Qype (pronunciado / kwaɪp /) con sede en Hamburgo es una web 2.0 que es a la vez red social y un sitio de recomendaciones de negocios locales. En la actualidad, opera en Alemania, Reino Unido, Francia, Suiza, Austria, Irlanda, Polonia, Brasil, España e Italia, y recibe aproximadamente 22 millones de visitantes mensuales únicos en Europa [2].

El competidor Yelp anunció la adquisición de Qype el 24 de octubre de 2012 y las recomendaciones se fusionaron con la página de Yelp en octubre de 2013.

Historia de la empresa
Qype fue fundada en marzo de 2006 en el mercado alemán, aunque tras su expansión internacional ya incluye a la mayor parte de ciudades europeas. En marzo de 2007, Qype fue galardonado con el premio europeo Red Herring 100.

En julio de 2007 se lanzó Qype en el Reino Unido, añadiendo el inglés a la interfaz y a los contenidos. En enero de 2008, la página web fue traducida al francés para el lanzamiento de Qype en Francia. Más tarde, se han lanzado las versiones para el mercado español (octubre de 2008), Irlanda y Austria (verano 2008) en los idiomas locales. En 2008 se añadió Brasil a la lista de mercados donde opera, además de la primera aplicación de Qype para iPhone.

En el verano de 2011, Qype estrenó sus sitios en los Países Bajos y Portugal, así como una aplicación en Windows Mobile.

El 13 de julio de 2011, Qype fue mencionado en el programa de televisión de la BBC, "The Apprentice" ("El aprendiz"), cuando uno de los concursantes tuvo dificultades para pronunciar el nombre de la empresa, a pesar de lo cual le sirvió de inspiración para su exitoso proyecto.

Características del sitio
Qype alberga una base de datos en línea de comentarios generados por los usuarios de negocios locales en Europa. Los usuarios pueden añadir nuevos lugares a la base de datos, subir fotos, añadir reseñas en 7 idiomas y participar en actividades de la comunidad de usuarios. Qype dispone de listas de reseñas de una amplia gama de categorías, mostrando listados ordenados por usuario. Las recomendaciones más significativas se incluyen en la Newsletter semanal de Qype y en las páginas de ciudades y países.

Qype dispone de un sistema de reputación de facto, donde los usuarios pueden ver qué miembros son los más populares, así cómo los más respetados y activos. Además, los usuarios también pueden ver quién comparte sus intereses o sus opiniones sobre lugares específicos. Qype fomenta a su comunidad de usuarios celebrando eventos para sus miembros en bares y restaurantes, así como eventos B2C para miembros de Qype.

Características de Qype:

Sistema privado de mensajería
Etiquetado de recomendaciones de otros miembros con las categorías "útil" o "bien escrito"
Guías de ciudades creadas por los usuarios
Grupos/foros creados por los usuarios
Listas de "amigos"
Google Maps muestra los eventos que se celebran
Sistema de insignias
Una amplia base de datos de eventos europeos
Compartir recomendaciones en Twitter y Facebook

Miembros
Qype ofrece un directorio para que cualquiera pueda buscar negocios o leer debates en curso sobre asuntos existentes. Algunas características, como la creación de una reseña o el añadir un comentario a un debate, sólo están disponibles para los usuarios con cuentas registradas y verificadas, que son gratuitas. Los miembros cuyas contribuciones han sido reconocidas con un determinado número de puntos son promocionados al estatus de "información privilegiada" y reciben una insignia en su perfil, así como invitaciones especiales a eventos. Los propietarios de negocios pueden participar en el sitio, aportando los perfiles de sus empresas.

Los perfiles de usuario incluyen un conjunto estándar de atributos tales como fotografías y diversos campos relacionados con la ubicación del usuario, sus aficiones, preferencias, etc. Qype permite un amplio margen de expresión personal en el sitio y no suele moderar o censurar los contenidos. La compañía permite los comentarios simpáticos e inocentes como reseñas no comerciales (por ejemplo, sobre historias privadas, arte público y condiciones meteorológicas memorables), especialmente si incorporan fotos y reciben comentarios positivos de otros compañeros de la comunidad. Sin embargo, la compañía anima a los miembros de la comunidad a a participar de una manera sincera y madura. El comportamiento abusivo o indebido está estrictamente prohibido y puede resultar en la eliminación del perfil correspondiente y de su contenido, así como dar lugar a acciones legales.

Alcance de las recomendaciones
Los usuarios pueden hacer una reseña de cualquier establecimiento o empresa local que ofrece productos o servicios, así como de lugares de interés como parques públicos y playas. En ciudades con muchos usuarios como Hamburgo o Berlín, un alto porcentaje de todos los restaurantes, bares y tiendas al por menor figuran en Qype con numerosas reseñas y hay mucha competencia entre los usuarios para ser el "primero en opinar sobre" un nuevo establecimiento (para lo cual el usuario recibe también un punto de feedback adicional). Además, hay una amplia cobertura en el sitio de servicios profesionales, proveedores de servicios médicos, servicios automovilísticos, lugares culturales, hoteles, museos, parques, atracciones, servicios del gobierno, etc. Los usuarios pueden añadir nuevos negocios y actualizar la información sobre los mismos si reparan en que en las recomendaciones falta información o esta es incorrecta.

Dado que Qype no asume la responsabilidad del contenido de las recomendaciones, son los usuarios los que deben asegurarse de que los contenidos (reseñas, fotos, comentarios, etc.) que aportan son legales (por ejemplo, los relativos a los derechos de autor). El spam, que incluye las auto promociones sin identificación, está prohibido, así como el uso de lenguaje ofensivo y los comentarios sobre usuarios privados. Los comentarios sobre profesionales (abogados, médicos, etc.) están permitidos, en principio, aunque están sujetos a las leyes locales. Este conjunto de reglas se describen en detalle en el Código de Conducta de Qype [3].

Qype incorpora la nueva versión de Mapas de Navegación Ovi de Nokia. Además, cuenta con una versión móvil para Android de Google y una reciente versión beta privada para la Blackberry RIM.

Referencias

http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/11/26/yelps-european-counterpart-qype-continues-global-expansion/ según Techcrunch

Enlaces externos
 según Techcrunch.
 Android app ratings

Servicios de redes sociales

Qype


Degrassi: The Next Generation (renamed to Degrassi for seasons 10 to 14) is a Canadian teen drama television series created by Yan Moore and Linda Schuyler. It is the fourth series in the Degrassi franchise and a revival of Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High. It premiered on CTV on October 14, 2001, and concluded on August 2, 2015, on MTV Canada. The series centers around a new ensemble cast of students at the fictional Degrassi Community School who face challenges such as sex, teen pregnancy, bullying, date rape, drug abuse, body image, homosexuality, domestic violence, gang violence, self-injury, suicide, abortion, mental disorders and many other issues. Various characters from the previous two series also returned as adults in recurring or guest roles.

The series was created by Schuyler and Yan Moore, the head writer of Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High. This was the first series to feature no involvement from Kit Hood, who was a co-creator and director of all previous Degrassi series. It was produced by Epitome Pictures (now a subsidiary of WildBrain) in association with Bell Media. It premiered to mixed reviews, with some critics expressing doubts about whether the show would make the same impact as its predecessors, but would ultimately garner similar critical and commercial success. It received favourable reviews from critics of Entertainment Weekly, The New York Times, and AfterElton. In its initial years, it was frequently the most watched domestic drama series in Canada. In the United States, it became the highest-rated show on Noggin's teen block The N. By 2004, the series had averaged nearly a million viewers in Canada, and half a million in the United States. In Canada, the series received awards from the Geminis, Writers Guild of Canada, and Directors Guild of Canada. Internationally, it also won several Teen Choice Awards, Young Artist Awards, and Prix Jeunesse. The episode "My Body Is a Cage", in which a character is outed as transgender, won a Peabody Award in 2011.

During its later seasons, the show's format underwent several changes after the involvement of Viacom. The tenth season's airing schedule switched to a telenovela format during the summer months, before returning to its standard schedule for the fall and spring. The series was also moved to MuchMusic in Canada. The thirteenth season reverted to a weekly schedule and part way through, it had moved to MTV Canada, where it aired until its final episode on August 2, 2015, after fourteen seasons. It was followed by Degrassi: Next Class, which followed the remaining underclassmen characters from the show's later seasons as well as introduced newer ones, in 2016.

Production

Concept

The Degrassi universe was created in 1979 by Playing With Time, a production company owned by former schoolteacher Linda Schuyler and her partner Kit Hood. The franchise began with The Kids of Degrassi Street, which was spawned out of three half-hour short films, and came to prominence with the critical and commercial successes of Degrassi Junior High, which debuted in 1987, and Degrassi High, which premiered in 1989. The two series followed an ensemble cast of students attending the titular schools as they confronted various issues. It became an international sensation, with the shows experiencing upwards of a million viewers on average in Canada, and received numerous accolades. The telemovie School's Out, which concluded the franchise, aired in 1992.

Schuyler and original Degrassi series head writer Yan Moore began developing a new television drama in 1999, following a reunion of the original Degrassi cast on the CBC series Jonovision. As the months progressed, they began to think about what had happened to the original characters to develop a school-reunion theme. However, they decided that a series would not work effectively if based around adults instead of children. Moore realized that the character Emma Nelson, born to character Christine "Spike" Nelson at the end of Degrassi Junior Highs second season, would soon be entering junior high school, and development for the series took a new direction by focusing on Emma and her school experiences. Schuyler's husband Stephen Stohn suggested Degrassi: The Next Generation as the name for the new sequel series, which borrowed from Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Pitching
Schuyler pitched the new series to a number of television networks, with CTV and CBC (the franchise's former network) vying as the top contenders. CTV won through, offering $10 million for a fifteen-episode season. The project was greenlit in May 2000, with the originally planned reunion episode serving as the pilot to the new series. CTV announced the new series at its annual press conference in June 2001, and said the pilot would air in the fall. Soon after, Degrassi crew members attended a conference in New York to find an American partner for the show.

In her memoir, Linda Schuyler explained how the conference went. An American channel called Noggin "had a double mandate: preschool programming in the morning and adolescent programming in the afternoon." Noggin was looking for educational teen shows for the adolescent schedule, and its employees mentioned the original Degrassi as "exactly the kind of show we are looking for." To their surprise, Degrassi distributor Ken Faier was at the conference and responded, "Do I have the show for you: it's called Degrassi." Noggin quickly signed on as the show's American distributor.

In October 2001, the first episode aired on CTV in Canada, and the magazine Kidscreen confirmed that the show was "set to air in Q1 2002 on Noggin in the U.S." In a press release titled "Noggin Tackles Tween Issues with Degrassi: The Next Generation," Noggin announced that the series would premiere on April 1, 2002, as part of its new teen block called The N (standing for Noggin).

Executive producers, script-writers and directors
Produced by Epitome Pictures Inc, in association with CTVglobemedia, Degrassi: The Next Generation received funding from the Canadian Television Fund, BCE, the Shaw Rocket Fund, Mountain Cable Program and the Royal Bank of Canada, the Bell Broadcast and New Media Fund, and the Cogeco Program Development Fund.

