sp.)
 Wyethia Nutt. (8 spp.)
 Scabrethia W. A. Weber (1 sp.)
 Agnorhiza (Jeps.) W. A. Weber (5 spp.)
 Balsamorhiza Hook. (12 spp.)
 Subtribus Helianthinae Dumort.
 Helianthus L. (55 spp.)
 Iostephane Benth. (4 spp.)
 Lagascea Cav. (9 spp.)
 Pappobolus S. F. Blake (37 spp.)
 Scalesia Arn. ex Lindl. (15 spp.)
 Sclerocarpus Jacq. (9 spp.)
 Simsia Pers. (30 spp.)
 Syncretocarpus S. F. Blake (3 spp.)
 Tithonia Desf. ex Juss. (13 spp.)
 Heliomeris Nutt. (6 spp.)
 Phoebanthus S. F. Blake (2 spp.)
 Bahiopsis Kellogg (12 spp.)
 Calanticaria (B. L. Rob. & Greenm.) E. E. Schill. & Panero (5 spp.)
 Hymenostephium Benth. (23 spp.)
 Davilanthus E. E. Schill. & Panero (7 spp.)
 Heiseria E. E. Schill. & Panero (3 spp.)
 Dendroviguiera E. E. Schill. & Panero (14 spp.)
 Gonzalezia E. E. Schill. & Panero (3 spp.)
 Sidneya E. E. Schill. & Panero (2 spp.)
 Aldama La Llave (117 spp.)
 Viguiera Kunth (19 spp.)
 Subtribus Montanoinae H. Rob.
 Montanoa Cerv. (28 spp.)
 Subtribus Rojasianthinae Panero
 Rojasianthe Standl. & Steyerm. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Rudbeckiinae H. Rob.
 Ratibida Raf. (7 spp.)
 Rudbeckia L. (32 spp.)
 Subtribus Spilanthinae Panero
 Acmella Rich. ex Pers. (34 spp.)
 Tetranthus Sw. (4 spp.)
 Oxycarpha S. F. Blake (1 sp.)
 Spilanthes Jacq. (10 spp.)
 Salmea DC. (11 spp.)
 Subtribus Verbesiniinae Benth.
 Podachaenium Benth. ex Oerst. (6 spp.)
 Squamopappus R. K. Jansen, N. A. Harriman & Urbatsch (1 sp.)
 Tetrachyron Schltdl. (10 spp.)
 Verbesina L. (348 spp.)
 Subtribus Zaluzaniinae H. Rob.
 Hybridella Cass. (2 spp.)
 Zaluzania Pers. (12 spp.)
 Subtribus Zinniinae Benth.
 Echinacea Moench (9 spp.)
 Heliopsis Pers. (14 spp.)
 Philactis Schrad. (4 spp.)
 Sanvitalia Gualt. ex Lam. (7 spp.)
 Zinnia L. (23 spp.)
 Tehuana Panero & Villaseñor (1 sp.)
 Trichocoryne S. F. Blake (1 sp.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Glavočike

Glavočike cjevnjače


Die folgende Liste stellt größere und bekanntere Seen in Nordmazedonien in tabellarischer Form dar. Sie ist in natürliche Seen und in Stauseen unterteilt. Nordmazedonien ist ein gebirgiger Binnenstaat mit vielen Flüssen und einzelnen Seen. Zur Energiegewinnung sind mehrere Flüsse gestaut worden.

Natürliche Seen

Stauseen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkungen

!Mazedonien
Nordmazedonien

Liste der Seen in Nordmazedonien


Agustín Blánquez Fraile (Valladolid, 28 de agosto de 1883-Barcelona, 24 de mayo de 1965) fue un traductor del latín y del griego clásico, historiador, arqueólogo y bibliotecario español.

Biografía
Estudió en la Universidad Central de Madrid donde se doctoró en Filosofía y Letras con premio extraordinario y obtuvo una licenciatura en Derecho.
Desarrolló su tesis doctoral sobre el dialecto leonés y publicó su disertación Límites del dialecto leonés en 1907. En 1911 opositó al Cuerpo Facultaltivo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos. El mismo año tomó posesión como archivero de Hacienda y jefe de la biblioteca del Instituto provincial de Palencia, cargo desde el cual halló diversos incunables. En Barcelona fue nombrado Jefe de Archiveros, Bibliotecas y Museos y Jefe de los Servicios de Recuperación en Gerona. En esta última ciudad reinstaló el Museo de San Pedro de Galligans y dirigió el Museo de Ampurias.
En 1943, fue designado director de la Biblioteca Universitaria de Barcelona, donde organizó numerosas exhibiciones tales como El Libro Impreso en Barcelona, El Centenario de los Reyes Católicos, Libros de Mística, Estampas y Grabados, etc. En 1945, inició la publicación de los catálogos de la Biblioteca con los Incunables de la Biblioteca Universitaria. En 1953 fue jubilado reglamentariamente como director de la Biblioteca Universitaria pero en reconocimiento a su labor fue galardonado con el título de director honorario de la misma institución y prosiguió con la dirección efectiva de su servicio.

También fue profesor de la Escuela de Bibliotecarias de la Universidad de Barcelona donde enseñó latín y literatura hasta 1962. Fue profesor y catedrático honorario de la Universidad de Filosofía y Letras de Barcelona. Fue asimismo archivero del Archivo de la Audiencia Territorial de Barcelona y tesorero de la Asociación de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos de España.

Es autor del Diccionario Latino - Español (1946), su obra más conocida, publicada por la Editorial Sopena en diversas ediciones y reimpresiones hasta 1997. Su diccionario Español - Latino fue publicado póstumamente en 1966.

En octubre de 2012, la Editorial Gredos lanzó una nueva edición de los dos tomos del Diccionario Latino-Español en un único volumen de 1744 páginas. Se trata de una edición facsímil que reproduce la quinta y definitiva versión de la obra.

Su traducción del tratado de Vitruvio De Architectura, publicada póstumammente en 1970, debe ser considerada una de las mejores versiones castellanas, al poner al descubierto muchos errores de traducciones anteriores, que fueron realizadas pensando más en el latín que en la arquitectura.

Obras

Límites del dialecto leonés occidental en Alcañices, Puebla de Sanabria y La Bañeza, Junta para ampliación de estudios e investigaciones científicas: Memoria correspondiente al año 1907. Madrid, Hijos de M. Tello, Apéndice 1 (p 67-78). Este documento puede descargarse en .

Historia de España (1931, 1936)

Geografía Universal (1931, 1936, 1942)

Geografía de España (1934, 1943)

Elementos de Gramática Latina (1936, 1943)

Diccionario Latino - Español (1946-1965, 1997, 2012)

Diccionario Español - Latino (1966, 1997)

Diccionario Manual Latino-Español y Español-Latino (1958, 1965, 1984)

Traducciones y prólogos

Los Vagabundos de Máximo Gorki. Traducción y prefacio. (Ramón Sopena 1932)

Discursos Políticos y Forenses de Cicerón. Traducción, prólogo y notas (Iberia 1958)

Dramas y Tragedias de Sófocles (Edipo rey, Edipo en Colona, Antígona, Electra, Las traquinias, Filoctetes, Áyax) (Iberia 1955)

Los diez libros de arquitectura, Marco Lucio Vitrubio. Traducción, prólogo y notas (Iberia, 1970, con múltiples reimpresiones posteriores)

Historia de la guerra del Peloponeso, Tucídides. Traducción, prólogo y notas (Iberia 1963)

Los deberes, Cicerón. Prólogo, traducción y notas (Iberia, 1946)

Los ocho libros de la medicina, Aulo Cornelio Celso. Traducción, prólogo y notas (Iberia, 1966)

Teatro completo, Miguel de Cervantes. Prólogo y notas (Iberia, 1966)

