Edmund Gurney (23 March 184723 June 1888) was an English psychologist and  parapsychologist. At the time the term for research of paranormal activities was "psychical research".

Early life

Gurney was born at Hersham, near Walton-on-Thames.  He was educated at Blackheath and at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1866, where he took fourth place in the classical tripos and obtained a fellowship in 1872.  His work for the tripos was done, said his friend F. W. H. Myers, in the intervals of his practice on the piano.  Dissatisfied with his own executive skill as a musician, he wrote The Power of Sound (1880), an essay on the philosophy of music.

He then studied medicine with no intention of practising, devoting himself to physics, chemistry and physiology. In 1880 he passed the second M.B. Cambridge (medical science).  In 1881 he began the study of law at Lincoln's Inn.

In relation to psychical research, he asked whether there is an unexplored region of human faculty transcending the normal limitations of sensible knowledge. Gurney's purpose was to approach the subject by observation and experiment, especially in the hypnotism field. He wanted to investigate the persistence of the conscious human personality after the death of the body. Three of his sisters died when their barge overturned in the Nile River during a tour of Egypt in 1875. Their passing profoundly affected him and his research was partially fueled by a desire to find some meaning to their deaths.

Experimental work

Gurney began at what he later saw was the wrong end by studying, with Myers, the séances of professed spiritualistic mediums (1874–1878). Little but detection of imposture came of this. In 1882 the Society for Psychical Research was founded. Paid mediums were discarded, at least for the time, and experiments were made in thought-transference and hypnotism. Personal evidence as to uninduced hallucinations was also collected.

The first results are embodied in the volumes of Phantasms of the Living, a vast collection (Frank Podmore, Myers and Gurney), and in Gurney's essay, Hallucinations. Evidence for the process called telepathy was supposed to be established by the experiments chronicled in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, and it was argued that similar experiences occurred spontaneously, as, for example, in the many recorded instances of deathbed wraiths. The dying man was supposed to convey the hallucination of his presence as one living person experimentally conveys his thought to another, by thought-transference.

Gurney's hypnotic experiments were undertaken in the years 1885 to 1888. Their tendency was, in Myers's view, to prove that there is sometimes, in the induction of hypnotic phenomena, some agency at work which is neither ordinary nervous stimulation nor suggestion conveyed by any ordinary channel to the subject's mind. These results, if accepted, would corroborate the idea of telepathy. Experiments by Joseph Gibert, Paul Janet, Charles Richet, Méricourt and others were cited as tending in the same direction.

Other experiments dealt with the relation of the memory in the hypnotic state to the memory in another hypnotic state, and of both to the normal memory. Gurney's research into psychic matters was respected by contemporaries.  However, it has since then been argued to be deeply flawed: Gurney trusted in the assistance of one George Albert Smith, a theatrical performer and producer.  Smith was the one handling the actual experiments into telepathy, hypnotism, and the rest, and Gurney fully accepted his results.  According to Trevor Hall in his study The Strange Case of Edmund Gurney, in the spring of 1888 Gurney discovered that Smith had used his knowledge of theatrical trickery and stage illusion to fake tests and results; so that the value of the tests (with which Gurney was building up his reputation) were worthless.  Douglas Blackburn, Smith's principal partner in the mentalist performances and experiments, publicly admitted fraud in 1908 and again in 1911, although Smith denied it.

Death
He died at Brighton on 23 June 1888, from the effects of an overdose of chloroform.  At the inquest, Arthur Thomas Myers, the brother of F.W.H. Myers, testified to having prescribed chloroform for neuralgia, and a verdict of accidental death was recorded.  It was widely thought at the time that Gurney might have committed suicide, and Alice James recorded this in her diary.

Trevor Hall has argued the case that Gurney's death was suicide, resulting from disillusionment after discovering the frauds of Blackburn and Smith.  Gordon Epperson argues against this hypothesis and Janet Oppenheim concludes that "the mystery is not likely to be resolved".

Works
In addition to his work on music and his psychological writings, he was the author of Tertium Quid (1887), a collection of essays, the title a protest against one-sided ideas and methods of discussion.

Personal life
In 1877 Gurney married Kate Sara Sibley.  They had one daughter, Helen, born in 1881.  After Gurney's death, Kate married Archibald Grove, a journalist and politician, in 1889.

See also
 Palm Sunday Case

References

Sources

Attribution:

Further reading

1847 births
1888 deaths
People from Hersham
People from Brighton
British parapsychologists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge

Edmund Gurney


Gundeby (dansk) eller Gunneby (tysk) er en landsby beliggende ved Gundeby Nor nord for Slien i landskabet Angel i Sydslesvig, halvvejs mellem Kjus og Lindå tæt ved Dytnæs. Administrativ hører landsbyen under Ulsnæs kommune i Slesvig-Flensborg kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten i det nordlige Tyskland, før 1. februar 1974 hørte Gundeby under Kjus kommune. I den danske tid (og stadig i kirkelig henseende) hørte landsbyen under Ulsnæs Sogn (Slis Herred) i Hertugdømmet Slesvig, som var dansk lensområde.

Gundeby blev første gang nævnt i 1352. Stednavnet henviser til personnavnet Gunne. Området ned ved Slien kaldes for Dalager (Dallacker). Landsbyen hørte efter 1527 under Lindå gods. Med ophævelsen af stavnsbåndet / livsegenskabet i 1783 kom Gundeby med 5 gårde og 12 kådnersted (husmandssted) igen under Slis Herred. Samme år blev landsbyens første skole indviet. I 1930 blev der etableret et frivilligt brandværn.

Både den danske jounalist og politker Gustav Johannsen (1840-1901) og den slesvigske maler Heinrich Hinrichsen (1832-1925) er født i Gundeby.

Noter

Angel
Slien

Gundeby


Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids (1857–1942) was a British writer and translator. She made a contribution to economics before becoming widely known as an editor, translator, and interpreter of Buddhist texts in the Pāli language. She was honorary secretary of the Pāli Text Society from 1907, and its president from 1923 to 1942.

Early life and education

Caroline Augusta Foley was born on 27 September 1857 in Wadhurst, East Sussex, England to John Foley and Caroline Elizabeth Foley (née Windham). She was born into a family with a long ecclesiastic history: her father, John Foley, served as the vicar of Wadhurst from 1847 to 1888; her grandfather and great grandfather had served as rector of Holt, Worcestershire and vicar of Mordiford, Herefordshire, respectively.

Two years before her birth, five of her siblings died within one month in December 1855/January 1856 from diphtheria and are commemorated in the church of St Peter and St Paul, Wadhurst. One surviving brother, John Windham Foley (1848–1926), became a missionary in India and another, Charles Windham Foley (1856–1933), played in three FA Cup Finals for Old Etonians, being on the winning side in 1852; he later had a career as a solicitor.

Rhys Davids was home schooled by her father and then attended University College, London studying philosophy, psychology, and economics (PPE). She completed her BA in 1886 and an MA in philosophy in 1889. During her time at University College, she won both the John Stuart Mill Scholarship and the Joseph Hume Scholarship. It was her psychology tutor George Croom Robertson who "sent her to Professor Rhys Davids", her future husband, to further her interest in Indian philosophy. She also studied Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy with Reinhold Rost. Thomas Rhys Davids was elected a fellow of University College in 1896. Caroline Rhys Davids was awarded an honorary D.Litt. degree by the Victoria University of Manchester (today University of Manchester) in 1919.

Career

As a student, she was already a prolific writer and a vocal campaigner in the movements for poverty relief, children's rights, and women's suffrage.

Before moving into Buddhist studies, Rhys Davids made a contribution to Economics. She wrote seventeen entries for Palgrave Dictionary of Political Economy (1894-99/1910), including "Rent of ability," "Science, Economic, as distinguished from art," "Statics, Social, and social dynamics," as well as twelve biographical entries. Her entry, "Fashion, economic influence of," was related to her 1893 Economic Journal article, "Fashion," and reflects an unusual economic interest (see Fullbrook 1998). She also translated articles for the Economic journal from the German, French and Italian, including Carl Menger's influential 1892 article "On the Origin of Money". In 1896 Rhys Davids published two sets of lecture notes by her former teacher and mentor George Croom Robertson: one on psychology and one on philosophy. Rhys Davids was on the editorial board of the Economic Journal from 1891 to 1895.

T. W. Rhys Davids encouraged his then pupil Caroline to pursue Buddhist studies and do research about Buddhist psychology and the place of women in Buddhism.  Thus, among her first works were a translation of the Dhamma Sangani, a text from the Theravāda Abhidhamma Piṭaka, which she published under the title A Buddhist manual of psychological ethics: Being a translation, now made for the first time, from the original Pāli, of the first book in the Abhidhamma Piṭaka, entitled: Dhamma-sangaṇi (Compendium of States or Phenomena) (1900); a second early translation was that of the Therīgāthā, a canonical work of verses traditionally ascribed to early Buddhist nuns (under the title Psalms of the Sisters [1909]).

