Olaylar
 15 Ocak -İstanbul Lisesi'nin (İstanbul Erkek Lisesi) nin Vefa semtinde bulunan bir konakta Şems-ül Mekatip adı ile Selanik'li Abdikamil Efendi ile Emekli Bahriye Yüzbaşısı Nadir Bey tarafından kurularak eğitime başlaması.
 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Grover Cleveland 22. başkan oldu

Doğumlar

Ocak
 12 Ocak - Louis Horst (ö. 1964)
 31 Ocak - Mehmed Emin Resulzade - Azerbaycan Halk Cumhuriyetinin kurucusu (ö. 1955)

Şubat

Mart
 20 Mart - Philipp Frank, Avusturyalı fizikçi, matematikçi ve akademisyen (ö. 1966)

Nisan

Mayıs
 27 Mayıs - Max Brod, Yahudi kökenli Alman yazar (ö. 1968)

Haziran

Temmuz

Ağustos

Eylül
 24 Eylül - İsmet İnönü, Türk asker, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı Batı Cephesi Komutanı, Türkiye Cumhurbaşkanı, Türkiye Başbakanı (ö. 1973)
 26 Eylül - Arnaldo Foschini, İtalyan mimar ve akademisyen (ö. 1968)

Ekim

Kasım

Aralık
 2 Aralık - Yahya Kemal Beyatlı (ö. 1958)
 3 Aralık - Racendra Prasad, Hindistan'ın ilk cumhurbaşkanı (ö. 1963)
 30 Aralık - Hideki Tojo, Japon asker, düşünür ve devlet adamı

Doğduğu gün ve ay bilinmeyenler
 Mehmed Kemal, Osmanlı bürokratı (ö. 1919)
 Ahmet Haşim, Sembolizmin öncülerinden Türk şair (ö. 1933)
 Kemalettin Sami Gökçen, Türk subay ve siyasetçi
 Halide Edip Adıvar, Türk yazar, siyasetçi, akademisyen, öğretmen (ö. 1964)
 Ömer Seyfettin,Hikâye yazarı, asker, şair (ö. 1920)
 Mazhar Osman, Türkiye'de ilk modern ruh sağlığı hastanesini kuran Türk hekimi (ö. 1951)
 Irving Morrow, Amerikalı mimar (ö. 1952)

Ölümler
 3 Şubat, Alman fizikçi ve mühendis Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen (d. 1797)
 8 Mayıs, Osmanlı Sadrazamı Ahmet Şefik Mithat Paşa
 12 Mayıs, Çek besteci Bedřich Smetena (d. 1824)
 1 Temmuz, İskoç dedektif ve casus Allan Pinkerton (d. 1819)
 29 Ekim, Ermeni asıllı Osmanlı Ticaret ve Ziraat nâzırı Ohannes Çamiç Efendi (d. bilinmiyor)

1884


Akuttelefonen  er indgangen til regionens akuthjælp ved akut sygdom og skade uden for egen læges åbningstid - døgnet rundt.

Region Hovedstaden: Akuttelefonen kontaktes på telefonnummer 1813. Døve kan sende en SMS til Akuttelefonen 1813. Når man ringer til Akuttelefonen 1813, sidder sygeplejersker og læger klar til at hjælpe.

Man skal ringe 1813 for at komme på en akutmodtagelse eller akutklinik (tidligere kaldet skadestuer). 1813 erstatter lægevagten. Ved skader skal man ringe til 1813 for at få at vide, hvornår og hvor man skal møde op på en akutmodtagelse eller akutklinik. Under særlige omstændigheder rykker Akuttelefonen 1813's lægerne ud på hjemmebesøg.

Region Sjælland: Akuttelefonen kontaktes på telefonnummer 1818.

Kilder

Nødkommunikation

Akuttelefonen


Lanark Highlands is a township in eastern Ontario, Canada in Lanark County.  The township administrative offices are located in the village of Lanark.

History
The current township was incorporated on July 1, 1997 by amalgamating the former townships of Darling, Lanark, and the previously combined township Lavant, Dalhousie and North Sherbrooke with the village of Lanark.

