Russification (), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian culture and the Russian language.

In a historical sense, the term refers to both official and unofficial policies of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union with respect to their national constituents and to national minorities in Russia, aimed at Russian domination and hegemony.

The major areas of Russification are politics and culture. In politics, an element of Russification is assigning Russian nationals to lead administrative positions in national institutions. In culture, Russification primarily amounts to the domination of the Russian language in official business and the strong influence of the Russian language on national idioms. The shifts in demographics in favour of the ethnic Russian population are sometimes considered a form of Russification as well.

Analytically, it is helpful to distinguish Russification, as a process of changing one's ethnic self-label or identity from a non-Russian ethnonym to Russian, from Russianization, the spread of the Russian language, culture, and people into non-Russian cultures and regions, distinct also from Sovietization or the imposition of institutional forms established by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union throughout the territory ruled by that party. In this sense, although Russification is usually conflated across Russification, Russianization, and Russian-led Sovietization, each can be considered a distinct process. Russianization and Sovietization, for example, did not automatically lead to Russification –  a change in language or self-identity of non-Russian people to being Russian. Thus, despite long exposure to the Russian language and culture, as well as to Sovietization, at the end of the Soviet era, non-Russians were on the verge of becoming a majority of the population in the Soviet Union.

History
The Russification of Uralic-speaking people, such as Vepsians, Mordvins, Maris, and Permians, indigenous to large parts of western and central Russia had already begun with the original eastward expansion of East Slavs. Written records of the oldest period are scarce, but toponymic evidence indicates that this expansion was accomplished at the expense of various Volga-Finnic peoples, who were gradually assimilated by Russians; beginning with the Merya and the Muroma early in the 2nd millennium AD.

In the 13th to 14th century, the Russification of the Komi began but it did not penetrate the Komi heartlands until the 18th century. However, by the 19th century, Komi-Russian bilingualism had become the norm and there was an increasing Russian influence on the Komi language.

After the Russian defeat in the Crimean War in 1856 and the January Uprising of 1863, Tsar Alexander II increased Russification to reduce the threat of future rebellions. Russia was populated by many minority groups, and forcing them to accept the Russian culture was an attempt to prevent self-determination tendencies and separatism. In the 19th century, Russian settlers on traditional Kazakh land (misidentified as Kyrgyz at the time) drove many of the Kazakhs over the border to China.

In Soviet Union
After the 1917 revolution, authorities in the USSR decided to abolish the use of the Arabic alphabet in native languages in Soviet-controlled Central Asia, in the Caucasus, and in the Volga region (including Tatarstan). This detached the local Muslim populations from exposure to the language and writing system of the Quran. The new alphabet for these languages was based on the Latin alphabet and was also inspired by the Turkish alphabet. By the late 1930s, the policy had changed. In 1939–1940, the Soviets decided that a number of these languages (including Tatar, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijani, and Bashkir) would henceforth use variations of the Cyrillic script (see Cyrillization in the Soviet union). Not only that, the spelling and writing of these new Cyrillic words must also be in accordance with the Russian language.

Some historians evaluating the Soviet Union as a colonial empire, applied the "prison of nations" idea to the USSR. Thomas Winderl wrote "The USSR became in a certain sense more a prison-house of nations than the old Empire had ever been."

Korenizatsiya

Stalin's Marxism and the National Question (1913) provided the basic framework for nationality policy in the Soviet Union. The early years of said policy, from the early 1920s to the mid-1930s, were guided by the policy of korenizatsiya ("indigenization"), during which the new Soviet regime sought to reverse the long-term effects of Russification on the non-Russian populations. As the regime was trying to establish its power and legitimacy throughout the former Russian empire, it went about constructing regional administrative units, recruiting non-Russians into leadership positions, and promoting non-Russian languages in government administration, the courts, the schools, and the mass media. The slogan then established was that local cultures should be "socialist in content but national in form." That is, these cultures should be transformed to conform with the Communist Party's socialist project for the Soviet society as a whole but have active participation and leadership by the indigenous nationalities and operate primarily in the local languages.

Early nationality policies shared with later policy the object of assuring control by the Communist Party over all aspects of Soviet political, economic, and social life. The early Soviet policy of promoting what one scholar has described as "ethnic particularism" and another as "institutionalized multinationality", had a double goal. On the one hand, it had been an effort to counter Russian chauvinism by assuring a place for non-Russian languages and cultures in the newly formed Soviet Union. On the other hand, it was a means to prevent the formation of alternative ethnically based political movements, including pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism. One way of accomplishing this was to promote what some regard as artificial distinctions between ethnic groups and languages rather than promoting the amalgamation of these groups and a common set of languages based on Turkish or another regional language.

The Soviet nationalities policy from its early years sought to counter these two tendencies by assuring a modicum of cultural autonomy to non-Russian nationalities within a federal system or structure of government, though maintaining that the ruling Communist Party was monolithic, not federal. A process of "national-territorial delimitation" (:ru:национально-территориальное размежевание) was undertaken to define the official territories of the non-Russian populations within the Soviet Union. The federal system conferred the highest status to the titular nationalities of union republics, and lower status to the titular nationalities of autonomous republics, autonomous provinces, and autonomous okrugs. In all, some 50 nationalities had a republic, province, or okrug of which they held nominal control in the federal system. Federalism and the provision of native-language education ultimately left as a legacy a large non-Russian public that was educated in the languages of their ethnic groups and that identified a particular homeland on the territory of the Soviet Union.

World War II
By the late 1930s, policies had shifted. Purges in some of the national regions, such as Ukraine, had occurred already in the early 1930s. Before the turnabout in Ukraine in 1933, a purge of Veli İbraimov and his leadership in the Crimean ASSR in 1929 for "national deviation" led to the Russianization of government, education, and the media and to the creation of a special alphabet for Crimean Tatar to replace the Latin alphabet. Of the two dangers that Joseph Stalin had identified in 1923, now bourgeois nationalism (local nationalism) was said to be a greater threat than Great Russian chauvinism (great power chauvinism). In 1937, Faizullah Khojaev and Akmal Ikramov were removed as leaders of the Uzbek SSR, and in 1938, during the third great Moscow show trial, convicted and subsequently put to death for alleged anti-Soviet nationalist activities.

After Stalin, an ethnic Georgian, became the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union, the Russian language gained greater emphasis. In 1938, Russian became a required subject of study in every Soviet school, including those in which a non-Russian language was the principal medium of instruction for other subjects (e.g., mathematics, science, and social studies). In 1939, non-Russian languages that had been given Latin-based scripts in the late 1920s were given new scripts based on the Cyrillic script. One likely rationale for these decisions was the sense of impending war and that Russian was the language of command in the Red Army.

Before and during World War II, Joseph Stalin deported to Central Asia and Siberia many entire nationalities for their alleged and largely disproven collaboration with the German invaders: Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, and others. Shortly after the war, he deported many Ukrainians, Balts, and Estonians to Siberia as well.

After the war, the leading role of the Russian people in the Soviet family of nations and nationalities was promoted by Stalin and his successors. This shift was most clearly underscored by Communist Party General Secretary Stalin's Victory Day toast to the Russian people in May 1945:

The view was reflected in the new State Anthem of the Soviet Union which started with: "An unbreakable union of free republics, Great Russia has sealed forever." Anthems of nearly all Soviet republics mentioned "Russia" or "Russian nation" singled out as "brother", "friend", "elder brother" (Uzbek SSR) or "stronghold of friendship" (Turkmen SSR).

Although the official literature on nationalities and languages in subsequent years continued to speak of there being 130 equal languages in the USSR, in practice a hierarchy was endorsed in which some nationalities and languages were given special roles or viewed as having different long-term futures.

Educational reforms
An analysis of textbook publishing found that education was offered for at least one year and it was also offered to children who were in at least the first class (grade) in 67 languages between 1934 and 1980. Educational reforms were undertaken after Nikita Khrushchev became First Secretary of the Communist Party in the late 1950s and launched a process of replacing non-Russian schools with Russian ones for the nationalities that had lower status in the federal system, the nationalities whose populations were smaller and the nationalities which were already bilingual on a large scale. Nominally, this process was guided by the principle of "voluntary parental choice." But other factors also came into play, including the size and formal political status of the group in the Soviet federal hierarchy and the prevailing level of bilingualism among parents. By the early 1970s schools in which non-Russian languages served as the principal medium of instruction operated in 45 languages, while seven more indigenous languages were taught as subjects of study for at least one class year. By 1980, instruction was offered in 35 non-Russian languages of the peoples of the USSR, just over half the number in the early 1930s.

In most of these languages, schooling was not offered for the complete ten-year curriculum. For example, within the Russian SFSR in 1958–59, full 10-year schooling in the native language was offered in only three languages: Russian, Tatar, and Bashkir. And some nationalities had minimal or no native-language schooling. By 1962–1963, among non-Russian nationalities that were indigenous to the RSFSR, whereas 27% of children in classes I-IV (primary school) studied in Russian-language schools, 53% of those in classes V-VIII (incomplete secondary school) studied in Russian-language schools, and 66% of those in classes IX-X studied in Russian-language schools. Although many non-Russian languages were still offered as a subject of study at a higher class level (in some cases through complete general secondary school – the 10th class), the pattern of using the Russian language as the main medium of instruction accelerated after Khrushchev's parental choice program got underway.

Pressure to convert the main medium of instruction to Russian was evidently higher in urban areas. For example, in 1961–62, reportedly only 6% of Tatar children living in urban areas attended schools in which Tatar was the main medium of instruction. Similarly in Dagestan in 1965, schools in which the indigenous language was the medium of instruction existed only in rural areas. The pattern was probably similar, if less extreme, in most of the non-Russian union republics, although in Belarus and Ukraine, schooling in urban areas was highly Russianized.

Rapprochement

The promotion of federalism and of non-Russian languages had always been a strategic decision aimed at expanding and maintaining Communist Party rule. On the theoretical plane, the Communist Party's official doctrine was of eventual national differences and nationalities as such would disappear. In official party doctrine as it was reformulated in the Third Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union introduced by Nikita Khrushchev at the 22nd Party Congress in 1961, although the program stated that ethnic distinctions would eventually disappear and a single common language would be adopted by all nationalities in the Soviet Union, "the obliteration of national distinctions, and especially language distinctions, is a considerably more drawn-out process than the obliteration of class distinctions." At the time, Soviet nations and nationalities were further flowering their cultures and drawing together (сближение – sblizhenie) into a stronger union. In his Report on the Program to the Congress, Khrushchev used even stronger language: that the process of further rapprochement (sblizhenie) and greater unity of nations would eventually lead to a merging or fusion (слияние – sliyanie) of nationalities.

Khrushchev's formula of rapprochement-fusing was moderated slightly when Leonid Brezhnev replaced Khrushchev as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1964 (a post he held until his death in 1982). Brezhnev asserted that rapprochement would lead ultimately to the complete unity of nationalities. "Unity" is an ambiguous term because it can imply either the maintenance of separate national identities but a higher stage of mutual attraction, similarity between nationalities or total disappearance of ethnic differences. In the political context of the time, rapprochement-unity was regarded as a softening of the pressure toward Russification that Khrushchev had promoted with his endorsement of sliyanie.

The 24th Party Congress in 1971 launched the idea that a new "Soviet people" was forming on the territory of the USSR, a community for which the common language – the language of the "Soviet people" – was the Russian language, consistent with the role that Russian was playing for the fraternal nations and nationalities in the territory already. This new community was labeled a people (народ – narod), not a nation (нация – natsiya), but in that context the Russian word narod ("people") implied an ethnic community, not just a civic or political community.

Thus, until the end of the Soviet era, doctrinal rationalization had been provided for some of the practical policy steps that were taken in the areas of education and the media. First of all, the transfer of many "national schools" (schools based on local languages) to Russian as a medium of instruction accelerated under Khrushchev in the late 1950s and continued into the 1980s.

