«Turn Me On» es una canción realizada por el disc jockey y productor francés David Guetta, con la colaboración de la cantante y rapera trinitense Nicki Minaj. Incluida en el quinto álbum de estudio de Guetta, Nothing but the Beat y posteriormente incluida en la versión de lujo del álbum Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded.

Fue compuesta por David Guetta junto a Giorgio Tuinfort, Nicki Minaj, Ester Dean, quien anteriormente contribuyó con Minaj en la composición de su sencillo, «Super Bass»; además del productor italiano Giovanni Romano, bajo el alias "Black Raw", integrante del trío de música house Daddy's Groove. Ha sido elegido como el quinto sencillo de este álbum, se publicó el ,  y pocos días después, se empezó a difundir en las radioemisoras mainstream de los Estados Unidos. Un EP de remezclas fue lanzado internacionalmente a finales de enero de 2012 y se lanzó oficialmente en febrero de 2012 en Estados Unidos y Canadá. Hasta septiembre de 2012, el sencillo lleva vendido 2 337 000 copias en los Estados Unidos.

Esta canción ha sido una de las más exitosas y de las más vistas en YouTube de David, cuenta con más de 290 000 000 de reproducciones; sobresaliendo comercialmente frente a otros de sus sencillos del mismo álbum, como «Titanium», «Where Them Girls At» y «Play Hard», siendo «Turn Me On» la segunda canción más vendida de Guetta en la Billboard Hot 100, solo por detrás de «Without You».

Antecedentes
Guetta se refirió en una entrevista en Billboard, acerca de la canción y de la labor de Nicki Minaj en esta canción:

«Turn Me On» es una canción de dance uptempo, con beats pesados y encontrámos a Minaj en una versión relajada y armónica.

Las remezclas de este sencillo están a cargo de varios productores, como los franceses Michael Calfan y Sebastien Drums, y una reversión del mismo Guetta junto al productor holandés Laidback Luke. Ya se había incluido en una edición especial de Nothing but the Beat, en la versión Party Mix del álbum en diciembre de 2011, el remix de otro productor holandés, Sidney Samson, un habitual remixer de los trabajos de Guetta.
Esta fue una de las canciones elegidas para WrestleMania XXVIII junto con Invincible en Sun Life Stadium.

Video musical
El video musical fue filmado en noviembre de 2011, en los estudios de Universal Studios, bajo la dirección de Sanji. Mientras se lanzó en la cuenta de David Guetta en VEVO, un video promocional, con la letra de la canción, dirigido por Liam Harrison.

El 27 de enero de 2012, se lanzó un video teaser, del video final con una duración de 42 segundos en la cuenta de Guetta en VEVO. Finalmente, el 31 de enero de 2012, se lanzó el video oficial de la canción, a través de la cuenta oficial de Guetta en Youtube.

Trama del video

La trama de este muestra a David Guetta como un científico que crea figuras robóticas que toman vida. Una de ellas es Minaj, que se pasea por la ciudad llena de maniquíes llamando la atención de estos por su belleza, mientras los maniquíes masculinos van tras Minaj, las maniquíes femeninas deciden ir a donde esta Guetta, para que las haga bellas como Minaj. Al final descubren que Guetta, tiene un cuerpo metálico, mientras que Minaj escapa en un caballo tras ser seducida por los maniquíes masculinos.

Formatos

Posicionamiento en listas y certificaciones

Listas semanales
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|-
! scope="col"|Lista (2011-12)
! scope="col"|Mejorposición
|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-
| (Hot 100)
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
| (Top del 40 al 1)
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
| (World Dance Music)
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| (Top 20)
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-

|-
| (Airplay Radio Chart)
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-

|-
| (The Official Charts Company)
|align="center"|9
|-

|-
| (Billboard Hot 100)
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
| (Pop Songs)
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| (Hot Dance Club Songs)
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)
| style="text-align:center;"|92
|-
| (Adult Pop Songs)
| style="text-align:center;"|27
|-
| (Latin Pop Songs)
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-
| (Japan Hot 100)
| style="text-align:center;"|83
|-
| (Billboard Mexican Airplay)
| style="text-align:center;"|34
|-

|-

|-

|-
| (ZPAV)
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| (UK Singles Chart)
|align="center"|8
|-
|  (UK Dance Chart)
|align="center"|2
|-
| (Romanian Top 100)
| style="text-align:center;"| 75
|-

|-

|-
| (Pop Rock General)
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-

Listas anuales

Certificaciones

Sucesión en listas

Historial de lanzamientos

Apariciones en los medios
 La canción fue utilizada en uno de los comerciales de televisión de Fanta, en Colombia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 "Turn Me On" en Discogs
 Turn Me On (Letras en video) en Youtube
 Turn Me On (Teaser) en Youtube

Sencillos de 2012
Sencillos de David Guetta
Sencillos de Nicki Minaj
Sencillos de música electrónica
Sencillos de electropop
Sencillos de dance pop
Sencillos número uno en la Dance Club Songs de Billboard
Sencillos certificados de triple platino por la Australian Recording Industry Association
Sencillos certificados de triple platino por la Canadian Recording Industry Association
Sencillos certificados de doble platino por la Recording Industry Association of America
Sencillos certificados de doble platino por la IFPI de Suiza
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Recording Industry Association of New Zealand
Sencillos certificados de oro por la British Phonographic Industry
Sencillos certificados de oro por la Federación de la Industria Musical Italiana
Vídeos musicales certificados por VEVO
Canciones en inglés
Composiciones en do menor
Canciones sobre sexualidad
Sencillos número uno en Billboard Digital Songs

Turn Me On


An Sesleria sadleriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor von Janka. An Sesleria sadleriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sesleria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sesleria

Sesleria sadleriana


Nico Gori (* 13. September 1975 in Florenz) ist ein italienischer Jazzmusiker (Klarinette, Saxophon).

Leben und Wirken
Gori begann mit sechs Jahren Klarinette zu spielen. Nach seiner Graduierung 1993 am Konservatorium Luigi Cherubini in Florenz hatte er Unterricht bei Dave Liebman und Tony Scott; bereits ab 1987 spielte er in Theatern, Clubs, auf Festivals und in Fernsehsendungen der RAI. 1998 entstanden erste Aufnahmen, ab 1999 arbeitete er u. a. mit Stefano Bollani und Enrico Rava. Im Jahr 2003 nahm er mit seinem Quartett das Debütalbum Groovin' High für das Label Philology auf. Im selben Jahr unterrichtete er an der Washington University in St. Louis, wo er u. a. auch mit Dave Weckl auftrat. 2006 war er Mitglied im Vienna Art Orchestra; 2009 begann seine Zusammenarbeit mit Tom Harrell und Fred Hersch.

Diskografische Hinweise
 Millenovecento (DSR, 2007)
 Alien in Your Head (DSR, 2008)
 Stefano Bollani: Carioca (EmArCy, 2008)
 Shadows (Universal, 2008) mit Tom Harrell
 Vienna Art Orchestra: The Big Band Years (EmArCy, 2010)
 Shadows (Universal, 2010)
 Nico Gori / Fred Hersch: Da Vinci (Bee Jazz, 2012)

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz

Jazz-Saxophonist
Jazz-Klarinettist
Musiker (Italien)
Italiener
Geboren 1975
Mann

Nico Gori


Linden Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Dithmarschen iline bağlı bölge. 11,62 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 867 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Willi Köster tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.linden-holstein.de

Linden (Dithmarschen)


A Perl module is a discrete component of software for the Perl programming language.  Technically, it is a particular set of conventions for using Perl's package mechanism that has become universally adopted.

A module defines its source code to be in a package (much like a Java package), the Perl mechanism for defining namespaces, e.g. CGI or Net::FTP or XML::Parser; the file structure mirrors the namespace structure (e.g. the source code for Net::FTP is in Net/FTP.pm). Furthermore, a module is the Perl equivalent of the class when object-oriented programming is employed.

A collection of modules, with accompanying documentation, build scripts, and usually a test suite, composes a distribution.  The Perl community has a sizable library of distributions available for search and download via CPAN.

Perl is a language allowing many different styles of programming.  A developer is as likely to find a module written in a procedural style (for example, Test::Simple) as object-oriented (e.g. XML::Parser), both are considered equally valid according to what the module needs to do.  Modules might also be used to mixin methods (DBIx::Class) or be a pragma (strict.pm) which has an effect immediately upon being loaded.  Modules can even be used to alter the syntax of the language.  The effect of Perl modules are usually limited to the current scope in which it was loaded.

It is common for Perl modules to have embedded documentation in Perl's Plain Old Documentation format.  POD imposes little structure on the author.  It is flexible enough to be used to write articles, web pages and even entire books such as Programming Perl.  Contrast with javadoc which is specialized to documenting Java classes.  By convention, module documentation typically follows the structure of a Unix man page.

The language of Perl is defined by the single implementation (referred to as "perl") and is added to (and in rare occasions taken away from) each new release.  For this reason it is important for a module author to be aware what features they're making use of and what the minimum required version of perl is.  The code on this page requires perl 5.6.0 which is considered rather old by now.

Examples

What follows are examples of "Hello, World" implemented in different styles of modules. It must be understood that a module is not necessary in Perl; functions and code can be defined and used anywhere. This is just for example purposes. Contrast with Java where a class is always necessary. A real "Hello, World" function would be written like so:
sub hello { "Hello, world!\n" }
print hello();
or simply printed in one line:
print "Hello, world!\n";

Procedural example
Here is "Hello, World" implemented as a procedural module with a customizable target for the greeting, just to make things interesting.  Also included is a short script to illustrate the module's use.

hello_world.pl

#!/usr/bin/perl
# Loads the module and imports any functions into our namespace
# (defaults to "main") exported by the module.  Hello::World exports
# hello() by default.  Exports can usually be controlled by the caller.
use Hello::World;

print hello();             # prints "Hello, world!\n"
print hello("Milky Way");  # prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n"

Hello/World.pm
# "package" is the namespace where the module's functionality/data resides.
# It dictates the name of the file if you want it to be "use"d.
# If more than one word, it constrains the location of the module.

package Hello::World;

# By default Perl allows you to use variables without declaring
# them.  This may be convenient for short scripts and one-liners.
# But in a longer unit of code such as a module it is wise to declare
# your variables both to catch typos and to constrain their
# accessibility appropriately from outside the module. The strict pragma
# forces you to declare your variables.

use strict;

# Similarly, Perl does not issue most compiler or run-time warnings by default.
# More complicated scripts, such as most modules, will usually find them very
# helpful for debugging. The warnings pragma turns on optional warnings.

use warnings;

# A module's version number is stored in $ModuleName::VERSION; certain
# forms of the "use" built-in depend on this variable being defined.

our $VERSION = '1.00';

# Inherit from the "Exporter" module which handles exporting functions.
# Most procedural modules make use of this.

use base 'Exporter';

# When the module is invoked, export, by default, the function "hello" into
# the namespace of the using code.

our @EXPORT = qw(hello);

# Lines starting with an equal sign indicate embedded POD
# documentation.  POD sections end with an =cut directive, and can
# be intermixed almost freely with normal code.

=head1 NAME

Hello::World - An encapsulation of a common output message

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use Hello::World;
  print hello();
  print hello("Milky Way");

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This is a procedural module which gives you the famous "Hello, world!"
message, and it's even customizable!

=head2 Functions

The following functions are exported by default

=head3 hello

    print hello();
    print hello($target);

Returns the famous greeting.  If a C<$target> is given it will be used,
otherwise "world" is the target of your greeting.