Communities
The township comprises the communities of Arklan, Boyds, Brightside, Bullock, California, Cedardale, Clyde Forks, Clydesville, Dalhousie Lake, Elphin, Flower Station, Folger, French Line, Halls Mills, Halpenny, Hood, Hopetown, Joes Lake, Lammermoor, Lanark, Lavant, Lavant Station, Lloyd, Marble Bluff, McDonalds Corners, Middleville, Pine Grove, Poland, Quinn Settlement, Rosetta, Tatlock, Watsons Corners, and White, as well as the ghost town of Herrons Mills.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lanark Highlands had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Notable people

 Earl Manson, professional ice hockey player with the Seattle Metropolitans
 David Francey, songwriter, carpenter.

See also
List of townships in Ontario

References

External links

Township municipalities in Ontario
Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario
Municipalities in Lanark County

Lanark Highlands


GGT may refer to:

Biology and medicine
 Gamma-glutamyltransferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a peptide and an amino acid
 Glutathione hydrolase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes glutathione
 A codon for the amino acid Glycine
Germline gene therapy, to treat genetic diseases

Language
 Gitua language, spoken on New Guinea

Transport
 Exuma International Airport, The Bahamas (IATA:GGT)
 Golden Gate Transit,  a public transport system in California, U.S.

See also
 Galactolipid galactosyltransferase (GGGT), an enzyme in glycerolipid metabolism

GGT


Garden State Plaza (officially Westfield Garden State Plaza) is a shopping mall located in Paramus, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Owned and managed by Paris-based real estate management company Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield, the mall is situated at the intersection of Route 4 and Route 17 near the Garden State Parkway, about  west of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Opened in 1957 as the first suburban shopping mall in New Jersey, it has 300 stores and  of leasable space, qualifying it as a super-regional mall according to the standards of the International Council of Shopping Centers.

The mall had sales of $500 per square foot in 2013, about $320 above the national average; Garden State Plaza is one of the most profitable malls in the country. In a study of malls in the United States performed on behalf of CNBC, published in 2018, Westfield Garden State Plaza ranked ninth in the nation, based on sales of $950 per square foot. Most of the mall, especially retail outlets, is closed on Sunday in accordance with state and local blue laws. Since April 2023, minors under the age of 18 are required to have an adult over 21 supervise them on Friday and Saturday nights.

In a borough where half of the property tax revenue comes from retail properties, Garden State Plaza accounts for 10% of the property taxes collected in Paramus.

As of August 2023, its anchors are Macy's, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, and AMC Theatres.

History
The site at the southwest corner of Route 4 and Route 17 that would become Garden State Plaza was next to a drive-in theater dating back to the 1930s. Allied Stores and Macy's had discussed a shared project at the site that was abandoned in August 1953, after which Allied Stores pursued development of the Bergen Mall (since renamed as Bergen Town Center), that would be located a mile away on Route 4 and which was scheduled to open in September 1957 with Stern's as its anchor store.

R.H. Macy announced the creation of Garden State Plaza in May 1954, establishing a subsidiary that would own and operate the mall. JC Penney announced in June 1955 that the company would construct an  standalone three-story building as part of the project, with the infrastructure to add a fourth floor, as needs grew. In September 1958, long-time Macy's rival Gimbel's announced that it was acquiring access to a building site in the mall for a facility that would include  of retail space on three floors, with completion expected in 1960.

Garden State Plaza opened on May 1, 1957, as the first suburban mall in New Jersey, with plans to be "the largest in the state". On opening day, Garden State Plaza had 75,000 shoppers at a mall that was anchored by a  Bamberger's store on three floors and included 60 retail stores and 5,500 parking spaces on a site that covered . The formal ribbon cutting ceremony included the mayor of Paramus Fred C. Galda and a local eight-year-old who cut a ribbon with one thousand dimes as a fundraiser for the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (since renamed as the March of Dimes), part of an awareness campaign to encourage people to get the polio vaccine.

Its original three anchor stores were Bamberger's, Gimbels, and JCPenney, with the rest of the mall consisting of 90 smaller specialty shops. It was called "the largest shopping center in the world." Constructed by the Muscarelle Construction Company for owner/developer R.H. Macy & Co. as an open-air shopping "plaza", total construction costs for the mall were $26 million (equivalent to $ in ).