Linda Schuyler and Stephen Stohn served as executive producers throughout its run. Other Epitome Pictures employees and series crew members were also been credited as executive producers, including Sara Snow, Brendon Yorke, James Hurst, Aaron Martin, and Sarah Glinski.

Story editors included Sarah Glinski and Matt Huether, Shelley Scarrow, James Hurst, Aaron Martin, and Sean Reycraft. Frequent directors included Phil Earnshaw, Stefan Scaini and Bruce McDonald. When production of season three began, a user on the official Degrassi: The Next Generation website with the alias "ExecProducer" began a forum thread titled "Shooting Season 3", revealing production details, guest actors, scheduling information and DVD release details. He referred to himself as "Stephen Stohn" in one post, although it was not until the release of Degrassi: Generations – The Official 411 in 2005, that Stohn confirmed he was the poster and it was not an imposter.

Episode format
The episodes are written following the same formula with two or three storylines (Plot A, Plot B and Plot C). The main storyline, A, opened and closed the episode, and was usually driven by a single character. Plot B was usually more comedic in tone and sometimes slightly intertwined with the other stories, often moving story arcs forward. Plot C was usually used sporadically in a season-long arc, but would eventually settle as comedic relief. The problems presented in the episode were not always resolved by the end of the episode, and were carried over to the next, or created a mini-arc over several episodes. The majority of the episodes were named after songs from the 1980s, and since the tenth season, the episodes were named after songs from the 1990s to the present, which represented the entering of a new decade and a completely different cast from the earlier seasons. For the first nine seasons, Degrassi: The Next Generation had been produced as a weekly half-hour teen comedy-drama series, with each season consisting of between fifteen and twenty-four episodes.

Due to falling viewing figures between seasons six and nine, the series developed a daily soap opera format for the summer run of the tenth season, and increased the number of episodes to forty-four. The tenth season also dropped the tagline "The Next Generation", with only one original cast member remaining, and due to the young audience unfamiliar with the past generation, referring to the series as "Degrassi". Season 13 reverted to airing episodes weekly, but still produced more episodes than prior to the soap opera format, airing a block in the summer of 2013 to the summer of 2014.

Opening sequence
The opening sequence followed a two- to three-minute cold open. During the first five seasons these credits showed the characters on the school premises and followed a mini storyline. Seasons six and seven featured titles with the actors breaking the fourth wall and facing the camera, over a montage of character videos from past seasons, saturated with blue colour and gold outlines. The montages behind the characters depicting a major event in that character's storyline. For the eighth season, the show abandoned the style of titles used for the previous two seasons and returned to the original form of showing the characters at school while participating in school-related activities. Season thirteen dropped the opening credits, replacing it with an eleven-second montage. This continued into season fourteen. Instead of listing every ensemble actor, after the montage, season thirteen and fourteen episodes credit only the regular actors appearing in that episode.

The theme music, "Whatever It Takes", was composed by Jim McGrath, with lyrics written by Jody Colero and Stephen Stohn. The song include lines such as, "Whatever it takes, I know I can make it through/Be the best, the best I can be", to convey what Colero calls, "a sense of joy and optimism." Lisa Dalbello performed the lyrics with a children's choir over a 1980s pop music style tune during the first three seasons. Dave Ogilvie and Anthony Valcic of Canadian industrial-pop group Jakalope reworked and performed the song with a heavier sound to reflect the growing maturity of the characters in season four. For seasons six and seven, the theme—still performed by Jakalope—was remixed and stripped of vocals. A fourth version of the theme song, with lyrics sung by Damhnait Doyle, was introduced for the eighth season, and a fifth version of the theme, performed by the in-show band "Stüdz" was used for the ninth and tenth seasons. For seasons eleven and twelve, a sixth version of the theme song was used, performed by Alexz Johnson. Seasons thirteen and fourteen featured a truncated version of the Alexz Johnson theme.

Music
Jim McGrath created the musical score for each episode using an instrumental version of the theme music. He also worked with actors such as Jake Epstein, Melissa McIntyre and Jamie Johnston, when writing music for their characters Craig Manning, Ashley Kerwin, and Peter Stone to perform in the bands Downtown Sasquatch, Paige Michalchuk and the Sexkittens (PMS), Hell Hath No Fury, and Stüdz. In addition to being scored, Degrassi featured a mix of original emo, alternative rock and pop music. Popular songs were used sparingly in the series, mainly because of budget constraints. Usually, music supervisor Jody Colero selected songs from little-known, unsigned Canadian artists. When these songs were included, they originated from a diegetic source. Examples of this could be seen in the first-season episode "Jagged Little Pill", when well-known songs were played during Ashley's house party, at the wedding reception in the fifth-season episode "Weddings, Parties, Anything", and during the party scene in the seventh-season episode "Everything She Wants".

Filming locations
The Degrassi universe was set on De Grassi Street in Toronto, Ontario. The three previous series were filmed on and near the street. However, The Next Generation was filmed at Epitome Pictures' four soundstages and backlot located at the company's  production studios in Toronto. The facade of Degrassi Community School was the exterior of Studio C, and used the same colours and glass pattern as Centennial College, which was used to depict the school in Degrassi High. The area in front of this facade featured a "hoarding area" where students gathered, and a street and a bus stop across the road. The studio's backlot was used for exterior shots of the characters' houses, where each unit was dressed differently for each house, and The Dot Grill. The building for The Dot was the only one on the backlot that was large enough to allow filming inside, while scenes that took place inside the school and house interiors were filmed on one of four sound stages.

Studio A contained sets for the school's hallways, washrooms, cafeteria and classrooms. The hallways were stenciled with phrases such as "the perfect human being is all human", which were found at the Etobicoke School for the Arts, one of the many schools that set designers used during their original research. The washroom set had graffiti on the walls to look authentic, and the urinals are installed and removed as needed. The set used for the cafeteria was designed to be "purposefully bland to take the edge off the rest of the school looking so beautiful." It was also used as the studio's cafeteria where the cast and crew eat.

In addition to being used as the exterior of the school, Studio C held sets for the school's entrance foyer, the gymnasium, the media lab and a hallway with lockers. As the series progressed and the budget increased, a stairway and balcony were installed in the foyer in an attempt to get characters off the floor and not all appear in the same geometric plane. For the first few seasons, the gym floor was made of real wooden floorboards; due to warping, it was replaced by concrete painted to look like wood.

Studio B contained the sets for the characters' houses and The Core newspaper office which was introduced in season six. The fourth studio, Studio D, housed all of the production offices, dressing rooms, and make-up and hair departments. The pool hall and university campus club sets were built in Studio D for the seventh season.

York University's Keele Campus in Toronto served as the location for various sites at Smithdale University.

Episodes

Cast

Main roles

Main
For the new generation of students, producers auditioned over six hundred school-aged children in an attempt to provide characters to which the teenaged target-audience could relate. The decision to cast age-similar actors was purposeful to contrast the series from other shows of the same period such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Dawson's Creek, which had cast actors in their twenties as teenagers.

Eleven children were given star billing in the first season. Sarah Barrable-Tishauer portrayed the lonely high-achiever Liberty Van Zandt. Daniel Clark played bad-boy Sean Cameron. Lauren Collins was cast as Paige Michalchuk, the school's head cheerleader and queen bee. Ryan Cooley portrayed class clown James Tiberius "J.T." Yorke, with Jake Goldsbie cast as J.T.'s best friend, Toby Isaacs, a computer geek. Drake portrayed basketball star Jimmy Brooks, who came from a wealthy family. Shane Kippel played school bully Gavin "Spinner" Mason. Miriam McDonald was cast as Emma Nelson, an environmental rights activist, with Cassie Steele cast in the role of Emma's best friend, promiscuous high school cheerleader Manuela "Manny" Santos. Melissa McIntyre portrayed Ashley Kerwin, the perfect girl who attracted the popular boys, and who the other girls are jealous of. Christina Schmidt portrayed the overweight and insecure Terri McGreggor.

Providing ties to the previous series in the Degrassi universe, Stefan Brogren was approached to play his old character Archie "Snake" Simpson, now working at the school as the media immersion teacher. Dan Woods reprised his role as English teacher Mr. Raditch, who was promoted to school principal, and Pat Mastroianni returned to his role as Joey Jeremiah. Amanda Stepto also returned to the franchise to play her character Christine "Spike" Nelson as a recurring role.

In the pilot episode, former Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High actors Danah Jean Brown (Trish Skye), Darrin Brown (Dwayne Myers), Michael Carry (Simon Dexter), Irene Courakos (Alexa Pappadopoulos), Chrissa Erodotou (Diana Economopoulos), Anais Granofsky (Lucy Fernandez), Rebecca Haines (Kathleen Mead), Sarah Holmes (Alison Hunter), Neil Hope (Derek "Wheels" Wheeler), Kyra Levy (Maya Goldberg), Cathy Keenan (Liz O'Rourke), Stacie Mistysyn (Caitlin Ryan), and Siluck Saysanasy (Yick Yu) reprised their roles for the class reunion storyline.

In season two, Mastroianni returned to the Degrassi franchise in a starring role as Joey Jeremiah, a car salesman and single father of two children. Joey's stepson, musician Craig Manning, played by Jake Epstein, was a new student at Degrassi Community School. Three other new characters were introduced in season two in recurring roles. Stacey Farber played Ellie Nash, a goth whose home life was in turmoil, and Adamo Ruggiero portrayed Marco Del Rossi, who was struggling to accept the reality that he is gay. Melissa Di Marco was cast as science and gym teacher Daphne Hatzilakos. Mistysyn also returned to her former Degrassi role as Joey's ex-high school sweetheart, Caitlyn Ryan, who in the years following graduation had become a world-renowned journalist.

In season three, Farber, Ruggiero and Mistysyn were given regular roles, as were Andrea Lewis (Hazel Aden) and Stepto, who had held recurring roles since the first season. Mike Lobel (Jay Hogart), Deanna Casaluce (Alex Nuñez), Ephraim Ellis (Rick Murray) and John Bregar (Dylan Michalchuk) were introduced in recurring roles as new students. Towards the end of the season, Schmidt's character, Terri McGreggor, was written out of the show when her possessive boyfriend Rick pushed her to the ground and knocked her head against a rock, causing her to fall into a coma.

Over the course of the ten seasons of Degrassi: The Next Generation, there have been several departures from the series. Season six depicted the first death of one of the show's main characters when J.T. Yorke was stabbed and killed. Clark's character Sean Cameron has been written out of the show twice. He left the series during the fourth season in the wake of the death of Rick Murray, and returned for the sixth season, but departed the series again at the end of the season. At the end of season five several main characters graduated from Degrassi Community School, and either left the series or went on to university. Six new characters were introduced in season seven in a storyline where nearby rival high school Lakehurst merged with Degrassi following a fire.

Season eight saw many changes when many of the existing cast members, including Collins, Farber, Graham, Stepto, Ruggiero, and DiMarco either moved to recurring status or left the series entirely. The exodus of several major cast members was reportedly an executive decision that left the actors and producers on bad terms, with Graham stating in an interview with Vibe that "[the producers] did us foul." Thirteen actors were added to the main cast to replace them. By season nine, Brogren, McDonald, Steele and Kippel were the only actors from season one who remained in the series as storylines began to focus on a new generation of children attending the school. This was done to avoid moving the show to a primarily college setting, as the first generation cast aged or "graduated" out of Degrassi Community School into college.

