حيتس أو آرو: بالعربي «السهم»، بالعبري "טיל חץ" هو نظام دفاعي مضاد للصواريخ الباليستية (ABM) وهو أول صاروخ يطور من قبل إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة صمم خصيصا لاعتراض وتدمير الصواريخ الباليستية على المستوى الإقليمي. يقوم الآرو باعتراض أهدافه عند طبقة الستراتوسفير من الغلاف الجوي (بعض أنظمة الدفاع مثل ار آي ام-161 يعترض أهدافه في الفضاء الخارجي بينما يعترض الباترويت باك-3 أهدافه أسفل الغلاف الجوي اما نظام ثاد (THAAD) فيعترض أهدافه اعالي الستراتوسفير كذلك هو قادر على اعتراض الأهداف القادمة من الفضاء الخارجي).

حيتس هي منظومة مضادة للصواريخ الباليستية، تم تطويرها في إسرائيل بدعم وتمويل أمريكي وبالاشتراك مع شركة بوينغ الأمريكية. وتتكون المنظومة من عدة مكونات: منظومة إدارة إطلاق نار «الاترج الذهبي» مركز مراقبة إطلاق «اتروج حام»، رادار فريد «اوران يروك»، منصة إطلاق وصاروخ. والوحدة التابعة لجيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي المسؤولة عن تشغيل الصاروخ تسمى «حيرف ماجن».

التطوير والتجارب
بدأ المشروع عندما قررت الولايات المتحدة إشراك إسرائيل في مشروع «حرب النجوم» الذي طرحه الرئيس «رونالدو ريجين» في 6 مايو 1985، حيث تم توقيع اتفاقية تفاهم بين حكومتي الولايات المتحدة وإسرائيل. وبعد عام تم تحديد أن منظومة الصاروخ المضادة للصواريخ الباليستية هي الملائمة للدور الإسرائيلي في المشروع، وشاركت الولايات المتحد بـ 80% من تكاليف تطوير المشروع. وتولى تطوير المنظومة من الجانب الإسرائيلي بواسطة إدارة «حوما» في إدارة البحث وتطوير الوسائل القتالية والبنية التحتية التكنولوجية.

في اعقاب عدة تجارب ناجحة أجريت للحيتس 1 (1992، 1993، وصيف 1994)أثبتت تكنولوجيا حيتس نجاحها. وخلال الفترة ما بين 1995 وحتى 2003 تم إجراء 10 تجارب للحيتس 2، الذي يعد نسخة معدلة من حيتس 1 شهدت التعديلات في العديد من القدرات، من بينها المدى والارتفاع وأزمنة الرد والتحرك. وفي 5 يناير 2003 أجريت تجربة إطلاق نار، تم خلالها إطلاق 4 صواريخ.

أما التجارب الوحيدة للحيتس في مواجهة صواريخ سكاد الحقيقية أجريت في الولايات المتحدة في 29 يوليو 2004. ففي التجربة الأولى نجح الصاروخ حيتس لأول مرة في إسقاط صاروخ سكاد مسلح تم إطلاقه اتجاهه من قلب البحر من مسافة تقدر بحوالي 100 كم. وجميع مكونات المنظومة تم اختبارها في هذه التجربة بشكل كامل، لكن في التجربة الثانية فشل الصاروخ حيتس في عملية الإسقاط. في التجربة الثانية التي أجريت في كليفورنيا بصاروخ سكاد منفصل، نجح الحيتس في التمييز بين الرأس الناسف الخاص بالصاروخ وبين جسمه. إلا أن خللاً وقع أثناء عملية الاعتراض النهائية حالت دون نجاح التجربة. وهذا الفشل لم يؤثر على مسؤلي المشروع، الذين زعموا أن الأمر مجرد خلل صغير وقابل للإصلاح.

هذا وأجريت تجربة أخرى للصاروخ حيتس في 2 ديسمبر 2005. فالحيتس أطلق في الساعة 10:30 صباحاً واسقط الصاروخ الهدف «انكور الأسود» مقابل سواحل قاعدة بلمحيم. ونجحت التجربة وتم فحص قدرة المنظومة في مواجهة التهديدات المشابهة للتهديد الإيراني. وأجريت التجربة بنسخة المنظومة الجديدة للحيتس «بلوك 3» التي شهدت تطوير اطار عمليات الصاروخ مما يمكنه من التعامل بشكل جيد مع الإطلاق المكثف للصواريخ.
في 11 فبراير 2007 نفذت تجربة ناجحة أخرى للمنظومة. وكان هدف التجربة هو اختبار التعديلات التي ادخلت على المنظومة التي تتضمن توسيع مدار الاعتراض. وشهدت التجربة تنفيذ اختبار عملي مزدوج بمشاركة بطاريتين طولت المدة الجوغرافيه من خلال الاستفادة من دروس الماضي. فالصاروخ المعترض، من سلسلة الإنتاج المعدلة الخاصة بالصناعات الجوية وشركة بوينغ، أطلق في أجواء مظلمة، وفي سيناريو محاكي للعمليات التفيذية، لارتفاع عالي، وجميع عناصر منظومة السلاح عملت بشكل عملي جيد.

في 26 مارس 2007 نفذت تجربة ناجحة أخرى للصاروخ، فحصت خلالها منظومات الطيران فقط، ولم يتم تشغيل المنظومات الأخرى (مثل الرادار أو الصاروخ الهدف) بعدما تم تطوير بعض منظومات الصاروخ.

في 16 أبريل 2008 نفذت تجربة محاكية ناجحة بالنسخة بلوك 4 خاصة بصاروخ طراز حيتس 2 بعدما أطلق اتجاهه صاروخ هدف متطور طراز«انكور الأزرق» وهو صاروخ يشابه الصاروخ شهاب 3، من طائرة F15.وخلال التجربة لعب لأول مرة دوراً هاماً الرادار المخصص لمنظومة حيتس 3 «أوران ادير» الذي من المقرر أن يحل محل «أوران يروك» ومخصص لرصد عدة أهداف في وقت واحد من مسافة تصل تقريباً إلى 1.000 كم، وهي ضعف المسافة الخاصة بـ«أرون يروك».

في 7 أبريل 2009 أجريت تجربة ناجحة بالصاروخ «حيتس 2» بلوك 4 في البحر المتوسط، تم خلالها إسقاط صاروخ متطور طراز «انكور الأزرق» تم إطلاقه من طائرة F15 تابعة للقوات الجوية الإسرائيلية من مسافة تصل إلى 1.000 كيلومتر. وخلال هذه التجربة تم اختبار الرادار الإسرائيلي «أوران ادير» والرادار الأمريكي الحديث FBX-T-AN/TPY-2الذي نصب في النقب في نهاية 2008.
في 22 فبراير 2011 أسقط صاروخ «حيتس 2» معدل صاروخ هدف باليستي أطلق اتجاهه، في تجربة اجريت في الولايات المتحدة.
في 10 فبراير 2012 نفذت تجربة ناجحة أخرى بصاروخ «حيتس 2» بلوك 4، تم خلالها لأول مرة تجربة استخدام رادار «أوران ادير» كجزء من منظومة السلاح.

في 2009 بدأت إسرائيل في تطوير «حيتس 3» وهو صاروخ مضاد للصواريخ المحلقة خارج الغلاف الجوي مخصص لاعتراض الصواريخ الباليستية على ارتفاعات عالية.

الفائدة
وفقاً لأقوال الأب الروحي للحيتس (داف دفيف)، فإن الصاروخ الواحد يمكنه ان ينجح في 90% من الحالات في إسقاط صاروخ باليستي وحيد. ومن أجل زيادة فرص الإسقاط يتم إطلاق صاروخي حيتس ضد صاروخ باليستي واحد، وإذا لم ينجح كلاهما في عملية الإسقاط، يتم إطلاق ثلاثة صواريخ. وفي التجارب الأخيرة للمنظومة تم ضم أيضا منظومة «باتريوت» كطبقة دفاعية أكثر انخفاضاً.

الإنشاء
في عام 29 نوفمبر 1998 أقيمت مراسم تسليم أول صاروخ حيتس من مدير مصنع (ملم) التابع للصناعات الجوية لوحدة "حيريف ماجين" في منظومة الدفاع الجوي بالقوات الجوية الإسرائيلية". وحتى نوفمبر 2002 تم نصب بطاريتي صواريخ. إحداها نصبت في قاعدة "بلمحيم" الجوية، والثانية في قاعدة القوات الجوية "بعين شمر". وفي هذه المرحلة اعلنت القوات الجوية أن إسرائيل مؤمنة من التهديدات الصاروخية. ومن المتوقع ان تصب منظومة الدفاع الجوي بطارية حيتس ثالثة خلال عام 2012.

تكلفة المشروع باكمله، من بداية التطوير وحتى التزود بالصاروخ، تقدر بحوالي 2.2 مليار دولار. تحملت دولة إسرائيل حوالي 20% من التكلفة، وباقي الأموال وصل من المعونة الأمريكية. وسعر الصاروخ الواحد يبلغ حوالي ثلاثة ملايين دولار.

الجدل حول المشروع
في بداية التسعينيات من القرن العشرين سادت خلافات في وجهات النظر سواء داخل الجهاز الأمني أو خارجه، حيث كان هناك من يرى أن هذا المشروع هو بمثابة اسراف وغير مجدي، وهناك من تراجع عن المعارضة للمشروع في عام 1991، عندما أظهرت حرب الخليج جدية تهديد الصواريخ على إسرائيل. ومن رواد الخط المعارض للمشروع حالياً «اريا ستاف» ودكتور «راوبين فدهتسور»، الذين يشككان في الإستراتيجية التي تقود تطوير الصاروخ.

اريا ستاف، محرر مجلة «نتيف»، يشبه مفهوم الصاروخ حيتس بحالة يكون فيها الشخص مطالب بأن يصيب الطلقة الخاصة بحامل المسدس الذي امامه بدلا من اصابة حامل المسدس نفسه، وحسب زعمه فإن الحيتس لا يمكنه أن يغلق سماء إسرائيل بشكل محكم، ولا يتعامل مع الصواريخ الباليستية ذات رؤوس منفصلة (وهو الزعم الذي يبدو أنه فند في التجارب التي أجريت للصاروخ في 7أبريل 2009)، ويستوجب أموالاً طائلة نتيجة لأنه على كل صاروخ سكاد، الذي يعد أرخص نسبياً، يجب إطلاق صاروخي حيتس الذي يتكلف الواحد منه ثلاثة ملايين دولار. ويضيف ستاف أن تطوير الحيتس أدى إلى سباق تسلح صواريخ من جانب الدول العربية. لزعمه فإن كان يجب تطوير منظومة فعالة تصيب منصات إطلاق الصواريخ فوراً مع الإطلاق على الأرض، وليس الانتظار حتى تصل الصواريخ الباليستية إلى سماء إسرائيل، وهو الحل الذي كان وفقاً لرأيه سيوفر قدرة ردع عالية، ويخلف ضرر للعدو في حال الصواريخ الغير تقليدية، وكان أرخص أيضا. ويزعم ستاف أنه لا يوجد دولة في العالم (بما فيها الولايات المتحدة) قامت بشراء منظومة حيتس، يدل على المشكلات الخاصة بهذه المنظومة.

هذا ويقارن دكتور راوبين فدهستر بين مشروع «حيتس» ومشروع «هلفيا» الطموح الذي تم الغائه، ويزعم أنه خطير أيضا من الناحية الاقتصادية والتكنولوجية، وأيضا يشير إلى خلل في منظومة اتخاذ القرار في دولة إسرائيل.

والأمر الذي يثير زعمه الاقتصادي، هو الواقع أنه في عام 2002 اشترت الهند عدة وسائل قتالية من بينها الرادار «اوران يروك»، الذي تم تطويره في إطار الحيتس، كذلك فإن هذا المشروع بدأ أيضا في طرح ثمار اقتصادية. في 31 يناير 2006 وقعت كوريا الجنوبية على شراء 36 صاروخ حيتس و3 وحدات رادار.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، اتضح بعد الحاجة الملحة للمنظومة مع ظهور التهديد الإيراني والصاروخ شهاب 3 الذي يصل مداه إلى 1.300 كم الذي من شأنه أن يحمل أيضا رأس ناسف نووي. وعلى تلك المسافات يمكن تدمير منصات إطلاق شهاب المحدودة جداً، الأمر الذي يثير زعم اريا ستاف. وبالنسبة للزعم الاقتصادي يمكن الإجابة بأنه لا يجب المقارنة بسعر الصاروخ سكاد، بل بتكاليف الضرر الذي قد يحدثه صاروخ كهذا عند ضربه منطقة سكنية.