Garden State Plaza drew much business from nearby New York towns and cities, whose shoppers wandered across state lines to take advantage of New Jersey's lower sales taxes and its policy that exempted clothing purchases from sales tax. By 1961, it was the world's largest mall.

In 1975, the mall began a multi-phased, years-long project that would fully enclose the mall, converting exterior passageways into covered spaces. The project, budgeted at $20 million, would add  of retail space, bringing the total to  upon completion.

A $21 million construction project in 1981 converted access tunnels into a second level for the mall, added  of retail space.

The mall was enclosed between 1981 and 1984 in response to competitive pressure from newer fully enclosed malls such as the Willowbrook Mall in nearby Wayne. Later in the 1980s, a lower level was added by converting a former basement truck tunnel into retail space. The existing JCPenney basement was given a new entrance on the lower level, but since the floors were at slightly different elevations, that entrance features the shortest escalator in North America, at a height of six steps.

In 1987, Gimbels' parent company, BATUS, which had been selling off its Gimbels' stores, sold its Garden State Plaza location to Associated Dry Goods. Associated reopened the store as the new headquarters for its Hahne's department stores. Hahne's had previously been headquartered at its flagship store in downtown Newark, which the company wanted to close. In the mid-1990s, a Nobody Beats the Wiz store was added as an out-parcel to the mall site; it later became a Best Buy store that closed in 2018. The site was then occupied by a toy store called Toy City, owned by Party City.

On September 7, 1990, Nordstrom opened its first New Jersey location, building a $37 million, , three-level store on the former Hahne's site. In 1996, the luxury department store chain Lord & Taylor opened a store in the mall, which was its seventh in the state at the time.

In 1996, Garden State Plaza marked the completion of a $200 million expansion and major remodeling project that added over  of retail space and two four level parking structures, Parking Garage A, and Parking Garage B. The downstairs food court was connected to the lower level from the previous expansion. J. C. Penney grew by , and two new anchors were added, a  Neiman Marcus on three levels and a  Lord & Taylor on two levels, both targeted at the upscale fashion-conscious shopper. A Venetian carousel was also added at that time of the expansion and remodeling and was located in front of Macy's. The carousel closed in 2016, and was removed so that the mall could use that space for performances by the Bergen Performing Arts Center.

Westfield acquired the mall in 1986 from Macy's in a deal that also included New Jersey's Brunswick Square Mall and Quaker Bridge Mall.

The Borough of Paramus petitioned the New Jersey Supreme Court to review a decision by borough's Planning Board, asking it to review the plans to construct a  "entertainment lifestyle precinct" at the mall that included a 16-screen AMC movie theater and 10 specialty retail stores, along with a  parking lot below the new wing, known as "Parking Garage C". The petition was turned down, and the mall celebrated its 50th anniversary with the new expansion and stores opened on May 25, 2007.

In 2013, the mall rebuilt Parking Garage B, expanding it to five levels and 1,800 parking spaces. Adjacent were built a new guest services office and a valet lounge. A year later, the mall added a  wing at a cost of $160 million known as the "Fashion District" that has 22 stores and restaurants.

In January 2018, Best Buy announced that they would be shuttering their two-level store at Garden State Plaza and would be relocating to a single-floor building to be constructed at The Outlets at Bergen Town Center nearby. The store officially moved on April 14, 2018. J. C. Penney closed on  March 10, 2018. Both stores are expected to be redeveloped by Westfield in the future, though as of October 2018, no such development has been announced. Westfield Garden State Plaza announced plans to build a mixed development center in the previous JCPenney outpost

In July 2019, Tru Kids announced that one of two Toys "R" Us stores being opened by that company as part of that toy retailer's recovery from Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2017 and its acquisition by Tru Kids, would be at Garden State Plaza. (The other would be opened at The Galleria in Houston.) Eschewing the "warehouse" arrangement of previous stores, Toys "R" Us stores, these revamped versions were much smaller, and centered around open play areas, interactive displays and areas for special events and birthday parties. It opened on November 27, 2019. However it closed on January 28, 2021.