Rhys Davids held two academic positions: Lecturer in Indian Philosophy at Victoria University of Manchester (today University of Manchester) (1910–1913); and Lecturer in the History of Buddhism at the School of Oriental Studies, later renamed the School of Oriental and African Studies (1918–1933). While teaching, she simultaneously acted as the Honorary Secretary of the Pāli Text Society which had been started by T. W. Rhys Davids to transcribe and translate Pāli Buddhist texts in 1881.  She held that position from 1907 until her husband's death in 1922; the following year, she took his place as President of the Society.

Her translations of Pāli texts were at times idiosyncratic, but her contribution as editor, translator, and interpreter of Buddhist texts was considerable. She was one of the first scholars to translate Abhidhamma texts, known for their complexity and difficult use of technical language.  She also translated large portions of the Sutta Piṭaka, or edited and supervised the translations of other PTS scholars.  Beyond this, she also wrote numerous articles and popular books on Buddhism; it is in these manuals and journal articles where her controversial volte-face towards several key points of Theravāda doctrine can first be seen.

After the death of her son in 1917 and her husband in 1922, Rhys Davids turned to Spiritualism. She became particularly involved in various forms of psychic communication with the dead, first attempting to reach her dead son through seances and then through automatic writing.  She later claimed to have developed clairaudience, as well as the ability to pass into the next world when dreaming.  She kept extensive notebooks of automatic writing, along with notes on the afterlife and diaries detailing her experiences. These notes form part of her archive jointly held by the University of Cambridge and the University of London.

Although earlier in her career she accepted more mainstream beliefs about Buddhist teachings, later in life she rejected the concept of anatta as an "original" Buddhist teaching.  She appears to have influenced several of her students in this direction, including A. K. Coomaraswamy, F. L. Woodward, and I. B. Horner.

Family

Caroline Augusta Foley married Thomas William Rhys Davids in 1894. They had three children: Vivien Brynhild Caroline Foley Rhys Davids (1895–1978), Arthur Rhys Davids (1897–1917), and Nesta Enid (1900–1973).

Vivien won the Clara Evelyn Mordan Scholarship to St Hugh's College, Oxford in 1915, later serving as a Surrey County Councillor, and receiving an MBE in 1973. Arthur was a gifted scholar and a decorated World War I fighter ace, but was killed in action in 1917. Neither Vivien nor Nesta married or had children.

Rhys Davids died suddenly in Chipstead, Surrey on 26 June 1942. She was 84.

Works and translations

Books
Buddhism: A Study of the Buddhist Norm (1912)
Buddhist Psychology: An Inquiry into the Analysis and Theory of Mind in Pāli Literature (1914)
Old Creeds and New Needs (1923)
The Will to Peace (1923)
Will & Willer (1926)
Gotama the Man (1928)
Sakya: or, Buddhist Origins (1928)
Stories of the Buddha : Being Selections from the Jataka (1929)
Kindred Sayings on Buddhism (1930)
The Milinda-questions : An Inquiry into its Place in the History of Buddhism with a Theory as to its Author (1930)
A Manual of Buddhism for Advanced Students (1932)
Outlines of Buddhism: A Historical Sketch (1934)
Buddhism: Its Birth and Dispersal (1934) - A completely rewritten work to replace Buddhism: A Study of the Buddhist Norm (1912)
Indian Religion and Survival: A Study (1934)
The Birth of Indian Psychology and its Development in Buddhism (1936)
To Become or not to Become (That is the Question!): Episodes in the History of an Indian Word (1937)
What is your Will (1937) - A rewrite of Will & Willr
What was the original gospel in 'Buddhism'? (1938)
More about the Hereafter (1939)
Wayfarer's Words, V. I-III - A compilation of most of C. A. F. Rhys Davids articles and lectures, mostly from the latter part of her career.  V. I (1940), V. II (1941), V. III (1942 - posthumously)

Translations
A Buddhist manual of psychological ethics or Buddhist Psychology, of the Fourth Century B.C., being a translation, now made for the first time, from the Original Pāli of the First Book in the Abhidhamma-Piţaka, entitled Dhamma-Sangaṇi (Compendium of States or Phenomena) (1900).  (Includes an original 80-page introduction.) Reprint currently available from Kessinger Publishing. .
Psalms of the Early Buddhists: Volume I. Psalms of the Sisters. By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. London: Pāli Text Society, 1909, at  A Celebration of Women Writers
Points of controversy; or, Subjects of discourse; being a translation of the Kathā-vatthu from the Abhidhamma-piṭaka, Co-authored with Shwe Zan Aung (1915)

Articles

On the Will in Buddhism By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. (1898) pp. 47–59
Notes on Early Economic Conditions in Northern India By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. (1901) pp. 859–888
The Soul-Theory in Buddhism By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1903) pp. 587–591
Buddhism and Ethics By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Buddhist Review Vol. 1 No. 1. (1909) pp. 13–23
Intellect and the Khandha Doctrine By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Buddhist Review. Vol. 2. No. 1 (1910) pp. 99–115
Pāli Text Society By Shwe Zan Aung and C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. (1917) pp. 403–406
 The Patna Congress and the "Man" By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. (1929) pp. 27–36
Original Buddhism and Amṛta By C. A. F. Rhys Davids. Melanges chinois et bouddhiques. July 1939. pp. 371–382

See also
 Buddhism and psychology
 Indian psychology

Notes

References
'DAVIDS, Caroline A. F. Rhys', in Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2014. (online edn, April 2014) accessed 28 Sept 2017
Neal, Dawn. (2014) The Life and Contributions of CAF Rhys Davids. The Sati Journal, 2: 15–31. https://www.academia.edu/11805005/The_Life_and_Contributions_of_CAF_Rhys_Davids

Wickremeratne, Ananda. The Genesis of an Orientalist: Thomas William Rhys Davids and Buddhism in Sri Lanka.  Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984.  .

External links
Mrs. Rhys Davids' Dialogue with Psychology (1893-1924) By Teresina Rowell Havens. Philosophy East & West. V. 14 (1964) pp. 51–58
Records of Caroline Rhys Davids at Senate House Library, University of London

University of Cambridge Library Archive Collection - Rhys Davids Family

British economists
British women economists
English Indologists
English Theosophists
Buddhist translators
Pali–English translators
Pali
People from Wadhurst
1857 births
1942 deaths
British scholars of Buddhism
Alumni of University College London

Caroline Rhys Davids


HMS Attacker (D02) was an American-built escort carrier that served with the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Converted from a merchantman under construction, she was commissioned by the United States Navy on 30 September 1942, as USS Barnes (CVE-7), a ; she was decommissioned and transferred to the Royal Navy on the same day under the Lend-Lease agreement.

Attacker served throughout the war, first as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic. After further conversion by the Royal Navy in October 1943, into an assault carrier, the ship was active in the Mediterranean, and later the war in the Pacific. In late August 1945, Attacker witnessed the Japanese surrender of Penang, in Malaya, as part of Operation Jurist.

Construction
The merchantman Steel Artisan was laid down on 17 April 1941, under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 171, by Western Pipe and Steel Company of San Francisco. She was renamed Barnes (AVG-7) on 3 September 1941, and launched on 27 September 1941. Barnes was towed to the Mare Island Navy Yard on 10 October 1941, for conversion to an escort carrier. On 1 March 1942, she was assigned to be transferred to the British under Lend-Lease. She was redesignated BACV-7 on 20 August 1942. Barnes was commissioned into the US Navy on 30 September 1942, and decommissioned and transferred to the Royal Navy on the same day. On 7 October 1942, she was commissioned into the Royal Navy as under the command of Captain Shirley-Rollison, RN.

Design and description
Attacker was the lead ship in what became the Royal Navy's  of 11 ships; one of 38 escort carriers built in the United States for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. The Western Pipe & Steel shipyards built three other ships in the class. Once completed she was supplied under the terms of Lend-Lease agreement to the Royal Navy. There was a ships complement of 646 men, who lived in crew accommodation that was significantly different from the arrangements that were normal for the Royal Navy at the time. The separate messes no longer had to prepare their own food, as everything was cooked in the galley and served cafeteria style in a central dining area. They were also equipped with a modern laundry and a barber shop. The traditional hammocks were replaced by three-tier bunk-beds, 18 to a cabin, which were hinged and could be tied up to provide extra space when not in use.

Attacker had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She displaced  at full load. Power was provided by two boilers feeding steam to a turbine driving one shaft, giving , which could propel the ship at .

She had the capacity for up to 24 aircraft which could be a mixture of anti-submarine and fighter aircraft; the British Hawker Sea Hurricane and Supermarine Seafire naval fighters, Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber or the American-supplied Grumman Martlet and Vought F4U Corsair fighters or Grumman Avenger torpedo bomber could be carried. The exact composition of the embarked squadrons depended upon the mission. Some squadrons were composite squadrons for convoy defence and would be equipped with both anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, while other squadrons working in a strike carrier role would only be equipped with fighter aircraft. Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side and above the  flight deck, two aircraft lifts , and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the   hangar below the flight deck.

The ships armament concentrated on anti-aircraft (AA) defence and comprised two QF  MK V dual purpose guns in single mounts, eight  Bofors guns in twin mounts and ten  Oerlikon cannons in single and eight in twin mounts.