=cut

# define the function hello().

sub hello {
    my $target = shift;
    $target = 'world' unless defined $target;

    return "Hello, $target!\n";
}

=head1 AUTHOR

Joe Hacker <email@example.com>

=cut

# A Perl module must end with a true value or else it is considered not to
# have loaded.  By convention this value is usually 1 though it can be
# any true value.  A module can end with false to indicate failure but
# this is rarely used and it would instead die() (exit with an error).
1;

Since Hello/World.pm is not in your @INC path, you must specify . on the command line to run the above example:

perl -I. hello_world.pl

Object-oriented example
Here's an example of the same thing done in an object-oriented
style.  The advantage of an OO module is that each object can be configured
independently from other objects.

hello_world.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl

use Hello::World;
my $hello = Hello::World->new;
$hello->print;                # prints "Hello, world!\n"
$hello->target("Milky Way");
$hello->print;                # prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n"

my $greeting = Hello::World->new(target => "Pittsburgh");
$greeting->print;             # prints "Hello, Pittsburgh!\n"
$hello->print;                # still prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n"

Hello/World.pm

# In Perl there is no special 'class' definition.  A namespace is a class.
package Hello::World;

use strict;
use warnings;

our $VERSION = "1.00";

=head1 NAME

Hello::World - An encapsulation of a common output message

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    use Hello::World;
    my $hello = Hello::World->new();
    $hello->print;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This is an object-oriented library which can print the famous "H.W."
message.

=head2 Methods

=head3 new

    my $hello = Hello::World->new();
    my $hello = Hello::World->new( target => $target );

Instantiates an object which holds a greeting message.  If a C<$target> is
given it is passed to C<< $hello->target >>.

=cut

# The constructor of an object is called new() by convention.  Any
# method may construct an object and you can have as many as you like.

sub new {
    my($class, %args) = @_;

    my $self = bless({}, $class);

    my $target = exists $args{target} ? $args{target} : "world";
    $self->{target} = $target;

    return $self;
}

=head3 target

    my $target = $hello->target;
    $hello->target($target);

Gets and sets the current target of our message.

=cut

sub target {
    my $self = shift;
    if ( @_ ) {
        my $target = shift;
        $self->{target} = $target;
    }

    return $self->{target};
}

=head3 to_string

    my $greeting = $hello->to_string;

Returns the $greeting as a string

=cut

sub to_string {
    my $self = shift;
    return "Hello, $self->{target}!";
}

=head3 print

    $hello->print;

Outputs the greeting to STDOUT

=cut

sub print {
    my $self = shift;
    print $self->to_string(), "\n";
}

=head1 AUTHOR

Joe Hacker <email@example.com>

=cut

1;

Perl packages and namespaces
A running Perl program has a built-in namespace called "main", which is the default name. For example, a subroutine called Sub1 can be called as Sub1() or main::Sub1(). With a variable the appropriate sigil is placed in front of the namespace; so a scalar variable called $var1 can also be referred to as $main::var1, or even $::var1. Other namespaces can be created at any time.
package Namespace1;
$var1 = 1;	# created in namespace Namespace1, which is also created if not pre-existing
our $var2 = 2;	# also created in that namespace; our required if use strict is applied
my $var3 = 3;	# lexically-scoped my-declared - NOT in any namespace, not even main

$Namespace2::var1 = 10; # created in namespace Namespace2, also created if not pre-existing
our $Namespace2::var2 = 20; # also created in that namespace
my $Namespace2::var3 = 30;#compilation error:my-declared variables CAN'T belong to a package

Package declarations apply package scope till the next package declaration or the end of the block in which the declaration is made.
our $mainVar = 'a';
package Sp1;
our $sp1aVar = 'aa';
print "$main::mainVar\t$sp1aVar\n"; # note mainVar needs qualifying
package Sp2;
our $sp2aVar = 'aaa';
print "$main::mainVar\t$Sp1::sp1aVar\t$sp2aVar\n";# note mainVar and sp1aVar need qualifying
package main;
print "$mainVar\t$Sp1::sp1aVar\t$Sp2::sp2aVar\n"; # note sp1aVar and sp2aVar need qualifying

$mainVar = 'b';
{
    # NOTE previously created packages and package variables still accessible
    package Sp1;
    our $sp1bVar = 'bb';
    print "$main::mainVar\t$sp1aVar\t$sp1bVar\n"; # note mainVar needs qualifying
    {
        package Sp2;
        our $sp2bVar = 'bbb';
        print "$main::mainVar\t$Sp1::sp1aVar$Sp1::sp1bVar\t$sp2aVar$sp2bVar\n";
    }		# note mainVar and sp1...Var need qualifying
    print "$main::mainVar\t$sp1bVar$sp1aVar\t$Sp2::sp2bVar$Sp2::sp2aVar\n";
}		# note package Sp1 applies by default
# main applies again by default; all package variables still accessible as long as qualified
print "$mainVar\t$Sp1::sp1aVar$Sp2::sp2bVar\n";

Packages and modules
Conventionally, namespaces are associated with modules; in practice, there is usually one namespace per module and vice versa, but that's not mandated by the language. For example, the 'standard' module CGI.pm has the following declaration at its top:
package CGI;
This module, and its functionality, would commonly be invoked as follows:
use CGI (':standard'); # imports many functions, including b()
...
print b('Hello, world'); # outputs Hello, world
A 'missing' subroutine could be added from the using program's namespace.
sub CGI::bi { # define target namespace (CGI) and sub name (bi)
    return b(i($_[0]));
}
and invoked as below:
print CGI::bi('Hello, world'); # outputs Hello, world
However, though technically feasible, that would be dubious programming practice. You might just as well define the sub in the calling namespace, and call it from that namespace.

Further reading
 Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
 Constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
 Perl module style guide
 Preparing a new module for distribution
 Perl module configuration and installation
 CPAN

Modularity
Perl

Perl module


Beşir Göğüş (12 Şubat 1915, Gaziantep -  17 Ağustos 1999, Yalova) , dilci, eğitimci, yazar.

Öğrencilere ana dilinde konuşma ve yazma becerisi kazandırmak üzere çalışmış; yazdığı çok sayıda dilbilgisi ve Türkçe kitabıyla Türkçe eğitimine katkı vermiştir. İlkokullar için yazdığı Türkçe kitabı, 1980'lerin ortasına kadar Türkiye'deki tüm ilkokullarda okutulmuştur.

Yaşamı
1915 yılında Gaziantep'te doğdu. İlkokul ve ortaokulu Gaziantep'te okuduktan sonra 1933'te Gaziantep Muallim Mektebi'nden mezun oldu. 1938'de Ankara'da Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsünün Dil ve Edebiyat Bölümü'nü bitirdi ve aynı yıl Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda Fonetik ve Diksiyon Asistanı olarak çalışma yaşamına atıldı.

Asistan olarak çalışırken bir yandan da Müzik Öğretmen Okulu'nda Müdür Yardımcısı ve Türkçe öğretmeni olarak yaptı. Asistanlık kadrosunun kadırılması üzerine 1939-1950 yılları arasında Ankara'da çeşitli ortaokul ve liselerde Türkçe öğretmenliği ve müdür yardımcılığı görevlerini sürdürdü. 1942 yılında evlenen Beşir Göğüş iki kız çocuk babası ve iki kız torun sahibi oldu.

1944'te Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın  açtığı bir yarışma ile ortaokullar için kitap yazmaya başladı. Eğitimci-yazar Kemal Demiray ile hazırladıkları Türkçe kitapları ile ödül aldı.

1950 yılında, Ankara'nın Saraçoğlu mahallesinde,  Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü'nün uygulama okulu işlevini görecek Namık Kemal İlk ve Orta Okulu'nun kurucu müdürü oldu. 1954 yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim ve Terbiye Dairesi raportörlüğüne atandı.

1959 ve 1960 yılları arasında, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın görevlendirmesiyle  Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne giderek lise dengi okul programlarını incelemeler yaptı. Bu incelemeleri sırasında, ana dili eğitimi üzerine yazılmış yayınları toplayarak ülkeye dönünce bir süre bu konu üzerinde çalıştı; sonraki yıllarda bu kaynaklardan yararlanarak "İlkokullarda Türkçe Öğretim Kılavuzu" (1968) ve Orta Dereceli Okullarda Türkçe ve Yazın Eğitimi "(1978) adlı kitapları yazdı.

1963 yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığında Öğretmen Okulları Genel Müdür Yardımcısı, 1964 yılında başmüfettiş olarak görevlendirildi.

1966 yılında emekli olarak Türk Dil Kurumu'nda (TDK) yönetmen olarak çalışmaya başladı. Bu görevi sırasında, diğer çalışmaları yanında Halkevlerinin Atatürk Enstitüsü'nde TDK'yı temsil etti ve bir yıl süreyle başkanlık yaptı. 1975 yılında kendi isteğiyle TDK'dan ayrılarak yaşamının sonuna kadar Türk Dili ve eğitimi üzerindeki çalışmalarını sürdürdü.

1981'de Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın ilkokullar için Türkçe ders kitabı yarışmasını kazandı ve ders kitabı seçiminin serbest bırakıldığı 1980'lerin ortasına kadar Türkiye'deki tüm ilkokullarda onun kitabı okutuldu.,

1981 yılında Hollanda'da kurulan  Uluslararası Anadili Eğitim Örgütü'nün çalışmalarına katıldı. 1982 yılından itibaren bu örgütün Türkiye temsilcisi oldu ve bu örgütün isteği üzerine "Türkiye'de Türkçe'nin Anadili Olarak Öğretimi" ve "Türkiye'de Anadili Eğitimi Bibliyografyası" başlıklı araştırmaları hazırladı.

17 Ağustos 1999 depreminde, Yalova'daki yazlık evinde, eşi ve kızı ile birlikte yaşamını yitirdi.

Dil üzerine çalışmaları
Güğüş, anadili eğitiminin edilgin "oku anlat" geleneğinden kurtarılıp etkin ve verimli bir yöntem kazanmasına çalışmış, bunun için Batı toplumlarında uygulanan "anlama ve anlatma"nın bütün alanlarıyla, çok yönlü uygulanmasını hem savunmuş, hem de bunu sağlayacak ders kitapları yazmıştır. Öğrencileri anadili metinleri üzerinde anlama, kuruluş, tür, dilbilgisi, sözcük incelemeleri ve kompozisyon yönlerinden çalışmaya yönlendirmek üzere hazırladığı ders kitapları, 1945 yılından itibaren uzun yıllar okullarda okutulmuştur.

Göğüş'ün eserleri arasında Türkçe, dilbilgisi kitapları ve sözlükler içeren on takim kitap bulunur. Göğüş,  öğretmenler için de bu yöntemleri açıklayan ve uygulama yollarını gösteren biri çeviri olmak üzere yedi kitap yayınladı.  Ayrıca eğitim, dil, edebiyat üzerine yazı ve araştırmaları yayınlandı. "Ziya Gökalp ve Dil Devrimi" ve Osmanlılardan beri Türkçe öğretimini analiz eden "Anadili Olarak Türkçe'nin Öğretilmesine Tarihsel Bakış" TDK yayınları arasında çıktı.

Ana dili programlarıyla ilgili uluslararası toplantılara Türkiye'yi  temsilen katıldı. Başka uluslarının ana dili çalışmalarını  inceleyip öğrendiklerini Türkiye'deki ana dili eğitim programlarına yerleştirdi. Uluslararası Anadili Eğitimi Örgütü'nün çalışmaları kapsamında Türkiye'eki ana dili eğitimi uygulamalarını inceleyen araştırmalar yaptı. Sevim Yücesan ile birlikte "Uluslararası Anadili Eğitim Örgütü Çalışmaları Çerçevesinde Türkiye'de Bir Türkçe Portresi" (1984) adlı bir kitap yayımladı.