Second, the new doctrine was used to justify the special place of the Russian language as the "language of inter-nationality communication" (язык межнационального общения) in the USSR. Use of the term "inter-nationality" (межнациональное) rather than the more conventional "international" (международное) focused on the special internal role of Russian language rather than on its role as a language of international discourse. That Russian was the most widely spoken language, and that Russians were the majority of the population of the country, were also cited in justification of the special place of the Russian language in government, education, and the media.

At the 27th CPSU Party Congress in 1986, presided over by Mikhail Gorbachev, the 4th Party Program reiterated the formulas of the previous program:

During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the non-Russian Soviet republics had reached 25 million.

Linguistics

Progress in the spread of the Russian language as a second language and the gradual displacement of other languages was monitored in Soviet censuses. The Soviet censuses of 1926, 1937, 1939, and 1959, had included questions on "native language" (родной язык) as well as "nationality." The 1970, 1979, and 1989 censuses added to these questions one on "other language of the peoples of the USSR" that an individual could "use fluently" (свободно владеть). It is speculated that the explicit goal of the new question on the "second language" was to monitor the spread of Russian as the language of internationality communication.

Each of the official homelands within the Soviet Union was regarded as the only homeland of the titular nationality and its language, while the Russian language was regarded as the language for interethnic communication for the whole Soviet Union. Therefore, for most of the Soviet era, especially after the korenizatsiya (indigenization) policy ended in the 1930s, schools in which non-Russian Soviet languages would be taught were not generally available outside the respective ethnically based administrative units of these ethnicities. Some exceptions appeared to involve cases of historic rivalries or patterns of assimilation between neighboring non-Russian groups, such as between Tatars and Bashkirs in Russia or among major Central Asian nationalities. For example, even in the 1970s schooling was offered in at least seven languages in Uzbekistan: Russian, Uzbek, Tajik, Kazakh, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Karakalpak.

While formally all languages were equal, in almost all Soviet republics the Russian/local bilingualism was "asymmetric": the titular nation learned Russian, whereas immigrant Russians generally did not learn the local language.

In addition, many non-Russians who lived outside their respective administrative units tended to become Russified linguistically; that is, they not only learned Russian as a second language but they also adopted it as their home language or mother tongue – although some still retained their sense of ethnic identity or origins even after shifting their native language to Russian. This includes both the traditional communities (e.g., Lithuanians in the northwestern Belarus (see Eastern Vilnius region) or the Kaliningrad Oblast (see Lithuania Minor)) and the communities that appeared during Soviet times such as Ukrainian or Belarusian workers in Kazakhstan or Latvia, whose children attended primarily the Russian-language schools and thus the further generations are primarily speaking Russian as their native language; for example, 57% of Estonia's Ukrainians, 70% of Estonia's Belarusians and 37% of Estonia's Latvians claimed Russian as the native language in the last Soviet census of 1989. Russian replaced Yiddish and other languages as the main language of many Jewish communities inside the Soviet Union as well.

Another consequence of the mixing of nationalities and the spread of bilingualism and linguistic Russification was the growth of ethnic intermarriage and a process of ethnic Russification—coming to call oneself Russian by nationality or ethnicity, not just speaking Russian as a second language or using it as a primary language. In the last decades of the Soviet Union, ethnic Russification (or ethnic assimilation) was moving very rapidly for a few nationalities such as the Karelians and Mordvinians. Whether children born in mixed families to one Russian parent were likely to be raised as Russians depended on the context. For example, the majority of children in North Kazakhstan with one of each parent chose Russian as their nationality on their internal passport at age 16. Children of mixed Russian and Estonian parents living in Tallinn (the capital city of Estonia), or mixed Russian and Latvian parents living in Riga (the capital of Latvia), or mixed Russian and Lithuanian parents living in Vilnius (the capital of Lithuania) most often chose as their own nationality that of the titular nationality of their republic – not Russian.

More generally, patterns of linguistic and ethnic assimilation (Russification) were complex and cannot be accounted for by any single factor such as educational policy. Also relevant were the traditional cultures and religions of the groups, their residence in urban or rural areas, their contact with and exposure to the Russian language and to ethnic Russians, and other factors.

In Russian Federation (1991–present)
The enforced Russification of Russia's remaining indigenous minorities continued in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, especially in connection with urbanization and the declining population replacement rates (particularly low among the more western groups). As a result, several of Russia's indigenous languages and cultures are currently considered endangered. E.g. between the 1989 and 2002 censuses, the assimilation numbers of the Mordvins have totalled over 100,000, a major loss for a people totalling less than one million in number.

On 19 June 2018, the Russian State Duma adopted a bill that made education in all languages but Russian optional, overruling previous laws by ethnic autonomies, and reducing instruction in minority languages to only two hours a week. This bill has been likened by some commentators, such as in Foreign Affairs, to the policy of Russification.

When the bill was still being considered, advocates for minorities warned that the bill could endanger their languages and traditional cultures. The law came after a lawsuit in the summer of 2017, where a Russian mother claimed that her son had been "materially harmed" by learning the Tatar language, while in a speech Putin argued that it was wrong to force someone to learn a language that is not their own. The later "language crackdown" in which autonomous units were forced to stop mandatory hours of native languages was also seen as a move by Putin to "build identity in Russian society".

Protests and petitions against the bill by either civic society, groups of public intellectuals or regional governments came from Tatarstan (with attempts for demonstrations suppressed), Chuvashia, Mari El, North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, the Karachays, the Kumyks, the Avars, Chechnya, and Ingushetia. Although the Duma representatives from the Caucasus did not oppose the bill, it prompted a large outcry in the North Caucasus with representatives from the region being accused of cowardice. The law was also seen as possibly destabilizing, threatening ethnic relations and revitalizing the various North Caucasian nationalist movements. The International Circassian Organization called for the law to be rescinded before it came into effect. Twelve of Russia's ethnic autonomies, including five in the Caucasus called for the legislation to be blocked.

On 10 September 2019, Udmurt activist Albert Razin self-immolated in front of the regional government building in Izhevsk as it was considering passing the controversial bill to reduce the status of the Udmurt language. Between 2002 and 2010 the number of Udmurt speakers dwindled from 463,000 to 324,000. Other languages in the Volga region recorded similar declines in the number of speakers; between the 2002 and 2010 censuses the number of Mari speakers declined from 254,000 to 204,000 while Chuvash recorded only 1,042,989 speakers in 2010, a 21.6% drop from 2002. This is attributed to a gradual phasing out of indigenous language teaching both in the cities and rural areas while regional media and governments shift exclusively to Russian.

In the North Caucasus, the law came after a decade in which educational opportunities in the indigenous languages was reduced by more than 50%, due to budget reductions and federal efforts to decrease the role of languages other than Russian. During this period, numerous indigenous languages in the North Caucasus showed significant decreases in their numbers of speakers even though the numbers of the corresponding nationalities increased, leading to fears of language replacement. The numbers of Ossetian, Kumyk and Avar speakers dropped by 43,000, 63,000 and 80,000 respectively. As of 2018, it has been reported that the North Caucasus is nearly devoid of schools that teach in mainly their native languages, with the exception of one school in North Ossetia, and a few in rural regions of Dagestan; this is true even in largely monoethnic Chechnya and Ingushetia. Chechen and Ingush are still used as languages of everyday communication to a greater degree than their North Caucasian neighbours, but sociolinguistics argue that the current situation will lead to their degradation relative to Russian as well.

In 2020, a set of amendments to the Russian constitution was approved by the State Duma and later the Federation Council. One of the amendments enshrined Russian nation as the "state-forming nationality" (Russian: государствообразующий народ) and Russian the "language of the state-forming nationality". The amendment has been met with criticism from Russia's minorities who argue that it goes against the principle that Russia is a multinational state and will only marginalize them further. The amendments were welcomed by Russian nationalists, such as Konstantin Malofeev or Nikolai Starikov. The changes in Constitution were preceded by "Strategy of government's national policy of Russian Federation" issued in December 2018, which stated that "all-Russian civic identity is founded on Russia cultural dominant, inherent to all nations of Russian Federation".

With the release of the latest census in 2022, results showed a catastrophic decline in the number of many ethnic groups, particularly peoples of the Volga region. Between 2010 and 2022, the number of people identifying as ethnic Mari dropped by 22.6%, from 548,000 to 424,000 people. Ethnic Chuvash and Udmurts dropped by 25% and 30% respectively. More vulnerable groups like the Mordvins and Komi-Permyaks saw even larger declines, dropping by 35% and 40% respectively, the former of which resulted in Mordvins no longer being among the top ten largest ethnic groups in Russia. The Tatars, a larger and stronger group, also saw a decline, dropping from 5,310,649 to 4,713,669 people.

By country/region

Azerbaijan
Russia was introduced to the South Caucasus following its colonisation in the first half of the nineteenth century after Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories per the Treaty of Gulistan and Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1813 and 1828 respectively to Russia. By 1830 there were schools with Russian as the language of instruction in the cities of Shusha, Baku, Yelisavetpol (Ganja), and Shemakha (Shamakhi); later such schools were established in Kuba (Quba), Ordubad, and Zakataly (Zaqatala). Education in Russian was unpopular amongst ethnic Azerbaijanis until 1887 when Habib bey Mahmudbeyov and Sultan Majid Ganizadeh founded the first Russian–Azerbaijani school in Baku. A secular school with instruction in both Russian and Azeri, its programs were designed to be consistent with the cultural values and traditions of the Muslim population. Eventually, 240 such schools for both boys and girls, including a women's college founded in 1901, were established prior to the "Sovietization" of the South Caucasus. The first Russian-Azeri reference library opened in 1894. In 1918, during the short period of Azerbaijan's independence, the government declared Azeri the official language, but the use of Russian in government documents was permitted until all civil servants mastered the official language.

In the Soviet era, the large Russian population of Baku, the quality and prospects of education in Russia, increased access to Russian literature, and other factors contributed to the intensive Russification of Baku's population. Its direct result by the mid-twentieth century was the formation of a supra-ethnic urban Baku subculture, uniting people of Russian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Jewish, and other origins and whose special features were being cosmopolitan and Russian-speaking. The widespread use of Russian resulted in a phenomenon of 'Russian-speaking Azeris', i.e. an emergence of an urban community of Azerbaijani-born ethnic Azeris who considered Russian their native language. In 1970, 57,500 Azeris (1.3%) identified Russian as their native language.

Belarus

Russian and Soviet authorities conducted policies of Russification of Belarus from 1772 to 1991, interrupted by the Belarusization policy in the 1920s.

When the pro-Russian president Alexander Lukashenko gained power in 1994, the Russification policy was renewed.

Finland

The Russification of Finland (1899–1905, 1908–1917), sortokaudet ("times of oppression" in Finnish) was a governmental policy of the Russian Empire aimed at the termination of Finland's autonomy.  Finnish opposition to Russification was one of the main factors that ultimately led to Finland's declaration of independence in 1917.

Germany
In 1945, the Red Army conquered the northern part of the German province East Prussia. It was annexed by the Soviet Union. While the non-refugee population was expelled or forcibly deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor until 1949, a systematic settlement of the Kaliningrad Oblast with Russians took place. Almost all cultural assets reminiscent of the Germans (e.g., churches, castles, palaces, monuments, library collections, drainage systems, etc.) were demolished or left to decay, and all towns, bodies of water, and forests were given names in the Russian language. Northern East Prussia was completely russified.

Latvia

On September 14, 1885, an ukaz was signed by Alexander III setting the mandatory use of Russian for Baltic governorate officials. In 1889, it was extended to apply to official proceedings of the Baltic municipal governments as well. By the beginning of the 1890s, Russian was enforced as the language of instruction in Baltic governorate schools.

After Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944, Russian became the language of State business, and Russian served as the language of inter-ethnic communication among the increasingly urbanized non-Russian ethnic groups, making cities major centres for the use of the Russian language and making functional bilingualism in Russian a minimum necessary for the local population.

In an attempt to partially reverse the Soviet Russification policies and give the Latvian language more equal positions to Russian, the so-called Latvian national communist faction within the Communist Party of Latvia passed a bill in 1957 that made the knowledge of both Latvian and Russian obligatory for all Communist Party employees, government functionaries, and service sector staff. The law included a 2-year deadline for gaining proficiency in both languages.

