Alexander Sutherland Neill (17 October 1883 – 23 September 1973) was a Scottish educator and author known for his school, Summerhill, and its philosophy of freedom from adult coercion and community self-governance. Raised in Scotland, Neill taught at several schools before attending the University of Edinburgh in 1908–1912. He took two jobs in journalism before World War I, and taught at Gretna Green Village School in the second year of the war, writing his first book, A Dominie's Log (1915), as a diary of his life there as head teacher. He joined a Dresden school in 1921 and founded Summerhill on returning to England in 1924. Summerhill gained renown in the 1930s and then in the 1960s–1970s, due to progressive and counter-culture interest. Neill wrote 20 books. His top seller was the 1960 Summerhill, read widely in the free school movement from the 1960s.

Early life and career
Alexander Sutherland Neill was born in Forfar, Scotland, on 17 October 1883 to George Neill and Mary (née Sutherland Sinclair). He was their fourth son; one of the eight surviving children out of 13. He was raised in an austere, Calvinist house with values of fear, guilt, and adult and divine authority, which he later repudiated. As a child, he was obedient, quiet, and uninterested in school. His father was the village dominie (Scottish schoolmaster) of Kingsmuir, near Forfar in eastern Scotland, and his mother had been a teacher before her marriage. The village dominie held a position of prestige, hierarchically beneath that of upper classes, doctors, and clergymen. As typical of Scottish methods at the time, the dominie controlled overcrowded classrooms with his tawse, as corporal punishment. Neill feared his father, though he later claimed his father's imagination as a role model for good teaching. Scholars have interpreted Neill's harsh childhood as the impetus for his later philosophy, though his father was not shown to be harsher to Allie (as Neill was known) than to anyone else. Neill's mother insisted on high standards for her family, and demanded comportment to set the family apart from the townspeople.

Children usually left the local school for Forfar Academy at the age of 14, and with his father a teacher, Neill was especially expected to do so. Instead of wasting time and money, Neill went to work as a junior clerk in an Edinburgh gas meter factory. His parents took pity on his hatred of the job, homesickness, and its low pay, and so Neill became an apprentice draper in Forfar. He found the work stultifying and came home after a foot inflammation. Neill tried to take an examination that would raise his pay grade, but could not bring himself to study. Now 15, his parents decided to make him his father's assistant "pupil teacher". The children liked Neill, though he received poor marks from a school inspector. He taught a wider range of topics as his self-confidence grew, and he developed an interest in mathematics from the Forfar Academy maths master. After four years, he tried for teacher training college, but came nearly last in his class. He continued as a pupil teacher in Bonnyrigg and Kingskettle, where he found the teachers' instruction militant and loathsome. He stayed in Kingskettle for three years, during which he learned Greek from a local priest, an experience that increased his interest in academicism and sublimated his interest in priesthood into a desire to attend university. After studying with the priest and the Forfar math master, Neill passed his university entrance exam and preliminary teacher's certification.

Neill became an assistant teacher at the Newport Public School in the wealthy Newport-on-Tay, where he learned to dance and appreciate music and theatre. He also fell in love, and Margaret became an obsession of his. He adopted progressive techniques at this school, and abandoned the tawse for other forms of establishing discipline. Neill was friendly and relaxed with his pupils, and described his two years there as "the happiest of [his] life thus far". He finished his university entrance exams and received his full teaching certification.

In 1908, at the age of 25, Neill enrolled in the University of Edinburgh. He began as an agriculture student, at his father's behest for a well-salaried career, but switched to English literature by the end of his first year. Neill was excluded from cultural events due to his lack of funds, but participated in sports, showed interest in the military, and wrote for The Student (the university magazine) and the Glasgow Herald. He became the student paper's editor during his last year, which opened Neill to a world of culture. He also felt more confident to pursue women. In his editorials, Neill criticized the tedium of lectures and the emphasis on tests instead of critical thinking. He began to develop his thoughts about the futility of forced education, and the axiom that all learning came from intrinsic interest. Neill graduated in 1912 and began to edit encyclopedias and similar reference books. He took a new job as art editor of the Piccadilly Magazine, but its operations were halted by the 1914 onset of World War I, in which he served as an officer in the army. He returned to Scotland, working as a head teacher at Gretna Green School during the first year of the war. The diary he wrote for this year was published as a book, A Dominie's Log, in November 1915 by Herbert Jenkins, and received good reviews for its humour and narrative style.

Neill was invited to join a progressive school in Dresden in 1921. The school moved to a monastery near Vienna in 1923, where the townspeople did not receive it well. He moved to England in 1924 and started Summerhill in Lyme Regis, where the name came from the estate.

Summerhill School

The school picked up some notoriety and the average enrolment was 40 pupils. In 1927, it moved to Leiston, where it remained.

Neill credited Summerhill's environment instead of himself for the school's reformatory successes. Neill used to offer psychoanalytic therapy ("private lessons", since he was not a licensed therapist) for children who arrived as delinquents from other institutions, but later found love, affirmation and freedom to be better cures.

The Summerhill classroom was popularly assumed to reflect Neill's anti-authoritarian beliefs, though their classes were traditional in practice. Neill did not show outward interest in classroom pedagogy, and was mainly interested in student happiness. He did not consider lesson quality important, and thus there were no distinctive Summerhillian classroom methods. Leonard Waks wrote that, like Homer Lane, Neill thought all teaching should follow student interest, and that teaching method did not matter much once student interest was apparent. In a review of an algebra lesson taught by Neill as recounted through Herb Snitzer's Living at Summerhill, Richard Bailey described Neill's teaching technique as "simply awful" for his lack of student engagement, inarticulate explanations, and insults directed at students. Bailey criticized Neill's absolution of responsibility for his pupils' academic performance, and his view that charismatic instruction was a form of persuasion that weakened child autonomy. Ronald Swartz referred to Neill's method as Socratic, about which Bailey disagreed.

Neill was not religious. Despite this, he would flippantly remark that Summerhill was the only Christian school in England when its philosophy was compared with that of Christ. Neill saw the doctrine of "original sin" as a means of control and sought a world ruled by love and self-examination. Like Freud, he felt that children who were denied understanding of their sexuality in their youth became adults who were similarly fearful of their own sexuality.

Philosophy

Neill felt that children (and human nature) were innately good, and that children naturally became just and virtuous when allowed to grow without adult imposition of morality. Children did not need to be coaxed or goaded into desirable behaviour, as their natural state was satisfactory and their natural inclinations "in no way immoral". If left alone, children would become self-regulating, reasonable and ethical adults. Together with Homer Lane, Neill supported personal freedoms for children to live as they please without adult interference, and called this position "on the side of the child". Neill's practice can be summarised as providing children with space, time, and empowerment for personal exploration and with freedom from adult fear and coercion.

The aim of life, to Neill, was "to find happiness, which means to find interest." Likewise, the purpose of Neill's education was to be happy and interested in life, and children needed complete freedom to find their interests. Neill considered happiness an innate characteristic that deteriorated if children were denied personal freedom. Such unhappiness led to repressed and psychologically disordered adults. He blamed a "sick and unhappy" society for widespread unhappiness. Neill claimed that society harboured fears of life, children and emotions that were continually bequeathed to the next generation. He felt that children turned to self-hate and internal hostility when denied an outlet for expression in adult systems of emotional regulation and manipulation. Likewise, children taught to withhold their sexuality would see such feelings negatively, which would fuel disdain for self. Neill thought that calls for obedience quenched the natural needs of children. Moreover, their needs could not be fulfilled by adults or a society that simultaneously prolonged their unhappiness, although perhaps a school like Summerhill could help.

As for "interest", Neill felt it came organically and spontaneously as a prerequisite for learning. Neill considered forced instruction (without pupil interest) a destructive waste of time. Earlier in his career, he wrote that human interest releases emotions that otherwise congests a person. He added that education's role is to facilitate that release, with Summerhill actualizing this concept. Neill never defines "true interest" and does not account for the social influences on child interest. Bailey felt that this omission discredits Neill's position against external influence. Bailey also cited "adaptive preferences" literature, where human interests change based on their surroundings and circumstances, as evidence of how intrinsic interest can be externally influenced. Bailey also dubbed Neill's views on intelligence as "innatist" and fatalist – that children had naturally set capabilities and limitations. Neill saw contemporary interventionist practice as doing harm by emphasising conformity and stifling children's natural drive to do as they please.

Neill did not identify with the progressive educators of his time. They advocated far gentler authority in child-rearing, which Neill considered more insidious than overt authority and altogether unnecessary. All imposed authority, even if meant well, was unjustified. He felt that adults asserted authority for its feelings of power, and that this motive was a type of repression. In Neill's philosophy, the goal was maintenance of happiness through avoidance of repressive habits from society. Despite Neill's common citation as a leader within progressive education, his ideas were considerably more radical, and he was called an extremist by other radicals. Unlike Friedrich Fröbel, Neill did not view children with romantic innocence. He saw their animalistic traits as qualities to be "outgrown with time and freedom". Neill also considered his role in providing emotional support.

Emotional education trumped intellectual needs, in Neill's eyes, and he was associated with anti-intellectualism. In actuality, he had a personal interest in scholarship and used his autobiography near the end of his life to profess the necessity of both emotion and intellect in education, though he often took jabs at what he saw to be education's overemphasis on book-learning. Neill felt that an emotional education freed the intellect to follow what it pleased, and that children required an emotional education to keep up with their own gradual developmental needs. This education usually entailed copious amounts of play and distance from the adult anxieties of work and ambition. Neill was influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis, Homer Lane's interpretation of Freud, and later, by the unorthodox sexual theories of Wilhelm Reich. The reverence for Reich appears in the abundant correspondence between them. Neill accepted Reich's claims about cosmic energy and his utopian ideas on human sexuality. In Reich's view, "discharge" of sexual energy leads to happiness, whereas lack of such discharge leads to unhappiness and "rigidity". Although not a trained therapist, Neill gave psychoanalytic private lessons to individual children, designed to unblock impasses in their inner energies. Neill also offered body massage, as suggested by Reich. Neill later found that freedom cured better than this therapy.

Richard Bailey placed Neill alongside William Godwin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, and Robert Owen in Thomas Sowell's "unconstrained vision" tradition, where human potential is naturally unlimited and human development is dependent on environment and not incentives. Bailey also compared Neill's thoughts on coercion to those of Godwin, who felt that regulation through reward and punishment stunted growth. Neill saw moral instruction as a wedge between natural instinct and conformity and thought children were best off without it. Neill trusted the natural inclinations of children and saw no need to externally and purposefully influence their behaviour. Denis Lawton likened Neill's ideas to Rousseauan "negative education", where children discover for themselves instead of receiving instruction. Neill is commonly associated with Rousseau for their similar thoughts on human nature, although Neill claimed to not have read Rousseau's Emile, or On Education until near the end of his life. John Cleverley and D. C. Phillips declared Neill "the most notable figure in the Rousseauean tradition", and Frank Flanagan credited Neill with actualising what Rousseau envisaged. Marc-Alexandre Prud-homme and Giuliano Reis found the comparison "inappropriate" on the basis of Rousseau's views on gender.

Peter Hobson found Neill's philosophy of education incomplete, oversimplified, without a "coherent theory of knowledge", and too dependent on his experience instead of philosophical position. When presented with Hobson's position, four experts on Neill and Summerhill considered his assertions "irrelevant". Joel Spring likened Neill's views on the family to that of Mary Wollstonecraft, in that the parents would share power equally.

Freedom, not licence

When Neill said children should be free, he did not mean complete freedom, but freedom without licence—that everyone can do as they like unless such action encroaches upon another's freedom. As such, adults could and should protect children from danger, but not trample their self-regulation. Neill emphasised that adult removal from child affairs was distinct from disregard for their security. He felt that children met their own limits naturally. Neill believed in equal rights between parents and children, and that undesirable "disciplined" or "spoiled" homes were created when those rights were imbalanced. He felt it unnecessary to fulfil all of childhood's requests and had great disdain for spoiled children. Summerhill children were naturally restricted by the school's limited teaching expertise and low funds.

Bailey wrote that Neill did not have full faith in self-regulation due to his emphasis on the necessity of making specific environments for children. Robin Barrow argued that Neill's idea of self-regulation was contradictory, when its intent was, more simply, the extent to which children need to abide by external restraints. Bailey added that children cannot know the extent to which dull and unknown subjects can be exciting without guidance. He felt that Neill's belief in children's innate and realistic wisdom did not accommodate human characteristics "such as error, prejudice, and ignorance", ascribed genius-level intelligence to children, and did not consider social aspects in child decision-making.

Self-governance
Self-governance was a central idea to Summerhill, and is perhaps its "most fundamental feature". Summerhill held a weekly general meeting that decided the school's rules and settled school disputes, where every member of the community—staff and student alike—had a single vote. Almost everyone in the school attended the meeting, and children always held the majority. Meetings were managed by an elected Chairperson. At times, the school had over 200 rules. His daughter says that although he was seen as benign he allowed Ena May Neill to berate the weekly meetings and she increasingly ran the school becoming the head, officially, when he died.