مدير مصنع (ملم) التابع للصناعات الجوية السابق والأب الروحي للصاروخ حيتس، داف رفيف، زعم أن المعارضين لا يدركون هدف المنظومة. ووفقاً لأسلوبه فإن منظومة حيتس تهدف إلى منع أي هجوم مفاجئ للصواريخ النووية على إسرائيل من قبل دولة معادية تمتلك أسلحة نووية وضمان ألا تستسلم لإغواء إطلاق صاروخ واحد أو عدد من الصواريخ تجاه إسرائيل. هذا بواسطة امتلاك بطاريتين ذات عدد محدود من الصواريخ تتناسب مع إسقاط الحد الأقصى من الصواريخ التي يمكن إسقاطها بدون كشف منظومات إطلاق النار. لزعمه بعد اعتراض الصاروخ المفاجئ الأول تنهي المنظومة مهمتها. وهذا الزعم جاء لمواجهة الإدعاء بأن الصاروخ النووي من شأنه أن يكون مطلقاً بعد إطلاق العشرات من السكاد (الغير نووية) التي ستؤدي إلى استنزاف كل مخزون صواريخ الحيتس.

القائمين على المشروع يشيرون أنه بخلاف تحقيق الحماية من الصواريخ الباليستية، فإنه يحقق تفوق تكنولوجي مذهل لإسرائيل، التي تعد الدولة الوحيدة في العالم التي طورت سلاح تنفيذي من هذا النوع. ويشيرون إلى التطور التكنولوجي الذي حققته إسرائيل في أعقاب تطوير الصواريخ، ومنظومات التوجيه والرادارات، التي يمكن تطبيقها في مجالات أخرى، وعلى الرسالة التي تُنقل إلى الدول المعادية لإسرائيل من خلال تطوير هذا سلاح إستراتيجيا، وعلى منظومة العلاقات التي تعززت مع الولايات المتحدة وان العديد من الدول ستتسابق على شراء منظومات تكنولوجية من إسرائيل.

التطوير

بدأت المباشرة بمشروع السهم بعدما اتفقت كل من اسرائبل والولايات المتحدة على تمويل المشروع معا في 6 مايو 1986، المشروع تم تصميمه وبنائه في إسرائيل وبتمويل أمريكي-إسرائيلي ما يقارب ملياري دولار أمريكي. ادارت وزراة الدفاع الإسرائيلية المشروع تحت اسم «منهليت هوما» "Minhelet Homa" الذي يجمع مختلف الصناعات الإسرائيلية الأمنية مثل (الصناعات العسكرية الإسرائيلية، تاديران، الصناعات الإسرائيلية للفضاء الجوي).

في يوليو 2004 قامت إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة معا بتجربة النظام في الولايات المتحدة حيث أطلق السهم على صاروخ سكود حقيقي وتم تدمير الهدف بنجاح وفي ديسمبر 2005 تم اختبار النظام بنجاح باعتراضه صاروخ سكود-سي أو ما يعادل صاروخ شهاب-3 واعيدت هذه التجربة بنجاح أيضا في 11 فبراير 2007.

آرو 3
'هو صاروخ ما يزال تحت التطوير في إطار منظومة تسلح حيتس، وهي تهدف إلى اعتراض الصواريخ الباليستية طويلة المدى، في ارتفاع أعلى بكثير من حيتس 2 (الموجود في الخدمة بالقوات الجوية الإسرائيلية). وهذا الصاروخ يمر بمرحلة التطوير في مصنع (ملم) التابع للصناعات الجوية الإسرائيلية.

المواصفات

نظام (ايه بي ام) (ABM) صمم لاعتراض الصواريخ الباليستية القصيرة والمتوسطة المدى والهدف من النظام جعله خطا دفاعيا ضد برنامج إيران للصواريخ المتقدمة والتهديد السابق للعراق تحت نظام صدام حسين. يتكون النظام من ثلاثة أجزاء وهي صواريخ الآرو ونظام التحكم (control system) ويسمى (الكباد الأصفر) (Yellow Citron) «اسم نبات» وأخيرا رادار تتبع الهدف (آي ايه أي-أي ال/ام-2080) (IAI EL/M-2080) ويسمى الصنوبر الأخضر (Green Pine). وعند الاستعمال الفعلي سيكون النظام مرتبط ببرنامج الدعم الدفاعي الأمريكي عبر الاقمار الاصطناعية حيت يستطيع رصد أي عملية إطلاق لاي صاروخ. أول عملية نشر للنظام كانت وسط إسرائيل في 14 مارس 2000 ضمن القاعدة الجوية العسكرية بلماخيم (Palmachim IAF Base)على سواحل المتوسط. ان احدث صاروخ لهذا النظام يسمى آرو-2 (Arrow II)ولايزال قيد التطوير.

النشر

أول بطارية عاملة تم نشرها في أكتوبر 2000 ضمن قاعدة بلماخيم الجوية وبعد تأخير بسبب مواجهات قانونية بين السكان المحللين والحكومة بسبب تخوفهم من نظام الرادار (Green Pine) الذي قد ينتج عنه موجات اشعائية سرعان ما تم حل المشكلة ونشر النظام قرب الخضيرة (Hadera) في أكتوبر 2002 وبطارية ثالثة تم نشرها في بلماخيم.

التصدير

دخلت الهند في مفاوضات مع إسرائيل بشأن بيع الأخيرة لنظام الارو للهند إلا أن الصفقة جمدت من قبل الولايات المتحدة وتم بيع الرادار Green Pine فقط حيث تقوم الهند بإعادة تصنيعه لاستخدامه في نظامها الدفاعي. من جهة أخرى كان هناك صفقة أخرى بين إسرائيل وتركيا تبيع بموجبها إسرائيل اقمار أفق مع النظام الدفاعي الآرو لتركيا إلا أن الصفقة بقيت معلقة بانتظار موافقة الولايات المتحدة، وفي 6 ديسمبر 2007 الغت وزراة الدفاع التركية الصفقة من جانبها وقد فسر سبب إلغاء الصفقة هو ان روسيا عرضت على تركيا المشاركة في إنتاج نظام إس-400 تريومف ونقل كامل لتكنولوجيته لتركيا.

في 31 يناير 2007 تم نشر خبر ان حكومة كوريا الجنوبية ستشتري 36 صاروخ آرو-II و6 رادارات كرين بن.

المستخدمين للنظام

 القوات الجوية الإسرائيلية

أنظمة مشابه
 أس - 300 (صاروخ)
 إس-400 تريومف
 نظام باترويت

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Israel Missile Update - 2005
 India: Reports Conflict Over U.S. Opposition to Arrow Sale
   chapter iii ballistic missiles.pdf تاريخ صواريخ القوات الجويّة الأمريكيّة البالستيّة

الاستعداد للكوارث في إسرائيل
العلاقات الأمريكية الإسرائيلية العسكرية
العلاقات العسكرية بين إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة
دفاع صاروخي
عتاد إسرائيل العسكري
عتاد عسكري استحدث في عقد 2000
قذائف شركة صناعات الفضاء الإسرائيلية

آرو (صاروخ)


Dário Meira es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 16102 habitantes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Dário Meira


පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථික විදව යනු, පැසිස්ට් රජයන් විසින් ක්රියාත්මක කල ආර්ථික ප්රතිපත්තිවේ.  පැසිස්ට්වාදය යන පදය, 20 වන සියවසේ ආරම්භයේ සිට එහි මැද භාගය දක්වා, යුරෝපයේ ඇතැම් පදේශවල (සහ ඇතැමුන්ට අනුව, ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ) පැවති, දැඩි දේශාභිමානී හැසිරීම් හා ආධිපතයන් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරනලදි. "පැසිස්ට්වාදය" සඳහා, පිළිගත් තනි නිර්වචනයක් නැත.  පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් ලෙස හඳුනාගන්නා බොහෝ කණ්ඩායම්, තමන්ව හඳුන්වා ගැනීමට එම පදය භාවිතා නොකරති.  එසේම පැසිස්ට්වාදය යන පදය, විස්තරාත්මක පදයක් ලෙස වවහාර නොකරන අතර, වර්තමානයේ ප්රශංසාත්මක පදයක් හෝ දේශපාලන විශේෂණයක් ලෙස ප්රධාන වශයෙන්ම භාවිතා කරනු නොලබයි.  පැසිස්ට්වාදී චින්තනය ආර්ථික ගැටලු පිළිබඳව කලාතුරකින් සලකනු ලබන අතර ඊට අමතරව, මෙමගින් පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථික විදවේ ඕනෑම සාපේක්ෂ අධයනයකට බාධා ඇති කරයි.

එසේ වුවද, වෙනත් ක්රමවලින් වෙන්කර හදුනාගත හැකි, පැසිස්ට් ජාතීන් සතු ලක්ෂණ සහිත,  පැසිස්ට්වාදී දේශපාලන ආර්ථිකයක් ඇතැයි, සමහර විද්වතුන් හා විශ්ලේෂකයින් තර්ක කරති. පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථික අතර සමහර සමානකම් පැවතුනද, පැසිස්ට් ආර්ථික සංවිධාන සඳහා විශේෂ ආකාරයක් නැතැයි අනෙක් අය තර්ක කරති.  කිහිප දෙනෙකු, නූතන සුභසාධන තත්වයන් තුල, පුළුල්වන එක්සත් ජනපදයේ බලය පදනම් වූ බහු ජාතික ධනවාදය තුල, රජය හා පෞද්ගලික වවසාය අතර නව සමායතන සම්බන්ධතාවය තුල, හා සමාජ ප්රජාතන්ත්රවාදී ආර්ථීක ප්රතිපත්ති තුල, පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථීක පතිපත්තිවල ප්රතිරාවයන් දකිති.

පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථික වල පොදු ලක්ෂණ

ප්රථම පැසිස්ට්වාදී සංචලන, පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධයේ අවසාන වර්ෂවල ඇතිවිය.  ඔවුන්, ජාතික පුනරුප්පත්තියක් පොරොන්දු වූ අතර, සමාජයට හා සංස්කෘතික පරිහානිය ඇතිකිරීම පිළිබඳව ලිබරල්වාදයට සමාජවාදයට හා භෞතිකවාදයට දෝෂාරෝපණය කරණ ලදී.  එසේම ඔවුන් සම්ප්රදායික, ගතානුගතික වටිනාකම් වලට ආපසු ගමන් කිරීමටද පක්ෂග්රාහී විය (නව දේශපාලන ක්රමයක් තුලින් මෙයට ලඟාවීමට ඔවුන් යෝජනා කලද).

ජාතියක, සංස්කෘතික හා අධත්මික නව පිබිදීමක් ඇතිවූවිට, සමෘද්ධිය ස්වභාවිකවම ඒ පසුපස පැමිණෙන බව එක් කැපී පෙනෙන පැසිස්ට්වාදී විශ්වාසයකි.  එහි ප්රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ථීකය වැඩි වැදගත්කමක් නැති දෙයක් ලෙස, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් සැලකූ අතර ඔවුන්ට පැහැදිලි ආර්ථික දර්ශනයක් නොමැති විය.  පැසිස්ට්වාදී පක්ෂයක විවිධ සාමාජිකයන්, ඔවුන් සහාය දෙන ආර්ථීක ප්රතිපත්ති පිළිබඳව නිරතුරුවම ප්රතිවාදී ප්රකාශ සිදු කල හැකිය. බලයේ සිටියදී, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් බොහෝවිට දේශපාලන අරමුණු සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසුයැයි ඔවුන් විශ්වාස කල ආර්ථීක වැඩසටහන් තෝරාගනු ලැබිනි. බොහෝකල් පැවති පැසිස්ට්වාදී පාළනයන් (ඉතාලියේ බෙනිටෝ මුසෝලිනිගේ පාළනය වැනි) මගින්, කාළයෙන් කාළයට ඔවුන්ගේ ආර්ථික ප්රතිපත්තිවල ප්රබල වෙනස්කම් ඇතිකරන ලදී.