Çalışmalarında, Atatürk'ün gösterdiği yolda Dil Devrimi'nin gerçekleşmesini ilke edindi ve yaşamı boyunca Türk çocuklarına etkili ve yararlı bir Türkçe ve edebiyat dersi verilmesinin yollarını aradı.

Kurucularından olduğu Dil Derneği'nde  Terim Kolu Başkanı olarak görev yaptı..

Ödülleri

 Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı ilkokullar için en iyi Türkçe kitabı ödülü (1981),
 TÖMER Ödülü (1984)

 Türk Eğitim Derneği (TED) Eğitimde Hizmet ödülü (1992)

Yapıtları

 Seçme Yazılar, Seçme Kitaplar, Ortaokul I, II ve III. sınıflar için (1950, Nurullah Ataç ile),

 Bireysel Öğretim ve Grup Çalışmaları (F. Mory'den çeviri, 1956),

 Faydalı Dilbilgisi, Ortaokullar I, II ve III. sınıflar için (1959),
 İlkokullarda Türkçe Öğretimi Kılavuzu (1968),

 Türkçe Sözlük (1968, Hamdi Olcay ile),

 Anadili Olarak Türkçe'nin Öğretilmesine Tarihsel Bakış (1970),

 Resimli Çocuk Sözlüğü (1971),

 Ziya Gökalp ve Dil Devrimi (1975),

 Orta Dereceli Okullarımızda Türkçe ve Yazın Eğitimi (1978),

 Türkçe, İlkokul I, II, III, IV, V. sınıflar için (1981),

 İlkokullar İçin Türkçe Kitapları Öğretmen Kılavuzları (1982),

 Türkçe Dilbilgisi, Okuma, Dinleme, Anlatım, İlkokul IV, V. sınıflar için (1989),

 Türkçe Öğretmenin Kitabı (1990),

 Sözlü ve Yazılı Anlatım (Anadolu Üniversitesi Açık Öğretim Fakültesi ders kitabı, 1991),

 Ortaokullar İçin Türkçe Öğretmen Kılavuzu (1992),

 Meslek Liseleri İçin Türkçe, I, II, III. sınıflar için (1992, H. Saral-E. Saral ile),

 Anlatım Terimleri Sözlüğü (1998),

 Yazın Terimleri Sözlüğü (1998, F. Oğuzkan, O. Önertoy, M. Ünlü, S. Koçak ile)

 Ardında Kalan Belgeler (2018, Yazıları, denemeleri, konuşma metinleri – ölümünden sonra Dil Derneği Yayınları arasında çıktı),

 Düğümler Düşünceler Anılar (2019, ölümünden sonra Dil Derneği Yayınları arasında çıktı).

Anısına
Dil Derneği kurucu üyesi olan Beşir Göğüş'ün eğitimci ve dilci çalışmalarını yarınlara taşımak ve unutturmamak amacıyla, Dil Derneği tarafından 2000 yılından bu yana Beşir Göğüş Ödülü yarışması düzenlenmektedir. . Ödül, her yıl Göğüş'ün doğum günü olan 12 Şubatta sahibine teslim edilri.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Beşir Göğüş'ün Yaşamöyküsü

1915 doğumlular
1999 Gölcük depreminde ölenler
Gaziantep doğumlular
Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsünde öğrenim görenler
Yalova'da ölenler
1999 yılında ölenler
Göçük altında kalarak ölenler
Türk yazarlar

Beşir Göğüş


සුනිල් ජයසිංහ (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Sunil Jayasinghe) යනු හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාත්‍යන්තර එක්දින ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයකි.

ජීවන සටහන්

සුනිල් ජයසිංහ  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යා‍ලයෙහි ආදි සිසුවෙකි.
1972 සිට 1974 දක්වා සුනිල්  කොලඹ නාලන්ද  විද්‍යාලයේ  ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා පිලේ ක්‍රීකල අතර 1974 දී නාලන්දා නායකයාවිය.

ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
1955 උපත්
ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

සුනිල් ජයසිංහ


António de Andrade () a fost un preot iezuit și explorator portughez. A intrat ca frate în Societatea lui Isus (ordinul iezuit) în 1596. Din 1600 până la moartea sa, în 1634, a desfășurat activități misionare în India. Andrade a fost primul european care a traversat munții Himalaya și a ajuns în Tibet, unde a înființat o misiune catolică care a funcționat o scurtă perioadă.

Biografie
António de Andrade s-a născut în orașul Oleiros din Portugalia. În anul 1600 a călătorit la Goa, capitala Indiei Portugheze, unde a urmat studii teologice și a fost hirotonit preot. El a fost unul dintre misionarii iezuiți de la curtea împăratului mogul Jahangir și a fost șeful misiunii iezuite din Agra. În 1624 a părăsit Agra și s-a îndreptat către Delhi, unde s-a alăturat, împreună cu fratele iezuit Manuel Marques, unui grup de pelerini hinduși care mergeau la templul din Badrinath, situat în partea de nord a actualului stat indian Uttarakhand. Confruntându-se cu mari greutăți în cursul călătoriei, ei au trecut Pasul Mana către Tibet, fiind primii europeni despre care se știe că au ajuns acolo.

Primit cu bunăvoință în Tibet de suveranul regatului tibetan vestic Guge, în capitala Tsaparang, Andrade a plecat după mai puțin de o lună pentru a obține permisiunea oficială a superiorului provincial al ordinului iezuit din Goa, pentru a strânge fonduri și pentru a găsi alți misionari dispuși să-l însoțească înapoi la Tsaparang. Andrade s-a întors în Tibet în 1625, fiind însoțit de alți misionari iezuiți. Ei au reușit să construiască o biserică și au efectuat mai multe convertiri la creștinism, cu sprijinul regelui și al altor membri ai familiei regale. Andrade s-a întors la Goa în 1629; misiunea s-a destrămat curând ca urmare a invadării regatului Guge de către războinicii din provincia Ladakh, moartea monarhului care era favorabil misionarilor și instalarea la Tsarapang a unui guvern ostil controlat de invadatorii din Ladakh. Misionarii au fost persecutați sau expulzați, creștinii tibetani au fost trimiși în provincia Ladakh și, până în 1640, misiunea, care începuse atât de promițător, s-a încheiat.

Andrade a devenit superiorul provinciei iezuite Goa în 1630, dar a renunțat la acest post în 1633, când a fost numit rector al Colegiului Sf. Paul. A fost activ, de asemenea, în această perioadă ca adjunct al inchizitorului din Goa. El a fost otrăvit pe 4 martie 1634 și a zăcut în agonie până în 19 martie. Ancheta Inchiziției cu privire la moartea sa a scos la iveală faptul că Andrade a fost ucis la colegiu de câțiva călugări iezuiți nemulțumiți, care au fost sprijiniți eventual de dușmani influenți din rândul autorităților și negustorilor din Goa. Scandalul a fost mușamalizat rapid și nimeni nu a fost acuzat vreodată pentru crimă. Cronicile iezuite ulterioare l-au descris pe Andrade ca un martir al credinței care a fost ucis din cauza zelului manifestat în calitate de funcționar al Inchiziției.

Cele două relatări extinse ale expediției lui Andrade în Tibet, scrise în 1624 și 1626, au fost publicate în portugheză la Lisabona în 1626, fiind traduse în limba spaniolă și publicate în 1628 la Segovia, publicate la Cracovia (Polonia) în același an și traduse prompt în principalele limbi europene; ele au avut un rol semnificativ în cunoașterea Tibetului de către europeni. Traducerile moderne ale cronicii expedițiilor lui Andrade în limbile italiană și franceză pot fi găsite în lucrările publicate de Toscano (1977) și Didier (2002). O traducere în engleză a scrierilor lui Andrade referitoare la Tibet a fost publicată în 2017 de Sweet și Zwilling.

Mențiuni literare
Numele misionarului António de Andrade este menționat în romanul Orizont pierdut (1933) al lui James Hilton. Astfel, consulul britanic Hugh Conway descoperă în biblioteca lamaseriei Shangri-La din Tibet un exemplar rar al lucrării Novo Descumbrimento de grao catayo ou dos Regos de Tibet a lui Andrade, care a fost publicat în 1626 la Lisabona.

Note

Bibliografie
 Desideri, Ippolito. 2010. Mission to Tibet: The Extraordinary Eighteenth-Century Account of Fr. Ippolito Desideri, S.J., trad. Michael Sweet, ed. Leonard Zwilling.
 Esteves Pereira, Francisco (editor). 1924. O Descobrimento do Tibet pelo P.Antonio de Andrade. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade.
  Retipărită în 1997.
 Didier, Hugues. 1999. Os Portugueses no Tibete. Os primeiros relatos dos jesuitas (1624-1635).
 Didier, Hughes. 2002. Les Portugais au Tibet.
 Sweet, Michael J. Murder in the Refectory: The Death of António de Andrade, S.J. Catholic Historical Review, 102, nr. 1, 2016, pp. 26-45.
 Sweet, Michael J. (trad. și introducere) și Leonard Zwilling (ed.). 2017 More than the Promised Land: Letters and Relations from Tibet by the Jesuit Missionary António de Andrade (1580-1634). Boston: Institute of Jesuit Sources/Boston College.
 Tavares, Célia Cristina da Silva. 2006. Jesuítas e Inquisidores em Goa. A Cristianidade Insular (1540-1682).
 Toscano, Giuseppe. 1977. Alla Scoperta del Tibet.

Legături externe
 Biografie detaliată a lui de Andrade
 Provincia iezuită Goa a Societății lui Isus - Iezuiții din Goa
 TYBET - Wielkie Panstwo w Azyey (Tibet - o țară mare din Asia) - 1628

Nașteri în 1580
Decese în 1634
Exploratori portughezi
Misionari portughezi
Portughezi din secolul al XVII-lea
Portughezi din secolul al XVI-lea
Călugări portughezi

António de Andrade


În teoria jocurilor, strategia dominantă (denumită deseori simplu dominare) este cea mai bună strategie posibilă pentru un jucător, indiferent de modul în care jucătorii adverși pot juca. Multe jocuri simple pot fi rezolvate cu ajutorul strategiei dominante.
De cealaltă parte, intranztivitatea, apare în jocurile unde o strategie poate fi mai bună sau mai rea decât o alta pentru un anume jucător, funcție de cum joacă adversarul.