As of season 10, none of the characters from the earlier seasons remained, with the exception of Brogren, whose character was promoted to the principal of Degrassi Community School.

Guest roles
Besides Brogren, Mistysyn, Stepto, and Mastroianni having starring roles, other actors from Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High had returned to guest star in their old roles throughout Degrassi: The Next Generation's run. As well as the pilot episode featuring the return of many Degrassi alumni, Granofsky made a second guest appearance during the second season in the episode "White Wedding" when her character attended the wedding of Spike and Snake. Neil Hope, who portrayed Wheels in the original series, returned for a brief cameo in a third-season episode centered around Snake's battle with leukemia. In a fifth-season episode, Keenan guest starred when her character returned to console Spike after her marriage with Snake broke down.

Movie director Kevin Smith and actor Jason Mewes guest starred as themselves in the final three episodes of the fourth season. The plot for these episodes involved the pair working on Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian, Eh!, a fictional feature film in the View Askewniverse, using Degrassi Community School as a filming location. Singer Alanis Morissette, who had worked with Smith, also guest stars in "Going Down the Road Part One" as herself, acted as the school principal in Smith's film. Smith and Mewes also return to Degrassi: The Next Generation as themselves for two episodes in season five. The storyline in the episodes was of the premiere of Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian, Eh! Smith and Mewes guest starred a third time for four episodes in season eight when many of the characters travelled to Hollywood, Los Angeles. In the episodes, Mewes was the writer-director and protagonist of Mewesical High, which starred a number of Degrassi Community School students. Smith appeared in the episodes to support Mewes as he makes his directorial debut.

Other guest actors who appeared in Degrassi: The Next Generation included Jayne Eastwood as Sean Cameron's mother, Billy Ray Cyrus as Duke, a limousine driver who got arrested, which resulted Jimmy, Hazel, Paige, and Spinner being left stranded in the street. Season seven featured appearances from Shirley Douglas as a university professor, Free The Children founder Craig Kielburger, and English pop singer Natasha Bedingfield as themselves. Jonathan Torrens guest starred as Emma's father, Shane, in the two-part season three premiere. The character had been played by Bill Parrott in the original series, but he decided not to return the former role. In season 10, ballroom dancer Jean-Marc Généreux appeared as a teacher during the episode "My Body Is a Cage". After the series had moved to MuchMusic cameos became more frequent; Keke Palmer, Ben Mulroney, Chaz Bono, Hedley, and Fefe Dobson also made appearances in the show.

Broadcast and distribution

First-run broadcast

While Degrassi originally aired in Canada on CBC, Degrassi: The Next Generation was broadcast on Bell Media-owned stations. Until mid-season 9, it aired on CTV. It moved to sister network MuchMusic in 2010. In 2013, following a revamp of MuchMusic's schedule, the show moved to MTV in Canada. It currently airs on ABC Spark, Disney Channel, CMT and YTV as of 2020.

In the United States, it aired on Noggin's programming block for teenagers, The N. By 2004, it had become the highest-rated show on the block; an episode that aired July 2, 2004 was watched by a record 300,000 people, and Nielsen Media Research called it "the No. 1 program for Noggin viewers 12 to 17." Seasons 6 and 7 premiered on The N before they aired on CTV. During mid-season 9, the show was carried over to TeenNick, a channel that merged the programming of two Viacom-owned teen blocks (Noggin's The N and Nickelodeon's TEENick).

Before season 10, CTV executives told the production crew that they were cancelling the show due to a decline in viewing figures since season 7. The co-creator Linda Schuyler and executive producer Stephen Stohn were unsure of the fate of the show after this meeting. At the same time, Stohn had recently been in talks with his American partners at Viacom about creating a brand-new telenovela-style show for the TeenNick channel. Instead of making a new show, he pitched a revamp of Degrassi with a telenovela format. Combined with marketing efforts and support from Viacom, the show avoided cancellation. During this time, the show was re-titled as Degrassi.

The show's cancellation was announced in June 2015. That same month, on June 9, Epitome Pictures announced that a sequel series, Degrassi: Next Class, would premiere on Family Channel, owned by DHX Media, and streamed outside of Canada on Netflix. Episodes became available on Netflix in Canada following the conclusion of the first season.

Post-broadcast distribution
In Canada, stripped reruns of Degrassi: The Next Generation have aired on CTV Two and MTV2, which are owned by Bell Media. In the United States, independent distributor Program Partners and Sony Pictures Television, announced on September 24, 2006, that they acquired the syndication rights to the first 119 episodes of the show in the United States, and any subsequent new episodes.

In December 2006, Sony Pictures Television and Program Partners had reached agreements with the Tribune Company for every station it owned, The CW Plus affiliated stations, and many other stations owned by major media conglomerates. Degrassi: The Next Generation was cleared in 60% of the country including all five of the top five media markets. By March 2007, Program Partners had cleared it in over 70% of the country after stations owned by Hearst-Argyle Television, Capitol Broadcasting Company, and ACME Communications purchased the syndication. The series met the US FCC's educational and informational guidelines towards children's programming.

In October 2019, as part of a content deal struck between Viacom and WildBrain, a channel dedicated to Degrassi was added to Pluto TV on channel 172 (now channel 144) of the free, advertiser-supported streaming service's entertainment tier, offering episodes of Degrassi, with a limited number of episodes—including those that consisted of portions of two-part episodes, such as "Bitter Sweet Symphony (Part 1)"—omitted from the episode rotation.

As of July 2021, reruns of Degrassi: The Next Generation continue to air on certain Canadian television networks owned by Corus Entertainment, including ABC Spark, CMT, and YTV.

DVD releases
The first twelve seasons of Degrassi: The Next Generation have been released on DVD. The box sets are released in Canada by Alliance Home Entertainment. In the United States, FUNimation Entertainment released the first six seasons and Echo Bridge Entertainment released seasons seven through twelve. Each season boxset includes extra features such as pictures, karaoke sessions, audition tapes, bloopers, deleted scenes and more. In Australia, seasons 1 to 4 were released by Umbrella Entertainment in 2010 and 2011. These DVDs are compatible with the region 4 code, which is in use in, Oceania and Latin America.

The three-episode story arc from the fourth season in which Kevin Smith and Jason Mewes guest star has also been released as a single disc Region 1 DVD. FUNimation Entertainment released the disc on November 8, 2005, in two versions: the first subtitled as "Uncut, Uncensored and Unrated", and the second, "Rated." Each release has the same DVD extras, including an interview with Kevin Smith, bloopers and a Jay and Silent Bob Photo Album. The Unrated release also features episode commentaries by Kevin Smith, Jason Mewes, Stacie Mistysyn, the associate producer Jim Jackman and writer Aaron Martin.

Streaming
Degrassi: The Next Generation has been made available over various streaming platforms over the years. During the show's original run, episodes were uploaded to CTV and The N's websites in Canada and the United States respectively. It was also made available on iTunes in North America. In 2007, Puretracks in Canada offered episodes for download as a media file that could be only burned or copied three times. In the US, Zune sold the full series. All 14 seasons were made available to stream on HBO Max on March 25, 2022.

Impact and reception

Critical reception
Degrassi: The Next Generation has received generally positive reviews. Entertainment Weekly has called it "a cult hit", and The New York Times named it "Tha Best Teen TV N da WRLD (The best teen TV in the world)". Of the first season, The Ottawa Citizen Tony Atherton had mixed feelings of the new incarnation, saying it "has a cleaner, more polished look, has lost its edge [and offers] nothing new to viewers familiar with the groundbreaking preceding series, nor to anyone else who has watched the deluge of teen dramas since ... there is a sense of déjà vu with regards to the plots and characters". He did, however, praise the show for having "the same simple narrative told from a kid's viewpoint, and the same regard for unvarnished reality [as Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High]".

Before its debut in the United States, The Seattle Times Melanie McFarland wondered whether the series would do well, writing: "soft-pedaling through the issues might work for today's family of viewers, but what's gentle enough for Mom and Dad's peace of mind might not be enough to hook Junior or the original Degrassi's older fans". The issues that the characters experience have often been commented on in the media. It has been noted that the series never attempts to hide from depicting honest accounts of the trials and tribulations that real teenagers may often experience. Sarah Liss from CBC News said that despite often being corny and soap opera-y, Degrassi: The Next Generation tackles issues that other genre series prefer to gloss over, and was part of her essential viewing. She named the series one of "the [ten] most important television shows of the 2000s", and was the only children's series, and the only Canadian television series, to appear on the list, which included Mad Men, Lost, the CSI franchise, and Sex and the City.

In 2008, Jeffrey Bento-Carrier described one storyline that showed a teacher being accused of sexually assaulting one of his students as "shock[ing]", adding that "Degrassi is not for everyone, mainly because it's an honest account what it's like to be a teen in a society which values cliques and confrontation over truth and real growth." Brian Orloff of the St. Petersburg Times echoed the sentiments, and praised the series for "stay[ing] in touch with teens' lives".

In spite of these comments, The N held back one of the more controversial episodes of the first season, which showed a character losing control after taking an ecstasy pill, and refused to broadcast it until it was presented with an edited copy from the producers. The N also refused to broadcast two episodes from the second season that featured a storyline about date-rape until suitable edits could be made, and withheld other episodes from season three that showed a fourteen-year-old character having an abortion after having consensual sexual intercourse with her boyfriend, and feeling no regrets. The decision caused an uproar amongst fans who organized a petition that caught the attention of the New York Times, as well as CBC, the National Post and the London Free Press in Canada. The episodes eventually aired three years later as part of an "every episode ever" marathon, with very little advertisement from the network. Another storyline was featured in the media after ten children from a Québécois school were found to have a number of cuts on their bodies. They said they had copied the show when one character began self harming herself in an episode.

Comparisons between Degrassi: The Next Generation and other genre specific series have also been made throughout the run. Jake Surette, a writer with AfterElton.com, a website which focuses on the portrayal of homosexual and bisexual men in the media, reported on the portrayal of two Degrassi: The Next Generation gay characters. "Degrassi features ongoing stories of real-life teen dilemmas—including intense gay and lesbian storylines—and does it without the righteous, 'On a Very Special Blossom endings that many teen dramas and sitcoms thrive on." Kevin Thompson of The Palm Beach Post said the series "is told from a teenager's point of view since the writers have no interest in appealing to a broad-based demographic like the writers on, say, Fox's The O.C. ... it connects with teens on their level". PopMatters's Jodie Janella Horn also compared it with The O.C., saying that while scenes from Degrassi could be "actual scenes from my actual teenage life ... The O.C. will never remind me of anything in my life", adding that it is the most unnervingly accurate series ever of the high school genre.

The San Jose Mercury News has said "If they [Everwood, The O.C., and One Tree Hill] want to be taken seriously, the shows could take a cue from Canadian drama Degrassi: The Next Generation, which ... addresses the same gritty teen issues without being far-fetched". The New York Times has also made favourable reviews of the series in comparison to Everwood, The O.C., and One Tree Hill, as well as Beverly Hills, 90210, Gilmore Girls, Dawson's Creek, and adult series such as Sex and the City, Maude, and Six Feet Under. AOL TV ranked it as the sixth TV's Biggest Guilty Pleasure.