එපමණක් නොව, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ ආර්ථික තීරණ හැඩගස්වන දේශපාලන දර්ශන ගණනාවක් ඇත. මෙයින් පළමුවැන්න, සමාජවාදයට හා ලිබරල් ධනවාදයට එරෙහි මූලික පැසිස්ට්වාදී විරෝධතාවයි. ආර්ථික විද විෂය තුලට ඔවුන්ගේ අදහස් ක්රියාත්මක කිරීම, "තුන්වන මාර්ගයක්" නිරූපණය කරන බවට පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් තර්ක කල අතර, ඔවුන් සංස්ථාගතවීමට හා පංති සහයෝගීතාවයට පක්ෂපාතීවිය.  විෂමතාවයන් හා වෙනස් සමාජ පංති පැවතීම වාසිදායක විය හැකියයි ඔවුන් විශ්වාස කල නමුත් (සමාජවාදී දර්ශනයට පටහැනිව), මෙම පංති අතර සම්බන්ධතාවලට මැදිහත්වීමේ කාර්යක් රජයට ඇති බවටද ඔවුන් තර්ක කරන ලදී.  (ලිබරල් ධනවාදීන්ගෙන් දර්ශනයට පටහැනිව)

පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් විසින් නිදහස් වෙළඳ ධනවාදී හෝ කොමියුනිට්ස්වාදී නොවන, යතාර්ථවාදී ආර්ථීක විකල්පයක් සපයනලදි. පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථීකවල ආවේනික ලක්ෂණයක් වුයේ, ආර්ථීක පාළනය කලහැකි බවයි. එනම්, රජය විසින් පබල ඍජු බලපෑමක් සිදු කරණ හා සම්පත් හා නිෂ්පාදිත බෙදාහැරීම ඵලදායීව පාළනයකරණ ආර්ථිකයක් වීමයි.

සාමානයෙන්, සමහර කර්මාන්ත ජනසතු කිරීමට අමතරව, පැසිස්ට් ආර්ථික, පෞද්ගලික දේපල හා පෞද්ගලික මූලාරම්භ මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් රජයට කරන සේවය මත මේවා අවිනිශ්චිතවිය.

මානව සම්බන්ධතාවන්ගේ සමාජ ඩාවින්වාදී දෘෂ්ඨයෙන්ද, පැසිස්ට්වාදය ක්රියාත්මකවිය.  ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණ පබලයන්ට අනුබලදීම හා දුබලයන් ඉවත් කිරීමයි. ආර්ථික භාවිතය අතින් මෙහි අදහස, වෘත්තීය සමිති හා වැඩකරන පංතියේ වෙනත් ආයතන විනාශ කරමින්, සාර්ථක වපාරිකයන්ගේ උනන්දුව වැඩි කිරීමයි. සංස්ථාපිත බලය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම පැසිස්ට්වාදයේ අවශ කොටසක් බව ලෝරන්ස් බ්රිට් යෝජනා කරයි. 'පෞද්ගලික අංශයට වගකියන බදු ගෙවන්නන්, පැසිස්ට්වාදය මගින් ඇති කරයි' යනුවෙන් ඉතිහාසඥ ගටෙනෝ සල්වෙමිනි, 1936 දි තර්ක කරන ලදී. මන්ද, "රජය පෞද්ගලික වවසායවල අත්වැරදීම්වලට ගෙවනු ලබයි.  ලාභය පෞද්ගලික අංශ හා පුද්ගලයන් ලබන අතර, පාඩු පොදු හා සමාජමය වේ."

අවසාන වශයෙන්, පැසිස්ට්වාදය දැඩි හමුදා පාළනයක් විය.  එනිසාම, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් නිරතුරුව යුධ වියදම් කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස වැඩිකල අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය සඳහා ප්රධානම හේතුව, ශක්තිමත් හමුදාවක ආධාරය සහිතව, ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඇතිකිරීමට ඔවුන් තුල වූ බලාපොරොත්තුවයි. පැසිස්ට් රජයන් මගින් පෞද්ගලික ලාභ සෙවීම ධෛර්යමත් කලඅතර විශාල වපාර වලට ප්රතිලාභ පිරිනමනලදි.  නමුත්, අනෙක් අතට සියලු ආර්ථීක ක්රියාකාරකම් ජාතියේ යහපතට කල යුතු යැයි නියම කරනලදි. බොහෝ සිද්ධින් වලදී, විදේශ වෙළඳාම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම තහනම් කිරීම හෝ අධෛර්යමත් කිරීම මෙයින් අදහස් කල අතර; අනවශ තරම් ජාතන්තර වෙළඳාමේ නිරතවීම මගින් ජාතික ආර්ථීකය, ජාතන්තර ප්රාග්ධනය මත යැපෙන තත්වයකට පත්වන බව, ඔවුහු විශ්වාස කලහ. එමනිසා ජාතන්තර ආර්ථික සම්බාධක පැනවීමට ඔවුන් ක්රියා කලහ.  සමෘද්ධිය(autarky) ලෙස හැඳින්වූ ආර්ථීක ස්වයං පෝෂණය, බොහෝ පැසිස්ට් රජයන්ගේ ප්රධානම අරමුණක් විය.

පැසිස්ට්වාදය

පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථීකවේදය


Marco Polo () is a form of tag played in a swimming pool.

Rules
One player is chosen as "it". That player, with closed eyes, tries to find and tag any one of the other players, relying on hearing to find someone to tag. The player who is "it" shouts "Marco" and the other players must all respond by shouting "Polo", which the "it" player uses to try to find them. If a player is tagged, then that player becomes "it". If "it" suspects that a player has left the pool, they can shout, "fish out of water!" and the player who is out of the pool becomes the new "it".

The game can also be played on land. It is similar to Blind Man's Buff, where one person is blindfolded while others choose hiding places around the room. While playing, one cannot hold another player in place to be tagged or that person is it.

History
The game shares its name with the 13th-century Italian trader and explorer Marco Polo.

There does not appear to be any real connection between the game and the explorer of the same name, although according to one whimsical explanation, "legend has it that the famed explorer didn't really have a clue as to where he was going", this being reflected in the "it" player's behavior. Although water polo is another popular pool game, the name of "Marco Polo" is apparently unrelated.

The game shares similar traits with blind man's buff, an essentially identical game played on dry land which dates back to at least the 16th century. Marco Polo was known as a water game in America by the 1960s. Between 1965 and 1970, some respondents to a Dictionary of American Regional English survey, when asked to name a game played in the water, responded with "Marco Polo". By the mid-1970s, the game had spread and become very popular in swimming pools frequented by expatriates living in Hong Kong. It did not reach swimming pools in the United Kingdom until later, likely from British children returning from Hong Kong for their studies.

In modern times, Marco Polo is played worldwide. Various regions have their own versions of the game, with names such as Mermaid on the Rocks and Alligator. The term "Marco Polo game" is sometimes used to describe an online game where a similar call-and-response system of gameplay is adopted.

Analysis
Marco Polo is an "easily modifiable game", and is based on the notion of call-and-response. Marco Polo is a location-based game because players are confined to a set space and because players must locate each other using auditory clues. Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society argues "there is bipolarity in the reversal of roles...there are repeated actions, a routine to be repeated, rules to be observed, and verbal signs to be used". Playing this game can allow children to experiment with different social roles, for example learning what it means to be an outcast in the role of "it" (isolated, confined to a space, and unable to see others). According to the Nevada Regional Medical Center, "Marco Polo is not only fun, it can be a good workout. It also puts less stress on your bones and joints because the water makes your body float."

References

Hide-and-seek variants
Swimming pool games
Tag variants
Cultural depictions of Marco Polo
Children's games

Marco Polo (game)


Holtavörðuvatn er stöðuvatn á Holtavörðuheiði í 326 metra hæð, nálægt veginum yfir heiðina vestan megin við veginn.

stöðuvötn á Íslandi
Húnaþing vestra

Holtavörðuvatn


Cirrhaea longiracemosa é uma espécie de planta do gênero Cirrhaea e da família Orchidaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1934 por Frederico Carlos Hoehne.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo e São Paulo.  A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Ligações externas

 Cirrhaea longiracemosa no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Cirrhaea
Plantas descritas em 1934
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Cirrhaea longiracemosa


Sogliano al Rubicone ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Forlì-Cesena in der Emilia-Romagna. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 32,5 Kilometer südöstlich von Forlì und etwa 15 Kilometer südsüdöstlich von Cesena und grenzt an die Provinz Rimini.

Geschichte
Die Grafschaft Sogliano war vom 13. Jahrhundert bis 1640 im Besitz einer Linie der Familie Malatesta. Sie fiel dann an den Kirchenstaat. Das Malatesta-Schloss wurde im 19. Jahrhundert abgerissen.

Gemeindepartnerschaften
Sogliano unterhält Partnerschaften mit der tschechischen Stadt Meziboří im Okres Most sowie mit der sächsischen Stadt Sayda.

Persönlichkeiten
 Pietro Sambi (1938–2011), Nuntius in den USA
 Sandro Gozi (* 1968), Diplomat und Politiker

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Emilia-Romagna
Weinbauort in Italien

Sogliano al Rubicone


Yasmine Belkaid (também Belkaïd; ) é uma imunologista argeliana, que trabalha no Instituto Nacional de Alergia e Doenças Infecciosas (NIAID) e na Universidade da Pensilvânia.

Formação e carreira
Yasmine Belkaid é filha do ex-Ministro do Ensino Superior da Argélia, Aboubakr Belkaïd, morto em um ataque terrorista em 1995. Em 1989 obteve um bacharelado em bioquímica na Universidade de Ciência e Tecnologia Houari-Boumediene, onde também obteve um mestrado em 1990. Em 1991 obteve um Diplôme d'études approfondies na Universidade Paris-Sul e também no Instituto Pasteur e em 1996 um doutorado em imunologia. No pós-doutorado trabalhou no NIAID. Em 2002 recebeu seu primeiro cargo de professora na Children's Hospital Research Foundation em Cincinnati (Universidade de Cincinnati). Desde 2005 voltou para o NIAID e desde 2008 também leciona (professora adjunta) na Universidade da Pensilvânia.

De acordo com a base de dados Scopus, Belkaid tem um índice h de 88, de acordo com o Google Scholar um de 99 (situação em dezembro de 2021).

Prêmios e condecorações
2013 Medalha de Ouro da International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2016 Prix Sanofi International Mid-Career
2016 Membro da American Academy of Microbiology da American Society for Microbiology
2017 Prêmio Emil von Behring da Universidade de Marburgo
2017 Membro da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos
2018 Membro da Academia Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos
2019 Prêmio Lurie de Ciências Biomédicas
2020 Membro da Academia de Artes e Ciências dos Estados Unidos
2021 Membro da Organização Europeia de Biologia Molecular
2021 Prêmio Robert Koch

Ligações externas

Yasmine Belkaid, Ph.D. em Instituto Nacional de Alergia e Doenças Infecciosas (niaid.nih.gov)
Yasmine Belkaid, Ph.D. e The Microbiome: When Good Bugs Go Bad em Intramural Research Program do Instituto Nacional de Alergia e Doenças Infecciosas (irp.nih.gov)
Yasmine Belkaid, PhD na Universidade da Pensilvânia (upenn.edu)

Membros da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos
Membros da Academia de Artes e Ciências dos Estados Unidos
Membros da Organização Europeia de Biologia Molecular
Professores da Universidade de Cincinnati
Professores da Universidade da Pensilvânia
Imunologistas dos Estados Unidos
Argelinos

Yasmine Belkaid


Parinacota, Şili ve Bolivya sınırında, Atacama Çölü'nde bir volkandır. Parinacota, Merkezi Andlar'ın Batı-Kordilleri'nde, Arica'nın 145 km doğusunda, Lauca Milli Parkı içinde yer alır. Kuzeydoğusunda kalan  Pomerape Volkanı ile beraber Payachata kompleksini oluşturur. Dağın eteğinde, Lago Chungará bulunur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Trekking Chile – Trekking ve dağcılık ile ilgili kapsamlı bilgiler.

Andlar
Şili'deki stratovolkanlar
Bolivya'daki yanardağlar
Bolivya-Şili sınırı
Güney Amerika'daki uluslararası dağlar
Altıbinlikler

Parinacota Yanardağı


Uglyworkz Entertainment fue un sello discográfico de hip hop, cuyo fundador y director ejecutivo fue Mitsuruggy. Fue fundado en 2003, desapareciendo en marzo de 2012, debido en parte a la crisis económica y especialmente a las desaveniencias entre sus miembros.

Estilo y características
Los artistas de Uglyworkz apuestan por una propuesta artística diferente a lo establecido en España, empleando instrumentales innovadoras con influencias del funk, west coast, chicano rap,y dirty south, o estribillos con talkbox.

Algunos de sus artistas, como Madrid Pimps, (pioneros en Europa en grabar una mixtape en chopped and screwed). o Yako Muñoz están asociados al gangsta rap. Es por ello que han cosechado tanto halagos como críticas. Han recibido encargos de CD desde Noruega y Japón

Artistas

 Mitsuruggy
 Látex Diamond
 Sholo Truth
 Trad Montana
 Madrid Pimps
 4 Real Carnales
 Slash Major
 LaCalle Familia
 High Gambino
 Yako Muñoz
 Ryma
 Kiba
 Sta.K.Sánchez
 Queena Montana
 DJ Fonk
 Cherisse
 Gran Purismo
 Patric (quien ha realizado el documental Spanish Players 2)

Antiguos miembros
 Primer Dan
 Xcese
 Mad Mellow

Artistas relacionados
 Darmo
 Black Bee
 Costa
 Chirie Vegas

Álbumes destacados
 Sangre azul de Mitsuruggy
 La luz de Mitsuruggy
 Plan B de Látex Diamond & Sholo Truth
 Originators de Madrid Pimps
 Love & Hustlin''' de Trad Montana & Lil' Bdee
 La mixtape de 4 Real Carnales
 Bump Radio'' de Yako Muñoz

Web
Desde su web  se pueden comprar sus discos y merchandising como camisetas, así como descargar mixtapes de forma gratuita.

