The Academic Decathlon (also called AcDec, AcaDeca or AcaDec) is an annual high school academic competition organized by the non-profit United States Academic Decathlon (USAD). The competition consists of seven objective multiple choice tests, two subjective performance events, and an essay. Academic Decathlon was created by Robert Peterson in 1968 for local schools in Orange County, California, and was expanded nationally in 1981 by Robert Peterson, William Patton, first President of the new USAD Board; and Phillip Bardos, Chairman of the new USAD Board. That year, 17 states and the District of Columbia participated, a number that has grown to include most of the United States and some international schools. In 2015 Academic Decathlon held its first ever International competition in Shanghai, China. Once known as United States Academic Decathlon, on March 1, 2013, it began operating as the Academic Decathlon.

Academic Decathlon is designed to include students from all achievement levels. Teams generally consist of nine members, who are divided into three divisions based on a custom calculated grade point average: Honors (3.75–4.00 GPA), Scholastic (3.00–3.74 GPA), and Varsity (0.00–2.99 GPA). Each team member competes in all ten events against other students in his or her division, and team scores are calculated using the top two overall individual scores from each team in all three divisions. Gold, silver, and bronze medals are awarded for individual events and for overall scores. To earn a spot at the national competition in April, teams must advance through local, regional, and state competitions, though some levels of competition may be bypassed for smaller states. Online competitions, separated into small, medium, and large categories, are also offered. USAD has expanded to include an International Academic Decathlon and has created an Academic Pentathlon for middle schools.

The ten events require knowledge in art, economics, language and literature, math, music, science and social science. These topics, with the exception of math, are thematically linked each year. One of the multiple choice events, alternating between science and social science, is chosen for the Super Quiz. In addition to the seven objective events, there are three subjective events graded by judges: essay, interview and speech.

Over the years, there have been various small controversies, the most infamous being the scandal involving the Steinmetz High School team, which was caught cheating at the 1995 Illinois state finals. This event was later dramatized in the 2000 film Cheaters. Academic Decathlon has been criticized by educators for the amount of time it requires students to spend on the material, as it constitutes an entire curriculum beyond the one provided by the school. Around the turn of the millennium, several coaches protested the USAD's decision to publish error-ridden Resource Guides rather than provide topics for students to research.

History

Academic Decathlon was founded in 1968 by Robert Peterson, the superintendent of schools in Orange County, California. Marvin Cobb, the executive director of the California Academic Decathlon in 2003, said after Peterson's death that Peterson intended the competition to encourage not only the highest-level students who already competed in academic competitions ("[adding] a little glory," as President of the Orange County Academic Decathlon Association put it in 1970), but also to "change C students' lives". The inaugural competition, held in December 1968, hosted 103 students from 20 local high schools. At first only regional contests were held, organized by the Orange County Academic Decathlon Corporation (OCAD) with the assistance of the Orange County Department of Education. In 1971, when the grand jury recommended that the Orange County Department of Education should no longer play a part in the competition, full control was handed over to the OCAD.

In 1979, the first statewide competition was held, and just over two years later, the newly formed United States Academic Decathlon Association held the first national competition in April 1982 at Loyola Marymount University in California—200 high schools from 16 states and the District of Columbia competed for the chance to attend. Peterson, inspired by the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, hoped to make Academic Decathlon an international event. At the 1984 Nationals, 32 states as well as Canada, Mexico, New Zealand and South Korea fielded teams. The inclusion of foreign countries did not become a regular occurrence, however. There was no more international participation until 1989, when teams from Northern Ireland and Rio de Janeiro competed. Since then, only a handful of international schools have competed.

After a 1986 trial competition, Dr. Peterson founded a "International Decathlon for Academics" in 1990. Competitions were held in 1990, 1991 and 1992, but for a number of reasons the competition did not continue. In April 2009, USAD announced that it would be regularly hosting an online international competition, the International Academic Decathlon, after a successful trial event in 2008; however, all 2009 participants but Southbank opted out, leading USAD to issue Southbank an invitation to attend the 2009 U.S. National Competition instead.

Academic Decathlon was originally organized differently than the current competition. The original ten events were aesthetics (music and visual arts), conversation, essay writing, mathematics, practical arts, formal speech, physical science, social science, current events, extracurricular activities, and English literature, grammar, and reading. Over time, those events evolved into: economics, essay, fine arts, interview, language and literature, math, science, social sciences, speech and Super Quiz. It was not until 1998 that fine arts was split into its two constituent tests: art and music. Due to this division, the Super Quiz took the place of one of the other subjects each year. In 1998, Super Quiz replaced economics; from 1999 until 2012, it replaced either science or social science and alternated replacing the two from 2003 to 2012. Beginning with the 2013 season, the Super Quiz consisted of a relay portion only, encompassing questions from the respective year's Science, Language and Literature, Music, Social Science, Art, and Economics curriculum.

More than just the events were changed during the 1998–99 season—the style of study required of students changed. Prior to that season, students had performed their own research for each event, and test writers did not have to base their questions on material USAD published. However, after a policy change at the beginning of the 1999–2000 competition year, test writers were required to base the tests on official USAD materials. After the change in policy, scores vastly increased across the country. That year at Nationals, James E. Taylor High School had the highest team score yet seen at the competition. The following season, USAD once again altered their testing policies; 50% of test questions were to come from USAD published "Resource Guides" and 50% were to come from unspecified sources. Economics focused on business organizations and profiles in individual enterprise rather than macroeconomics and microeconomics as it had for the previous 19 years. A decrease in scores followed these changes; the national winner that year, El Camino Real High School, scored 5,923 fewer points than James E. Taylor High School had the previous year. The following year, USAD settled on an organization of test materials that it would use for almost a full decade, with a mixture of questions from the provided material and independent research. A number of curriculum changes were reversed.

Though the events finally stabilized during the 2000–01 season, the USAD administration changed dramatically that year when the program's executive director, James Alvino, resigned. Alvino had written a religious article that had been included in that year's Super Quiz Resource Guide. His critics and the USAD Board regarded the inclusion as a conflict of interest, as the material was a persuasive essay that heavily pushed Alvino's point of view. The season was also significant in that it was the first year that states were allowed to send both their large and small school champions to the national competition. (Small schools are currently classified as those schools with fewer than 650 students.) However, this practice was short-lived and was discontinued after the 2002 season. Instead, a small school e-Nationals was introduced during the 2005–06 school year. The medium school e-Nationals was established two years later for those schools with between 650 and 1,300 students. In 2010, California Academic Decathlon announced that a large school e-Nationals would be held for the second-highest performing school in each state.

In 2009, USAD announced the launch of an "Online Middle School Pentathlon Program", a competition similar to Academic Decathlon, with only essay, language and literature, mathematics, geography or social science, and science as events. Either science or social science would be designated as the Super Quiz topic.

In 2010, it was announced that high school students who don't have access to a school team or whose team has been eliminated in an earlier round can participate in an online individual competition.

Participation

Team makeup and eligibility
The USAD requires a diversity of achievement within each team; teams must have students who fall into three categories determined by GPA. The Honors category is composed of students with GPAs between 3.80 and 4.0. The Scholastic category consists of students with GPAs between 3.20 and 3.799. The final group, the Varsity category, contains students whose GPA ranges from 0.00 to 3.19 (effective for the 2020-2021 competition year). USAD uses a modified GPA scale in which performance-based classes such as music, art or physical education are omitted from the GPA calculation. A grade counts for face value regardless of whether it is from an advanced placement, honors, regular or remedial class. An A is counted as a 4.0, a B as a 3.0, a C as a 2.0, a D as a 1.0, and a F as a 0. Only final grades taken from the previous two complete school years are used to calculate GPA.

A team typically consists of nine competitors: three honors, three scholastic and three varsity. However, since only the top two scores from each category count towards the team's total score, a team can compete with as few as six students without any point deduction. Students may compete in a higher category than the one they are assigned to, but generally it is to the students' advantage to compete in the lowest category they can. Scores in Varsity are typically lower than those in Scholastic, and those in Scholastic are typically lower than those in Honors.

Levels of competition
There are four official levels of competition: local/scrimmage, regional, state, and national (Rounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively). With the exception of Round 1, only the top finishers in each round advance to the next level. California, the state with the largest Academic Decathlon, holds local scrimmages using the Round 1 tests, which are largely for practice and do not determine whether a team can compete at the regional level, which uses Round 2 tests. In the 2008–09 season, 43 states participated in statewide Academic Decathlons, though only 35 and an international school participated in the national competition.

Events

Like an athletic decathlon, the Academic Decathlon has ten events: art, economics, essay, interview, language and literature, math, music, science, social science, and speech. Prior to 2013, the Super Quiz replaced one of the seven objective events each year; from 2003 to 2012, it alternated between replacing science and social science. USAD releases the topics and theme of the following year's competition in early March, giving students time to prepare for a competition season that runs from November to April. The curriculum is developed by a ten-member panel of former USAD coaches known as the USAD Curriculum Advisory Group. The group contracts with "curriculum developers", who must have at least a bachelor's degree in their respective subject, to create the subject area outlines, Resource Guides, and Notebook Dividers. The Super Quiz Resource Guide was formed mostly from articles from peer reviewed journals, but also includes non-peer reviewed articles, which are looked over by a panel of five reviewers and then checked for accuracy by another reviewer. Use of this format was continued for the Science packet in the 2012–2013 season.

The events are split up into two groups: the seven objective tests (art, economics, language and literature, math, music, science and social science) the three subjective events (essay, interview and speech). In addition, there is a SuperQuiz relay event. The former seven are given as half-hour multiple choice tests, whereas the latter three are graded by judges. The multiple choice exams consist of 50 questions each, with the exception of math, which has 35 questions. Beginning in the 2012–2013 season, the SuperQuiz written test was dropped and the oral relay was changed to include questions from six of the objective subjects: art, economics, language and literature, music, science, and social science.

Objective events
In general, the objective events follow a set organizational outline from year to year. Language and literature focuses on a single novel or a set of plays in addition to multiple short literary selections which tend to be poems or excerpts from short stories. The art and music sections include several selections with which students must familiarize themselves in addition to historical information. Economics remains fairly static; 85% of the material focuses on a standard course of macroeconomics and microeconomics and the remaining 15% focuses on the year's topic. For example, in 2005 the themed material covered the economics of ancient Egypt and Rome. Science and social science reflect the season's theme. Unlike the other events, there is no basic information that carries over. The math curriculum has varied as well, occasionally dropping and adding new subjects or shifting the weight of particular subjects.

Super Quiz
The format of the Super Quiz differs from that of the other subject areas. Added in 1969, it offers a culminating championship event. The Super Quiz consisted of a forty-question multiple choice test as well as a relay around until 2013. In 2013, the multiple-choice portion was eliminated and the relay portion expanded to include six of the objective subjects. Generally referred to as the Super Quiz Relay, it is the only event viewable by the general public. The relay starts with the Varsity students, followed by the Scholastic and the Honors students. Each group is given 10 or 15 questions, depending on the format decided by the state coordinator. These questions are read aloud to the audience and are printed or projected for the competitors. After the questions and answers are read, the students are allowed seven seconds to select the correct answer. The answer is checked on the spot by a judge and scores are immediately displayed to the audience.

Subjective events
The subjective events allow students more creativity than the objective events. The speech event is divided into prepared and impromptu sections. A three-and-a-half to four-minute long prepared speech is delivered. The student is then given one minute to read three prompts and deliver a one-and-a-half to two-minute impromptu speech. Example prompts have included: "It has been said about our modern times that, 'Necessity is the mother of invention' Please discuss.", "Math has been described as the universal language. Discuss." and "Why is light, light and dark, dark?" In the interview, the students are asked a wide variety of questions in a formal environment. Questions range from: "Who is your role model?" to "How would you alert someone that their zipper is down?" In both the speech and interview, the competitor is not allowed to reveal his or her school or hometown to ensure neutrality by the judges. In the essay event, students are given 50 minutes to write an essay responding to one of three prompts derived from the language and literature or the Super Quiz curriculum.