In 1958, as the two-year deadline for the bill was approaching, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union set out to enact an education reform, a component of which, the so-called Thesis 19, would give parents in all of the Soviet Republics, with the exception of Russian SFSR, a choice for their children in public schools to study either the language of the republic's titular nation (in this case Latvian) or Russian, as well as one foreign language, in contrast, to the previous education system, where it was mandatory for school children to learn all three languages.

Due to strong opposition from the Latvian national communists and the Latvian public, Latvian SSR was only one of two of the 12 Soviet Republics that did not yield to the increasing pressure to adopt Thesis 19 and excluded its contents from their ratified statutes. This led to the eventual purge of the Latvian national communists from the Communist Party ranks between 1959 and 1962. A month after the removal of the Latvian National Communist leader Eduards Berklavs All-Union legislation was implemented in Latvia by Arvīds Pelše.

In an attempt to further widen the use of Russian and reverse the work of the national communists, a bilingual school system was established in Latvia, with parallel classes being taught in both Russian and Latvian. The number of such schools increased dramatically, including regions where the Russian population was minimal, and by July 1963 there were already 240 bilingual schools.

The effect of the reform was the gradual decline in the number of assigned hours for learning Latvian in Russian schools and the increase in hours allocated for learning Russian in Latvian schools. In 1964–1965 the total weekly average of Latvian language classes and Russian language and literature classes in Latvian schools across all grades was reported to be 38.5 and 72.5 hours respectively, in comparison with 79 hours being devoted to the Russian language and 26 hours being devoted to Latvian language and literature in Russian schools. The reform has been attributed to the persistence of poor Latvian language knowledge among Russians living in Latvia and the increasing language gap between Latvians and Russians.

In 1972, the Letter of 17 Latvian communists, was smuggled outside the Latvian SSR and circulated in the Western world, accusing the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of "Great Russian chauvinism" and "progressive Russification of all life in Latvia":

Lithuania and Poland

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire strove to replace the Ukrainian, Polish, Lithuanian, and Belarusian languages and dialects with Russian in those areas, which were annexed by the Russian Empire after the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795) and the Congress of Vienna (1815). Imperial Russia faced a crucial critical cultural situation by 1815:

Large sections of Russian society had come under the foreign influence as a result of the Napoleonic wars and appeared open to change. As a consequence of absorbing so much Polish territory, by 1815 no less than 64 percent of the nobility of the Romanov realm was of Polish descent, and since there were more literate Poles than Russians, more people within it could read and write Polish than Russian. The third largest city, Vilnius, was entirely Polish in character and its university was the best in the Empire.

Russification in Congress Poland intensified after the November Uprising of 1831, and in particular after the January Uprising of 1863. In 1864, the Polish and Belarusian languages were banned in public places; in the 1880s, Polish was banned in schools, on school grounds, and in the offices of Congress Poland. Research and teaching of the Polish language, Polish history, or Catholicism were forbidden. Illiteracy rose as Poles refused to learn Russian. Students were beaten for resisting Russification. A Polish underground education network was formed, including the famous Flying University. According to Russian estimates, by the start of the 20th century, around one-third of the inhabitants in the territory of Congress Poland participated in secret teaching with use of Polish literary works.

Starting in the 1840s, Russia considered introducing Cyrillic script for spelling the Polish language, with the first school books printed in the 1860s; the reform was eventually deemed unnecessary because of the introduction of school education in the Russian language.

A similar development took place in Lithuania. Its Governor General, Mikhail Muravyov (in office 1863–1865), prohibited the public use of spoken Polish and Lithuanian and closed Polish and Lithuanian schools; teachers from other parts of Russia who did not speak these languages were moved in to teach pupils. Muravyov also banned the use of Latin and Gothic scripts in publishing. He was reported as saying, "What the Russian bayonet didn't accomplish, the Russian school will." ("Что не додѣлалъ русскій штыкъ – додѣлаетъ русская школа.") This ban, lifted only in 1904, was disregarded by the Knygnešiai, the Lithuanian book smugglers, who brought Lithuanian publications printed in the Latin alphabet, the historic orthography of the Lithuanian language, from Lithuania Minor (part of East Prussia) and from the United States into the Lithuanian-speaking areas of Imperial Russia. The knygnešiai came to symbolise the resistance of Lithuanians against Russification.

The Russification campaign also promoted the Russian Orthodox faith over Catholicism. The measures used included closing down Catholic monasteries, officially banning the building of new churches and giving many of the old ones to the Russian Orthodox church, banning Catholic schools and establishing state schools that taught only the Orthodox religion, requiring Catholic priests to preach only officially approved sermons, requiring that Catholics who married members of the Orthodox church convert, requiring Catholic nobles to pay an additional tax in the amount of 10% of their profits, limiting the amount of land a Catholic peasant could own, and switching from the Gregorian calendar (used by Catholics) to the Julian one (used by members of the Orthodox church).

Most of the Orthodox Church property in the 19th century Congress Poland was acquired at the expense of the Catholic Church of both rites (Roman and Greek Catholic).

After the 1863 January Uprising, many manors and great chunks of land were confiscated from nobles of Polish and Lithuanian descent who were accused of helping the uprising; these properties were later given or sold to Russian nobles. Villages where supporters of the uprising lived were repopulated by ethnic Russians. Vilnius University, where the language of instruction had been Polish rather than Russian, closed in 1832. Lithuanians and Poles were banned from holding any public jobs (including professional positions, such as teachers and doctors) in Lithuania; this forced educated Lithuanians to move to other parts of the Russian Empire. The old legal code was dismantled and a new one based on the Russian code and written in the Russian language was enacted; Russian became the only administrative and juridical language in the area. Most of these actions ended at the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, but others took longer to be reversed; Vilnius University re-opened only after Russia had lost control of the city in 1919.

Bessarabia/Moldova

Bessarabia was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812. In 1816 Bessarabia became an autonomous state, but only until 1828. In 1829, the use of the Romanian language was forbidden in the administration. In 1833, the use of the Romanian language was forbidden in churches. In 1842, teaching in Romanian was forbidden in secondary schools; it was forbidden in elementary schools in 1860.

The Russian authorities encouraged the migration of Moldovans to other provinces of the Russian Empire (especially in Kuban, Kazakhstan, and Siberia), while foreign ethnic groups (especially Russians and Ukrainians, called in the 19th century "Little Russians") were encouraged to settle there. Though the 1817 census did not record ethnicity, Romanian authors have claimed that Bessarabia was populated at the time by 86% Moldovans, 6.5% Ukrainians, 1.5% Russians (Lipovans), and 6% other ethnic groups. 80 years later, in 1897, the ethnic structure was very different: only 56% Moldovans, but 11.7% Ukrainians, 18.9% Russians, and 13.4% other ethnic groups. During 80 years, between 1817 and 1897, the share of the Moldovan population dropped by 30%.

After the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia in 1940, the Romanian population of Bessarabia was persecuted by Soviet authorities, especially in the years following the annexation, based mostly on social, educational, and political grounds; because of this, Russification laws were imposed again on the Romanian population. The Moldovan language promoted during the Interwar period by the Soviet authorities first in the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and after 1940 taught in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, was actually the Romanian language but written with a version of the Cyrillic script derived from the Russian alphabet. Proponents of Cyrillic orthography argue that the Romanian language was historically written with the Cyrillic script, albeit a different version of it (see Moldovan alphabet and Romanian Cyrillic alphabet for a discussion of this controversy).

Ukraine

Russian and Soviet authorities conducted policies of Russification of Ukraine from 1709 to 1991, interrupted by the Korenizatsiya policy in the 1920s. Since Ukraine's independence, its government has implemented Ukrainization policies to decrease the use of Russian and favour Ukrainian. The Russification policy included various instruments, most notably an explicit ban on using Ukrainian language in print or importing literature, staging plays or lectures in Ukrainian from 1876 (Ems Ukaz).

A number of Ukrainian activists died by suicide in protest against Russification, including Vasyl Makukh in 1968 and Oleksa Hirnyk in 1978.

After the 2014 Russian Annexation of Crimea and the establishment of unrecognized Russian-supported militants in eastern Ukraine, Russification was imposed on people in these areas.

See also
 Derussianization
 Geographical distribution of Russian speakers
 History of Russia
 Military history of Russia
 Territorial evolution of Russia
 Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
 Education in the Soviet Union
 Slavophilia
 Population transfer in the Soviet Union
 Prometheism
 Citizenship of Russia
 Rashism
 Russophilia
 Russian diaspora
 Russian imperialism
 Russian nationalism
 Soviet people
 Soviet nationalism
 Soviet empire
 Sovietization
 Colonialism
 Ems Ukaz - 1876 decree banning use of Ukrainian language in Russian Empire

References

Further reading

 Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934–1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December): 1019–1039.
 Armstrong, John A. 1968. "The Ethnic Scene in the Soviet Union: The View of the Dictatorship," in Erich Goldhagen, Ed., Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger): 3–49.
 Aspaturian, Vernon V. 1968. "The Non-Russian Peoples," in Allen Kassof, Ed., Prospects for Soviet Society. New York: Praeger: 143–198.
 Azrael, Jeremy R., Ed. 1978. Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices. New York: Praeger.

 Bilinsky, Yaroslav. 1962. "The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–59 and Soviet Nationality Policy," Soviet Studies 14 (Oct. 1962): 138–157.

 Gasimov, Zaur (Ed.), Kampf um Wort und Schrift. Russifizierung in Osteuropa im 19.-20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen:V&R 2012.
 Hajda, Lubomyr, and Mark Beissinger, Eds. 1990. The Nationality Factor in Soviet Politics and Society. Boulder, CO: Westview.
 Kaiser, Robert, and Jeffrey Chinn. 1996. The Russians as the New Minority in the Soviet Successor States. Boulder, CO: Westview.
 Karklins, Rasma. 1986. Ethnic Relations in the USSR: The Perspective from Below. Boston and London: Allen & Unwin.
 Kreindler, Isabelle. 1982. "The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union," International Journal of the Sociology of Language 33: 7–39.
 Lewis, E. Glyn. 1972. Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and its Implementation. The Hague: Mouton.
 Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries. Multilingual Matters, Tonawanda, NY. .

 Silver, Brian D. 1974. "The Status of National Minority Languages in Soviet Education: An Assessment of Recent Changes," Soviet Studies 26 (January): 28–40.
Silver, Brian D. 1986. "The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses," in Ralph S. Clem, Ed., Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press): 70–97.

 Thaden, Edward C., Ed. 1981. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

 Wixman, Ronald. 1984. The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. New York: M.E. Sharpe and London, Macmillan.

External links
 Russification in Lithuania
 LTV online documentary examines 'Russification' and its effects. 16 April 2020. Public Broadcasting of Latvia.
The Civic Identity of Russifying Officials in the Empire's Northwestern Region after 1863 by Mikhail Dolbilov
 Permanent mission of Caucasian Institute for Democracy Foundation opened in Tskhinvali – Regnum News Agency (Russia), 9 December 2005
 Tatarstan Rejects Dominant Role of Russians – Kommersant, 6 March 2006
Forgetting How to Speak Russian | Fast forward | OZY (7 January 2014)

Politics of the Russian Empire
Ethnic groups in the Soviet Union
History of Belarus (1795–1918)
History of Lithuania (1795–1918)
History of the Lithuanian language
Congress Poland
Social history of Ukraine
Social history of Armenia
Soviet internal politics
Poland–Russia relations
Slavicization
Soviet ethnic policy
Russian nationalism

Russification


Takuya Kakine (født 3. oktober 1991) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Fujieda MYFC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takuya Kakine


Die Kitchener Flying Dutchmen waren eine kanadische Eishockeymannschaft aus Kitchener, Ontario. Die Mannschaft spielte in der Saison 1928/29 in der Canadian Professional Hockey League.