Teatro Completo de Séneca (Medea, Las Troyanas, Las Fenicias, Hércules Enloquecido, Edipo, Agamenon Tieste, Hércules en el monte Eta), Octavia, Traducción, prólogo y notas (Iberia 1958)

Notas

Latinistas de España del siglo XX
Traductores del latín al español
Helenistas de España del siglo XX
Traductores del griego al español
Traductores de España del siglo XX
Bibliotecarios de España del siglo XX
Arqueólogos de España del siglo XX
Historiadores de España del siglo XX
Historiadores de Valladolid
Arqueólogos de la provincia de Valladolid
Archiveros de España
Miembros del Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos

Agustín Blánquez Fraile


Flatlandsmo Station (Flatlandsmo stoppested) var en jernbanestation på Hardangerbanen, der lå ved Monsvatnet i Voss kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 1. april 1935, da banen blev taget i brug. Den blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. januar 1939. Persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 2. juni 1985, og 1. marts 1988 blev den nedlagt.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1935 efter tegninger af NSB Arkitektkontor. Den svarede til bygningen på nabostationen Skjervet men havde ikke pakrum.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Hardangerbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1935
Ophørt i 1988
Jernbanestationer i Hordaland

Flatlandsmo Station


Tuğla, harç gibi karışımlar ile birbirine tutturularak duvar inşasında kullanılan, pişmiş veya kurutulmuş kil bazlı topraktan elde edilen ses ve ısı yalıtımı için ana yapı malzemelerindendir. Çoğunlukla dikdörtgenler prizması şeklinde yapılmaktadır. Ev ve iş yeri yapımında, birden fazla alanda kullanılır. Örnek: duvar oluşturma, havalandırma soba ve ocak bacaları.

Tarihçe
Tuğla ve kiremit kullanımı insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir.

Tuğla veya kiremitin kullanıldığı ilk yer evlerdir. Bu evler, özellikle nehir kıyılarında ve deltalarda yer alan yerleşim bölgelerinde, kurutulmuş kil tabletlerle yapılacak evlerin yanında oluşturulan basit bir üretim düzeneği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu konuda başlangıç tarihi vermek mümkün değildir. Mezopotamya bölgesinde Dicle ve Fırat nehirleri kıyısında yapılan kazılarda bulunan pişmemiş kil tabletler, MÖ 13. yüzyılı işaret etmektedir.

Pişmiş tuğlanın endüstriyel anlamda ilk üretimi MÖ 4. yüzyıla, Babil Kulesi'nin yapımına denk tarihtedir. Tarihçiler, bu kulede 85 milyon adet tuğla kullanıldığını hesaplamışlardır. Bugün bu sayıda tuğlayı ancak 5-6 gelişmiş teknolojili fabrikanın 1 yıllık çalışmaları ile üretebildiğini düşünürsek, burada yapılan üretimin gerçekten de teknolojik açıdan büyük değer taşıdığını kabul etmek gerekir. Babil Kulesi, işte bu nedenle tuğla üretimi ve endüstrisi açısından önemli bir semboldür.

Kiremiti ilk üretip kullananların Korintliler olduğu kabul edilir. Korintliler, bugün de kullanılan içbükey kiremitlerini, hazırlanan tuğla hamurunu tokmakla dövüp yaygın hale getirerek şimdikinden daha kalın ve büyük olarak MÖ 4. yüzyılda üretmişlerdir.

Anadolu'da ve Avrupa'da da bu tarihsel gelişime paralel olarak ilerleyen üretim şekilleri Romalıların ilk standartları getirmeleri ve bu işin ticaretini yapmaya başlamaları ile farklı bir boyut kazanmıştır.

Daha ileri dönemlerde Anadolu'da Selçuklu ve Osmanlı mimarisinin bir parçası olan tuğla ve kiremit, Osmanlıların standartları ile Anadolu'ya has bir mimari tarz oluşturmuştur. Kiremitlerin daha küçük, tuğla boyutlarının ise daha büyük tutulduğu Osmanlılar döneminde ilk standartlar uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. O dönemde standart dışı üretim ve bunun gibi durumlar için inşaatlarda kullanımı yasaklanmış, bu konuda cezalar öngörülmüştür. Hatta inşaatlarda bina katları ve modelleri konusunda bile standart uygulamalar bu dönemde getirilmiştir. Anadolu'da sektörel gelişme dikkate alındığında ise atölye ve açık ocak imalathaneleri dışında fabrika ve endüstriyel üretim yapan tesis Osmanlıların son dönemine kadar yapılamamıştır.

Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra yabancı girişimcilerle beraber Marmara ve Ege bölgelerinde tuğla ve kiremit üretim tesisleri yapılmaya başlanmış, ilerleyen dönemde yerli girişimcilerle sektörde gelişim süreci yakalanmış ve öncesinde ithal makinelerle yapılan tesisler yerini yerli makinelere bırakmıştır. İlk tuğla-kiremit fabrikasının Manisa'nın Turgutlu ilçesinin Kısmalı mevkiinde Almanlar ile ortak olarak yapıldığı bilinmektedir.

Avrupa'da sektörel gelişme çok daha hızlı ilerlemiş, özellikle buharlı makinelerin bulunmasının ardından öncelikle hammadde hazırlama makinelerinde kullanılan hayvan gücü, yerini buharlı motorlara bırakmıştır. 1700'lü yıllarda sektörde ilk devrim sayılan bu makineleşmenin ardından 1800'lü yıllarda helezonlu şekillendirme preslerinin gelişimi ile delikli ve daha hafif tuğla üretimi gündeme gelmiş, daha az hammadde ve daha az enerji ile daha fazla üretimin yapılmasını sağlamıştır. Daha sonraları Hoffman ve tünel tip fırınların devreye girmesi ile de atılım yaşanmış, üretimler artmış, tuğla ve kiremit çok daha kolay üretilen ve ucuz bir yapı malzemesi haline gelerek kullanımı yaygınlaşmıştır.

Üretim

Üretim Yöntemi-Teknoloji

Tuğla ve kiremit tesislerinde teknolojinin adlandırılması kurutma sistemine göre (doğal kurutma-suni kurutma), üretim yöntemine göre (emek yoğun-teknoloji yoğun), otomasyon otomasyon tipine göre (otomatik-yarı otomatik), hammadde işleme ve şekillendirmeye göre(vakumlu-vakumsuz), pişirme sistemine (hoffman-tünel) göre yapılmaktadır.

Türkiye'de teknolojinin adlandırılması, daha çok pişirme sistemine göre yapılmaktadır. Bu açıdan baktığımızda Türkiye'de kullanılan en yaygın sistem, Hoffman sistemidir. Tünel fırın sistemi ile çalışan fabrika sayısı ise sınırlıdır.

Zaman içinde bu sistemler kendi içlerinde geçişler yaşamış, karma birtakım teknolojiler ortaya çıkmıştır. Hoffman pişirme teknolojisinin yanında suni kurutma yapılmış, tünel fırın teknolojisi doğal kurutma ile beslenmiş, tünel pişirme sistemi hoffman ile karma yapılarak kemertünel fırın sistemi geliştirilmiştir.

Tuğla ve kiremit üretim kademeleri incelenerek üretim yöntemi daha iyi irdelenebilir:

 Hammadde hazırlanması
 Şekillendirme
 Kurutma
 Pişirme
 Ambalajlama ve sevk

Hammadde Hazırlanması
Tuğla ve kiremit üretiminde kullanılan killer, doğada genellikle rutubetli ve plastik bir kıvamda, bazen kuru ve toz haline getirilebilir bir şekilde, bazen de kaya menşeli olarak bulunur ve çıkarılır. Dolayısıyla doğadan elde edilerek üretim tesislerine getirilen kilin, gerek boyut olarak gerekse bileşim olarak uygun özelliklere sahip olması için bir dizi ön hazırlıktan geçmesi gerekmektedir.