Themes and topics

As the competition has evolved, more of the events have been tied into a central theme. For example, the 2008–2009 theme was "Latin America with a focus on Mexico". Language and literature was based on six short selections of literature as well as the novel Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya. Art focused on the art of Mexico and featured several pieces of work, ranging from Olmec earthenware to José Guadalupe Posada's La Calavera Catrina. The music event included questions on Latin American music and included works by musicians as varied as Manuel de Zumaya, Silvestre Revueltas, Ástor Piazzolla and Xavier Cugat. Social science and economics focused on the history and economy of Mexico respectively. The Super Quiz covered an introduction to evolutionary biology, the historical development of the theory of evolution, natural selection, speciation, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and evolutionary developmental biology. Information was also included on Charles Darwin's voyage aboard HMS Beagle.

Study materials
The United States Academic Decathlon publishes a variety of study materials for the objective events, the profits from which support the program. The Resource Guides and the Basic Guides constitute the majority of the USAD corpus. An art reproduction booklet and music CD contain a particular year's relevant pieces and are issued separately from the Resource Guides. Study guides are also published and contain detailed topical outlines for each objective subject. These outlines specifically indicate which topics will require independent research beyond the material included in the Resource Guides. USAD also offered Research Guides until 2010, which outlined the basics of what students ought to research. However, in the 2010–2011 competition season, USAD announced that it would be eliminating independent research-based questions from the competitions.

Resource Guides are offered for the art, economics, language and literature, music, science/social science, and Super Quiz events. The Super Quiz Resource Guide is a compendium of previously published articles, whereas the other Resource Guides are composed by individual writers under contract with USAD. The aim of the Resource Guide is to assist students in their study of the topics listed in the subject area outlines. As an example, in 2003 the music topic was Romantic music. Subsequently, the Music Resource Guide focused on the development of Romantic music, its characteristics and the influence of the Classical era on the Romantic era. A large part of the guide focused on information about that year's composers: Beethoven, Berlioz, Rossini, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Verdi, Mussorgsky, Wagner, Bizet, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler and Strauss. Similarly, the art topic assigned was Romantic art in the European tradition. The Art Resource Guide included sections detailing the lives and works of relevant artists such as Joseph Mallord William Turner, Claude Monet, Albert Bierstadt, and Camille Pissarro.

In the 1990s, various companies were established to research subjects and provide practice tests to teams. Two of the major ones were Acalon Cards and Exams and DemiDec, formed by former coach Dan Spetner and former Decathlete Daniel Berdichevsky, respectively. The two offer exams and study guides that can augment or replace USAD's official materials. USAD explicitly discouraged teams from ordering materials from third-party companies in the late 1998, though it later removed their discouragement from the curriculum page. USAD republished their discouragement just a few weeks after removing it, but did not publish such a warning in 2002.

In 2000, several coaches who had led their teams to Nationals during the 1990s resigned in protest over Academic Decathlon's decision to sell nearly $1,000 of study materials rather than simply providing topics for students to independently research. Teams felt obligated to buy the guides because USAD based the official tests on them. Teams also denounced the hundreds of errors they found in the official guides; coaches were sometimes forced to instruct their students to deliberately give the wrong answer in the official competition. Richard Golenko, coach of the 1996 J. Frank Dobie High School team that won the national competition, said that the decision to market guides shifted Academic Decathlon's emphasis to memorization over critical thinking. Coach Jim Hatem of Los Angeles and Coach Mark Johnson of El Camino's 1998 winning team fumed over esoteric "trick" questions that USAD had begun asking. James Alvino, USAD's executive director at that time, argued that the expensive study materials were necessary to continue funding nearly 75% of the program's $1,750,000 operating budget and to provide a fairer playing field for less wealthy schools, but did acknowledge that USAD would attempt to reduce prices, remove the more trivial questions, and base smaller portions of the tests on the official Resource Guide.

Basic Guides were formerly issued for students which, unlike the Resource Guides, remained the same from year to year. The Art Basic Guide focuses on art fundamentals, such as the elements of art, principles of composition, and different 2-D and 3-D techniques. Additionally, a brief introduction to art history is included. The Economics Basic Guide reviews fundamental economic concepts in addition to the basics of macroeconomics and microeconomics. The Language and Literature Basic Guide provides students with a basic grounding in the analysis of literature and introduces key terms such as synecdoche, metonymy, assonance, and aphorism. The Math Basic Guide offers a general overview of major topics in high school math, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics. The Music Basic Guide begins by introducing the student to topics in music theory such as harmonics, rhythm, tempo, and the circle of fifths. It also includes information on a wide variety of instruments and a brief history of Western music. However, beginning in the 2010–2011 competition season, the Basic Guides were incorporated into the year's Resource Guides.

The National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) has criticized the intense amount of studying required by students as "excess fact-mongering". In the 1980s, the Association did not endorse Academic Decathlon, citing what it believes was an excessive amount of time involved with the studying necessary to win. It stated that while it is not opposed to the academic portion of the competition, it disliked the "national dimension" of it. However, beginning in 2008, the Association placed USAD on their "National Advisory List of Student Contests and Activities". The list consists of programs that a NASSP committee believes meets their requisite quality standards.

Scoring and winning

Each of the ten events is worth 1,000 points, for a possible 10,000-point individual total. Only the top two scores from the Honors, Scholastic and Varsity divisions are counted for the team score. Until 2013, 60,000 was the maximum possible team score. In 2013, Super Quiz became a 10,000 point event that only counts for the team score, making the maximum possible team score 70,000. With the exception of math and Super Quiz, the objective tests each have 50 questions worth 20 points a piece. The math test is weighted more heavily, with 35 questions worth approximately 28.6 points per question. Until 2013, the Super Quiz written test contained 40 questions, each worth 15 points. Depending on the state director, the relay component of Super Quiz contained either 5 or 10 questions, each worth 80 or 40 points respectively. Starting in 2013, the Super Quiz contained only the relay component with 5 or 10 questions, each worth approximately 333.3 or 166.7 points respectively. The written test was sometimes omitted at the state level even before 2013 if a state director wished to weigh the Super Quiz Relay more heavily. Perfect scores of 1,000 in events are recorded regularly, and there have been cases of dozens of medal winners for a single event because of perfect and near-perfect scores. Gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded in each event and for each division (Honors, Scholastic, and Varsity). All tying participants are awarded medals.

The medals' design is the "AD" portion of the official USAD logo, encircled by "United States" at the top, "Academic Decathlon" at the bottom, and four stars of increasing size on either side. Though the medals are given out only to winners of the competitions, teams can order them along with other study materials. The medals given at state and local competitions are of a different design than those given at Nationals.

The interview and speech events are graded by two to three judges. The scores from the judges are averaged to give a maximum of 1,000 points per event. The essay is graded with a rubric and is read by two different judges whose scores are then averaged. If the difference between the judges' scores differs by 200 points or more, then a third reader is asked to grade the student's essay. The two scores that are closest in value are averaged to give the final score.

A benchmark for the Decathlon elite is obtaining an individual score of over 9,000 points. It was not until 1992, 24 years after the program's inception, that Tyson Rogers achieved this feat at the national competition. Since then, numerous students have broken the 9,000 point barrier. The current highest individual score is 9,707.9, achieved by Hannah Lee from Wakeland High School at the 2019 Texas state regionals competition. State champion scores vary greatly from year to year. As an example, for the 2002–03 season, scores ranged from 24,785 to 49,910 points. National champion scores have been as low as 45,857.0 points and as high as 54,531.2 points. The 54,531.2 score produced by the 2018 El Camino Real Charter High School team at the National Championship stands as the record for the highest team score.

Controversies
Three days before the 1995 Illinois state competition, Steinmetz High School obtained copies of the tests from the DeVry Institute of Technology, where the state finals were being held. The team was therefore able to look up and memorize the answers. The cheating allowed Steinmetz to beat perennial powerhouse Whitney Young Magnet High School, who had won the Illinois state finals in 22 of the previous 23 years. Six of the twelve students in the nation who scored over 900 points on the math test came from Steinmetz High School, prompting the Illinois state Academic Decathlon to suspect cheating. The Steinmetz team was disqualified after team members refused to take an alternate version of the test, and its coach eventually resigned. The incident was dramatized in the movie Cheaters.

Catholic Memorial High School coach John Burke was at the center of a dispute over the results of the 2003 Wisconsin state final. Confusion arose over a Catholic Memorial student's essay after the results of the competition were released. The essay had only received 390 points out of a possible 1000, and Burke contended that it had been scored improperly. He was well within his rights to contest the score; however, Gerhard Fischer, President of Wisconsin Academic Decathlon, said that the way Burke handled the appeal was "highly questionable" and inflammatory. Though Burke was reprimanded, parents of Catholic Memorial students believed the punishment, a three-year suspension for Burke and a one-year suspension for Catholic Memorial, was due to personality differences between Burke and Wisconsin Academic Decathlon officials. The controversy eventually led to a more thorough investigation of previous issues involving Burke. The Wisconsin Academic Decathlon Board discovered that Burke had previously been accused of "[m]ore than a year of repeated 'attacks' on another school's pupils, including allegations of cheating on tests and ineligibility."

National championship

The National Championship pits the winning school from each state against all the others for an overall title. Occasionally, a number of international schools compete as well. Schools compete based on size and are divided into three divisions (I, II, III, and IV). However, this separation is limited to overall team score and overall individual score. Nine overall team medals are awarded: gold, silver and bronze for each division. Similarly, 27 overall individual medals are awarded: gold, silver and bronze for Honors, Scholastic and Varsity in each division. The top prepared speeches are honored at the Speech Showcase, while the rest of the medals—for example, gold in art for Honors, or silver in math for Varsity—are awarded to the top scoring persons during the awards banquet regardless of division. Other awards given out include the Kristin Caperton Award for overcoming personal or physical challenges, among others. Certain awards occasionally come with monetary prizes; these often vary from year to year. Since the first national event in 1982, all National Championship winners have come from three states: California, Texas and Wisconsin. As of 2019, Granada Hills Charter High School has won seven national titles in the past nine years.

Virtual competition
In 2006, the small school virtual competition was created for schools with 650 or fewer students. Two years later, the medium school virtual competition was added to accommodate schools with a student population between 650 and 1,300. These two separate contests are held via the Internet and, as such, the interview and speech events are excluded. The remaining eight tests are completed on the computer and results are submitted electronically to USAD for scoring. Because only the seven multiple choice tests and essay are used, team scores are out of 48,000 points instead of 60,000. Although it is only a virtual competition, winning schools are awarded trophies and medals for their efforts. University High School, from Fresno, California, has won 6 of 7 Small School National Championships. Coached by Sean Canfield, the team has won both the California and National Small School titles for the past 6 years. UHS has a current enrollment of 465 students, yet placed eighth overall at the 2013 California State, competing against schools several times its size. According to USAD, the goal of the small and medium school competitions is to "enhance learning, growth and recognition". In 2010, the United States Academic Decathlon announced the beginning of a large school e-Nationals for the second-highest performing large school in each state.

In popular culture
Depictions of the Academic Decathlon have been featured in some films, including:

 The Day After Tomorrow, 2004
 High School Musical, 2006
 Spider-Man: Homecoming, 2017

References

External links

 USAD – The official website of United States Academic Decathlon
 The Official History of Academic Decathlon, as published by the organization.
 ADSIC – Academic Decathlon Scores and Information Center – A compilation of Academic Decathlon and Scholar's Cup scores

Student quiz competitions

United States Academic Decathlon


Boreopterus es un género de pterosaurio pterodactiloide ornitoqueiroideo del Barremiense-Aptiense (Cretácico Inferior) hallado en la formación Yixian en Dalian, Liaoning, en China.

El género fue nombrado en 2005 por Lü Jinchang y Ji Qiang. La especie tipo es Boreopterus cuiae. El nombre del género se deriva del griego boreios, "del norte" y pteron, "ala". El nombre de la especie fue escogido para ser dedicado a Cui Xu.