Attacker was designed to accompany other ships forming the escort for convoys. The anti-submarine aircraft employed were initially the Fairey Swordfish and later the Grumman Avenger, which could be armed with torpedoes, depth charges,  bombs or RP-3 rocket projectiles. As well as carrying out their own attacks on U-Boats, these aircraft identified their locations for the convoy's escorts to mount an attack. Typically anti-submarine patrols would be flown between dawn and dusk. One aircraft would fly about  ahead of the convoy, while another patrolled astern. Patrols would last between two and three hours, using both radar and visual observation in their search for U-Boats.
Attacker also had a secondary role, providing oil and provisions for her accompanying destroyers. This could be a lengthy process and was done on the move. It took 40 minutes from firing a line across to the destroyer to start pumping oil, while it took another two hours to pump 98 tons of oil and a further 35 minutes to disconnect the hose pipe and secure the equipment.

Service history
On 12 November 1942, Attacker started her flying and sea trials off San Francisco. She had embarked four Swordfish I torpedo bombers of 838 squadron from Naval Air Station Alameda.

After completion of her trials, and being qualified for duty, she set sail for Balboa, on 12 December, with 838 squadron. She passed through the Panama Canal, and arrived at Cristobal, on 22 December. She later sailed for NAS Quonset Point, where she disembarked 838 squadron, 1 January 1943. Attacker was in Chesapeake Bay, during January, for a period of Deck Landing Training (DLT) with Martlets from 882 squadron, 896 squadron, and 898 squadron and Swordfish from 838 and 840 squadrons.

On 2 March 1943, Attacker set sail for Curacao, with 838 squadron and six Swordfish from 840 squadron, for escort duty with Convoy CU 1. Attackers first active service in the Atlantic was to provided anti submarine cover during her crossing from the United States to Great Britain. She set sail from Curacao, on 20 March 1943, arriving in Clyde, on 1 April 1943, and Liverpool the following day.

On 4 April 1943, in Liverpool, she started two months of modification during which radar was fitted and US  guns were changed for British ones. On 2 August, she sailed, along with her sister ships , , and  for Gibraltar, with aircraft from 886 (Seafire fighters and Swordfish torpedo bombers) and 879 (Seafires) squadrons on board.

Mediterranean

Operation Avalanche
Attacker transferred to the Mediterranean theatre reaching Malta, 7 September 1943. In September 1943, Attacker was part of "Task Force 88", consisting of the escort carriers Battler, Hunter, Stalker, the aircraft repair ship , the cruisers , , , the destroyers , , , , , , and the Polish destroyers  and  to providing cover for the Allied amphibious landings on mainland Italy, near Salerno, in Operation Avalanche.

From 9–12 September, the five carriers launched a total of 713 sorties, with Attacker sending out 132. Seventy-five patrol sorties were carried out by 879 squadron, while 57 were flown by 886 squadron, with no aircraft lost to enemy action.

Attacker joined Convoy MK 24, along with Hunter and Stalker, to escort it from Gibraltar to Clyde, from 17 September to 6 October 1943. She then sailed for Rosyth Naval Dockyard, on 7 October, for conversion to an assault carrier, arriving 10 October.

Conversion

With her upgrades finished in December 1943, Attacker again embarked Seafires of 879 and 886 squadrons on 29 December, for training from January–February 1944, in her new role of providing air support for major military landings until shore based air strips became operational. Operation Avalanche had proven a need for this strategy. She returned to Liverpool, on 9 February, for further repairs.

Attacker, along with Hunter and Stalker, were ordered to Scapa Flow, arriving on 5 May 1944, for participation in Operation Hoops scheduled for 8 May. However, before the operation was launched changes were made and the escort carriers , , and  were instead allocated and the three carriers set sail for Belfast, on 7 May, and arrived the next day.

On 14 May, the three ships set out for the Mediterranean as additional escorts for the Convoy KMS 51, which had departed Liverpool, the previous day. Attacker detached from the convoy on 19 May, and put into Gibraltar, 24 May. On 2 June, she moved from her berth on the North Mole to the inside of the Detached Mole, where on the night of 4 June, while silhouetted behind the mole, an enemy submarine launched a torpedo at her. The torpedo detonated on the outside of the mole which caused to serious damage to Attacker. On June 6, she and Hunter sailed for Mers El Kébir, providing air cover for Convoy KMS 52.

Operation Dragoon

During June 1944, Attacker provided air cover for several convoys travelling in the Western Mediterranean. On 23 July, she sailed for Malta, in company with , , Searcher and Emperor, anchoring in Dockyard Creek on 25 July, for preparation for her participation in Operation Dragoon.

Attacker joined Carrier Force TF88.1 for Operation Dragoon. The force exercised off Malta, between 2 and 12 August, with the actual invasion starting in the early hours of 15 August. On 19 August, TF88.1 withdrew to Maddalena, Sardinia, for refueling and rearming. They took up position south of Marseilles, on 21 August, until 23 August, when they returned to Maddalena, again to refuel and rearm. TF88.1 was released on 28 August. Attacker had completed 106 ground strike, bombardment spotting for , and tactical reconnaissance missions, and 120 bombing sorties. She left Maddalena, for Alexandria, on 29 August.

Operations Outing I, Outing II, Manna
Attacker set sail on 14 September 1944, to participate in Operation Outing I, an operation designed to delay German troop movements in the Dodecanese Islands. She arrived 15 September, and relieved Hunter. She returned to Alexandria, on 20 September, to resupply, and returned to the Dodecanese Islands, on 27 September, for Operation Outing II. She again returned to Alexandria, 5 October, for further refuel and rearm. Hunter was again relieved by Attacker in the eastern Aegean Sea, on 11 October, for Operation Manna. Returning 30 October, to Alexandria.

Attacker, along with Hunter and Stalker, set sail for the United Kingdom, on 31 October 1944, having been picked for service with the East Indies Fleet. After a brief stopover at Malta, on 3 November, the three carriers reached Plymouth, 10 November, for a short period of defect rectifications at the Devonport Naval Dockyard and the opportunity for their crews to go on home leave. On 29 November, the three set out for the Mediterranean, to undergo refits in transit to the Pacific. They arrived in Gibraltar, on 3 December, where Stalker was refit with Hunter proceeding to Malta, and Attacker proceeding to Taranto, Italy, their refits.

After completing refit trials Attacker set sail on 1 April 1945, for Alexandria. She embarked 879 squadron on 14 April, then proceeded through the Suez Canal, to Aden, and then Ceylon, arriving 29 April.

Pacific War
Attacker was assigned to 21 ACS, but due to defects discovered during her transit to the Pacific Theater, she was deemed unfit for operation. During May, and part of June, Attacker and Hunter were assigned to aircraft transport duties between India and South Africa to Ceylon.

Operation Carson
After a couple of training periods during June and July with 879 squadron she was allocated to Task Force 61 to participate in Operation Carson, which was to be a series of attacks on Japanese shipping and airfields in the Penang and Medan areas of Sumatra. She again embarked 879 squadron on 9 August, and sailed from Trincomalee, on 10 August 1945, along with the escort carriers , Emperor, , Khedive, and  with strikes planned to be carried out on 14 and 15 August. Task Force 61 was order to hold west of 90 degrees east latitude on 11 August, to wait for further orders. They were ordered to return to Trincomalee, arriving 15 August, where they received the Station General Message, "SUSPEND OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS AGAINST JAPANESE FORCES." Attacker was in harbour at Trincomalee, to celebrate V-J Day while waiting on new orders. She had already been allocated to Operation Zipper, the planned invasion of Singapore, which was scheduled for September 1945. With the end of hostilities, they were a reoccupying force instead of an invading force.

Operations Jurist and Tiderace
In late August 1945, Attacker witnessed the Japanese surrender of Penang, in Malaya, as part of Operation Jurist.

In September 1945, Attacker was present at Singapore, as part of Operation Tiderace, sailing immediately afterwards for Clyde, to de-store and enter reserve.

FAA squadrons

Honours
Attacker was awarded Royal Navy honours for her contribution to the Battle of the Atlantic (1943–44), for support to the Salerno landings (1943), and to the South France and Aegean campaigns in 1944. The vessel left British waters in December 1945, being formally received back into United States' custody at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Norfolk, Virginia, on 5 January 1946, and struck from naval service on 26 February 1946.

Merchant service

In February 1947, the ship was sold into merchant service to National Bulk Carriers of New York, who in preparation for conversion to a cargo ship, arranged for the removal of the vessel's flight deck and other wartime fittings. The work eventually stopped and the vessel was offered for re-sale. In 1950, it was bought by the Vlasov Group and placed under the nominal ownership of Vlasov's American subsidiary, Navcot Corporation.  Renamed Castel Forte, the ship remained idle whilst suitable employment could be found.