Television ratings
With characters from Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High appearing in Degrassi: The Next Generation, viewers of the earlier series who were in their 20s and 30s made up a dedicated fan base of the current incarnation. Approximately 40% of the series' viewers are outside of Degrassi: The Next Generations 12- to 17-year-old target audience. Degrassi: The Next Generation averaged 365,000 viewers aged 12–20 years old in season one, and became the most watched domestic drama in Canada. By the end of season two, it had become the most popular Canadian show for the three youngest age groups (children aged 2–11, teenagers aged 12–17 and young adults aged 18–34).

In the third season, Degrassi: The Next Generation was again the most-watched all-Canadian drama series, and the most watched Canadian drama among adults 18–49. A season four episode that featured a school shooting received 930,000 viewers; at that time it was the programme's highest-ever rating. A second episode in the same season that featured a storyline about oral sex also earned just under 1,000,000 viewers. Overall, the season averaged 600,000 viewers, and was again the top Canadian drama for teens aged 12–17, and adults in three age brackets 18–34, 18–49 and 25–54. It averaged 250,000 viewers in the US in 2004 and was the highest rated digital cable series in the US in 2006. While that figure was still far lower than successful shows on the "big four" networks (ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC), the premiere episodes of earlier seasons had achieved higher audience numbers with females aged 12–34. 2004 also saw the school-shooting episode receive more than half a million US viewers. The fifth season drew in an average of 767,000 viewers, with episode two of the season was seen by 1,000,000 viewers.

Ratings began to decline halfway through the series' run. In Canada, season six was watched by fewer viewers than had watched season five; episode fourteen was the highest-viewed episode of the season, with a total of 645,000 viewers. The season finale was watched by 520,000 viewers, and the season overall averaged 522,000 viewers. The average viewing figures fell again during the seventh season. The season premiere achieved the highest figures with 585,000 viewers. This progressively dropped over the coming weeks, from 446,000 total viewers for the third episode, to 407,000 total viewers for the fifth episode, and continued to fall to a low of 314,000 viewers by the tenth episode. Overall, the first twelve episodes of the season averaged 455,000 viewers, 45,000 less than the same number of episodes from the season six.

Viewing figures continued to fall throughout season eight; Bill Brioux, the television columnist for The Canadian Press, was surprised that Degrassi: The Next Generation had even reached its eighth season with such poor ratings, asking "What other show in the history of Canadian or American television has so consistently drawn so few viewers yet gets renewed year after year?" The season premiere was watched by 398,000 viewers, almost 200,000 viewers fewer than what the premiere of season seven achieved. Viewing figures continued to drop when episodes two and six were both watched by an average of 220,000 viewers. At the time they were the lowest figures Degrassi: The Next Generation has ever received; however, they continued to fall and by episode eleven, overnight ratings indicated it had received 139,000 viewers.

The overall number of viewers rose slightly for the thirteenth episode, the first of a two-parter, when it was watched by 157,000 people, but the viewing figures for the key 18–34 demographics was at a low of 81,000. The following week, the episode that concluded the two-parter picked up viewers, reaching an estimated total of 206,000. Brioux commented again about Degrassi: The Next Generation still being on the schedules, wondering when CTV was going to announce its cancellation and noting that The Amazing Race, which follows it in the scheduling, was watched by ten times the number of Degrassis viewers. That pattern was repeated the following week, when Degrassi: The Next Generation was watched by 222,000 viewers, compared to 1,834,000 viewers for The Amazing Race, 1,579,000 viewers for Desperate Housewives and 1,106,000 viewers for The Mentalist, which were broadcast by CTV later in the evening.

CTV aired two episodes back-to-back in the first half of season nine, and the scheduling had improved ratings. The first two episodes earned a combined figure of 471,000 viewers, and the third and fourth episodes retained them; they were watched by a combined 475,000 viewers. The following week, the total viewing figures for episodes five and six had increased to 608,000, and remained high as the season went into hiatus in November with 572,000 total viewers.

Awards

Degrassi: The Next Generation has received numerous awards and nominations. The Writers Guild of Canada awarded its Canadian Screenwriting Awards to the writers of two episodes. In 2004, Aaron Martin, James Hurst and Shelley Scarrow won the "Best Youth Script Award" for "Pride". The following year, the Scarrow-penned episode "Secret" vied with "Mercy Street", written by James Hurst and Miklos Perlus for the "Best Youth Script Award". "Mercy Street" won. The series has been nominated for fourteen Directors Guild of Canada Awards. In the "Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series – Children's" group category, the Bruce McDonald helmed "Mother and Child Reunion" (nominated 2002) and "When Doves Cry" (nominated 2003) were winners.

"White Wedding", also directed by McDonald, won the award in 2003 for "Outstanding Achievement in Direction – Television Series". McDonald's "Holiday" (nominated 2004), and Stefan Scaini's "Time Stands Still, part 2" (nominated 2005) won the group categories for "Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series – Family". "Can't Hardly Wait" and "Pass the Dutchie" were also nominated in that category in 2007 and 2008, respectively, but failed to win the awards. Stephen Withrow picked up two awards in the "Outstanding Achievement in Picture Editing" category, for "Mother and Child Reunion" in 2002 and "When Doves Cry" in 2003. Degrassi: The Next Generation had won seventeen Gemini Awards since 2002, and had been nominated in twenty-six other categories. In 2010, producer Linda Schuyler received the Academy Achievement Award.

Degrassi: The Next Generation had also seen awards success internationally. It was nominated for a "Best Children's Television Programme" Prix Jeunesse in Germany in 2004, and has been nominated at the GLAAD Media Awards four times. In 2004, the show received a nomination in the Outstanding Drama Series category, but lost to the sports drama Playmakers. It was nominated in the same category again in 2008, but lost to Brothers & Sisters. In 2005, Degrassi: The Next Generation won the Television Critics Association Award for "Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming." It was only the second time that a non-United States series has won an award in this category (the first time was Degrassi Junior High in 1988).

The Young Artist Awards had been recognising actors in the Degrassi franchise since 1987. Degrassi: The Next Generation was nominated for four awards in its first year. Ryan Cooley and Jake Goldsbie were nominated in the "Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Comedy Series" category, but lost to Frankie Muniz from Malcolm in the Middle. The series won the award for "Best Ensemble in a Comedy or Drama TV Series" category. A year later, Jake Epstein won the Young Artist Award in the category for "Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Comedy Series". In 2005, Christina Schmidt tied with Alia Shawkat of Arrested Development to win the award for "Best Supporting Young Actress Performance in a TV Comedy Series", and Jamie Johnston won the 2008 category for "Best Leading Young Actor Performance in a TV Series". Young Artist Awards were awarded again in 2012, with both Cristine Prosperi and A.J. Saudin winning awards in the Lead Young Actress and Recurring Young Actor categories respectively. However, they both tied with another in their category.

At the Teen Choice Awards, children aged between twelve and nineteen vote for each category's winner. The series was nominated three times in the "Choice Summer TV Show" category, and won twice, in 2005 and 2007. The episode "My Body Is a Cage", where Adam was outed as transgender, earned a Peabody Award, and a Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination in 2011.

Notes

References

External links

 Official MTV Canada website (Canada)
 Archive of The N website (United States)

2000s Canadian LGBT-related drama television series
2010s Canadian LGBT-related drama television series
2000s Canadian high school television series
2010s Canadian high school television series
2000s Canadian teen drama television series
2010s Canadian teen drama television series
2001 Canadian television series debuts
2015 Canadian television series endings
English-language television shows
Television series about bullying
Canadian television soap operas
Teenage pregnancy in television
Gay-related television shows
Lesbian-related television shows
Sequel television series
Serial drama television series
Transgender-related television shows
Television shows set in Toronto
Television shows filmed in Toronto
The N original programming
Funimation
Television shows about drugs
Television series by DHX Media
Television series by Bell Media
Television series by Entertainment One
Fiction about interracial romance
CTV Television Network original programming
Canadian Screen Award-winning television shows
Peabody Award-winning television programs
Television series by Alliance Atlantis
MTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Television series about teenagers
Works about puberty
Works about adolescence
Coming-of-age television shows

Degrassi: The Next Generation


Manaka Inaba este o fosta membră din trupele Juice=Juice, Country Musume. Înainte de a veni membru în trupa Country Musume, a făcut parte din "Hello! Pro Kenshuusei" din 2013 până în 2014.

Profil
Nume:Manaka Inbaba
Nickname:Manakan
Data de nașterii:27 decembrie 1997
Tipul de sânge:B
Înălțime:151 cm
Hobby-uri preferate:ascult muzica,vizionarea de filme și drame

Trivia
Este un fost membru al grupului idol PEACEFUL.
Are un frate mai mic.
A fost dansatoare de rezervă pentru EXILE la Kouhaku 2010.

Trupe
 Country Musume
 Juice=Juice
 Hello! Pro Kenshuusei

Filmografie
 The Girls Live
 Utanavi!
 Hello! Station
 Country Girls no Taidama Radio Kenshuuchuu
 Kiezetsu Suruhodo Aishiteru!

Vezi și
 Country Musume
 Juice=Juice

Idoli japonezi
Nașteri în 1997
Nașteri pe 27 decembrie
Japonezi în viață

Manaka Inaba


القتل العَمْد أو القتل المتعمد هو التسبب في وفاة إنسان آخر بصورة غير شرعية (المعروف أيضًا بالجريمة) بعد النظر بعقلانية في التوقيت أو الوسيلة للقيام بذلك، إما من أجل زيادة احتمالات النجاح، أو لتجنب الاكتشاف والاعتقال، وتتفاوت القوانين في الولايات المتحدة في تعريف "سبق الإصرار والترصد"، ففي بعض الولايات يفسر سبق الإصرار والترصد على أنه يجري لمجرد ثوان قبل القتل، وتهمة القتل العمد هي التي تعرف عادة بأنها واحدة من أخطر أنواع القتل، ويعاقب عليها بعقوبة أشد من القتل غير العمد أو الأنواع الأخرى من القتل، وعادة يتعلق بعقوبة الإعدام أو السجن مدى الحياة دون إمكانية الإفراج المشروط.

جريمة القتل العمد مع سبق الإصرار والترصد عرفت لأول مرة عام 1963 في محاكمة مارك ريتشاردسون، الذي أدين بقتل زوجته سيندي كليف، حيث أن ريتشاردسون خطط لقتل زوجته لمدة ثلاث سنوات اعتبارًا من الوقت الذي تزوجا فيه، وقد أدين بالقتل العمد وحكم عليه بالسجن مدى الحياة، ولا يوجد جنحة فيدرالية باسم القتل العمد في الولايات المتحدة.

مراجع

القتل حسب النوع
جرائم
جرائم ضد الإنسانية
جرائم عنف
عنف
مصطلحات قانونية

قتل عمد


Thomas Such (Gelsenkirchen, Njemačka, 19. veljače 1963.), poznatiji pod umjetničkim imenom Tom Angelripper, osnivač je, basist, vokalist i glavni tekstopisac njemačkog thrash metal sastava Sodom.

Životopis
Thomas Such rođen je u Gelsenkirchenu, 19. veljače 1963. godine, gdje je i naučio svirati bas-gitaru dok je radio u rudnicima ugljena. Kad je nekoliko godina kasnije osnovao njemačku thrash metal skupinu Sodom, počeo se koristiti pseudonimom Tom Angelripper. U početku je bio samo basist, ali ubrzo je postao i pjevač.