El género está basado en el holotipo JZMP-04-07-3, un cráneo y esqueleto casi completos pero aplastados. El cráneo mide 235 milímetros de largo, siendo bajo y alargado con una punta redondeada. Su envergadura se estima en cerca de 1.45 metros. Sus dientes, especialmente los nueve pares anteriores, son muy grandes para un ornitoqueírido, formando un engrane de dientes afilados en el frente de la boca; el tercer y cuarto dientes del frente son los mayores. Hay al menos 27 dientes en cada lado de las mandíbulas inferior y superior, lo cual es un número muy alto.

Lü situó a Boreopterus en la familia Ornithocheiridae en 2006. Esto fue también afirmado por David Unwin en ese mismo año. Sin embargo, Lü en 2006 publicó un análisis cladístico mostrando que Boreopterus era el taxón hermano de Feilongus en una posición más basal que  Haopterus. Esto podría hacerlo un miembro más primitivo de Ornithocheiroidea sensu Unwin, un concepto que Lü no aplicó, usando en cambio la terminología de Alexander Kellner en la cual Ornithocheiroidea es un clado mucho mayor.  Una nueva publicación de Lü ha seguido este planteamiento colocando a Boreopterus y a Feilongus en una nueva familia, los Boreopteridae.

Paleobiología
Los ornitoqueiroides como Boreopterus son interpretados por Unwin como animales planeadores, como los actuales albatros y fragatas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Boreopterus en The Pterosauria (en inglés)

Pterosaurios del Cretácico
Pterosaurios de Asia
Pterodactyloidea

Boreopterus


Şair Haşmet, Haşmet bin Abbas, (ö. 1768, Rodos), Osmanlı divan şairidir.

Latifeleri, hicivleri ile tanınan bir şairdir. Devrin ünlü şairi ve devlet adamı Koca Ragıp Paşa'nın himayesinde yetişmişti.  Ragıp Paşa ve Fıtnat Hanım ile yakın dostluk kurdu. Şiirleri ile olduğu gibi bu üçlünün arasındaki günümüze kadar ulaşan şakalaşmalar ile de hatırlanır.

Yaşamı
18. yüzyılda İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Doğum yılı kesin olarak bilinmez, 1720-1730 arasında doğmuş olduğu tahmin edilir. Kazasker Abbas Efendi'nin oğludur.. Asıl adı Mehmet idi.

İlköğrenimini babasından aldıktan sonra medrese öğrenimi gördü, müderrislik yaptı. Gençlik çağlarında Koca Ragıp Paşa'ın himayesini kazandı.  Şairliğin yanı sıra ok atmada, kılıç ve tüfek kullanmada ustalaştı.  Müderrislikte dereceler alarak ilerledi.

Şiirleri bazı kimselerin hatırlarını incittiğinden önce İstinye'de babasının yalısında ikamete memur edildi; sonra Bursa'ya (1759) sürüldü. Altı yıl kadar kaldığı Bursa'da şehrin önde gelen sanatçı ve bilim adamlarını etrafında topladı. Bu dönemde dost olduğu İmamzade Said Efendi, Haşmet'in şiirlerini toplayıp divan şeklinde düzenlemeyi üstlendi.

Şair, Bursa'dan sonra İzmir'e ve Rodos'a sürülmüş; 1768'de sürgünde iken hayatını kaybetmiştir. Mezarı, Rodos'ta Murad Reis Türbesi civarındadır.

Eserleri
Beyit sayısı üç bini bulan bir Divan'''ı vardır. Haşmet'in Divanı'nda yer alan şiirler, şair Bursa'dayken arkadaşı İmamzade tarafından bir araya getirilmiş olanlardır.Sened-i Şuara, Koca Ragıp Paşa adına yazılmış bir eserdir; şiirin faziletlerini anlatır.  Haşmet, bu eserde Arap dili ve edebiyatı ile dini ilimler konusundaki bilgilerini ve sanat gücünü ortaya koymuştur.

En önemli eserlerinden birisi, Sûr-nâme (Vilâdet-nâme) adlı mensur-nazım eserdir. Bu eser,  III. Mustafa'nın kızı Hibetulah'ın doğumunu kutlamak için Koca Ragıp Paşa'nın isteği üzerine kaleme alınmıştır. III. Mustafa'dan önceki iki padişah (I. Mahmut ve III. Osman)'ın çocukları olmamıştı. Bu nedenle, Mustafa'nın 1759'da doğan kızı Hibetullah için, çağın birçok şairi tarihler düşürmüşler, kutlama manzumeleri yazmışlardı. Olayın doğurduğu genel sevinç ve yapılan eğlenceler Sûr-nâme'de oldukça canlı bir dille anlatılmıştır.. Eserde olaylar günlere göre değil fıkralara, makalalere ve yapılan eğlencelere göre gruplandırılarak anlatıldığından yazılış ve tertip itibarıyla de diğer Sur-nâme'lerden ayrılmaktadır.

Şairin, İntisâbü'l-mülük adlı küçük eseri III. Mustafa'yı övmek için yazılmıştır. Hâb-nâme, Vâkıa-nâme adlarını da taşıyan bu eser, Padişah III. Mustafa'nın 1757 yılında tahta cülus ettiği günün gecesi Haşmet'in görmüş gibi hayal ettiği bazı olayları konu edinmektedir.

Dört eseri de "Haşmet Külliyatı''" adıyla 1994'te yayımlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

1768 yılında ölenler
Divan edebiyatı şairleri
Türk şairler

Haşmet


Mike Wead (født Mickael Vikström den 6. april 1967) er en svensk guitarist, der bor i Stockholm. Han har bidraget til heavy metalbands som Hexenhaus, Memento Mori, Abstrakt Algebra, The Haunted, Edge of Sanity, Candlemass, The Project Hate. I øjeblikk er han guitarist i Mercyful Fate, King Diamond og Bibleblack. Som guitarist i King Diamond deler Wead leda guitar-rollen med Andy LaRocque. Wead arbejder også som producer.

Udstyr
 ESP E-II Horizon
 ESP E-II ST-1
 ESP Horizon 27
 ESP Standard Horizon
 Yamaha CPX-1200
 Yamaha CPX-700
 Line 6 Pod HD Pro X
 Crown power amps
 Seymour Duncan pickups
 Dunlop picks & DR strings

 Diskografi
 Med Mercyful Fate

 Dead Again (1998)
 9 (1999)

 Med King Diamond

 Abigail II: The Revenge (2002)
 The Puppet Master (2003)
 Deadly Lullabyes Live (2004)
 Give Me Your Soul... Please (2007)

 Med Hexenhaus

 A Tribute to Insanity (1988)
 At the Edge of Eternity (1990)
 Awakening (1991)
 Dejavoodoo (1997)

 Med Candlemass

 Nightfall (1987)
 As It Is, As It Was (1994)
 Leif Edling The Black Heart of Candlemass  (2002)

 Med Memento Mori

 Rhymes of Lunacy (1993)
 Life, Death, and Other Morbid Tales (1994)
 La Danse Macabre (1996)
 Songs for the Apocalypse Vol IV (1997)

 Med Abstrakt Algebra

 Abstrakt Algebra (1995)

 Med Bibleblack

 The Black Swan Epilogue (2009)

 Med Escape The Cult

 All You Want To'' (2014)

Referencer

Personer fra Stockholm
Heavy metal-musikere fra Sverige
Guitarister fra Sverige
Mercyful Fate

Mike Wead


Philippe Boesmans (Tongeren, 17 de mayo de 1936-10 de abril de 2022) fue un compositor belga.

Biografía
Estudió piano en el Conservatorio de Lieja, donde también conoció técnicas de composición serial por parte de Pierre Froidebise. Sin embargo, fue sólo después de entrar en contacto con el "Grupo de Lieja" (Henri Pousseur, André Souris y Célestin Deliège) en 1957 cuando empezó a escribir música, como compositor autodidacta. A partir de 1962 participó en producciones del Centro de Investigaciones Musicales de Valonia, colaborando con Pousseur. También estuvo activo como pianista con el conjunto Musique Nouvelle. También en 1962 se convirtió en productor de la Radio Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française (RTBF), trabajando con la orquesta de la radio. A partir de esta experiencia aprendió mucho sobre composición y orquestación de música. Le siguió un rápido reconocimiento y en el año 1971 ganó el Prix Italia por su composición Upon La-Mi (Visscher 2001).

Trabajó como productor para la RTBF y fue compositor residente del Teatro Real de la Moneda en Bruselas.

Obras
Ópera
La Passion de Gilles (1983) Libreto de Pierre Mertens.
Reigen (1993); basada en La Ronde de Arthur Schnitzler
Wintermärchen (1999); basada en Cuento de invierno de William Shakespeare.
Julie (2005); basada en La señorita Julia de August Strindberg
Yvonne, princesse de Bourgogne (2009); basada en Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda de Witold Gombrowicz
Poppea e Nerone (2012); Orquestación para orquesta moderna de L'incoronazione di Poppea, de Claudio Monteverdi.

Otros
Concierto para violín (1980)
Cuarteto de cuerdas número 1 (1988)
Surfing para viola y orquesta (1990)
Love and Dance Tunes para barítono y piano (1993); Sonetos de Shakespeare musicados
Summer Dreams, Cuarteto de cuerdas número 2 (1994)

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes

Deliège, Célestin, Bernard Foccroule, and Claude Ledoux. 1983. Philippe Boesmans. París y Bruselas: Opéra national de Belgique & Éditions BEBA.
Visscher, Eric de. 2001. "Boesmans, Philippe". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, segunda edición, editada por Stanley Sadie y John Tyrrell. Londres: Macmillan Publishers.
Licencia

Enlaces externos

Compositores de ópera de Bélgica
Compositores de música clásica de Bélgica del siglo XX
Miembros de la Real Academia de Bélgica
Nacidos en Tongeren

Philippe Boesmans


Lenke Szilágyi est une photographe hongroise.

Biographie
En 1980, elle est diplômée de l'École des beaux-arts et des arts appliqués en photographie.

À partir de 1990, elle a travaillé pendant deux décennies en tant que rédactrice photo et photographe pour l'hebdomadaire, puis le mensuel Beszélő.

Elle a souvent travaillé pour des théâtres, notamment le , le Théâtre Merlin, le Nouveau théâtre et le Théâtre József-Katona à Budapest. Elle a également pris des clichés pour le . Lors de la saison 2010/2011, elle a été sélectionneur pour le , avec  et Balázs Urbán.

Elle fut photographe de plateau pour plus de deux douzaines de films. Elle a également travaillé avec Miklós Jancsó et deux des plus jeunes générations de cinéastes, Szabolcs Hajdú et Kornél Mundruczó.

Voyageuse passionnée, elle est particulièrement attirée par le monde de la haute montagne.

Elle est membre de l'Association des photographes hongrois et de l'Association nationale des journalistes hongrois.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1959
Naissance à Debrecen
Photographe hongroise
Photographe de plateau
Personnalité féminine hongroise

Lenke Szilágyi


Araç seyir sistemi, (bir tür yol bilgisayarı olarak da tanımlanabilir), Küresel Konumlandırma Dizgesini (GPS) kullanarak yol bulmaya yarayan aygıtır. Tümleşik bellekteki haritayı kullanarak otomobilin sürücüsüne kılavuzluk yapar.

İlk yol bilgisayarını hangi kuruluşun yaptığı tartışmalıdır. Honda 1983'te bulduğunu öne sürdüğü yol bilgisayarını, 1990 yılı yapımı Acura Legend modeli ile kullanıma sürmüştür. Analog olan bu aygıt, küresel konumlandırma dizgesi kapsamı o yıllarda kısıtlı olduğu için, konum belirlemede ivme ölçme yöntemini kullanmıştır. Pioneer ise küresel konumlandırma dizgesi tabanlı ilk yol bilgisayarını 1990 yılında bulduğunu öne sürmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Araç takibi, (bir aracın bulunduğu konumu uydu aracılığıyla bulma eylemi.)
 Trafik mesajı kanalı
 Kişisel konumlandırma yardımcısı
 Otonom araba
 Elektronik Rota Yönlendirme Sistemi
 GPS eXchange Format
 GPS yön bulma cihazı
 Harita veritabanı yönetimi
 Mapscape BV
 Mobil veri terminali
 Navigasyon Veri Standardı (NDS)
 NavPix
 Navteq

Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri uygulamaları
Otomotiv teknolojisi
GPS
Seyir
Japon icatları
Otomotiv navigasyon sistemleri
Bilgisayar
Özel uygulama elektronik cihazları
Bilgisayar sistemleri

Araç seyir sistemi


Une bûche scandinave (également appelée bougie canadienne, torche suédoise, bûche suédoise, feu suédois ; ) est une source de chaleur et de lumière provenant d'un tronc d'arbre placé verticalement, incisé et brûlant au milieu. Cette technique de combustion qui s'est répandue en Europe au cours du  est aujourd'hui utilisée par les travailleurs forestiers et pour les activités de loisirs (en particulier dans le sud de l'Allemagne). En raison de sa surface plane et de ses bonnes braises, une bûche scandinave peut également être utilisée pour la cuisson. Par rapport à un feu de camp, elle est plus compacte, et donc plusieurs petites sources de chaleur peuvent être réparties sur une zone.