Summerhill sought to produce individualists conscious of their surrounding social order, and Neill chose the self-governance of Homer Lane's Little Commonwealth for the basis of that lesson. The general meeting replaced teacher authority with communal control, which freed teachers from their roles as disciplinarians and instructed children in the role of democratic participation and the role of rules. Additionally, reports of teacher–student disputes were rare. Neill felt that the community's authority never created resentment in those subject to sanctions. Sven Muller contended that the meeting was more useful than discipline for creating civic-minded citizens. An ex-pupil recalled some of the wild ideas Neill would propose at the meeting, and while the students would vote him down, she later recounted how the exercise was also intended as a lesson for the staff on the power of the meeting and communal authority. Neill considered self-governance "the most valuable asset in education and life" and the general meeting "more important than all the textbooks in the world".

On occasion, Neill exercised unilateral decision-making as the owner of the school, despite his emphasis on the authority figure-less nature of the school. Instances include when he once made a decision after the group's discussion protracted, and when he once asserted himself dictator. Ultimately, the school's freedom was Neill's to structure.

Writings
Neill wrote 20 books in his lifetime. His style was simple and friendly, unlike didactic literature from the era. His topics included the balance of authority and the thoughts–feelings relationship.

Summerhill

The 1960 release of Summerhill catapulted Neill into the public view. Richard Bailey described its result as "an American cult" of Summerhillian schools and their support organizations. The book sold well and made Neill into a figurehead of new interest in education. Bailey added that the unpretentious book's message was easier to impart than Deweyan thought, and that its release inspired Neill's education critic contemporaries as to the viability of their ideas.

Reception and legacy
Critics regard Neill's influence and importance with mixed opinion. Supporters counted Neill amongst the world's most influential educationists. UNESCO listed Neill within its 100 most important educationists worldwide. The Times Educational Supplement listed him in its 12 most important British educationists of the millennium. Herb Kohl declared Neill "one of the greatest democratic educators of the last century" in 2005. Academics and teachers cited Summerhill as the common ancestor for free schools, and Neill was poised to become a public figure during Summerhill's heyday in the 1970s. Its detractors do not classify Summerhill as a school. Max Rafferty called Summerhill "a caricature of education" and felt threatened by the implications of "the spread of Neill's hedonism to the majority of the next generation". Others criticized Neill for his progressive ideals despite agreement on his critique of traditional schools, and bemoaned his "outdated radicalism" and "dangerously enthusiastic following in teaching training institutions".

Richard Bailey wrote that Summerhill received most of its public attention in the 1920s to 1930s and in the 1960s to 1970s, which were milieux of social change (progressivism and the counterculture, respectively). Neill was known in British education circles by the 1920s and was "probably Britain's first educational celebrity" in the 1930s, though he was not driven by his reception. Journal reviews called Neill "the most popular writer on education today" and said of his works, "Nearly all the more alive and up-to-date teachers in Britain have read and argued about his notions". He was known via his books as a figure in the new psychoanalysis. The accessible 1960 Summerhill crowned Neill the leader of a new avant-garde education and he became symbolic of the rebel decade.

Neill is generally associated with democratic schools as a leader in its tradition. H. A. T. Child associated Summerhill with the Bedales School, Alfred the Great, and Child's Dartington Hall School, and David Gribble wrote in 1998 about schools around the world that followed Neill's teachings. Timothy Gray linked the release of Summerhill with the rise of writers Herb Kohl, Jonathan Kozol, Neil Postman, and Ivan Illich. Scholars debate whether Neill fits best in a progressive or more radical tradition. Other schools inspired by Neill's philosophy in the UK include Sands School in Devon, Sherwood School in Epsom and Kirkdale School in London.

Few of Neill's acolytes continued his work after his death. His family maintained Summerhill, with Neill's daughter as its headmaster . Others influenced by Neill included John Aitkenhead, Michael Duane, and R. F. Mackenzie. Richard Bailey wrote that Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner's followers were more evangelical in character, and that Neill deterred would-be devotees. He specifically discouraged American association with his school in both name and likeness. By 1972, Ray Hemmings wrote that Neill's ideas were misinterpreted in the hands of other schools. Hemmings found Neill to have moderate influence on state schools in areas such as teacher–student interactions. Neill's views on sexuality and non-compulsory lessons did not have widespread acceptance. Herb Snitzer said that Neill "influenced thousand of teachers". Both George Dennison and Bailey felt Neill's influence to not be easily measurable, with Dennison adding that non-Summerhill schools continue to adopt Neillian thought.

Neill was awarded three honorary degrees: a master's and two honorary doctorates. One doctorate was from the Newcastle University in 1966. He was reportedly very proud of the awards.

References

 Sources

External links

Works by A. S. Neill at HathiTrust

Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish educational theorists
20th-century educational theorists
1883 births
1973 deaths
Youth empowerment people
People from Forfar
People from Leiston
Heads of schools in England
Wilhelm Reich

A. S. Neill


جانيت آن نابوليتانو  (ولدت في 29 نوفمبر 1957) هي سياسية ومحامية ومسؤولة جامعية أمريكية شغلت منصب الحاكم الحادي والعشرين لولاية أريزونا من 2003 إلى 2009 ووزيرة الأمن الداخلي في الولايات المتحدة من 2009 إلى 2013 في رئاسة باراك أوباما. وقد شغلت منصب رئيس نظام جامعة كاليفورنيا منذ سبتمبر 2013، بعد زمن قصير من استقالتها من منصب وزير الأمن الداخلي.

شغلت نابوليتانو منصب النائب العام لولاية أريزونا في الفترة من 1999 إلى 2003، وذلك قبل شغلها لمنصب الحاكم. وكانت أول امرأة وتعمل في هذا المنصب.

وكانت أول امرأة تعمل في عدة مناصب، بما في ذلك النائب العام لأريزونا، وزير الأمن الداخلي، ورئيس جامعة كاليفورنيا. كما أنها ثاني امرأة تشغل منصب حاكم أريزونا (بعد جان دي هال).

صنفتها مجلة فوربس في المرتبة التاسعة بين أقوى نساء العالم في عام 2012.  في عام 2008، استشهدت بها صحيفة نيويورك تايمز لتكون من بين النساء الأكثر احتمالا أن تصبح أول رئيسة للولايات المتحدة.  وقد اقترح بعض المعلقين السياسيين احتمال ترشيحها في انتخابات عام 2016.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مدينة نيويورك
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء حكومة إدارة أوباما
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
أمريكيون من أصل نمساوي
المرأة في سياسة أريزونا
حاكمات ولايات في الولايات المتحدة
حكام ولايات أمريكية من الحزب الديمقراطي
حكام ولاية أريزونا
خريجو جامعة سانتا كلارا
خريجو جامعة فيرجينيا مدرسة القانون
ديمقراطيون من ولاية أريزونا
رئيسات جامعات وكليات
سياسيات أمريكيات في القرن 21
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
سياسيون أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
سياسيون من ألباكركي (نيومكسيكو)
سياسيون من بيتسبرغ
سياسيون من مدينة نيويورك
مجلس العلاقات الخارجية
محامون من مدينة نيويورك
محاميات أمريكيات
مدعي أريزونا العام
مواليد 1957
مواليد في نيويورك
ميثوديون أمريكيون
ناجون من سرطان الثدي
وزراء أمن داخلي أمريكيون
وزيرات أمريكيات

جانيت نابوليتانو


Troskot može označavati razne vrste biljaka:
Troskot, Cynodon, biljni rod iz porodice trava
Troskot, Cynodon dactylon, biljna vrsta iz porodice trava
Troskot, Agrostis capillaris, obična rosulja, biljna vrsta iz porodice trava
Troskot,  Agrostis stolonifera, ovsenica, rosulja, biljna vrsta iz porodice trava
Troskot, Elymus repens, puzava pirika, biljna vrsta iz porodice trava
Troskot, Polygonum aviculare, ptičji dvornik, biljna vrsta iz porodice dvornikovki

Troskot (razdvojba)


Yasni es un buscador de personas alemán, gestionado por la empresa yasni GmbH.
Yasni es un metabuscador que agrega resultados de búsqueda de fuentes externas.

Formación y desarrollo
Yasni fue fundado por Steffen Rühl en el año 2007. En 2008, un grupo de inversores de Suiza, los Mountain Business Angels, entraron en el proyecto, lo que resultó en una expansión de Yasni y en la implantación de una versión internacionalizada de Yasni en Austria, Suiza, Gran Bretaña y en los Estados Unidos.
 Julio 2007: fundación de la empresa yasni GmbH.
 Octubre 2007: Yasni.de es inicializado.
 Febrero 2008: Yasni consigue por primera vez un millón de visitantes unívocos por mes.
 Noviembre 2008 Yasni inicializa páginas web regionales para Austria, Suiza, Gran Bretaña y los EE. UU.
 Marzo 2009: según comScore, Yasni estaba entre los 100 páginas web más visitadas en Alemania en 2008 y fue la página web con las más altas tasas de crecimiento de los usuarios alemanes.
 Septiembre 2010: después de un reportaje en la cadena de televisión alemana ZDF, yasni experimenta un récord de visitantes en yasni.de con casi 500.000 visitantes.
 Octubre 2010: yasni registra  22 millones de visitantes y 50 millones de visitas de la página por mes. Más de un millón de usuarios se han registrado.
 Diciembre 2010: la versión de país de Francia es puesto en marcha. La página ahora está disponible también en francés.
 Marzo 2011: las versiones de país de España/español y Italia/italiano son activadas.
 Agosto 2011: las versiones de idiomas de holandés y portugués son añadidos.
 Septiembre 2011: uno tras otro, las versiones regionales yasni.nl, yasni.ca e yasni.com.br son lanzados.
 Verano 2011: el diseño de la página es reorganizado completamente.

Funciones
Además de la búsqueda simple hay también la posibilidad de recibir nuevos resultados de búsqueda periódicamente por correo electrónico, o insertar un aviso de búsqueda de una persona.
En el año 2009, yasni desarrolló una herramienta que se llama People Search, con la que se puede encontrar personas adecuadas a ciertos términos.
Yasni les permite a sus usuarios a crear un perfil gratuito, facilitándoles a asignar los resultados de búsqueda inequívocamente a sí mismo. Gracias a más posibilidades como añadir enlaces propios, textos o imágenes o crear una tarjeta de presentación virtual, yasni les facilita a sus usuarios separarse de tocayos, así haciendo posible una activa administración de la reputación propia. Además, los usuarios también pueden utilizar todas las posibilidades y funciones de comunicación comunes de una red social.
Desde 2009, Yasni ofrece perfiles Premium, que cuestan una pequeña tasa, y que les dan a los usuarios la posibilidad de utilizar más funciones en el sector "representación en línea" o "búsqueda", dependiente del producto que el usuario elige.

Uso
Según el estudio AGOF, yasni.de ocupa el lugar 29 de las ofertas de internet alemanas.

Crítica
Lo que se critica sobre Yasni es el sector del motor de búsqueda, porque se estima que este es jurídicamente cuestionable desde el punto de vista de la protección de datos, ya que se junta resultados de búsqueda (aunque estos datos son públicamente visibles en el internet) en un resumen parecido a un dossier.
Yasni también ha participado en algunos juicios sobre el tema de la protección de datos en el internet.
También se critica la optimización de motores de búsqueda, que causa que los páginas de resultados de Yasni desplazan los verdaderos resultados de búsqueda de Google.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Yasni.com
Yasni.es

Organizaciones fundadas en 2007
Empresas_de_software_de_Alemania
Motores de búsqueda de Internet
Servicios de redes sociales

Yasni


Biskupin is an archaeological site and a life-size model of a late Bronze Age fortified settlement in north-central Poland that also serves as an archaeological open-air museum. When first discovered it was thought to be early evidence of a West Slavic settlement, but archaeologists later confirmed it belonged to the Biskupin group of the Lusatian culture from the 8th century BC. The excavation and the reconstruction of the prehistoric settlement has played an instrumental part in Polish historical consciousness.

The Museum is situated on a marshy peninsula in , ca.  northeast of Poznań and  south of the small town of Żnin. It is a division of the National Museum of Archaeology in Warsaw.

The site is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated September 16, 1994, and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

History of the excavations
In 1933 Polish archaeologists discovered remains of a Bronze Age fort/settlement in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) and the discovery became famous overnight. The site was excavated from 1934 onwards by the team from Poznań University, led by archaeologists Józef Kostrzewski (1885–1969) and Zdzisław Rajewski (1907–1974). The first report was published in 1936. By the beginning of 1939, ca.  had been excavated. Biskupin soon became famous, attracting numerous distinguished guests, including officials of the Marshal Piłsudski government, members of the military, and high churchmen such as the primate of Poland. The site soon became part of Polish national consciousness, the symbol of achievements of the Slavonic forebears in prehistoric times. It was called the "Polish Pompeii" or "Polish Herculaneum". The existence of a prehistoric fortress,  from the German border, was used to show that the prehistoric "Poles" had held their own against foreign invaders and plunderers as early as the late Bronze Age. Biskupin came to feature in paintings and popular novels.

When the Germans occupied Poland in the autumn of 1939, Biskupin was renamed "Urstädt". In 1940, excavations were resumed by the SS-Ahnenerbe until 1942. When the Germans were forced to retreat they flooded the site hoping to destroy it, but—ironically—it led to very good preservation of the ancient timbers. Excavations were resumed by Polish archaeologists after the war and continued until 1974.