In 1957, Vlasov secured a charter from the Australian government for Castel Forte to carry British migrants to Australia. During the conversion to a passenger liner the ship was renamed Fairsky and was operated by Vlasov's Italian managed company, Sitmar Line. On completion of the refurbishment in June 1958, the "new-look" vessel began a long career as a migrant-carrying ship,  which was to last until 1974, with the final migrant voyage from Southampton to Auckland. On 23 June 1977, while operating as a cruise ship, Fairsky hit a submerged wreck and was beached to prevent sinking. The damage was temporarily patched and the ship refloated six days later. When the full extent of the damage became known, Sitmar decided against permanent repairs and they offered the vessel for sale.

Having been reprieved from going straight to the breakers, in 1978, work began to convert the vessel to a static floating hotel and casino named Philippine Tourist.  However, the ship was badly damaged by fire on 3 November 1979, and subsequently scrapped in Hong Kong, the hulk having arrived there under tow on 24 May 1980.

References

Bibliography

External links

Bogue-class escort carriers
Attacker-class escort carriers
World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Type C3-S-A1 ships of the Royal Navy
Ships built in San Francisco
1941 ships

HMS Attacker (D02)


ප්‍රකාශ් බාබණ්ණ හූක්කේරි (කන්නඩ:ಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ ಹುಕ್ಕೇರಿ) යනු,  චිකෝඩි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය වෙනුවෙන් 16 වන ලෝක් සභාවෙහි මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි. ඔහු,  ඉන්දියානු ජාතික කොංග්‍රසයෙහි සාමාජිකයෙකි.  කර්ණාටක ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවෙහි සාමාජිකයෙක්වූ ඔහු, කර්ණාටක රජයෙහි සුළු පරිමාණ කර්මාන්ත,  සීනි සහ පුනස්ථාපන සඳහා අමාත්‍යවරයා සහ  හාවරි දිස්ත්‍රික්කය භාර අමාත්‍යවරයා විය.

කර්ණාටක ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ සභා මැතිවරණය, 2013
2013 මැතිවරණයේදී කර්ණාටක ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව සඳහා චිකෝඩි-සඩලාග මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය වෙනුවෙන් ඡන්ද 1,02,237 ලබමින් ඔහු තේරී පත් විය.  2008 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ සභා මැතිවරණයෙහිදීද ඔහු එම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශයම ජයග්‍රහණය කලේය.

ආශ්‍රිත

ඉන්දියානු ජාතික කොංග්‍රස දේශපාලනඥයෝ
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
කර්ණාටක දේශපාලනඥයෝ
කර්ණාටක ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ සභා මන්ත්‍රීවරු
16වන ලෝක් සභා මන්ත්‍රීවරු
 බෙල්ගොම් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙහි ජනයා
කර්ණාටකයේ ලෝක් සභා මන්ත්‍රීවරු
1947 උපත්

ප්‍රකාශ් බාබණ්ණ හූක්කේරි


Safo (título original en francés, Sapho) es una ópera en tres actos con música de Charles Gounod y libreto en francés de Émile Augier. Se estrenó en la Ópera de París en la Salle Le Peletier el 16 de abril de 1851. Tuvo solo 9 representaciones en su producción inicial, pero fue un succès d'estime para el joven compositor, con las críticas alabando el acto III en particular. Fue más tarde repuesto en un formato de dos actos (1858) y cuatro actos (1884), logrando un total de 48 representaciones.

Historia

El impulso para la composición de la primera ópera de Gounod, y su aceptación para representarse en el primer teatro de ópera de Francia, se debió principalmente a la influencia de Pauline Viardot, quien conoció al joven compositor en enero o febrero de 1850, poco después de su triunfo allí en Le prophète de Meyerbeer. Después de conocer varias de las composiciones al piano del joven compositor, Pauline Viardot le preguntó a Gounod por qué no había compuesto aún una ópera, a lo que él respondió que carecía de libreto. Fue ella quien le instó a pedir a Augier el libreto, y que ella asumiría el papel principal de la ópera de Gounod, si Augier escribiera el poema.

Gounod, Augier y Viardot eran adecuados para la colaboración. En reacción a algunos de los excesos del Romanticismo francés, Augier (además de François Ponsard) se había convertido en uno de los dirigentes de un movimiento cuya principal preocupación era la restauración de los temas clásicos al teatro francés. Viardot tenía un interés bien conocido por la literatura griega, y el propio Gounod, en parte por sus estudios religiosos de temas bíblicos, había quedado fascinado con el mundo antiguo. Las leyendas relacionadas con la poetisa griega Safo fueron seleccionadas como historia para la ópera, y no era razón menor el proporcionar a la Viardot un rol titular impresionante y serio.

Cuando Gounod le mostró la partitura a Pauline Viardot, ella se mostró satisfecha con la música. Sugirió cambios, entre ellos el uso de la melodía de "Chanson du pêcheur" de Gounod para el soliloquio de Safo "Ô ma lyre immortelle". Se convertiría en la pieza más famosa de la ópera. Una vez comenzaron los ensayos en la ópera, la censura requirió cambios.

La ópera finalmente se estrenó el 16 de abril de 1851. Los escenarios fueron diseñados por Charles Séchan y Édouard Despléchin, y la mise en scène fue de Leroy. Aunque hubo cierta indulgencia por una primera obra del compositor y muchos en el público encontraron muchas cosas que les gustaron, la ópera no fue bien. La música fue inusual para su época, y se centró en el drama psicológico entre Safo y Glycère.

Posteriores producciones no tuvieron más éxito. Safo tuvo una sola representación en el Covent Garden de Londres el 9 de agosto de 1851 con Viardot como Safo, y una reposición en París el 26 de julio de 1858 en la Ópera, que comprimió la obra en dos actos, fue presentada solo diez veces.

Una revisión posterior de la ópera, presentada por la Ópera de París en el Palais Garnier desde el 2 de abril hasta el 29 de diciembre de 1884, ampliado a cuatro actos, con Gabrielle Krauss en el rol titular, tuvo poco éxito. Introdujeron un nuevo personaje, Pittacus; el compositor dirigió las tres primeras representaciones de un total de 29. La partitura de esta versión nunca se publicó, pero Augier incluyó el libreto en el primer volumen de su Théâtre complète.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase no aparece entre las óperas representadas en el período 2005-2010.

Personajes

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Texto del libreto en francés, en Commons.

 Safo en operone.de (en alemán)

Óperas de 1851
safo
Óperas en francés
Óperas estrenadas en París
gounod

Safo (Gounod)


The I ANZAC Corps (First Anzac Corps) was a combined Australian and New Zealand army corps that served during World War I.

It was formed in Egypt in February 1916 as part of the reorganisation and expansion of the Australian Imperial Force and the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) following the evacuation of Gallipoli in December 1915. Along with the II ANZAC Corps, it replaced the original Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). The corps initially participated in the defence of the Suez Canal before being transferred to the Western Front in France and Belgium in late March 1916. Later in 1916 the New Zealand Division was removed from I ANZAC's order of battle, swapping with II ANZAC's Australian 4th Division.

In November 1917, I ANZAC ceased to exist when the Australian infantry divisions in France were grouped together as the Australian Corps and the New Zealand Division, then part of II ANZAC Corps, was allocated to a British corps.

History

Formation
Following the evacuation of Gallipoli in December 1915, the Australian and New Zealand forces in Egypt underwent a period of reorganisation and expansion. It was decided to expand the AIF from two infantry divisions to four (later five), while the New Zealand elements of the New Zealand and Australian Division would be split and expanded to form a full division known as the New Zealand Division. The five Australian and one New Zealand infantry divisions were then organised into two corps sized units, known as I ANZAC Corps and II ANZAC Corps.

I ANZAC Corps was initially commanded by Lieutenant General Alexander Godley and comprised the three "veteran" ANZAC divisions—the Australian 1st and 2nd Divisions and the newly formed New Zealand Division. The corps' divisions were initially manning the defences east of the Suez Canal against the anticipated Turkish invasion of Egypt. The large scale losses suffered by the French at Verdun, however, highlighted the need for more Allied troops in France and shortly after the battle it was decided to transfer the Australian and New Zealand infantry divisions to France. On 13 March 1916, under the command of Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood—the original commander of the ANZAC—the corps began the process of embarking for France.

Western Front
In France the I ANZAC Corps was attached to the British Second Army, and initially positioned in a relatively quiet sector south of Ypres in order to gain experience of trench warfare. The corps went into the line south of Armentières, taking over from the British III Corps which was moving to the British Fourth Army in preparation for the Somme Offensive.  The Australian 2nd Division was the first to move on to the line, taking up its position in the trenches on 9 April 1916.

On 5 May I ANZAC experienced its first combat on the Western Front when the Germans launched a raid on the 20th Battalion's positions following an artillery barrage, resulting in 100 casualties, and some men and equipment being captured. On 30 May, the 11th Battalion's position was also heavily shelled. Throughout June, I ANZAC carried out a number of trench raids on the German positions in their sector. In the period between 20–30 June the corps carried out 10 such raids, and suffered 773 casualties.

In mid-July 1916, with the Somme Offensive faltering, the British commander-in-chief, General Douglas Haig, required fresh divisions to continue the advance.  The corps was moved to General Hubert Gough's Fifth Army and directed to capture Pozières. By this time the II ANZAC Corps had started to arrive in France from Egypt under the command of General Godley. As Godley was also the commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, it was decided that the New Zealand Division would be more appropriately located under his command so it swapped with the Australian 4th Division in time for the move to the Somme.