Terminologie
Când un jucător încearcă să aleagă "cea mai bună" strategie dintre opțiunile disponibile, acel jucător va compara două strategii A și B pentru a-și da seama care este mai bună.
Rezultatul comparației poate fi:
 B domină A: alegând B se obține mereu un rezultat cel puțin la fel de bun ca în cazul alegerii A. Există 2 posibilități:
 B domină strict A: alegând B se obține mereu un rezultat mai bun decât alegând A, indiferent de ce fac ceilalți jucători.
 B domină slab A: alegând B se obține un rezultat care, cel puțin într-un caz, este mai bun decât dacă am fi ales A. În toate celelalte cazuri rezultatul alegerii lui B trebuie să fie cel puțin egal cu cel al lui A.
 B și A sunt intranzitive: B nici nu domină, nici nu este dominat de A. Alegerea lui A este mai bună în unele cazuri, în timp ce alegerea lui B este mai bună în altele, în funcție de modul în care adversarul alege să joace. De exemplu, B este "hârtia" în timp ce A este "foarfeca", în jocul "Piatră, hârtie, foarfecă".
 B este dominată de A: alegând B nu se obține niciodată un rezultat mai bun decât alegând A, indiferent de cum joacă celălalt jucător. Există 2 posibilități:
 B este slab dominată de A: alegând B, există cel puțin un caz în care rezultatul obținut de B este mai prost decât rezultatul obținut de A, ținându-se cont de posibilitățile oponentului. În toate celelalte cazuri, B este egal cu A (i.e. Strategia A domină slab strategia B).
 B este strict dominată de A: alegând B se obține în toate cazurile un rezultat mai prost decât dacă s-ar fi ales A, indiferent de modul în care joacă adversarul. (Strategia A domină strict B).
Această noțiune poate fi generalizată dincolo de compararea a două strategii.
 Strategia B este strict dominantă dacă strategia B domină strict oricare altă strategie posibilă.
 Strategia B este slab dominantă dacă strategia B domină toate celelalte strategii, cu excepția unora pe care le domină slab
 Strategia B este strict dominată dacă există o altă strategie care domină strict B
 Strategia B este slab dominată dacă există o altă strategie care domină slab B
Strategie: Este rezultatul unui plan complet de contingență pentru un jucător într-un anumit joc. Un astfel de plan specifică complet comportamentul jucătorului, descriind fiecare acțiune pe care jucătorul ar lua-o într-o anumită situație (sau într-un anumit punct de decizie). Deci o strategie reprezintă toate deciziile pe care jucătorul le va lua în cazul fiecărei informații furnizate de celălalt jucător (i.e. decizii a jucătorului advers)

Raționalitate: ipoteza că fiecare jucător acționează într-un mod care este proiectat pentru maximizarea câștigurilor personale. Aceste câștiguri pot fi sub formă monetară, utilitară, de minimizare a disconfortului (sau a altui aspect negativ) etc., fundamentală rămânând ideea că jucătorii vor acționa pentru maximizarea beneficiilor personale

Cunoștințe comune: ipoteza că fiecare jucător cunoaște jocul în care participă, regulile lui și beneficiile asociate cu fiecare acțiune posibilă, și realizează faptul că și ceilalți jucători au același nivel de înțelegere. Această premiză permite unui jucător să emită judecăți de valoare asupra acțiunilor altui jucător, luându-le în considerare în luarea propriilor decizii (pe baza ipotezei raționalității prezentată precedent)

Dominația și echilibrul Nash

Dacă o strategie strict dominantă există pentru un jucător, acel jucător va juca respectiva strategie în fiecare echilibru Nash al jocului. Dacă ambii jucători au o strategie strict dominantă, jocul are un singur echilibru Nash unic. Cu toate acestea, echilibrul Nash nu este în mod necesar și "eficient", în sensul că există combinații de strategii ale celor doi jucători care ar fi mai bune pentru ambii, însă care nu reprezintă un echilibru. Jocul clasic folosit pentru ilustrarea acestui concept este Dilema prizonierului.

Strategiile strict dominate nu pot fi parte a unui echilibru Nash, și, prin urmare,este irațională jucarea lor de către un jucător. Pe de altă parte, strategiile slab dominate pot fi parte a unui echilibru Nash. Un exemplu ilustrativ este matricea de mai sus.

Strategia C domină slab strategia D. Dacă se alege C, avem funcție de ce joacă oponentul: 1 dacă oponentul joacă (de asemenea) C, 0 dacă oponentul joacă D. Deci este mai bine a juca C cel puțin într-un caz decât a juca D, când se obține 0 indiferent de strategia aleasă de adversar. Prin urmare, C domină slab D. Cu toate acestea,  este un echilibru Nash. Presupunând că ambii jucători aleg strategia D, nici un jucător nu-și va putea îmbunătăți situația unilateral, rezultatul rămânând 0 pentru fiecare jucător. Acesta satisface cerințele unui echilibru Nash. Presupunând că ambii jucători aleg C, nici un jucător nu-și va putea îmbunătăți situația unilateral, căci o astfel de schimbare i-ar aduce ca rezultat 0 în loc de 1. Deci și acesta satisface cerințele unui echilibru Nash.

Eliminarea iterativă a strategiilor strict dominate (IESDS)
Eliminarea iterativă (sau ștergerea) a strategiilor dominate este o metodă comună pentru rezolvarea jocurilor iterative. În primul rând cel puțin o strategie dominată este înlăturată din planul de joc al fiecărui jucător, de vreme ce niciun jucător rațional nu ar juca astfel de strategii. Astfel rezultă un nou joc, mai redus ca opțiuni. Acum, anumite strategii, care nu erau dominate înainte, pot deveni dominate în acest joc mai redus. Procesul se reia până când nu mai există strategie dominată pentru vreun jucător. Acest proces este valid de vreme ce se presupune că jucătorii sunt raționali și au cunoștință despre capacitatea de raționare a fiecăruia dintre ei.

Există două versiuni ale acestui proces. O versiune presupune doar eliminarea strategiilor strict dominate. Dacă, după completarea acestui proces, rămâne câte-o singură strategie valabilă pentru fiecare jucător, acel set de strategii reprezintă unicul echilibru Nash.

O altă versiune implică eliminarea atât a strategiilor strict dominate cât și a celor slab dominate. Dacă, după completarea acestui proces, rămâne câte-o singură strategie valabilă pentru fiecare jucător, acest set de strategii reprezintă, de asemenea, un echilibru Nash. Totuși, spre deosebire de prima versiune a procesului, eliminarea strategiilor slab dominate poate elimina potențiale echilibre Nash. Ca urmare, echilibrul Nash găsit prin eliminarea și a strategiilor slab dominate poate să nu fie singurul echilibru Nash al jocului (în anumite jocuri, inclusiv ordinea eliminării strategiilor dominate slabe poate oferi, la sfârșitul procesului, echilibre Nash diferite).

În orice caz, dacă prin iterarea eliminării strategiilor dominate rămâne o singură strategie valabilă pentru fiecare jucător, acel joc se numește a fi rezolvabil prin dominanță.

Note

 . Un 88-pagina matematice introducere; a se vedea Secțiunea 3.3. Gratuit on-line  de la mai multe universități.

 Jim Ratliff Jocul de Curs de Teorie: Dominația Strategică
 . O referință cuprinzătoare dintr-un calcul de perspectivă; a se vedea Secțiunile 3.4.3, 4.5. Descărcabil gratuit on-line.

Teoria jocurilor

Strategie dominantă


Arif Erdem (d. 2 Ocak 1972, İstanbul), Türk eski millî futbolcu, teknik direktör.

Hayatı

Arif Erdem 2 Ocak 1972 yılında Makedonya, Kumanova göçmeni Arnavut kökenli bir ailenin çocuğu olarak İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Futbola Zeytinburnuspor'da başlayan Arif, 1991 yılında transfer olduğu Galatasaray'da sembol isim haline gelmiş ve 2000 yılındaki efsanevi Galatasaray kadrosunun içinde yer almıştır. Evli ve bir erkek bir kız olmak üzere 2 çocuk sahibidir.

Kulüp kariyeri
Küçük yaşta futbola ilgi duyan Arif, amatör olarak futbola başladığı Zeytinburnuspor'da kısa sürede profesyönelliğe yükselerek 1991 yılında Galatasaray'a transfer oldu. Galatasaray'a geldiğinde 19 yaşında olan Arif, Karl-Heinz Feldkamp yönetimindeki gençleştirilmiş takımın içinde kısa sürede kendine yer buldu.

Galatasaray'ın 1993-94 sezonunda o zamanlar yeni bir uygulama olan UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde elemelerinde karşılaştıkları İngiltere'de oynanan Manchester United maçında gösterdiği performans ve attığı gol ile takımının Şampiyonlar Ligi'ne katılan ilk Türk takımı olmasında önemli rol oynadı ve Avrupa'da gelecek yıllara damga vuracak futbolcular arasında gösterildi.

1993 yılında Karl-Heinz Feldkamp yönetimindeki Galatasaray ile katıldıkları bütün kupaları alarak rekor kırmış oldular.

1996 yılında Fatih Terim'in Galatasaray'ın teknik direktörü olması ile yeni oluşturulan sistemde kilit isimlerden biri oldu. Arka arkaya elde edilen şampiyonluklar ve Avrupa başarıları sonunda 2000 yılında UEFA Kupası'nı kazanan takımın içinde yer aldı.

UEFA Kupası zaferi ile Avrupa'dan gelen teklifler neticesinde millî takımdan arkadaşı Tayfun Korkut ile birlikte İspanya'nın Real Sociedad takımına transfer oldu. Burada gerek yaşam tarzı, gerekse dil problemi yaşamasından ötürü yarım sezon oynadığı Real Sociedad'tan ayrılarak eski takımı Galatasaray'a dönüş yaptı.

Dönüş yaptığı Galatasaray forması ile 2001-2002 sezonu gol krallığını attığı 21 golle birlikte İlhan Mansız ile paylaştı. İkinci Galatasaray serüveni ile birlikte takımda abilik görevi üstlenerek, burada iki şampiyonluk daha yaşayan Arif, aktif futbol hayatına Galatasaray'da veda etmiştir.

Millî takım kariyeri
Galatasaray'da gösterdiği üstün başarılar neticesinde önce Türkiye U-21'in daha sonra da Türkiye millî futbol takımının değişmez isimleri arasında yer aldı. Millî takımda bulunduğu süre içinde 60 kez millî olan Arif, millî forma altında 11 gole imza attı.

Fatih Terim yönetimindeki Türkiye U-21 ile 1993 yılında katıldıkları Akdeniz Oyunları'nda şampiyonluk elde eden takımda gelecek vadeden oyunculardan biriydi.

1996 yılında düzenlenen ve Türkiye'nin ilk katıldığı Avrupa şampiyonası olan EURO 96'ya katılan takımın için yer aldı.

Daha sonra Mustafa Denizli yönetiminde 2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonasına katılan millî takım ile birlikte Çeyrek Final oynayan takımda görev aldı.

2002 yılında Şenol Güneş'in başında bulunduğu millî takımında vazgeçilmezlerinden olan Arif, 2002 yılında Japonya ve Güney Kore'de düzenlenen FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda dünya üçüncülüğü elde eden takımda görev alarak millî forma ile son kez resmi bir turnuvaya katılmış oldu.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri

İstanbul BB
Ağustos 2006 itibarıyla İstanbul BB'de Galatasaray'dan tanıdığı Abdullah Avcı'nın yardımcılığına geldi. Bu görevinde başarılı olup takımının Bankasya 1. Lig'den Süper Lig'e çıkmasına katkısı oldu. 5.5 yıl Abdullah Avcı'nın yardımcılığını yaptı, 17 Kasım 2011'de Abdullah Avcı'nın görevinden ayrılıp Türkiye millî futbol takımının başına geçmesinden sonra İstanbul Başakşehir'de teknik direktörlük görevine getirildi.

2011-2012 sezonunda İstanbul Başakşehir'in başında ligi altıncı sırada bitiren ve Süper Final Avrupa Grubu'nu 3. sırada tamamlayan Erdem, 14 Mayıs 2012 tarihinde kulübüyle karşılıklı anlaşarak yollarını ayırmıştır.

Denizlispor
Arif Erdem 2012-13 sezonu öncesi Temmuz ayında Denizlispor'un başkan adayı olan Süleyman Urkay tarafından kulübün başına teknik direktör olarak getirilmek için görüşmelere başlanmıştır.

FETÖ soruşturması
FETÖ/PDY soruşturması kapsamında Hakan Şükür, İsmail Demiriz ve Uğur Tütüneker ile birlikte örgüt üyeliği iddiasıyla hakkında gözaltı kararı verilmiştir. Arif Erdem ise daha önce yaptığı açıklamalarda "(..)Yüce Türk Adaleti önünde hesap vermesini en çok ben isterim!! Hiçbir terör örgütü ile vatanıma ve milletime zerre miktar zarar verebilecek bir oluşumun içerisinde olmadım, olmam da asla mümkün değil." ifadelerini kullanmıştır. Gözaltı kararından bir gün sonra ise basına yansıyan haberlerde Arif Erdem'in 23 Temmuz tarihinde İpsala Sınır Kapısı üzerinden Yunanistan'a gittiği belirtilmiştir.