La tradition orale attribue le développement de la torche aux militaires suédois pendant la guerre de Trente Ans ; à l'aide d'une scie ou une hache, les suédois sont réputés avoir utilisé des bûches incandescentes pour réchauffer leurs soldats. Cette méthode de fourniture de chaleur signifie que leurs troupes n'ont pas eu à transporter leur propre bois de chauffage avec elles mais ont pu s'approvisionner sur place, car le bois vert fraîchement coupé peut brûler en raison de l'effet cheminée.

Fabrication et utilisation
Un tronc ébranché, d'un diamètre de 30 à 60 cm et une longueur de 50 à 150 cm est nécessaire pour fabriquer la torche. Le bois ne doit pas être trop sec, sinon il brûlerait trop vite. Les meilleures essences de bois pour la lumière et la chaleur sont les résineux tendres : épicéa, sapin et pin. Les meilleurs types pour la cuisson sont les bois durs comme le hêtre, le chêne, le pommier, le frêne ou le cerisier, car ils sont moins fuligineux et n'altéreraient pas la viande.

Une tronçonneuse est utilisée pour couper le tronc avec deux coupes verticales perpendiculaires l'une à l'autre vers le bas pendant que le tronc est debout. Les coupes s'arrêtent 6 à 8 cm de la base afin que la torche ne se brise pas. Normalement, le tronc est divisé en quartiers par deux coupes, ou, dans le cas de troncs plus gros, en sixièmes (comme un astérisque à six branches) ou en huitièmes. Les coupes facilitent la circulation de l'air, ce qui aide la bûche à brûler.

Au fur et à mesure que la bûche brûle, les braises et les charbons tombent du haut et dans les fentes coupées. Cela allume la bûche de l'intérieur et maintient le feu. La bûche est plus facile à enflammer avec de la paraffine (ou de l'essence à briquet), qui est insérée dans les fentes latérales et également en haut au point de coupe de la scie du tronc. Des chiffons imbibés d'huile conviennent également. Les bûcherons versent un peu de l'essence de leur tronçonneuse au centre de la torche. Si un feu de camp brûle déjà, des braises placées sur la bûche peuvent faire une torche suédoise.

Il est important de choisir un endroit sûr pour installer la torche en raison des étincelles volantes et de la possibilité qu'elle s'effondre. Pour enflammer le tronc uniformément, on ajoute un peu de paraffine au sommet. Selon la taille et la longueur, le tronc brûle entre deux et cinq heures et brille d'une chaleur intense. La lueur au milieu du tronc a une température comprise entre 1000 et 1200 °C. Une fois que la torche a commencé à brûler, il est possible de placer une casserole sur le dessus en enfonçant avant l'allumage trois clous autour du trou de forage ou en plaçant trois pierres autour du trou de forage, créant ainsi une surface de cuisson improvisée.

Méthodes alternatives

Technique du haut fourneau
Une autre façon de faire est de réaliser un trou de perçage (environ 20 mm) le long de l'axe du tronc pour les gaz d'échappement et un deuxième trou sur le côté au niveau souhaité pour l'alimentation en air. Il s'enflamme en versant quelques braises ou en le chargeant d'un matériau facilement inflammable tel que du kérosène, des pastilles de carburant ou des allume-feu. Certaines quincailleries vendent des "torches suédoises" avec de la cire de bougie et des briquets à mèche de bougie.

Technique de survie
Même sans perceuse, une torche d'arbre peut être rapidement produite à l'extérieur. Pour ce faire, on utilise une scie pour couper la bûche environ aux deux tiers de la hauteur de la bûche, et on coupe la base à la hauteur désirée de 5 à 10 cm. Comme sur l'image ci-dessus (marquée A ou B ), il faut séparer les sections sur la ligne bleue et retirer le noyau sur la ligne rouge. Ensuite, il faut scier le trou de ventilation ou soulever la plus petite section de la variante B pour la distance de ventilation. Enfin, on assemble les trois parties et B, on relie avec du fil, de la corde ou des clous.

Galerie

Références

Invention suédoise
Appareil de chauffage
Source lumineuse
Incendie dans l'art et la culture
Invention du XVIIe siècle

Bûche scandinave


Hermann-Josef "Jupp" Rapp (* 1944 in Wiedenbrück) ist ein deutscher Forstmann und Naturschützer. Er ist bekannt als die "Stimme des Reinhardswaldes".

Leben

Ausbildung und berufliches Wirken

Hermann-Josef Rapp trat 1961 in die Hessische Landesforstverwaltung ein, in der er die Ausbildung zum gehobenen Forstdienst absolvierte. Anschließend war er in verschiedenen Regionen Hessens im In- und Außendienst tätig. 1972 kam er als Revierleiter an das Forstamt Reinhardshagen. In seinen letzten zehn Dienstjahren bis zur Pensionierung im Jahr 2000 war Rapp dort stellvertretender Forstamtsleiter.

Die "Stimme des Reinhardswaldes"
Auch nach dem Wechsel in den Ruhestand blieb Hermann-Josef Rapp als intimer Kenner des Reinhardswaldes gefragter Ansprechpartner für Waldbesucher und Medien. Bis 2011 gestaltete und leitete er an die 1000 Führungen, hielt zahlreiche Vorträge und wirkte beratend und als Interviewpartner an mehreren Fernsehdokumentationen sowie Filmdrehs mit. Er ist Herausgeber und Mitverfasser der Bücher Reinhardswald – Eine Kulturgeschichte (2002) und – zusammen mit Marcus Schmidt – Baumriesen und Adlerfarn. Der "Urwald Sababurg" im Reinhardswald (2006). Außerdem wirkte er als Autor an dem Buch Beberbeck zwischen Sababurg und Gesundbrunnen. Eine Zeitreise durch die Region (2008) mit. Darüber hinaus veröffentlichte er zahlreiche Beiträge in Fachpublikationen und gehört zu den langjährigen Autoren der Schriftenreihe Jahrbuch Landkreis Kassel und des Natur-Blogs natur.reinhardshagen.de. Diese umfangreiche Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und nicht zuletzt seine kräftige Stimme brachten ihm die Ehrenbezeichnung "Stimme des Reinhardswaldes" ein.

Rapp engagiert sich im Naturschutzbund Deutschland NABU Altkreis Hofgeismar e.V. und im Arbeitskreis Kassel der Hessischen Gesellschaft für Ornithologie und Naturschutz e. V. (HGON). Als ehrenamtlicher Beauftragter der Oberen Naturschutzbehörde betreut er fünf Naturschutzgebiete, darunter auch das international bekannte Naturschutzgebiet Urwald Sababurg, für das er sich ganz besonders starkmacht. Zudem ist Rapp Förderer des Ecomuseums Reinhardswald. Auch für die seit 1998 überregional bekannt gewordenen Storchen-Brutpaare in Reinhardshagen-Vaake setzt er sich ein.

Darüber hinaus gehört Hermann-Josef Rapp zu den Wegbereitern der Naturbestattung in Deutschland. Es ist wesentlich seiner Initiative zu verdanken, dass im Reinhardswald im Jahr 2001 mit dem FriedWald Reinhardswald der erste FriedWald Deutschlands eingerichtet wurde. Rapp war somit bundesweit der erste "FriedWald-Förster".

Hessenweit bekannt wurde Rapp zudem in der Auseinandersetzung um das in Beberbeck geplante Schloss-Beberbeck-Resort. Als vehementer Gegner der Ausbaupläne engagierte sich der Forstmann als Sprecher des "Aktionsbündnisses Beberbeck", in dem auch die großen Naturschutzverbände mitarbeiten. Nach Ansicht des Bündnisses ist das Ferienresort-Projekt, das sich Ende 2010 schließlich zerschlug, nicht nur zu groß für den vorgesehenen Standort, sondern bedeute vor allem auch erhebliche Eingriffe in Natur und Landschaft – nicht zuletzt für den Urwald Sababurg. Alternativ setzen sich Rapp und seine Mitstreiter dafür ein, die Staatsdomäne stattdessen zu einem "Modellprojekt für einen nachhaltigen Tourismus" zu entwickeln und zu diesem Zweck einen Naturpark Reinhardswald auszuweisen.

Gewerkschaftliches Engagement
Rapp ist Mitglied der Gewerkschaft Gartenbau, Land- und Forstwirtschaft (GGLF) beziehungsweise deren Nachfolgeorganisation Industriegewerkschaft Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt (IG BAU), wo er sich seit vielen Jahren in Vorständen und Gremien engagiert. So war er Mitglied des Landesvorstands Hessen und Sprecher der Initiative "Zukunft der Forstwirtschaft in Deutschland" der IG BAU-Landesvertretung Hessen. Er ist regelmäßiger Mitarbeiter der IG-BAU-Zeitschrift Forstliche Mitteilungen, in der er unter anderem die Rubrik Buch-Tipps betreut.

Forstoberamtsrat a. D. Hermann-Josef Rapp wohnt seit 1972 mit seiner Frau Christine und seinen Kindern in Reinhardshagen.

Ehrungen

Für sein Engagement in zahlreichen Ehrenämtern – besonders für seine Verdienste im Natur- und Umweltschutz sowie der Gewerkschafts- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit – verlieh ihm der Bundespräsident 2011 das Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande. Bei der Ordensübergabe im Landgrafenzimmer der Sababurg sagte der hessische Ministers für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Dieter Posch: "Der Prinz hat Dornröschen wachgeküsst und Rapp hat den Reinhardswald wachgeküsst." (Zitatvariante: "So wie der Prinz im Märchen Dornröschen wachgeküsst hat, hat Rapp den Reinhardswald wachgeküsst.").
Zu seinen Ehren wurde eine der uralten Eichen im "Urwald Reinhardswald" auf seinen Namen getauft.

Weblinks
 -tty-: Stimme des Reinhardswaldes: Bundesverdienstkreuz für Hermann-Josef Rapp. Hermann-Josef Rapp erhielt von Minister Dieter Posch hohe Auszeichnung. In: Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine; Online-Fassung vom 26. Juli 2011
 Bericht über Hermann-Josef Rapp in der Hessenschau vom 26. Juli 2011

Einzelnachweise

Forstbeamter (Hessen)
Naturschützer
Reinhardswald
Gewerkschafter (Deutschland)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Deutscher
Geboren 1944
Mann

Hermann-Josef Rapp


Papratka (cistopteris; lat. Cystopteris), rod vazdazelenih paprati iz porodice Cystopteridaceae. Na popisu je 25 vrsta i 5 hibrida, a rasprostranjene su diljem svijeta, uključujući i Hrvatsku,

U Hrvatskoj postoje 4 vrste planinska papratka (C. alpina), C. dickieana, nježna papratka (C. fragilis) i  brdska papratka (C. montana)

Vrste

 Cystopteris alpina (Lam.) Desv.
 Cystopteris apiiformis Gand.
 Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh.
 Cystopteris chinensis (Ching) X. C. Zhang & R. Wei
 Cystopteris deqinensis Z. R. Wang
 Cystopteris diaphana (Bory) Blasdell
 Cystopteris dickieana R. Sim
 Cystopteris douglasii Hook.
 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
 Cystopteris laurentiana (Weath.) Blasdell
 Cystopteris membranifolia Mickel
 Cystopteris millefolia Mickel & Tejero
 Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Desv.
 Cystopteris moupinensis Franch.
 Cystopteris pellucida (Franch.) Ching
 Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell
 Cystopteris reevesiana Lellinger
 Cystopteris sandwicensis Brack.
 Cystopteris sudetica A. Braun & Milde
 Cystopteris tasmanica Hook.
 Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver
 Cystopteris tenuifolia Alderw.
 Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv.
 Cystopteris ulei Christ
 Cystopteris utahensis Windham & Haufler
 Cystopteris × christii Hahne
 Cystopteris × illinoensis R. C. Moran
 Cystopteris × montserratii Prada & Salvo
 Cystopteris × vidae Fraser-Jenk. & Parris
 Cystopteris × wagneri R. C. Moran

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cystopteridaceae

Papratka


Sarışeyh, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında Sarışeyhler olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 26 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Sarışeyh, Çorum


10 er en amerikansk romantisk komediefilm fra 1979, skrevet og instrueret af Blake Edwards. Den har Dudley Moore, Julie Andrews og Robert Webber i hovedrollerne sammen med Bo Derek, der med filmen havde sin første større filmrolle. Filmen blev på udgivelsestidspunktet en stor publikumssucces og lidt af en trendsetter, og den gjorde Dudley Moore og Bo Derek til store stjerner.