Geschichte
Das Franchise der Kitchener Flying Dutchmen wurde 1928 als Mitglied der Canadian Professional Hockey League gegründet. Dort füllten sie die Lücke, die die Kitchener Millionaires nach ihrer Umsiedlung nach Toronto in der Stadt hinterlassen hatten. In der Saison 1928/29 belegte die Mannschaft den vierten von acht Plätzen der Canpro. Anschließend wurde die Mannschaft bereits wieder aufgelöst.

Weblinks
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik/Spielerliste Kitchener Flying Dutchmen

Eishockeyverein (Canadian Professional Hockey League)
Flying Dutchmen

Kitchener Flying Dutchmen


ජීන් ඕගස්ට් ඩොමිනික් ඉන්ග්‍රස් (1780 අගෝස්තු 29- 1867 ජනවාරි 14) ප‍්‍රංශ නව-සම්භාව්‍යවාදී සිත්තරකු විය. ඔහු තමන්ව ඵෙතිහාසික පිලිබඳ සිත්තරකු ලෙස හඳුන්වා ගත්තද ඔහු නියෝජනය කරන්නේ නිකලස් පොසින් සහ ෂාක් ලූවිස් ඬේවිඞ්ගේ සම්ප‍්‍රදායයි.

අතීතය කෙරෙහි ඉමහත් ගරුකටයුතු බවක් දැවූ ඔහු රොමාන්තිකවාදයට එරෙහි ශාස්ත‍්‍රාලීය සාම්ප‍්‍රදායිකත්වය වෙනුවෙන් පෙනීසිටි අයකු විය. වරක් "එම සියවසේ විශිෂ්ඨ මතකයන් වූ විශිෂ්ඨ ගුරුවරුන් වැජඹෙන කල්හි රෆායල් කලාවේ පරමෝත්කෘෂ්ඨ සීමාවන් නිශ්චය කරන ලදී. මම යහපත් ධර්මයේ ආරක්‍ෂකයකු මිස නව නිර්මාණකරුවකු නොවෙමි" යනුවෙන් ඔහු දක්වා ඇති අදහස් ඒ බවට දෙස් දෙයි. එකල පැවැති රෝමාන්තික සාරය මූර්තිමත් කරන්නන් ලෙස ඉන්ගස් හා ඔහුගේ සමකාලීන නව-සම්භාව්‍යවාදීහු ඉතිහාසය තුල කැපී පෙනෙන භූමිකාවන්ය. ආකෘතිය සහ අවකාශය පිලිබඳ ඔහුගේ න්‍යායයන් හේතුවෙන් ඔහු නූතන කලාවේ පුරෝගාමියකු ලෙස සැලකෙයි.

ජීන් ඕගස්ට් ඩොමිනික් ඉන්ග්‍රස්


The Gospel of John is a 2003 epic biblical drama film that recounts the life of Jesus according to the Gospel of John. The film is a word-for-word adaptation of the American Bible Society's Good News Bible and follows the Gospel of John precisely, without additions to the story from the other Gospels or omissions of the Gospel's complex passages. It stars Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus of Nazareth, Stuart Bunce as John and is narrated by Christopher Plummer.

Cast

Production
This film was created by a constituency of artists from Canada and the United Kingdom, along with academic and theological consultants from around the world. The cast was selected primarily from the Stratford Shakespeare Festival and Soulpepper Theatre Company, as well as Britain's Royal Shakespeare Company and Royal National Theatre. The musical score, composed by Jeff Danna and created for the film, is partially based on the music of the Biblical period. The film was produced by Visual Bible International. Filming took place in Toronto, Ontario, and Almeria and Andalucia, Spain.

Reception

Critical response
 The website's critical consensus reads, "The Gospel of John takes a reverent approach to its story without ever bringing it to life, proving that cribbing from the Good Book isn't enough to guarantee a good movie." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 52 out of 100 based on responses from 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Criticism
While the film is largely a faithful depiction of the Gospel of John, one reviewer noted that the inclusion of Mary Magdalene at the Last Supper has no direct Biblical citation, and might cause issue with viewers who prefer only direct scriptural references.

See also
The Gospel of John, a 2014 word-for-word film adaptation
  List of Easter films
The Visual Bible: Matthew
The Visual Bible: Acts

References

External links

 Enthusiastic review by Andy Naselli
 Arts & Faith Top100 Spiritually Significant Films list
 The Blog on The Gospel of John Film

2003 films
Films about Jesus
British epic films
Canadian epic films
English-language Canadian films
Cultural depictions of John the Baptist
Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot
Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate
Films directed by Philip Saville
Films scored by Jeff Danna
Films set in Jerusalem
Films shot in Almería
Gospel of John
Portrayals of the Virgin Mary in film
Religious epic films
Portrayals of Mary Magdalene in film
Cultural depictions of Saint Peter
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
2000s British films
Film portrayals of Jesus' death and resurrection

The Gospel of John (2003 film)


"Wash Me Away" er en sang udgivet af Alexandra af Frederiksborg 2. november 2018. Sangen var Alexandras debut som sangerinde og blev udgivet til fordel for den svenske velgørenhedsorganisation Star for Life. Samme dag for udgivelsen blev sangen den mest solgte på iTunes i Danmark.

Det meste af sangen blev skrevet på en årlig sangskriverlejr, der arrangeres af Star for Life. Det er sangskriverne Sharon Vaughn og Ellen Berg Tollbom, der sammen med Søren Mikkelsen er krediteret som tekstforfattere. Mikkelsen er ligeledes komponist og producer på den 3.15 minutter lange popsang. Uden foregående sangtræning fra Alexandras side blev "Wash Me Away" over tre dage i juni indspillet i Medley Studios på Vesterbrogade i København.

Foran 1.200 personer optrådte Alexandra med sangen 10. november 2018 ved en privat velgørenhedskoncert i Malmö Arena.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 "Wash Me Away" hos DR

Singler fra 2018
Sange fra Danmark

Wash Me Away


Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown () is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and the Eastern and Midland Region. It is one of three successor counties to County Dublin, which was disestablished in 1994. It is named after the former borough of Dún Laoghaire and the barony of Rathdown. Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 233,860 at the time of the 2022 census.

Geography and subdivisions
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown is bordered to the east by the Irish Sea, to the north by the city of Dublin, to the west by the county of South Dublin, and to the south by County Wicklow. With the city of Dublin, Fingal and South Dublin, it is one of four local government areas in the old County Dublin. Located to the south-east of the capital city of Dublin, the county town of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown is Dún Laoghaire. Since 2015, the county is part of the Eastern and Midland Region. University College Dublin and Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology are located in the county.

Towns, villages and suburbs

 Ballinteer
 Ballybrack
 Ballyogan
 Blackrock
 Booterstown
 Belfield
 Cabinteely
 Carrickmines
 Cherrywood
 Churchtown
 Clonskeagh
 Dalkey
 Deansgrange
 Dundrum
 Dún Laoghaire
 Foxrock
 Goatstown
 Glasthule
 Glenageary
 Glencullen
 Johnstown
 Killiney
 Kilmacud
 Kilternan
 Leopardstown
 Loughlinstown
 Monkstown
 Mount Merrion
 Rathfarnham
 Sandyford
 Sandycove
 Sallynoggin
 Shankill
 Stepaside
 Stillorgan
 Ticknock

Administrative history
In 1986, the administrative county of Dublin was divided into three "electoral counties": Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Dublin—Fingal, and Dublin—Belgard. The city has been administered separately from County Dublin since 1548. An "area committee" for the electoral county was formed within Dublin County Council under the Local Government Act 1991,

On 1 January 1994, County Dublin and the Borough of Dún Laoghaire were abolished and the three electoral counties became the administrative counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, and South Dublin respectively. Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown comprises the former Borough of Dún Laoghaire and the south-eastern part of the former County Dublin. Additionally, the powers of the former Deansgrange Joint Burial Board were subsumed into the new authority. From 2002, all "administrative counties" in Ireland were redesignated as "counties". The three counties together with Dublin city constitute the traditional County Dublin.

Naming
The coastal town of Dún Laoghaire (called Dunleary until 1821 and then Kingstown until 1920) gave its name to the larger borough of Dún Laoghaire established in 1930. Rathdown was the south-easternmost barony in County Dublin, named after Rathdown Castle. When County Wicklow was created south of County Dublin in 1606, half of Rathdown was transferred to Wicklow, including Rathdown Castle, now a ruin. From the 1840s, the poor law union (PLU) of Rathdown covered all of the Wicklow barony and most of the Dublin barony, with part of Uppercross. From the Dublin and Wicklow sections of the PLU, the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 created rural districts respectively named Rathdown No. 1 and Rathdown No. 2, abolished in 1930 and 1925. Rathdown PLU survived as Rathdown Public Assistance District until 1960. Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown was a Dáil constituency created by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1947 coterminous with the former Rathdown No. 1 rural district.

The name "Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown" was given to the electoral county created in 1985. Before its establishment as an administrative county, possible alternative names before deciding to retain "Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown". The Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993 named it "Dun Laoghaire–Rathdown" in English, omitting the  on the "u" of "Dun", and  in Irish. The 1993 act empowered Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council (DLRCC) to apply to change the county's name, but this was not invoked.

The spelling in English as "Dun Laoghaire–Rathdown", without the , is used in the list of counties in the Local Government Act 2001 (and as amended by the Local Government Reform Act 2014). However, in the Placenames Database of Ireland and the ministerial order under the Official Languages Act 2003, the name of the county in English is "Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown". This is followed by the County Council, with the  used in English.

The placenames order also distinguishes between the use of "County" as a prefix for the traditional counties, but not in the case of "Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown" and other counties listed as "administrative counties".

Local government and politics

Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council is the local authority for the county. There are six local electoral areas (LEAs) for the county which return a total of 40 councillors as follows: Blackrock (6), Dundrum (7), Dún Laoghaire (7), Glencullen–Sandyford (7), Killiney–Shankill (7), and Stillorgan (6).

For elections to Dáil Éireann, the county is split between the Dáil constituencies of Dún Laoghaire (4 TDs) and Dublin Rathdown (3 TDs), with the division generally running along the N11. These constituencies currently have three Fine Gael TDs, two Green Party TDs, one Fianna Fáil TD and one People Before Profit–Solidarity TD.

It is part of the 4-seat Dublin constituency in European Parliament elections.

County motto
The motto on the insignia of the County Council reads, , Irish for "From Harbour to Mountain". The crown in the device is that of Lóegaire mac Néill, a legendary 5th-century High King of Ireland and the eponymous Laoghaire of "Dún Laoghaire".

Demographics

Transport
The Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) system runs through the eastern coast of the county and connects to Dublin city centre to the north as well as other points north and south on the Iarnród Éireann railway system, with connections to Intercity trains. The green Luas line runs through the centre of the county.

There is a medium-sized harbour at Dún Laoghaire, with now discontinued ferry crossings to and from Holyhead in North Wales; this was a popular route for tourists travelling across the Irish Sea from Britain. This service was suspended indefinitely in September 2014.

Footnotes

References

External links

Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Enterprise Board
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Tourism

Counties of the Republic of Ireland
County Dublin
Local government areas of the Republic of Ireland

Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown


Kejser Haile Selassies besøg 1954 er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1954 produceret af Nordisk Film.

Filmen indgår i Det Danske Filminstituts database i en version uden lydspor.

Handling
Klip fra den etiopiske kejser Haile Selassies besøg i Danmark i november 1954. Med kong Frederik 9. og dronning Ingrid som værter besøger kejseren blandt andet Mindelunden i Ryvangen, hvor han lægger en krans ved mindesmærket for de faldne under besættelsen. Desuden besøger han Københavns Amtssygehus i Gentofte samt forskellige danske virksomheder, Atlas Køleskabsfabrik i Lundtofte nord for København samt Forsøgsgården Trollesminde og Statens Forsøgsmejeri i Hillerød. Optagelserne ligger ikke i kronologisk rækkefølge.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1954
Dokumentariske optagelser
Begivenheder i 1954
Danmark i 1950'erne

Kejser Haile Selassies besøg 1954


Geração C, também chamados de Coronababies, é o grupo demográfico após a Geração Alfa. Os pesquisadores e a mídia usam o começo da COVID-19 (ou fim de 2019) como o início e o meio de 2030 como o fim. Por conta do período de nascimento e desenvolvimento coincidirem com a Pandemia de COVID-19, alguns pesquisadores chegaram a usar a letra "C" em alusão ao Coronavírus, pois consideram a mudança brusca no cotidiano das famílias, como uso de máscaras, distanciamento social, lockdown, fechamento de creches e escolas, entre outros fatores no que é denominado o "novo normal" como um marco que definirá esta geração.