Hammaddenin işlenebilirlik özelliği kazanabilmesi için önce öğütme işlemi yapılmaktadır. Hammaddenin homojen bir malzeme olması, plastiklik ve kohezyon özelliklerinin gerçekleşebilmesi için ise iyice ufalanması ve ince partiküller haline gelmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla çeşitli makinalarla içindeki iri taşlar, çöpler ayıklanmakta (taş ayırıcı, vals, kollergang vb. makinalar ile) ve istenilen tane çapına kadar öğütülmektedir.

Ayrıca homojen bir kil hamuru elde etmek için, kilin yeterli miktarda su ile birlikte ezilmesi ve karıştırılması gerekmektedir. Kile azar azar su ilave edildiğinde plastikliği bir miktar artmaktadır. Su ilavesi öğütme öncesinde yapılabildiği gibi, öğütme sonrasında da yapılabilmektedir.

Dinlendirme, hammadde hazırlama aşamalarının en önemlisidir. Üretilen malzemenin kalitesini etkileyen önemli bir unsurdur. Killerin tiksotropik özellikleri dolayısıyla yoğurulmuş çamur dinlenme esnasında direnç kazanmaktadır. Dinlendirme işlemi öğütme işlemlerinden önce veya sonra yapılmaktadır.

Şekillendirme
Hammadde hazırlama aşaması sonunda şekillendirilmeye uygun bir nitelik kazanan hamur, değişik yöntemler kullanılarak şekillendirilmekte değişik biçim ve boyutlarda yarı mamul tuğla-kiremit elde edilmektedir.

Şekillendirmede genellikle kalıplama, presleme ve extrude yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Kalıplama, genellikle harman tuğlası üretiminde kullanılan bir yöntemdir.

Presleme, daha çok kiremit üretiminde kullanılır. Extruderden galeta olarak hazırlanan hammaddeler çeşitli tip ve büyüklükteki presler ile kiremit şeklini almaktadır.

Extrude yönteminde, hazırlanan kil sonsuz vida yardımı ve belli bir basınçla kalıptan çıkartılmaktadır. Bu yöntemde extruder (vakum pres makinası) makinasına gönderilen hazırlanmış hammaddenin vakum yöntemi ile yaklaşık 740 mm Hg değerinde havası emilmekte ve plastik hale gelmektedir. Helezonlar vasıtası ile itilen hammadde vakum presin ağız kısmındaki ağızlık (filiyer) vasıtası ile iki boyutunun şeklini almakta ve sonsuz bant olarak bırakılmaktadır. Sonra kesici makinasındaki (Cutter) ince tellerle kesilen malzeme üçüncü boyutu da alarak kurumaya bırakılır.

Kurutma
Kurutma, kil içinde mevcut ve şekillendirmeye uygun bir kıvama getirmek için ilave edilen suyun değişik yöntemlerle geri çıkarılma işlemidir. Kurutma işleminde doğal kurutma ve suni kurutma olarak iki yöntem kullanılmaktadır;

Doğal kurutma; Türkiye'de çok yoğun olarak kullanılan ve atmosferdeki ısı enerjisinden faydalanma prensibine dayanan bir sistemdir. Extruder'ın yaş olarak çıkan mamuller genellikle kurutma sehpalarına belli bir düzenle dizilmekte, bu sehpalar geniş kapalı alanlara (saya) ya da açık alanlara konarak kurumaya terk edilmektedirler. Bu kurutma yöntemi kurutma işleminde ek bir enerji gerektirmediği için ekonomik bir yöntem olarak görülmektedir. Fakat kurutma işlemi için geniş alanlara ihtiyaç duyulması, kurutmanın çok ağır ve uzun sürede yapılabilmesi, kurutma kontrolünün yeterli olamaması, kurutmanın doğal hava şartlarına (ısı, rutubet, rüzgâr vs.) bağlı olması, işçiliğin fazla oluşu gibi unsurlar da barındırmaktadır.

Suni kurutma; kurutma doğal koşullara bırakılmadan ek bir enerji sağlanarak ısının ve hava hareketinin fazlalaştırılmasıyla yapılmaktır. Killi maddenin içindeki serbest suyun, önce yüksek buhar basıncı ve az sıcaklık, kurutmanın sonuna doğru alçak buhar basıncı ve yüksek sıcaklık sağlanarak dışarı atılması prensibine dayanır. Bu uygulama hızlı kurutma, oda kurutma veya tünel kurutma sistemleri kullanılarak yapılmaktadır.

Pişirme
Pişirme, tuğla ve kiremit üretimindeki en son aşamadır. Kilin kuruma aşamasında, serbest haldeki suyunu ve sonradan emdiği suyu kaybetmesinden dolayı boyutlarında küçülme (çekme) olur.

Pişirme sırasında kil kimyasal reaksiyonlara maruz kalır. 300°C civarında organik maddeler tamamen yanar, 450-650°C arasında molekül suyunu kaybeder. 850-950°C arasında kil hamurunun pişmesiyle oluşan bu yeni malzeme artık sert, şeklini değiştirmeyen, belirli mukavemet ve renge sahip bir üründür.

Genel olarak pişme şu aşamalardan oluşur:

 Doldurma
 Isınma
 Pişme
 Soğuma
 Boşaltma

Türkiye'de en yoğun kullanılan fırın tipi Hoffman fırınlardır. Daha sonraki yoğunluğu tünel fırınlar oluşturmaktadır. Tünel fırınların bazıları Hoffman Tünel fırın karışımı olan kemer tünel fırınlardır.

Hoffman fırını: Fırın kesiti dairesel tonoz biçimindedir. Ateş hareketli, ürünler sabittir. Bu fırın yakıttan elde edilen ısıyı çok yüksek verimle kullanan üretim kapasitesi ve hızı yüksek olan bir fırın türüdür. Yanmanın tam pişme durumundaki malzemenin üzerinde olması, fırın içinde hareket eden havanın bir yandan pişmiş malzeme ile temas ederek ısınması, ısınmış havadan çiğ malzemenin ısınması için yararlanılması bu fırının özellikleri arasındadır.

Fırının üstündeki deliklerden yakıt püskürtülmekte, pişme safhası ilerledikçe püskürtme işlemi delikler boyunca ilerlemektedir. Yakıt olarak genelde kömür vb. katı yakıtlar, nadiren sıvı yakıtlar kullanılmaktadır.

Hoffman fırınlarda, enerji kullanımı tünel fırınlara göre daha fazladır, emek-yoğun bir yapılanma gerektirdiği için işletme maliyeti yüksektir.

Tünel fırın: Ana prensip olarak ürünler hareketli, ateş sabittir. Uzun bir tünel ve içinde hareketli fırın vagonları vardır. Yarı mamul ürünler fırın vagonlarına fırının dışında istif edilmekte ve birbiri ardına vagonlar belli bir hızda, fırının içinde hareket etmektedir. Fırın içinde hareket eden ürünler ısısı gitgide artan, rutubeti azalan bir hava ortamı ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu bölge ısınma bölgesidir. Orta bölümde pişme bölgesi (cehennemlik) vardır. Burada pişen ürün ilerlemeye devam ederek daha önce pişmiş olan malzemenin üzerinden geçerek malzemeyi soğutmuş olan kendi ısısın hava ile temas ettikçe giderek soğumamasına yol açan türden bir prensiple çalışır. Daha sonra fırın dışına çıkan ürünler fırın vagonları üzerinden alınmaktadır.

Pişirme bölgesinde genel olarak sıvı yakıt kullanılmakta, bazen katı yakıtlı sistemlerde yapılabilmektedir.

Tünel fırınlar, ürün kalitesi yüksek, yakıt ve emek tasarrufu sağlayan, fabrikasyon süresi kısa sistemlerdir. Ancak, ilk yatırım ve bakım maliyetleri çok yüksektir. Fırın debisi çok sık değiştirilememektedir.