14 Temmuz 2017 tarihinde çıkan KHK ile Hakan Şükür ile birlikte kendisine verilen tüm madalyalarının geri alınmasına karar verildi.

İstatistikleri

Millî takım istatistikleri

Başarıları

 Türkiye ile
 Akdeniz Oyunları Şampiyonluğu: 1993
 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası Çeyrek final: 2000
 FIFA Dünya Kupası Üçüncülük: 2002
 Galatasaray
 Süper Lig: 1992/93, 1993/94, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00, 2001/02
 Türkiye Kupası: 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005
 UEFA Kupası: 2000

Kişisel

 2002: Süper Lig gol kralı
 2005: Süper Lig 100'ler Kulübü.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 FIFA Player Statics
 TFF Oyuncu Bilgileri

1972 doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türk gurbetçi futbolcular
Arnavut asıllı Türkler
Galatasaray SK futbolcuları
Real Sociedad futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Süper Lig 100'ler kulübü futbolcuları
Süper Lig gol kralları
La Liga futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Türk teknik direktörler
İstanbul Başakşehir FK teknik direktörleri
Süper Lig teknik direktörleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki Türk gurbetçiler
Forvet futbolcular
Türk Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Altın Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
1993 Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı futbolcular
UEFA Kupası'nı kazanan futbolcular

Arif Erdem


Karlo XIII. (Stockholm, 7. listopada 1748. – Stockholm, 5. veljače 1818.), švedski kralj od 1809. do 1818. i norveški kralj (kao Karlo II.) od 1814. do 1818. godine. Pripadnik je kraljevske dinastije Holstein-Gottorp, mlađeg ogranka danske dinastije Oldenburg.

Životopis

Rodio se kao drugi sin švedskog kralja Adolfa Fridrika († 1771.) i Lujze Ulrike Hohenzollern. Brat i očev nasljednik, Gustav III. (1771. – 1792.) imenovao ga je knezom Södermanlanda. Tijekom rusko-švedskog rata (1788. – 1790.), vršio je dužnost admirala flote. Nakon bratova ubojstva 1792. godine, obnašao je dužnost regenta (1792. – 1796.) u ime maloljetnog nećaka Gustava IV. Adolfa. Kada je 1809. godine Gustav III. zbačen s prijestolja zbog svoje neuspješne politike u vrijeme Napoleonskih ratova, Karlo je proglašen novim kraljem. Uveo je konstitucionalnu monarhiju.

Mirom u Fredrikshamnu 1809. godine morao je Rusima prepustiti Finsku i Ålandsko otočje. Godine 1814. postao je i kralj Norveške. Budući da nije imao zakonite muške djece, švedski parlament je proglasio prijestolonasljednikom danskog princa Kristijana Augusta (Karlo August), a poslije njegove prerane smrti, kralj je imenovao prijestolonasljednikom francuskog maršala Jeana-Baptistea Bernadottea, koji ga je 1818. godine naslijedio na prijestolju.

Vidi još
 Red Karla XIII.
 Švedski red slobodnih zidara

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Karlo XIII. - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Karlo XIII. - Britannica Online

Švedski monarsi
Oldenburgovci
Vitezovi Zlatnoga runa
Norveški kraljevi
Švedski masoni

Karlo XIII. Švedski


Chigwell School is a co-educational independent boarding and day school in the English public school tradition located in Chigwell, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It consists of a pre-prep (ages 4–8), Junior School (ages 8–11), Senior School (ages 11–16) and sixth form. A pre-preparatory department for children aged 4–8 was constructed starting for the 2013–14 academic year.

The school is situated in 100 acres of land between Epping Forest and Hainault Forest, ten miles from London. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) and the Junior School is a member of the Independent Association of Prep Schools (IAPS).

The school motto is aut viam inveniam aut faciam, a Latin phrase which translates literally as "Find a way or make a way".

There are four day houses, named Caswalls', Lambourne, Penn's, and Swallow's after alumni. The school owns several artifacts which belonged to each of the alumni after which the houses are named.
The boarding houses are Church House, Harsnett's, Sandon Lodge, and Hainault House, although all boarders are members of one of the day houses. In the Junior School there are another four houses, named Windsors, Hanovers, Stuarts, and Tudors.

History

Chigwell School dates back to 1619 when a schoolhouse was erected on the site. The first headmaster Peter Mease was appointed in 1623. It was formally founded in 1629 by Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York and Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, and began with 16 "poor, clever" scholars.

In 1868, the school was split into two sections. The English section for local children studying arithmetic, reading and writing was housed in a building behind the King's Head public house, which was mentioned in Charles Dickens' novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty. The Latin section (for Latin scholars only) remained in the original building. Rather unusually for a boys' school at that time, in 1873, it started a bursary programme for girls to attend other schools.

Following a trend set by many HMC schools (which were mainly all-boys), the sixth form section became coeducational and its first girls were admitted in the summer term of 1974. In 1997 coeducation was extended to the rest of the school.

Chapel

The War Memorial Chapel was dedicated by the Bishop of Chelmsford on 10 October 1924 to the 78 Old Boys and one Master who had lain down their lives in the Great War and on each side of the altar, plaques record the names of the dead. There were only a total of 80 boys attending the school in 1914.
Reginald Hallward took the theme of the Pilgrim's Progress for the windows of  the chapel. He depicted schoolboys as Christian's companions on his pilgrimage.

Notable alumni

George Baker CBE, High Commissioner to Papua New Guinea (1974–1977)
 Peter Beckingham, Ambassador to the Philippines since 2005
 Prof Sir John Boardman (born 1927), classical archaeologist
 Ken Campbell, actor
 Edward Caswall, classical scholar and writer of hymns, music master at Chigwell.
 Peter Collecott CMG, Ambassador to Brazil from 2004-8
 Richard Collins FRCS, Vice-President, Royal College of Surgeons 2010
 Tim Collins, Conservative politician, MP for Westmorland and Lonsdale from 1997–2005
 William Cotton, Governor of the Bank of England, who famously set fire to the Headmaster's garden.
 Sir Richard Dales KCVO, CMG, former Ambassador to Norway from 1998–2002
 Paul Farmer MBE (1961–68), former Headmaster of London comprehensive schools; developed use of pop music in schools, including the first CSE examination in pop music
 Pete Flint, Internet Entrepreneur, Founder of Trulia
 Vice-Adm Sir Robert Gerken KCB CBE, Captain of the Fleet from 1978–81
 Sir Arthur Grimble, colonial governor
 Sir Austin Bradford Hill, pioneering medical researcher who discovered the link between smoking and cancer
 Steriker Hare, cricketer
 Sir Ian Holm, actor
 Anthony Hossack (1882–1886) England footballer of the 1890s.
 William Penn, Quaker leader and founder of the state of Pennsylvania in the United States of America
 Sir David Pepper, Director of GCHQ from 2003-8
 Prof James B. Ramsey, Professor of Economics at New York University
 Timothy Rollinson CBE, Director-General of the Forestry Commission since 2004, and President from 2000-2 of the Institute of Chartered Foresters
 Rt Rev Thomas Joseph Savage
 Ben Shephard, television presenter
 Horace Smith, poet
 Michael Marshall Smith, novelist
 Jordan Spence, footballer, Ipswich Town 2017
 Rt Rev Tim Stevens, Bishop of Leicester from 1991 until 1999
 Col Bob Stewart MP DSO
 Sir Edward Albert Stone, Chief Justice of Western Australia, 1901–06
 Michael Thomas, former Attorney General of Hong Kong
 Sir Colin Thornton-Kemsley, MP for Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire from 1939–50 and North Angus and Mearns from 1950–64
 Sir Bernard Williams, philosopher and Provost of King's College, Cambridge
 Prof Nicholas Williams, scholar of the Irish and Cornish languages.
 Timothy Williams, crime novelist
 Alan Winnington, British communist, journalist, anthropologist, war correspondent, author of children's fiction and crime thrillers

Head Masters

Michael Punt (2007-2022)

Damian King (2022-Present)

This list is incomplete

 Notable masters
 Robert James, headmaster 1939–1946, later High Master of St Paul's School and headmaster of Harrow School
 Anthony Little, headmaster 1989–1996, later headmaster of Eton College from 2002–2015.
 William Henry Monk, music master, and author of the music to Abide With Me''.

References

External links

 Chigwell School website
 Old Chigwellians website
 archive mentioning tunnel
 Profile on the ISC website

Buildings and structures in Chigwell
1629 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in the 1620s
Boarding schools in Essex
Private schools in Essex
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference

Grade II* listed buildings in Essex

Chigwell School


Garhanga ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Keita in Niger.

Geographie
Garhanga liegt in der Sahelzone. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Keita im Norden, Ibohamane im Nordosten, Tabotaki im Osten, Déoulé im Südosten, Allakaye im Süden, Badaguichiri im Südwesten und Tamaské im Westen. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 44 Dörfer, 25 Weiler und ein Lager. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Garhanga. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von .

Weite Teile der Gemeinde einschließlich des Hauptorts liegen in der Gebirgslandschaft Ader Doutchi. Das abwechslungsreiche Oberflächenrelief besteht aus Hochebenen, Tälern und deren Einzugsgebieten. Die Haupttäler in der Landgemeinde sind das Doudoubey-Tal, dessen Hauptort das Dorf Garhanga ist, sowie das Laba-Tal mit dem Dorf Laba als Hauptort und das Gadamata-Tal mit dem Dorf Tchimbaba Tané als Hauptort.

Die durchschnittliche jährliche Niederschlagsmenge in der Gemeinde betrug im Zeitraum 1997–2006 458,84 Millimeter bei durchschnittlich 41 Regentagen im Jahr. Die Regenzeit dauert in der Regel von Juni bis September. Die einst reiche Tier- und Pflanzenwelt Garhangas dünnte sich seit den 1950er Jahren zunehmend aus. In den Hochebenen wachsen vereinzelt Akazien, Filzblättrige Jujuben, Piliostigma reticulatum und Wüstendatteln. In den Tälern gibt es eine dichtere Vegetation. Der Wildtierbestand – Affen, Eichhörnchen, Hasen und Perlhühner – ist wegen fehlenden Lebensräumen, Wassermangel und zunehmender menschlicher Besiedlung im Schwinden begriffen.

Geschichte
Birni Ader, heute ein Dorf im Gemeindegebiet von Garhanga, war der Hauptort der 1674 geschaffenen Provinz Ader des Sultanats Aïr. Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde Illéla anstelle von Birni Ader zum Hauptort der Provinz.

Der britische Reiseschriftsteller A. Henry Savage Landor besuchte 1906 die Dörfer Laba, Mansala und Tarwada im Rahmen seiner zwölfmonatigen Afrika-Durchquerung. Die französische Verwaltung löste 1913 Garhanga als eigenen Kanton aus dem 1904 geschaffenen Kanton Keita heraus. Im Jahr 2002 ging im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus dem Kanton Garhanga die Landgemeinde Garhanga hervor. Der staatliche Stromversorger NIGELEC elektrifizierte den Hauptort im Jahr 2018.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 69.712 Einwohner, die in 10.234 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 48.270 in 7020 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 5586 Einwohner in 892 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 4264 in 621 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 3652 in 538 Haushalten.