Angelripper je s gitaristom Frankom "Aggressorom" Testegenom i bubnjarom Rainerom "Bloody Monsterom" Fockeom 1982. godine osnovao Sodom, želeći napustiti rudnik ugljena u kojem su sva trojica radila.

Angelripper također ima i osobni projekt pod imenom "Onkel Tom Angelripper", u kojem izvodi prepjeve njemačkih šlagera i dječjih pjesama u metal aranžmanu. Do sad je objavio čak šest albuma.

Diskografija

Sodom
Obsessed by Cruelty (1986.)
Persecution Mania (1987.)
Agent Orange (1989.)
Better Off Dead (1990.)
Tapping the Vein (1992.)
Get What You Deserve (1994.)
Masquerade in Blood (1995.)
'Til Death Do Us Unite (1997.)
Code Red (1999.)
M-16 (2001.)
Sodom (2006.)
The Final Sign of Evil (2007.)
In War and Pieces (2010.)
Epitome of Torture (2013.)
Decision Day (2016.)

Samostalno
Studijski albumi
Ein schöner Tag... (1996.)
Ein Tröpfchen voller Glück (1998.)
Ein Strauß bunter Melodien (1999.)
Ich glaub' nicht an den Weihnachtsmann (2000.)
Nunc Est Bibendum (2011.)
H.E.L.D. (2014.)

Izvori

Njemački pjevači heavy metala
Njemački basisti heavy metala
Thrash metal

Tom Angelripper


Didymopanax morototoni est une espèce de plantes néotropicales appartenant à la famille des Araliaceae (famille du lierre et du ginseng), et qui est l'espèce type du genre Didymopanax Decne. & Planch., 1854.

Anciennement inclus dans le genre Schefflera, Didymopanax morototoni a été ré-intégré dans le genre Didymopanax en 2020.

Il est connu en Guyane sous les noms de Bois la Saint Jean (Créole), Malototo (Wayãpi), Ahamban (Palikur), Morototó (Portugais), Tobitoutou (Nenge tongo); Bois canon bâtard.

Au Suriname, on le désigne sous les noms de Bigi boesie papajahoedoe (Sranan tongo), Khobbé (Saramaka), Karoro, Karohoro (Arawak), Mollototto oe, Moretoto oe (Karib).

Au Venezuela, on l'appelle Morototó, Sunsún, Yarumo, Yaurumo de savanna (Espagnol), et au Brésil c'est Sambaqüim (dans le Pernambouc) ou Matatauba, Marupá.

Description
Didymopanax morototoni est un arbre moyen à grand, atteignant  de haut.

Les feuilles composées palmées portent (7)9-10(13) folioles, sur un pétiole long de .
Les petiolules de longueur variable, mesurent  de long.
Le limbes des folioles est membraneux, de forme oblongue, la base arrondie à tronquée, l'apex mucronulé légèrement acuminé et les marges entières. Discolore, il est glabre sur la face supérieure, et pubescent brunâtre avec les nervures saillantes sur la face abaxiale.
De taille variable elles mesurent  pour celles internes, et  pour celles externes.
On compte 10-15 paires de nervure secondaires, généralement, qui ni se terminent ni dans la marge, ni se rejoignent en une nervure marginale.
Les stipules forment une grande ligule intra-pétiolaire, généralement bifide.

L'inflorescence recouverte de d'une pilosité feutrée grisâtre, longue de , est un panicule généralement 3 fois composé, avec 2–7  branches primaires rayonnantes allongées, les branches secondaires généralement racémiformes avec 2 ombelles ou plus dispersées sur chaque axe.
Les pédoncules sont longs d'environ , et les pédicelles d'environ .
L'ovaire à 2 loges porte 2 styles libres, persistants, se recourbant au stade du fruit.

Le fruit est généralement très comprimées latéralement, côtelées : les 2(3) côtes sont glabres, arrondies aux deux extrémités, mesurant de  de long, pour  de large.

variétés
Didymopanax morototoni compterait 4 variétés :
 Didymopanax morototoni var. angustipetala Marchal in Mart. - petit arbre élancé, atteignant jusqu'à  de haut, avec des inflorescences composées seulement deux fois, et parfois spécifiquement distinctes (ressemble à un intermédiaire entre Didymopanax morototoni et D. tamatamaensis (Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin) Fiaschi & G.M. Plunkett)
 Didymopanax morototoni var. morototoni
 Didymopanax morototoni var. poeppigii (Decne. & Planch.) Marchal, 1878
 Didymopanax morototoni var. sessiliflorus Marchal, 1878

Répartition
Didymopanax morototoni est présent du sud du Mexique, au Brésil (Amapá, Roraima, Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia, Acre, Tocantins) en passant par l'Amérique centrale, les Grandes Antilles (sauf la Jamaïque), Trinidad, La Colombie, le Venezuela, le Guyana, le Suriname et la Guyane.

Écologie
Didymopanax morototoni est un arbre pionnier poussant dans les milieux perturbés, les forêts sempervirentes secondaires, ou anciennes, les forêts de plaine, les forêts galerie, les forêts de montagne, et occasionnellement en bordure de savane. On l'observe autour de  d'altitude au Venezuela.

Didymopanax morototoni a été étudiée sous divers aspects :
 sa relation avec les oiseaux frugivores : sa dissémination ornithochore à Porto Rico, dans une forêt de la transition Cerrado-Amazonie au Mato Grosso (Brésil), ainsi que les guildes trophiques qui consomment ses fruits, et son rôle d'espèce clé pendant la saison sèche dans le "Parque Nacional da Amazônia" (Pará, Brésil),
 le pouvoir germinatif de ses graines, leurs conditions de germination, leur levée de dormance et l'origine de leur faible taux de germination, et dans cela, le rôle de la maturité de ses fruits,
 le rôle de son architecture dans sa physiologie hydraulique (capacité de stockage d'eau des feuilles et des tiges, potentiel hydrique des feuilles, transpiration, et vulnérabilité des tiges à la cavitation et à la perte de conductivité hydraulique par embolie), et les flux de sève dans son tronc au "Parque Natural Metropolitano" (Panama City), et à Manaus (Brésil),
 son potentiel pour la reforestation d'espaces dégradés et la restauration d'une ambiance forestière, et l'influence de variations de luminosité sur le développement de ses plantules,
 le charbon de son bois (caractéristiques anatomiques, pouvoir calorifique teneur en matières volatiles et en cendres),
 sa culture in vitro,
 sa pollinisation par Scaptotrigona fulvicutis Moure 1964 (Meliponini) en Amazonie,
 sa phylogénie au sein du groupe Didymopanax/Schefflera,
 son influence sur les flux de  et de  du sol en saison humide dans le centre de l'Amazonie,
 sa dominance dans des plantations de café abandonnées à Porto Rico,
 sa colonisation par les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules,
 etc.

Utilisation
Le bois clair, léger et peu durable de Didymopanax morototoni est utilisé pour de nombreux usages : aggloméré, jouets, manches à balais, caisses, menuiserie, contreplaqué, construction (doublure, lambris, charpente), emballage léger, caisse, spatule à glace, instruments de musique (table de guitare, corps et manche de guitare), radeau, stratifié, crayon, menuiserie, noyau de porte, meuble, cadre, panneau, cure-dents, allumettes et urne funéraire. Ce bois peut également être utilisé pour la production de pâte à papier (rendement de 52,5 %).

En Guyane, le rachis des feuilles était employé pour fabriquer des flèches. Ses feuilles serviraient à soigner les luxations sous forme de cataplasme. Les Haïtiens s'en servent comme tonifiant et pour soigner les rhumatismes et la lombosciatique. On lui prête des vertus proches de celles du ginseng chinois.

Les petites graines plates et discoïdes contenues dans les petits fruits anguleux sont employées en perlerie, tissées avec des plumes et de petites perles de couleurs, pour fabriquer des pagnes, des sacs et de ceintures, colliers, bracelets, etc. par les communautés amérindiennes d'Amazonie et des Guyanes.

Les Amérindiens du nord-ouest du Guyana emploient l'écorce et la sève de Didymopanax morototoni comme fébrifuge, et pour soigner les piqûres de scorpion et les plaies.

Les feuilles, les fruits et le bois de Didymopanax morototoni sont employés traditionnellement, pour divers usages (nourriture, bois de feu, construction, technologie, poison), par les communautés rurales de la ferme "Serra D'Água" (Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, Brésil).

Didymopanax morototoni contient des saponines, mais apparemment en faible quantité.

Les fruits de Didymopanax morototoni sont consommés et ses feuilles employées pour fabriquer des (cages à oiseaux) dans le "Parque Municipal da Boa Esperança" (Ilhéus, Bahia, Brésil).

Les extraits de Didymopanax morototoni ne montrent pas d'activité cytotoxique significative.

Histoire naturelle

Protologue

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Araliaceae
Plante décrite par Aublet

Didymopanax morototoni


Førstesekretær for den britiske stat () er en honorær post, der blev oprettet i 1962.

Der er ikke noget krav om, at Storbritannien skal have en førstesekretær for staten, og i perioder har posten stået tom.

Førstesekretæren kan tildeles opgaver, som ellers hører under  vicepremierministeren. Når de to poster har været besat af forskellige ministre, så har førstesekretæren fungeret som en uformel 2. vicepremierminister.

Førstesekretærer for staten
 1962 – 1963: baron Butler af Saffron Walden
 1964 – 1966: George Brown, baron George-Brown
 1966 – 1968: Michael Stewart, baron Stewart af Fulham
 1968 – 1970: Barbara Castle, baronesse Castle af Blackburn
 1995 – 1997: Michael Heseltine, baron Heseltine
 2001 – 2007: John Prescott, baron Prescott
 2009 – 2010: Peter Mandelson, baron Mandelson
 2010 – 2015: William Hague
 2015 – nu: George Osborne

Vicepremierminister
Posten som britisk vicepremierminister () blev oprettet under 2. verdenskrig i 1942.

Der er ikke noget krav om, at Storbritannien skal have en vicepremierminister, og i perioder har posten stået tom.

Vicepremierministre
 1942 – 1945: Clement Attlee, 1. jarl Attlee
 1945 – 1951: Herbert Morrison, baron Morrison af Lambeth
 1951 – 1955: Anthony Eden, 1. jarl af Avon
 1962 – 1963: baron Butler af Saffron Walden
 1979 – 1988: William Whitelaw, 1. vicegreve Whitelaw
 1989 – 1990: Geoffrey Howe, baron Howe af Aberavon
 1995 – 1997: Michael Heseltine, baron Heseltine
 1997 – 2007: John Prescott, baron Prescott
 2010 – 2015: Nick Clegg

Førstesekretær for staten (Storbritannien)


Silvia Metzeltin (* 1938 in Lugano) ist eine schweizerisch-italienische Geologin, Alpinistin, Expeditionsbergsteigerin und Autorin von Büchern und Dokumentarfilmen.