The site

There are two settlement periods at Biskupin, which was located in the middle of a lake but is now situated on a peninsula, that follow each other without a break. Both settlements were laid out on a rectangular grid with eleven streets that are  wide. The older settlement from the late Bronze Age was established on a slightly wet island of over  and consisted of ca. 100 oak and pine log-houses that were of similar layout, measuring ca.  each. They consisted of two chambers and an open entrance-area. These houses were designed to accommodate 10–12 persons. An open hearth was located in the centre of the biggest room. There are no larger houses that could indicate social stratification. Because of the damp, boggy ground the streets were covered with wooden planks.

The settlement was surrounded by a tall wooden wall, or palisade, set on a rampart made up of both wood and earth. The rampart was constructed of oak trunks that form boxes filled with earth. The rampart is more than  long and accompanied by a wooden breakwater in the lake.  of wood was used in the construction of the rampart.

Dating

The settlement at Biskupin belongs to the Hallstatt C and D periods (late Bronze Age/early Iron Age, 800–650 BC and 650–475 BC). There are four radiocarbon dates from Biskupin (all B.C.):
 First settlement: 720±150 (Gif 494)
 Later settlement: 560±150 (Gif 495)
 Rampart: 620 ±150 (Gif 492)
 A2 4C, VII: 620±150 (Gif 493)

However, dendrochronological analysis provided more accurate dating. It proved that oak wood used in the construction of the settlement was cut down between 747–722 B.C. Over half of the wood used was cut during the winter of 748/747 B.C.

The model

In 1936 the first life-size model (open-air museum) was built on the peninsula, but it was intentionally destroyed by retreating Germans near the end of World War II. After the war it was rebuilt, and the ramparts and one full street with houses on both sides were also added.

In the 2000s, a film prop "medieval" timber castle was constructed on a part of the original site.

Bibliography

 Danuta Piotrowska, Biskupin 1933–1996: archaeology, politics and nationalism. Archaeologia Polona 35–36, 1997/98, 255–285, ISSN 0066-5924
 Józef Kostrzewski "Osada bagienna w Biskupinie w pow. żnińskim", Poznań 1936
 "Gród prasłowiański w Biskupinie", Poznań 1938,
 Z. Rajewski "Biskupin – osiedle obronne sprzed 2500 lat", Arkady, Warszawa 1970,
 Z. Rajewski "Osadnictwo ludności z kulturą łużycką we wczesnym okresie epoki żelaznej w Biskupinie i okolicy" Archeologia Polski, t. II 1958,
 Z. Rajewski "10 000 lat Biskupina i jego okolic", Warszawa 1965,

See also

 Castles in Poland
 Archeology
 Bronze Age
 Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship
 Lusatian culture
 Pałuki
 Wenecja
 Żnin
 Gąsawa

References

External links

The official website of the Biskupin Archaeological Museum
Biskupin archeological site on Google Maps
 Hypothetical reconstruction of a Lusatian culture settlement, raised using only bronze age tools – Wola Radziszowska (near Cracow)- Poland
 Biskupin

Prehistoric sites in Poland
Archaeology of Poland
Landmarks in Poland
Open-air museums in Poland
Former populated places in Poland
Żnin County
Museums in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Biskupin


Munkenes Teglovn blev grundlagt af et Sortebrødrekloster i Vejle omkring 1310.

Klosterets første bygning var i træ, men i 1355 var der planer om at bygge en klosterkirke af mursten. Måske blev teglovnen, som tilnavnet Munkenes Teglovn, anlagt på den tid.

I 1923 blev teglovnen fundet og udgravet af Nationalmuseet. Borgere i Vejle samlede derefter ind, så der kunne opføres en beskyttende bygning over ruinen.

Teglovnsbygningen, der ligger på Jagtvej, blev restaureret i 1983.

Munkenes Teglovn er en del af VejleMuseerne.

Teglværker i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Vejle

Munkenes Teglovn


The Moribund People drugi je EP norveškog avangardnog metal sastava Peccatum te ujedno i njegovo posljednje objavljeno glazbeno izdanje prije njegovog raspada 2006. godine. EP je 27. travnja 2005. godine objavila diskografska kuća Mnemoysne Productions.

O albumu
Peccatumov glazbeni stil na ovom EP-u spaja elemente black metala, suvremene klasične glazbe i elektroničke glazbe.

EP se sastoji od naslovne pjesme, skladbe "A Penny's Worth of Heart" te obrade pjesme "For All Those Who Died" koja se izvorno nalazila na Bathoryjevom albumu Blood Fire Death. Ovo glazbeno izdanje također sadrži i jedini glazbeni spot sastava koji je bio snimljen za naslovnu pjesmu, priložen u QuickTime formatu.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Eduardo Rivadavia, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu dvije i pol od pet zvjezdica te je komentirao: "Najteža je stvar u vezi Peccatumovog EP-a The Moribund People proći pored jezive bake na naslovnici; nakon toga, sve je blaženstvo. Početna naslovna pjesma je prilično raskošan poduhvat koji uokviruje zajedničke vokale glavnog dua sa svim oblicima orkestracije i električnih rock instrumenata; druga pjesma, pod imenom "A Penny's Worth of Heart", započinje potpuno minimalistički i u techno ritmu (à la Ihrielin sporedni projekt Star of Ash) prije nego izgubi kontrolu u black metal stilu, poput Ihsahnovog bivšeg sastava Emperor. Kao treća skladba prisutna je počasna obrada Bathoryjeve pjesme "For All Those Who Died" koja, osim što odaje očitu počast nedavno preminulom Quorthonu, savršeno prikazuje Peccatumovu urođenu dualnost: prvo se zadubljuje u nježnu i vrlo osjetljivu Ihrielinu recitaciju koju je popratio samo njen povučeni klavir te kasnije eksplodira u black metal bijesu koji ponovno predvodi Ihsahn."

Zasluge

Peccatum
 Ihriel – vokali, klavijature, elektronika, programiranje, inženjer zvuka, miksanje
 Ihsahn – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, klavijature, programiranje, inženjer zvuka, miksanje
Dodatni glazbenici
 Jarle Havrås – bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje
 Bente Jørgensen – umjetnički direktor, fotografija, dizajn
 Tim Lennon – umjetnički direktor, fotografija, dizajn
 Tom Kvålsvoll – mastering

Izvori

EP
Albumi iz 2005.
Albumi sastava Peccatum

The Moribund People


Jeg civiliserer mig om morgenen er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1991 instrueret af Kirsten Hammann efter manuskript af Kirsten Hammann.

Handling
Denne video er høfligst produceret og fuldt ud lovlig. Den handler om god ro og orden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1991

Jeg civiliserer mig om morgenen


Muzej iluzijske umjetnosti Prag (IAM Prague) osnovali su 2018. godine Jakub Bechyně i Jonathan Hoffmann. Prvi je muzej u Češkoj, posvećen iluziji i trik umjetnosti, smješten u neorenesansnoj zgradi u samom centru Praga.

Povijest
U početku su se muzejske iluzijske umjetničke instalacije nalazile prvenstveno na prvom katu zgrade "Dum u Červene lisky", dok je drugi kat bio posvećen prikazivanju nadolazećih djela lokalnih umjetnika. Prva takva privremena izložba bila je umjetnička izložba Patrika Proška "Na rubu stvarnosti". Danas je cijela izložba posvećena iluzijskoj umjetnosti.

Uz ranobarokno oslikane stropove, u Muzeju se nalazio i i gotički podrum iz 12. stoljeća koji uključuje dio izvornog Starogradskog trga, dodajući jedinstvenu komponentu ukupnom doživljaju. Ovaj gotički podrum koristio se kao galerijski prostor za rotirajuće izložbe. U prošlosti se ondje nalazila izložba slika u suradnji s kineskim konzulatom u Češkoj i Sečuanskom akademijom likovnih umjetnosti, prikazujući percepciju kineskih učenika o Češkoj. U navedenim prostorijama se nalazila prva NFT galerija Crypto Portal.

Muzej iluzijske umjetnosti se od sredine 2022. godine nalazi u ulici Melantrichova 2 u Pragu.

Trenutna izložba
U muzeju su izložena brojna djela utemeljena na konceptu optičkih iluzija. Uz trik umjetnost, možete se diviti misteriju stereograma, anamorfnim instalacijama, retrospektivnim iluzijama i brojnim zanimljivim eksponatima. Većina instalacija prikazuje ugledne osobnosti, poput Williama Shakespearea, Tomáša Baťe i Nikole Tesle. Muzej je također usredotočen na obrazovni aspekt svojih instalacija, demonstrirajući značajne češke povijesne događaje i organizirajući vođene ture za djecu i učenike svih dobnih skupina.

Posjetitelji mogu isprobati i svjetlosnu umjetničku tehniku koju je razvio umjetnik Alex Dowis, a predstavio ju je na brojnim međunarodno priznatim natjecanjima za talente, uključujući America's Got Talent.

Instalacije prikazane u IAM Pragu djela su čeških i međunarodno priznatih umjetnika, poput Patrika Hughesa, koji je razvio tehniku obrnute perspektive, Patrika Proška,  prepoznatljivog po svojim anamorfnim instalacijama i projektima širom Azije, Davida Strauzza, umjetnika mješovitih medija i mnogi drugi.

Virtualni obilazak
Osim osobnog posjeta, moguće je posjetiti IAM Prag iz svih krajeva svijeta. Kao odgovor na pandemiju koronavirusa pripremljen je opsežni virtualni obilazak cijele izložbe. Dostupna je na web stranici muzeja, sadrži 3D model zgrade, zajedno s dopunjenom multimedijom i tekstom za obogaćivanje iskustva.

Izvori

Građevine u Pragu
Muzeji
Češka kultura

Muzej iluzijske umjetnosti Prag


Laurens est un village du comté d'Otsego, dans l'État de New York, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de .

Démographie
Lors du recensement de 2000, le village comptait une population de , tandis qu'en 2019, elle est estimée à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 État de New York

Liens externes

Localité dans le comté d'Otsego (New York)
Village dans l'État de New York

Laurens (village, New York)


Prema kineskim legendama, Buzhu (ili Buku; kineski 不窋) bio je kineski plemić koji je živio tijekom dinastije Xije. Njegov otac je bio ministar poljoprivrede Hou Ji te ga je Buzhu naslijedio na mjestu ministra tijekom vladavine kralja Kong Jije. Budući da je smatrao kako su ljudi na dvoru postali izopačeni, Buzhu se preselio iz glavnog grada u Tai. On ili njegov sin Ji Ju napustio je agrikulturu.

Smatran je pretkom kraljeva iz dinastije Zhou. Unuk mu je bio Gong Liu.

Izvori

Kineska mitologija

Buzhu


Stuyvesant may refer to:

People
 Peter Stuyvesant (1592–1672), the last governor of New Netherland
 Peter Stuyvesant (1727–1805), New York landowner and merchant
 Peter Gerard Stuyvesant (1778–1847), lawyer, landowner and philanthropist.
 Rutherfurd Stuyvesant (1843–1909), socialite and land developer
 Stuyvesant Fish (1851–1923), American businessman

Places
 Stuyvesant, New York, a town in Columbia County, New York, United States
 Stuyvesant Street (Manhattan), a street in Manhattan
 Stuyvesant Square, a park in Manhattan, and the surrounding neighborhood
 Stuyvesant Heights, Brooklyn
 Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
 Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village
 Stuyvesant Apartments
 Stuyvesant High School, a high school in Manhattan

Other
 Peter Stuyvesant (cigarette), a cigarette brand by British American Tobacco
 Stuyvesant Handicap, American Thoroughbred horse race

See also

Stuyvesant


An Hystrix coreana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Masaji Masazi Honda, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Hystrix coreana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hystrix, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hystrix (Poaceae)

Hystrix coreana


Zapadna zona ili Poluotok Freetown (nekad kolonija Sijera Leone) jedna je od četiri administrativne jedinice Sijera Leonea.

Sastoji se glavnog grada Freetowna, koji je ujedno i najstariji grad te okolnih gradova i sela. Obuhvaća površinu od 557 km², a ima populaciju od 1,447,271 stanovnika.

Zapadna zona smještena je uglavnom oko poluotoka te je podijeljena u dva okruga:
Zapadna ruralna zona i
Zapadna urbana zona.

Prema sjeveroistoku, Zapadna zona graniči sa Sjevernom provincijom, na jugoistoku graniči s Južnom provincijom. Međutim, najveća granica Zapadne zone je obala Atlantskoga oceana. To je jedina administrativna jedinica Sijera Leonea, koja ne graniči ni s jednom stranom državom.