In der Gemeinde leben Angehörige der Hausa, Tuareg und Fulbe. Neben dem Islam bestehen noch traditionelle Religionen.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 19 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 14 PNDS-Tarayya und 5 MPR-Jamhuriya.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze von 36 Dörfern in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Mehr als 90 % der Bevölkerung arbeiten in der Landwirtschaft. Die Gemeinde liegt in einer Zone, in der vor allem Regenfeldbau betrieben wird. In dieser Form angebaut werden das Grundnahrungsmittel Hirse sowie Sorghum, Augenbohnen, Erdnüsse, Mais, Okra, Süßkartoffeln, Catjangbohnen und Maniok. In den Tälern wird ferner Bewässerungsfeldwirtschaft für Gemüse und Piment praktiziert. Im Westen des Gemeindegebiets gibt es drei natürlichen Wasserstellen, an denen Obst, vor allem Bananen, angebaut wird, das eine wichtige Einkommensquelle darstellt. Außerdem werden die Früchte von Wüstendatteln und Jujuben gegessen und Gummi arabicum gewonnen. Die geernteten Hülsenfrüchte von Akazien und Anabäumen dienen als Viehfutter. Mehrere Faktoren sorgen für ungünstige Verhältnisse für landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten. Dazu zählen insbesondere die Bodenerosion und die Unsicherheit bei den Niederschlägen. Die Niederschlagsmessstation im Hauptort liegt auf  Höhe und wurde 1959 in Betrieb genommen. In der Viehzucht herrscht extensive Tierhaltung von Ziegen, Schafen, Rindern, Eseln, Pferden und Kamelen vor. Die Viehzüchter haben mit Krankheiten des Viehbestands, unzureichenden und kleiner werdenden Weideflächen und Landnutzungskonflikten mit den Ackerbauern zu kämpfen.

In Garhanga gibt es verschiedene Handwerksbetriebe, darunter Gerbereien, Korbmachereien, Schmieden und Töpfereien. Deren Erzeugnisse gelangen aufgrund der Abgelegenheit der Landgemeinde und fehlender Organisation kaum in den überregionalen Handel. Der Einzelhandel liegt vorwiegend in den Händen von Frauen und leidet an mangelhaftem Betriebskapital. Gehandelt werden unter anderem Erdnussöl, Geschirr, Gewürze und Süßwaren. Das staatliche Versorgungszentrum für landwirtschaftliche Betriebsmittel und Materialien (CAIMA) unterhält eine Verkaufsstelle im Hauptort. Arbeitsmigration ist weit verbreitet und wird in größeren Familien rotativ betrieben. Es gibt bedeutende Vorkommen von Gips und Kalk in der Landgemeinde, die in traditioneller Weise abgebaut werden. Die wichtigste Energiequelle für die Bevölkerung ist Brennholz, das zum Kochen gebraucht wird. Bauholz muss zu einem großen Teil aus den Nachbarländern importiert werden. Für die tägliche Zubereitung von Tee und in den Schmieden wird Holzkohle verwendet. Die vorherrschende Form künstlicher Beleuchtung ist die Petroleumlampe, nur ins Dorf Laba wurde eine Hochspannungsleitung aus dem nahen Nigeria geleitet.

Im Bildungswesen stehen 41 über das Gemeindegebiet verteilte Grundschulen und zwei Mittelschulen zur Verfügung. Der CEG Garhanga und der CEG Laba sind allgemein bildende Schulen der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Guidan Dan Gouari (CFM Guidan Dan Gouari) im Dorf Guidan Dan Gouari und beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Laba (CFM Laba) handelt es sich um Berufsausbildungszentren. Die Brutto-Einschulungsrate in Garhanga betrug 2006 45 % (bei Mädchen 35,42 %). Gesundheitszentren des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) sind im Hauptort sowie in den Siedlungen Fararatt Baba, Grado Nord und Laba vorhanden, allerdings gibt es keine einzige Apotheke.

Durch Garhanga verläuft die Nationalstraße 16, die den Ort mit der Regionalhauptstadt Tahoua verbindet. Für Karren, Motorräder und Autos sind die Straßen, deren Zustand generell schlecht ist, in der Regenzeit kaum zu verwenden. Transporte werden vor allem mit Eseln und Kamelen erledigt.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Tahoua (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Garhanga


إذاعة القرآن الكريم من المملكة العربية السعودية بدأت إرسالها من مدينة الرياض في غرة شهر صفر من عام 1393هـ، تشكل تلاوة القرآن منها 75% من أوقات البث والباقي تهتم بعلوم القرآن والسنة النبوية والعلوم الدينية، وتبث على الموجة 100 FM في مدينة الرياض والموجة 91.5 FM في مكة المكرمة، وتبث أيضاً على الموجات المتوسطة والموجات القصيرة. ويشرف على برامج الإذاعة نخبة من المنتجين والمنفذين والمذيعين، وتعد برامجها من قبل أو تحت إشراف نخبة من أهل العلم والمشايخ وطلاب العلم الأكاديميين. ويمكن الوصول إلى الإذاعة عبر موقعها الرسمي إذاعة القرآن الكريم.

تبث الإذاعة برامجها على مدار الساعة، ما بين حلقات ومحاضرات ودروس وتلاوات، أو إعادة لما تم بثه بأوقاتٍ مدروسة ومرتبة بعناية.

ترددات البث على الموجات الاذاعية
936 الموجة المتوسطة AM.
17615 الموجة القصيرة (عالمي) SW.

المدن والتردد
 الأفلاج 99.8
 الباحة 91.5
 الجبيل 95.3
 الحناكية 91.9
 الخرج 88.9
 الخرخير 9
 الخفجي 88.3
 الخماسين 93.7
 الدمام 90
 الدوادمي 94.8
 الرس 99.4
 الرياض 100
 الرين 88
 الزلفي 97.5
 السليل 92.6
 السودة 90.5
 الصمان 98
 الطائف 99.8
 العلا 90.5
 القريات 91.7
 القنفذه 88
 القويعيه 90
 الكامل 100.7
 المجمعة 92.7
 المدينة المنورة 96.8
 النماص 90.1
 الهفوف 90.4
 بريده 93.2
 بقعاء92.5
 بني عمرو 88.9
 بني مالك 92.4
 تبوك 91.6
 تثليث 92
 تمير 97
 تهامة قحطان 97.7
 تيماء 92.2
 جازان 91.9
 جبل خشب (جبة) 93.5
 جبل نهران 95.5
 جدة 89.9
 حائل 93.3
 حصاة قحطان (بني حويل) 92
 حفر الباطن 89.6
 حقل 94.7
 حوطة بني تميم 99
 رنيه 92.2
 سكاكا 101.1
 سميراء 92.8* شرم (نيوم) 90.2
 شروره 94.8
 شقراء 98.3
 شواق 90.6
 ضباء 92.6
 طبرجل 92.5
 ظهران الجنوب (جبل شثاث) 88.6
 عرعر 88.4
 عرفات 90.8
 قرية العلي 90.6
 مدينة الملك خالد العسكرية بحفر الباطن 90.9
 مسكه وضريه 90
 مكة المكرمة 91.5
 نجران 89.8
 يدمه وثار 96.2
 ينبع 90.9.

بث على الأقمار الصناعية
تبث على قمر عرب سات ونايل سات وهوت بيرد.

برامجها
بالإضافة إلى التلاوات القرانية التي تشغل الحيز الأكبر من برامج الإذاعة، تبث برامج أخرى منوعة مثل:

 نور على الدرب: وهو برنامج يومي يجيب فيه أصحاب الفضيلة العلماء عن أسئلة المستمعين، وهو من أشهر البرامج، حيث استضاف ويستضيف يومياً علماء أمثال الشيخ محمد بن صالح العثيمين والشيخ عبد العزيز بن باز والشيخ عبدالله بن غديان، ومفتي المملكة الشيخ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله آل الشيخ والشيخ عبد الكريم الخضير والشيخ أحمد بن علي مباركي والشيخ صالح الفوزان والشيخ صالح اللحيدان والشيخ عبد الله الركبان وغيرهم من العلماء.
 محاضرة الأسبوع: برنامج يأتي ظهيرة كل سبت، يعرض فيه للسادة المستمعين محاضرة مختارة من أحد المساجد أو المخيمات الدعوية أو الندوات.
 تفسير النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وأصحابه للقرآن: برنامج يعده ويقدمه الشيخ الدكتور عبدالعزيز المقحم، يفسر فيه القرآن كما ورد عن النبي وأصحابه والتابعين، وأقوال أهل العلم في ذلك.
 بك أصبحنا: برنامج جديد عمره أقل من سنتين حاز على شهرة واسعة واستحسان الجمهور، يعرض صبيحة كل يوم عمل، ويحمل فقرات متعددة ومتنوعة وقضية متجددة يومياً أو أسبوعياً مع ضيف لمناقشتها، وعرض رسائل المتابعين وتعليقاتهم على الموضوع، وحالة الشوارع ومستوى الزحام في مدينة الرياض، وغيرها من الفقرات الشيقة والمفيدة برؤية إسلامية رائدة.
 بيوت مطمئنة: برنامج أسبوعي يأتي عصر كل ثلاثاء ويعاد ليل الخميس، يناقش فيه الدكتور عادل آل عبدالجبار قضية معينة مع ضيفه، والتي غالباً ما يكون لها صلة بالأسرة والشباب والتربية والحياة العائلية، مع مداخلات المتصلين أو استفساراتهم وحلها مع الضيف.
 ضيف وحوار.
 دروس من الحرمين الشريفين: حيث يعرض فيه دروساً مختارة من الحرمين الشريفين.
 ليالي رمضان: وهو برنامج جديد ابتدأ في رمضان 1431 هجري، ويحوي الكثير من الفقرات على غرار بك أصبحنا.
 الأمن في المجتمع المسلم.
 سؤال على الهاتف: وهو برنامج إفتاء يجيب فيه أصحاب الفضيلة على أسئلة المتصلين.
 الحوار: برنامج يعده ويقدمه الشيخ الدكتور محمد الحمد.
 نبي الرحمه: يعده ويقدمه الدكتور خالد بن عبد الرحمن بن حمد الشايع، الآمين العام المساعد للهيئة العالمية للتعريف بالرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم ونصرته .وعدد حلقاته152 حلقة، وقد كانت الحلقات ال 18 الأولى من البرنامج مركزة على نصرة رسول الله من الإساءات التي كانت متكررة في وقت بداية عرض البرنامج عام 1429 هجري .ثم بدأ بعدها مقدم البرنامج بشرح كتاب الفصول في سيرة الرسول لابن كثير.
 القصص الحق: من إعداد وتقديم الشيخ الدكتور خالد الشايع، يستعرض فيه قصص القرآن والأنبياء.
 قضايا تربوية: يقدمها الشيخ الدكتور علي الشبيلي.

وأيضاً من البرامج لعام 1431 هجري:

ندوة الإذاعة، من أحكام القرآن، خلق المسلم، مدارسات فقهية، الرحمة المهداة، صفات عباد الرحمن، الدين المعاملة، نظرات في علوم القرآن، فقه الأسرة، شكر النعم، قضايا فقهية، الكلمة الطيبة، شرح كتاب التجريد لصحيح البخاري، الدراسات القرآنية، الوسطية في ضوء القرآن، في رحاب القرآن، منابر الحق، قبسٌ من السنة، تلاوة وقراءات، توجيهات في أداء العبادات، من ذاكرة الإذاعة: من تقديم عبد الله بن إبراهيم الحنيشل، وهو برنامج أسبوعي يستعرض تلاوات وبرامج قديمة كانت تعرض سابقا في الإذاعة.
هذا بالإضافة للنقل الحي للصلوات من المسجد الحرام، ورفع الأذان مسجلاُ أو على الهواء من مسجد الإمام تركي بن عبد الله بالرياض ونشرات الأخبار وأذكار الصباح والمساء.