Filmen handler om en mand i sin midtlivskrise, der er betaget af en ung pige, han aldrig har mødt. Det fører til en komisk jagt og et uventet møde i Mexico.

Handling

Den berømte og velhavende komponist George Webber (Dudley Moore) finder i forbindelse med den uventede fest, som hans veninde Samantha Taylor (Julie Andrews) har arrangeret i anledning af hans 42 årsfødselsdag, at han har det svært med at ved midaldrende. Da han senere ser en kvinde, der netop skal giftes, bliver han besat af hendes skønhed, og han rangerer hende som "11" på en skala fra 1 til 10. Han følger efter hende på vej til vielsen, men løber ind i alle mulige uheld undervejs og er nær ved at ødelægge brylluppet.

Hans besættelse fører ham senere til at opsøge præsten for vielsen, der fortæller ham, at kvinden er Jenny Hanley (Bo Derek), datter af en tandlæge. Samme aften har George et skænderi med Samantha om Georges manglende opmærksomhed på Sams behov, hans brug af ordet "broad" om hende foruden hans vedvarende brug af en teleskop til at følge med i naboens, en pornoproducent, særdeles animerede fester. Det afgørende punkt i skænderiet nås, da George kommer med en diskret bemærkning, der sår tvivl om hendes kvindelighed, hvilket får Sam til at tage af sted i vrede.

Dagen efter udspionerer George igen naboen, men kommer til at slå sig selv med teleskopet og falder ned af skrænten uden for terrassen, hvilket medfører, at han ikke kan komme til at besvare Sams telefonopkald. Med tanke på bruden fra tidligere får George en tid hos Jennys tandlægefar og erfarer i den forbindelse, at Jenny og hendes mand er på bryllupsrejse i Mexico. Desværre viser det sig, at George har store tandproblemer og må gå igennem en stor behandling, der medfører, at han må have bedøvelse, og eftervirkningerne af denne, forværret af en hel del drinks, gør ham helt usammenhængende. Da Sam ringer igen, kan hun ikke genkende hans stemme, men antager ham for at være en indbrudstyv og tilkalder politiet, der kommer og anholder George. Betjentene finder endelig ud af, at han faktisk er husets ejer, og går igen. Desillusioneret efter dagens hændelser tager han hen til endnu en animeret fest hos naboen og kommer til at deltage i orgiet. Da Sam kommer og ikke kan finde ham, kigger hun i teleskopet og ser ham i denne situation, hvilket gør kløften mellem dem endnu større.

Sam diskuterer sitationen med Hugh (Robert Webber), Georges sangskrivningspartner, der mener, at hun må beslutte sig for, hvor længe hun vil vente på, at George bliver voksen. George køber i mellemtiden impulsivt en billet til Mexico og følger de nygifte til et eksklusivt feriested i Manzanilla, Mexico. I baren kommer George til at tale med bartenderen Don (Brian Dennehy), spiller lidt på klaveret og møder en gammel bekendt, Mary Lewis (Dee Wallace), der har mindreværdskomplekser som følge af en række forliste forhold. De finder sammen, men Mary fortolker Georges mangelfulde præstationer i sengen som en bekræftelse på sine problemer.

Ved stranden ser George Jenny, der iført en lækker badedragt og med håret i små fletninger, og han bliver igen slået af hendes skønhed. Han opdager, at hendes mand David (Sam J. Jones) er faldet i søvn på et surfbræt på vandet. George erfarer fra de lokale, at hvis man kommer for langt ud, får bølgerne fat i en og kan slynge en person af et bræt eller føre vedkommende alt for langt ud i havet. Han lejer en katamaran og får klodset, men med held reddet David og bliver derved en helt. Sam ser et nyhedsindslag om ham i tv og prøver igen at ringe til ham, men han afslår opkaldet, uden at vide at det er fra Sam. David, der er voldsomt forbrændt af solen, ligger på hospitalet, og det giver omsider George mulighed for at være alene med den taknemmelige Jenny. Efter en middag i hendes lejlighed ryger hun marihuana og forfører derefter George til Maurice Ravels Bolero.

Skønt han til at begynde med er opløftet over at opleve, at hans drøm bliver til virkelighed, bliver han forfærdet, da Jenny besvarer et telefonopkald fra sin mand, mens de er i seng, og hun fortæller ham, at George er sammen med hende. Han bliver forvirret, da det går op, at David ikke er bekymret (han havde ringet for at takke George). Da Jenny derefter fortæller, at de har et åbent ægteskab baseret på gensidig ærlighed og kun blev gift for at tilfredsstille hendes konservative far, bliver George rystet. Han indser, at sammenlignet med, at han har været fuldstændig forgabt i Jenny, så er han for hende bare en nats morskab, og det får George til at miste interessen.

Efter hjemkomsten bliver George forsonet med Sam og viser en helt ny modenhed. Inspireret af sin aften med Jenny sætter han Bolero på pladespilleren, og Sam og han går i seng med hinanden. Dette sker, mens naboen ser på og viser sin afsky ved det, idet han beklager sig over, at nu har han givet George en masse erotisk underholdning, og så får han ingenting igen.

Medvirkende

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1979
Komediefilm fra USA
Romantiske film fra USA
Film instrueret af Blake Edwards

10 (film)


Blog () veya Weblog () teknik bilgi gerektirmeden, kendi istedikleri şeyleri, kendi istedikleri şekilde yazan insanların oluşturabildikleri, günlüğe benzeyen web siteleridir. Genellikle güncelden eskiye doğru sıralanmış yazı ve yorumların yayınlandığı, web tabanlı bir yayını belirtir. Çoğunlukla her gönderinin sonunda yazarın adı ve gönderi zamanı belirtilir. Yayıncının seçimine göre okuyucular yazılara yorum yapılabilir. Yorumlar, blog kültürünün çok önemli bir dinamiğidir; bu sayede yazar ve okuyucular arasında iletişim sağlanır. Bunun dışında, geri izleme (trackback) mekanizmasıyla, belirli bir yazı hakkında yazılan diğer yazıların belirlenebilmesi de mümkündür.

Gönderiler genellikle ters kronolojik sırada görüntülenir, böylece en son gönderi web sayfasının en üstünde ilk olarak görünür. 2009 yılına kadar, bloglar genellikle tek bir kişinin, ara sıra küçük bir grubun çalışmasıydı ve genellikle tek bir konuyu kapsıyordu. 2010'larda, birden çok yazarın yazılarını içeren ve bazen profesyonelce düzenlenen "çok yazarlı bloglar" (MAB'ler) ortaya çıktı. Gazetelerden, diğer medya kuruluşlarından, üniversitelerden, düşünce kuruluşlarından, savunuculuk gruplarından ve benzer kurumlardan gelen MAB'ler, artan miktarda blog trafiğinden sorumludur. Twitter ve diğer "mikroblog" sistemlerinin yükselişi, MAB'lerin ve tek yazarlı blogların haber medyasına entegre edilmesine yardımcı olur. 2010 yıllarından sonra özellikle mobil blog'lar popüler oldu. Sosyal medya ve sosyal ağ'ların yaygınlaşması ile bloglar bunlarla artık gevşek bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır.

İlk bloglar elle yazılıp güncellenirken, bugün bu iş için özel yazılmış yazılımlar kullanılmaktadır. Bu yazılımlardan bazıları bir blog servisi sağlayıcı sitenin alt alan adları olarak yaratılabilen, bazıları ise kullanıcının kendi sunucusuna kurup çalıştırması gereken Blogger, Blogcu.com, WordPress, SpinMedia, joomla, Drupal gibi yazılımlardır.

Pek çok blog, felsefe, din ve sanattan bilim, siyaset ve spora kadar belirli bir konular hakkında yorumlar sağlar. Diğerleri, daha kişisel çevrimiçi günlükler veya belirli bir kişi veya şirketin çevrimiçi marka reklamı işlevi görür. Tipik bir blog, metni, dijital görüntüleri ve diğer bloglara, web sayfalarına ve konusuyla ilgili diğer medyaya bağlantıları birleştirir. Bazıları kişisel (kişisel blog), haber (haber blogu), bilim (bilim blogu), sanat (sanat blogu), moda (moda blogu), felsefe (felsefe blogu), işletme (işletme blogu), fitness (fitness blogu), teknoloji (teknoloji blogu), kitap (kitap blogu), tasarım (tasarım blogu), yemek (yemek blogu), savaş (savaş blogu), teknoloji (teknoloji blogu), siyaset (siyasi blog), ekonomi (ekonomi blogu), hukuk (hukuk blogu), kurumsal (kurumsal blog), feminist (feminist blog), fotoğraflar (fotoblog), videolar (video blogları veya "vlog'lar"), müzik (MP3 blogu) ve ses (podcast'ler) konularına odaklansa da, çoğu blog esas olarak metinseldir. Eğitimde, bloglar öğretim kaynakları olarak kullanılabilir; bunlara edublog'lar denir.  Edebi blog'lar edebiyatla ilgili bloglardır. Mikroblog, çok kısa gönderiler içeren başka bir blog türüdür. 2022'ye ait bir tahmin, 1,9 milyardan fazla web sitesinden 600 milyondan fazla genel blog olduğunu öne sürdü. Blog oluşturanlara blogcu veya bloger denir. Bunlar çoğunlukla kamusal figür, internet ünlüsü ve diğer sosyal etki'si olan kişilerdir.

İngilizcedeki "web" ve "log" kelimelerinin birleşmesinden oluşan weblog kavramının zamanla yaygınlaşmış adıdır.

Tarihçe
Blogların içeriği geleneksel internet içeriğinden farklılık gösterdiği için sadece bloglar için kurulmuş özel indeksleme mekanizmaları ve arama motorları bulunmaktadır. Technorati en başarılı blog teknolojilerinden biridir. Ayrıca Google Blog Search adında bir blog arama motoru işletmektedir. 2005 yılında Verisign tarafından satın alınan Weblogs.com, dünyanın en büyük blog ping servisi olarak tüm internet indeksleme mekanizmalarına veri sağlamaktadır.

İnternet ile ilgili ciddi bir araştırma kurumu olan Jupiter Research'ün 2005 yılında yaptığı bir araştırmasına göre, blog sitesi sahiplerinin yarısının yıllık geliri 60.000 doların üstünde; blog okuyanların %60'ı erkek ve blog okuma alışkanlığı olanların %73'ü 5 yıldan uzun süredir internet bağlantısına sahip. Blog okuyanların %28'i blog okumak için RSS kullanıyor. 2005 sonunda yapılan başka bir araştırmaya göre de internet kullanıcılarının %38'i blog kelimesinin anlamını bildiklerini, %27'si ise blog okuduklarını belirtmiştir. Blogosferin nabzını tutma misyonundaki Technorati'nin istatistiklerine göre, günde 50.000'den fazla yeni blog sitesi yaratılıyor.