Pozières had been attacked unsuccessfully four times prior, however on 23 July 1916 the 1st Division managed to capture the village after making an advance of 1,000 yards. Following this success the Germans began a heavy artillery bombardment of the Australian positions and having suffered 5,286 casualties, the 1st Division was relieved by the 2nd Division two days later. As the area surrounding the village was still in German hands, plans were made for further attacks. 1st Division's assault had been successful largely because of good staff work and preparation, however, the divisional commander, Major General Harold Walker, had also refused to be pressured by Gough into attacking before he was ready. The 2nd Division's commander, Major General James Gordon Legge, however, did not and in the end he ordered an attack on 29 July without having carried out adequate planning. As a result, the attack failed with a loss of 3,500 casualties and 2nd Division were forced to try again on 4–5 August. This subsequent attack proved more successful, however, over the course of the two attacks the division suffered 6,800 casualties.

Following the fighting around Pozières, all three divisions of I ANZAC took part in the Battle of Mouquet Farm, which took place between 10 August and 3 September 1916. Due to the formation of a salient in the Allied lines, the area surrounding the farm, across which the Australians had to advance, was under the observation of German artillery spotters and as a result of heavy barrages I ANZAC suffered heavily during the battle, with 6,300 casualties, 4,649 of which were suffered by the 4th Division alone. As a result of these losses, the corps was withdrawn to a quiet sector during September and October 1916, before returning to the Somme in November. A bitter winter set in shortly after, however, effectively ending major operations on the Western Front for 1916.

Throughout the end of 1916 and the beginning of 1917, I ANZAC was confined to defensive duties, however, in the spring they began a series of patrols along the front, during which it was discovered that the Germans were withdrawing to the Hindenburg Line. On 17 March, the 2nd Division was involved in the advance towards Bapaume. Following this, elements of the corps took part in the fighting around Bullecourt during April and May and Messines in June in support of II ANZAC before the corps as a whole was committed to the fighting around Ypres as part of the Fifth Army in September 1917.

On 16 September 1917, six weeks after the fighting at Ypres had begun, the 1st and 2nd Divisions took up position at Glencorse Wood under the cover of darkness. Four days later the Australian divisions were part of a renewed Allied offensive. Advancing side-by-side, they formed the centre of the attack in what has since become known as the Battle of Menin Road. The battle proved a success, albeit a costly one as the Australians suffered approximately 5,000 casualties. On 26 September the 4th and 5th Divisions, which had been attached to I ANZAC for the fighting around Polygon Wood carried out a successful attack in which they managed to capture both Polygon Wood and parts of Zonnebeke.

Later, on 4 October both I ANZAC and II ANZAC were involved in an attack on the Broodseinde ridge, with the four ANZAC divisions—1st, 2nd in I ANZAC and 3rd and New Zealand in II ANZAC—serving in the line alongside each other for the first time. After suffering from a heavy German artillery attack, I ANZAC launched an attack to capture pillboxes that dominated the ridge. As the Australian divisions left their trenches they were confronted by a force of Germans in no man's land who were carrying out an attack of their own. The two sides clashed with each other on open ground before the Germans were forced to retreat to the ridgeline. Further fighting ensued and afterwards I ANZAC managed to capture most of the German pillboxes on the crest of the ridgeline, but were stopped short of their secondary objective by defensive fire from German positions nearby. In all I ANZAC suffered approximately 4,500 casualties.

As a result of these successes the Allied high command felt that a breakthrough might finally be possible. Heavy rain, however, turned the ground to mud and further offensive actions resulted in heavy casualties for limited gains. By early November I ANZAC Corps was withdrawn from the line around Ypres.

Disbandment
In November 1917, the five Australian infantry divisions in France were grouped together as part of the Australian Corps and I and II ANZAC Corps ceased to exist.

Order of battle
While the composition of I ANZAC Corps changed a number of times with divisions being attached and detached as required for involvement in a particular campaign, the following order of battle is included for illustrative purposes. It is correct per the corps' arrival in France in 1916. Also at divisional level there were various support units including artillery field batteries and trench mortars, pioneer battalions and engineer field companies, machine gun companies  and field ambulances.

Sources:
Corps Commander:  Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood

Order of Battle, December 1916:

Order of Battle, June 1916:

See also
 Military history of Australia during World War I

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

External links

ANZAC units and formations
1
1
1
1
Military units and formations of New Zealand in World War I

I ANZAC Corps


Die HUESKER Gruppe ist einer der weltweit führenden Hersteller von Geokunststoffen sowie Technischen Textilien und entwickelt, fertigt und vermarktet weltweit maßgeschneiderte Lösungen in den Bereichen Bauwirtschaft, Agrar und Industrie. Die Unternehmenszentrale befindet sich in Gescher.

Geschichte
Das Unternehmen wurde 1861 unter dem Namen "H. & J. Huesker & Co." gegründet. In den 1950er und 1960er Jahren stellte die ursprüngliche Baumwollweberei ihre Produktion auf Produkte aus synthetischen Garnen und Kunststoffen um. Diese sogenannten Technischen Textilien fanden seinerzeit Anwendung im Wasserbau und sonstigem Tiefbau.
Mittlerweile umfassen die Anwendungsgebiete der Technischen Textilien von Huesker den Erd- und Grundbau, Straßen- und Verkehrswegebau, Wasserbau, Umwelttechnik sowie Industrie und Agrar.
Im Jahr 2007 hatte das Unternehmen einen Umsatz von mehr als 100 Mio. Euro jährlich erreicht.

Tochtergesellschaften
Die erste Tochtergesellschaft, HUESKER Inc., wurde 1991 in den USA gegründet. Daraufhin expandierte das Unternehmen wie folgt:
 1998→HUESKER Ltda., Brasilien
 1998→HUESKER S.A., Spanien
 2002→HUESKER srl., Italien
 2003→HUESKER Ltd., UK
 2003→HUESKER SAS, Frankreich
 2013→HUESKER B.V., Niederlande
 2013→OOO HUESKER, Russland
 2015→HUESKER Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, Singapur
 2017→HUESKER Australia Pty Ltd, Australien

Sortiment
Das Produktprogramm der HUESKER Synthetic GmbH umfasst synthetische Gewebe, Geogitter, Verbundstoffe und Ton-Dichtungsbahnen. Neben diesem Standardprogramm entwickelt HUESKER Lösungen für unterschiedliche, bautechnische Anwendungen.

Ehemaliges Fabrikgebäude
Das ehemalige Fabrikgebäude in der Fabrikstraße 13–15 in Gescher wurde von dem Schweizer Architekturbüro Sequin und Knobel aus Rüti ZH geplant und in den Jahren 1905 bis 1909 errichtet. Wegen seiner architektonischen Besonderheiten, seiner Bedeutung für die Industriegeschichte und seiner "Größe und Gestalt", die es "zu einem dominanten, städtebaulichen Bezugspunkt im Stadtgefüge Geschers" werden ließ, steht das Gebäude unter Denkmalschutz.

Weblinks
Webpräsenz

Einzelnachweise

Produzierendes Unternehmen (Kreis Borken)
Baudenkmal in Gescher
Unternehmen (Textilindustrie)
Gegründet 1861

Huesker


Um cão de assistência ou um cão de serviço para pessoas autistas é um cão de assistência treinado para auxiliar uma pessoa diagnosticada com o transtorno de espectro autista (TEA). Esses cães ajudam essas pessoas a obterem independência e a habilidade de realizar atividades da vida diária semelhantemente a pessoas que não apresentam o transtorno.

História
O primeiro cão de assistência a autistas foi treinado por Chris Fowler. Em 1996, Chris Fowler fundou a primeira organização mundial chamada National Service Dogs. Em 1997, ele colocou um cão chamado Shade junto a uma criança autista.

O autismo é um transtorno com características que variam de pessoa para pessoa. O treinamento de cães de assistência para autistas é similar ao treinamento de um cão guia. Esses cães geralmente custam entre $12,000 a $30,000. Existe uma longa lista de espera para esses cães.

Os depoimentos sobre a eficácia dos cães de assistência a autistas são melhores do que muitas pesquisas mostram. Sem padrões objetivos, pode ser difícil para os pais, cuidadores e educadores apelarem para a necessidade de cães de assistência a pessoas autistas.

Função
Cães de assistência a pessoas autistas são treinados para executar tarefas específicas, afim de ajudar seus tutores a viverem com maior autonomia. Eles podem ajudar seu dono a se preparar de manhã, alertam as pessoas em emergências, pegam itens, ajudam seus tutores quando eles apresentam sobrecargas sensoriais e em muitas outras tarefas dependendo das necessidades individuais.

Crianças
O principal foco de um cão de assistência a uma criança autista é garantir a segurança da criança para a qual trabalha. Por exemplo, cães de assistência são muitas vezes treinados para previnir que crianças autistas não saiam de casa sem supervisão. Estes cães também alertam os pais quanto a situações perigosas que envolvem as crianças com quem eles trabalham. Os cães de assistência para pessoas autistas podem ajudar abrindo a porta para a criança e evitam que elas fiquem hiperestimuladas.