Ambalajlama ve sevk
Pişirme fırınlarından çıkan ürünler soğuma sonrası istenilen yere sevk edilmektedir. Sevk işleminde genel olarak kamyonlar kullanılmakta fırın veya fırın vagonu önüne yanaşan araca ürün direkt olarak yüklenmektedir. Ayrıca "otomatik paketleme" sistemleri ile fırın sonrası ürünler el değmeden sevkiyata hazırlanmaktadır.

Günümüzde ürünlerin çoğu tahta palet üstüne ve sonrasında naylon ile ambalaj yapılarak veya çemberli paketleme metotları ile sevk edilmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Harç (mimarlık)
 Opus spicatum
 Opus mixtum
 Opus latericium
 Opus africanum
 Karo taşı
 Kesme taş
 Moloz
 Taş yapı
 Çakıl taşı

Kaynakça

Toprak bazlı yapı malzemeleri
Tuğla
Yapı malzemeleri
Duvarcılık

Tuğla


José de Diego y Martínez (April 16, 1866 – July 16, 1918) was a statesman, journalist, poet, lawyer, and advocate for Puerto Rico's political autonomy in union with Spain and later of independence from the United States who was referred to by his peers as "The Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement".

Early years
De Diego was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. He was the son of Felipe de Diego Parajón, a Spanish Army Officer from Asturias, Spain, and Elisa Martínez Muñiz, a native of Puerto Rico. De Diego studied at the Aguadilla Elementary School before being sent to Spain to finish his education at the Instituto Politecnico de Logroño. While in Spain, de Diego attended the University of Barcelona to study law and collaborated with the newspaper El Progreso (Progress), founded by fellow Puerto Rican José Julián Acosta y Blanco, which attacked the political situation in Puerto Rico; this led to various arrests which lead to his being expelled from the University of Barcelona and eventually forced to leave Spain.  He then returned to the island of Puerto Rico. Some time after his arrival in Puerto Rico he traveled again to Cuba to continue his studies at the University of La Habana where he completed his degree in law.

Poetry
In 1886, de Diego had an unhappy love affair which led him to write "A Laura" ("To Laura"). This poem became very popular among the romantics of that time. He became known as the "Father" of the "Modern Puerto Rican Poetry Movement". Among his most noted poetry books are:

 Pomarrosas
 Jovillos
 Cantos de Rebeldía
 Cantos del Pitirre

Confederation of the Spanish-speaking islands in the Caribbean
De Diego returned to Spain and studied law in Barcelona. However, he did not finish his studies there and transferred to the University of Havana in 1891, where he received his degree the following year. He then returned to Puerto Rico to advocate for its autonomy from Spain. The 1876 Spanish Constitution created a centralized state, and ended the ancient system of Autonomies and commonwealth kingdoms. Many in the wealthier regions such as Catalonia, Galicia, the Basque Provinces, Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico sought to reinstate it. It coincided with the growth of the republican sentiments. De Diego set up his law practice in Arecibo and was the founder of the newspaper La República (The Republic). Together with Román Baldorioty de Castro, de Diego founded the Autonomist Party in 1887. Luis Muñoz Rivera and Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, who were members of the party, formed a committee which ultimately convinced the Spanish "Liberal Fusionist" Party leader Práxedes Mateo Sagasta to support the idea of autonomy for Puerto Rico within the Spanish kingdom. De Diego did not accompany Muñoz Rivera and Matienzo Cintrón because he was an antimonarchist: he believed that Spain should be a Federal Republic and Mateo Sagasta's party followed the ideals of the monarchy. De Diego envisioned the establishment of a Confederation of the Spanish-speaking islands in the Caribbean which would include the Dominican Republic and Cuba, known as the Antillean Confederation. In 1897, the Spanish Parliament granted the Charter of Autonomy to Puerto Rico, pursuant to Art. 82 of the Constitution of Spain acknowledged, after Mateo Sagasta's election as Prime Minister. Puerto Rico became a Spanish Autonomous Province. Muñoz-Rivera became the chief of the autonomous cabinet of the government and Minister or Justice and Grace, De Diego followed Muñoz Rivera's accomplishment and was named Vice-Minister of Justice and Grace. Puerto Rico's autonomy, however was short-lived, being subsequently invaded by the United States.

Politician
José de Diego, together with many republican intellectuals, initially saw the American occupation with a positive attitude. They thought they would become American citizens with the same rights as the citizens in the mainland. He even wrote poems on the topic. However, after the American occupation began in October 1898, the racist attitude of the US military made him rethink his ideals. On June 5, 1900, President William McKinley named de Diego, together with Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, José Celso Barbosa, Manuel Camuñas, and Andrés Crosas to an Executive Cabinet under U.S.-appointed Governor Charles H. Allen. The Executive Cabinet also included six American members. De Diego resigned from the position in order to pursue the island's right to govern itself. In 1904, he co-founded the Unionist Party along with Luis Muñoz Rivera, Eduardo Georgetti, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón and Antonio R. Barceló.

De Diego was then elected to the House of Delegates, the only locally elected body of government allowed by the U.S.. De Diego presided the house from 1904 to 1917. The House of Delegates was subject to the U.S. President's veto power and voted for the island's right to independence and self-government and against the imposition of U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans, among other resolutions passed. None of these requests were honored by newly developing US hemispheric expansionism. In 1914, Barceló, Muñoz Rivera and de Diego were members of an executive council that attempted to form an alliance between the Union and Republican Parties. In 1917, after Luis Muñoz Rivera died, Barceló became the leading force behind the liberal ideas of the island. Barceló and De Diego were against the creation of the Jones-Shafroth Act which would impose United States citizenship upon the citizens of Puerto Rico because the act represented an impediment to Puerto Rican independence as a final status solution and because the judicial and executive branches would still be controlled by the United States. The Jones-Shafroth Act, however was approved by the United States and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917. The Union Party under Barceló's leadership then resolved to adopt a different stance and to seek more autonomy which he believed would finally lead to independence. This move prompted de Diego's, who was a strong independence advocate, to have great differences with the majority of his party members. De Diego became known as the "Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement". He was considered by Puerto Rican Socialist Party founder Juan Marí Bras to be the bridge between the two "great ideological pillar[s] for independence" Ramón Emeterio Betances and Pedro Albizu Campus, in the 19th and 20th Centuries, respectively.

Later years
In 1892 he was married to Doña Petra de la Torre Berríos at the Catedral de San Felipe Apóstol, in her hometown of Arecibo. This marriage was later annulled by the Roman Catholic Church. On 10 November 1900 he married Goergina Blanes in Mayagüez, with whom he had three children.

De Diego founded the "Colegio de Agricultura y Artes Mecánicas de Mayagüez" now known as "University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez".; he travelled throughout the Caribbean and Spain seeking the support from what he called "Los hermanos de la misma raza" (Brothers of the same race) for Puerto Rico's independence. After giving a speech in Barcelona in to such a request, he became known as the "Caballero de la Raza" (The Gentleman of the Race). José de Diego's left leg developed gangrene, due to him suffering from filariasis (round worms)  and was amputated in 1916. He died in New York City on July 16, 1918, of endocarditis. His remains were returned to Puerto Rico and are buried in the "Cementerio Antiguo de San Juan" (Santa Maria Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery), in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Legacy

José de Diego's memory has been honored in Puerto Rico by having his birthdate observed as an official holiday as well as the naming of schools, avenues, and a highway after him. The plaza in his hometown of Aguadilla, the Plaza José de Diego, is named in his honor plus there are schools in Chicago, Illinois, Brooklyn, New York, and Miami, Florida, named after him.