A adoção do home office pelos pais, trouxe um cenário híbrido para o lar, o ambiente familiar tornou-se também ambiente de trabalho, muitas vezes sobrecarregando os pais e responsáveis e deixando os filhos impacientes por conta da barreira tênue entre funções parentais e teletrabalho.

Referências

Gerações

Geração C


باب العسة إحدى بلديات دائرة باب العسة بولاية تلمسان الجزائرية.

المصادر

باب العسة

باب العسة (ولاية تلمسان)


العصوية الرقيقة  نوع من بكتريا إيجابية الغرام وموجبة الكتالاز تتواجد في التربة. تتبع للجنس عصوية. العصوية الرقيقة لديها القدرة على تكوين بوغ داخلي صلب واقٍ يسمح لها بتحمل الظروف البيئية غير الملائمة.

مراجع

بكتيريا وصفت في 1872
عصويات
عصوية
علم الأحياء الجزيئي
علم الأحياء الدقيقة
علم الوراثة
محبات الظروف القاسية

عصوية رقيقة


Thomas Jenkins (* 21. Dezember 1722 in Sidbury, East Devon, England; † 15. Mai 1798 in Yarmouth (Isle of Wight), England) war ein britischer Maler, Kunstsammler, Antikenhändler und Bankier in Rom.

Leben
Er war der Sohn des William Jenkins und studierte die Malerei beim Porträtmaler Thomas Hudson (1701–1779) in London. Im Jahr 1750 kam Jenkins mit dem Landschaftsmaler Richard Wilson nach Italien, hielt sich von 1750 bis 1751 in Venedig auf, ebenso in Bologna und Florenz und ließ sich schließlich 1753 in Rom nieder, wo er zunächst mit Wilson, der ihn 1752 auch porträtierte, bis 1755 als Maler noch bescheiden in einem Haus an der Piazza di Spagna lebte.

In Rom war er Mitglied in der Academy of English Professors of the Liberal Arts. Außerdem wurde er gemeinsam mit Gavin Hamilton am 2. Februar 1761 an der Accademia di San Luca als Accademici di merito begrüßt. Als Maler war er allerdings recht erfolglos. Stattdessen kam er sehr schnell (ab 1755) als Archäologe und Kunsthändler zum Erfolg.

Durch Unterstützung eines weit verzweigten Netzwerkes aus Mittelsmännern wurde er zu einem der erfolgreichsten, wenn auch recht skrupellosen Antiken- und Gemäldehändler in Rom, der auch teilweise gefälschte Antiken oder oft unter Missachtung bestehender Gesetze arbeitete. Er verkaufte u. a. Antiken aus der Sammlung von Sixtus V. aus dessen römischer Villa Montalto Negroni sowie Gian Lorenzo Berninis Neptun und Triton, heute im Victoria and Albert Museum zu sehen. Er arbeitete u. a. auch mit seinem britischen Malerkollegen und Archäologen Gavin Hamilton zusammen und war als Antikenhändler zugleich dessen großer Konkurrent.

Als einer der erfolgreichsten Händler mit besten Kundenkontakten – er beherrschte zeitweilig den römischen Kunstmarkt – lebte er in Castel Gandolfo in der Villa Torlonia, wo er eine Antikensammlung von vorwiegend Kameen und Statuen besaß, und in Rom im Casa Celli, Corso Nr. 504, wo sein Haus ein geselliger und geschäftlicher Mittelpunkt für Künstler und Adlige auf ihrer Grand Tour war; hier wohnte schräg gegenüber auch Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Jenkins pflegte gute Kontakte zu Papst Clemens XIV. – er war offiziell englischer Konsul am päpstlichen Hof, ohne jedoch den Titel zu führen – und gehörte zum engsten Kreis um Kardinal Alessandro Albani, den späteren Papst Pius VI. und den deutschen Archäologen Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Zu seinem Bekanntenkreis gehörte auch der Maler und Kunsthändler Johann Friedrich Reiffenstein, Christopher Hewetson und Anton Raphael Mengs. Jenkins gehörte zu den einflussreichsten und wohlhabendsten Bekanntschaften der jungen Malerin Angelika Kauffmann, die ihn zusammen mit seiner Nichte auch porträtierte.

Mit Beginn der französischen Besatzung im Jahr 1797 als Ergebnis des napoleonischen Italienfeldzuges wurde sein gesamtes Vermögen beschlagnahmt, weshalb Jenkins nach England zurückkehrte. Dort starb er nur wenige Monate später.

Veröffentlichungen
Catalogo di monumenti scritti del museo del Signor Tommaso Jenkins, 1787

Literatur
Thomas Ashby: Thomas Jenkins in Rome, Papers of the British School at Rome, London 1913
S. Rowland Pierce: Thomas Jenkins in Rome, in: The Antiquaries Journal, Band 45, 1965
B. Ford: Thomas Jenkins. Banker, Dealer and Unofficial British Agent, Apollo Verlag, London 1974

Weblinks
Kurzbiografie mit Brief an Charles Townley

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Maler des Klassizismus
Kunstsammler
Antikenhändler
Bankier
Konsul des Vereinigten Königreichs
Brite
Geboren 1722
Gestorben 1798
Mann

Thomas Jenkins (Maler)


O processo de paz sudanês consiste em reuniões, acordos escritos e ações que visam resolver a Guerra do Darfur, o conflito sudanês no Cordofão do Sul e no Nilo Azul (as Duas Áreas) e os conflitos armados no centro, norte e leste do Sudão.

Em 2005, o Acordo de Paz Abrangente levou à resolução de alguns dos conflitos armados no Sudão, através do referendo sobre a independência do Sudão do Sul em 2011 e a secessão do Sudão do Sul. Os Acordos de Paz de Darfur, de Abuja em 2006 e de Doha em 2011, visavam resolver o conflito em Darfur. O Projeto de Declaração Constitucional de agosto de 2019, assinado por representantes militares e civis durante a Revolução Sudanesa de 2018–2019, exige que um acordo de paz seja feito nos primeiros seis meses do período de transição de 39 meses para um governo civil democrático. Este artigo abrange principalmente o componente do processo de paz que começou em 2019.

Uma primeira rodada de negociações ocorreu em Juba em meados de setembro. Na segunda rodada, em outubro de 2019, foram assinados acordos em 18 de outubro na esteira das Duas Áreas entre o governo e o Movimento de Libertação Popular do Sudão-Norte (al-Hilu) e na esteira de Darfur entre o governo e a Frente Revolucionária do Sudão. A terceira rodada começou em meados de dezembro na esteira do leste do Sudão, na esteira das Duas Áreas com o Movimento de Libertação Popular do Sudão-Norte (Agar), e na esteira de Darfur.

Faixas de negociação geográfica
As negociações de paz foram classificadas em faixas paralelas em cinco regiões geográficas:

Darfur: um acordo político que inclui um cessar-fogo e assistência humanitária foi assinado por Hemetti e a Frente Revolucionária do Sudão em 21 de outubro de 2019; um acordo-quadro foi assinado em 28 de dezembro de 2019; um acordo de paz final foi assinado em 31 de agosto de 2020;
Duas Áreas: Cordofão do Sul/Montes Nuba e estado do Nilo Azul;
um acordo político foi assinado pelo Movimento de Libertação Popular do Sudão-Norte (al-Hilu) e por Khabbashi do Conselho Soberano em 18 de outubro de 2019;
um acordo de cessar-fogo e protocolo humanitário foi assinado pelo Movimento de Libertação Popular do Sudão-Norte (Agar) e Hemetti em 17 de dezembro de 2019; um acordo-quadro, incluindo acordos políticos e de segurança, foi assinado por Hemetti e Ahmed El Omda Badi em nome do Movimento de Libertação Popular do Sudão-Norte (Agar) em 24 de janeiro de 2020, incluindo autonomia legislativa para as Duas Áreas e unificação de todas as forças armadas em um único exército nacional; um acordo de segurança para integrar a Frente Revolucionária do Sudão nas Forças Armadas do Sudão foi assinado em 17 de agosto 2020; um acordo de paz final foi assinado em 31 de agosto de 2020 pela Frente Revolucionária do Sudão;
norte do Sudão: as negociações com a Frente Revolucionária do Sudão foram suspensas em 22 de janeiro de 2020 em relação à decisão sobre como respeitar os direitos dos deslocados de Wadi Halfa; em 26 de janeiro, um acordo final, incluindo questões de barragens, estradas e descarte de resíduos tóxicos, foi assinado por Khabbashi e por Dahab Ibrahim do Movimento Kush;
Sudão central: um acordo de paz final foi assinado por Hemetti e el-Tom Hajo da Frente Revolucionária do Sudão em 24 de dezembro de 2019;
leste do Sudão: um acordo de paz final que aumentou a representação oriental em estruturas federais e instituições financeiras estabelecidas foi assinado em 21 de fevereiro de 2020.

Referências

Sudanes
2019 no Sudão
2020 no Sudão
2019 nas relações internacionais
2020 nas relações internacionais
Revolução Sudanesa

Processo de paz sudanês


Crkva sv. Blaža u Vodnjanu, rimokatolička crkva posvećena sv. Blažu. Građena je od 1760. do 1800. godine i najveća je crkva u širokoj okolici. Visina crkvenog tornja iznosi 60 metara. Crkva ima deset oltara, 24 slika i 18 skulptura. U crkvi se nalazi zbirka relikvija i mumije svetaca.

Galerija

Vodnjan
Blaž, sv.

Crkva sv. Blaža u Vodnjanu


An Themeda anathera in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck ngan Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eduard Hackel. An Themeda anathera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Themeda, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Themeda

Themeda anathera


Solares puede referirse a:

Lugares
España
 Solares, localidad del municipio de Medio Cudeyo, en Cantabria;
 Solares, localidad del municipio de Villaviciosa, en el Principado de Asturias;
 Solares, localidad del municipio de Villayón, en el Principado de Asturias; o
 Candanosa de Solares, localidad del municipio de Villayón, en el Principado de Asturias.

Otros
Agua de Solares, una marca de agua mineral producida en Solares.

Solares (desambiguación)


Herning HF & VUC er en gymnasial uddannelse i Herning. Der går omkring 780 elever på skolen fordelt på den 2-årige HF-uddannelse, 2-årig HF-uddannelse for unge med aspergers syndrom, HF-enkeltfag, AVU (Almen Voksen Uddannelse), FVU (Forberedende Voksen Undervisning), ordblindeundervisning og virksomhedsrettede kurser. På det 2-årige HF går der ca. 390 unge kursister, mens ca. 1.500 voksne i alle aldersgrupper i ugens løb fylder VUC-holdene.

Eksterne henvisninger

Gymnasiale uddannelser
HF & VUC
HF & VUC

Herning HF & VUC


An Eleocharis parishii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nathaniel Lord Britton. An Eleocharis parishii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis parishii


is a free software indexing and searching system created in 1995 by Andrew Scherpbier while he was employed at San Diego State University. It can provide a search engine for a single website.

It includes three groups of files: a set of tools for indexing, a set of tools for searching, and a set of HTML files for building the user interface to access the search engine.  works differently from most search engines as most engines use a two-step process, building an index and searching it.  indexes pages in full, then processes the pages into a searchable form later using soundex and metaphone.  also stores fuzzy match information instead of using a dynamic algorithm. At one time, over 500 organizations used  to index sites they owned. Notable sites included Blizzard Entertainment, Greenpeace, and The Mozilla Foundation.

The last official release is Dig 3.2.0b6 announced on 16 June 2004. Only sporadic maintenance is in evidence since that date at the project's bug reporting page. It was used by the GNU project's website for a long time but was replaced in 2008 with Hyper Estraier.