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial
 Entrevista a Mitsuruggy y Sholo Truth sobre UglyWorkz

Véase también
 Hip hop español
 Hip hop latinoamericano
 Gangsta rap
 Dirty south
 West coast rap
 Chopped and screwed

Referencias

Discográficas de España
Discográficas de rap

Uglyworkz Entertainment


حزب من أجل الحيوانات (اختصار:PvdD) حزب سياسي هولندي ، تأسس في أكتوبر 2002 ، ولديه مقعدين في البرلمان الهولندي ، بدخول هذا الحزب للبرلمان الهولندي تكون هولندا أول دولة في العالم يؤسس فيها حزب يدافع عن حقوق الحيوانات .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

الموقع الرسمي للحزب

أحزاب سياسية أسست في 2002
أحزاب ممثلة في البرلمان الأوروبي
أحزاب هولندا
تأسيسات سنة 2002 في هولندا
منظمات مقرها في أمستردام

حزب من أجل الحيوانات


Lydia Sandgren, née le  en Suède, est une romancière suédoise, lauréate du prix August 2020 avec son premier roman, Samlade verk.

Biographie

Sandgren grandit à Hyssna, une localité suédoise située dans la commune de Mark dans le comté de Västra Götaland.

Après des études universitaires dans le domaine de la littérature et de la philosophie, elle travaille, en 2020, comme psychologue dans une clinique psychiatrique à Göteborg.

En 2020, elle publie un premier roman,  Samlade verk, qui remporte le prix August la même année.

Œuvre
 Samlade verk (2020)

Prix et distinctions notables
 Prix August 2020 avec le roman Samlade verk.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1987
Naissance en Suède
Écrivain suédois du XXIe siècle
Romancière suédoise

Lydia Sandgren


Aliaksandr Ivanavič Karnicki (în alfabet chirilic belarus, ; în ; )

Note

Aliaksandr Karnicki


Adventures of Superman is an American television series based on comic book characters and concepts that Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created in 1938. The show was the first television series to feature Superman and began filming in 1951 in California on RKO-Pathé stages and the RKO Forty Acres back lot. Cereal manufacturer Kellogg's sponsored the show. The first and last airdates of the show, which was produced for first-run syndication rather than for a network, are disputed, but they are generally accepted as September 19, 1952, and April 28, 1958. The show's first two seasons (episodes 1–52, 26 titles per season) were filmed in black-and-white; seasons three through six (episodes 53–104, 13 titles per season) were filmed in color.

George Reeves played Clark Kent / Superman, with Jack Larson as Jimmy Olsen, John Hamilton as Perry White, and Robert Shayne as Inspector Henderson. Phyllis Coates played Lois Lane in the first season, with Noel Neill, who had previously played Lois Lane in the film serials Superman (1948) and Atom Man vs. Superman (1950), stepping into the role in the later seasons. In the series, Superman battles crooks, gangsters, and other villains in the city of Metropolis while masquerading "off duty" as Daily Planet reporter Clark Kent. In most of the series' episodes, Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen, Clark's colleagues in the office, find themselves in dangerous situations that only Superman's timely intervention can resolve.

The opening theme is known as The Superman March. In 1987, select episodes of the show were released on VHS. In 2006, the series became available in its entirety on DVD to coincide with the DVD release of Superman Returns, the first Superman feature film in almost two decades. The feature Hollywoodland (2006) dramatized the show's production and the death of George Reeves.

Production
In November 1951, California exhibitor and B-movie producer Robert L. Lippert released a 58-minute black-and-white film starring George Reeves and Phyllis Coates called Superman and the Mole Men, with a script by Robert Maxwell and direction by Lee Sholem. The film served as a pilot for Adventures of Superman and prompted the start of production of the first season in August/September of the same year. However, the series discontinued production and remained unaired until September 1952, when cereal manufacturer Kellogg's agreed to sponsor the show, which they had previously done with the Superman radio series. The success of the series came as a complete surprise to the cast. Jack Larson recalled that, at the time, he was in New York City, and his newfound fame caught him off guard. The initial feature film, Superman and the Mole Men, was subsequently edited into a two-part storyline called "The Unknown People" and was to be broadcast mid-season, but it went unaired until the two-parter was added to the syndication package of some stations in 1954. It was the only multi-part storyline of the series, and is sometimes broadcast as the "unofficial" season one finale.

Black-and-white seasons, 1952–1954

Phyllis Coates, like George Reeves, was a popular lead in B features of the period. For the TV series, Reeves asked that Coates receive equal star billing as Lois Lane, an enterprising reporter who tries to outdo Clark Kent at getting major news stories. Jack Larson's Jimmy Olsen is a Daily Planet intern, often investigating wrongdoings. The villains often catch him, and Superman has to rescue him. In the film noir-like early episodes, Superman is seen as a semi-mysterious presence who is unknown to many crooks. However, eventually they know who he is. The first season's episodes usually featured action-packed, dark, gritty, and often violent story lines in which Superman fought gangsters and crime lords. Many characters died in these episodes, with some being shown onscreen.

Color seasons, 1954–1958
In the color seasons, the villains were often caricatured, and violence was toned down. The only gunfire that occurred was aimed at Superman, and he was less likely to engage in fisticuffs with the villains. On occasions when he did use physical force, he would take them out in a single blow or by banging them together. More often than not, the villains were likely to knock themselves out while fleeing from Superman. At this point, Jimmy, who was very popular with viewers, was being played as the show's comic foil to Superman. Most plots had Jimmy and Lois being captured, only for Superman to rescue them at the last minute.

Scripts for the sixth and final season reestablished some of the show's seriousness, often utilizing science fiction elements such as a Kryptonite-powered robot, atomic explosions, and impregnable metal cubes. In one of the last episodes, "The Perils of Superman", which was one of three episodes George Reeves directed, there was high stakes as the characters found themselves in perilous situations. ABC-TV aired episodes in its "Fun At Five" series during the 1957-58 season.

Reeves appeared as Superman in "Lucy and Superman", an episode of I Love Lucy that aired on January 14, 1957. In the episode, Reeves appears as himself playing TV's Superman, though George Reeves is not mentioned  until the credits. The announcement "Our guest star tonight was George Reeves, star of the Superman series" was removed from the episode after its first network broadcast. The episode was colorized and re-broadcast as part of an hour-long Lucy special on the CBS network on May 17, 2015.

Stamp Day for Superman
In 1954, at the request of the US Treasury Department, the production company made a special short film directed by Thomas Carr. It was created to promote school savings-stamp plans to children, and was shown in grade schools during the 1950s. It is the only episode of the series that has entered the public domain. It features Clark Kent/Superman, Jimmy Olsen and Lois Lane as well as Tristram Coffin as a government spokesman and Billy Nelson as a criminal. The film was released on the Season Two DVD box set of The Adventures of Superman as the second season finale.

Locations

Adventures of Superman began filming at the RKO-Pathé studios, later Desilu Studios, in Culver City, California, in August–September 1951. It was a low-budget program by the standards of its time, as episodes cost roughly $15,000 apiece. From 1953 to 1954, the show was filmed at California Studios and in 1955 it was filmed at Charlie Chaplin Studios. From 1956 to 1957, it was filmed at Ziv Studios.

The establishing shot of The Daily Planet in the first season was the E. Clem Wilson Building in Los Angeles, California, on Wilshire Boulevard, which was famous for decades as the headquarters of Mutual of Omaha. The Carnation Milk Company Building, located a few blocks east on Wilshire, served as The Daily Planets front door. From the second season onward, stock shots of the 32-story Los Angeles City Hall were used as the Planet building, and the sidewalk entrance to the Planet was a studio-bound "exterior".

Many exteriors in the first season were shot at the RKO Pictures backlot, called "Forty Acres". Hillsides in Culver City, city streets of downtown Los Angeles, and residential areas of the San Fernando Valley were sometimes used as exteriors. In later seasons, filming occurred on sound stages, with exterior shots, such as cars driving along roadways, shot as second-unit material, often with doubles. Establishing shots of Queen of Angels Hospital in the Echo Park section of Los Angeles were often used in episodes such as "The Face and the Voice" during the second season. Another Los Angeles stock footage landmark was the Griffith Observatory, which had several appearances in the series, such as Jor-El's home/laboratory. Aside from a few clips of New York City used in "Superman on Earth", most of the stock clips used to depict Metropolis are of the Los Angeles area.

Opening sequence

The show's title card imitated the three-dimensional lettering of the comic book covers. There have been disputes about the article "the", since it was spoken by narrators in voice-overs. Some references title the show "The Adventures of Superman"; other books, as well as TV Guide listings, simply label the show "Superman". The onscreen title of the show is Adventures of Superman.

Bill Kennedy, framed by the show's theme music, voiced its opening narration, which was expanded from of the 1940s radio show and the 1940s Superman cartoons. The opening narration of the show set the stage for each program:

From the second season onward, the final sentence ("and now, another exciting episode in the Adventures of Superman!") was dropped. In later syndication, when Kellogg's was no longer the sponsor, the episode openings were re-edited to remove the opening line relating to them.

Music
The score for the series was taken from stock music libraries, often adaptations of music from B-movies. For example, one cue used in the episode "Peril by Sea" also appears in Plan 9 from Outer Space. Another cue, used in the second season episodes "The Machine that Could Plot Crimes", "Jungle Devil", The Clown Who Cried", and "The Golden Vulture", came from the seventh variation of Miklos Rozsa's "Theme, Variations & Finale. Op. 13, from 1933. There was original music written for the series, such as the March used in the credits. The theme is ascribed to studio music arranger Leon Klatzkin, although it may have been adapted from an earlier unrelated, and now lost, theme. With the exception of the title theme, musical cues ranged in tone and were different for each season, except for the third season, where some cues from the previous season would be reused in several episodes. The opening credits theme, which is used as Superman's "leitmotif", was often used whenever he was depicted flying or in action.

Flying effects

While considered simple by today's standards, the "flying" effects on Adventures of Superman were advanced for the time. Throughout the series, Superman's "flying" involved three phases: take-off, flight, and landing. Cables and wires were used for Superman's take-offs early in filming. For season one episodes, stuntmen took Reeves' place whenever cables and wires were used for take offs. At the end of season one, cables and wires stopped being used, and were later dropped altogether by the end of season two. As well, special effects head Daniel "Danny" Hays left the series. By this time, a springboard was brought in for take off scenes, designed by the series' other SFX supervisor, Thol "Si" Simonson. Reeves would run into frame and hit the out-of-frame springboard, which would boost him out of frame, sometimes over the camera, and onto padding. The springboard had enough force, along with subtle camera manipulation, to make it look as though he was actually taking off. The typical technique had footage of Reeves stretched out on a spatula-like device formed to his torso and leg, operated on a counterweight like a boom microphone, allowing him to bank as if in flight. In some later episodes, such as "The Atomic Secret", Reeves simulated flying, opting to lie on the device without the molded form to support his legs, which are seen to hang from the waist in those episodes.

In the two monochrome seasons, Reeves was occasionally filmed in front of aerial footage on a back-projection screen or against a neutral background, which would provide a matte which would be optically combined with a swish-pan or aerial shot. This footage was matted onto various backgrounds by which he would appear to fly. For the color episodes, the simpler and cheaper technique of a neutral cyclorama backing was used, usually sky-blue or black for night shots. Techniques for landings involved Reeves jumping off a ladder or holding an off-camera horizontal bar and swinging down into frame.