Partial bibliography
 Pomarrosas. Barcelona: Imprenta de Henrich y Ca. en Comandita, 1904.
 El caso de Puerto Rico y el Bill de tarifas. San Juan: Puerto Rico Progress Publishing, 1913.
 Jovillos. Barcelona: Editorial Maucci, 1916.
 Cantos de pitirre. Palma de Mallorca: Imprenta Mosen Alcóver, 1950.
 Cantos de rebeldía. Barcelona: Editorial Maucci, 1916.
 Obras Completas. Nuevas Campañas, el Plebiscito. San Juan de Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña,
 Obras Completas. Poesía. Vol. 2. San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1973.
 Antología Poética. Palma de Mallorca: Ripoll, 1977.
 La obra literaria de José de Diego, San Juan: Margot Arce De Vázquez, Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1967

See also

 Edificio José de Diego
 List of Puerto Ricans
 List of Puerto Rican writers
 Puerto Rican literature

References

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Further reading
 Jose de Diego el legislador, San Juan; by: Dr. Delma S. Arrigoitia; Publisher: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena,1991; LCCN: 93114065; LC: F1978.D54 A77 1991

External links

1866 births
1918 deaths
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
Burials at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
Speakers of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican poets
Puerto Rican male writers
Puerto Rican nationalists
Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent
People from Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
University of Puerto Rico faculty
Union of Puerto Rico politicians
Puerto Rican independence activists
Deaths from endocarditis
19th-century American judges
People from Spanish Puerto Rico

José de Diego


Mohamed Ben Mohamed Ben Djilali Gherainia, zis Prințul, născut la data de 5 iulie 1891 în Khemis Miliana ( denumit anterior Affreville), în Algeria, și a murit pe 22 iunie, sau 14 octombrie 1918 la Slobozia (România), este un skirmisher algerian, luat prizonier de germani în timpul Primului Război mondial, și trimis într-un lagăr de prizonieri din România între 1916 și 1918. Datorită implicării sale în rezistența locală și-a câștigat un renume în România și mai ales în orașul Slobozia.

Contextul
În timpul Primului Război mondial, regatul României, unul dintre Aliați, este invadată de trupele germane, la sfârșitul anului 1916. Foarte repede, resursele țării sunt acaparate de către ocupant. În scopul de a asigura producția agricolă, germanii au trimis la muncă în România mulți prizonieri de război francezi, mai ales din trupele originare din Africa de Nord.

În timpul iernilor aspre din România, prizonierii nu primeau de la ocupant haine groase pentru a rezista la frig (exact ca prizonierii români din Alsacia-Lorena), iar ca hrană, doar o supă chioară. În ciuda rechizițiilor la care sunt supuși, slobozenii încearcă, prin Crucea Roșie locală, să hrănească și să îmbrace acești prizonieri slăbiți și bolnavi, dar soldații de pază iau jumătate din donații, iar rata mortalității este mare printre prizonieri, după cum reiese din mai multe rapoarte militare franceze din România, în toate locurile în care germanii au stabilit lagăre pentru prizonierii de război.

Biografie

Identitatea "Prințului algerian"
Mohamed Ben Mohamed Ben Djilali Kerainiya (ortografia românească: Mahomed Bin Mahomed Bin Gilali Cherainia sau Gherainia) s-a născut pe 5 iulie 1891 în Affreville, în départementul francez Alger (astăzi Khemis Miliana, în Algeria). El ar fi un descendent al unui deys sau kadis, faptul nu este sigur, dar pentru români, acest lucru este echivalent cu un titlul princiar. El a obținut, înainte de război, o licență de farmacie în Paris dar, fiind algerian,  este încorporat ca soldat de clasa a doua pe 14 octombrie 1914, într-un regiment de pușcași algerieni . El a participat la luptele de pe frontul de vest și, în 1916, el a fost făcut prizonier și trimis în România.

Viața și rezistența la Slobozia
Ca farmacist, autoritățile germane l-au numit doctorul lagărului din Slobozia, care se ocupa de toți prizonierii din Africa de Nord și senegalezi. De asemenea, el practica și în oraș, sub escortă, pentru a compensa lipsa de personal medical pentru civili. Așa își câștigă, prin implicarea sa, porecla de "prințul algerian" printre localnici.

În septembrie 1918, el află, de la un ofițer austriac , că trupele franceze se apropie. Mohamed pune atunci la cale, împreună cu Drăgan, șeful rezistenței românești, un plan de eliberare a lagărului și a orașului pentru cazul în care Armata de Est ar ajunge în România.

Moartea Prințului algerian
Acesta este contextul în care intervine moartea sa, ale cărei detalii nu sunt stabilite.

Conform cărții Cultul eroilor noștri publicată în 1924,  pe când se pregătea să se întâlnească cu rezistența, el a fost surprins de o patrulă germană, care probabil îl căuta. Rănit de soldații nemți, el strigă:(Români! Frații noștri se apropie! Români!)

Atunci este împușcat din nou și doborât sau capturat și executat la scurt timp după de către un pluton de execuție.

Slobozia și lagărul vor fi eliberate de armata română la mai puțin de o lună după moartea " Prințului ".

Amintirea prințului

La Slobozia pot fi văzute mai multe monumente în memoria lui Mahomed Gherainia .

Mormântul său se află în Cimitirul Eroilor (construit în 1932), pe strada Eternității nr. 2. Este surmontat de un obelisc.

Un monument ridicat în oraș, la locul de execuție este încă vizibil.
Acesta include următoarea declarație, în franceză și română:
(Aici a fost împușcat de către germani, la 14 octombrie 1918, prințul arab Mahomed Gherainia, victimă a devotamentului său pentru Franța și cauza aliaților)

A se vedea, de asemenea,
 Islamul în România

Link-uri externe
 Enciclopedia României
 Uncie

Bibliografie
 Jertfa prințului algerian Gherainia Bin Mahomed, Cultul eroilor noștri. 1924
 Observatorul militar nr. 38 (26 septembrie - 2 octombrie 2007) CULTUL EROILOR, 19

Note

Decese în România
Prinți

Mohamed Gherainia


El faro puede hacer referencia a uno de los siguientes artículos:
 El faro (relato), título no oficial de la última obra escrita por Edgar Allan Poe.
 El faro (película de 1998).
 El faro (película de 2019).
 El Faro, periódico digital de El Salvador.
 El Faro, restaurante en Nueva York, Estados Unidos.
 El Faro de Ceuta, periódico de Ceuta, España
 El Faro, programa de radio de España

El faro


Plovak može značiti:

Pomorstvo
 plovak je omanja plutača koja služi za privremeno označivanje mjesta na kojem je spušteno sidro ili ribarski alat, ili se nalazi podvodni greben i slično.

Ribarstvo
 plovak je plutajući dio ribarske mreže ili udice koji ih održava na određenoj dubini.

Tehnika
 plovak je uzgonski dio naprave, uređaja, vozila i slično koji se održava na vodenoj površini i tako obavlja neku zadaću (na primjer plovak automatskoga zapora ili zatvaranja spremnika (rezervoara) tekućine, plovak hidroplana).

Izvori

Plovak


Das SANDO-Syndrom ist ein sehr seltenes Krankheitsbild, das zur Gruppe der Mitochondriopathien gehört. Es wird autosomal-rezessiv vererbt. SANDO ist ein Akronym für die Leitsymptome der Erkrankung und steht für Sensorische ataktische Neuropathie, Dysarthrie und Ophthalmoplegie (oder Ophthalmoparese). Das Syndrom gilt als Variante der chronisch progressiven externen Ophthalmoplegie.

Ursache

Das SANDO-Syndrom ist genetisch heterogen. Meist können Mutationen im POLG-Gen (Polymerase Gamma), seltener im C10orf2-Gen (chromosome 10 open reading frame 2, auch TWINKLE genannt) nachgewiesen werden.