Foram relatados alguns casos de crianças do espectro autista que obtiveram um aumento no senso de independência devido a suas interações com os cães de assistência.

Em certos casos, um arnês infantil — preso ao cão de assistência — é usado por uma criança autista. Recentemente, algumas controvérsias a respeito disso vêm sendo levantadas devido à força repentina aplicada ao cão.

Adultos
Assim como um cão-ouvinte treinado para deficientes auditivos, os cães de assistência a pessoas autistas são treinados para alertar seus tutores quanto a barulhos importantes ou outras coisas que requerem a intervenção humana, como uma fumaça ou um alarme de fumaça, uma criança chorando, um telefone tocando ou uma batida na porta. Para uma pessoa autista, pode não ser imediatamente óbvio qual dos muitos estímulos externos é o mais urgente, o qual requer atenção imediata. Uma pessoa autista pode ter de classificar entre os maiores e os menores estímulos — o som de grilos, o cheiro de amaciante em suas roupas, um carro dirigindo do lado de fora — para que possa determinar quais deles, se houver, precisam de sua atenção. Ela pode entender que um alarme de fumaça é urgente e que é necessário sair do local, mas pode ser que leve um tempo maior para perceber que o alarme está tocando.

Esses cães também podem usar um comando para "agachar" seus tutores sentando-se em seus pés, aplicando pressão quando seu tutor sentir-se ansioso.

Ver também

 Cão guia
 Cão ouvinte
 Cão de alerta médico
 Cão de assistência a convulsões
 Animal de serviço

Referências

Fontes

Autismo
Cães de serviço

Cão de assistência para autistas


Walter Henrique de Oliveira (født 21. oktober 1968) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Júbilo Iwata og Consadole Sapporo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Walter Henrique de Oliveira


Ocean Machine: Biomech debitantski je studijski album kanadskog progresivnog metal glazbenika Devina Townsenda. Album je 21. srpnja 1997. godine objavila diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records.

Pozadina
Materijal za Ocean Machine: Biomech bio je u izradi otkad je Devin Townsend bio na turneji sa Steveom Vaijem kako bi podržao album Sex & Religion, a neke su skladbe, kao što su "Funeral", "Regulator" i "The Death of Music" vukle podrijetlo od Townsendovih dana s glazbenim projektom Noisescapes. Izvorno je snimanje albuma bilo dovršeno krajem 1995. godine u studiju The Factory Studios u Vancouveru, a album je miksao Tim Oberthier. Townsend, koji nije bio zadovoljan rezultatom, ponovno je snimio velik dio albuma u svojem kućnom studiju i studiju Musibelios u Málagi s Danielom Bergstrandom. Mastering albuma odvijao se u Sterling Soundu u New York Cityju. Townsend je poslao dovršene snimke mnogim diskografskim kućama, kao i Century Mediji, kući s kojom je njegov sastav Strapping Young Lad imao potpisan ugovor, ali je dobivao samo odbijenice. Odlučio je samostalno objaviti album sredinom 1997. putem vlastite diskografske kuće HevyDevy Records. Nakon što je Townsend potpisao ugovor s InsideOutom, album je bio objavljen u Europi u ožujku 1998. godine.

Glazbeni stil
Ocean Machine: Biomech sadrži mješavinu hard rocka, ambijentalne glazbe i progresivnog metala. Album je bio objavljen nakon kritički prihvaćenog Cityja, albuma Townsendovog ekstremnog metal sastava Strapping Young Lad. Townsend je komentirao da je za njega Strapping Young Lad bio "mali projekt" koji je smatrao "parodijom" te je za isti izjavio da nije bio njegov glazbeni prioritet. Međutim, požalio se da je Ocean Machine, koji je opisao "glazbom vrlo bliskom meni", u velikoj mjeri bio odbacivan.

Mnoge su skladbe na albumu tijekom Devinove karijere često bile svirane uživo; međutim, "Bastard" i "The Death of Music" nisu bile izvođene sve do travnja 2015. godine.

Album je posebno referenciran u skladbi "Ocean Machines" s demouratka Ass-Sordid Demos i pjesmi "Resolve" s albuma Addicted. "Sister" je semplirana u ambijentalnom završetku pjesme "Traveller" na Accelerated Evolutionu. Prvi stihovi u pjesmi "Voices in the Fan" pojavljuju se u skladbi "Color Your World" na albumu Ziltoid the Omniscient. Rif u pjesmi "Regulator" stvorio je temelje za skladbu "Om" na EP-u Infinity/Christeen + 4 Demos. "Bastard" je referenciran u pjesmi "Rain City" na albumu Sky Blue. "The Death of Music" ponovno se koristi refrenom bonus skladbe "Japan" s prvog albuma Strapping Young Lada, Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing.

Popis pjesama

Objava
Ocean Machine: Biomech bio je objavljen u srpnju 1997. godine. Nakon što niti jedna diskografska kuća nije prihvatila Townsendov album, Townsend je osnovao svoju nezavisnu diskografsku kuću, HevyDevy Records, kako bi objavljivao svoje samostalne glazbene uratke. Album je u Kanadi objavio HevyDevy, u Europi i SAD-u InsideOut, a u Japanu Sony.

Album je bio prodan u 12.000 primjeraka u Japanu u svojem prvom tjednu objave. Iako je u glazbenom smislu odstupao od Townsendovog rada u ekstremnom metal sastavu Strapping Young Lad, Ocean Machine: Biomech zadobio je pozitivne kritike. Metal Hammer ga je pohvalio i izjavio: "[Ovo je] konceptualni album koji po putenosti i eskapizmu podsjeća na Pink Floyd, [a na njemu] Devin tekstualno i glazbeno istražuje stvarne i ne baš nadahnjujuće teme kao što su smrt, izolacija i depresija." Noise Level Critical napisao je: "Svatko tko je čuo Vaijev album Sex & Religion znat će da Townsend ima vrhunski glas i da je sposoban agresivno režati, naricati u visokom registru i nježno, emocionalno šaputati — sve u jednoj pjesmi."

Dana 17. ožujka 2017. godine album je u potpunosti bio odsviran uživo u koncertnoj dvorani Hammersmith Apollo te 22. rujna iste godine u Rimskom teatru u Plovdivu, Bugarskoj; potonji je nastup bio snimljen za DVD i Blu-Ray izdanje.

Recenzije
Michael Rensen iz glazbenog časopisa Rock Hard pohvalio je znanstvenofantastičnu atmosferu albuma kojoj doprinosi kombinacija industrijalnih rifova i "bombastičnih znanstvenofantastičnih klavijaturskih uragana." Ocean Machine: Biomech opisao je "eshatološkim albumom od kojeg se ježi koža". Jörg Graf s internetske stranice Babyblaue Seiten s teškoćom je žanrovski klasificirao album, komentirajući da je u pitanju heavy metal spojen s gothic i industrial metalom koji se nigdje drugdje ne koristi. Uzevši u obzir efekte presnimavanja i reverba koji zajedno stvaraju oceansku atmosferu, izjavio je da je Townsendov "mračan, melodičan, bombastičan pokolj" bio "uspješan, lijep eksperiment". John Chedsey sa stranice Satan Stole My Teddybear napisao je kako su Townsendov teksturiran zvuk, intenzivne melodijske strukture i ideje, "velike poput Indijskog oceana", uspjele stvoriti fenomenalno i dirljivo djelo.

Osoblje

Devin Townsend
Devin Townsend – vokali, gitara, klavijature, produkcija, miksanje, uređivanje
JR Harder – bas-gitara
Marty Chapman – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
Chris Valagao – dodatni vokali
John Paul Morgan – klavijature, semplovi, inženjer zvuka

Ostalo osoblje
Victor Norden – pomoć pri miksanju
Matteo Caratozzolo – uređivanje
Tim Oberthier – dodatni inženjer zvuka
Daniel Bergstrand – dodatno snimanje, miksanje
Daniel J Collins – omot albuma
Sheldon Zaharko – inženjer zvuka
Masa Noda – omot albuma

Izvori

Bilješke

Albumi iz 1997.
Albumi Devina Townsenda

Ocean Machine: Biomech


Rupi's Dance (2003) is the fourth studio album by Jethro Tull frontman
Ian Anderson. The album was released two weeks after Jethro Tull guitarist Martin Barre's solo album Stage Left, and preceded Jethro Tull's album, The Jethro Tull Christmas Album.

Rupi's Dance includes "Birthday Card at Christmas", the opening track to The Jethro Tull Christmas Album, as a bonus track.