Cast

Main characters

 George Reeves as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman, a being from the dying planet Krypton who was sent to Earth in his infancy by his parents, Jor-El and Lara. He lands near Smallville on April 10, 1926 and is taken in by Eben and Sarah Kent, who raise him and name him Clark. As an adult, he moves from Smallville to Metropolis after Eben dies in 1951. In Metropolis, he becomes a Daily Planet reporter under his human name of Clark Kent. Clark Kent is mildly assertive and authoritative during situations when he is not Superman, as he frequently takes charge in emergencies and is not afraid to take risks. He puts his superpowers to work battling crime in Metropolis and is often called upon to rescue his associates Jimmy Olsen and Lois Lane.
 Phyllis Coates (season 1) and Noel Neill (season 2-6) as Lois Lane, a reporter of the Daily Planet and Clark Kent's associate, who suspects he is Superman. She is stated as being 26 years old in the episode "The Tomb of Zaharan". She returns to her hometown in the season-one episode "The Deserted Village".
 Jack Larson as Jimmy Olsen, a reporter and photographer with the Daily Planet and an associate of Kent and Lane. He serves as the show's comic relief. His mother makes an appearance in an early episode. Though boyish in his tastes and sense of humor, he occasionally displays maturity and courage. Larson's credit was elevated to the first position on the featured cast page over Noel Neil for the last two full color seasons.
 John Hamilton as Perry White, the blustering and impatient editor and publisher of the Daily Planet, who sometimes participates in the exploits of Lois and Jimmy as they pursue news stories. He treats crooks and thugs with disdain and contempt—in one episode, he mentions that he was once a crime reporter. Perry's sister Kate appears in the first-season episode "Drums of Death"; he also has a nephew, Chris, who appears in the second-season episode "Jet Ace".
 Robert Shayne as Inspector Henderson of the Metropolis Police, a friend of the Daily Planet staff who often works with them in crime investigations. He has a teenage son named Ray, who appears in one episode.
 Recurring characters include Phillips Tead as Professor Pepperwinkle, Sterling Holloway as Professor Oscar Quinn, Danny Sue Nolan, Aline Towne, and Almira Sessions as Miss Bacharach, and Everett Glass as Professor Lucerne.

Special appearances

Tris Coffin; Herb Vigran; John Eldredge, best known as Harry Archer on Meet Corliss Archer (1954); Philip Van Zandt; and Ben Welden made multiple appearances over the course of the show, always as different villains.

Actors who landed Superman guest appearances early in their careers include:
 Claude Akins as Ace Miller, criminal in "Peril by Sea". Akins previously appeared with George Reeves two years earlier in the movie From Here To Eternity, and would later play Sheriff Lobo on the 1970s television series B. J. and the Bear and The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo.
 Mabel Albertson as Kate White, Perry White's sister, in "Drums of Death".
 John Banner played a butler to a wealthy individual. Banner later became famous as Sgt. Schultz on Hogan's Heroes.
 Hugh Beaumont as Dan Grayson, an ex-convict wanting to reform his life, in "The Big Squeeze". Beaumont is best known for his portrayal of Ward Cleaver on the series Leave It to Beaver, from 1957 to 1963.
 John Beradino as Dexter Brown, in "The Unlucky Number". Beradino would later become better known as Dr. Steve Hardy on General Hospital.
 James Brown as Jim Carson in "Around the World with Superman" (1954).
 Paul Burke as Ace, a criminal, in "My Friend Superman"; Matthew Tips in "Superman Week"; and Rosy in "The Phantom Ring". Burke later starred in the 1960s series Naked City and Twelve O'Clock High.
 Jimmy Dodd as Jake in "Double Trouble".
 Chuck Connors as Sylvester Superman in "Flight to the North"; his later The Rifleman supporting player Paul Fix had appeared in "Czar of the Underworld" and "Semi-Private Eye".
 Billy Gray as Alan, a teenager who snaps a photo of Superman that may reveal the superhero's earthly identity in "Shot in the Dark". Gray would become known as "Bud" Anderson, Jr. in the situation comedy Father Knows Best.
 Dabbs Greer, in "Superman on Earth", the premiere episode, as a man falling from a dirigible; as a man falsely convicted of murder in "Five Minutes to Doom"; and in the dual roles of Mr. Pebble / Dan Dobey in "The Superman Silver Mine". Greer would become well known years later as Reverend Alden on the television series Little House on the Prairie.
 Ed Hinton as Cave Man in "Through the Time Barrier" and as Joe in "The Phantom Ring".
 Russell Johnson as Chopper in "The Runaway Robot". Johnson was later best known for his role as The Professor in Gilligan's Island.
 Joi Lansing as Sergeant Helen J. O'Hara, a policewoman posing as the titular character in the episode "Superman's Wife".
 Tyler MacDuff as Frankie in "The Boy Who Hated Superman".
 Eve McVeagh as Mrs. Wilson in "The Stolen Elephant".
 Vic Perrin as a sailor called "Scurvy" in "The Golden Vulture".
 Ann Tyrrell as Miss Walton in the first-season episode "The Deserted Village".

Other veteran film and television actors making appearances on the show included Dona Drake, George E. Stone, James Craven, Dan Seymour, Victor Sen Yung, Maudie Prickett, John Doucette, Norma Varden, Roy Barcroft, Elizabeth Patterson, and George Chandler.

Director Tommy Carr's brother Steve appeared as an unbilled extra in nearly every one of the first 26 shows and frequently in more substantial character roles. He was also the show's dialogue director and was the man pointing "up in the sky" in the introductions of the black-and-white shows.

Episodes

Cancellation and aftermath
Producers planned to continue Adventures of Superman in 1959 with two more years' worth of episodes, to begin airing in the 1960 season. The death of actor John Hamilton threw the plan into disarray. Actor Pierre Watkin was hired to replace Hamilton as "Perry White's brother". Watkin had played Perry White himself in the two Columbia serials and had guested on the series before.

The sudden death of the show's star George Reeves in June 1959 was not the end of the series either, in the producers' eyes. When Jack Larson returned from Europe after the death of Reeves, producers suggested the series could continue as "Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen", with more focus on Larson's character, playing opposite a "Superman" who would be a composite of stock shots of George Reeves and a stunt double to be filmed from behind. Larson rejected the idea.

Another spin-off idea was a pilot Whitney Ellsworth produced in 1961: The Adventures of Superboy. Johnny Rockwell starred as a young Clark Kent in Smallville. As Superboy, he wore a suit similar in design to George Reeves' suit. Although thirteen scripts had been written, only the pilot was filmed.

Both Noel Neill and Jack Larson had minor roles in the 2006 movie Superman Returns. Neill played the multimillionaire wife of Lex Luthor, played by Kevin Spacey, who dies at the beginning of the film, leaving her entire inheritance to Luthor, while Larson played a bartender.

A CGI version of Reeves as Superman appears in the 2023 DC Extended Universe film The Flash. The film also retroactively establishes that Jay Garrick / The Flash exists in the show's universe.

References

External links

 Official DC Comics website

 Adventures of Superman at SupermanHomepage.com
 "Stamp Day for Superman" episode at the Internet Archive

1952 American television series debuts
1958 American television series endings
American action television series
American adventure television series
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Saturn Award-winning television series
Superman television series
Television shows based on DC Comics
Television shows set in the United States

Adventures of Superman (TV series)


Mu2 Gruis (μ2 Gru) es una estrella en la constelación de Grus, la grulla, de magnitud aparente +5,12.
Comparte la denominación de Bayer «Mu» con Mu1 Gruis, siendo la separación visual entre ellas de 19 minutos de arco.
Ambas estrellas no están gravitacionalmente ligadas, pese a que encuentran a parecida distancia del sistema solar; mientras que Mu1 Gruis se acerca a nosotros a una velocidad de 7,2 km/s, Mu2 Gruis se aleja a razón de 12,5 km/s.

Mu2 Gruis es una gigante amarillo-anaranjada de tipo espectral G8III.
Tiene una temperatura efectiva de 4900 K y su luminosidad es 66 veces superior a la luminosidad solar.
Su radio es 11,4 veces más grande que el del Sol y su masa 2,5 veces mayor que la masa solar.
En cuanto a su estado evolutivo, su edad se estima en 650 millones de años y en su núcleo interno se produce la fusión nuclear del helio.
La antes citada Mu1 Gruis, Sadalbari (μ Pegasi), Tyl (ε Draconis) o δ Piscis Austrini son estrellas muy semejantes a Mu2 Gruis.

Mu2 Gruis se encuentra a 265 años luz del sistema solar.
Puede formar un sistema binario con una compañera estelar de la que nada se sabe.

Referencias

Estrellas
Constelación de Grus

Mu2 Gruis


Iwao Yamane (født 31. juli 1976) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sanfrecce Hiroshima, Oita Trinita og Kashiwa Reysol.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Iwao Yamane


János Hunfalvy [] (* 21. Januar 1820 in Nagyszalók; † 6. Dezember 1888 in Budapest) war ein ungarischer Geograph, Mitglied der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Begründer der Ungarischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.

Leben und Werk
Hunfalvy war der jüngere Bruder des Linguisten Pál Hunfalvy. Sein fast 10 Jahre älterer Bruder sorgte dafür, dass er eine gründliche, klassische Bildung erhielt. Pál Hunfalvy war zeitweise als Erzieher der Brüder Friedrich und Hermann Podmaniczky tätig, die nach dem Tod des Vaters um 1834 nach Miskolc gezogen waren. Ihre Mutter stimmte zu, dass sein Bruder gemeinsam mit ihren Söhnen erzogen und ausgebildet werden durfte. Er absolvierte seine schulische Ausbildung in Késmárk und Eperjes und studierte anschließend an den Universitäten Berlin und Tübingen. Zu der sorgfältigen Grundbildung kam das systematische Selbststudium hinzu. Anfangs übersetzte er kleinere Erzählungen aus dem Deutschen und Englischen, so dass er schon in jungen Jahren mehrere Sprachen erlernt haben muss. Im Jahr 1841 erschien bereits eine Novelle von ihm im Athemæum für die er auf die Memoires sur Napoleon et le premier erapire des Armand de Caulaincourt zurückgegriffen hatte.

1846 erhielt er eine Stelle als Lehrer für Statistik und Geschichte am Lyzeum von Késmárk. Aufgrund seiner Teilnahme an der Ungarischen Revolution von 1848 wurde er jedoch entlassen und zu einer Haftstrafe verurteilt. Nach seiner Entlassung aus dem Gefängnis ließ er sich in Pest nieder, wo er sich eine Existenz als Schriftsteller und Dozent aufbaute. Gemeinsam mit seinem Jugendfreund Ágost (August) Greguss (1825–1882) redigierte er von 1855 bis 1857 das . Als er zum Mitglied ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt worden war, hielt er am 6. Juni 1859 dort einen Antrittsvortrag mit dem Titel: Strabos und Ptolomaios' Büschings und K. Ritters Ansichten über Geographie, oder Gegenstand und Aufgaben dieser Wissenschaft.

1866 wurde er, unterstützt von Móriz Pálffy, Dozent an der Königlich-Ungarischen Joseph-Universität für Technik und Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Viele seiner Studien veröffentlichte Hunfalvy in der von Antal Csengery redigierten Budapester Revue. Zum ersten Zyklus dort gehörten drei Essays Hunfalvys, in welchen er über die neuesten Reiseerlebnisse der Afrikaforscher in Nordafrika berichtete. Er bearbeitete die Notizen des Entdeckers Ladislaus Magyar über dessen südafrikanische Reisen in den Jahren 1849–1857, so dass sie 1859 veröffentlicht werden konnten. Die Übersetzung des ersten Bandes erschien auch auf Deutsch und ist Carl Ritter gewidmet. Im November 1873 hielt er in der Akademie eine Denkrede über den 1864 verstorbenen Forschers, in der er dessen Leistungen würdigte.

1870 wurde er zum Präsidenten des neu errichteten Lehrstuhls für Geographie an der Universität Pest ernannt und übte diese Stelle bis zu seinem Tode aus. In dieser Zeit unternahm er mehrere Auslandsreisen und vertrat die ungarische Regierung an internationalen Kongressen für Statistik und Geographie, unter anderem in Den Haag, Sankt Petersburg, Paris, London, Venedig und Rom. Zudem nahm er an mehreren Weltausstellungen teil.

Im Jahre 1872 begründete er zusammen mit Ármin Vámbéry, Antal Berecz und János Xántus die Ungarische Geographische Gesellschaft (ungarisch: Magyar Földrajzi Társaság) und amtierte bis zu seinem Tod als deren erster Präsident. Nach einer längeren Schaffenspause veröffentlichte Hunfalvy im Jahr 1873 eine Besprechung zu seinem Buch Ég es Föld (Himmel und Erde) und es folgte noch im selben Jahr eine Besprechung über eines geographische Werks von Gerolamo Boccardo in der Budapester Revue. Er befasste sich eingehend mit dem "Einfluss des Waldes auf das Klima". Er arbeitete an einer umfassenden Erdbeschreibung und 1884 erschien der erste Band, in dem er den Süden Europas beschrieb. Dabei beschrieb er jeden einzelnen Volksstamm und die einzelnen Gebiete der Länder. Der zweite Band, der 1886 erschien, enthielt ein Kapitel A magyar birodalom földrajza, különös tekintettel a neprajzi viszonyokra (Geographie des ungarischen Staates, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der ethnographischen Verhältnisse). Er hatte bereits Material für weitere geplante Bände zusammengetragen. Der dritte Band sollte das übrige Europa behandeln, der vierte Asien und Australien, der fünfte solle von Afrika und Amerika handeln. Doch starm er 1888 und hinterließ nur unfertige Manuskripte. Daher erschien nach seinem Tod nur noch ein dritten Band, der von seinem Schüler Gustav Thirring (1861–1941) beendet wurde.