POLG codiert für die Polymerase Gamma und ist beim Menschen auf dem langen Arm von Chromosom 15 (15q24-q26) lokalisiert. Die Polymerase Gamma spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Replikation der mitochondrialen DNA. Mutationen im Gen der Polymerase Gamma führen zu multiplen Deletionen der mitochondrialen DNA.

Im Gegensatz zum POLG-Gen handelt es sich beim C10orf2 um ein mitochondriales Gen, das für das Twinkle-Protein codiert. Auch das Twinkle-Protein spielt eine Rolle bei der Replikation der mitochondrialen DNA und Mutationen können zu multiplen Deletionen mitochondrialer DNA führen.

Differentialdiagnose
Abzugrenzen ist u. a. die Vitamin-E-Mangel-Ataxie.

Medizingeschichte
Das SANDO-Syndrom wurde erstmals 1997 bei 4 Patienten beschrieben. Die Erstautoren schlugen auch das Akronym SANDO für das Krankheitsbild vor.

Weiterführende Literatur

 M. Milone, R. Massie: Polymerase gamma 1 mutations: clinical correlations. In: The neurologist. Band 16, Nummer 2, März 2010, S. 84–91, . doi:10.1097/NRL.0b013e3181c78a89, PMID 20220442.
 B. H. Cohen, P. F. Chinnery et al.: POLG-Related Disorders. In: R. A. Pagon, T. D. Bird TD et al.: GeneReviews [Internet-Publikation]. Seattle: University of Washington, 1993 – 16. März 2010. PMID 20301791, Volltext frei zugänglich
 J. Finsterer: Inherited mitochondrial neuropathies. In: Journal of the neurological sciences. Band 304, Nummer 1–2, Mai 2011, S. 9–16, . doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.02.012, PMID 21402391.
 J. Finsterer: Mitochondrial ataxias. In: The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques. Band 36, Nummer 5, September 2009, S. 543–553, , PMID 19831121, doi:10.1017/s0317167100008027.

Weblinks
  (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Krankheitsbild in der Neurologie

SANDO-Syndrom


اختطاف طائرة الرئيس  أو سلاح الجو واحد هو فيلم حركة/إثارة من إنتاج عام 1997 بطولة هاريسون فورد بالإضافة لغاري أولدمان، غلين كلوز، ويندي كروسان وويليام ماسي. من إخراج فولفغانغ بيترسن وتأليف أندرو و. مارلو.

القصة
بينما كان الرئيس جيمس مارشال رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في زيارة لموسكو، يعلن في خطاب مهم أن الولايات المتحدة لن تتفاوض مع الإرهابيين بعد الآن وأنها سوف تتحرك لضرب مواقعهم، وذلك بعد ثلاثة أسابيع من عملية عسكرية مشتركة للقوات الخاصة الروسية والأمريكية تم فيها القبض على زعيم طاغية أرهابي من كازاخستان وهو الجنرال إيفان راديك. ومع انتهاء زيارة الرئيس الأمريكي، يكون الرئيس في طريق عودته إلى واشنطن على متن الطائرة الرئاسية المعروفة باسم "سلاح الجو واحد". ولكن بعدم علم طاقم الأمن على الطائرة، يتسلل عدد من السوفيت القوميين الجدد إلى الطائرة بمساعدة واحد من طلقم الخدمة السرية المختصين بحراسة الرئيس وهو العميل جيبس.

و في الطائرة بعد إقلاعها، يقتل جيبس ثلاثة من زملائه ثم يقوم بفتح خزانة الأسلحة التي على متن الطائرة. ويتزود الأرهابيين بزعامة الأرهابي كورشينوف بالأسلحة ثم يبحثون عن مارشال لأسره مما أسفر عن مقتل العديد من الركاب. ويتم الاستيلاء على ما تبقى من افراد الطاقم بما فيهم (كبير موظفي البيت الأبيض لويد شيبرد، المستشار العسكري الميجور كولدويل، مستشار الأمن القومي جاك دوهرتي وزوجة الرئيس مارشال وأبنته) وأحتجازهم كرهائن.

يعلن طاقم الطائرة حالة الطوارئ والاستعداد للهبوط في قاعدة رامشتاين الجوية. ويتم نقل الرئيس إلى كبسولة الهروب ويتم حمايته من جانب العديد من عملاء المخابرات الذين يسقطون وسط أطلاق النار. وبعد أن يتفقد الإرهابيين الوضع يفترضون ان الرئيس هرب في كبسولة الهروب. لكن يتضح أن مارشال لم يهرب وأنه اضطر للأختباء وأنه ظهر بعد ذلك في قسم الحقائب. وفي نفس الوقت، يقتل الارهابيين الطيار وينجحون في السيطرة على الطائرة، التي تنطلق مرة أخرى بعد أن هبطت في مفاجأة لطاقم قاعدة رامشتاين الجوية.

في واشنطن، تصل نائبة الرئيس كاثرين بينيت إلى البيت الأبيض لتقييم الحالة جنبا إلى جنب مع وزير الدفاع والتر دين ومسؤولين آخرين. وسرعان ما يعلمون أن مارشال لم يهرب على متن كبسولة الهروب وأنه يمكن أن يكون إما قتيلا، رهينة، أو مختبيء في مكان ما على متن الطائرة. يتصل الأرهابيين بنائبة الرئيس ويطالبون بأطلاق سراح الجنرال راديك وإلا سيبدأون في أعدام الرهائن واحدا تلو الآخر كل نصف ساعة. وهذا التهديد يتحقق مع أعدام مستشار الأمن القومى دوهيرتي بعد أن قالت بينيت أن الرئيس الروسي بيتروف لن يطلق سراح راديك، ولكنه يقول لبينيت انه سيفعل ذلك فقط لأنقاذ الرئيس إذا كان على قيد الحياة.

وما زال مارشال في قسم الحقائب وينجح بالفعل في قتل واحد من الأرهابيين، ويجد بعد ذلك هاتف يعمل بالأقمار الصناعية. وبينما يحاول مارشال الاتصال بالبيت الأبيض يجده أرهابي ثاني ويحاول أحتجازه. ومع ذلك تصل المكالمة إلى غرفة العمليات في البيت الأبيض. ويأمر مارشال في الخفاء بشن هجوم على الطائرة الرئاسية حتى يتمكن من قتل الأرهابي، موضحا أن الطائرة ستنحرف بشكل حاد وتطلق دفاعات مضادة مما يؤدى إلى اختلال توازن الأرهابي وينجح مارشال في التخلص منه. ويحاول مارشال التخلص من وقود الطائرة لأجبارها على الهبوط. ويدرك الارهابيون بوجود شخص ما في قسم الحقائب (و يظن الأرهابيين أنه من طاقم الخدمة السرية)، فيعدم كورشينوف المتحدثة الرسمية للبيت الأبيض ميلاني ميتشل في محاولة لأرغام مارشال على الاستسلام. وأثناء محاولة اثنين من الأرهابيين لوقف نزيف الوقود، ينجح مارشال في التسلل من قسم الحقائب ويسيطر على أحد الأرهابيين الذي يمتلك مفتاح القسم الذي يتم فيه أحتجاز الرهائن ويتم تحرير الرهائن. يقترح الميجور كالدويل أنه أثناء تزويد الطائرة بالوقود من قبل ناقلة جوية للوقود يمكن أن تنخفظ الطائرة إلى ارتفاع يسمح بالقفز بالمظلات من الجزء الخلفي من الطائرة. وأثناء تنفيذ الفكرة وبعد هروب معظم الرهائن باستخدام المظلات، ولكن يكتشف الأرهابيين الإجلاء في الجزء الخلفي من الطائرة ويمنعوه ولا يبقى على الطائرة غير كالدويل، شيبرد وجيبس (يصر جميعهم على البقاء مع الرئيس مارشال الذي رفض المغادرة دون عائلته). ويتم القبض على الرئيس مارشال وأعوانه ويتم ارسالهم إلى كورشينوف.