Track listing
 "Calliandra Shade (The Cappuccino Song)" – 5:02
 "Rupi's Dance" – 3:00
 "Lost in Crowds" – 5:37
 "A Raft of Penguins" – 3:34
 "A Week of Moments" – 4:27
 "A Hand of Thumbs" – 4:02
 "Eurology" – 3:14
 "Old Black Cat" – 3:40
 "Photo Shop" – 3:20
 "Pigeon Flying over Berlin Zoo" – 4:18
 "Griminelli's Lament" – 2:56
 "Not Ralitsa Vassileva" – 4:45
 "Two Short Planks" – 4:00
 "Birthday Card at Christmas" – 3:37 (bonus track)

Personnel
 Ian Anderson – vocals, acoustic guitar, bamboo flute, accordion, bass, percussion
 Ossi Schaller – guitar
 George Kopecsni – guitar
 Laszlo Bencker – piano, Hammond B-3 organ, mellotron, keyboards
 John O'Hara – accordion, keyboards
 Andrew Giddings – keyboards, bass
 David Goodier – stand-up bass, bass guitar
 Leslie Mandoki – drums, percussion
 James Duncan – drums
 The Sturcz String Quartet

Guests:
 Doane Perry – drums on bonus track
 Martin Barre – electric guitar on bonus track

External links

Ian Anderson albums
2003 albums
Albums produced by Ian Anderson

Rupi's Dance


Landwirtschaftliche Fachschule Hollenstein steht für
 Landwirtschaftliche Fachschule Hohenlehen (LFS Hohenlehen) im Schloss Hohenlehen nördlich Hollenstein an der Ybbs
 Fachschule Unterleiten für ökologische Land- und Hauswirtschaft (LFS Unterleiten) im Schloss Unterleiten südlich Hollenstein an der Ybbs


Un mister cu stafide este un roman scurt de Alina Nour. A apărut la editura Ion Creangă în 1984 împreună cu Făt-Frumos din Pepsy-Cola.

Cuprins

Vezi și
1984 în literatură

Romane din 1984
Romane de Alina Nour

Un mister cu stafide


طيران الطاسيلي، (بالإنجليزية:Tassili Airlines)، هي شركة طيران جزائرية، تأسست سنة 1998 بشراكة بين سوناطراك التي تحوز على نسبة 51 % والخطوط الجوية الجزائرية التي تحوز على نسبة 49 %، وفي سنة 2007 أشترت سوناطراك كل أسهم الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية فأصبحت المالك الوحيد للشركة.وهي معدة لنقل العاملين في الحقول البترولية والغازية في الصحراء الجزائرية. مركزها الرئيسي يتواجد في مطار هواري بومدين الدولي.

التاريخ
 شركة طيران الطاسيلي تأسست سنة 1998  شراكة بين الشركة النفطية الجزائرية سوناطراك والخطوط الجوية الجزائرية وطارت أول رحلاتها في نيسان/أبريل 1999م، شركة طيران الطاسيلي تملكها شركة النفط الجزائرية سوناطراك بعد إستحواذها عليها سنة 2007 من الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية والتي قررت إعادة هيكلة الشركة وتقسيمها إلى ثلاث فروع :
 طاسيلي نفطال الجوية: التي تقوم بنقل العمال من وإلى مصادر الغاز والنفط.
 طيران طاسيلي: التي تقوم بالنقل العام والدولي، للركاب وللشحن.
 طاسيلي العمل الجوي : وهو قسم فرعي، يقوم بمختلف الأعمال الجوية مثل :
 المسح الضوئي بالليزر على متن المروحية.
 التصوير الجوي
 رصد خطوط الضغط العالي والعالي جدا لشبكة قدرها 27.000 كم لفائدة شركة سونلغاز.
 رصد خط أنابيب الغاز.
 معالجة المحاصيل الزراعية عبر الجو.
 ضمان عملية إطفاء الحرائق بالغابات.
 مكافحة حالات زحف الجراد القادم عادة من مناطق الساحل الصحراوي.
 القيام بعمليات الإخلاء الطبي من جنوب البلاد إلى مستشفيات الشمال لإدارة الأمراض الخطيرة (السرطان، الإصابات البليغة...).
 يوم 28 سبتمبر 2011م، طيران الطاسيلي تتلقى إذنا من وزارة النقل الجزئرية للقيام برحلات الكبرى.
 يوم 4 أكتوبر 2011، تسلمته شركة طيران الطاسيلي آخر طائرة بوينغ الأربعة 737-800، وافتتاح مكتب مبيعاتها الأول في مطار الجزائر العاصمة.
 في أواخر نوفمبر 2011، تحصلت شركة يران الطاسيلي على علامة الجودة الدولية IOSA (إياتا لتدقيق السلامة التشغيلية)، الصادر من الاتحاد الدولي للنقل الجوي.

في 20 جوان 2012 أصبح المدير العام لطاسيلي ارلاينز السيد خليل فيصل، اما محمد الصالح بولطيف فوجه إلى شركة الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية.

بداية الخميس 27 سبتمبر 2012 تم إطلاق أول رحلة جوية خارجية حاسي مسعود-روما وذلك بمعدل رحلة أسبوعياً.

في 5 يوليو 2013، افتتحت شركة الطيران رحلتين دوليتين إلى سان إتيان وغرينوبل في فرنسا.

في 13 نوفمبر 2014، افتتحت شركة الطيران خطين جديدين إلى مرسيليا وستراسبورغ في فرنسا.

في 10 يوليو 2015، افتتحت الشركة خطًا جديدًا إلى ليون في فرنسا.

في 4 يونيو 2016، قامت الشركة بافتتاح خط جديد من قسنطينة إلى ستراسبورغ

الأسطول
 يتكون أسطول شركة طيران الطاسيلي من الطائرات الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم وهي تتركب أساسا من طائرات بومباردييه، ولكنها في سنة 2010 بدأت الاتجاه إلى اقتناء الطائرات كبيرة الحجم من طراز بوينغ :

الخطوط
تخدم شركة طيران الطاسيلي المطارات الجزائرية الرئيسية، خاصة تلك القريبة من حقول النفط أو الغاز الطبيعي في الصحراء الجزائرية مثل مطارات حاسي مسعود وحاسي الرمل وزرزيتين. في يوليو 2013، فتحت أول وجهات الرحلات المجدولة الوطنية والدولية للجمهور

الخطوط الداخلية
تقوم طيران الطاسيلي برحلات منتظمة إلى المطارات التالية :

 مطار هواري بومدين الدولي - الجزائر العصمة.
 مطار رابح بيطاط الدولي- عنابة.
 مطار محمد بوضياف الدولي - قسنطينة.
 مطار أحمد بن بلة الدولي - وهران
 مطار مفدي زكريا الدولي - غرداية
 مطار كريم بلقاسم الدولي - حاسي مسعود
 مطار 08 ماي 1945 الدولي - سطيف
 مطار بودغن بن علي لطفي الدولي - بشار
 مطار أقنار - حاج باي أخاموك - تمنراست
 مطار تيسكا - جانت
 مطار قمار - الوادي
 مطار حاسي الرمل - حاسي الرمل

الخطوط الخارجية

 الجزائر العاصمة - مرسيليا مطار مارسيليا
 الجزائر العاصمة - ستراسبورغ مطار ستراسبورغ
 سطيف - مرسيليا مطار مارسيليا
 سطيف - ستراسبورغ مطار ستراسبورغ
 سطيف - باريس مطار باريس أورلي
 سطيف - باريس مطار باريس شارل ديغول
 سطيف - ليون مطار ليون سانت إكسوبيري
 مطار نانت

شعار الشركة

الحوادث
 في يوم 3 مارس 2019 على الساعة 8:56 صباحا، تعرضت الطائرة بيتش كرافت 1900 (ترقيم 7T-VIO) تابعة لشركة طيران الطاسيلي، لانهيار معدات الهبوط الرئيسية اليسرى أثناء هبوطها في مطار عين البيضاء ، في ورقلة ، الجزائر. وأصيبت الطائرة بأضرار غير معروفة ولم تقع إصابات بين ركاب الطائرة الستة عشر.
 يوم 28 نوفمبر 2004، على الساعة 9 ليلا بالتوقيت المحلي، تحطمت طائرة بيتش كرافت 1900 (ترقيم 7T-VIN) تابعة لشركة طيران الطاسيلي على بعد 10 كم شمال مطار غرادية الدولي. الطائرة كانت متجهة من مطار حاسي الرمل وكانت تستعد للهبوط على أرضية مطار غرداية. ولكن قائد الطائرة ألغى الهبوط لوجود طائرة أخرى في المدرج، في محاولتا الثانية للهبوط إصطدمت الطائرة بالأرض وأنشقت. كان يتواجد بالطائرة خمس أشخاص، اثنين من الركاب وثلاثة أفراد الطاقم، مساعد الطيار أصيب في الحادث وتوفي بعد أيام.

معرض الصور

انظر أيضًا
 إيغل أزور
 ستار للطيران
 إير إكسبرس ألجيريا
 الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للطيران الطاسيلي
 الموقع الرسمي لسوناطراك

مراجع

أعضاء إياتا
تأسيسات سنة 1997 في الجزائر
تأسيسات سنة 1998 في الجزائر
طاسيلي
شركات حكومية جزائرية
شركات طيران أسست سنة 1997
شركات طيران أسست سنة 1998
طاسيلي
شركات طيران حكومية
شركات مقرها في مدينة الجزائر
علامات تجارية جزائرية

طيران الطاسيلي


Top-Rengøring ApS er en dansk rengøringsfirma der beskæftiger sig med rengøring i industrivirksomheder, supermarkeder, skoler, institutioner, kontorer, vinduespolering og specialrengøring. Firmaet har 150 medarbejdere og hovedsædet er beliggende i Hadsund.