Blogların kullanımı 1999 yılında Blogger'ın bu hizmeti vermeye başlaması ve kısa süre sonra bunu ücretsiz hale getirmesi ile yaygınlaşmıştır. 2003 yılı Şubat ayında Google, Blogger'ı satın aldı ve Google araç çubuğuna, ziyaret edilen sayfanın adresini doğrudan bloğa girmeyi sağlayan 'Blog This!' tuşu yerleştirdi. İngilizce bilen çoğu kişi ilk defa bu düğme sayesinde bloglar ile tanışmıştır.

Blogger ile aynı zamanlarda kurulan LiveJournal, sadece belirli kişilerin okumasına izin verilebilen blog sayfaları sağlayarak popüler olmuş bir blog sitesidir. Hâlen en çok blog yaratılan sistemlerden biri olan LiveJournal, yazdıklarını herkesle paylaşmak istemeyen ve grup bağlarına önem veren kişiler tarafından tercih ediliyor.

Microsoft'un Windows Live Spaces adlı blog sistemi de, MSN üyelerine sunulan Windows Live Messenger hizmetine ilişkilendirilince ciddi bir yayılma göstermiştir. Üyelerin fotoğraf albümü oluşturmasına izin veren sistem, blogların güncellendiği anda paylaşılmasını sağlayan dahili bir yapıya da sahiptir. Daha çok amatör kullanıcılar yönelik bir hizmet olan Windows Live Spaces, görünüş ve yapı olarak değişikliğe pek açık değildir. Ayrıca, Windows Live Messenger daha çok sohbet amacıyla kullanılan bir servis olduğundan, Space'lerde yer alan bloglar da daha çok resim yükleme alanı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Microsoft, 27 Eylül 2010'da, Windows Live Spaces servisini durduracağını açıklamış ve kullanıcılarına blog'larını ücretsiz olarak WordPress.com'a taşıma olanağı sunmuştur.

Hızla büyüyen ve ciddi bir akım haline gelen blog dünyasında, İnternetin devlerinden Yahoo! da 2005 yılının Mart ayında kendi blog sistemi Yahoo! 360'ı açtığını ilan etmiş, ancak 2012 yılında ise Yahoo!'nun verdiği bu hizmet Yahoo! tarafından sonlandırılmıştır.

Son olarak 2007 yılında da, Tim O'Reilly Blogger's Code of Conduct fikrini ortaya atmıştır.

Blog türleri

Kişisel
İnternet üzerinde bireysel olarak oluşturulan, genel veya belli bir odak noktası olan blog çeşididir. Büyük oranda blog yazarının ismini veya takma adını alırlar. Yazarın bireysel günlüğü olmak dışında gündemi kendi kalemi ile yansıttığı ortamdır. Bu tür bloglar çok fazla deneyimi olmayan kişilerin bile kullanabileceği ve sayfalarını düzenleyebileceği yapıdadır ve daha çok günlük olarak kullanılırlar. Kişilerin günlük yaşamda yaşadıkları olayları, karşılaştıkları durumları okurlarıyla paylaşmasını sağlar. Bloglarda en fazla rastlanan türdür.
Kişisel bloglar özellikle de son dönemde oldukça büyük yaygınlaşma göstermiştir.

Temasal
Sadece belirli bir alanda yazılan gönderilerin yer aldığı, belirli bir konuda uzman kişilerin yazdığı ve düzenlediği bloglardır. Politika, pazarlama, yemek, internet, ekonomi, tasarım, fotoğraf, programlama dillerive benzeri konularda odaklanmış bloglar bulunmaktadır. Türkçe olarak yayınlanan bloglarda en fazla ilgiyi yemek ve moda konulu bloglar çekmekte, sayı olarak ise bilgisayar blogları göze çarpmaktadır.

Topluluk
Üyelik sistemine sahip olan ve bu üyelerin yazdıkları gönderilerden meydana gelen bloglardır. Komünite olarak da adlandırılan bu türdeki blogların çoğu kendi sunucularındaki blog yazılımını kullanmaktadır. Tarihsel olarak ise, LiveJournal'da oluşan bir kültür mirasını devam ettirmektedirler.

Kurumsal
Şirketlerin kendileri ile ilgili haber ve duyurularını daha samimi bir şekilde halka açtıkları bloglardır. Dünyada ve iş hayatında giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Türkiye'de az sayıda olsa da bazı şirketler şirket bloglarını hizmete sunmaya başlamıştır. Aslında yeryüzündeki akım, şirketin doğrudan değil, samimi karakterdeki bazı çalışanların desteklenmesi yoluyla bloglamaktır. Hatta en ünlü şirket bloglarını tutan Microsoft çalışanları, samimiyetlerine inandırmak için ara sıra rakip firmaların ürünlerini de övmekte, reklamını yapmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 .blog
 Blogosfer
 Blog haberciliği
 Blog ödülleri
 Blog Konferansı
 Altın Örümcek Web Ödülleri
 Wikipediocracy
 Yeni medya
 Günlük

Kaynakça

Bloglar

Kurgusal olmayan türler
1990'larda ihtira
Günlükler
Gazetecilik
Yeni medya
Web 2.0

Blog


Atletizmde Olimpiyat madalyası kazananlar listesi, Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda atletizm branşında madalya kazanan kadın sporcuları içermektedir.

100 metre

200 metre

400 metre

800 metre

1500 metre

3000 metre

5000 metre

10.000 metre

Maraton

80 m engelli

100 m engelli

400 m engelli

4x100 m bayrak

4x400 m bayrak

10 km yürüyüş

20 km yürüyüş

Yüksek atlama

Sırıkla atlama

Uzun atlama

Üç adım atlama

Gülle atma

Disk atma

Çekiç atma

Cirit atma

Pentatlon

Not: 1980 sonrasında kadınlarda kombine etkinlik heptatlon olmuştur.

Heptatlon

Kaynakça
 Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi sonuç veritabanı

Sporlarına göre Olimpiyat madalyalı sporcular

Olimpiyat madalyalı sporcu listeleri

Atletizmde Olimpiyat madalyası kazananlar listesi (kadınlar)


Les 130 État 602 à 636 sont des locomotives de la  de la compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Etat à tender séparé de type 130. Elles sont affectées à la traction des trains de marchandises.

Histoire
La série de 40 machines a été  transformée en type 130 par les chemins de fer de l'Etat dans les ateliers de Tours (ancien ateliers de la compagnie des chemins de fer de Vendée).

Ces machines à l'origine proviennent de la série de locomotives 1904 à 2244 des chemins de fer de l'Ouest. Elles sont immatriculées à l'Etat 130-601 à 130-640. En 1938, lors de la création de la SNCF, elles deviennent  3 - 130 A 602 à 636. Elles disparaissent entre 1931 et 1950.

La construction
130-601 à 610, ex- Ouest 2305 à 2314 construites en 1909.
130-611 à 640, construites en 1911.

Description
La chaudière est équipée d'un foyer Belpaire. Le dôme est au dessus du premier essieu moteur, la sablière est au dessus du second.

Le moteur est de type Compound à deux cylindres situés à l'extérieur du chassis. Le cylindre basse pression se trouve sur le côté gauche, le cylindre haute pression sur le côté droit. La distribution est de type Stephenson la bielle motrice entrainant le deuxième essieu.

L'abri est semblable aux locomotives des chemins de fer de l'Ouest et la conduite de la locomotive se fait du côté gauche.

Caractéristiques
 diamètre des roues motrices:
 poids à vide:
 poids du tender:
 capacité en eau du tender:
 capacité en charbon du tender:
 diamètre des roues:
 diamètre des cylindres: Haute pression  basse pression
 course des pistons:
 surface de chauffe:
 surface de grille:

Notes références

Voir aussi
 image d'une locomotive de la série

Locomotive à vapeur française

130 État 602 à 636


රැයිපියල් තෙන්නකෝන් (1899-1965) යනු කොළඹ යුගයේ මුල් අවධියට අයත් ප්‍රමුඛ සිංහල කවියෙකි. ඉතිහාසඥයකු මෙන් ම හෙල හවුලට අයත් ප්‍රමුඛ සිංහල වියතකු ද වූ හෙතෙම ඔහු සිය වවුලුව, සක් පුබුදුව වැනි උපහාස කාව්‍යය නිසා අවධානයට ලක් වෙයි.

ළමාවිය
1899 දෙසැම්බර් 19 වැනි දින මීගමුව දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ගණේපොළ වළල්ලාවිට දී උපත ලැබුවේ ය. බිළිදු වියේ ම මව මියගිය බැවින් සොහොයුරියන් අතෙහි ඇති දැඩි විය.

අධ්‍යාපනය සහ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
රද්දොළුවේ බුදුනු පාසලෙන් මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර එයින් පසුව එහි ම ශිෂ්‍ය ගුරු තනතුරක් ලැබී ය. පසුව නිට්ටඹුව ගුරු අභ්‍යාස විදුහලට පිවිස එහි කථිකාචාර්යවරයකු වශයෙන් ද සේවය කළේ ය. බළපිටියේ සිද්ධාර්ථ අභ්‍යාස විදුහලේත් පොතුපිටිය, මාදොළුවාව, දාගොන්න, ගංගොඩවිල ආදි විදුහල් රැසකත් විදුහල්පති ධුර හෙබවී ය.

පාසල් අධ්‍යාපනය ලබන සමය තුළ ම රද්දොළුව පන්සලෙන් ප්‍රාචීන භාෂා හා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව ද හැදෑරූ හෙතෙම පසුව දෙමල, ප්‍රංශ, ග්‍රීක්, හීබෲ ආදි භාෂා ගණනක් ම ස්වෝත්සාහයෙන් උගත්තේ ය.

ශාස්ත්‍රීය කෘති
ලක් ඉතිහාසය පිළිබද මනා දැනුමකින් යුතු ව සිටි ඔහුගේ ඒ දැනුම අනුරාධපුර බැසීම හා වැටීම, යටගිය දවස, සිංහල වංසය, පරංගි සමය වැනි ඉතිහාස කෘතිවලින් මෙන් ම වවුලුව වැනි කාව්‍යයකින් ද ප්‍රකට වෙයි.

නිට්ටඹුව ගුරු අභ්‍යාස විදුහලේ විදුහල්පති ලෙස කුමාරතුංග මුනිදාස පත් ව ඒමත් සමග සිංහල භාෂාව කරා යොමු වුණු අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වූයේ කුමාරතුංගගේ ප්‍රබල අනුගාමිකයෙක් බවට හෙතෙම පත්වීම ය. පසු කලෙක හෙල හවුලේ නායකත්වය පවා රැයිපියල් තෙන්නකෝනුන් විසින් හෙබවිණි. හොද සිංහල කෘති පෙළ ඔහු විසින් ලියැවුණේත් එළු අත්තනගලු වංසය, සිදත් සගරාව, කෝකිල-ගිරා-සැවුල් සංදේශාදියට ලි්‍යූ විවේචන ග්‍රන්ථ සහ වීදාගම-සිරිරහල් පබද සංග්‍රහයන්, අපේ කව්, අපේ අසුන් කව් යන විචාර ග්‍රන්ථත් බිහිවූයේ හෙල හවුලේ සාමාජිකයකු වීමේ ප්‍රතිඵල වශයෙනි.

සාහිත්‍යය සේවය
පළමු පද්‍ය නිර්මාණය වන එළු සදෙස නිට්ටඹුව ගුරු අභ්‍යාස විදුහලේ කටයුතු කරන කාලය තුළ රචනා කළත් එය මුද්‍රණයෙන් පළ නොවී ය.

2500 බුද්ධ ජයන්තිය නිමිති කර ලංකාදීපය පැවැත්වූ තරගයෙන් මහාකවියා ලෙස  තේරුණු අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පැදි 2500කින් ලංකා ඉතිහාසය ලිවීම පැවරුණි. සිංහල වංසය එහි ඵලය විණි.

වවුලුව, සක් පුබුදුව, වැනි කාව්‍ය ග්‍රන්ථ ද රුප්පෙ අන්දරය, පසමංදොරැ අන්දරය, හැවිල්ල වැනි පද්‍ය ද බස් පාර, කවුඩුව වැනි ගද්‍ය කෘති ද ඔහු විසින් රචනා කෙරුණි.