See also

 Lucene
 Xapian
 Apache Solr

References

External links

Free search engine software

Ht-//Dig


The Molonglo River is a perennial river that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin. It is located in the Monaro and Capital Country regions of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, in Australia.

Location and features
The river rises on the western side of the Great Dividing Range, in Tallaganda State Forest at  and flows generally from south to north before turning north-west, through Carwoola and the outskirts of Queanbeyan, where it has confluence with its major tributary, the Queanbeyan River, and then continues through Canberra, where it has been dammed by the Scrivener Dam to form Lake Burley Griffin. The river then flows to its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River, near Uriarra Crossing. Over its  course, the Molonglo River alternates several times between long broad floodplains and narrow rocky gorges. One of the floodplains is called the Molonglo Plain.

From source to mouth, the river is traversed by the Captains Flat Road at , Briars-Sharrow Road in Carwoola, the Kings Highway between Queanbeyan and , the Yass Road, north of Queanbeyan, the Monaro Highway at , the Commonwealth and Kings Avenues as Lake Burley Griffin between  and , Lady Denman Drive at Scrivener Dam, and the Tuggeranong Parkway south of the Glenloch Interchange.

Etymology

The river's name was recorded as the  "Yeal-am-bid-gie" in 1820 by the explorer Charles Throsby. This was probably the collective local Moolinggolah name for the river. (The suffix "bidgee" was common in Aboriginal languages for rivers in the Canberra area and presumably means "water" or "river".) The Moolinggolah people of the district around Captains Flat probably gave the Molonglo its name.  Where the river flowed through what is now Canberra, it was probably known after the Ngambri people, transcribed as Kembury, Canberry, and other transcription variations. The word molongolo is derived from an Aboriginal word meaning "like the sound of thunder".

History

The first name given to the River by Westerners was Limestone River, Subsequently, in the early years of European settlement both the Molonglo and the Queanbeyan were known as the "Fish River" for the abundance of native fish in them.  The Molonglo was renowned as a beautiful river with excellent fishing for native Murray cod, Macquarie perch and silver perch.  This abundance of native fish did not last.  Upon commencement of mining operations at Captains Flat (and contrary to NSW Government assurances), mine tailings continually severely polluted the river, including several mass tailings collapses into the river between the 1930s and 1950s, eradicating all native fish and most other aquatic life downstream from the site.  Despite government funded rehabilitation programs in 1976, some toxic leachates still enter the river from the Captain's Flat mine site.

Consequently, when Lake Burley Griffin was built upon the Molonglo and filled in 1964, the waters were devoid of native fish. Restocking commenced in the 1970s and continued through 1980s have re-established Murray Cod and Golden Perch in the lake and a short stretch of river upstream.  A large stretch of the Molonglo still holds nothing but introduced fish species and is still waiting for the native fish species to be re-established by stockings.

Current

Significant natural restoration work has been undertaken downstream of Scrivener Dam in conjunction with the housing development in the Molonglo Valley during the 2010s.

See also

 History of Lake Burley Griffin
 List of rivers of Australia
 London Bridge (New South Wales)
 Rivers of New South Wales
 Scott's Crossing Road

Selected references

External links

Rivers of the Australian Capital Territory
Rivers of New South Wales
Tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River
Borders of the Australian Capital Territory

Molonglo River


Hvordan vi fik vores naboer er en dansk børnefilm fra 1993, der er instrueret af Lasse Spang Olsen efter manuskript af ham selv og Ib Spang Olsen. Filmen er baseret på Ib Spang Olsens børnebog af samme navn fra 1969.

Handling
Når man bor i et almindeligt hus på en almindelig vej, tror man næppe sine egne ører og må gnide sine øjne, når far inviterer på sørøvertogt, og hele familien forandrer sig til rigtige pirater. Og når man sørøver et skib med nogle meget mærkelige guldgravere og kidnapper besætningen, kan man næsten slet ikke tro, at disse fanger en dag bliver nogle ganske almindelige naboer i et ganske almindeligt hus på en ganske almindelig vej.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1993

Hvordan vi fik vores naboer


Atsutaka Nakamura (født 13. september 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kyoto Sanga FC og Kashima Antlers.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Atsutaka Nakamura


Kymmene län (finsk: Kymen lääni) er et historisk len i Finland. Lenet bestod i tidsrummet 1945-1997 og omfattede de senere Landskaber i Finland Kymmenedalen og Södra Karelen. Lenet har sit navn efter Kymmene älv. Administrationssæde var Kouvola.

Efter, at størstedelen af Viborgs län blev afstået til Sovjetunionen i 1944, blev de tilbageværende dele af lenet omdøbt til Kymmene län i 1945. I 1949 blev kommunerne Anjala, Elimäki, Iitti, Jaala og Kuusankoski overført fra Nylands län til Kymmene län. Efter reformen i 1997 blev Kymmene län en del af det nye Södra Finlands län.

Kommuner 1997

Tidigare Kommuner
 Aspö
 Karhula
 Kymmene
 Lappvesi
 Lauritsala
 Nuijamaa
 Simpele
 Sippola

Landshövdingar
 Arvo Manner 1945-1955
 Artturi Ranta 1955-1964
 Esko Peltonen 1965-1975
 Erkki Huurtamo 1975-1984
 Matti Jaatinen 1984-1993
 Mauri Miettinen 1993-1997

Administrativ historie

Finlands historie
Etableret i 1945
Ophørt i 1997

Kymmene län


ජැෆර් කුෂ්නි අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති ආකාරයට තඃවීල් යනු පසුපසට යෑම හෝ දෙයක් එහි මූලික සම්භවය දක්වා ආපසු හැරවීම නොහොත් එහි මූලික ආකෘතියකට උදාහරණයක් ලෙස එහි අදහස වන්නේ ආත්මීය මඟ පෙන්වීමක් වන අතර එය හාස්‍යයක් හා ක්ෂණිකව පහළ වූ අගනා අදහස් ගොන්නක් බවයි. එසේම තෆ්සීර් යනු සාහිත්‍යමය වචනාර්ථය නිවැරදිව පිළිගත හැකි ඉස්ලාමීය විද්‍යාත්මක කෘතියකි.
අල්ලාවා තබතාබී පවසන ආකාරයට තඃවීල් යන්නට ප්‍රසිද්ධ අර්ථ විවරණය ලෙස සැලකෙන්නේ යම් වචනයකින් හෙලි දක්වන නිවැරදි අදහසකි. "තන්සීල්" යනු තඃවීල් හි විරුද්ධ අර්ථයයි. වචනවල නිවැරදි අදහස එය පහළ වූ ස්වරුපයෙන්ම පවතී. නමුත් මෙම අර්ථ විග්‍රහය පුළුල් ලෙස වර්තමානයේ ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින්නේ තඃවීල් යන පදයට නියම අර්ථය ලෙසය. එය අදාල වචනයේ සම්භවය ලෙස "ආපසු හැරීම", ආපසු හැරෙන ස්ථානය යනුවෙනි. ඔහුගේ අදහසට අනුව තඃවීල් යන්නට නිවැරදි තේරුම හෝ අධ්‍යාත්මික මඟ පෙන්වීම ගැන පැහැදිලි කිරීමක් ශුද්ධ වූ කුර්ආන් වචනවල සරලව ගැබ් වී ඇත. තවද එහි සත්‍ය සිදුවීම් හා ස්වභාවික තත්වයන් මෙන්ම මිනිසාගේ එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේ තොරතුරු ගැන ද පැහැදිලිව සඳහන් වී ඇත. මෙම මූලික සත්‍යන්ට අමතරව පහළ වූ ආගම් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු හා අල්ලාහ්ගේ ආඥාවන් ගැන තොරතුරු ද පැහැදිලිව සඳහන් වී ඇත. වචනයක අර්ථය පැහැදිලි කිරීම යනු එම වචනයේ තේරුම නොවේ. එම තේරුම ගැන දැනුවත් කිරීමක් වන අතර එය විශේෂ ආකාරයක අර්ථය පැහැදිලි කිරීමක් වේ. එහි අධ්‍යාත්මික සත්‍යතාවයන් මූලික කරගෙන දේව ආඥා නිකුත් කිරීමක් හෝ හාස්‍යජනක වූ මූලික සත්‍යයන් පැහැදිලි කිරීම අරමුණු කරගත් සත්‍ය සිදුවීම් විස්තර කිරීමක් ලෙස අර්ථ දැක්විය හැකිය. කෙසේ නමුත් එක් පැත්තකින් ෂියාවරු හා සුෆිවරුද , අනෙක් පැත්තෙන් සුන්නිවරුන් ද එහි නීති රීති අතින් ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ අදහස් දරති. අල් කුර් ආන් වාක්‍යයකින් යම් අර්ථයක් එලි දක්වන නමුත් එය පාරායනය කළ යුතු ආකාරය ගැන ෂියා හා සුන්නිවරු අතර එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.
ෂියාවරුන්ගේ මතයට අනුව දැනුමෙන් අග තැන්පත් නබිවරු හා ඉමාම්වරු ශුද්ධ වූ අල් කුර්ආන් හි රහස් තොරතුරු සියල්ලම දනී. නමුත් සුන්නිවරු විශ්වාස කරන්නේ ඒවා සියල්ලම දෙවියන් වහන්සේ දන්නා බවයි. අල්ලාම් තබතබීවරුන්ට අනුව නම් අල් කුර්ආනය විග්‍රහ කිරීම සම්බන්ධ විස්තර දන්නේ අල්ලාහ් තආලා පමණක්ම වන අතර එහි කිසිම සැකයක් නැත. එම නිසා අල් කුර් ආන් වචනවලට අර්ථ කථනය ලබා දීමේ දී එහි අල්ලාහ්ගේ අදහසට මුල් තැන ලබා දිය යුතුය. තවද අල්ලාහ් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද සමහර උසස් පුද්ගලයන්ට යම් තරමකට එහි විස්තර විග්‍රහය ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකිය.
ඉතාමත් පැරනි අල් කුර් ආන් විග්‍රහයක ෂියා ඉමාම්වරු‍න්ගේ අදහස් ගැබ්වී ඇති අතර එය ආත්මීය හා අධ්‍යාත්මීය තොරතුරුවල එකතුවක් සුෆිවරු සමඟ එකඟතාවයකට පැමිණ ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත. ඉමාම් අලි සහ ජඃෆර් අල් සාදික් ෂියාවරුන්ගේ සහ සුන්නිවරුන්ගේ ග්‍රන්ථ වශයෙන් එලි දක්වා ඇත.
කෝබින්ගේ ප්‍රබන්ධයට අනුව ෂියාවරුන්ගේ මත ගැන අලි (රලි) තුමා තම අදහස් මෙසේ සඳහන් කරයි.