يأمر كورشينوف الرئيس الأمريكي بالاتصال بالرئيس الروسي بيتروف لتأمين الأفراج عن راديك. في واشنطن، يقنع دين مجلس الوزراء بالتوقيع على وثيقة بعدم قدرة الرئيس مارشال على قيادة البلاد وفقا للتعديل رقم 25 ولكن ترفض بينيت التوقيع عليها. وأثناء الأفراج عن راديك ينجح مارشال وباقى الرهائن في تحرير أنفسهم وقتل ما تبقى من الإرهابيين، لكن ينجح كورشينوف في أسر السيدة الأولى ويطلق النار على الرئيس لكن ينقذ شيبرد الرئيس بتلقى الرصاصة بدلا منه قبل أن يفر كورشينوف إلى منطقة الهبوط بالمظلات. وفي قتال شرس، ينجح مارشال في فتح مظلة كورشينوف بعد أن ربط عنقه بحبل متين مما يسبب كسر عنق كورشينوف وقتله. ثم يتصل مارشال ببيتروف قبل لحظات من أطلاق سراح راديك، وينجح حراس السجن في إطلاق النار على راديك وقتله قبل أن يفر بلحظات.

تكون المقاتلات الكازاخستانية من طراز ميج الموالية لراديك في طريقها إلى الطائرة الرئاسية لمحاولة أسقاطها أنتقاما مما حدث لراديك. وتصل المقاتلات الاميركية لأعتراض وصد الطائرات المعادية وتنجح في أسقاط عدة طائرات. ورغم تدمير إحدى الطائرات الأمريكية في محاولتها أنقاذ الطائرة الرئاسية إلا أن أضرار ثقيلة تحدث للطائرة ما يجعلها غير قادرة على الهبوط. ويتم القيام بعملية أنقاذ جوية ويصر مارشال على أنقاذ عائلته وشيبرد المصاب أولا قبل أخلاء الطائرة. وأثناء الأخلاء يحدث دمار سريع للطائرة مما يؤدى إلى سرعة سقوط الطائرة ولا يزال مارشال وكالدويل وجيبس على متنها. بمجرد أقتراب أخلاء الرئيس من الطائرة يخلع جيبس قناع الإدعاء ويقتل كالدويل وضابط من القوات الجوية. ويتقاتل مارشال مع جيبس على حبل الهروب الأخير وينجح مارشال في الهروب من الطائرة قبل أن تسقط وجيبس على متنها في بحر قزوين. وينجح الرئيس في النزول على متن الطائرة سي 130 التي تطلب تغيير رموزها وأكوادها إلى القوة الجوية رقم واحد (لأن الرئيس أصبح على متنها الآن) وينتهى الفيلم بالطائرة وهي تحلق في أمان وعلى متنها العائلة الأولى وتحيط بها المقاتلات من طراز إف-15 لحمايتها في أثناء عودتها إلى الوطن.

طاقم الممثلين

الاستقبال
حقق الفيلم ردود فعل إيجابية بصفة عامة من النقاد. وقد حقق نجاح كبير في شباك التذاكر، وحقق 172,650,002 دولار (54.9 ٪) في الولايات المتحدة و142,200,000 دولار (45.1 ٪) في بلدان أخرى. ليبلغ الإجمالي 315,156,409 دولار في جميع أنحاء العالم في شباك التذاكر.

و لقد رأى الرئيس الاميركي بيل كلينتون الفيلم مرتين، وأعطى له ردود فعل إيجابية. غير أنه لاحظ أن بعض عناصر الفيلم في الطائرة مثل كبسولة الهروب لا تعبر عن صفات فعلية للطائرة الرئاسية. وذلك لأن التفاصيل الدقيقة وصفات الطائرة الرئاسية هي في غاية السرية وهذا لا يمكن تأكيده.

الموسيقى التصويرية

لقد تم التعاقد مع راندي نيومان في البداية لكتابة الموسيقى التصويرية، ولكن نسخته اعتبرها بيترسن محاكاة ساخرة. لهذا تم الأستعانة بجيري غولدسميث لكتابة وتسجيل موسيقي وطنية وقوية في اثني عشر يوما فقط (مع مساعدة جويل مكنيلي). وبعد هذه التجربة الصعبة، تعهد جولدسميث بأنه لن يستطيع القيام بمثل هذه المهمة في آخر لحظة مرة أخرى أبدا.

الملاحظات

وصلات خارجية

أفلام الدعاية الأمريكية المعادية للشيوعية
أفلام القوات الجوية الأمريكية
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1990
أفلام إثارة سياسة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة وحركة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة وحركة في 1997
أفلام إثارة وحركة في عقد 1990
أفلام إنتاج 1997
أفلام إنتاج كولومبيا بيكتشرز
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1990
أفلام باللغة الروسية
أفلام تدور أحداثها في طائرة
أفلام تقع أحداثها في البيت الأبيض
أفلام تقع أحداثها في ألمانيا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في كازاخستان
أفلام تقع أحداثها في موسكو
أفلام تقع أحداثها في واشنطن العاصمة
أفلام توتشستون بيكشرز
أفلام سجلها جيري غولدسميث
أفلام طيران أمريكية
أفلام عن اختطاف الطائرات
أفلام عن الإرهاب
أفلام عن حوادث الطيران
أفلام عن رؤساء خياليون في الولايات المتحدة
أفلام عن عائلات
أفلام عن عمليات خطف
أفلام كوارث أمريكية
أفلام مصورة في كليفلاند
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام مصورة في موسكو
أفلام مصورة في واشنطن العاصمة
أفلام من إخراج ولفغانغ بيترسن

اختطاف طائرة الرئيس (فيلم)


An Gavilea odoratissima in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Friedrich Poeppig ngan Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eduard Friedrich Poeppig. An Gavilea odoratissima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gavilea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Gavilea

Gavilea odoratissima


Selçuklu Hanedanı (, ), Orta Asya kökenli Oğuz Türklerinin bir kolu olan Kınık boyuna mensup bir aile. Dukak'ın soyundan gelen ve Selçuk'un kurduğu Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu ile bir hanedan halini alan Selçuklular 11. ve 14. yüzyıllar arasında Orta Asya'nın bir bölümünü, Anadolu'yu ve Orta Doğu'yu yönetti.

Kuruluşu
Selçuklular, Orta Doğu'da devletler kurarak 300 yıl boyunca egemen olmuş, Oğuzların Kınık boyundan bir Türk hanedanıdır. Adı, hanedanın kurucusu Selçuk Bey'den gelir. Göçebe Türklerde bozkırdaki ırmakları geçiş büyük önem arzediyordu. Oğuznamede salı keşfeden kişi boyun önemli bir atası sayılmaktadır. Selçukluların kurduğu devletlerin ilki, Büyük Selçuklu Devletidir. Bu devlet daha sonra Anadolu Selçukluları, Kirman Selçukluları, Horasan Selçukluları, Suriye Selçukluları ve Irak Selçukluları devletleri olarak beşe ayrılmıştır.

Türklerin tarih boyunca kurdukları devletlerden en önemlilerinden birisi Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'dir. Selçuklular 24 Oğuz kabilesinden Kınık boyuna mensupturlar. Oğuzlar 10. yüzyılda Sir-i Derya (Seyhun) ile Hazar Denizi'nin doğusu ve Aral Gölü arasındaki bölgede yaşarken Kınık boyu da bunların arasında Sir-i Derya suyunun ağzına yakın oturmakta idi. 10. yüzyılın başında Oğuz Yabgu Devleti'ni "Yabgu" unvanı taşıyan bir hükümdar idare etmekte idi. Selçuklu ailesinin atası olan Temir-Yalıg (Demir yaylı) lakablı Dukak (veya Dokak)'ın Müslüman olduğu rivayeti de vardır. Dandanakan Muharebesi ile Horasan'ı Gaznelilerden alacak olan Tuğrul ile Çağrı Beyler ise Mikâîl'in oğullarıdır.