වවුලුව

සක් පුබුදුව

අවසන් කාලය
1965 මාර්තු 8 අභාවප්‍රාප්ත විය. මිය යන විට ඔහු විසින් ලියැවී තිබුණු කවි ගණන 25 000කට අධික බව පැවසේ.

සිංහල කවියෝ
සිංහල-භාෂා ලේඛකයෝ

රැයිපියෙල් තෙන්නකෝන්


Diese Liste zeigt die Straßen in Mali auf. Es gibt drei Typen von Straßen, zum ersten die Nationalstraßen beginnend mit RN, zum zweiten die Regionalstraßen beginnend mit einem R und zum dritten die Lokalstraßen beginnend mit L.

Nationalstraßen

Regionalstraßen
Die Regionalstraßen beginnen mit R.

Lokalstraßen
Die Lokalstraßen beginnen mit L.

!Mali
Fernstrassen Mali
!Fernstrassen

Liste der Fernstraßen in Mali


Počeci, časopis franjevačkih bogoslova Franjevačke provincije Presvetog Otkupitelja, studenata teologije na Katoličkom bogoslovnom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Splitu. Prvi broj časopisa je izišao 1996. godine. Izlazi jednom godišnje. Nema recenzije. Glavni urednici bili su fra Joško Kodžoman, Goran Kalašević, fra Josip Sušić, fra Ivan Macut, fra Ivan Režić, fra Šimun Markulin, fra Dujo Jukić, fra Jerko Kolovrat, fra Milan Sladoja i fra Nikola Dominis. Priloge potpisuju uglavnom bogoslovi te stručnjaci humanističkih znanosti. Teološko-filozofskog je usmjerenja, čemu se pridodaju meditacije, pjesme, razgovori, aktualna zbivanja u Redu Manje braće (OFM) i Provinciji.

Vidi
LiST
Odraz

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Franjevačka provincija Presvetog Otkupitelja Izdavačka sekcija: Počeci
LiST
Odraz

Hrvatski katolički tisak
Franjevci

Počeci


Die Hungarian International 2008 im Badminton fanden vom 30. Oktober bis zum 2. November 2008 in Budapest statt. Es war die 33. Auflage dieser internationalen Meisterschaften von Ungarn. Das Preisgeld betrug 5.000 US-Dollar, was dem Turnier zum BWF-Level 4B verhalf. Der Referee war Cleopatra Monco aus Italien.

Austragungsort
 BME MAFC Gabányi László Sportshall, Hauszmann Alajos u. 10 (XI. Distrikt)

Finalergebnisse

Referenzen
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=DDF3FAC8-B171-4FA5-8FCC-ADC3F593D5C1
 http://badminton.de/08-09-BE-Circuit.1361.0.html

2008
Badminton 2008
Badmintonwettbewerb in Budapest
BE Circuit 2008/09

Hungarian International 2008


Sismograf ya da depremyazar, yer hareketlerini sürekli olarak kaydederek yer sarsıntılarının büyüklüğünü, süresini, merkezini ve zamanını saptamaya yarayan aygıta denir. Depremlerin ölçümünde kullanılır.

En basit türü bir ucu dayanaklı, öbür ucunda bir kayıt kalemi bulunan, yay ile desteklenmiş ağırlıklı bir çubuktan oluşmaktadır. Herhangi bir sarsıntı anında, üzerindeki ağırlık atıldığından dolayı, çubuğun sabit kalarak diğer bölümlerin salınması ilkesine göre çalışır. Kayıt kalemi, saat ibresi yönünde ağır ağır dönen bir silindir üzerinde sarsıntıları saptar. Günümüzde, gözlemevlerinde daha çok, benzer mekanik düzenekten yola çıkarak salınımları değişik elektronik aygıtlarla yükseltip otomatik olarak saptayan, çok daha duyarlı sismograf türleri kullanılmaktadır.

Ölçümler için bir doğrultu boyunca jeofonlar yere 1 metre saplanacak kadar yerleştirilir. Her bir jeofon arasında 1,5-2 metre bırakılır. Daha sonra, en baştaki jeofondan yerin altına titreşim yollanarak diğer jeofonlardan geri dönüş dalgaları ölçülür. Geri gelen s-p dalga boylarına göre zemin sınıflandırılır.

Sismoskop
Sismografa benzer bir alettir. Zhang Heng Tarafından bulunmuştur. 2 metre uzunluğundadır ve tunçtan oluşmuştur.

Sismoloji
Ölçü aletleri
Çinli icatları
1880 tanıtımları

Sismograf


24 Leonis Minoris (24 LMi) es una estrella en la constelación de Leo Minor de magnitud aparente +6,47.

Distante 104 años luz del sistema solar, las características físicas de 24 Leonis Minoris hacen de esta estrella un análogo solar, es decir, una estrella muy semejante al Sol en muchos aspectos.
De tipo espectral G0V, tiene una temperatura efectiva de 5787 ± 32 K.
Brilla con una luminosidad 2,34 veces mayor que la luminosidad solar y su diámetro es un 46% más grande que el de nuestra estrella.
Su velocidad de rotación proyectada es de 1 km/s.
Con una masa aproximadamente un 7% mayor que la masa solar, es una estrella más antigua y evolucionada que el Sol; tiene una edad estimada en el rango de 6500 - 8000 millones de años, la cifra exacta varía según la fuente consultada.
Al igual que el Sol, es una estrella del disco fino.

24 Leonis Minoris tiene un contenido relativo de hierro comparable al del Sol ([Fe/H] = +0,05).
Diversos elementos evaluados presentan valores semejantes a los solares.
Cabe señalar el escandio, algo más abundante y, en el otro extremo, el azufre, cuyo contenido es un 33% menor que en nuestra estrella.

Referencias

Enanas amarillas
Constelación de Leo Minor

24 Leonis Minoris


En aerostat er et luftfartøj, eksempelvis et luftskib eller en luftballon, hvis tyngde er lig eller mindre end tyngden af den fordrevne luft. Et sådan fartøj befinder sig "statisk" svævende i atmosfæren.

Det modsatte er en aerodyn som holdes i luften ved at bevæge skabe opdrift ved hjælp af fartøjets bevægelse igennem luften.

Se også
 Aerodynamik

Eksterne henvisninger
 Manufacturers of helium balloons

Luftfartøjer
Aerodynamik

Aerostat


Augustin Bonnetty, né à Entrevaux le  et mort à Paris le , est un penseur et écrivain français qui a fondé et édité la revue Annales de philosophie chrétienne de 1830 jusqu'à sa mort.

Biographie

Jeunesse
En 1815, Bonnetty entre au séminaire de Digne et étudie pour la prêtrise. Après avoir terminé ses études philosophiques et théologiques, étant donné qu'il était trop jeune pour être ordonné prêtre, il se rend à Marseille comme précepteur. Il sent bientôt que sa mission était d'utiliser la science et la philosophie dans la défense de l'Église et décide de rester laïc. En 1825, il se rend à Paris afin de poursuivre ses études.

Fondateur des Annales de philosophie chrétienne
Cinq ans plus tard, avec l'aide de l'abbé Savornin et du docteur Bayle, il fonde les Annales de philosophie chrétienne (premier numéro le ) qu'il dirigera jusqu'à sa mort. Son objectif principal était de montrer les liens entre la science et la religion, et aussi de montrer comment les différentes sciences ont contribué à la démonstration du christianisme.

En 1838, il prend également la direction d'une autre revue intitulée L'Université catholique fondée deux ans plus tôt par Philippe Gerbet, Antoine de Salinis, Casimir de Scorbiac et Charles Forbes de Montalembert. En effet cette revue menaçait sinon de décliner. Devenu l'unique propriétaire de cette revue en 1846, il suspend sa publication, en 1855, pour se consacrer exclusivement aux Annales.

La revue a une portée encyclopédique et n'est pas destinée au grand public. Augustin Bonnetty souhaite que le nombre d'abonnés se maintienne entre 600 et 800, il s'adresse avant tout à une élite.

Pensée philosophique
Augustin Bonnetty a été marqué par les écrits de Félicité de Lamennais, auteur notamment de l'Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion (1817). Les écrits de Félicité de Lamennais ont influencé sa pensée. Puis il a consacré toute sa vie à justifier et à développer l'idée selon laquelle le christianisme est une croyance universelle, en lien avec la philosophie du sens commun modernisée par les penseurs de l'époque.

Parmi les traits principaux des « Annales », il y avait la tentative de montrer l'universalité d'une révélation primitive reconnaissable jusque dans les mythes et les fables de toutes les nations. A la fois Catholique et scientifique, il souhaite contribuer à démontrer que les découvertes de la science confirment la doctrine catholique et que la croyance n'empêche pas d'être instruit, de raisonner de façon scientifique. Il étudie les langues orientales et l'anthropologie.

La préoccupation principale de Bonnetty était la philosophie de l'histoire.	« On commence à comprendre comment toute religion dans son ensemble repose sur la tradition : sur l'histoire, c'est-à-dire non sur le raisonnement. Il faut aussi reconnaître que si depuis quelque temps le christianisme et l'influence bienfaisante de l'Église sur les destinées de peuples sont mieux appréciés, cela est dû aux découvertes historiques, et surtout aux progrès de ce domaine de la science historique qui porte le nom de Philosophie de l'Histoire. »Bonnetty n'a cessé de souligner la nécessité de donner une place honorable aux sciences humaines dans le programme des études ecclésiastiques. Dans un but apologétique, il conseille également l'étude d'écrivains modernes anti-chrétiens ou anti-catholiques comme Benjamin Constant ou Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon.

Mort
Il meurt le 26 mars 1879, âgé de plus de 80 ans.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Philosophe français du XIXe siècle
Écrivain français du XIXe siècle
Naissance en mai 1798
Naissance à Entrevaux
Naissance dans les Basses-Alpes
Décès en mars 1879
Décès à 80 ans
Décès dans le 7e arrondissement de Paris

Augustin Bonnetty


1-Hayvan hücresinde sitoplazma içinde çekirdeğe yakın yerde bulunan koyu renkli boyanan ve mitoz ile mayoz bölünme sırasında iğ ipliklerini oluşturan organel.

2-Hücre bölüneceği zaman kutuplara göç eden, kendini eşleyen, iğ ipliklerinin yapımında rol oynayan organellerdir.

Hücre biyolojisi

Sentiyol


Guadeloupevanilje () er en form for vaniljeplante.

Krydderier
Planteslægter
Gøgeurt-familien
Nytteplanter fra Amerika

Guadeloupevanilje


NGC 5891 est une petite galaxie spirale située dans la constellation de la Balance. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5891 a été découverte par l'astronome américain Francis Leavenworth en 1885.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5891 est II-III.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5891 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman
  (traduction/adaptation française).

5891
Constellation de la Balance
Galaxie spirale
Objet céleste découvert en 1885
Objet céleste découvert par Francis Leavenworth

NGC 5891


Gülveren, Samsun ilinin Asarcık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Gülveren; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 93 km, Asarcık ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Asarcık'ın mahalleleri

Gülveren, Asarcık


An Paspalum glabrinode in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Osvaldo Morrone och Fernando Omar Zuloaga. An Paspalum glabrinode in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum glabrinode


Chongqing University (CQU; ) is a national public university located in Chongqing, China. The university is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China, and co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education, the Chongqing Municipal People's Government, and SASTIND. The university is part of Project 985, Project 211, and the Double First Class University Plan.

Chongqing University is especially highly recognized in Architecture, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, and Management Science. According to Academic Ranking of World Universities 2021, CQU is ranked 201-300 in the world.

History

Chongqing University was founded in 1929, when some professors born in Chongqing, working at Chengdu University, decided to found a new University in Chongqing. The university was founded with the help of General Liu Xiang, whose involvement resulted in the founding of the Chongqing University Preparatory Committee. On October 12, the first term of Chongqing University began, and the Chongqing University Preparatory Committee published the "Chongqing University Founding Declaration", which declared talents and education to be the driving force of the country and the world's development.