ශුද්ධ වූ අල් කුර් ආනයේ සෑම වචනයක්ම දෙවියන්ගේ වක්තෘතුමාට පහළ වූ ඒවා වන අතර එතුමා කිසිවිටෙකත් එය පිටපත් කිරීමට හෝ පාරායනය කිරීමට හෝ පවසා මට බල කළේ නැත. මම එය මගේ කැමැත්තෙන් මගේ අතින්ම පිටපත් කරනු දුටු එතුමා එය පිටපත් කළ යුතු ආකාරය ගැන මට අවබෝධයක් ලබා දුන්නේ මෙසේය. එහි තෆ්සීර් හෙවත් සාහිත්‍යමය අර්ථ කථනය, තඃවීල් එහි අධ්‍යාත්මීය විවරය, නාසිඃ, වාක්‍යයක අවසානය, මන්සුඃ, අවසනාය වාක්‍යය, මුහ්කම් එක සමාන තේරුම් 2ක් නැති අවස්ථාව, මුතසාබිඃ, එක සමාන තේරුම් දෙකක් ඇති අවස්ථාව ආදී වශයෙන් කරුණු රාශියක් ඇති අතර ඒ සම්බන්ධව පුද්ගලිකව හා පොදුවේ මට උපදෙස් දී ඇත.
අල්ලාව් තබතාබීවරුන්ට අනුව සමහර වාක්‍යවල තේරුම් විශේෂ දැනුමක් සහිතව සුළු පිරිසකගේ අවශ්‍යතාවය අනුව සැකසී ඇති අතර ඒවා සමහර අවස්ථාවල පිළිගත හැකි හා පිළිගත නොහැකි මට්ටම්වල පවතී. වාක්‍යයක තේරුම පිළිගත හැකි අර්ථ විග්‍රහය එහි සාහිත්‍යමය අර්ථයට එපිටින් පවතී. තවද එහි නිවැරදි විග්‍රහය දෙවියන් වහන්සේ පමණක් දන්නා අතර මිනිසාට එහි සෘජු අදහස් ඉදිරිපත් කළ නොහැක. මෙහි ප්‍රශ්ණයට තුඩු දෙන වාක්‍යවලට අදාල මිනිස් ගුණාංගයන් වන්නේ ඒම, යෑම, වාඩි වීම, සෑහීමකට පත්වීම, තරහ, දුක, ආදියයි. ගුණාංගයන් ගැන තීරණය කරන්නේ අල්ලාහ් තආලා පමණි. "තඃවීල්" යන්නට පිළිගත නොහැකි අර්ථය ලෙස "මාරු කිරීම" යනුවෙන් බාහිරින් අර්ථ කථනය කළ ද එය තර්කානුකූලව වෙනස් අදහස් සහිත බවට තහවුරු වී ඇත. මෙම ක්‍රමය එතරම් ඵලදායක නොවේ. නමුත් මෙම ක්‍රමයෙහි පිළිගැනීම් තිබුණ ද එය කුර් ආන් වාක්‍යවලට අදාලව යොදා ගැනීමට වැරදිය. වාක්‍යයක සැබෑ ස්වරූපය සෑම වාක්‍යයකින්ම හෙලිවන අතර ඉක්මනින් හා නිවැරදිව අර්ථ දැක්විය හැකි අතර ඒක හා සමාන තේරුම් 2ක් ද තිබිය හැකිය. එය තනි වචනයක අර්ථය පමණක්ම නොවේ. එහි නිවැරදි තත්වය නම් එම වචන ඉතාමත් ඉහල අගයක් හා අලංකාරයක් ඇති බවයි. අල්ලාහ් තආලා ඒවා අපගේ හදවත්වලට සමීප වීම උදෙසා එම වචන සරසා ඇත. එය කෙසේද යත් අපගේ සිත්සතන්වල රූප රාමුවක් මවා ගැනීම උදෙසා සහ එය පාරායනය කරන්නාට එහි අර්ථය පැහැදිලිව ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීමට උදෙසාය.
එම නිසා සුෆිවරුන්ගේ අදහස් දැක්වීම ඉස්ලාමීය විද්වතුන් පිළිගන්නා අතර එය නිවැරදි අර්ථ විග්‍රහය ලෙස පිළි ගැනිමට සමහර කොන්දේසි බලපා ඇත. සුෆිවරුන්ගේ ඉතිහාසයේ මෙම අර්ථ කථනය සමහර අවස්ථාවල දී ආගමට පටහැනි තොරතුරු ගැබ් වී ඇති බව සලෆිවරු අද විශ්වාස කරති. එසේම ෂියාවරු අතර ද තඃවීල් හෙවත් විස්තර විග්‍රහය පිළිබඳ විරුද්ධ මත පවතී. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ඉස්ලාමීය විප්ලවීය නායක අයතුල්ලා රූහුල්ලා කුමේනි 1979 දෙසැම්බර් හා 1980 ජනවාරි මාසවල සුරතුල් ෆතිහාව ගැන දේශන ඉදිරිපත් කළ අවස්ථාවේ පළමු වාක්‍ය දෙක ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට පෙරම සමහරු එය තරයේ ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කර තහනම් කර ඇත.

කුර්ආන් - එහි අර්ථ විග්‍රහය (තඃවීල්)


An Stelis intonsa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Endara. An Stelis intonsa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis intonsa


Loutre Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Loutre Township (Audrain County, Missouri)
 Loutre Township (Montgomery County, Missouri)

Loutre Township


Genista florida, de nom commun genêt floribond ou genêt fleuri, est une espèce de plante de la famille des Fabaceae et du genre Genista.

Description
Genista florida est un arbuste très ramifié pouvant atteindre . Les tiges ont entre 8 et 10 côtes légèrement poilues en forme de T.

Les feuilles sont simples, plates, lancéolées avec un pied en forme de cône (une feuille avec un pied de plus en plus étroit) et un court pétiole. Le haut est poilu et le bas est soyeux.

Il fleurit en grappes de jusqu'à 30 fleurs jaunes de mai à juillet. Les fleurs sont jaunes et en forme de papillon, ont une corolle en cinq parties et deux pétales latérales attachées.

Le fruit est une gousse allongée à poils soyeux de 15 à  de long contenant 3 à 6 graines à l'intérieur. Il se développe à la fin de l'été.

Répartition
Genista florida est présent dans les forêts dégradées, les clairières et les landes. Il préfère les sols secs et acides pauvres en azote.

Genista florida se trouve dans la majeure partie de la péninsule ibérique. Il s'étend à l'Afrique du Nord et aux Pyrénées.

Parasite
La fleur a pour parasite  et . Le fruit a pour parasite Exapion putoni et Exapion compactum. La feuille a pour parasite Platycranus metriorrhynchus, Heterogynis chapmani, , , , Gonioctena olivacea, , , Exapion laufferi, . La racine a pour parasite  et . La tige a pour parasite Agrilus moriscus,
, , , .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Faboideae

Genista florida


Vasco António Rodrigues Santana (* 28. Januar 1898 in Lissabon; † 13. Juni 1958 ebenda) war ein portugiesischer Schauspieler.

Werdegang
Geboren im Lissabonner Stadtteil Benfica, begann er sich früh für Theater zu interessieren. Nach einem ersten Auftritt in einem kleinen Stück am Teatro Avenida 1917 erhielt er weitere Rollen, und er brach sein Architektur- und Kunst-Studium ab. Nach einer Reihe von Engagements, u. a. am Teatro São Luiz und zu Brasilien-Schauspielreisen, spielte er 1933 in der Filmkomödie "Das Lied von Lissabon" (A Canção de Lisboa). Es war der erste Film in ausschließlich portugiesischer Produktion und wurde ein Kassenerfolg. Der Film begründete eine Welle bis heute populärer Komödien der 1930er bis 1950er Jahre, in denen Santana mit Schauspielkollegen wie Beatriz Costa, Ribeirinho und besonders António Silva ein breites Publikum mit sprühendem Witz unterhielt. Sie alle kamen vom Revuetheater, und so war auch Santana geübt darin, zu singen, zu improvisieren, und gutgelaunte Unterhaltung mit präziser Schauspielleistung darzubieten. So wurden Filme wie O Pai Tirano ("Der tyrannische Vater", Regie: António Lopes Ribeiro), O Pátio das Cantigas ("Hinterhof der Lieder", 1942, Regie: Ribeirinho) oder Fado, História d'uma Cantadeira ("Fado, Geschichte einer Sängerin", 1947, mit Amália Rodrigues, Regie: Perdigão Queiroga) bis heute beliebte Klassiker. Im Bemühen, in die neugeschaffene UNO aufgenommen zu werden, startete das Salazar-Regime 1952 eine Kampagne, um die hohe Analphabetenrate des Landes zu reduzieren. Hierfür wurde Vasco Santana als Darsteller für die Figur des Zé Analfabeto (dt. etwa Sepp Analphabet) engagiert, der in 6 Kurzfilmen des Regisseurs Carlos Marques für die landesweite Kampagne der Erwachsenenbildung warb.

Das portugiesische Kino befand sich seit Anfang der 50er Jahre im fortschreitenden Niedergang und konnte Santana nun immer seltener so erfolgreiche Filmrollen wie bisher anbieten. Er spielte weiter am Theater, bis er 1958 in seiner Heimatstadt starb.

Rezeption
Santanas Darstellung gutmütiger, lebensfroher und komischer Charaktere war eine der Konstanten der erfolgreichen portugiesischen Komödien und Tragikomödien der 30er bis 50er Jahre. Mit Distanz zum autoritären Estado-Novo-Regime oder mit künstlerischen Ansprüchen über die Unterhaltung des Publikums hinaus ist er nicht bekannt geworden. Doch die Darstellung volkstümlicher Figuren machte aus ihm, dank gelungenem Wortwitz und überzeugender schauspielerischer Leistungen, den bis heute bekanntesten und populärsten portugiesischen Schauspieler, zusammen mit Antonio Silva. Seine besondere Beliebtheit erwuchs dabei aus dem liebenswürdigen, volkstümlichen und über sich selbst lachen könnenden Menschen, den die Öffentlichkeit in ihm sah. Einige seiner Filmzitate gingen in den allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch in Portugal ein, etwa in O Pátio da Cantigas sein Gespräch als Betrunkener mit einer nächtlichen Straßenlaterne und seine provozierenden Wortwitze mit seinem ihm feindlich gesinnten Schwiegervater, gespielt von António Silva. So wurde er damals wie heute als populärer Werbeträger eingesetzt und immer wieder mit ihm gewidmeten Theaterstücken oder Fernseh-Rückschauen geehrt. Auch portugiesische Straßen und Theater wurden nach ihm benannt.

Filmografie

Darsteller

Drehbuch
 1937: Maria Papoila
 1941: O Pai Tirano
 1942: O Pátio das Cantigas
 1954: O Costa d'Africa

Literatur
 A. Murtinheira, I. Metzeltin: Geschichte des Portugiesischen Kinos Praesens Verlag, Wien 2010, ISBN 978-3706905909.
 Joaquim Vieira, Luís Trindade: Fotobiografias do Século XX – Vasco Santana Temas&Debates, Lissabon 2009, ISBN 978-9896440497.
 Luciano Reis: Vasco Santana – Um Caso Raro de Popularidade Sete Caminhos, Lissabon 2005, ISBN 978-9896020583.
 Versch. Vasco Santana – O Bem-Amado Dom Quixote, Alfragide 1999, ISBN 978-9722016735.

Weblinks

Siehe auch
 Portugiesischer Film

Einzelnachweise

Drehbuchautor
Filmschauspieler
Träger des Ordens des heiligen Jakob vom Schwert (Offizier)
Portugiese
Geboren 1898
Gestorben 1958
Mann

Vasco Santana


The Journal of Popular Culture (JPC) este o revistă academică peer-review care publică eseuri academice referitoare la toate aspectele culturii populare sau de masă. Ea apare de șase ori pe an, fiind tipărită de Wiley-Blackwell. Redactorul revistei este Ann E. Larabee.

JPC este publicația oficială a Popular Culture Association. Asociația culturală organizează o conferință națională anuală, de obicei pe teritoriul continental al Statelor Unite ale Americii, împreună cu American Culture Association. Au loc, de asemenea, mai multe conferințe regionale anuale.

The Journal of Popular Culture a început să fie publicată în 1967. Avea sediul în acea vreme în clădirea Bowling Green State University și era redactată de Ray B. Browne. Ea și-a mutat ulterior sediul în clădirea Universității de Stat din Michigan din East Lansing, Michigan.

Sumarizare și indexare
Jurnalul este sumarizat și indexat în:

 Academic Search Premier
 Arts and Humanities Citation Index
 MLA International  Bibliography
 ProQuest Central
 SocIndex
 Web of Science

Potrivit Journal Citation Reports, revista avea în 2014 un factor de impact de 0,048, fiind clasată pe locul 35 din 38 de reviste în categoria "Studii culturale".

Note

Legături externe
 The Journal of Popular Culture at Wiley-Blackwell
 The Journal of Popular Culture at Michigan State University

Reviste din Statele Unite ale Americii

The Journal of Popular Culture


Die Irish Open 1906 waren die fünfte Austragung dieser internationalen Meisterschaften von Irland im Badminton. Bei dieser Auflage wurden nur drei Disziplinen ausgetragen, auf die Ausspielung von Dameneinzel und Damendoppel wurde verzichtet.