Leben
Silvia Metzeltin wurde in Lugano geboren, ihr Vater war Deutscher, ihre Mutter stammte aus Pula im heutigen Kroatien. Der Eisenbahningenieur Erich Metzeltin war ihr Großvater. Nach einer kaufmännischen Ausbildung studierte sie Geologie an der Universität von Mailand. Nach Abschluss des Studiums 1972 arbeitete sie während zehn Jahren als Assistentin am Geologischen Institut der Universität und promovierte. Anschliessend arbeitete sie als freie Journalistin für Radio Svizzera Italiana.

Mit vierzehn begann sie mit Klettern im Tessin, eine Passion, die sie mit ihrem italienischen Ehemann Gino Buscaini teilte. Auch als Seilerste gelangen ihr schwierigste Fels-, Eis- und kombinierte Routen und Erstbegehungen, u. a. in den Alpen, in den Dolomiten, im Himalaya (Zanskar und Garhwal), in den USA, in den Anden und in Patagonien. Nach Patagonien unternahm sie 16 Expeditionen. Mit ihrem Ehemann dokumentierte sie Geschichte, Geografie, Fauna, Flora und die Geschichte des Kletterns in Patagonien.

Silvia Metzeltin ist Mitglied des Club Accademico Italiano, des Österreichischen Alpenklubs, der Groupe de Haute Montagne, des Alpine Club und Rendez-vous Hautes Montagnes, einer internationalen Vereinigung von Bergsteigerinnen. Sie engagiert sich schon früh für die Emanzipation der Frauen für ethische Prinzipien im Alpinismus. Für den Club Alpino Italiano war sie Delegierte bei der UIAA.

Sie ist Autorin und Ko-Autorin zahlreicher Filme und Bücher, darunter ihre Autobiografie Alpinismo a tempo pieno. 1996 wurde sie mit dem King Albert Mountain Award geehrt.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Alpinismo a tempo pieno. Dall'Oglio, Milano 1984.
 Geologia per alpinisti. Zanichelli, Bologna 1986.
 Patagonia: terra magica per alpinisti e viaggiatori. Mit Gino Buscaini. Dall'Oglio, Milano 1987.
 Dolomiti: il grande libro delle vie normali. Mit Gino Buscaini. Zanichelli, Bologna 1996.
 Patagonien: Traumland für Bergsteiger und Reisende. Mit Gino Buscaini. Bruckmann, München 1990.
 Dolomiten: die 100 schönsten Touren. Mit Gino Buscaini und Gaston Rébuffat. Carta, Pforzheim 1984–1988.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Biografie von Silvia Metzeltin zum King Albert Mountain Award
 Website Rendez-vous Hautes Montagnes

Bergsteiger (Schweiz)
Bergsteiger (Italien)
Autobiografie
Schweizer
Italiener
Geboren 1938
Frau

Silvia Metzeltin


Larvele este un serial de televiziune comic, de desene animate pe calculator, creat de Tuba Entertainment în Seul, Coreea de Sud.  Acest desen animat are ca personaje principale două larve.  În Indonezia, acest serial este difuzat pe RCTI.

Legături externe
 Site oficial
 Cont de Twitter
 Pagină de Facebook
 Larva Tistory Blog
 Site-ul Tuba Entertainment
 Site-ul KBS Character Cinema

Seriale de televiziune din 2011
Seriale de comedie
Seriale de televiziune sud-coreene
Seriale de animație

Larvele


Una flor amarilla es un cuento del escritor argentino Julio Cortázar. Pertenece al libro Final del juego, de 1956.

En 1962 apareció como obra única, sin referencia al libro en el que se publicó originalmente, en el N°6 de Revista de Occidente (Año I, 2° Época), la publicación fundada por José Ortega y Gasset.

El relato trata de un hombre, el protagonista, quien se encuentra con un hombre en un bar que le asegura que las personas son inmortales y que él es el único mortal.

Referencias

Cuentos de Julio Cortázar

Una flor amarilla


Ghansore es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Seoni, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 571  a 366 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 7 216 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Ghansore


Prómetín er frumefni með efnatáknið Pm og sætistöluna 61. Allar samsætur þess eru geislavirkar. Það er mjög sjaldgæft. Aðeins um 500-600 grömm eru náttúrulega til staðar í jarðskorpunni á hverjum tíma. Prómetín og teknetín eru einu geislavirku efnin sem koma fyrir í lotukerfinu á undan stöðugum frumefnum. Prómetín er lantaníð með oxunartöluna +3. Það heitir eftir Prómeþeifi sem samkvæmt grískri goðafræði færði mönnunum eldinn.

Prómetín getur orðið til náttúrulega með tvennum hætti; við klofnun evrópíns-151 og ýmissa samsæta úrans. Prómetín-147 er búið til með því að skjóta nifteindum á auðgað úran. Það er notað í ljómandi málningu, atómrafhlöður og þykktarmælingatæki.

Lantaníð

Prómetín


USS Philadelphia (CL-41) was a  of the United States Navy. She was the fifth ship named for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the 1950s, she was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy as Almirante Barroso.

Construction and commissioning
Philadelphia was laid down on 28 May 1935 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard; launched on 17 November 1936; sponsored by Mrs. Huberta F. Earle (née Potter), first lady of Pennsylvania and wife of Governor George H. Earle III; and commissioned at Philadelphia on 23 September 1937, Captain Jules James in command.

United States Navy

Inter-war period
After fitting out, the cruiser departed Philadelphia on 3 January 1938 for shakedown in the West Indies followed by additional alterations at Philadelphia and further sea trials off the Maine coast.

Philadelphia called at Charleston, South Carolina, on 30 April and hosted President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the first week of May for a cruise in Caribbean waters. The President debarked at Charleston on 8 May, and Philadelphia resumed operations with Cruiser Division 8 (CruDiv 8) off the Atlantic coast. She was designated flagship of Rear Admiral Forde A. Todd, Commander CruDiv 8 (ComCruDiv 8), Battle Force on 27 June. In the following months, she called at principal ports of the West Indies, and at New York City, Boston, and Norfolk, Virginia.

Transiting the Panama Canal on 1 June 1939, Philadelphia joined CruDiv 8 in San Pedro, California, on 18 June for Pacific coastal operations. She departed Los Angeles, California, on 2 April 1940 for Pearl Harbor, where she engaged in fleet maneuvers until May 1941.

In September 1940, fifteen of the ship's African American mess men wrote an open letter to a newspaper protesting the treatment of African Americans in the Navy. "We sincerely hope to discourage any other colored boys who might have planned to join the Navy and make the same mistake we did. All they would become is seagoing bell hops, chambermaids and dishwashers," they wrote. On publication of the letter, the fifteen were confined to the brig. They were later dishonorably discharged. The incident drew protests from hundreds of mess men on other ships as well as anger in the African American community, and led to a series of meetings between Roosevelt and NAACP leaders A. Philip Randolph and Walter White to discuss partial desegregation of the armed forces.

Philadelphia stood out of Pearl Harbor on 22 May 1941 to resume Atlantic operations, arriving Boston on 18 June. At this point, she commenced Neutrality Patrol operations, steaming as far south as Bermuda and as far north as Halifax, Nova Scotia. She entered Boston Navy Yard on 25 November for upkeep, and was in repair status there when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor.

World War II

1942
11 days after the Japanese attack, Philadelphia steamed for exercises in Casco Bay, after which she joined two destroyers for anti-submarine patrol to NS Argentia, Newfoundland. Returning to New York on 14 February 1942, she made two escort runs to Hafnarfjörður, Iceland. She then joined units of Task Force 22 (TF 22) at Norfolk on 16 May, departing two days later for an anti-submarine warfare sweep to the Panama Canal.

She then returned to New York, only to depart on 1 July as an escort unit for a convoy bound for Greenock, Scotland. The middle of August found her escorting a second convoy to Greenock. Returning to Norfolk on 15 September, she joined Rear Admiral H. Kent Hewitt's Western Naval Task Force.

This force was to land some 35,000 troops and 250 tanks of General George Patton's Western Task Force at three different points on the Atlantic coast of French Morocco. Philadelphia became flagship of Rear Admiral Lyal A. Davidson, commanding the Southern Attack Group. which was to carry 6,423 troops under Major General Ernest N. Harmon, with 108 tanks, to the landing at Safi, Morocco, about 140 mi (220 km) south of Casablanca.

Philadelphias task group departed Norfolk on 24 October and set course as if bound for the British Isles. The entire Western Naval Task Force, consisting of 102 ships and spanning an ocean area some 20 × 40 mi (30 × 60 km), combined  off Cape Race on 28 October. It was the greatest war fleet sent forth by the United States at the time.

The task force swept northward on 6 November, thence changed course toward the Straits of Gibraltar. But after dark, a southeasterly course was plotted towards Casablanca, and shortly before midnight on 7 November, three separate task groups closed three different points on the Moroccan coast.

Philadelphia took up its fire support station as the transports offloaded troops in the early morning darkness of 8 November. Shore batteries opened fire at 0428, and within two minutes Philadelphia joined  in bombardment of Batterie Railleuse which, with four 5.1 in (130 mm) guns, was the strongest defense unit in the Safi area. Later in the morning, Philadelphia bombarded a battery of three 6.1 in (155 mm) guns about 3 mi (5 km) south of Safi.

Spotter planes from the cruiser also got into the act by flying close support missions. One of Philadelphias aircraft discovered and bombed a Vichy French submarine on 9 November in the vicinity of Cape Kantin. The next day, the Vichy submarine Medeuse, one of eight that had sortied from Casablanca, was sighted down by the stern and listing badly to port, beached at Mazagan, north of Cape Blanco. Thought to be the same submarine previously attacked off Cape Kantin, Medeuse was again spotted by a plane from Philadelphia and was subsequently bombed.

1943
Departing Safi on 13 November, Philadelphia returned to New York on 24 November. Operating from that port until 11 March 1943, she assisted in escorting two convoys to Casablanca. She then joined Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk's TF 85 for training in Chesapeake Bay preparatory to the invasion of Sicily.

A convoy escorted by Philadelphia and nine destroyers sortied from Norfolk on 8 June and arrived Oran, Algeria on 22 June, where final invasion staging operations took place. The convoy stood out from Oran on 5 July, and arrived off the beaches of Scoglitti, Sicily shortly before midnight of 9 July. Philadelphia assisted in furnishing covering bombardment as the troops of Major General Troy Middleton's 45th Infantry Division stormed ashore. By 15 July, she had joined the gunfire support group off Porto Empedocle, where her guns were put to good use.

Philadelphia took departure from her gunfire support area on 19 July and steamed to Algiers, where she became flagship of Rear Admiral L. A. Davidson's Support Force. This TF 88 was formed on 27 July and given the mission of the defense of Palermo, gunfire support to the Seventh Army's advance along the coast, provision of amphibious craft for "leap frog" landings behind enemy lines, and ferry duty for heavy artillery, supplies, and vehicles to relieve congestion on the railway and the single coastal road. Philadelphia, , and six destroyers entered the harbor at Palermo on 30 July and the next day commenced bombardment of the batteries near Santo Stefano di Camastra.

Action in the area of Palermo continued until 21 August, when Philadelphia steamed for Algiers. During her operations in support of the invasion of Sicily, the cruiser had provided extensive gunfire support and, in beating off several hostile air attacks, had splashed a total of six aircraft. She touched at Oran, departing on 5 September en route to Salerno.