وصلات خارجية
 المباشر البث المباشر للإذاعة من موقعها الرسمي.

مراجع

إذاعات إسلامية
إذاعات السعودية
تأسيسات سنة 1973 في السعودية
محطات إذاعية أسست في 1972

إذاعة القرآن الكريم (السعودية)


Harrow () is a large town in Greater London, England, and serves as the principal settlement of the London Borough of Harrow. Lying about  north-west of Charing Cross and  south of Watford, the entire town including its localities had a population of 149,246 at the 2011 census, whereas the wider borough (which also contains Pinner and Stanmore) had a population of 250,149.

The historic centre of Harrow was atop the  Harrow Hill. The modern town of Harrow grew out at the foot of the settlement, in what was historically called Greenhill. With the arrival of the Metropolitan Railway in the 19th century, the centre of Harrow moved to Greenhill and it grew as the unofficial "capital" of the Metroland suburbia in the early 20th century; Harrow-on-the-Hill station is on one of the railway corridors between London and the Chilterns. Meanwhile, Harrow & Wealdstone station is on the West Coast Main Line and is the eighth oldest railway station, having opened in 1837 one and a half mile north of the hill. Workers were drawn to the area by the opening of several factories in Wealdstone; Harrow was the base of the large Kodak factory, used for the manufacture of photographic materials and R&D, which was in operation for more than a century.

Historically in the hundred of Gore, county of Middlesex, the merged Harrow was a municipal borough before it became a part of Greater London in 1965. Today, the historic area is distinguished as Harrow on the Hill and is a conservation area with listed buildings of Georgian architecture and home to Harrow School, one of the seven major boys' boarding schools in England as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. The modern-day town meanwhile is an established commercial centre of outer north-west London and houses a campus of the University of Westminster.

Etymology
Harrow's name comes from Old English hearg = '(heathen) temple', which was probably on the hill of Harrow, where St. Mary's Church now stands. The name has been studied in detail by Keith Briggs.

The original Greenhill hamlet derived its name from either an unidentified local green hill, or was imported from a manorial surname. It was not recorded in the Domesday Book but was mentioned as early as 1334 as Grenehulle. In addition, one or more families bearing the Greenhulle or Greenhill surname lived there from at least 1247, and are likely to have taken their name from this location. The name Greenhill survives and the local council has continued the name by using it for Greenhill Way, a road which by-passes the mainly-pedestrianised and modernised shopping area based around College Road and St Anns Road. The name is also still used for the local electoral ward.

It is possible that Greenhill went by an even older name, Norbury, c.1300, but the hamlet of Norbury has not been identified with certainty. The name may have been correspondent to Sudbury, being north of what was then Harrow Hill.

History

Harrow, formerly known as Greenhill, was a small hamlet of farms at the foot of Harrow Hill. For almost a millennium, the centre of Harrow was atop the hill, but this began to change during the 19th century. Circa 1852, the village had 8 houses, 17 cottages, and one inn, with 141 people. This area was part of the hundred of Gore, in the historic county of Middlesex.

Urban development

By 1865, a series of roads had been built in Greenhill, including College, Roxborough, Kymberley, Headstone, Clarendon, Byron and St Anns - but few houses. A parish church, St John's Church, was built in 1866 on a farm and Greenhill became a separate parish in 1896. The church building has been Grade II listed since 1994. The Metropolitan Railway connection dates from 1880 with the building of Harrow-on-the-Hill station, which led to a housebuilding boom and a population of 4,892 by 1902. Developments westward along the railway in the Headstone and Pinner as well as Roxborough and Wealdstone engulfed Greenhill with new developments, and soon enough there was nothing left of the original village.

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In 1899, the junction of Grove Hill and Lowlands Road is said to have been the scene of Britain's first fatal car accident.  There is a plaque to commemorate this at the top of Grove Hill where it meets the High Street and Peterborough Hill.

In Greenhill, there was a workmen's club from the 1860s and a public hall, Victoria Hall, by 1888.

By 1895, most of Greenhill (along with Roxeth) became part of the Harrow on the Hill Urban District, while a small part in the north became part of Wealdstone Urban District. It would remain so until 1934 with the creation of Harrow Urban District. One of the oldest surviving buildings in what is today Harrow is the Grade I listed Headstone Manor from the 15th century.

Harrow contributed to the growing photographic industry in the UK; a large industrial premises was built in 1890 by the American Eastman Kodak company in Wealdstone, and by 1965 there were over 100 buildings on a 55-acre site at Kodak Harrow, employing 5,500 people, including a research centre. This facility operated for 125 years. The long chimney has been a landmark in Harrow ever since.

In 1914, a major department store named Sopers opened on Station Road. The site became a Debenhams store; it closed in May 2021 after the collapse of the Debenham's chain. Its facade dated from the 1960s.

During the inter-war period Harrow had grown into a suburb. Almost two-thirds of housing stock in the present day Borough of Harrow dates back to the interwar period.

Railway accidents
The modern town of Harrow and much of the borough overall has been defined historically by the growth of the railways, as Harrow expanded and saw housing developments as a result of the building of the Metropolitan Railway into what was, in early Victorian times, the rural areas to the north-west of London. The borough now has many railway stations.

Harrow has been the location of several serious train accidents.
On 7 August 1838, Thomas Port died from injuries received in a train accident near Harrow. His gravestone in the parish churchyard of St Mary's, Harrow-on-the-Hill, states: "To the memory of Thomas Port, son of John Port of Burton-upon-Trent in the County of Stafford, Hat Manufacturer, who near this town had both legs severed from his body by the railway train. With great fortitude, he bore a second amputation by the surgeons and died from loss of blood, August 7th 1838, aged 33 years."
On 26 November 1870, two trains collided at Harrow & Wealdstone station, killing 9 and injuring 44.
On 8 October 1952, three trains collided at Harrow & Wealdstone station, killing 112 people. Of the dead, 64 were railway employees on their way to work. This is the greatest loss of life in any United Kingdom railway accident in peacetime.

Battle of Britain
Although The Blitz is generally claimed to have started on 7 September 1940, many sources state that one of the earliest bombing raid from the Luftwaffe occurred in Harrow and Wealdstone on 22 August 1940. It caused damage to cinemas, houses and a bank, but with no fatalities. Although Harrow was then in Middlesex, it was classed as a London area by the civil defence as it came under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police. The very first air raid on the present day London area is believed to be the accidental bombing of Croydon Airport on 15 August 1940, which was then in Surrey.

Post-war
The town was part of the Harrow Urban District, a district council within the county of Middlesex, from 1934 until 1965, which also included parts of Edgware, Hendon, Wembley and Pinner. The London Borough of Harrow was formed in 1965 as the only London borough unaffected by boundary changes.

By the 1950s, Harrow was described as the "capital city of Metro-land". The borough's council Civic Centre building complex was built in 1970–1972, opened 6 May 1973, on Station Road in Wealdstone. Six storeys high and designed by architect Eric Broughton, the building is considered "outdated and costly" in 2018 and was expected to be imminently redeveloped. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, many new office blocks were built in the town, especially in Lyon Road and the western end of College Road.

In 1974, the Kodak Mural designed by Pentagram was completed on the first floor of the recently opened Civic Centre. It contains almost one thousand photographic tiles representing Harrow and designed to commemorate the town and borough's links with Kodak.

The town underwent regeneration in the 1980s with the building of a bus station in College Road and the pedestrianisation of St Anns Road. A statue called "Skipping Katie" was unveiled by the local council in May 1987 to celebrate the completion of the pedestrianisation. The landmark was designed by James Butler inspired by watching his daughter skip. A plaque on Katie was unveiled in 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh to mark the 50th anniversary of the London Borough of Harrow.

In the autumn of 1987, Diana, Princess of Wales visited Harrow, where she officially opened the new St Anns shopping centre amid a large crowd of locals. Located opposite the central train station on College Road, the centre was built on demolished buildings including Heathfield School for Girls, which moved away to Pinner in 1982.

Nearby St Anns shopping centre, another indoor retail outlet was built which was opened as St George's Shopping and Leisure Centre on St George's Day in 1996. The town's Woolworths store on Station Road closed and was replaced by a new branch inside St George's. Other landmarks built during the decade include the Hygeia building in 1991, which has an erected golden coloured sculpture of Roman goddess Hygeia facing the bus station. Furthermore, in 1991, Lower Mead stadium on Station Road, the home of Wealdstone F.C., was sold to Tesco and demolished. In its place a new large Tesco superstore was built.

21st century

The town centre has undergone a new wave of redevelopment. In 2011, the one-way single lane section of Station Road was widened to allow two-way bus traffic. The 11 storey luxury apartments of Bradstowe House were completed in 2016 after long delays. Former office buildings on Lyon Road (including Coal House, once belonging to the National Coal Board) have been regenerated into new mixed use buildings in the 2010s, whereas on Pinner Road behind St George's centre a new eight storey development called Trident Point was built which includes a Morrisons supermarket opened in 2013. The former post-office sorting building on College Road, next to the train station, remained vacant for some years until plans for a 19-storey skyscraper were approved by the council in 2015. The development, called Harrow Square, was partly completed with 318 apartments across four buildings in 2018. It includes a bottom floor  library still under construction which will replace the current Gayton Library on St John's Road. The building next to it, formerly First National House, has been refurbished into luxury apartments called The Hub.

The borough received a £1 million grant from the Mayor of London that will go towards a new public square and a "pop-up test eatery" at the site of the former Cumberland Hotel on Lyon Road, expected to be completed by 2020. The 1930s art deco facade of the Safari Cinema, which has been hidden since the 1960s, is set to be restored from 2020. The council aims to invest over a billion in the town centres of Harrow and Wealdstone and the Station Road corridor in between.

Geography

The borough of Harrow has a leafy, suburban character, much of which is a legacy of it being at the centre of the Metroland developments of the early 20th century.

The town centre is about  above sea level, almost  below the top of Harrow Hill, which is an outlying knoll. The hill is half a mile south of the town centre, and the settlement contains historic architecture and has a village atmosphere. The steep climb towards the hill is clearly visible from Lowlands Road. Other parts of Harrow are not as affluent but are still mostly leafy, particularly the northern part called Harrow Weald. The rural northern slopes of Harrow, around Harrow Weald Common, are part of the Green Belt and contain a conservation area and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) adjacent to another SSSI called Bentley Priory Nature Reserve which comes under Stanmore. The area also has the highest elevation in Harrow, as high as  above sea level.

There is also agricultural land close by the town, on fields at the eastern side of Harrow on the Hill, on Watford Road. This open farmland is only half a mile away from Harrow's town centre and is adjacent to Northwick Park Hospital and Northwick Park open space. The farm borders Harrow Park and other open spaces and golf courses that are within Harrow on the Hill; other open spaces include: The Grove open space and Harrow Recreation Ground near the town centre; West Harrow Recreation Ground; Kenton Recreation Ground; Alexandra Park in South Harrow; Newton Park in Rayners Lane; Byron Recreation Ground in Wealdstone; and the grounds of Headstone Manor.

Much of Kenton, and before 1716 all of Pinner, were parts of Harrow. Pinner is now a separate district within the borough of Harrow. Harrow Weald is the district north of Wealdstone, and both of these are historically also part of Harrow. It is the principal settlement of the London Borough of Harrow, which also includes the towns of Pinner and Stanmore.

The Harrow postcode area covers the entire borough and stretches into neighbouring boroughs: west into Ruislip and Northwood, and east to Edgware and Wembley. The postcodes for Harrow town itself are HA1, HA2 and HA3.

Harrow is  from Pinner,  each from Wembley, Stanmore and Northolt, and  from Ruislip.