Provincije Sijera Leonea

Zapadna zona (Sijera Leone)


أبو الحسن علي بن مزيد الأسدي (388-408هـ / 998-1017) أول أمراء بني مزيد ولقبه سند الدولة وقد منحه بهاء الدولة البويهي هذا اللقب سنة 397هـ وقد اتخذ من مدينة النيل مركزا له، وهي بلدة على الضفة الغربية للفرات بين بغداد والكوفة

وذكر في ظهوره في كتاب تاريخ ابن خلدون: وفي سنة سبع وثمانين خرج أبو الحسن علي بن مزيد في قومه بني أسد ونقض طاعة بهاء الدولة فبعث إليه العساكر فهرب أمامهم وأبعد حتى امتنع عليهم ثم بعث في الصلح والاستقامة وراجع الطاعة ثم رجع إلى انتقاضه سنة اثنتين وتسعين واجتمع مع قرواش بن المقلد صاحب الموصل وقومه بني عقيل فحاصروا المدائن ثم بعث إليهم أبو جعفر الحجاج وهو نائب بغداد العساكر فدفعوهم عنها وخرج الحجاج واستنجد خفاجة فجاء من الشام و قاتل بني عقيل وبني أسد فهزموه ثم خرج إليهم ولقيهم بنواحي الكوفة فهزمهم وأثخن فيهم بالقتل والأسر واستباح ملك بني مزيد.

حروبه مع بني دبيس
وذكر في الكامل في التاريخ في أحداث عام 401 هـ/1010 م : كان أبو الغنائم محمد بن مزيد مقيمًا عند بني دبيس في جزيرتهم بنواحي خوزستان لمصاهرة بينهم فقتل أبو الغنائم أحد وجوههم ولحق بأخيه أبي الحسن علي بن مزيد فتبعوه فلم يدركوه وانحدر إليهم سند الدولة أبو الحسن بن مزيد في ألفي فارس واستنجد عميد الجيوش فانحدر إليه عجلًا في زبزبة في ثلاثين ديلميًا وسار ابن مزيد إليهم فلقيهم واقتتلوا فقتل أبو الغنائم وانهزم أبو الحسن بن مزيد فوصل الخبر بهزيمته إلى عميد الجيوش وهو منحدر فعاد. ثم عادت الحرب بين بني مزيد وبني دبيس مرة أخرى عام 405 هـ/ 1014م حيث كانت بين أبي الحسن علي بن مزيد الأسدي وبين مضر وحسان ونبهان وطراد بني دبيس وسببها قتلهم أخاه أبا الغنائم كما سبق بيانه. وحالت الأيام بينه وبين الأخذ بثأره. فلما كان الآن تجهز لقصدهم وجمع العرب والشاذنجان والجوانية وغيرهما من الأكراد وسار إليهم، فلما قرب منهم خرجت زوجته ابنة دبيس وقصدت أخاها مضر بن دبيس ليلا، وقالت له: قد أتاكم ابن مزيد فيما لا قِبَل لكم به، وهو يقنع منكم بإبعاد نبهان قاتل أخيه فأبعدوه، وقد تفرقت هذه العساكر. فأجابها أخوها مضر إلى ذلك وامتنع أخوه حسان، فلما سمع ابن مزيد بما فعلته زوجته أنكره وأراد طلاقها، فقالت له: خفت أن أكون في هذه الحرب بين فقد أخ حميم أو زوج كريم، ففعلت ما فعلت رجاء الصلاح، فزال ما عنده منها، وتقدم إليهم وتقدموا إليه بالحلل والبيوت التقوا واقتتلوا واشتد القتال لما بين الفريقين من الذحول، فظفر ابن مزيد بهم وهزمهم، وقتل حسان ونبهان ابني دبيس واستولى على البيوت والأموال ولحق من سلم بن الهزيمة بالحويزة. ولما ظفر بهم رأى عندهم مكاتبات فخر الملك يأمرهم بالجد في أمره ويعدهم النصرة. فعاتبه على ذلك وحصل بينهما نفرة، ودعت فخر الملك الضرورة إلى تقليد ابن مزيد الجزيرة الدُبيسيّة واستثنى مواضع منها: الطيب وقرقوب وغيرهما. وبقي علي بن مزيد هناك إلى جمادى الأولى. وكان آخر تلك الحرب أن مضر بـن دبيس كبس أبا الحسن ابن مزيد ليلا فهزمه واستولى ابن دبيس على خيل أبي الحسن وأمواله وهرب أبو الحسن إِلى بلد النيل.

وفي عام 404هـ / 1013م جاء سلطان وعلوان ورجب بنو ثمال الخفاجي في أعيان قومهم إلى فخر الملك أبا غالب والي بغداد عن بهاء الدولة البويهي وضمنوا حماية سقي الفرات من بني عقيل وساروا معه إلى بغداد فبعثهم مع ذي السعادتين الحسن بن منصور للأنبار فعاثوا في نواحيها وحبس ذو السعادتين نفراً منهم.ثم أطلقهم فهموا بقبضه وشعر بهم فحاول عليهم حتى قبض على سلطان منهم وحبسهم ببغداد. ثم شفع فيهم أبو الحسن بن مزيد فأطلقهم فاعترضوا الحاج سنة اثنتين وأربعمائة ونهبوهم فبعث فخر الملك إلى أبي الحسن علي بن مزيد بالانتقام منهم فلحقهم بالبصرة فأوقع بهم وأثخن فيهم واسترد من أموال الحاج ما وجد وبعث به وبالأسرى إلى فخر الملك. ثم اعترضوا الحاج مرة أخرى ونهبوا سواد الكوفة فأوقع بهم أبو الحسن بن مزيد مثل ذلك وبعث بأسراهم إلى بغداد.

وتوفى الأمير علي بن مزيد سنة 408هـ الموافق سنة 1017 م وخلفه بالحكم إبنه دبيس بن علي.

المصادر

بنو مزيد
مؤسسو دول

علي بن مزيد


Kişi
 Lena (isim)
 Lena Meyer-Landrut - Alman şarkıcı
 Lena Headey - İngiliz film oyuncusu
 Lena Katina - t.A.T.u. grubunun üyelerinden biri, şarkıcı
 Lena Olin - İsveçli film oyuncusu
 Lena Philipsson - İsveçli şarkıcı. "Lena Ph" olarak da bilinir. (Gerçek adı "Maria Magdalena Filipsson"dır.)
 Lena Klenke - Alman oyuncu
 Lena Horne - Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu

Hayali Karakter
 Bulma - Dragon Ball karakteri. (Bulma önceleri "Lena" olarak çağrılıyordu.)

Coğrafya
 Lena (nehir)
 Lena, Wisconsin
 Lena, Norveç
 Lena, Asturias

Lena


Ìfé também escrito como Ife é um filme romântico LGBT nigeriano de 2020 produzido pela proeminente ativista nigeriana dos direitos LGBTQ Pamela Adie e dirigido por Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim. O filme é considerado o primeiro filme lésbico completo da história de Nollywood. No entanto, algumas fontes afirmaram que é também o primeiro filme LGBT nigeriano.

O filme gira em torno da vida de um casal de mulheres do mesmo sexo que também enfrenta desafios por serem lésbicas na Nigéria. Com o lançamento do trailer oficial do filme no YouTube, em julho de 2020, a previsão é que o filme seja lançado via internet possivelmente no final do ano.

Elenco

 Cindy Amadi
 Uzoamaka Aniunoh

Produção
Foi revelado que o roteiro foi escrito como uma história romântica entre duas mulheres e o projeto foi iniciado em conjunto por Uyai Ikpe-Etim e Pamela Adie em colaboração com o Equality Hub, uma ONG que atua na Nigéria com foco nos direitos LGBT. O filme foi criado para quebrar os estereótipos enfrentados pela indústria de Nollywood, que historicamente falhou em corresponder às expectativas de retratar os elementos LGBTQ.

Censura
O filme abordou questões de censura durante sua fase de produção devido ao seu gênero relacionado ao LGBTQ. A produção do filme e a fotografia principal não deveriam ser tranquilas para os cineastas devido à interferência do National Film and Video Censors Board ((NFVCB), que ameaçou e se recusou a aprovar o filme para distribuição nos cinemas. Antes do lançamento do trailer oficial em julho de 2020, foi notado que o filme não foi submetido pelos cineastas ao NFVCB.

A interpretação teatral de LGBT na Nigéria é considerada controversa. A relação entre pessoas do mesmo sexo é considerada um crime grave na Nigéria e uma pena de 14 anos de prisão é imposta se for considerado culpado. A Lei (da Proibição) do Casamento entre Pessoas do Mesmo Sexo, de 2014, foi aprovada pelo ex-presidente Goodluck Jonathan, que considera ilegais os casamentos entre pessoas do mesmo sexo e LGBT.

Adedayo Thomas, diretor executivo do NFVCB, em entrevista à CNN, insistiu que o Conselho não aprovaria filmes que promovam temas e retratos de elementos que não estejam de acordo com os valores, crenças, moral, tradições e constituição da Nigéria. O NFVCB também emitiu advertências e ameaças afirmando que rastrearia os cineastas LGBT em Nollywood após a produção de Ife.

Liberação
Embora o filme não tenha sido banido oficialmente pelo NFVCB, o filme está programado para ser lançado em plataformas online ao invés de um lançamento nos cinemas para evitar problemas de censura e devido às incertezas devido à pandemia de COVID-19 na Nigéria. A cineasta Adie revelou que o filme não será transmitido via YouTube e revelou que o filme seria transmitido por meio de plataformas próprias.

Filmes com temática lésbica
Filmes em língua iorubá
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes da Nigéria de 2020
Nigéria na ficção

Ìfé


Pierre-Yves Chatelon (né le ) est un coureur cycliste français, devenu ensuite entraîneur. Il exerce actuellement cette fonction au sein de l'équipe de France espoirs.

Biographie
Originaire de la Loire, Pierre-Yves Chatelon commence le cyclisme à l'âge de 14 ans. Il court notamment au VC Lyon-Vaulx-en-Velin dans les années 1990, avec pour objectif de passer professionnel. N'y étant toujours pas parvenu à 25 ans, il se retire des compétitions et passe des diplômes d'éducateur et d'entraineur.

Après sa carrière cycliste, il exerce le métier de conseiller technique régional dans les comités de Bretagne (1997-2001) et du Limousin. Il devient ensuite sélectionneur de l'équipe de France juniors, puis de l'équipe de France espoirs.

Palmarès
 1993
  du Grand Prix Mathias Nomblot
  du Tour du Charolais
 1994
 Ronde de l'Armagnac
 1995
  d'Annemasse-Bellegarde et retour

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste français
Naissance en mars 1971
Naissance à Saint-Chamond
Directeur sportif français

Pierre-Yves Chatelon


Tüm Fuarcılık Yapım AŞ (TÜYAP) Türkiye merkezli fuar organizasyonu şirketidir.

Tarihçe
Tüyap, 28 Haziran 1979 tarihinde Bülent Ünal tarafından İstanbul'da kurulmuştur. İlk fuarlarında İstanbul Spor ve Sergi Sarayı ve Etap Marmara Oteli kullanılmış, hızla çoğalan projeler sayısı ve sanayi fuarlarına yöneliş, geniş fuar alanı mekânı ihtiyacını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bunun üzerine, 30 Mart 1987'de İstanbul Sergi Sarayı faaliyete geçirilmiş, çağdaş fuar merkezi ihtiyacının uzun vadede karşılanmasını ise, uluslararası standartlarda modern bir altyapıya sahip "Tüyap Fuar ve Kongre Merkezi"ni 1996 yılında hizmete açarak sağlamıştır. Bu merkez, 120.000 m² kapalı fuar alanı ile Türkiye'de özel sektörün sahip olduğu en büyük fuar merkezidir.

Tüyap, İstanbul fuar merkezinden sonra, Anadolu'da genişlemeye başlamıştır. Şirket, İstanbul dışında Bursa, Konya, Adana, Samsun ve Eskişehir'de fuar alanları işletmektedir. Yurt dışında da Moskova, Tiflis, Üsküp ve Tahran irtibat ofisleri ve 27 ülkedeki temsilcilik ağıyla, dünyada ve Türkiye'de fuarcılık sektörünün önde gelen kuruluşlarından birisi hâline gelmiştir. Fuarcılık şirketlerinden Reed Exhibitions (RX) ile 2012 yılında kurulan Reed Tüyap Fuarcılık A.Ş. adında ortak bir şirketi bulunmaktadır. Tüyap Fuarcılık Grubu, ilk fuar organizasyonunu düzenlediği Haziran 1981'den bu yana, yurt içinde 1.851 ve yurt dışında 40 ülkede 205 olmak üzere toplam 2.056 fuar düzenlemiştir. 128 ülkeden 343.342 katılımcı kuruluşa, 219 ülkeden 68.243.110 ziyaretçiye ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Tüyap, 07 Şubat 2002'de TS EN ISO 9001:2000 Kalite Yönetim Sistemi'ne geçmiştir.

Yurt içi ve yurt dışı meslek örgütleriyle iş birliğine büyük önem veren Tüyap, ICCA (Uluslararası Kongre ve Toplantı Derneği), INTEREXPO (Uluslararası Ticaret Fuarlarına Katılımlardan Sorumlu Organizatörler Birliği), ICC (Uluslararası Ticaret Odası) ve UFI (Küresel Fuar Endüstrisi Birliği) üyesidir. Türkiye'de fuarcılık sektörünün en önemli meslek kuruluşu olan Türkiye Fuar Yapımcıları Derneği'nin kuruluşuna öncülük etmiş olup hâlen derneğin dönem başkanlığını da yürütmektedir.