In der slowakischen Hohen Tatra sind das "Hunfalvyjoch" (slowak. Váha) und das "Hunfalvytälchen" (slowak. Kotlinka pod Váhou) nach ihm benannt.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Egyetemestörtenelem. 3 Bände, 1851 (Universal-Geschichte).
 Budapest es környeke. Budapest 1859 (Budapest und Umgebung).
 Mit Ludwig Rohbock: Magyar- orszäg es Erdely eredeti kepekben. 3 Bände, 1865 (Ungarn und Siebenbürgen in malerischen Original-Ansichten).
 A magyar birodalom termeszeti viszonyainak leiräsa. 3 Bände, 1863–1865 (Die physikalischen Verhältnisse des ungarischen Reiches, ausgezeichnet mit dem "Marczibänyi-Preis").
 Kis földleiräs. 1869 (KleineErdbeschreibung).
 Euröpai ällamok rövid statistikäja. 1868 (Kurze Statistik der europäischen Staaten).
 Az oszträk birodalom rövid statistikäja, különös tekintettel Magyarorszagra. 1867 (Kurze Statistik Österreichs, mit besonderem Bezug auf Ungarn).

Literatur

Weblinks
 János Hunfalvy In: A Pallas nagy lexikona (ungarisch)

Einzelnachweise

Geograph (19. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Eötvös-Loránd-Universität)
Person (Transleithanien)
Person (Kaisertum Österreich)
Person als Namensgeber für einen Asteroiden
Ungar
Geboren 1820
Gestorben 1888
Mann

János Hunfalvy


Markus Sten Näslund (born 30 July 1973) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player and former general manager for Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL, formerly named Elitserien). He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks, and New York Rangers, as well as in the Elitserien with Modo Hockey. Nicknamed "Nazzy" by Canucks fans and "Macke" or "Mackan" in his native Sweden, he was known for his offensive skills, particularly his wrist shot and stickhandling.

After playing junior hockey within the Modo organization, Näslund turned professional with the club's Elitserien team in 1990–91. Selected in the first round, 16th overall by the Penguins in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft, he joined the NHL in 1993–94. After his tenure with Pittsburgh, Näslund was traded to the Vancouver Canucks in 1996, where he spent 12 years, including a team record 8 as captain. With the Canucks, Näslund led the team in scoring for 7 seasons, was thrice first team All-Star, chosen in 2002, 2003 and 2004, a Lester B. Pearson Award recipient in 2003, and runner-up for the Hart, Art Ross, and Rocket Richard Trophies in 2003. He received the Cyclone Taylor Trophy as the Canucks' most valuable player five times and the Cyrus H. McLean Trophy as the leading point-scorer for seven consecutive seasons—both club records—en route to becoming the franchise leader in goals and points. In 2008, Näslund signed with the Rangers, where he spent one season before announcing his retirement from the NHL after 15 seasons. Midway through the 2009–10 season, he returned to play for Modo before retiring a second time. In December 2010, he became the third Canucks player to have his jersey retired, joining Stan Smyl and Trevor Linden.

Internationally, Näslund has competed with the Swedish national team in two European Junior Championships, two World Junior Championships, four World Championships, two World Cups and one Winter Olympics. He holds the World Junior record for most goals scored in a single tournament, scoring 13 in 1993, while also winning back-to-back silver medals at the competition. In World Championship play, he won a silver medal in 1993 and two bronze medals in 1999 and 2002. On 21 April 2014, Näslund was inducted into the Swedish Hockey Hall Of Fame.

Early life
Näslund was born to Sture and Ulla Näslund on 30 July 1973 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The city has produced numerous NHL players, including childhood friend and future Modo Hockey teammate Peter Forsberg, as well as Victor Hedman and future Canucks teammates Henrik and Daniel Sedin.

Growing up idolizing Swedish NHL and Elitserien star Håkan Loob, he played most of his organized hockey at an outdoor rink in his neighbourhood during his youth. At age 14, Näslund competed with the regional all-star team from Ångermanland, helping the squad win a national under-16 championship at TV-pucken in 1988. He received the Sven Tumba Award as the tournament's best forward.

Born within 10 days of each other, Näslund and Forsberg became well-acquainted while playing on separate youth teams. They went on to join the Ångermanland team together, before competing on the same side at the junior and senior levels for Modo Hockey and the Swedish national team. They attended high school together and had summer jobs at the age of 18 with the same electrical company that employed both Näslund's mother and Forsberg's father, Kent.

Playing career

Modo Hockey
At age 15, Näslund played a season with Örnsköldsviks SK in Sweden's third-tier men's league. Appearing in 14 games, he scored 7 goals and 13 points. The following season, in 1989–90, Näslund joined the Modo Hockey organization, playing in Sweden's highest-level junior league, the J20 SuperElit, where he and Peter Forsberg skated together on one of the most productive lines in the league. The pair helped Modo to win back-to-back junior championships. After a season of junior, in 1990–91 Näslund joined Modo's professional team in the Elitserien, Sweden's premiere league. The Modo equipment manager designated him with the jersey number 19, which Näslund thereafter opted to wear with the Swedish national teams he played on. He recorded 10 goals and 19 points in his rookie season, a record points total for a 17-year-old in the league, until Robert Nilsson scored 21 in 2002–03.

In the off-season, Näslund was drafted 16th overall in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins. The team's general manager, Craig Patrick, hailed Näslund and Forsberg as the draft's top two prospects behind first-overall selection Eric Lindros. He compared Näslund to the Los Angeles Kings' Swedish forward Tomas Sandström, although he did not consider him as aggressive a player, and further claimed that he was a more natural goal-scorer than Penguins forward Jaromír Jágr, who had just completed his rookie year with the club.

Näslund remained in Sweden with Modo for two more years, recording a team-leading 39 points in 1991–92.  He matched that points total the following season before helping Modo to the quarterfinals of the Elitserien playoffs.

Pittsburgh Penguins
Following the 1992–93 season, his contract with Modo expired on 30 April 1993, and he had not yet come to terms with the Penguins. According to the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the NHL and NHL Players Association (NHLPA), he was entitled to free agency within the league, beginning on 1 July. However, a conflicting agreement between the league and Swedish ice hockey officials required that he sign an NHL contract on or before 30 June in order to leave Sweden. With the deadline approaching, Näslund filed a federal lawsuit against the NHL claiming that their agreement with Swedish officials could not override his rights as a player under the CBA.  The case went to a federal judge in Newark, New Jersey, who ruled in favour of Näslund on 29 June. League president and lawyer Gil Stein released an affidavit stating the NHL-Swedish agreement did not apply to Näslund, as he was not under contract with any Swedish team.

Näslund became a Group 4 restricted free agent on 1 July. He did not receive any offers from other teams due to an apparent promise from the Penguins organization to exercise their right to match. After two months of free agency, Näslund and the Penguins agreed to a deal on 9 September 1993, worth approximately US$1.8 million over three years, including a $750,000 signing bonus.

Näslund subsequently joined the Penguins for the 1993–94 season. Due to teammate Bryan Trottier already wearing his Modo jersey number, 19, he chose number 29 instead. He appeared in his first NHL game on 5 October 1993 against the Philadelphia Flyers. Five days later, he registered his first NHL point, an assist, during a game against the Quebec Nordiques. His first NHL goal came the following month on 9 November 1993 in a 3–3 tie against the St. Louis Blues. The goal came in the first period on the powerplay against goaltender Curtis Joseph, assisted by Doug Brown and Marty McSorley. Upon entering the NHL, Näslund struggled and was admittedly frustrated with himself. As a result, he was demoted to the Penguins' International Hockey League (IHL) affiliate, the Cleveland Lumberjacks, on several occasions. He finished his rookie campaign with four goals and seven assists in 71 games. Although the Penguins qualified for the 1994 playoffs, Näslund did not participate in post-season play, being made a healthy scratch (non-dressing player), and watched as Washington eliminated Pittsburgh in the first round.

The following season, shortened due to the 1994–95 labour dispute, he continued to split playing time between the NHL and IHL. In 14 games with Pittsburgh, he scored two goals and four points, while recording seven points in seven games with Cleveland. He did not appear in the NHL playoffs for a second straight season, despite the Penguins qualifying. Instead, he was assigned to Cleveland for their playoff season, in which he recorded four points in four games. Frustrated by his ongoing demotions to the IHL, at one point during the season he requested to be traded from Pittsburgh.

Näslund impressed in his third training camp with the Penguins, held prior to the 1995–96 season. He was labelled in the media as "Mr. September", referring to his ability to show promise before struggling once the season began. Due to the departures of All-Star left-wingers Kevin Stevens and Luc Robitaille from the Penguins, Näslund had an opportunity for a more prominent role with the club in 1995–96. He played on the second offensive unit with winger Jaromír Jágr and centre Ron Francis during training camp before being moved up to the first line with Mario Lemieux. He showed an immediate improvement, starting the season with 36 points in 29 games. He recorded his first NHL career hat-trick on 28 November 1995 in a 7–2 win over the Ottawa Senators. However, his production slowed later in the season; he was scratched on several occasions and was demoted to the third and fourth lines by February.

Vancouver Canucks

1996–2000: Trade to Vancouver and captaincy
In the final year of his contract with Pittsburgh, he was the subject of trade rumours. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette listed the Edmonton Oilers as the most likely candidate to deal for Näslund. However, on 20 March 1996, he was dealt to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for forward Alek Stojanov. The deal would be regarded as one of the most lopsided trades in NHL history once Näslund displayed his full offensive capabilities later in his career. Stojanov, who had been drafted eight spots ahead of Näslund in the 1991 Draft, went on to play 45 games, scoring two goals and four assists for the Penguins over the next two seasons. He became a career minor-leaguer and retired by age 29, while Näslund would eventually play 884 games with the Canucks in 12 seasons.

Näslund made his debut with the team  two days following the trade against the Dallas Stars. As his desired jersey number 19 was already being worn on the team by Tim Hunter, the Canucks gave him number 22. Going pointless in his first nine games with his new club, Näslund recorded a hat-trick in the last game of the regular season, a 5–0 win over the Calgary Flames on 13 April 1996. The victory qualified the Canucks for the 1996 playoffs. He finished the regular season with a combined 22 goals and 55 points over 76 games between Pittsburgh and Vancouver. Näslund competed in his first NHL playoffs as the Canucks faced the Colorado Avalanche in the first round. He scored his first career NHL playoff goal in the final game of the series, opening the scoring against goaltender Patrick Roy on the powerplay. Colorado won 3–2 to eliminate Vancouver in six games. Näslund added two assists over the course of the series for three points total.

In the off-season, he was re-signed by the Canucks on 8 August 1996. Näslund switched his jersey number back to 19 from his time with Modo, as Hunter left the team. In his first full campaign with the Canucks, he recorded 21 goals and 41 points over 78 games. The Canucks failed to qualify for the playoffs that season; they would not return to the post-season until 2001. At the start of the 1997–98 season, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan scratched a healthy Näslund, prompting him to request a trade once again. He finished the year with 14 goals and 34 points over 76 games.

The following campaign, Näslund emerged as an offensive leader with the Canucks. Injuries to forwards Alexander Mogilny and Todd Bertuzzi, as well as the absence of Pavel Bure, resulted in Näslund earning more ice time. He scored his third NHL career hat-trick on 5 December 1998 during a 4–1 win against the Dallas Stars. At mid-season, he was named to his first NHL All-Star Game, held in January 1999. He went on to record a team-leading 36 goals and 66 points, resulting in him being awarded the Cyclone Taylor Trophy as the Canucks' most valuable player—his first of five during his tenure with Vancouver— as well as his first of two of the team's annual Most Exciting Player Awards (he received his second two years later). In the off-season, he was re-signed by the Canucks to a three-year, $7.2 million contract.

During the Canucks' 2000–01 training camp in Sweden, Näslund was named team captain on 15 September 2000. He replaced Mark Messier, who had returned as a free agent to the New York Rangers, and became the first European-born captain in Canucks' history. Näslund has cited Messier as his greatest playing influence, having played alongside him the previous three seasons. In his first year as team captain, Näslund continued to improve offensively and was named to his second NHL All-Star Game, held in February 2001. With 10 games remaining in the season, he suffered a broken leg on 16 March 2001 during a contest against the Buffalo Sabres. Chasing a loose puck in the third period, he was hit by Sabres defencemen Jay McKee and Rhett Warrener simultaneously, falling awkwardly on his right leg. Näslund was sidelined for the remainder of the season, as he required surgery to repair broken tibia and fibula bones. His 41 goals at the time of the injury were tied for third in the league, while his 75 points ranked in 11th place. As a result, he received his first of three career Viking Awards, given to the best Swedish player in the NHL.  Without Näslund in the lineup, the Canucks finished the season with the eighth and final seed in the Western Conference, but were swept in the first round by the Colorado Avalanche in four games.