In September 2019, the mall announced that it would developing mixed-use projects with dining and other retail on the ground floors of the buildings and housing on the upper floors, which would be constructed in areas now covered by parking lots on the periphery of the mall. Construction of this housing would count towards the borough's affordable housing obligations and would serve as a downtown "town square" for Paramus.

In August 2020, Lord & Taylor announced that it would shutter its mall location, and its six remaining stores in the state, as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In April 2023, the mall announced it would closely align with similar policies adopted by many other malls nationally, banning visitors under 18 without a parent or guardian from the building on weekends, effective the end of that month (except for its AMC location and onsite restaurants, leading some local residents to question the effectiveness of the policy).

Blue laws
Due to New Jersey state blue laws that only apply in Bergen County and more restrictive limitations in place in Paramus restricting business on Sunday, Garden State Plaza is almost completely closed on Sundays, except for some of the restaurants and the movie theater, all of which have special Sunday entrances. On Sundays, Garden State Plaza's parking lot is accessible only from the Route 4 and Route 17 access points. Gates are down so that the access roads from the secondary streets are blocked. The Paramus Borough Code forbids the performance of any "worldly employment" on Sunday, with very limited exceptions. These laws were enacted shortly after Garden State Plaza opened, out of fear that the mall would cause high levels of traffic congestion on the highways in the borough. During the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie issued an executive order that suspended the state's blue laws, allowing stores to be open on Sunday, November 4, 2012, for the benefit of those severely affected by flooding and/or power outages caused by the hurricane. A week later, after public outcry that included the mayor of Paramus announcing that the borough would continue to enforce its own restrictions, the state's blue laws were put back into effect.

Public transportation
Westfield Garden State Plaza serves as a local transportation hub. The mall is served by NJ Transit bus lines routes 163, 171, 175, 707, 709, 756, 758 and 770.

Incidents

On November 4, 2013, 20-year-old Richard Shoop, armed with a SIG 556R semi-automatic rifle, fired multiple shots in the mall. Customers and employees were evacuated immediately from the mall premises shortly after the shots were fired and the mall was on lockdown for hours. The mall remained closed the following day. No one was injured or killed, other than Shoop himself, who committed suicide.

Popular culture
 Garden State Plaza is the setting for Tricia Sullivan's science fiction novel Maul (2002). The novel takes its title from the way that the word "mall" is pronounced with the New Jersey accent. In the novel, three teenage girls start a shoot out with a local gang.
 Several episodes of The Sopranos, the HBO mob drama were filmed at the mall, which was called the "Paramus Mall".
 The 2005 Sesame Street direct-to-video special All Star Alphabet, featuring Stephen Colbert and Nicole Sullivan, was filmed on location at the mall.

See also

Shopping malls in New Jersey
Westfield Group

References

External links

 Westfield Garden State Plaza
 Westfield Garden State Plaza, International Council of Shopping Centers
 Aerial View
 Karsian, Dillon (May 1, 1999). "Garden State Plaza Reshaped Landscape". Retail Traffic.

Paramus, New Jersey
Shopping malls in New Jersey
Shopping malls established in 1957
1957 establishments in New Jersey
Garden State Plaza
Buildings and structures in Bergen County, New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Bergen County, New Jersey
Shopping malls in the New York metropolitan area
Attacks on shopping malls
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States

Garden State Plaza


هضبات روما السبع ( , ) توجد شرق نهر التيبر وتشكل القلب الجغرافي لروما داخل جدران المدينة القديمة.

و هذه التلال (الهضاب)هي :
 هضبة أفينتن
 هضبة كايليان
 هضبة كابيتولين
 ''هضبة إسكيلين
 هضبة بالاتين
 هضبة كيرينال
 هضبة فيمينال

و لا تحتسب هضبة الفاتيكان الواقعة شمال غرب نهر التيبر، وهضبة البنيسيان الواقعة إلى الشمال، وهضبة جانييكول، التي تقع إلى الغرب، بين التلال السبعة التقليدية .