I 2009 blev firmaet kåret som årets gazellevirksomhed af Børsen.

Historie
Firmaet blev grundlagt i 1990 af Flemming D. Jensen. Firmaet blev startet fra Flemmings privatadresse i Hadsund. I 2001 overtog Top-Rengøring rengøringsfirmaet Service 45/65, Hadsund.
I 2002 blev firmaet så stor at der var blevet for lidt plads på privatadresse. Derfor blev der bygget en ny 500 m2 administrationsbygning på Plastvænget i Hadsund. Den nye bygning rummede kontorer, køkken og kantine.

Eksterne henvisninger
Top-Rengoering.dk - Den officielle hjemmeside.

Kilder

Etableret i 1990
Virksomheder i Hadsund
Rengøringsvirksomheder i Danmark

Top-Rengøring


Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda, (abreviado Nomencl. Bot. (ed. 2)), es un libro con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue escrito por el médico y naturalista alemán; Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. Publicó entre 1821 a 1824 su trabajo Nomenclator botanicus.

Nomenclator botanicus. En la segunda edición, que apareció en los años 1840-1841, enumera 6.722 géneros y 78.005 especies.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas

Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda


Rita Maria de Azevedo Mafra Guerra (* 22. Oktober 1967 in Lissabon) ist eine portugiesische Sängerin, die sich stilistisch zwischen Pop und Rock bewegt.

Biografie
Rita Guerra begann mit dem Singen, als sie 16 Jahre alt war. In den 1990er Jahren wurde sie mit ihren Shows im Casino Estoril bekannt, die dort regelmäßig stattfanden. Zu dieser Zeit lieh sie auch Disneyfilmen wie Die Schöne und das Biest und Der König der Löwen ihre Gesangsstimme.

1992 nahm sie erstmals am Festival da Canção teil, der Vorentscheidung zum Eurovision Song Contest, teil. Mit Meu amor inventado em mim erreichte sie hinter Dinas Amor de água fresca den zweiten Platz. Ein Jahr später war Guerra Teil der Expertenjury im Rahmen des Festivals. Zehn Jahre später wurde Guerra intern ausgewählt, ihr Land beim Eurovision Song Contest 2003 in Riga zu vertreten. In der Vorentscheidung konnte das Publikum aus drei Liedern wählen. 75 Prozent fielen schlussendlich auf die Ballade Deixa-me sonhar (Só mais uma vez). Beim Finale in Riga erreichte Guerra allerdings nur Platz 22.

Trotz dieses Misserfolges stieg sie in den folgenden Jahren zu einer der erfolgreichsten Sängerinnen ihres Landes auf. Sämtliche ihrer Alben konnten sich sehr gut in den portugiesischen Charts platzieren. O melhor de Rita Guerra – Acustico ao vivo und Luar standen 2009 bzw. 2010 für mehrere Wochen auf Platz eins der Album-Charts.

2006 sang Guerra ein Duett mit Ronan Keating: All Over Again.

Ihr bislang letztes Studio-Werk erschien 2014 mit dem Titel Luar. Hier ist unter anderem ein Duett mit dem US-amerikanischen Sänger Michael Bolton enthalten. Im Jahr darauf erschien mit No meu canto – O melhor de... eine Kompilation mit Guerras größten Erfolgen.

Im Mai 2017 veröffentlichte Paulo de Carvalho das Album Duetos, auf dem unter anderem Guerra als seine Duettpartnerin zu hören ist.

Diskografie

Alben

Weitere Alben
 1990 – Pormenores sem a mínima importância
 1995 – Independence Days
 2000 – Desencontros (mit Beto)

Singles
 2003 – Deixa-me Sonhar (Só Mais Uma Vez)
 2005 – Chegar A Ti
 2005 – À Espera do Sol / Secretamente
 2007 – Sentimento
 2007 – Castelos No Ar

Weblinks
 Portugal: Rita Guerra bei eurovision.de

Quellen

Popsänger
Interpret eines portugiesischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Portugiese
Geboren 1967
Frau

Rita Guerra


À l'origine est une statue réalisée par Fabien Mérelle et exposée au Havre. L'artiste lui a donné aussi un autre titre : Pentateuque.

Histoire et contexte
Une première version de cette œuvre a été exposée à Hong Kong sous le titre Pentateuque en 2010. Une deuxième version a été placée au Havre en 2018 à l'occasion d'un été au Havre : il s'agit d'un événement culturel annuel sous l'égide du directeur artistique Jean Blaise. Certaines œuvres installées pour la première édition ont été pérennisées, comme le portique blanc intitulé UP#3 de Sabina Lang et Daniel Baumann et les cabines colorées par Karel Martens sur la plage, les arches de conteneurs de Vincent Ganivet sur le quai de Southampton ou les jets d'eau de Stéphane Thidet du bassin du Commerce. En revanche, les statues de Fabienne Mérelle, vandalisées, ont été retirées.

Description
Exposée sur la digue Augustin-Normand près du port de plaisance, la sculpture mesure près de six mètres. Elle est montée sur un socle gris. La statue se composent de deux éléments monochromes blancs : un homme et un éléphant. Un homme courbé, crispé, l'artiste lui-même, ploie sous le poids d'un éléphant qui est en équilibre sur le dos. Le personnage porte un pantalon de pijama et un débardeur : une façon récurrente pour Fabien Mérelle de se représenter.

L'œuvre fait penser à une scène de cirque mais inversée. Les impressions qui se dégagent de l'œuvre sont la tension, l'équilibre précaire et l'attente de la chute.

L'éléphant symbolise le poids de la tradition et de l'histoire : dans la culture, l'éléphant évoque la mémoire et la sagesse tandis que Pentateuque fait référence aux cinq premiers livres de la Bible. Cette œuvre renvoie donc au poids de ces écrits qui a conditionné l'Histoire de l'Humanité.

On peut y voir une mise avant du poids de l'histoire pour la ville du Havre. En effet, la statue était exposée près du centre-ville reconstruit après les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

L'artiste y met également une dimension autobiographique en évoquant le poids des responsabilités de l'artiste et du père qu'il est. Dans cette interprétation, A l'origine fait écho à une autre sculpture de Fabien Mérelle intitulée Jusqu'au bout du monde. Cette dernière représente un père portant son enfant sur les épaules et faisant face à la mer, au pied de la falaise. On peut noter le contraste entre les dimensions monumentales et l'exposition publique d'une scène qui raconte la vie privée et singulière de l'artiste.

Ruptures et continuités
La statue est réaliste car les détails sont minutieux (rides du front de l'homme, plis de la peau de l'éléphant) ; mais l'artiste rend l'impensable possible et s'inscrit dans une certaine mesure dans le mouvement artistique du surréalisme. Elle peut aussi évoquer les tendances baroques de la sculpture hellénistique et peut être mise en relation avec la statue du Laocoon :  composition dynamique, tension de la scène, expressivité du visage, réalisme des détails, etc. La couleur blanche est aussi un rappel des marbres antiques qui ont perdu leurs couleurs avec le temps.

Notes et références

Sculpture en plein air en France
Œuvre d'art au Havre

À l'origine (statue)


Disefali, "iki başlılık" anlamına gelen terimdir. Etimolojik olarak disefali sözcüğü, Yunanca numerik ön ek di yani "iki" ve kephal yani "kafa"dan oluşmuştur. Disefali kavramı farklı kültürlerin mitolojilerinde yer tutmuş yaygın bir kavramdır. Bununla birlikte, bir mit olmaktan öte, canlılarda disefali görülebilir.

Disefali insanlarda da, disefalik yapışık ikizlik olarak görülmektedir. Bunun en ünlü örneklerinden birisi 7 Mart 1990, Carver County, Minnesota, ABD doğumlu Abigail ve Brittany Hensel'dir. Hayatları medyanın ilgisini çekmiş ve onları konu alan bir belgesel de çekilmiştir.

Disefali olgusu sanatta zaman zaman işlenmiştir ve sanat eserlerinde görülebilir.

Doğumsal anomaliler
Çoklu doğumlar
İnsan görünüşü

Disefali


Pentanchidae,  porodica morskog psa iz reda kučkova koja je nekada činila potporodicu porodice mačkovki (Scyliorhinidae)

Po nekim izvorima sastoji se od četiri roda sa 68 priznatih vrsta.

Rodovi
 Apristurus Garman, 1913
 Galeus Rafinesque, 1810
 Parmaturus Garman, 1906
 Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912

U porodicu su uključivani i rodovi:
 Asymbolus Whitley, 1939
 Bythaelurus Compagno, 1988
 Cephalurus Bigelow & Schroeder, 1941
 Figaro Whitley, 1928
 Halaelurus Gill, 1862
 Haploblepharus Garman, 1913
 Holohalaelurus Fowler, 1934

Izvori

Kučkovi

Pentanchidae