Selçuklular soyağacı

Hükümdar listesi:
 Büyük Selçuklu Sultanları
 Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanları

Fotoğraflar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Oğuz Yabguluğu
 Suriye Selçuklu Devleti
 Irak Selçuklu Devleti
 Kirman Selçuklu Devleti
 Horasan Selçuklu Devleti
 Atabeylikler
 Zengiler
 Böriler
 İldenizliler
 Salgurlular
 Beyteginliler
 Gürcistan Kıpçakları

Notlar

Tarihteki Türk devletleri
Orta Çağ'da Azerbaycan
Türkmenistan tarihi

Selçuklu Hanedanı


The Pena Palace () is a Romanticist castle in São Pedro de Penaferrim, in the municipality of Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera. The castle stands on the top of a hill in the Sintra Mountains above the town of Sintra, and on a clear day it can be easily seen from Lisbon and much of its metropolitan area. It is a national monument and constitutes one of the major expressions of 19th-century Romanticism in the world. The palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal. It is also used for state occasions by the President of the Portuguese Republic and other government officials.

History

The castle's history started in the Middle Ages when a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Pena was built on the top of the hill above Sintra. According to tradition, construction occurred after an apparition of the Virgin Mary.

In 1493, King John II, accompanied by his wife Queen Leonor, made a pilgrimage to the site to fulfill a vow. His successor, King Manuel I, was also very fond of this sanctuary, and ordered the construction of a monastery on this site which was donated to the Order of Saint Jerome. For centuries Pena was a small, quiet place for meditation, housing a maximum of eighteen monks.

In the 18th century the monastery was severely damaged by lightning. However, it was the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755, occurring shortly afterwards, that took the heaviest toll on the monastery, reducing it to ruins. Nonetheless, the chapel (and its works of marble and alabaster attributed to Nicolau Chanterene) escaped without significant damage.

For many decades the ruins remained untouched, but they still astonished young prince Ferdinand. In 1838, as King consort Ferdinand II, he decided to acquire the old monastery, all of the surrounding lands, the nearby Castle of the Moors and a few other estates in the area. King Ferdinand then set out to transform the remains of the monastery into a palace that would serve as a summer residence for the Portuguese royal family. The commission for the Romantic style rebuilding was given to Lieutenant-General and mining engineer Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege. Eschwege, a German amateur architect, was much traveled and likely had knowledge of several castles along the Rhine river. The construction took place between 1842 and 1854, although it was almost completed in 1847: King Ferdinand and Queen Maria II intervened decisively on matters of decoration and symbolism. Among others, the King suggested vault arches, Medieval and Islamic elements be included, and he also designed an ornate window for the main façade (inspired by the chapter house window of the Convent of the Order of Christ in Tomar).

After the death of Ferdinand the palace passed into the possession of his second wife Elisa Hensler, Countess of Edla. The latter then sold the palace to King Luís, who wanted to retrieve it for the royal family, and thereafter the palace was frequently used by the family. In 1889 it was purchased by the Portuguese State, and after the Republican Revolution of 1910 it was classified as a national monument and transformed into a museum. The last queen of Portugal, Queen Amélia, spent her last night at the palace before leaving the country in exile.

The palace quickly drew visitors and became one of Portugal's most visited monuments. Over time the colors of the red and yellow façades faded, and for many years the palace was visually identified as being entirely gray. By the end of the 20th century the palace was repainted and the original colors restored.

In 1995, the palace and the rest of the Cultural Landscape of Sintra were classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Architecture

The Pena Palace has a profusion of styles much in accordance with the exotic taste of the Romanticism. The intentional mixture of eclectic styles includes the Neo-Gothic, Neo-Manueline, Neo-Islamic and Neo-Renaissance. Much of this has been evident since major renovations in the 1840s. References to other prominent Portuguese buildings, such as the Belém Tower, are also present.

Almost the entire palace stands on rock in the Sintra Mountains. Structurally, it can be divided in four sections:

the foundations and its enveloping walls, with two gateways (one of which is protected by a drawbridge)
the restored structure of the old convent, and the clock tower
the Arches Yard in front of the chapel, with its wall of Moorish arches
the palatial zone and its cylindric bastion, with interiors decorated in the cathédrale style.

Convent section and clock tower
As many elements as possible were preserved of the remains of the Hieronymite convent including the cloister, the dining room, the sacristy, and the Manueline-Renaissance chapel. All were embedded in a new section that featured a wide terrace and a clock tower. The Queen's Terrace is perhaps the best spot for obtaining an overall picture of the architecture of the palace. The terrace features a sundial cannon that used to fire every day at noon. The clock tower was completed in 1843.

Interior
The interiors of the Pena Palace were adapted to serve as the Summer residence of the royal family. It has amazing stuccos, painted walls in trompe-l'œil and various revetments in tile from the 19th century, forming part of the numerous royal collections.

Park

The Pena Park is a vast forested area completely surrounding the Pena Palace, spreading for over 200 hectares of uneven terrain. The park was created at the same time as the palace by King Ferdinand II, who was assisted in the task by the Baron von Eschwege and the Baron von Kessler. The exotic taste of the Romanticism was applied to the park as it was to the palace. The king ordered trees from diverse, distant lands to be planted there. Those included North American sequoia, Lawson's cypress, magnolia and Western redcedar, Chinese ginkgo, Japanese Cryptomeria, and a wide variety of ferns and tree ferns from Australia and New Zealand, concentrated in the Queen's Fern Garden (Feteira da Rainha). The park has a labyrinthic system of paths and narrow roads, connecting the palace to the many points of interest throughout the park, as well as to its two gated exits.

Gallery

See also
Monserrate Palace and Quinta do Relógio nearby, built in a similar style
Arseny Morozov House, Moscow which bears a strong influence of the style

References

External links

Sintra Parks
Info about the Pena Palace on the Sintra Town Hall website (Portuguese)
3D model

Houses completed in 1854
Palaces in Portugal
Royal residences in Portugal
Buildings and structures in Sintra
Palaces in Lisbon District
Museums in Lisbon District
Historic house museums in Portugal
Parks in Portugal
World Heritage Sites in Portugal
National monuments in Lisbon District

Pena Palace


Jamie Jones-Buchanan MBE, né le  à Bramley, est un joueur et entraîneur de rugby à XIII international anglais et britannique évoluant au poste de pilier, deuxième ligne ou troisième ligne dans les années 1990, 2000 et 2010.

Il fait partie des joueurs qui ont durablement marqué le club de Leeds dans les années 2000 et 2010 remportant notamment trois World Club Challenge, huit Super League et deux Challenge Cup aux côtés de Kevin Sinfield, Rob Burrow et Danny McGuire. Il joue également pour la sélection d'Angleterre disputant notamment la Coupe du monde 2008.

Biographie

Lors de la saison 2022, il assure l'intérim au poste d'entraîneur de Leeds à la suite de la démission de Richard Agar dans l'attente d'un remplaçant.

Palmarès

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur du World Club Challenge : 2005, 2008 et 2012 (Leeds).
 Vainqueur de la Super League : 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015 et 2017 (Leeds).
 Vainqueur de la Challenge Cup : 2014 et 2015 (Leeds).
 Finaliste de la Super League : 2005 (Leeds).
 Finaliste de la Challenge Cup : 2005, 2010, 2011 et 2012 (Leeds).

Statistiques

Distinctions
 Membre de l'Ordre de l'Empire britannique (MBE), 2022

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1981
Joueur anglais de rugby à XIII
Entraîneur anglais de rugby à XIII
Membre de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique

Jamie Jones-Buchanan