Uzun yıllardır dijital dönüşüme yatırım yapan Tüyap, fiziksel fuarları dijital uygulamalarla zenginleştiren hibrit fuarcılık konusunda çalışmalar yapmaktadır. Tüyap'ın katılımcı ve ziyaretçilerin fuar deneyimlerini arttırmak için, Akıllı Eşleştirme Sistemi, Business Connect, Katılımcı Portalı gibi çeşitli uygulamalar barındıran MyTüyap adında bir dijital uygulaması bulunmaktadır.

Fuar merkezleri

Ayrıca bakınız
İstanbul Kitap Fuarı

Dış bağlantılar

İstanbul merkezli şirketler
1979'da kurulan şirketler
1979'da Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
İstanbul'daki fuar ve kongre merkezleri

TÜYAP


was an old province in the area that is today the central part of Shizuoka Prefecture. Suruga bordered on Izu, Kai, Sagami, Shinano, and Tōtōmi provinces; and was bordered by the Pacific Ocean through Suruga Bay to the south. Its abbreviated form name was .

History

Early period
Suruga was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code. The original capital of the province was located in what is now Numazu, which also had the Kokubun-ji and the Ichinomiya (Mishima Taisha) of the province. Under the Engishiki classification system, Suruga was ranked as a "major country" (上国), and was governed by a Kuni no miyatsuko and under the ritsuryō system was classed as a "middle country" (中国)

In a 680 AD cadastral reform, the districts forming Izu Province were administratively separated from Suruga, and the provincial capital was relocated to the right bank of the Abe River in what is now Shizuoka City.

Medieval period
Records of Suruga during the Heian period are sparse, but during the Kamakura period, Suruga was under direct control of the Hōjō clan. With the development of the Kamakura shogunate came increased traffic on the Tōkaidō road  connecting Kamakura with Kyoto.  The province came under the control of the Imagawa clan from the early Muromachi period through much of the Sengoku period. The Imagawa made efforts to introduce the customs and rituals of the kuge aristocracy to their capital. However, after Imagawa Yoshimoto was defeated by Oda Nobunaga at the Battle of Okehazama, the province taken by Takeda Shingen of Kai. The Takeda were in turn defeated by Tokugawa Ieyasu, who was already master of Mikawa and Tōtōmi.

After the Siege of Odawara (1590), Toyotomi Hideyoshi forced the Tokugawa to exchange their domains for the provinces of the Kantō region, and reassigned Sunpu Castle to one of his retainers, Nakamura Kazuichi. However, after the defeat of the Toyotomi at the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu recovered his former domains, and made Sunpu Castle his home after he formally retired from the position of Shōgun.

Early modern period
During the Edo period, Suruga prospered due to its location on the Tōkaidō, and numerous post towns developed. For defensive purposes, the Tokugawa shogunate forbade the construction of bridges on the major rivers of Suruga Province (such as at the Ōi River), which further led to town development on the major river crossings.

During this period, the major urban center of Sunpu remained a tenryō territory, administered directly the Shōgun by the Sunpu jōdai, and several smaller feudal domains were assigned to close fudai retainers.

Following the defeat of the Tokugawa shogunate during the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, the last Tokugawa shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu returned to Suruga in 1868 to rule the short-lived Shizuoka Domain until the abolition of the han system in 1871 by the new Meiji government.

Suruga was subsequently merged with the neighboring provinces of Tōtōmi and Izu (less the Izu Islands) to form modern Shizuoka Prefecture.  At the same time, the province continued to exist for some purposes.  For example, Suruga is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom.

In the mid-19th century, Suruga was one of the most frequently mapped provinces in Japan.

Historical districts
Suruga Province consisted of seven districts:

 Shizuoka Prefecture
 Abe District (安倍郡) – absorbed Udo District on April 1, 1896; now dissolved
 Fuji District (富士郡) – dissolved
 Ihara District (庵原郡) – dissolved
 Mashizu District (益津郡) – merged into Shida District on April 1, 1896
 Shida District (志太郡) – absorbed Mashizu District on April 1, 1896; now dissolved
 Suntō District (駿東郡)
 Udo District (有渡郡) – merged into Abe District on April 1, 1896

Bakumatsu-period domains

Highways
Tōkaidō – connecting Edo with Kyoto

See also
 Shizuoka, Shizuoka
 Sunpu Domain

Notes

References
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).  Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 58053128
 Papinot, Edmond. (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. OCLC 77691250
 Suruga on "Edo 300 HTML"

External links

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
 "View of Entire Suruga Region" from 19th century

Former provinces of Japan
History of Shizuoka Prefecture
1871 disestablishments in Japan
States and territories disestablished in 1871

Suruga Province


Föching ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Föching (Holzkirchen), Ortsteil des Marktes Holzkirchen, Landkreis Miesbach, Bayern
 Föching (Gemeinde Gaspoltshofen), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Gaspoltshofen, Bezirk Grieskirchen, Oberösterreich

Föching


Juan de Zabaleta (født 1610 i Madrid, død efter 1667) var en spansk forfatter.

Zabaleta, der skildres som ualmindelig grim og i sine sidste år var blind, besad et betydeligt talent både som dramatiker og endnu mere som prosafortæller. Han var i besiddelse af megen kultur, fin sprogsans og fornøjeligt vid. Disse egenskaber har han især lagt for dagen i de to bøger Dia de fiesta por la mañana (1654) og Dia de fiesta por la tarde (1659), hvori han skildrer det samtidige liv i Madrid. En nyere udgave af disse fortællinger udkom i Barcelona 1885. Som dramatisk forfatter virkede han ofte i kompagniskab med andre digtere, deriblandt Calderón; deres Troya abrasada udgaves af George Tyler Northup i Revue hispanique 1913, bind XXIX.

Kilder

Digtere fra Spanien
Dramatikere fra Spanien
Faglitterære forfattere fra Spanien
Spansksprogede forfattere
Spaniere i 1600-tallet
Personer fra Madrid

Juan de Zabaleta


VM i badminton 2001 var det 12. VM i badminton afholdt af International Badminton Federation. Mesterskabet blev afviklet i Palacio Municipal de Deportes San Pablo i Sevilla, Spanien i perioden 3. - 10. juni 2001. Spanien var VM-værtsland for første gang.

Medaljevindere

Medaljetabel

Kilder
 Tournament Software - World Championships 2001 (I)

Noter

Sport i 2001
2001

VM i badminton 2001


داء المنسونيلات  هي العدوى الناجمة عن الاٍصابة بالمنسونيلة.

هذا المرض متواجد في أفريقيا وأمريكا الاٍستوائية، ينتقل المرض عن طريق عض البراغيث والذبابة السوداء. ويكون المرض في الغالب من غير أعراض.

مراجع

أمراض ديدانية
أمراض منقولة بناقل

داء المنسونيلات


An Diuris oporina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones. An Diuris oporina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Diuris, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Queensland. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Diuris

Diuris oporina


El túnel del Cabo Norte () es un túnel de carretera submarino bajo el canal Magerøysundet que comunica la Noruega continental con la isla costera de Magerøya. El túnel se construyó entre 1993 y 1999, tiene una longitud de 6875 m, y alcanza una profundidad de 212 m bajo el nivel del mar.  Antes de que fuera construido, un transbordador llevaba el tráfico cruzando el canal marino entre Kåfjord y Honningsvåg.

El túnel toma su nombre del Cabo Norte, en el extremo norte de la isla Magerøya. El túnel del Cabo Norte forma parte de la ruta europea E69. El peaje que se cobra por pasar por el túnel en 2011 es de 145 coronas noruegas (145 NOK) para un automóvil de turismo más 47 NOK por adulto y 24 por niño. El peaje es solo en una dirección y siempre se paga en el viaje de regreso. En el año 2010, era posible pasarlo en bicicleta gratis.

El túnel dispone de portones antihielo (en noruego: Kuldeport) que cierran las bocas del túnel durante el invierno para evitar la congelación del agua de filtraciones. Estos portones se abren automáticamente cuando los vehículos se aproximan a las bocas y éstas están abiertas permanentemente durante el verano, cuando el tráfico es más denso.

 Ubicación de la boca sur:
 Ubicación de la boca norte:

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Cabo Norte
Arquitectura de 1999
Cabo Norte
Noruega en 1999
Provincia de Finnmark

Túnel del Cabo Norte


An Lepanthes obliquiloba in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry August Hespenheide. An Lepanthes obliquiloba in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Cuba. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes obliquiloba


Demografiju Njemačke prati Savezni statistički ured Njemačke (njemački: Statistisches Bundesamt). Prema podacima od 31. prosinca 2015. u Njemačkoj živi 82.175.700 stanovnika, čineći je šesnaestom najnaseljenijom zemljom na svijetu. Ukupna stopa plodnosti iste godine je 1,5 (najviša vrijednost od 1982.)

Populacijski fond Ujedinjenih naroda navodi Njemačku kao domaćina drugom najvećem broju međunarodnih migranata diljem svijeta, iza Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. Više od 16 milijuna ljudi su useljenici prve i druge generacije. 96,1 % njih boravi u zapadnoj Njemačkoj i Berlinu. Oko 7.000.000 njih su stranci, koji se definiraju kao oni koji nemaju njemačko državljanstvo. Najveća etnička skupina ne-njemačkog podrijetla su Turci. Od 1960-ih, Zapadna Njemačka i kasnije ujedinjena Njemačka privlače doseljenike prvenstveno iz Južne i Istočne Europe, kao i Turske, od kojih su mnogi (ili njihova djeca) s vremenom stekli njemačko državljanstvo. Dok je većina tih imigranata stigla kao gostujući radnici, Njemačka je također bila glavna destinacija za izbjeglice koje su podnijele zahtjev za azil u Njemačkoj, dijelom jer je njemački ustav dugo imao klauzulu koja jamči politički azil kao ljudsko pravo, ali ograničenja tijekom godina od tada su ograničila opseg.

Pokrajine
S krajem 2011. godine procjenjeno je da u Njemačkoj živi 81,8 milijuna stanovnika, te je ona najnaseljenija zemlja u Europskoj uniji i 16. najveća zemlja na svijetu prema broju stanovnika. Gustoća naseljenosti iznosi 229,4 stanovnika po četvornom kilometru.

Njemačka je podjeljena na šesnaest država koje se zajednički nazivaju Länder. Zbog razlika u veličini i populaciji podjela tih država varira, osobito između gradskih država (Stadtstaaten) i država s većim teritorijima (Flächenländer).
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Gradovi

Strani državljani u Njemačkoj

Ovaj popis ne uključuje strance s njemačkim državljaninom i strane državljane bez stalnog statusa.

Etničke manjine i migrantska pozadina
Savezni ured za statistiku definira osobe s migrantskim podrijetlom sve osobe koje su nakon 1949. godine migrirale na područje sadašnje Savezne Republike Njemačke, kao i sve strane državljane rođene u Njemačkoj i sve osobe rođene u Njemačkoj kao njemačke državljane s barem jednim roditeljem migrirantom u Njemačkoj ili je rođen u Njemačkoj kao stranac. Ovdje prikazane brojke temelje se samo na ovoj definiciji.

U 2010. godini u Njemačkoj je živjelo 2,3 milijuna obitelji s djecom mlađim od 18 godina, u kojima je barem jedan roditelj imao strane korijene. Oni predstavljaju 29% od ukupno 8,1 milijuna obitelji s maloljetnom djecom. U usporedbi s 2005. godinom kada se počelo prikupljati detaljne informacije o stanovništvu s migrantskim podrijetlom udio obitelji migranta porastao je za 2 postotna boda. U 2015. godini 36% djece mlađe od 5 godina imalo je migrantsku pozadinu.

Većina obitelji s migrantskim podrijetlom živi u zapadnom dijelu Njemačke. Obitelji s migrantskim podrijetlom češće imaju troje ili više maloljetne djece u kućanstvu od obitelji bez migrantskih podrijetla. U 2009. godini 3,0 milijuna osoba imigrantskih podrijetla imalo je turske korijene, 2,9 milijuna ima korijene u državama sljednicama Sovjetskog Saveza (uključujući i veliki broj ruskih govornika etničkih Nijemaca), njih 1,5 milijuna imalo je korijene u državama sljednicama Jugoslavije i 1,5 milijuna poljskih korijena.

U 2008. godini 18,4% Nijemaca bilo koje dobne skupine i 30% njemačke djece imalo je najmanje jednog roditelja koji je rođen u inozemstvu.

Sastav stanovništva 2016. godine

Izvor

Stanovništvo Njemačke


Classic Brugge-De Panne for kvinder, tidligere Tre dage ved Panne for kvinder () er kvindernes udgave af Classic Brugge-De Panne, et cykelløb i landevejscykling i Flandern, Belgien.

Kvindernes Classic Brugge-De Panne afholdes for første gang i marts 2018, dagen efter mændenes løb. Kvindernes løb er en del af UCI Women's World Tour.

Vindere

Se også
 Classic Brugge-De Panne

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 2018

Classic Brugge-De Panne for kvinder


Sterling ist ein Ort im Worcester County (Massachusetts) mit 7.808 Einwohnern (2010). Es liegt am Ostrand der Metropolregion Boston in einer wald- und seenreichen Ebene. Der Ort dient hauptsächlich als Schlafstadt für die umliegenden Ballungszentren und als Standort von klein- und mittelständischer, meist landwirtschaftlich geprägter Industrie.