Sieger und Finalisten

Referenzen
 Stewart Marsden Massey: Badminton, London, G. Bell & Sons 1911, S. 144–146

1906
Badminton 1906

Irish Open 1906


John Baptist Odama (Riki-Oluku, 29 de junho de 1947) é um padre e arcebispo ugandense de Gulu.

O Bispo de Arua, Angelo Tarantino MCCJ, o ordenou sacerdote em 14 de dezembro de 1974.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Nebbi em 23 de fevereiro de 1996. O arcebispo de Kampala, cardeal Emmanuel Wamala, concedeu-lhe a consagração episcopal em 26 de maio do mesmo ano; Co-consagradores foram Frederick Drandua, bispo de Arua, e Martin Luluga, bispo de Gulu.

Em 2 de janeiro de 1999 foi nomeado Arcebispo de Gulu.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos de Uganda

John Baptist Odama


John Miller Andrews,  (17 July 1871 – 5 August 1956) was the second prime minister of Northern Ireland from 1940 to 1943.

Family life
Andrews was born in Comber, County Down, Ireland in 1871, the eldest child in the family of four sons and one daughter of Thomas Andrews, flax spinner, and his wife Eliza Pirrie, a sister of Viscount Pirrie, chairman of Harland and Wolff.

He was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. In business, Andrews was a landowner, a director of his family linen-bleaching company and of the Belfast Ropeworks. His younger brother, Thomas Andrews, who died in the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, was managing director of the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast; another brother, Sir James Andrews, 1st Baronet, was Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland.

In 1902 he married Jessie (died 1950), eldest daughter of Bolton stockbroker Joseph Ormrod at Rivington Unitarian Chapel, Rivington, near Chorley, Lancashire, England. They had one son and two daughters. His younger brother, Sir James, married Jessie's sister.

Political career
Andrews was elected as a member of parliament in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland, sitting from 1921 until 1953 (for County Down constituency from 1921 to 1929 and for Mid-Down from 1929 to 1953). He was a founder member of the Ulster Unionist Labour Association, which he chaired, and was Minister of Labour from 1921 to 1937. He was Minister of Finance from 1937 to 1940, succeeding to the position on the death of Hugh MacDowell Pollock; on the death of Lord Craigavon, in 1940, he became leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and the second Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.

In April 1943 backbench dissent forced him from office. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Sir Basil Brooke. Andrews remained, however, the recognised leader of the UUP for a further three years. Five years later he became the Grand Master of the Orange Order. From 1949, he was the last parliamentary survivor of the original 1921 Northern Ireland Parliament, and as such was recognised as the Father of the House. He is the only Prime Minister of Northern Ireland not to have been granted a peerage; his predecessor and successor received hereditary viscountcies, and later prime ministers were granted life peerages.

Throughout his life he was deeply involved in the Orange Order; he held the positions of Grand Master of County Down from 1941 and Grand Master of Ireland (1948–1954). In 1949 he was appointed Imperial Grand Master of the Grand Orange Council of the World.

Andrews was a committed and active member of the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland. He regularly attended Sunday worship, in the church built on land donated by his great-grandfather James Andrews in his home town Comber. Andrews served on the Comber Congregational Committee from 1896 until his death in 1956 (holding the position of Chairman from 1935 onwards). He is buried in the small graveyard adjoining the church.

He was named after his maternal great-uncle, John Miller of Comber (1795–1883).

References

Sources
 Clatteringford Irish Linen – Family Business
 Prominent Persons Index card from the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
 History of Party leaders at the Ulster Unionist Party website
 The National Archives of the United Kingdom, with reference to the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland and containing a link to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (for subscribers only)
 Scoular, Clive (2004). John M. Andrews: Northern Ireland's Wartime Prime Minister by Clive Scoular. Printed by W & G Baird Ltd. An online review can be found at .

1871 births
1956 deaths
People from Comber
High Sheriffs of Down
Leaders of the Ulster Unionist Party
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1921–1925
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1925–1929
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1929–1933
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1933–1938
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1938–1945
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1945–1949
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1949–1953
Northern Ireland Cabinet ministers (Parliament of Northern Ireland)
Members of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Presbyterians from Northern Ireland
People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution
Prime Ministers of Northern Ireland
Ulster Scots people
Grand Masters of the Orange Order
Ministers of Finance of Northern Ireland
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for County Down constituencies

J. M. Andrews


ආර්ය ශ්‍රී ඨකුරාර්ත දේවාදිත්‍ය බණ්ඩාර ගර්දියවසම් ලිඳමුලගේ රෝයි ඇලෝශියස් ෆීලික්ස් ද සිල්වා (දෙමළ: ஆரயா இ தகுரார்த தேவாதித்ய பள்டார கர்தியவசம் லிதமுளகே ரோயீ அலோசியச் பீளிக்ச் த சில்வா)  හෙවත් රෝයි ද සිල්වා මොහු "මාස්ටර් බ්ලාස්ට්" යන විරුදාවලි ලබන ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය "බොක්ස් ඔෆිස්" අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයෙකි.1964දී පී.නීලකන්ටන් විසින් සිනමාවට හඳුන්වා දුන් මොහු දක්ෂ රංගන ශිල්පියෙකුද වේ.

පෙර අවධිය
1937 අගෝස්තු 30 දින උපත ලැබූ රෝයි 1970 දී සුමනා අමරසිංහ සමඟ විවාහ විය. ඔවුන් හට දරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකි.

සිනමාව
රෝයි ද සිල්වා සිනමාවට අවතීර්ණ වූයේ, අතිශය ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත්වූ දකුණු ඉන්දීය නළු එම්.ජී.ආර්. රඟපෑ චිත්‍රපට 17ක් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ පී. නීලකන්ටන් (පලනියාන්දි නීලකන්ටන්) නම් දකුණු ඉන්දීය චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ "ජබීර්.ඒ. කාදර්" නිෂ්පාදනය කළ "සුජාගේ රහස" චිත්‍රපටය 1964 දෙසැම්බර් 24 දා තිරයට වැඩීමත් සමඟය.

තම පළමු චිත්‍රපටයෙන්ම "ආධුනික" බව අභිභවා යෑමට සුජාගේ රහස චිත්‍රපටයෙන් රෝයි ද සිල්වාට හැකි විය. චිත්‍රපට 100කට ආසන්න සංඛ්‍යාවකට තම රංගන දායකත්වය ලබා දෙමින් අවුරුදු විසිපහකට ආසන්න කාලයක් එක දිගටම සිංහල සිනමාවේ කතා නායකයෙක් වීමට ඔහුට හැකි විය. දකුණු ඉන්දීය අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන්, දකුණු ඉන්දීය සිනමා කතා පුවත් සිංහල රිදී තිරයට අනුවර්තනය කිරීම රෝයි ද සිල්වාට වාසනාව ගෙන එන්නට හේතු තුනක් බලපෑවේය. පළමුවැන්න ඉන්දීය හැඩතල සහිත කඩවසම් රුවක් හිමි වීමය. දෙවැන්න දකුණු ඉන්දීය අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් එවකට සිංහල චිත්‍රපට තැනීම ආරම්භ කිරීමය. තුන්වැනි භාග්‍ය වන්නේ රෝයි චතුර ලෙස දෙමළ භාෂාව හැසිරවීමය.

රෝයි රඟපෑ අතිශය ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පාත්‍ර වූ "සුජීවා" චිත්‍රපටය තිරගත වීමත් සමඟම ඊට සතියකට පෙර සිට තිරගතවෙමින් තිබූ ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකාගේ "එදත් සූරයා අදත් සූරයා" චිත්‍රපටයේ දෙවැනි සහ තුන්වැනි සති අන්තවල ආදායම බිදවැටුණි.

රෝයිගේ උපරිම ඵල නෙළාගත් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් අතර ජෝ දේව් ආනන්ද්, මරියදාසන්, එම්.එස්. ආනන්දන්, ජෝ සුගන්ධා, කේ. වෙන්කට්, රොබින් තම්පෝ, ලෙනින් මොරායස්, කිංස්ලි රාජපක්ෂ, තිමති වීරරත්න සහ සිරිල් පී. අබේරත්න වැනි අයයි. ඕනෑම දීර්ඝ දෙබස් සහිත පිටුවල අඩංගු දෙබස් මතක තබා ගැනීමෙහි ශක්තියක් තිබිණ. එවැනිම ආකාරයේ නළුවෙකු වූ රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණියද ඔහුගේ කුලුපග මිතුරෙකි.

ඔහුගේ සිනමාපට ප්‍රශස්ත තලයේ, හාස්‍ය තලයේ විවිධ තේමාවන් යටතේ චිත්‍රපට නිර්මාණය කරන අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයෙකි. ජනප්‍රිය නළුවකු වශයෙන් ඔහු ලැබූ ජනතා ප්‍රසාදයට වඩා චිත්‍රපට නිර්මාණකරුවකු වශයෙන් ඔහු අද ලබන කීර්තියත්, ප්‍රේක්ෂක ප්‍රතිචාරයත් විශේෂයෙන් ඔහු ලබන තෘප්තියත් අති විශාලය. එඩී ජයමාන්න, රුක්මණී දේවි, ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා, ජෝ අබේවික්‍රම, විජය කුමාරතුංග, රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය, එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල, සුමනා අමරසිංහ, බන්දු සමරසිංහ, ටෙනිසන් කුරේ මෙන්ම නව පරපුරේ නළු නිළියන් ගණනාවක් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කිරීමට රෝයි ද සිල්වා හට හැකි විය. පෙර සැලසුමෙන්, අඩු දින ගණනකින් භාෂා ත්‍රිත්වයෙන්ම චිත්‍රපට නිම කිරීමේ දක්ෂතාව ඔහු සතුව ඇත. වැරැදි අවම කරගනිමින් අඩු දළ සේයා පට ප්‍රමාණයකින් රූප ගත කළ හැකි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයකු වීම ඔහුගෙර් විශේෂත්වයකි.

රංගනය, අධ්‍යක්ෂණය, තිර රචනය, නිෂ්පාදනය වැනි සිනමාවේ විවිධ පැතිකඩ නියෝජනය කළ රෝයි චිත්‍රපට පසුබිම් ගීත ගායනයටද සම්බන්ද විය. "ටොම් පචයා" චිත්‍රපටයට "අහසට බයේද, පොළොවට බයේද" සහ "මිනිසුන් අතර මිනිහෙක්" චිත්‍රපටයේ "ලෝකෙම ඇත්තේ අපිට තමා විනෝද නොවුණොත් නොමැත සමා" යන ගීත ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා සමඟ ගායනා කළේය.

රංගනයන්

අධ්‍යක්ෂණයන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර ලිපි
IMDb Link
Nfc Link

1937 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
සිංහල ජනයා
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
රංගන ශිල්පීන්
චරිත කතා

රෝයි ද සිල්වා


El Gran Premio Sunny Beach (oficialmente: GP Sunny Beach) fue una carrera ciclista profesional por etapas que se disputaba en la urbanización costera de Sunny Beach cerca de Nesebar (Bulgaria), en el mes de mayo.

Solo se disputaron dos ediciones. La primera en 2004, catalogada de categoría 2.5, fue llamada Prix de la Slantchev Brjag (en español: "Premio de la Costa del Sol") con inicio y final de sus 3 etapas + prólogo en esa misma costa. Ya con la creación de los Circuitos Continentales UCI en 2005 se incorporó al UCI Europe Tour en la categoría 2.2 (última categoría del profesionalismo) y adoptó el nombre más internacional de G. P. Sunny Beach con inicio y final de sus 4 etapas (la primera contrarreloj) en Nesebar.

El ganador del 2004, Ivailo Gabrovski, hizo historia al ganar todas las etapas y la general.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Prix de la Slantchev Brjag (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Gran Premio Sunny Beach (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Prix de la Slantchev Brjag y Gran Premio Sunny Beach (cqranking.com)

Sunny Beach
Sunny Beach
Sunny Beach

Gran Premio Sunny Beach