The Canucks' return to the playoffs marked a turning point in the team's success. After undergoing a rebuilding period in the late-90s under leading point-scorers Messier, Bure and Mogilny, Näslund formed a new core that included Bertuzzi, Brendan Morrison, Ed Jovanovski and Mattias Öhlund. He recalls "grow[ing] up together in the early 2000s" with this group of players as his "fondest memory" in the NHL.

2001–2005 West Coast Express
Set to enter the final year of his contract, Näslund re-signed with the Canucks to a three-year extension on 28 June 2001.  He spent the off-season rehabilitating his leg, which was held together with a titanium rod and screws following surgery, at his private gym in his hometown of Örnsköldsvik. He returned from his injury in 2001–02 and improved to 40 goals and 90 points, which ranked second in the league behind Jarome Iginla. The 2001–02 campaign marked the beginning of what was widely considered the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons. Näslund and Bertuzzi had already formed a duo as wingers on the Canucks' top line for more than two seasons when head coach Marc Crawford replaced centre Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison during a game on 9 January 2002. The trio were dubbed the "West Coast Express", named after Vancouver's commuter rail service of the same name.

The formation of Näslund's new line coincided with an eight-goal, 21-point effort over 14 games in January 2002, earning him NHL Player of the Month honours. He was later chosen to represent the World Team at the 2002 NHL All-Star Game in Los Angeles and scored the game-winning goal in an 8–5 victory over the North American team. The Canucks finished the season with the eighth seed in the Western Conference for the second straight year, resulting in a first-round playoff match-up with the Detroit Red Wings. It was Näslund's first appearance in the post-season since his initial year with the Canucks in 1996. He was limited to a goal and an assist as Vancouver was eliminated by a Detroit side captained by the legendary Steve Yzerman and backstopped by perennial All-Star and future Hall of Famer Dominic Hasek. The Canucks fell in six games, despite winning the opening two games of the series. In the off-season, Näslund received NHL first team All-Star honours as the league's top left-winger. He also finished fifth in Hart Memorial Trophy balloting.

In 2002–03, with the West Coast Express line intact for a full season, Näslund finished with a career-high of 48 goals and 104 points, finishing second in the league in both categories. Furthermore, he led the league with 54 powerplay points and 12 game-winning goals. Näslund's linemates also produced career seasons as Bertuzzi recorded 97 points, which ranked fifth in league scoring, while Morrison tallied 71. Together, the trio accounted for 45% of the Canucks' 264 goals.

Early in the season, Näslund scored his eighth career NHL hat-trick, scoring three goals in a seven-minute span during the second period of a 5–2 win over the San Jose Sharks on 21 October 2002. On 14 December, he scored a career-high four goals in a 6–3 win over the Edmonton Oilers, tying a Canucks record for most goals in a single game. Named to his third consecutive All-Star Game, held in February 2003, Näslund scored a goal in the first shootout in All-Star Game history to help the Western Conference defeat the Eastern Conference 6–5. He was joined on the All-Star squad by three other Canucks – Bertuzzi, Ed Jovanovski and head coach Marc Crawford. Crawford paired Näslund on a line with Peter Forsberg, marking the first time in nearly 10 years the two had played together. Later that month, Näslund registered another career-high game with a six-point night (one goal, five assists) in an 8–0 victory over the Atlanta Thrashers on 14 February 2003.  The win extended the Canucks' franchise record unbeaten streak to 14 games. On 27 March, he recorded an assist in a 5–1 win against the Phoenix Coyotes for his 100th point of the season, becoming the third Canuck to reach the plateau after Pavel Bure and Alexander Mogilny.

On the last day of the 2002–03 regular season, the Canucks lost the Northwest Division title to the Colorado Avalanche through a defeat against the Los Angeles Kings. Näslund had also begun the night as the league's leading point – and goal-scorer, but was surpassed by Avalanche forwards Peter Forsberg and Milan Hejduk, respectively. After the game, Näslund apologized to the home fans at General Motors Place, saying the team "choked." Qualifying for the 2003 playoffs, Vancouver won its first-round matchup against the St. Louis Blues in seven games after trailing the series three games to one. Näslund scored a goal in the deciding game to help the Canucks advance. Against the Minnesota Wild in the next round, the Canucks were eliminated by relinquishing a three-to-one series lead of their own. Näslund finished the playoffs with a career-high 14 points in 14 games.

In the off-season, Näslund received the Lester B. Pearson Award (since renamed the Ted Lindsay Award), given to the league's best player as voted by the NHLPA. By beating out fellow award nominees Forsberg and Boston Bruins centre Joe Thornton, he became the first Swedish-born recipient of the award, as well as the first Canucks player. He was presented the trophy during a ceremony at the Hockey Hall of Fame. Näslund was also a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy, awarded to the league's most valuable player as voted by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association. He finished as first runner-up to Forsberg, receiving five first-place ballots out of 62 compared to Forsberg's 38. Second runner-up Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils had 14 first-place ballots, but less voting points overall than Näslund. Despite losing the Hart, he was chosen by The Hockey News as the league's most valuable player that year. Näslund also received both the Viking Award and First Team All-Star honours for the second time.

The following season, Näslund led the Canucks in scoring for the sixth-straight year. His 84 points ranked fourth in the league, while his 35 goals was seventh. His even-strength points topped the league at 58. It marked, however, the beginning of a consistent decline in offensive production for the remainder of his NHL career. He was briefly sidelined in early December 2003 due to a groin injury, but returned to score his second career four-goal game, scoring all the Canucks' goals in a 4–3 overtime win against the Pittsburgh Penguins, on 9 December 2003. At mid-season, he was selected as team captain for the Western Conference at the 2004 NHL All-Star Game in Minnesota.

On 16 February 2004, during a game against the Colorado Avalanche, Näslund received a body-check to the head from opposing forward Steve Moore. Outstretched to retrieve a loose puck, he was hit by Moore with his elbow and shoulder. The league's leading scorer at the time, he sustained a minor concussion, requiring 13 stitches on his forehead and nose, and was sidelined for three games. He also suffered a hyper-extended elbow when he fell to the ice, which he played with through the remainder of the regular season and playoffs. Moore's hit went unpenalized and several Canucks players vowed to exact revenge when the Canucks and Avalanche were set to play each other again on 8 March. Late in the third period of that subsequent game, Todd Bertuzzi skated behind Moore around the ice, punched him in the head and pushed him to the ice. Moore suffered career-ending injuries and Bertuzzi was suspended indefinitely by the league. A close friend of Bertuzzi's, Näslund was deeply affected by the incident, as subsequent lawsuits and public scrutiny negatively impacted Bertuzzi's career. Several years later, Näslund stated, "It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far."

Despite the absence of Bertuzzi for the remainder of the season, Näslund led the Canucks to the Northwest Division title they had lost the previous season. Bertuzzi was replaced on the top line by Matt Cooke. The Canucks' division title placed them third in the Western Conference standings, matching them against the sixth-placed Calgary Flames in the opening round of the 2004 playoffs. In the seventh and deciding game of the series between the two teams, the Canucks faced a one-goal deficit in the final minute of regulation time. With the Canucks having pulled their goaltender for an extra attacker, Näslund stickhandled the length of the ice past two defenders, before shooting the puck on goal. Calgary goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff saved the shot before Cooke scored on the rebound with six seconds left in the game. Despite the effort, Calgary subsequently eliminated Vancouver a minute-and-a-half into the subsequent overtime period on a powerplay goal. Näslund finished the playoffs with nine points in seven games.

At the end of the campaign, he received his second consecutive and third career Viking Award and First Team All-Star mention. In the three seasons from 2001–02 to 2003–04, Näslund scored the most goals (123) and points (278) of any NHL player.

During the NHL labour conflict, he returned to play for Modo Hockey of the Elitserien in 2004–05. Näslund announced his return in mid-January in order to meet the 31 January player-transfer deadline for European clubs, joining Canucks teammates Daniel and Henrik Sedin, as well as former Modo teammate Peter Forsberg on the squad. He was originally expected to sign with Modo before the season started in September, but he returned to Vancouver after spending the summer in Sweden.  Vancouver radio-station Team 1040 cited high tax premiums explaining the decision, while Näslund later reasoned that he preferred to be readily available for the NHL, just in case the league and NHLPA could come to an agreement and the season was salvaged.

He played his first game for Modo in nearly 12 years on 20 January 2005, receiving a standing ovation from the home crowd. Näslund went on to appear in 13 games, scoring 17 points. Modo finished in sixth place during the regular season before being eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by Färjestad BK.

Post-lockout
As NHL play was set to resume for the 2005–06 season, Näslund became an unrestricted free agent. On the open market for several days, he re-signed with the Canucks for three more years on 3 August 2005, at $6 million per season. Vancouver newspaper The Province reported that two other teams had offered deals that matched the contract he signed, but Näslund ultimately chose to remain with the Canucks because he felt the club had a better chance of winning the Stanley Cup. At the time, Näslund said he hoped to retire as a Canuck.

For a franchise-record seventh consecutive season, he led the Canucks in scoring, with 32 goals and 79 points. Despite new NHL rules set in place after the lockout that sought to allow skilled players such as Näslund and his linemates to thrive, all three members of the Canucks' top line saw decreased offensive production in 2005–06. Furthermore, the Canucks failed to make the playoffs for the first time in four seasons, finishing at ninth place in the Western Conference, despite early-season projections to be Stanley Cup contenders. Consequently, significant changes to the Canucks' personnel were made in the off-season. Of particular significance to Näslund, longtime linemate Bertuzzi was traded to the Florida Panthers in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, while Alain Vigneault replaced Marc Crawford with a more defensive-minded coaching approach. Crawford later recalled the 2005–06 season as a turning point in Näslund's role as the offensive leader on the team, noting that Henrik and Daniel Sedin had surpassed him and Bertuzzi in that respect as the campaign progressed.

Facing significant changes in the 2006–07 season, Näslund's points total continued to decrease. He began the season by scoring his 300th goal as a Canuck during the team's home-opener against the San Jose Sharks on 14 October 2006. The goal tied Canucks teammate Trevor Linden for the franchise lead in all-time goals. He soon surpassed Linden with his 301st goal against the Edmonton Oilers on 17 October. Near the midway point of the season, however, Näslund went through a 17-game stretch without a goal. He completed the season with 60 points, his lowest output since 1997–98. Teammate Daniel Sedin had 84 points, marking the first time in eight seasons that Näslund did not lead the team in scoring. In the 2007 post-season, Näslund contributed five points before the team was eliminated by the Anaheim Ducks in the Conference Semifinals.

In 2007–08, Näslund set several more career marks. On 21 November 2007, Näslund tied the Canucks' franchise record of 10 hat-tricks with a three-goal game against the Minnesota Wild, a 4–2 win for Vancouver. It was his first hat-trick since December 2003 and 11th in his career overall. Several games later, on 5 December, Näslund became the Canucks' franchise leading point-scorer, assisting on defenceman Mattias Öhlund's goal and passing Linden with 725 points. The following month, on 17 January 2008, Näslund played his 1,000th career game against the Detroit Red Wings, scoring a goal in a 3–2 shootout loss. Playing parts of the season on a line with Daniel and Henrik Sedin, he recorded 25 goals and 55 points.

As Näslund's free agency approached on 1 July 2008, Näslund made it clear that the style of play and the player personnel of a team would be important factors in determining which team he would sign with after his contract with the Canucks expired. He was admittedly frustrated with Vigneault's defensive coaching style.
Furthermore, since Bertuzzi's departure in the summer of 2006, Vigneault placed Näslund on inconsistent line combinations, often with career minor-leaguers.  While he did not rule out the possibility of returning to Vancouver, he sold his Vancouver home and described his return as questionable.

New York Rangers

Näslund signed a two-year, $8 million contract, including a $1 million signing bonus, with the New York Rangers on 3 July 2008. Upon signing, he revealed New York was his preferred destination heading into free agency. He left Vancouver as the franchise's all-time leader in goals and points with 346 and 756, respectively. His departure also ended his eight-year tenure as team captain, matching Stan Smyl's captaincy as the longest in franchise history. General manager Mike Gillis, who formerly acted as Näslund's agent, released a statement on behalf of the Canucks organization, commending him as "one of the greatest athletes to ever represent the Canucks both on and off of the ice".

Naslund chose to wear #91 with the Rangers, as his #19 was already being worn by Scott Gomez.