Der Bereich der heutigen Gemeinde wurde ursprünglich von einem Stamm der Nashaway-Indianer bewohnt. Die ersten weißen Siedler waren bereits um 1640 in das Gebiet vorgedrungen; über die Kontakte zu den Nashaway gibt es einen ersten schriftlichen Bericht von 1643. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt lebten 14 indianische Familien in drei Dörfern in dem Gebiet. Während des Indianeraufstandes 1675/76 zogen sich die Siedler aber wieder zurück und kehrten erst um 1700 zurück. Das Gebiet war zu diesem Zeitpunkt weitgehend verlassen; die Überlieferungen sprechen von nur noch drei Familien. Große Gebiete, darunter auch das Areal der heutigen Gemeinde Sterling, wurde in zwei Schritten 1701 und 1702 den Indianern abgekauft und zunächst der Gemeinde Lancaster zugeschlagen. Die Urbarmachung durch europäische Siedler begann um 1720; um 1740 siedelten 50 Familien in dem Gebiet des heutigen Sterling. 1743 wurden ein Gemeindehaus, eine Schule und ein gemeinsamer Viehstall errichtet. 1764 lebten hier 856 Menschen; die Siedlung hieß damals Chocksett, nach dem einheimischen Ausdruck für "Land der Füchse". 1781 wurde die Gemeinde von Lancaster selbständig und nach William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, einem General im Unabhängigkeitskrieg unter George Washington, benannt.

Die Verkehrsanbindung des Ortes ist durch den Interstate 192, der von Nordosten nach Südwesten durch den Ort zieht und ihn mit den Städten Leominster und Worcester verbindet, gegeben. Dem lokalen Flugverkehr dient ein kleiner Flughafen in einer Entfernung von etwa 3,5 km vom Ortskern. Eine seit 1848 bestehende Bahnverbindung dient seit 1961 nur noch dem Güterverkehr.

Seit der Saison 2007/2008 ist die Umgebung der Town Austragungsort einiger Querfeldeinrennen im Radsport.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Prentiss Mellen (1764–1840), Senator
 Le Gage Pratt (1852–1911), Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus

Umliegende Gemeinden
Alle Angaben in Luftlinie.

 Norden: Leominster, 10 km
 Nordosten: Lowell, 42 km
 Osten: Boston, 58 km
 Südosten: Marlborough, 19 km
 Süden: Worcester, 19 km
 Westen: Amherst, 63 km
 Nordwesten: Gardner, 24 km

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website
 Geschichtlicher Abriss auf den Seiten der Sterling Historical Society (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Gemeindegründung 1720

Sterling (Massachusetts)


Neuschwanstein Şatosu veya Neuschwanstein Kalesi (Almanca: Schloss Neuschwanstein, ), Almanya'nın Bavyera eyaletine bağlı Füssen yakınlarındaki Hohenschwangau kasabası yakınında bulunan sarp bir tepeye kurulmuş olan, 6 katlı, 19. yüzyıl Neo-romantizm mimari stiliyle yapılan kaledir. Günümüzde Würzburg ile Füssen'i birbirlerine bağlayan Romantische Straße'nin duraklarından biri olarak turistlerin yoğun ilgisini çekmektedir.

Bavyera Kralı II. Ludwig'in isteğiyle saray ressamı Christian Jank tarafından Neue Burg Hohenschwangau olarak tasarlanarak 5 Eylül 1869 tarihinde inşaatına başlandı ve 1886 yılında kullanılabilecek hale getirildi.

II. Ludwig, Neuschwanstein dışında Linderhof Kalesi ve Herrenchiemsee Kalesi'nin de inşaatlarını başlattı ve Falkenstein Kalesi'ni planladı. II. Ludwing, gereksiz harcamalar yaptığı gerekçesiyle Starnberg Gölü yakınında bulunan Berg Kalesi'nde hapsedildi ve göl kenarında öldü.

Disneyland

Disneyland, Disneyland Paris (Parc Disneyland Paris) ve Hong Kong Disneyland (香港迪士尼樂園 Hong Kong Desney Cenneti)'da bulunan Uyuyan Güzel Şatosu'nun modeli oldu.

Galeri
 Neuschwanstein Şatosu'ndan panoramik görüntü

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmî site .
 All About Neuschwanstein
 Neuschwanstein Şatosu
 Neuschwanstein Pictures
 Neuschwanstein Castle
 Floor Plan
 Webcam.
 Many 360° panoramas, with locations on three floor plans  on ZDF site (requires Flash version 9 or higher).
 Several 360° panoramas

Bavyera'daki kaleler
Almanya'nın ulusal sembolleri
II. Ludwig (Bavyera kralı)
19. yüzyılda Bavyera'da kurulan oluşumlar
1880'lerde Almanya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1886'da Avrupa'da kurulan oluşumlar
1886'da tamamlanan yapılar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yapılar

Neuschwanstein Şatosu


Davide Mandelli (Monza, 28 de junio de 1977) es un futbolista italiano que juega como defensor. Actualmente juega para el Lumezzane

Se inició su carrera en AC Monza, después de jugar algunos clubes de divisiones inferiores, se unió a AC Torino y Siena y Chievo recientemente. Con este último jugó la temporada 2006/07 de la Champions League y la UEFA Europa League aunque sin éxitos algunos en ambos.

Clubes

Futbolistas de Italia

Futbolistas de la Associazione Calcio Monza
Futbolistas de la Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Junior Biellese Libertas

Futbolistas del Varese Calcio Società Sportiva Dilettantistica
Futbolistas del Torino Football Club
Futbolistas de la Associazione Calcio Robur Siena 1904
Futbolistas de la Associazione Calcio ChievoVerona
Nacidos en Monza

Davide Mandelli


Le Felicity Ace est un cargo porte-conteneurs-roulier panamaméen appartenant à la compagnie Mitsui O.S.K. Lines. Mis en service en 2005, il subit un important incendie en février 2022 dans l'océan Atlantique avant son naufrage au large des Açores le .

Naufrage
Le navire reliait l'Allemagne aux États-Unis, il contenait notamment des véhicules de luxe (par exmemple Audi, Bentley, Lamborghini et Porsche), l'incendie est déclaré le  et se serait déclenché sur des batteries lithium-ion présentes sur les véhicules. Les 22 membres d'équipage sont évacués du navire sains et saufs, la procédure de remorquage débute le , cependant le navire subît une gîte et coule le , il repose à environ  de profondeur.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Felicity Ace sur MarineTraffic.com

Navire de commerce
Bateau lancé en 2005
Porte-conteneurs
Février 2022
Épave de l'océan Atlantique
Navire coulé en 2022

Felicity Ace


An Pseudovanilla ponapensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ryozo Kanehira ngan Yoshimatsu Yamamoto, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Pseudovanilla ponapensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pseudovanilla, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pseudovanilla

Pseudovanilla ponapensis


Carmel Mallia () est un espérantiste maltais.

Biographie
Carmel Mallia nait le  à Qormi.

Œuvres

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Espérantiste maltais
Naissance en novembre 1929

Carmel Mallia


Events from the year 1826 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: George IV

Federal government
Parliament of Lower Canada: 12th
Parliament of Upper Canada: 9th

Governors
Governor of the Canadas: George Ramsay
Governor of New Brunswick: Howard Douglas
Governor of Nova Scotia: James Kempt
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith
Governor of Upper Canada: Peregrine Maitland

Events
June 8 – A mob of the ruling party, the Family Compact, destroy the Colonial Advocate's press at York. Wilton, Carol.  William Lyon Mackenzie, publisher, prosecutes and is awarded £625 in damages.
September 21 – Construction of the Rideau Canal begins.

Births
March 10 – Louis-Ovide Brunet, priest and botanist (died 1876)
March 17 – Alexander Morris, politician, Minister and 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (died 1889)
June 11 – James Colledge Pope, politician and 5th Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1885)
June 21 – Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, Governor General of Canada (died 1902)
June 23 – Louis Babel, priest (d. 1912)
June 29 – Robert Christie, Ontario businessman and politician (died 1914)
July 21 – Hugh Richardson, jurist (died 1913)
August 25 – Hector-Louis Langevin, lawyer, politician and a Father of Confederation (died 1906)
September 17 – Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion, journalist and politician (died 1866)

Deaths
November 18 – James Monk, chief justice

References

Canada
Years of the 19th century in Canada
1826 in North America

1826 in Canada


An Cryptocoryne in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Cryptocoryne in nahilalakip ha familia nga Araceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Cryptocoryne affinis
 Cryptocoryne alba
 Cryptocoryne albida
 Cryptocoryne annamica
 Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia
 Cryptocoryne auriculata
 Cryptocoryne bangkaensis
 Cryptocoryne beckettii
 Cryptocoryne bogneri
 Cryptocoryne bullosa
 Cryptocoryne ciliata
 Cryptocoryne cognata
 Cryptocoryne consobrina
 Cryptocoryne cordata
 Cryptocoryne coronata
 Cryptocoryne crispatula
 Cryptocoryne cruddasiana
 Cryptocoryne decus-silvae
 Cryptocoryne dewitii
 Cryptocoryne edithiae
 Cryptocoryne elliptica
 Cryptocoryne ferruginea
 Cryptocoryne fusca
 Cryptocoryne griffithii
 Cryptocoryne hudoroi
 Cryptocoryne ideii
 Cryptocoryne jacobsenii
 Cryptocoryne keei
 Cryptocoryne lingua
 Cryptocoryne longicauda
 Cryptocoryne mekongensis
 Cryptocoryne minima
 Cryptocoryne moehlmannii
 Cryptocoryne nevillii
 Cryptocoryne noritoi
 Cryptocoryne nurii
 Cryptocoryne pallidinervia
 Cryptocoryne parva
 Cryptocoryne pontederiifolia
 Cryptocoryne purpurea
 Cryptocoryne pygmaea
 Cryptocoryne retrospiralis
 Cryptocoryne schulzei
 Cryptocoryne scurrilis
 Cryptocoryne sivadasanii
 Cryptocoryne spiralis
 Cryptocoryne striolata
 Cryptocoryne thwaitesii
 Cryptocoryne timahensis
 Cryptocoryne uenoi
 Cryptocoryne undulata
 Cryptocoryne usteriana
 Cryptocoryne walkeri
 Cryptocoryne wendtii
 Cryptocoryne versteegii
 Cryptocoryne vietnamensis
 Cryptocoryne willisii
 Cryptocoryne villosa
 Cryptocoryne yujii
 Cryptocoryne zaidiana
 Cryptocoryne zukalii

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cryptocoryne

Cryptocoryne


අෂාන් ඩයස් (උපත 1981 මැයි 31) ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ නළුවෙකි. MBC Networks හි ප්‍රවෘත්ති නිවේදකයෙකු ලෙස ආරම්භ වූ ඩයස්, අලිමංකඩ, සරිගම සහ විජයබා කොල්ලය වැනි විචාරක පැසසුමට ලක් වූ චරිත කිහිපයක් සමඟ චරිතාංග නළුවෙකු බවට පත් විය.

ඔහු ටීවී දෙරණ හි විකාශය වූ රූපවාහිනී රියැලිටි වැඩසටහනක් වන ''තාත්වික'' වාර දෙකක් මෙහෙයවීය.

Personal life
ඔහු 1981 මැයි 31 වන දින රෝමානු කතෝලික පවුලක උපත ලැබීය. ඔහු ඉගෙන ගත්තේ මීගමුව මාරිස් ස්ටෙලා විද්‍යාලයෙනි. ඔහු ගණිත විෂය ධාරාවෙන් උසස් පෙළ අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරු අතර ඔහුට සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනෙක් සිටී.

Career
A/L වලින් පස්සේ මාස හයක් එයා ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පි යාලුවෙක් සමග වැඩ කලා. වාස්තු විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ ඉගෙනුම ලබන අතරතුර, ඔහු MTV/MBC ජාලයෙහි වාර්තාකරුවෙකු ලෙස අර්ධකාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඔහු MTV හි වාර්තාකරුවෙකු ලෙස ආරම්භ කළ අතර, ආවරණය, ප්‍රවෘත්ති ලිවීම සහ සංස්කරණය කිරීම සිදු කළේය. ප්‍රවෘත්ති වාර්තාකරුවෙකු ලෙස මාස පහකට පසු, ඩයස් Yes FM සඳහා ප්‍රවෘත්ති කියවීමට සහ පසුව MTV සඳහා ප්‍රවෘත්ති කියවීමට සම්බන්ධ විය. ඔහු අඟහරුවාදා සවස Yes FM සඳහා ප්‍රවෘත්ති කියවීමේ සහ සඳුදා සහ සිකුරාදා රාත්‍රියේ MTV සඳහා වැඩ කළේය.

රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරන කාලය තුළ, ඩයස් වැඩමුළු නාට්‍ය කිහිපයකින් වේදිකාව ආරම්භ කළේය. ඔහු "ලයන් කිං" නාට්‍යයේ "හයිනා" ලෙසද රඟපෑවේය. ඔහුගේ මංගල සිනමා අත්දැකීම 2008 චන්ද්‍රන් රත්නම් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද අලිමංකඩ චිත්‍රපටය හරහා පැමිණියේය. "කපිතාන් වසන්ත රත්නායක" ලෙස ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව විචාරකයන්ගේ නොමඳ පැසසුමට ලක්විය. 2016 වසරේ ඔහු "සිරි පැරකුම්" චිත්‍රපටයේ රඟපෑ "පතිරාජ සෙනෙවි" ගේ චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් හොඳම සහය නළුවාට හිමි හිරු ගෝල්ඩන් ෆිල්ම් සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

2019 දී ඔහු සෙසු නළු ජගත් මනුවර්ණ සමඟ දෙරණ ලක්ස් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේ සම පූරක භූමිකාව දරන ලදි. 2020 දී ඔහු ටීවී දෙරණ නාලිකාවේ "Cookout" කුකරි වැඩසටහන ඉදිරිපත් කළේය. 2020 දී ඔහු සඳුන් සෙනෙවිරත්න සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදක චාලි බ්‍රේ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද "විකාරි" විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ ත්‍රාසජනක චිත්‍රපටයේ රඟපෑවේය.

References

External links
 විජයබා කොල්ලයට දින 75 ක්

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිංහල ජනයා

අෂාන් ඩයස්


හැඳින්වීම

Apple II යනු දැන් Apple Inc. නමින් හැඳින්වෙන, එකල Apple Computer නම් වූ ආයතනය විසින් 1977දී වෙළඳපොළට නිකුත් කළ ඉතාමත්ම සාර්ථක වූ පළමු මයික්‍රෝ පරිගණකය යි. Apple I වලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් ඉහළ තාක්ෂණයකින් හෙබි මෙය මුල් යුගයේ බිහි වූ ගෘහ පරිගණක  (Home Computer) ගණයට ද අයත් යැයි සැලකිය හැකිය.

Apple ආයතනය ඉතා සාර්ථක ව්‍යාපාරයක් බවට පත් කළ මෙම නිර්මාණය 90 දශකය වන තෙක් ම ඉතා සුළු වෙනස් කිරීම් සහිතව Models ගණනාවක් වෙළඳපොළට නිකුත් කළ අතර එය මුල් යුගයේ පෞද්ගලික පරිගණක (Personal Computer) ගණයට අයත් සාර්ථකම පරිගණකයක් සේ සැලකේ.

1993 දී එහි නිෂ්පාදනය නවත් වන විට මිලියන 5ක් 6ක් අතරේ පරිගණක ප්‍රමාණයක් විකිණී තිබූ මෙම Apple II කාණ්ඩයේ පරිගණක, 80 දශකයේ අග භාගයේ සිට 90 දශකය වන තෙක් ඇමෙරිකානු අධ්‍යාපනයේ පිළි ගත් පරිගණකය විය

මෘදුකාංග

මුල් Apple II පරිගණකවල වූයේ එක තුළ ම වූ BASIC නම් පරිගණක භාෂාව පමණෙකි. එහි මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතිය ( Operating System) ලෙස සැලකිය හැකි වූයේ මෙයයි. Apple II  සඳහා නිපදවුනු අති විශාල අධ්‍යාපනික වැඩ සටහන් මෙන්ම පරිගණක ක්‍රීඩා ද කෙලින්ම දෘඩාංගවලට සම්බන්ධ වී ක්‍රියාවට නැඟුනි. පසුව ඩිස්ක් ඩ්‍රයිව්ස් සඳහා Apple DOS නම්  මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතිය ( Operating System) ඉදිරිපත් කළ අතර එහි අවසන් Version  එක වූයේ "Apple DOS 3.3" යි.

CP/M නම් මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතිය (Operating System) මත WordStar, dBase II, Multiplan හා අනෙකුත් CP/M මෘදුකාංග  සමඟ වැඩ කිරීමට ද Apple II පරිගණකයට හැකියාව තිබිණ.

නිර්මාණය

Apple II පරිගණකය නිර්මාණය වූයේ සංකීර්ණ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික මෙවලමකට වඩා නිවසේ භාවිතා කළ හැකි හුරුබුහුටි උපකරණයක් ලෙසිනි. ලා කහ පැහැති කවරයක් සහිත වූ මෙම පරිගණකයට කිලෝ බයිට් 48 ක් (48 KB) දක්වා RAM එකක් තිබීම එකල හැටියට ඉතා හොඳ තත්වයක් විය. මෙම පරිගණකයට අධි විභේදක ග්‍රාෆික ආකාර (High Resolution Graphic Modes) කිහිපයක්ම තිබුණු අතර මුලින් Integer BASIC නම් පරිගණක භාෂාවත් පසුව AppleSoft BASIC නම් පරිගණක භාෂාවත් ඩිස්ක් වැනි කිසිවක් නොමැතිව ROM එක හරහා ම  භාවිතා කිරීමේ හැකියාව තිබිණ.

මාදිලි (Models)

මුල් කාලයේ Apple II නමින්ම මාදිලි ඉදිරිපත් වූ අතර පසුව ඒ නමට පසුව ඉංග්‍රීසි අකුරක් එකතු වී මාදිලියේ නම සෑදීම සිදු විය.

Apple II

මෙගා හර්ට්ස් 1ක (1 MHZ)  වේගයක් ඇති ව 6502 මයික්‍රෝ ප්‍රෝසෙසරය සහිතව 1977  ජූනි 5 වන දින මුල්ම Apple II පරිගණකය ලෝකයට එක් විය. එය කිලෝ බයිට් 4ක (4 KB) සසම්භාවී ප්‍රවේශ මතකයකින් (Random Access Memory - RAM) යුක්ත වූ අතර පඨක මාත්‍ර මතකය (Read Only Memory - ROM) තුළ  Integer BASIC නම් පරිගණක භාෂාව කවා එවන ලදී.තිරය තීරු 40කින් හා පේළි 24කින් යුක්ත වූ අතර තිරයේ දිස් වූයේ ලොකු අකුරු (Uppercase Letters)  පමණෙකි

Disk II නමින් හැඳින්වුනු බාහිරින් සවි කළ හැකි 5 1/4" නම්‍ය ඩිස්ක ධාවකය (Floppy Disk Drive) එකල පෞද්ගලික පරිගණක (Personal Computer) සඳහා වූ ලාභදායකම ඩිස්ක ධාවකය විය.

Apple II plus

1979 ජූනි මාසයේ ඉදිරිපත් වූ Apple II plus පරිගණකයේ AppleSoft BASIC නම් පරිගණක භාෂාව තිබූ අතර අනෙක් බොහෝ ලක්ෂණ අතින් එය කලින් Apple II පරිගණකයට සමාන විය. නමුත් කලින් මෙන් කිලෝ බයිට් 4රේ කුඩා මතකයන් වෙනුවට කිලෝ බයිට් 48 ප්‍රමාණයෙන් මතකයන්  නිකුත් වූ අතර එය කිලෝ බයිට් 64 ද්ක්වා දිගු කළ හැකි විය.

Apple IIe

1963දී වෙළඳපොළට නිකුත් කළ Apple IIe පරිගණකය වඩාත් ලාභදායී වූ අතර  වැඩි පහසුකම් වලින් ද සමන්විත විය. කිලෝ බයිට් 64ක මතකයක් සහිතව ඉදිරිපත් වූ මෙහි ලොකු හා කුඩා අකුරු (Uppercase & Lowercase) දෙවර්ගයම තිබීම  තවත් පහසුකමක් විය.

Apple II නිර්මාණ වැලෙහි වඩාත් ජ්නප්‍රියම පරිගණකය වූයේ Apple IIe  පරිගණකයයි. එසේම කුඩා වෙනස්කම් සහිතව වසර 11ක් පුරා පැවතුනු බැවින් දීර්ඝතම ආයු කාලයක් තිබියේ ද මෙම පරිගණකයටමයි.

Apple IIc

1984 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේ වෙළඳපොළට නිකුත් වූ Apple IIc පරිගණකය කිලෝ බයිට් 128ක මතකයකින් හා පරිගණකයටම සවි වූ 5 1/4" ඩිස්ක ධාවකයකින් සමන්විත විය. එහා මෙහා ගෙන යාම සඳහා හැඬලයකින් සමන්විත වූ මෙය සුදු පැහැයෙන් යුක්ත වූ අතර අනෙක් Apple II පරිගණක මෙන් නොව අභ්‍යන්තර Expansion Slots නොමැතිවම නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දක් විය.

Apple IIGS

මෙම නිර්මාණ වැලෙහි ඊළඟ සාමාජිකයා වූයේ නම් Apple IIGS පරිගණකයයි. 1986 සැප්තැම්බර් 15 දින වෙළඳපොළට නිකුත් වූ මෙය  බිට් 16යේ මයික්‍රෝ ප්‍රෝසෙසරයක් ලෙස සැලකේ
NeedToAddCategory

Apple II


Vargulina o Cypridina luciferina (IUPAC= 2-[3-[2-[(2S)-butan-2-il]-6-(1H-indol-3-il)-3-oxo-7H-imidazo[2,1-c]pirazin-8-il]propil]guanidina) es la luciferina que se encuentra en el ostrácodo Cypridina hilgendorfii también llamado Vargula hilgendorfii. y permite la emisión de una luz azul

Propiedades
 Formula molecular = C22H27N7O
 Masa molar = 405.496

Véase también
 Aequorina
 Bioluminiscencia
 Coelenteracina
 Fotoproteínas

Referencias

Bioluminiscencia

Vargulina


Das Birmingham Conservatoire ist eine Musikhochschule in Birmingham mit öffentlichen Konzertsälen. Das Konservatorium liegt am Paradise Place im Zentrum von Birmingham. Einrichtungen umfassen den Konzertsaal Adrian Boult Hall, der nach dem Dirigenten Adrian Boult benannt ist und 518 Sitze bietet, die Recital Hall, sechs Aufnahmestudios und eine Musikbibliothek mit ungefähr 95.000 Partituren und Stimmen sowie 10.000 Tonaufnahmen.

Geschichte
Es wurde 1886 als Birmingham School of Music gegründet, zunächst als Teil des Birmingham and Midland Institute, das seit 1859 bestand.

Aufführungen
Die Studenten treten regelmäßig in den Konzertsälen der Einrichtung auf, ebenso international bekannte Musiker wie Simon Rattle, Pierre Boulez, Sakari Oramo, Paul Spicer und Jeffrey Skidmore.

Lehre
Es gibt ungefähr 50 hauptamtliche Dozenten, darunter aktive Musiker, Komponisten und Musikwissenschaftler. Darüber hinaus lehren fast 200 Spezialisten als Tutoren und Gastdozenten. Das Konservatorium arbeitet mit anderen Musikhochschulen weltweit zusammen und ist am Austauschprogramm SOCRATES für Studenten und Lehrkräfte beteiligt.

Ungefähr 500 Studenten sind eingeschrieben in solistischen Fächern, Komposition, Kammermusik, Orchesterspiel, Musiktechnologie und Jazz.

Ausgewählte Dozenten
 Rutland Boughton, Komposition
 Denis Matthews, Klavier

Ausgewählte Absolventen
 Brian Ferneyhough, Komponist
 Albert Ketèlbey, Dirigent
 Rhydian Roberts, Bariton

Weblinks
 Homepage

Fußnoten

Bauwerk in Birmingham
Birmingham
Konzerthaus in England
Gegründet 1886
Organisation (Birmingham)
Musik (Birmingham)
Bildung in Birmingham

Birmingham Conservatoire


جائزة الشيخ ماجد بن محمد لنجوم الموسم هي جائزة كرة قدم تمنح الجائزة سنويا لنجوم موسم الدوري الإماراتي, فهي مبادرة من الشيخ ماجد بن محمد بن راشد أل مكتوم. و يتم التصويت من قبل ترشيح اللجنة 40% من مجموع الأصوات التي تحدد الفائزين فيما يمثل رأي الجمهور 60% من الأصوات.

تفاصيل الجائزة

تمنح لأفضل لاعب مواطن ويحصل على 200 ألف درهم وسيارة فاخرة وأفضل لاعب أجنبي وحارس ولاعب ناشئ بواقع 100 ألف درهم وكأس لكل فائز، كما يحصل على نفس القيمة أفضل مدرب مواطن وأفضل مدرب عام وأفضل إداري وحكم وأفضل جمهور.

كما يحصل على 100 ألف درهم وكأس التفوق من يختاره سمو الشيخ مايد لجائزة التميز الخاصة، وقد تكون لأفضل عمل إعلامي أو إداري أو غيره من عناصر المنظومة الكروية.

الفائزين

هداف الدوري

أفضل لاعب إماراتي

أفضل لاعب أجنبي

أفضل لاعب صاعد

أفضل حارس مرمى

أفضل مدرب

أفضل إداري

أفضل حكم

أفضل حكم مساعد

أفضل جمهور

وصلات خارجية

جائزة الشيخ ماجد بن محمد لنجوم الموسم

جوائز كرة قدم عربية

جائزة الشيخ ماجد بن محمد لنجوم الموسم


Knut Magne Valle, poznatiji kao Møllarn i Phantom FX (Gjerstad, Norveška, 5. kolovoza 1974.), norveški je heavy metal- glazbenik, gitarist, skladatelj i producent.