Economy

Central Harrow forms a commercial hub in the north-west of Greater London, with many retail outlets and commercial offices, and increasingly residential apartments in more recent regeneration schemes. Harrow is classified as one of 13 metropolitan centres in the London Plan.

The area has two shopping centres, St Anns and St George's, containing chain stores typical of British high streets. There are also parades of shops throughout Station Road and the ascending, traditional College Road, and over  of a fully pedestranised shopping/café streets roads (north of St Anns). A large Debenhams department store ( of floorspace) was on Station Road. After Debenhams was liquidated, the site is to become an independent department store called The Landmark due to open on 14 October 2021. There are also large Morrisons and Tesco superstores. As of 2012, Harrow has  of total town centre floorspace, the lowest of London's metropolitan centres.

The creation of St George's in 1996, less than a decade after St Anns, gave Harrow a stronger competitive retail standing. On one index, the town centre's league position went from 106th (out of 1,000) to 71st (out of 1,400) from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s. Harrow's competing shopping centres were recognised to be Watford, Uxbridge and Brent Cross Shopping Centre. A 2003 council report showed that Harrow was less competitive as a retail centre by comparison.

In 2015, Harrow ranked 99th in the Hot 100 UK retail locations published by CACI; it was 5th in Greater London, behind Croydon, Kingston upon Thames, Bromley and Enfield Town. In 2018, Harrow was ranked 59th in the nationwide "High Street Investment Ranking" carried out by Knight Frank, and 6th in Greater London beaten by Uxbridge and Richmond.

The Wealdstone district has a strong industrial connection, having been the location for the manufactures Winsor & Newton (artists' materials), Whitefriars Glass, and Kodak.

Demography

The town includes its localities within the Harrow post town: Harrow on the Hill, Harrow Weald, Headstone, North Harrow, Kenton, Rayners Lane, South Harrow, Wealdstone and West Harrow. The Borough's population was 250,149 in 2011.

Harrow Borough's proportion of Jewish, Muslim and Hindu residents is above average. The ethnic minority population includes a large and established Gujarati Indian community, who originally settled in large numbers in the borough after their expulsion from Uganda in 1972.

The highest life expectancy (as of 2009–2013) for females was 89.5 years in Headstone North, and for males was 83.8 years in West Harrow. The lowest expectancies were 82.4 years in Wealdstone and 78.6 years in Greenhill respectively. The median age was highest in Headstone North (40 years) and lowest in Greenhill and Wealdstone (both 33 years). The life expectancies for Harrow are lower than both Pinner and Stanmore in the borough.

According to a 2018 survey by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the borough of Harrow was the "happiest" in London and scored higher than the English average. Adversely, in another survey by an estate agent in 2019 the borough was found to be the "least friendly" in London.

Average house prices within the borough stood at £479,682 as of 2017.

Governance
Harrow Council has been governed by the Labour Party since 2014. The town of Harrow generally is represented by 13 wards, each represented by three councillors.

Harrow is in the Brent and Harrow constituency for the London Assembly which has been represented since May 2021 by Krupesh Hirani (Labour). Prior to this, it was represented by Navin Shah (Labour) between 2008 and 2021.

Keekira Thammaih was the first Indian and a first Asian to be the Mayor of Harrow, England in 2000 – 2001.

Since the 2010 general election, most of Harrow town has been part of the Harrow West parliamentary constituency, most recently represented by Gareth Thomas (Labour), but eastern districts such as Kenton fall within the Harrow East constituency which is represented by Bob Blackman (Conservative).

Education

Harrow is best known for Harrow School. An independent boarding school for boys, founded in 1572, Harrow School is considered one of the finest secondary schools in the world. The nearby John Lyon School is another boys' independent school, while another known school is the North London Collegiate School for girls located further in the borough in Edgware.

Harrow is also home to a large University of Westminster campus, located near Northwick Park and the hospital. It serves as the university's base for Media, Arts and Design. The school dates back to 1897 specialising in art, photography and fashion, becoming a college in the 1960s under the name Harrow College of Higher Education. It merged with Polytechnic of Central London (PCL) in 1990, now known as the University of Westminster.

Other educational institutes in or near central Harrow include: Harrow High School, Whitmore High School, St Dominic's Sixth Form College, Salvatorian College and Harrow College.

Greenhill School was built in the 1880s, but the building was demolished in 1967 to make way for shops on St Anns Road. The site is now home to a Marks & Spencer.

Culture

Arts

The borough's Harrow Arts Centre is located in Pinner and includes a theatre and several meeting rooms for various arts groups.

The St George's centre has a large Vue cinema. Formerly Sheepcote Road was home to Granada Theatre, opened in 1937, which became a 3 screen cinema in 1973. The building, interior designed by Theodore Komisarjevsky, was Grade II listed in 1988. The cinema went through ownership and name changes from 1989 until it was permanently closed in 1996, six months after the other cinema opening at St George's. After a few years in a derelict condition, the building became a health club gymnasium operated by Gold's Gym. The theatre's original Wurlitzer organ is retained in the building, although currently not accessible to the public, although it reported to remain in perfect working condition.

An art-deco cinema called Dominion opened in 1936 adjoining Lower Mead football ground, on much of the site of Greenhill Farm. It was later purchased by ABC Cinemas, and the Dominion's original art deco design was covered in new metal cladding in 1962. In the 1970s the lower floor was converted to a bingo hall and in the 1990s the cinema became the Safari, showing Bollywood films.  This closed in the 20teens and it was not until January 2020 when plans to restore the art deco (and building 78 flats at the site) were approved by Harrow council.  This is currently under re-construction.

Religion

Some of the major churches in Harrow include the Grade I listed St Mary's Church, St John's Greenhill, All Saints Harrow Weald, Holy Trinity Wealdstone, Christ Church Roxeth, and Kenton Methodist Church.

Harrow has a Hindu temple dedicated to Sri Lord Ayyappa and is known as Sri Ayyappan Kovil, located in the Wealdstone neighbourhood. In the same area is the large Harrow Central Mosque, and a smaller local mosque, Masjid Imam Muqbil, is located in South Harrow. On Bessborough Road in the town is the Mosaic Reform Synagogue, and there is a United Synagogue in the Kenton part of Harrow. There is a Zoroastrianism centre in Rayners Lane.

Media
The 1918 novel The Return of the Soldier is based in Harrow.

The wedding of characters Peggy Mitchell and Frank Butcher of EastEnders in 1999 was filmed in Harrow. The classroom in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was filmed at the Fourth Form Room of Harrow School. The school was also used to shoot many scenes of the drama The Crown. The British Asian soap drama Cloud 9 was shot in Harrow in 2013. The exterior of Clark's house in the 2016 film Me Before You was shot in Harrow.

The Harrow Times is a local newspaper for the borough, and formerly the historic Harrow Observer that dates back to the 19th century. The Brent & Kilburn Times and Watford Observer also cover Harrow.

Radio Harrow is a local charity radio that broadcasts from Northwick Park Hospital. Launched in 2015 in its current form, its predecessor Radio Northwick Park had already been broadcasting for four decades before. A student radio called Smoke Radio broadcasts from the University of Westminster campus since 2004.

Sports
Harrow is represented by the association football club Wealdstone F.C., who play in the National League (fifth tier); they are based in Ruislip, moving from their original stadium in Harrow in 1991. Another local club is Harrow Borough F.C. who are based at Earlsmead Stadium and currently play in the Isthmian League Premier Division (seventh tier).

Harrow Leisure Centre and Harrow Skate Park are located by Byron Park in Wealdstone.

There is a golf course at Northwick Park.

Public services

Harrow borough is patrolled by the Metropolitan Police (the territorial police force in Greater London). The service is mainly provided through Harrow Police Station on Northolt Road in South Harrow, and the borough overall has contact points supported by 22 Safer Neighbourhoods teams. Previous police stations at Kirkland House and in Wealdstone have closed down in the 2010s. The borough's basic command unit is combined with the London boroughs of Barnet and Brent.

Harrow is served by Northwick Park Hospital and specialists St Mark's Hospital and Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (in Stanmore), which are run by National Health Service. The local Harrow CCG manages public provision of homecare throughout Harrow which is state funded. A private hospital called Clementine Churchill is located in Harrow-on-the-Hill.

Transport

Rail and London Underground

Harrow is served by many London Underground and National Rail services:

Harrow-on-the-Hill (Metropolitan line & Aylesbury Line/Chiltern Railways)
Harrow & Wealdstone (Bakerloo line, London Overground, London Northwestern Railway and Southern)
West Harrow (Metropolitan line)
South Harrow (Piccadilly line)
Rayners Lane (Metropolitan/Piccadilly lines)
North Harrow (Metropolitan line)
Kenton (Bakerloo line & London Overground)
Headstone Lane (London Overground)
Northolt Park (Chiltern Main Line/Chiltern Railways) [On Boundary between Ealing & Harrow]
Sudbury Hill Harrow (Chiltern Main Line/Chiltern Railways)
Northwick Park (Metropolitan line) [On boundary between Brent & Harrow]
Sudbury Hill (Piccadilly line)

Harrow-on-the-Hill is the town's central station, located on College Road/Lowlands Road. The station provides direct Underground and rail links to the West End, the City, Uxbridge, and through the Chiltern Hills to Aylesbury. The other major station - and both the largest and busiest of Harrow - is Harrow & Wealdstone, a short distance north from the town, which has direct trains to the West End, Croydon, Gatwick Airport, Watford, Hemel Hempstead and beyond towards Brighton and Birmingham respectively. Both stations are in Travelcard zone 5. Trains towards Gerrards Cross are served by the smaller Sudbury Hill Harrow station which also provides an alternative route towards the West Midlands.

Harrow-on-the-Hill is a much busier tube station compared with the town's other principal station, Harrow & Wealdstone, recording over 10.3 million London Underground passengers in 2018/2019. However, the latter is served more extensively by National Rail services, as well as the London Overground and because of this it's a busier National Rail station.

A short railway line called the Stanmore branch line formerly ran from Harrow & Wealdstone via Belmont to , but this line was closed in 1964.

On 23 December 1991, the IRA exploded a bomb on a train at Harrow-on-the-Hill station; there were no injuries.

Bus

Harrow bus station is adjacent to St Anns shopping centre and Harrow on the Hill railway station. All buses are managed by Transport for London and links are provided to Ruislip, Watford, Edgware, Northwood, Golders Green, Wembley, Ealing, Hayes and Heathrow Airport. Many local buses have a H-prefix in the range 9–19.

During the privatisation of London bus services, Harrow was one of the first places with its own London Regional Transport operating unit, called Harrow Buses and operating from November 1987 in red and cream branded livery. The scheme was not successful and the service gained the nickname "Harrowing Buses" from the local press.

Harrow was the place where the first major electronic contactless smart card technology was being tested on buses. In a £2 million trial that started in February 1994, cards were provided by London Transport at the bus station and could be used on 21 bus routes in Harrow, the largest trial of its kind in the world. Within two months, 9,000 smart photocards were issued. The scheme was a success by the time it ended in December 1995, and led to the development of the Oyster card in 2003.

Road
There are no trunk roads in the vicinity of Harrow. The A312 road starts in Harrow as Bessborough Road - however the A312's section in Harrow is merely an urban road, and the primary trunk road starts over 3 miles away in Northolt. It is here where there is a crossing with the A40 Western Avenue. The A406 is 5 miles away via Neasden, Wembley or Hanger Lane Gyratory. There is access to junction 2 of the M1 motorway 6 miles away via the A41 in Edgware.

Gallery

Notable people

Some notable people who were born and/or grew up in the Borough of Harrow are shown below.

Notes and references
Notes

References

External links

Harrow Council Homepage

Areas of London
Districts of the London Borough of Harrow
Metropolitan centres of London

Harrow, London


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