As the Rangers held their training camp for the 2008–09 season overseas in Europe, they competed in a one-game challenge against Russian squad Metallurg Magnitogorsk on 1 October 2008 in Bern, Switzerland. The Rangers won the game 4–3, capturing the inaugural Victoria Cup. On 3 October, Näslund was named an alternate captain for the Rangers. The next day, he scored his first goal as a Ranger during the season-opener in Prague, Czech Republic, a 2–1 win against the Tampa Bay Lightning. In his only season with the Rangers, Näslund led the team in scoring with 24 goals and was fourth in points with 46. He added three points in the playoffs, as the Rangers were eliminated in the first round by the Washington Capitals.

Following the Rangers' defeat, he announced his retirement from the NHL on 4 May 2009, at the age of 35. Näslund had informed Rangers general manager Glen Sather, head coach John Tortorella, and his teammates of his intention to retire prior to the team's playoff elimination. By announcing his retirement early in the off-season, Näslund forfeited a $2 million buyout from the Rangers, which would have counted against the team's salary cap for the following season had he waited until he was formally bought out. Näslund retired from the NHL second among all-time Swedish players with 395 goals (behind Mats Sundin's 564; he retired the same year). His 869 points ranked fifth, while his 1,117 games played ranked fourth.

Return to Modo and retirement
Näslund returned to Sweden with his family in the summer of 2009. During this time, Peter Forsberg was attempting a return to the NHL for the 2009–10 season, playing with Modo and the Swedish national team for conditioning purposes. Among the NHL teams interested were the Vancouver Canucks. Näslund had previously tried recruiting Forsberg to play for the Canucks prior to the 2007–08 season, when Forsberg was an unrestricted free agent, without any luck.  Weighing in on Forsberg's possible NHL return, Näslund speculated that Forsberg would remain in Sweden to continue playing for Modo. Several days later, Canucks general manager Mike Gillis confirmed Näslund's speculation, asserting that Forsberg intended on finishing the season with Modo.

The following day, on 17 November 2009, Näslund announced he was coming out of retirement to join Forsberg with Modo for the remainder of the 2009–10 Elitserien season. He explained that while he did not miss playing, both he and Forsberg desired to help their former club out of financial troubles and a last-place standing in the league, facing potential relegation. The announcement crashed the Modo web server as a result of the heavy volume of people visiting the site. As a board member of the club, Näslund said he and Forsberg would play without salary.

Näslund played in his first game back with Modo on 28 November, 11 days after the announcement, registering an assist on the first goal of the game by Forsberg. Modo won the game 4–1 over Rögle BK.  The following match, on 1 December, he registered two assists, setting up the game-tying goal with two seconds remaining in regulation by team captain Per Svartvadet and the overtime-winner by Forsberg.  He scored his first goal since his return on 8 December in a 4–1 win over HV71.  On 27 February, he notched a hat-trick against Färjestad BK in a 10–3 win.  Playing in 29 of Modo's 55 games, Näslund scored at a point-per-game pace with 10 goals and 19 assists. Ranked last in the league prior to Näslund's return, Modo went on to earn 58 points in the remaining 36 games of the season, but finished one point out of a playoff spot. Näslund confirmed his second retirement following the campaign.

At the start of the 2010–11 NHL season, the NHL and NHLPA honoured Näslund with a tribute and ceremonial puck drop prior to a game held in Stockholm, Sweden, between the San Jose Sharks and Columbus Blue Jackets. Several months later, the Canucks retired his number 19 jersey prior to a home game against the Tampa Bay Lightning on 11 December 2010. Attending the on-ice ceremony were his wife, three children, parents and sister, as well as former Canucks teammates, coaches and executives. The night included a video tribute highlighting his hockey career, speeches from team personalities and gift presentations from the organization. In honour of Näslund and his wife's past philanthropy in the Vancouver community, the team also announced the establishment of a sports equipment centre for underprivileged children.  Prior to the jersey raising, Näslund thanked those involved in his career. Reflecting on his career, he commented, "Young hockey players from northern Sweden never dream of a night like this...To go from sitting up in the press box as a healthy scratch to be standing here in front of you is quite amazing." By having his jersey retired, he became the third player in team history to receive the honour, after Stan Smyl and Trevor Linden.

International play
Näslund made his first international appearance for Sweden at the 1989 Four Nations Tournament in the Soviet Union. The following year, he competed in the 1990 European Junior Championships, an under-18 tournament. He went pointless in six games, but helped Sweden to a gold medal finish. He improved the following year with a tournament-leading 14 goals. His 16 points ranked second overall to teammate Peter Forsberg. Sweden failed to defend their gold medal.

Näslund continued to play in junior tournaments over the next two years, competing in the 1992 and 1993 World Junior Championships, where Sweden won back-to-back silver medals. During his first tournament appearance in Germany, he recorded 10 points, ranking third among all players, including a tournament-leading eight goals (tied with four others). Sweden finished second in the tournament's round-robin format to the Commonwealth of Independent States with a record of five wins, one loss and one tie.

The following year, Sweden hosted the World Junior tournament in Gävle. Näslund set a competition record for most goals scored in a single year with 13, while playing on a line with Forsberg and Niklas Sundström. His 24 points were second in the tournament behind Forsberg's 31. Although Sweden and Canada finished with identical records of six wins and one loss, Canada was awarded the gold medal by virtue of their 3–2 win against Sweden during round-robin play. Näslund was named along with Forsberg to the Tournament All-Star team.

Näslund made his senior international debut later that year at the 1993 World Championships in Munich and Dortmund, Germany, where he earned another silver medal with Sweden. He contributed a goal and an assist over eight games. Three years later, he was added to Sweden's roster for the 1996 World Championships in Vienna, Austria, after the Canucks were eliminated in the NHL playoffs. He was pointless while competing in one game, as Sweden failed to medal. Several months later, Näslund competed in the inaugural 1996 World Cup, but was again limited to one game. Sweden reached the semifinal, where they were eliminated by Canada. Competing in his third World Championships in 1999, Näslund helped Sweden to a bronze medal with a 10-point effort in 10 games.

In 2002, Näslund made his first and only appearance in the Winter Olympics at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City. He scored his first and only two Olympic goals during a 7–1 win against Germany. After going undefeated in the round-robin and heralded as medal favourites, Sweden was defeated by Belarus 4–3 in the quarterfinal. The loss was widely considered one of the most surprising results in Olympic history, while Näslund described the defeat in a post-game interview as "devastating...for us and our country." He finished the tournament with two goals and an assist over four games, ranking fourth on the team in scoring.

Several months later, he participated in his final World Championships in 2002, a tournament Sweden hosted in the cities of Gothenburg, Karlstad and Jönköping. He was added to the roster prior to the quarterfinal, following the Canucks' first-round elimination in the NHL playoffs. Sweden was defeated by Slovakia 3–2 in the semifinal. They went on to win their consolation match against Finland 5–3 to capture the bronze medal. It was Näslund's second bronze medal in as many tournament appearances; he scored three points in three games.

Prior to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Näslund participated in his final international competition at the 2004 World Cup, where he failed to score a goal in four games played. Although he was named to Team Sweden for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Näslund chose not to play due to a groin injury. Sweden went on to win the gold medal, defeating Finland in the final.

Playing style

Näslund was known as a highly skilled offensive player with good skating and puck-handling abilities. The most prominent aspect of his game was his wrist shot, which was known to be one of the most accurate in the league and accounted for a large portion of his goals. He also earned many of his points on the powerplay. Regarding his skill level and creativity, his first Canucks head coach, Marc Crawford, heralded him as one of "a handful of players in this game who can take a play where there's nothing...and turn it into a scoring chance".

Näslund's prime coincided with the contributing performances of his linemates Bertuzzi and Morrison. His finesse and goal-scoring abilities were complemented by Morrison's playmaking and Bertuzzi's strength and aggression as a power forward. They were known for playing a fast and entertaining style. As a result, head coach Marc Crawford implemented a highly offensive coaching strategy.

As captain of the Canucks for eight years, Näslund was a self-professed "leader by example" with his work ethic and play on the ice. He was often criticized by the media and fans in his final few seasons with the Canucks for not being sufficiently vocal or emotional as the team's captain. Former teammates in Vancouver have described him as a quiet leader that spoke when needed nonetheless. They have also commended him for his integrity, professionalism and the caring manner in which he treated everyone in the organization. In particular, fellow Swedes Daniel and Henrik Sedin have singled him out as a player that mentored them early in their NHL career. New York Rangers general manager Glen Sather reiterated the guiding influence Näslund had on young players coming into the league.

These criticisms began especially in light of his decreasing offensive production following the 2004–05 NHL lockout. The decline  was often attributed in the media to him becoming more defensively responsible under new Canucks coach Alain Vigneault. Bertuzzi's absence following the 2005–06 season was also seen as a negative factor for Näslund individually. It was further proposed that the physical effects of his concussion, as a result of Steve Moore's hit against him in 2004, as well as the emotional toll of Bertuzzi's subsequent retaliation against Moore strained his playing efficiency.

Management career
Midway through the 2010–11 Elitserien season on 17 December 2010, Näslund was named the general manager of the Modo organization, overseeing all the organization's sports clubs. In his first season with the organization, the hockey club finished last in the Elitserien, six points out of a playoff spot. Facing relegation to the second-tier HockeyAllsvenskan, Modo finished second in the 2011 Kvalserien, retaining their Elitserien status for the 2011–12 season.

In the off-season, Näslund was joined by Peter Forsberg on Modo's management team. Forsberg was announced as Modo's assistant manager in April 2011.

Off the ice

Personal
Näslund and his wife Lotta have three children: Rebecca, Isabella, and Alex. During his NHL career, they spent their summers in Sweden. Like Swedes Nicklas Lidström and his childhood idol, Håkan Loob, Näslund had expressed a desire to raise his children in his homeland Sweden. He made headlines when he first publicly contemplated an early retirement from the NHL to serve those purposes during the 2002–03 season.  However, he also considered Vancouver his home and cherished his time spent in the city as a member of the Canucks.

Upon being signed by the Rangers, Näslund and his family moved to Tarrytown, New York. Following his retirement from the NHL in 2009, they returned to Sweden, where Näslund began coaching his son's minor-league hockey team before he became the general manager of Modo. He participated in the construction of a new house in Örnsköldsvik that his family moved into.

Markus has also ventured into business as a real estate developer.

Philanthropy
In 2002, Näslund and Forsberg founded Icebreakers, an organization that raises money for sick and disabled children in their home region of Västernorrland. A team of Swedish all-stars are annually assembled to host exhibition charity games against varying challengers.

In Vancouver, Näslund ran a program called "Nazzy's Suite 19" that gave underprivileged children the opportunity to watch Canucks games from a private suite in GM Place. Game attendees were chosen through local children's charities. The program was later taken over by Canucks goaltender Roberto Luongo and renamed "Lui's Crease Club" after Näslund's departure from Vancouver. Along with other Canucks players, Näslund made regular visits to Canuck Place, a children's hospice that provides specialized care for children with life-threatening illnesses; BC Children's Hospital; and was a contributor to the Canucks For Kids Fund. He also appeared in a public service announcement with BC Children's Hospital, educating provincial viewers on mental health issues.

Following his NHL retirement, he joined the anniversary tour of the NHLPA's Goals and Dreams program, a charity that donates hockey equipment to underprivileged children. Näslund began the tour in Örnsköldsvik before joining former Canucks teammates Jyrki Lumme and Pavel Bure for stops in Helsinki and Moscow, respectively.

Endorsements
At the peak of his career, Näslund signed multiple endorsement deals, most notably with Nike Bauer and Electronic Arts (EA). In 2004, EA Sports selected Näslund to appear on the cover of NHL 2005, EA's yearly hockey video game.  He is also on the European cover of NHL 2000.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

All-Star Games

Awards

Sweden

International

NHL

Vancouver Canucks team awards

Records

International
 World Junior Championships' record; most goals, single tournament: 13 (1993)

Vancouver Canucks

 All-time hat-tricks: 10 (tied with Tony Tanti)
 All-time powerplay goals: 114
 Longest tenured captain: 8 years (2000–08)
 Single-season points by a left wing: 104 (2002–03)
 Single-season goals by a left wing: 48 (2002–03)
 Single-game goals: 4 (twice; 14 December 2002 vs. Edmonton Oilers; 9 December 2003 vs. Pittsburgh Penguins; tied with 10 others)

See also

List of NHL players with 100-point seasons
List of NHL players with 1000 games played

Notes

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Cleveland Lumberjacks players
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Lester B. Pearson Award winners
Modo Hockey players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
New York Rangers players
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Sweden
People from Örnsköldsvik Municipality
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Ice hockey people from Västernorrland County
Swedish ice hockey left wingers
Swedish philanthropists
Vancouver Canucks captains
Vancouver Canucks players

Markus Näslund