In 1937, the Capital Nanjing was occupied. the Chinese government ordered that all agencies move to Chongqing and continue resisting Japanese aggression. This order resulted in the relocation of the National Central University to Chongqing, where it was gifted 200mu of land by the Chongqing University, and a cooperative relationship was established between the two universities. Many distinguished professors taught at the two universities during third period, including Li Siguang, Xu Beihong, Wu Guanzhong, Ma Yinchu, He Lu, and Lu Zuofu.

In 1942, Chongqing University became a national comprehensive university consisting of six colleges in liberal arts, science, engineering, law, and medicine.

In 1952, the nationwide restructuring of higher education turned Chongqing University into an engineering-orientated multi-disciplinary university under the State Ministry of Education. In 1960, Chongqing University was designated as one of the first key national universities. Since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy in China, Chongqing University has stressed the development of disciplines like humanities, business management, art, and sports education, and has further sped up the process of developing the university into a comprehensive institution of higher learning.

Present

Chongqing University has 28 schools plus the graduate school, the City College of Science and Technology, the College of Continuing Education, and the College of Online Education. The university now has a total enrollment of 50,000 students, of which 20,000 are master's and doctoral students, and 30,000 are undergraduate students. The university owns 24 mobile workstations for postdoctoral study, 133 doctoral programs, 256 master programs, 18 professional master's degree programs, namely MBA, EMBA, MPA, master of engineering, and 89 bachelor's degree programs in 8 academic categories of science, engineering, liberal arts, economics, management, law, agriculture and education.

Currently, the university has a total number of 5,400 faculty and staff members, including 2,700 full-time faculty, 3 members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 12 contracted members from other institutions, 6 members of the Subject Evaluation Team of the Academic Degree Committee under the State Council, 4 chief scientists of National 973 Projects, 4 state-level "young experts with distinguished contribution", 500 doctorate supervisors, 1,700 full professors and associate professors.

Chongqing University covers a total area of 5,500 mu (about 178 hectares), with 1.60 million square meters of construction space.  In 2001, Chongqing University Technology Park came into being, as one of the 22 state-level university technology parks in China.

Academics

Academic organisation
Source:

Faculty of Arts and Sciences
 Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences
 Liberal Arts College
 School of Economics and Business Administration
 School of Public Affairs
 School of Foreign Language
 School of Arts
 School of Journalism and Communication
 Law School
 Meishi Film Academy
 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
 School of Bioengineering
 School of Physics
 School of Mathematics and Statistics
 School of Physical Education
 School of Life Sciences

Faculty of the Built Environment
 School of Architecture and Urban Planning
 School of Civil Engineering
 School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering
 School of Construction Management and Real Estate

Faculty of Engineering
 School of Mechanical Engineering
 School of Electrical Engineering
 School of Power and Energy Engineering
 School of Material Science and Engineering
 School of Resources and Environmental Science
 School of Aerospace Engineering
 Chongqing University and University of Cincinnati Joint Cooperative Institute(JCI)

Faculty of Information Science and Technology
 School of Computer Science
 School of Automation
 School of Communication Engineering
 School of Opto-Electronic Engineering
 School of Software Engineering

Other
 International School (College of International Education)
 City College of Science and Technology
 College of Continuing Education
 College of Networking Education

Teaching and research
Chongqing University is in possession of 17 state key subjects and 14 key subjects under the state "211 Project", 38 provincial or ministerial key subjects. The university sets up 14 specially appointed professor posts under the "Yangtze River Scholar Award Program". It has established 3 national teaching bases for fundamental courses and a national quality education base for college students, 9 national key labs and ministerial key labs, 71 provincial key labs, and 130 labs of different specialties. Moreover, Chongqing University has constructed the distance education center, multi-media classrooms of large scale and interactive audio-visual classrooms, labs or training centers in cooperation with world-famous enterprises such as Siemens, Microsoft, IBM, Rockwell, Omron, etc. The university has a national key publishing house, a national first-class architectural designing institute, and a first-class institute for planning and design.

In recent years, the university has undertaken over 100 national key scientific projects of different types, and won 13 National Awards for Invention, 40 Awards for Scientific and Technological Advancement, 4 Awards for Natural Science, 968 ministerial and provincial awards, 283 Awards for Teaching Achievement.

Rankings

Top ranked disciplines in China

Library collections

The university library is well equipped with modern facilities and a collection of 3.90 million volumes, 6000 kinds of Chinese and foreign periodicals, and 2.0 million volumes of E-books. In addition it has 5 electronic reading rooms with 65,000 e-books and journals. The China Education Research Network (CERNET) Chongqing Central Node is set up in the library.

Key laboratories

State Key Laboratories(Engineering Centers)
 Mechanical Transmission
 Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Systems Safety, and New Technology
 Tech R&D Center for Magnesium Alloy Engineering
 New Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology
 International R&D Center for Micro-Nano System and New Materials Technology

Key Laboratories of the Ministry of Education of China
 Opto-electronic Technology and Systems
 China Southwest Resource Exploitation and Environmental Disaster Control Engineering
 The Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
 Center for Supervising, Inspecting and Testing Transgenic Biological Product Ingredients
 Upland Urban Construction and New Technology (under construction)
 Center for Industrial CT Non-destructive testing Engineering (under construction)

Discipline Innovation Bases for Higher
 Education("111 Project")
 Innovative Base of Biological Mechanics and Tissue-Repair Engineering
 Innovative Base of Power Transforming and Transmission Equipments and System Safety Technology

Provincial Key Laboratories
 Manufacturing System Engineering
 High Voltage Technology and System Information Monitoring
 Biomedical Engineering
 Metallurgical Engineering
 New Technology in Electrical Engineering
 Software Engineering
 Exploitation of Mineral Resources and Environmental Damages and Engineering Disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region
 Automation Engineering
 Thermal Engineering
 Rock and Soil Engineering
 Material Physics Building Environment and Installation Engineering
 Carrier Test and Monitoring and Remote Sensing Information Transmission Technology
 New Building Materials and Engineering
 Pollution Prevention and Waste Recycling Architectural Technology
 Municipal and Environment Engineering

Campus
Chongqing University covers a total area of over 3.65 square kilometres, consisting of four campuses. With green mountains surrounded and the Jialing River flowing by, the four campuses are set amidst delightful sceneries and awarded the title of "Garden University" by Chongqing Municipality.

Outreach and cooperation
It has established inter-university exchange links with over 100 institutions of higher education in 20 countries such as the USA, England, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Russia, etc.

Alumni

Chongqing University has many notable alumni including:
Ren Zhengfei, Founder and President of Huawei
Li Xiaohong, President of Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) and President of Wuhan University
Yan Su, Lyricist
Chou Wen-chung, Chinese-American Composer of Contemporary Classical Music
Li Shangfu, China Minister of National Defense

See also
 Meishi Film Academy

References

External links
Chongqing University official website

Chongqing University
1929 establishments in China
Universities and colleges established in 1929
Project 211
Project 985
Universities and colleges in Chongqing
Vice-ministerial universities in China

Chongqing University


Agrilus vinctus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Fisher, 1933.

Referências

vinctus

Agrilus vinctus


NSYNC (stilizat și ca NSYNC sau 'N Sync) a fost o formație înființată în Orlando, Florida în 1995 și promovată în Germania de BMG Ariola Munich. 'N Sync era formată din Justin Timberlake, JC Chasez, Chris Kirkpatrick, Joey Fatone și Lance Bass. A colaborat cu Backstreet Boys, Elton John, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, Phil Collins, Celine Dion, Aerosmith, Britney Spears, Nelly, Left Eye, Mary J. Blige, Alabama și Gloria Estefan și a fost nominalizată de opt ori la premiile Grammy.

Discografie
NSYNC (1997/1998)
No Strings Attached (2000)
Celebrity (2001)

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

 Facebook

Formații americane

NSYNC


Igor Dodon (født 18. februar 1975) er en moldovisk politiker, som var Moldovas præsident mellem den 23. december 2016 og den 24. december 2020. Han er formand for Parti for Socialister i Republikken Moldova.

Moldovas præsidenter
Politikere fra Moldova

Igor Dodon


Villanueva del Ariscal, İspanya'nın güneybatı köşesinde bulunan özerk bölge Endülüs'ün, Sevil eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılındaki sayıma göre nüfusu, 4.939 kişidir.

Villanueva del Ariscal


Operacija Flavius bila je intervencija koju su britanske specijalne snage (SAS) izvele 6. ožujka 1988. u Gibraltaru protiv IRA-inih članova sa zadatkom sprječavanja planiranog bombaškog napada.

Dešavanje
Britanske specijalne zračne snage (SAS) ubile su tri člana IRA-e 6. ožujka 1988.; Dana McCanna, Seána Savagea i Mairéada Farrella u Gibraltaru. SAS-ovi vojnici dobili su zapovijed uhititi i zaustaviti IRA-u da ne dođe do eksplozije bombe.

Nasljedstvo
Michael Stone, pripadnik Ulsterske obrambene udruge bacio je 16. ožujka 1988. bombu i pucao je automatskim oružjem prema ožalošćenima koji su bili na pokopu triju članova IRA -e, i to je bio tzv. Masakr u Milltownu.

Britanska vojska je kritizirana, između ostalih od Ujedinjenih Naroda, pošto su članovi IRA-e bili nenaoružani, no vojska je odgovorila da oni uvijek moraju pretpostaviti da su članovi IRA-e naoružani. Vojni sud slijedio je vojnu liniju i zaklučio da su vojnici postupili ispravno.

Sjevernoirski sukob
Gibraltar

Operacija Flavius


Nicu Fălcoi () este un deputat român, ales în 2020 în județul Timiș, din partea partidului .

În prezent este președintele Comisiei speciale pentru exercitarea controlului asupra Serviciului de Informații Externe, membru în Comisia de Apărare, Ordine Publică și Siguranță Națională din Camera Deputaților și Vicepreședinte al Comisiei pentru Apărare și Securitate din cadrul Adunării Parlamentare NATO.

Între anii 2016-2020 a fost senator și a deținut următoarele funcții: Președintele Comisiei pentru Constituționalitate (feb 2020-dec. 2020), Secretar al Biroului Permanent (sept. 2018- feb. 2019), Vicepreședinte al Senatului (feb. 2018-sept. 2018), secretar al Comisiei de Apărare, Ordine publică și Siguranță națională a Senatului (feb. 2017-feb. 2018).

Este membru al Grupurilor parlamentare de prietenie cu India, Arabia Saudită, Republica Algeriană și Indonezia.

Este semnatar, în calitate de co-inițiator, a peste 160 de inițiative legislative.

Este de profesie inginer și timp de mai bine de 20 de ani a fost pilot de avioane supersonice.

Între anii 1989 și 2006 a activat în cadrul Bazei Aeriene 93 Timișoara, ca pilot clasa I și a participat la exerciții multinaționale NATO și la parade militare.

În intervalul 2004–2005, a fost observator militar ONU în cadrul Misiunii Organizației Națiunilor Unite în Congo.

Profesia de pilot a deprins-o la Școala Militară de Ofițeri de Aviație "Aurel Vlaicu" din Bobocu, județul Buzău, ale cărei cursuri le-a urmat în intervalul 1985–1989.

A absolvit cursurile Facultății de Mecanică, Secția Autovehicule Rutiere din cadrul Universității Politehnica din Timișoara În perioada 1999–2004.

După retragerea din armată, a activat în domeniul privat, ca antreprenor. Între 2006 și 2015 a fost directorul propriei companii care a desfășurat activități în domeniul transporturilor.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
Activitate în Parlamentul României: https://www.senat.ro/FisaSenator.aspx?ParlamentarID=48e09a46-df1c-4c32-932e-59aa52fd18fe

Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Uniunii Salvați România
Nașteri în 1967
Deputați români 2020-2024

Nicu Fălcoi


Gubernia Penza (în ) a fost o diviziune administrativă (gubernie) a Imperiului Rus, situată în regiunea Volga. Ea a existat din anul 1796 până în 1797 și din nou din 1801 până în 1928. Sediul guberniei a fost în orașul Penza.

Penza

Gubernia Penza