Her convoy entered the Gulf of Salerno a few hours before midnight of 8 September 1943. Philadelphias real work began off the Salerno beaches at 0943 the next day, when she commenced shore bombardment. When one of her scouting planes spotted 35 German tanks concealed in a thicket adjacent to Red Beach, Philadelphias guns took them under fire and destroyed seven of them before they escaped to the rear.

Philadelphia narrowly evaded a KG 100-launched glide bomb on 11 September, although several of her crew were injured when the bomb exploded. While bombarding targets off Aropoli on 15 September, the cruiser downed one of 12 attacking planes and assisted in driving off a second air attack the same day in the vicinity of Altavilla. She downed two more hostile aircraft on 17 September and cleared the gunfire support area that night, bound for Bizerte, Tunisia. After upkeep at Gibraltar, Philadelphia departed Oran, Algeria on 6 November as part of the escort for a convoy which arrived at Hampton Roads on 21 November.

1944
Philadelphia underwent overhaul at New York and then engaged in refresher training in Chesapeake waters until 19 January 1944, when she steamed from Norfolk as an escorting unit for a convoy arriving Oran, Algeria on 30 January.

Philadelphia joined the gunfire support ships off Anzio on 14 February and provided support for the advancing ground troops through 23 May. On this same day she collided with the . She then sailed to the British naval yard at Malta, where repairs to her bow were effected. After overhaul at Malta, she joined Admiral C. F. Bryant's Task Group 85.12 (TG 85.12) at Taranto, Italy. The cruiser served as one of the escorting units for the group, which reached the Gulf of Saint-Tropez, France, on 15 August. At 0640, she teamed with  and  and, with other support ships, they closed the beaches and provided counter-battery fire. By 0815, the bombardment had destroyed enemy defenses, and Major General William W. Eagles' famed "Thunderbirds" of the 45th Army Infantry Division landed without opposition.

After replenishing ammunition at Propriano, Corsica, on 17 August, Philadelphia provided gunfire support to the French army troops on the western outskirts of Toulon. Four days later, her commanding officer, Captain Walter A. Ansel, accepted the surrender of the fortress islands of Pomeques, Château d'If, and Ratonneau in the Bay of Marseilles. After gunfire support missions off Nice, she departed Naples on 20 October and returned to Philadelphia, Pa., arriving on 6 November.

1945
Philadelphia underwent overhaul at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and then refresher training in the West Indies, returning to Norfolk, Virginia, on 4 June 1945. She steamed for Antwerp, Belgium on 7 July, acting as escort for  which had embarked President Harry S. Truman and his party, including Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy. Arriving Antwerp on 15 July, the President departed Augusta and was flown to the Potsdam Conference. Before the conference ended, Philadelphia proceeded to Plymouth, England, to await return of the President.

On 2 August, Philadelphia rendered honors to King George VI, who visited President Truman aboard Augusta. The ships departed that same day and Philadelphia arrived Norfolk, Virginia, on 7 August.

Post-war
Philadelphia stood out of Narragansett Bay for Southampton, England, on 6 September, returning on 25 September as escort for the former German liner Europa. After operations in Narragansett Bay and in Chesapeake Bay, she arrived Philadelphia on 26 October. Steaming for Le Havre, France, on 14 November, she embarked Army passengers for the return to New York on 29 November. She made another "Magic Carpet" run from New York to Le Havre and return from 5 to 25 December, and arrived at Philadelphia for inactivation on 9 January 1946.

Brazilian Navy

Philadelphia decommissioned in the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 3 February 1947. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 9 January 1951, she was sold to the government of Brazil under terms of the Mutual Defense Assistance Program. She served in the Brazilian Navy under the name Barroso (C–11) and was scrapped in 1974.

Awards
 European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with five battle stars for World War II service

Citations

References

External links

USS Philadelphia Tribute - Photos, Articles, Documents

Brooklyn-class cruisers
Ships built in Philadelphia
1936 ships
World War II cruisers of the United States
Brooklyn-class cruisers of the Brazilian Navy

USS Philadelphia (CL-41)


توزيع الاوسمة
توزيع الأوسمة في رفع الأثقال في الدورة الرياضية العربية الرابعة القاهرة 1965:

النتائج الكاملة

المصادر
 (الموسوعة الموجزة للاولمبياد العربي) د ضياء المنشئ -بغداد- 1989
 (دورة الحسين لكل العرب) عثمان القريني وتيسير العميري -عمان -1999

رفع أثقال
رفع أثقال
1965
رفع الأثقال في مصر


Cloud gaming reprezintă un tip de joc online. Scopul său este acela de a oferi utilizatorilor posibilitatea de a rula și de a juca jocuri pe diferite dispozitive. Acesta constă în folosirea unei tehnici care include un server de jocuri gazdă capabil să execute un motor de jocuri și să transmită datele jocurilor către dispozitivul client.  În prezent, există două tipuri principale de cloud gaming: cloud gaming bazat pe streaming video și cloud gaming bazat pe streaming de fișiere.

Note

Legături externe
 Articol de Paul Hyman pe MSN.com
 Articol de Parth Singh despre LiquidSky: Viitorul Jocurilor Cloud.
 Articol de Jeff Norman / Cloud Gaming: Efectuarea jocului Joystick Airborne - CloudTweaks.com

Jocuri online

Cloud gaming


In Sikhism, a langar (, pronunciation: , 'kitchen') is the community kitchen of a gurdwara, which serves meals to all free of charge, regardless of religion, caste, gender, economic status, or ethnicity.  People sit on the floor and eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers who are doing seva ("selfless services"). The meals served at a langar are always Satvik (lacto-vegetarian).

Etymology
Langar is a Persian word that was eventually incorporated into the Punjabi language and lexicon.<ref>Kathleen Seidel, Serving Love, Serving the Guest: A Sufi Cookbook", September 2000. Accessed 15 January 2010.</ref>

Origins

The concept of charity and providing cooked meals or uncooked raw material to ascetics and wandering yogis has been known in eastern cultures for over 2000 years. However, in spite of institutional support from several kings and emperors of the Delhi sultanate (up to the Mughal empire), it could not be institutionalized into a sustainable community kitchen, but continued as volunteer-run free food opportunities. Such distribution of free food was often limited to specific Hindu festivals or events at dargahs of Sufi saints. Exclusion of people based on castes and religion, further limited their outreach, which makes it questionable if they can be truly called 'community kitchens'. However, the community kitchen started by the Sikh Gurus, was universal and accepting of people from all faiths and backgrounds, a tradition which has continued to this day. The type of food served and the method of cooking employed, further helped make Sikh langar universally accepted by all faiths and castes.

Several writers such as Gurinder Singh Mann and Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair have alluded to this fact of cooked food (or raw material) being provided to travelers, ascetics and wandering yogis, free food distribution practices being in vogue in fifteenth century among various religious groups like Hindu Nath Yogis and Muslim Sufi saints. However, no evidence exists of formal institutionalized community kitchens, providing cooked free meals, continuously, over a period of time by any particular community.

The roots of such volunteer-run charitable feeding is very old in Indian tradition; for example: Hindu temples of the Gupta Empire era had attached kitchen and almshouse called dharma-shala or dharma-sattra to feed the travelers and poor, or whatever donation they may leave. These community kitchens and rest houses are evidenced in epigraphical evidence, and in some cases referred to as satram (for example, Annasya Satram), choultry, or chathram in parts of India. In fact, Sikh historian Kapur Singh refers to Langar as an Aryan institution. Such kitchens were limited to sangrand or masya or other specific festivals. Often, these kitchens precluded lower castes and hence it's questionable if they can be called 'community kitchens'. Due to the cooking practices of various religions and yogi orders, many would stay away from such 'free-meals'. For example, Hindus would not attend Muslim langars  and vice versa. However, the community kitchen started by the Sikh Gurus, was universal and accepting of people from all faiths and backgrounds, a tradition which has continued to this day.

The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim I Ching (7th century CE) wrote about monasteries with such volunteer-run kitchens. The institution of the Langar emerged from Fariduddin Ganjshakar, a Sufi Muslim saint living in the Punjab region during the 13th century. This concept further spread and is documented in Jawahir al-Faridi compiled in 1623 CE.

The concept of langar—which was designed to be upheld among all people, regardless of religion, caste, colour, creed, age, gender, or social status—was an innovative charity and symbol of equality introduced into Sikhism by its founder, Guru Nanak around 1500 CE in North Indian state of Punjab.

The second Guru of Sikhism, Guru Angad, is remembered in Sikh tradition for systematizing the institution of langar in all Sikh Gurdwara premises, where visitors from near and far could get a free simple meal in a simple and equal seating. He also set rules and training method for volunteers (sevadars'') who operated the kitchen, placing emphasis on treating it as a place of rest and refuge, and being always polite and hospitable to all visitors.

It was the third Guru, Guru Amar Das, who established langar as a prominent institution, and required people to dine together irrespective of their caste and class. He encouraged the practice of langar, and made all those who visited him attend langar before they could speak to him.

Contemporary practice

Langars are held in gurdwaras all over the world, most of which attract members of the homeless population. The volunteers feed people without any discrimination, alongside the Sikh devotees who gather. Almost all gurdwaras operate langars where local communities, sometimes consisting of hundreds or thousands of visitors, join for a simple lacto-vegetarian meal.

Gallery

See also
 Bhog
 Pangat
 Karah Parshad (Sikhism)
 Prasad (Hinduism)

Notes and references

External links

Punjabi words and phrases
Sikh practices
Sikh terminology
Vegetarian dishes of India
Free meals
Punjabi cuisine

Langar (Sikhism)


Lagom (pronounced , ) is a Swedish word meaning "just the right amount" or "not too much, not too little".

The word can be variously translated as "in moderation", "in balance", "perfect-simple", "just enough", "ideal" and "suitable" (in matter of amounts). Whereas words like sufficient and average suggest some degree of abstinence, scarcity, or failure, lagom carries the connotation of appropriateness, although not necessarily perfection. The archetypical Swedish proverb "Lagom är bäst", literally "The right amount is best", is also translated as "Enough is as good as a feast", or as "There is virtue in moderation".

Etymology
The origin of the term is an archaic dative plural form of lag ("law"), in this case referring not necessarily to judicial law but common sense law. Literally meaning "according to law", a more close translation would be "according to custom" or "according to common sense". The earliest attestations of the word are from 17th century texts.

A common false etymology claims that it is a contraction of "laget om" ("around the team"); according to this myth, the phrase was used in Viking times to specify how much mead one should drink from the horn as it was passed around in order for everyone to receive a fair share.

Use
Lagom is most often used as an adverb, as in the sentence "Han är lagom lång" (literally "He is just the right height"). Lagom can also be used as an adjective: "Klänningen var lagom för henne" (literally "The dress was just right for her"), which would be equivalent to "The dress fits her". The adjective form is never inflected.

Cultural significance
The value of "just enough" can be compared to the idiom "less is more", or contrasted to the value of "more is better". It is viewed favorably as a sustainable alternative to the hoarding extremes of consumerism: "Why do I need more than two? Det är [It is] lagom" It can also be viewed as repressive: "You're not supposed to be too good, or too rich".