Najpoznatiji je kao gitarist sastava avangardnog metala Arcturus, kojem se pridružio 1996. nakon objave albuma Aspera Hiems Symfonia. Također je vlasnik glazbenog studija Mølla i profesor gitare u školi Gitarskolen. Bio je i gitarist sastava Ulver.

Ima suprugu i troje djece.

Diskografija

 Arcturus

 La Masquerade Infernale (1997.)
 The Sham Mirrors (2002.)
 Sideshow Symphonies (2005.)
 Arcturian (2015.)

 Kao gost

 Ulver – Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1998.)
 Fleurety – Department of Apocalyptic Affairs (2000.)
 Ancestral Legacy – Nightmare Diaries (2010.)

 Kao producent

 Arcturus – La Masquerade Infernale (1997.)
 Mayhem – Wolf's Lair Abyss (1997.)
 Ulver – Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hel (1998.)
 Aura Noir – Deep Tracts of Hell (1998.)
 Ragnarok – Diabolical Age (2000.)
 Fleurety – Department of Apocalyptic Affairs (2000.)
 Arcturus – The Sham Mirrors (2002.)
 Arcturus – Sideshow Symphonies (2005.)
 Mayhem – Ordo Ad Chao (2007.)
 Ravencult – Temples of Torment (2007.)
 Ancestral Legacy – Nightmare Diaries (2010.)
 Nidingr – Wolf-Father (2010.)
 Lord Impaler – Admire the Cosmos Black (2011.)
 Mayhem – Esoteric Warfare (2014.)
 Among Gods – Monument (2014.)
 Arcturus – Arcturian (2015.)
 Vanvidd – Vanvidd (2016.)
 Vorbid – Mind (2018.)

Izvori

Norveški gitaristi heavy metala

Knut Magne Valle


Nordmeyer ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Arnold Nordmeyer (1901–1989), neuseeländischer Pfarrer und Politiker
 Carolin Nordmeyer (* 1975), deutsche Dirigentin
 Christopher Nordmeyer (* 1967), deutscher Handballspieler und Handballtrainer
 Henry Nordmeyer (1891–1981), amerikanischer Philologe, Germanist und Hochschullehrer
 Jonas Nordmeyer (1805–1874), deutscher Landwirt und Politiker
 Karin Nordmeyer (* 1941), deutsche Menschenrechts- und Frauenrechtsaktivistin

Siehe auch:

 Nordmeier

Nordmeyer


Indiaporã es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 19º58'48" sur y a una longitud 50º17'23" oeste, estando a una altitud de 440 metros. La ciudad tiene una población de 3.903 habitantes (IBGE/2010). Indiaporã pertenece a la Microrregión de Fernandópolis.

Geografía
Posee un área de 279,6 km².

Clima
El clima de Indiaporã puede ser clasificado como clima tropical de sabana (Aw), de acuerdo con la clasificación climática de Köppen.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 3.903
 Urbana: 3.379
 Rural: 524
 Hombres: 1.920
 Mujeres: 1.983
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 13,96

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 15,97

Expectativa de vida (años): 71,17

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,02

Tasa de alfabetización: 86,03%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,772
 IDH-M Salario: 0,692
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,769
 IDH-M Educación: 0,856
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Indiaporã en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

Indiaporã


Esta é uma lista de ministros dos Direitos Humanos e da Cidadania do Brasil.

Nova República (6.ª República)

Direitos Humanos

Lista de ministros de Direitos Humanos do Brasil


Alexandra Christina, Countess of Frederiksborg, , formerly Princess Alexandra of Denmark, (née Manley; born 30 June 1964) is the former wife of Prince Joachim of Denmark, the younger son of Margrethe II of Denmark.

She was born in Hong Kong and is of mixed Asian-European ancestry. She was introduced to Prince Joachim in 1994. They married in 1995 and had two sons together, then divorced in 2005.

Early life and family
Of English, Chinese, and Austrian ancestry, Alexandra Manley (文雅麗) was born in Hong Kong, as the eldest of three daughters of Richard Nigel Manley (born in Shanghai, China on 11 August 1924 to a father of English and Chinese ancestry who died on 12 January 2010, buried 10 February 2010 in Liesing Cemetery, Vienna) and Christa Maria Manley (born Christa Maria Nowotny in Austria in 1933 and died on 5 January 2023 in Vienna (Austria). Her father was an insurance company executive and her mother was the manager of a communications company. She was baptized at the Cathedral of Saint John, Hong Kong. She attended Quarry Bay Junior School (1969–1971), Glenealy School (1971–1974) and Island School (1974–1982), all in Hong Kong.

Manley studied international business at Vienna University of Economics and Business in Austria. She also went to Japan and England for studies. It is not known whether she obtained a university degree. From 1990 to 1995, she was employed by GT Management (Asia) Ltd., Hong Kong, where from 1990 to 1993 she worked in Sales and Marketing and from 1993 as a deputy chief executive of that department.

First marriage and children
Alexandra met Prince Joachim at a private dinner in Hong Kong in January 1994, where he was working for a Danish shipping company. After a whirlwind courtship, thought to have begun in late 1994, Prince Joachim presented Alexandra with a diamond and ruby engagement ring while on vacation in the Philippines. Their engagement was officially announced in May 1995.

They were married on 18 November 1995, by Queen Margrethe's Chaplain-in-Ordinary, in Frederiksborg Castle Church, the Chapel of the Order of the Elephant, in Hillerød. The wedding festivities were held at Fredensborg Palace. The bride's gown was designed by Jørgen Bender and she wore the Alexandrine Drop Tiara, originally the property of Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which was a wedding gift from Queen Margrethe.

When Alexandra married Joachim, she gave up her career in marketing. It is believed that she had renounced her British citizenship prior to become a Danish citizen upon her marriage.

During their 9-year marriage, Joachim and Alexandra welcomed two sons. On 28 August 1999, Count Nikolai, the first grandchild of the Queen and Prince Consort, was born. His younger brother, Count Felix, followed three years later on 22 July 2002.

Life as a princess
Alexandra became popular with the Danish people. Known for her fashion sense and charity work, she was dubbed the Diana of the North. She is a native English and German speaker (through her father and mother, respectively), and her fluency in German helped her pick up the Danish language quickly. Within a few months, she spoke it nearly without an accent, which further endeared her to the Danes. As she said in an interview, "I don't find the grammar especially difficult, but the pronunciation can be hard, since we swallow some of our words. It reminds me a little of Chinese, with the glottal stop … Saying something with an upswing or a downswing can give a word an entirely different meaning," she explained. "It was my decision to learn the language immediately. It would have been terrible to have to stand up and speak English at an engagement, or thank someone for something. It would have been utterly wrong. This is my home, and so there was no other option".

Both during and after her marriage, she was involved in numerous philanthropic pursuits, including the Youth Red Cross, the Danish Society for the Blind, UNICEF, and single mothers' advocacy group, Mother Help. She also served as a UNICEF ambassador when she travelled to Thailand to visit HIV/AIDS patients.

End of marriage
On 16 September 2004, Alexandra and Joachim announced their separation and eventual intention to divorce. It would be the first in the Royal Family since 1846. The Folketing decided to put Alexandra on the civil list for life, independent of her possible future remarriage. Alexandra's payments of her new yearly allowance of 2.1m kroner (US$330,000) started retroactively from 1 October 2004. The couple divorced on 8 April 2005.

On 23 June 2017, she announced that she would renounce her entitlement to the Danish civil list in July 2020, coinciding with the 18th birthday of Prince Felix.

Second marriage and current life
As early as mid-2005, there were reports and pictures of Alexandra with Martin Jørgensen, the son of Jacob Jørgensen, a well-known film producer whose company, JJ Film, has produced – and continues to produce – numerous documentaries in which the Danish royal family has participated.

Alexandra married Martin Jørgensen on 3 March 2007 in a private ceremony at Øster Egede Church near Fakse. She was walked down the aisle by her sons, Nikolai (aged nearly 7) and Felix (aged nearly 5). Aside from the young princes, no one from the Danish royal family attended the ceremony. As a result of her remarriage Alexandra lost her title as a Princess of Denmark and ceased to be a member of the Danish Royal Family. In September 2015, it was announced that Jørgensen and the Countess were divorcing after eight and a half years of marriage. The Countess had cited differences in values as the reason for the divorce. The divorce was finalised in 2015.

In 2007, the Countess of Frederiksborg joined the Danish board of directors of Ferring Pharmaceuticals. In 2017, it was announced that she would take up the position of Poling Chair of Business and Government at the Indiana University Kelley School of Business.

Alexandra still occasionally attends events with her former husband and the rest of the Danish royal family. Among other events, in 2012, she attended a gala performance at Koncerthuset in honour of Queen Margrethe II's 40th jubilee, and in 2018, she attended the gala dinner for her former brother-in-law Crown Prince Frederik's 50th birthday at Christiansborg Palace.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Alexandra Manley became known as "Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra of Denmark" upon her marriage to Prince Joachim. After her divorce, she assumed the lesser style of "Her Highness" and was granted the additional title "Countess of Frederiksborg". She lost her princely title upon remarriage and became known as "Her Excellency Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg".

Honours

National honours
 :
 Knight of the Order of the Elephant (R.E.)
 Member of the Royal Family Decoration of Queen Margrethe II
 Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the Silver Jubilee of Queen Margrethe II

Foreign honours
 : Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 : Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau
 : Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania

Arms

References

External links
 About us – Board of directors: Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg – website Ferring Pharmaceuticals

People educated at Island School
People educated at Glenealy School
1964 births
Danish princesses
Danish countesses
Princesses by marriage
Hong Kong women
Living people
Danish people of Czech descent
Danish people of Austrian descent
Danish people of English descent
Danish people of Chinese descent
Hong Kong people of Czech descent
Hong Kong people of Austrian descent
Hong Kong people of English descent
Naturalised citizens of Denmark
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania

Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg


Roberta Hilarius Reichhardt (født 17. september 1996) er dansk skuespillerinde, som især er kendt for TV 2 Zulu-serien SJIT Happens.

Roberta Reichhardt er datter af skuespiller og teaterchef Peter Reichhardt og dramatiker Line Knutzon.

Reichhardt har også spillet mindre roller i film som Flaskepost fra P og En to tre nu samt en større birolle i filmen Comeback.

Hun spiller stuepigen Fie i julekalenderen Julehjertets hemmelighed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark

Roberta Reichhardt


Johann Nopp, latinisiert auch Johannes Noppius, (* unbekannt; † 2. Juni 1642 in Aachen) war ein deutscher Jurist und Chronist der Geschichte der Stadt Aachen.

Leben
Johann Nopp war Mitglied der Gesellschaft "Zum Bock", welche die dritte Gaffel Aachens bildete. Ihr gehörten meist Gelehrte und Beamte an. 1629 wurde er zum Vorstand (Gräf) der Gesellschaft ernannt. 1634 folgte die Wahl zum Sekretär des Sendgerichts, wo er später auch die Stelle eines Syndikus beim dortigen Schöffengericht bekleidete. Nopp war verheiratet mit Kunigunde Heusch, einer Tochter des Aachener Baumeisters Johann Heusch, mit der er fünf Kinder, drei Söhne und zwei Töchter, hatte.

Werk
Aufbauend auf Peter von Beecks Chronik Aquisgranum veröffentlichte Nopp 1632 eine Geschichte der Stadt Aachen unter dem Titel: Aacher Chronick, das ist eine kurtze, historische Beschreibung aller gedenckwürdiger Antiquitäten und Geschichten, sampt zugefügten Privilegien und Statuten. Auctore Joanne Noppio SS. LL. Doctore et Advocato etc. Gedruckt wurde das Werk in Köln bei Hartger Woringen. Nopps Chronik geht weit über der von Beecks hinaus durch eine starke Erweiterung und die Gliederung in drei Bücher. Das 1. Buch gibt eine Darstellung der Aachener Topographie und Verfassungsgeschichte, das Zweite widmet sich den historischen Ereignissen von 814 bis 1630 und das Dritte dokumentiert zahlreiche Urkunden. Die herausragende Bedeutung der Aacher Chronick wurde auch durch den Gebrauch der deutschen Sprache begünstigt.

Literatur
 Friedrich Haagen: Geschichte Achens von seinen Anfängen bis zur neuesten Zeit. Band 2: Vom Jahre 1400–1865. Aachen 1874. S. 65, 144, 188, 268.

 Hugo Loersch: Aachener Rechtsdenkmäler aus dem 13., 14. und 15. Jahrhundert. Bonn 1871. S. 3.
 Christian Quix: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Aachen und ihrer Umgebungen. Mit 14 Urkunden, Dritter Band, Jacob Anton Mayer, 1838.
 Max Wohlhage: Aachen im Dreissigjährigen Kriege. Aachen 1911.

Weblinks
 Johann Nopp: Aacher Chronick : das ist eine kurtze historische Beschreibung aller gedenckwürdigen Antiquitäten und Geschichten ... zusamen getragen und publicirt von erster Stifftung und Fundation obgemelter Statt biß an das Jahr unsers Erlösers 1630., Cölln 1632. (online).

Einzelnachweise

Jurist in der Frühen Neuzeit
Autor
Literatur (17. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Schriftsteller (Aachen)
Deutscher
Geboren im 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1642
Mann

Johann Nopp


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