In a single word, lagom is said to describe the basis of the Swedish national psyche, one of consensus and equality. "My aunt used to hold out her closed fist and say, "How much can you get in this hand? It's much easier to get something in this [open] hand".

Comparable terms in other languages

The word "lagom" also exists in Norwegian, in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The connotations in Norwegian, however, are somewhat different from Swedish. In Norwegian the word has synonyms as "fitting, suitable, comfortable, nice, decent, well built/proportioned". While some synonyms are somewhat similar in meaning (e.g. "suitable" and "reasonable", "fitting" and "in balance"), many present in Swedish do not exist in Norwegian and vice versa. The Norwegian words "passelig" and the more common "passe" are very similar, translating roughly as "fitting, adequate, suitable" in English. "Passe" can be used in every context where the Swedish "lagom" is used, e.g. "passe varm" (right temperature/adequately warm), "passe stor" (right size), etc.

Finnish has the word "Sopivasti", which carries similar connotations of "just right".

The concept of lagom is similar to Russian or Ukrainian expression normal'no (нормально, literally normally), which indicates a sufficient and sustainable state, for example of one's livelihood. In Russian, the word is often used as answer to the question "how are you". Polish w sam raz means the same as lagom. Comparable terms are found in some south Slavic languages, for example Serbo-Croatian umereno or umjereno. In Slovakia, expression "tak akurát" is used.

Ιn ancient Greek, there was the famous phrase of Cleobulus, metron ariston (),  meaning "moderation [literally: measure] is best".

In Albanian there is the same use of word "taman". The word "taman" derives from Ottoman Turkish "tamam" meaning "precisely", borrowed from Arabic where it means "complete", "perfect". In Albanian is used pretty much the same as "lagom", as in "a taman amount", "not a taman person" (not a normal person), "taman!" (agreed, OK), etc. This word ("taman") is also used in some Slavic languages (South Slavic) and it almost perfectly translates "lagom" to those languages.

In Thai, the word พอเพียง (phor phiang) portrays similar meaning.

In Indonesia, both Indonesian and Javanese, there is a common word for that, pas, which means right amount (countable measurement), match, enough.

In Swiss German dialects exists, similar to lagom, the  word "gäbig", which in German means something like "comfortable", "suitable", "handy", in the case of objects or in relation to people and conditions "affable", "pleasant", "sympathetic".

See also
 Festina lente
 Goldilocks principle
 Golden mean (philosophy)
 Hygge
 Gezellig
 Simple living
 Slow movement
 Social model
 Sweet spot
 Sweden: the Middle Way
 Law of Jante
 The Story of the Three Bears
 Centrism, a political ideology
 Moderation, the process of eliminating or lessening extremes.
 Moderate, a middle position in a left/right political scale
 Mathematical optimization, choosing not too high, not too low values of input parameters in view to maximize or minimize an objective function
 Via media, the philosophy of the 'middle way'
 Wasat (Islamic term)

References

External links

 The Swedish Academy's dictionary, Svenska Akademiens ordbok.

Swedish words and phrases
Culture of Sweden

Lagom


Illuminate es un grupo de música del género gótico, creado en 1993 por el compositor Johannes Berthold y con origen en la ciudad alemana de Karlsruhe. La casa disquera Gallery Records fue creada por Johannes Berthold y la misma se ha encargado de la producción de todos sus discos.

Historia
Tras su formación en 1993, el grupo paso por múltiples cambios en sus integrantes, principalmente mujeres vocalistas, mismas que han sido diferentes en casi cada álbum del grupo. Desde los inicios el principal compositor ha sido Johannes Berthold, quién de igual manera es el letrista de la banda, voz masculina, e instrumentos electrónicos al igual que piano. Actualmente el grupo es integrado también por Jörn Langenfeld (Guitarra), Mareike Makosch (Canto), Fenja Makosch (Canto) y Johannes Knees (Teclados). Entre sus mayores éxitos se suma la canción "Dunkellicht", que se colocó en la 4.ª posición de los Deutschen Alternative Charts durante 8 semanas.
El grupo fue parte de M'era Luna en los años 2000, 2003 y 2010.

El exbaterista del grupo Mystic Prophecy, Stefan Dittrich se unió a Illuminate tras la salida de Mathias Kurth en 2009.

Nombre
El nombre del grupo proviene del latín, refiriéndose a ser "lleno de luz" o " iluminario". No tiene ninguna afiliación a la sociedad secreta del Illuminati.

Estilo musical
Los álbumes iniciales del grupo frecuentemente son asociados con el Nuevo Arte Alemán de la Muerte (Neue Deutsche Todeskunst), sin embargo, sus discos más recientes ya no cuentan con esta afiliación. De igual manera, con frecuencia se le categoriza al grupo dentro de algún subgénero Pop, dado que sus melodías no siempre son típicas del género Rock Gótico, Neoclassical o Dark Wave, y considerando que realmente no existe un sólido estilo de Rock. La mayoría de los trabajos de Illuminate no incluyen guitarras.

Su sonido típico es guiado por melodías cargadas por el piano. En producciones más recientes fluyen elementos Dark Wave y electropop. Las voces son, en su mayoría cantadas en tonos de inocencia, a veces sonando incluso cómo las voces puras de niños.
Sus temas tratan sobre el amor, la pérdida, el anhelo y la trascendencia a otras dimensiones de existencia. Una especialidad del grupo es la creación de historias basadas en vidas paralelas o la vida en conjunto con el más allá

Miembros

Miembros actuales

 Johannes Berthold - Canto, Piano, Teclados, Programación, Bajo
 Jörn Langenfeld - Guitarra
 Johannes Knees - Teclados
 Mareike Makosch - Canto
 Fenja Makosch - Canto

Miembros de Soporte
 Carmen R. Schäfer - Canto
 Sylvia Berthold - Canto

Miembros pasados
 Conny Schindler - Canto
 Mathias Kurth - Batería
 Anja Krone - Canto
 Daniela Dietz - Canto
 Markus Nauli - Teclados
 Christian Olbert
 Laura Dragoi
 Ulrike Schneidewind
 Stefan Dittrich - Percusión y Batería

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio
 1993: Poesie (Poesia") EP de debut
 1994: Es atmet (Respira") Segundo EP
 1996: Verfall (Decadencia") Álbum de debut
 1997: Erinnerungen (Recuerdos)
 1998: Erwachen (Despertar)
 1999: Letzter Blick zurück (Último Vistazo Hacía Atrás)
 2000: Ein neuer Tag (Un Nuevo Día)
 2001: Kaltes Licht (Luz Fría)
 2004: Augenblicke (Instantes)
 2006: Zwei Seelen (' Almas) / In Metal - Live in Mexico City
 2008: Zeit der Wölfe (Tiempo de Lobos)
 2009: Splitter (Despedazadór)
 2009: Ohne Worte (Sin Palabras)
 2011: GemEinsam ( junto) (Sólo disponible gratuitamente)
 2011: Grenzgang (Pasaje Fronterizo)
 2012: "ZwischenWelten" ("En mundos Intermedios")
 2013: "Schwarze Perlen" ("Perlas Negras")
 2015: "Gezeichnet" ("Marcado")
 2016: "Ohne Worte 2" ("Sin Palabras 2")
 2018: " Ein ganzes Leben"
 2019: " Zorn"

EP / Mexi CD
 1993: Poesie (Poesía) (VC)
 1994: perfume (Aquello Respira) (Mex-CD)
 1999: Legacy (Sólo Para Ti) (Mex-CD)
 2000: Dunkellicht (Luz) (Mex-CD)
 2001: Bittersüßes Gift (Mary Jane) (Mex-CD)

Recopilatorios
 2003: 10 x 10 – Respetyz'
 2003: 10 x 10 – We Johannes Berthold
 2003: Narrenturm (xh3/imagen'')

Enlaces externos
 Presencia oficial en internet de Illuminate
 Presencia oficial en internet del proyecto en solitario de Johannes Berthold

Referencias

Grupos de rock de Alemania
Grupos de rock en alemán
Cantantes de pop de Alemania
Cantantes en alemán
Grupos de música de los años 1990
Grupos de música de los años 2000
Grupos de música de los años 2010
Karlsruhe

Illuminate


Debeli šef (tal. La Cariatide), pravim imenom Gervasius Twinkleminklensson, jedan je od glavnih likova u talijanskom stripu "Alan Ford". On je tajni agent i najstariji član Grupe TNT. U prvim epizodama bio je šef Grupe, ali nakon pojave Broja 1 postupno gubi tu funkciju i u novim epizodama uglavnom spava u cvjećarnici s Jeremijom. Prvi put se pojavio u epizodi "Grupa TNT".

Životopis

U mladosti Gervasius je radio u jednom selu kao zapisničar i prepisivao molbe, žalbe i slične spise, te je dobio nadimak "Brza noga". Imao je opasnu i debelu ženu koja ga je mučila i tjerala raditi razne poslove. Jednom ga je uhvatila na spavanju u vrtu i počela ga ganjati s valjkom za tijesto u ruci, a on je uspio pobjeći i sakriti se u redovima američke vojske, gdje je postao stenograf. Pisao je vrlo sporo i za jedno slovo mu je trebalo po nekoliko minuta, jer je pisao lijepa i urešena slova, a njegove šefove to je dovodilo na rub živaca. Njegova žena je radila u luci i natjerala ga je da opet živi s njim. Jedne noći, dok je spavao, izbacila ga je van u dvorište zajedno s posteljom, a da on to nije ni primijetio. U blizini je bio Broj 1 i predložio mu neka postane prvi član Grupe TNT i šef svim ostalim članovima, a on je odmah pristao.

Izgled

Debeli Šef visok je 170 cm i težak 92 kg. Star je 50 godina. Ima prosijedu kosu i svijetle oči, nosi otrcano odijelo i stari, prljavi šal u kojem spava njegov kućni ljubimac, zamorac Skviki.

Unutarnje poveznice
 Grupa TNT
 Broj 1
 Jeremija Lešina
 Skviki

Izvori

Junaci stripa
Likovi iz stripa Alan Ford
Grupa TNT

Debeli šef


"Give That Wolf A Banana" (em português: Dê Banana A Um Lobo) é a canção que representou a Noruega no Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2022 que teve lugar em Turim. A canção foi selecionada através do Melodi Grand Prix 2022, realizada a 19 de fevereiro de 2022. Na semifinal do dia 10 de maio, a canção qualificou-se para a final, terminando a competição em 10º lugar com 182 pontos.

Canções do Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Noruega no Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Canções em inglês
Canções de 2022
Singles de 2022

Give That Wolf A Banana


بيير لويجي فارنيزي  (روما، 19 نوفمبر 1503 - بياشنسا ، 10 سبتمبر 1547) أول دوق لكاسترو ولبارما من أسرة فارنيزي.

مراجع

أعلام إل جي بي تي إيطالية القرن 16
أشخاص من روما
أعضاء عائلات ملكية إل جي بي تي
أعلام عصر النهضة
أفراد عسكريون من روما
دوقات بارما
دوقات كاسترو
شخصيات إل جي بي تي القرن 16
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من إيطاليا
فارنيزي
مواليد 1503
مواليد في روما
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 16
نبلاء من روما
وفيات 1547
وفيات في بياتشنزا
رومان كاثوليك مثليون

بيير لويجي فارنيزي