مراجع

تلال روما السبع
جغرافيا إيطاليا
قوائم متعلقة بالثقافة

هضبات روما السبع


Hoya rosea er fjölær jurt í vaxblómaættkvísl.  Útbreiðslan er á Nýju-Gíneu.

Tilvísanir

Vaxblómaættkvísl

Hoya rosea


Jin Mao Kulesi (Çince: 金茂大厦, Pinyin: Jīnmào Dàshà, görkemli altın bina) Çin'in finans merkezi olan Şanghay'de yer almaktadır. 421 metre yüksekliğe sahip ve 88 kattan oluşmaktadır. Çin Halk Cumhuriyetinin yapıldığında en yüksek gökdeleniydi. 1994'te başlayan inşa 1998 yılında tamamlanmıştır. Şu an dünyanın en yüksek 11. gökdelenidir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Çin Jin Mao Group Co. Ltd.
 Grand Hyatt Shanghai
 SkyscraperPage
 CTBUH

Şanghay'daki gökdelenler
Çin'deki oteller
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill'in eserleri
Hyatt Hotels and Resorts
350 metrenin üzerindeki gökdelenler
1998'de tamamlanan yapılar

Jin Mao Kulesi


Los paquipleurosaurios (Pachypleurosauria) son un grupo de reptiles sauropterigios primitivos que vagamente se parecían a lagartos acuáticos, y vivieron sólo durante el período Triásico. Eran animales alargados, con un rango de tamaños desde 20 centímetros hasta cerca de un metro de longitud, con pequeñas cabezas, cuellos largos, extremidades similares a aletas, y largas colas gruesas. La cintura escapular estaba muy reducida, por lo que es improbable que estos animales pudieran moverse en tierra. Los dientes como estacas ampliamente separados se proyectaban en el frente de las mandíbulas, lo que indica que estos reptiles se alimentaban de peces.

Los paquipleurosaurios fueron frecuentemente incluidos entre los notosaurios, y aún actualmente se les considera como tales (Carroll 1988, Benton 2004). Sin embargo, en algunas clasificaciones cladísticas (Rieppel 2000), son considerados como el taxón hermano del grupo Eusauropterygia, el clado que incluye a los notosaurios y a los plesiosaurios.

Referencias

 Benton, M. J. (2004), Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd classification
 Carroll, R.L. (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co.
 Rieppel, O., (2000), Sauropterygia I, placodontia, pachypleurosauria, nothosauroidea, pistosauroidea: In: Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, part 12A, 134pp. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil Table of contents

Enlaces externos
 Lepidosauromorpha: Pachypleurosauridae - Palaeos

Sauropterygia
Fósiles del Triásico

Pachypleurosauria


Ortaokul, ilkokulu takip eden eğitim dönemine verilen isimdir.

Türkiye'de ortaokul
Türkiye'de ortaokullar ikiye ayrılır: Ortaokullar ve din eğitimi ağırlıklı "İmam-Hatip Ortaokulları".

Ortaokul son sınıf (8. sınıf) öğrencileri Liselere Geçiş Sistemi sınavı veya yerel yerleştirme ile liselere geçerler.

Kronoloji
1997 yılı öncesinde 5 yıllık ilköğretim eğitimi sonrasında öğrencinin eğitim gördüğü 3 yıllık eğitim kurumuydu. Bu öğretimden sonra ise öğrenci bir başka eğitim kurumu olan liseye devam ediyordu.

1997'de çıkarılan bir yasayla Türkiye'de ortaokul, ilkokulla birleştirilerek ilköğretim adını aldı.

2012 yılında yapılan düzenlemelerden sonra; öğrencilerin öğrenim gördüğü birinci 4 yıl (1, 2, 3, 4. sınıflar) ilkokul, ikinci 4 yıl (5, 6, 7, 8. sınıflar) ortaokul ve üçüncü 4 yıl (9, 10, 11, 12. sınıflar) ise lise şeklinde isimlendirilmiştir.

Okul ve öğrenci sayıları

Ayrıca bakınız
 Anaokulu öncesi
 Anaokulu
 İlkokul
 Ortaokul
 Yüksekokul
 Lise
 Üniversite

Kaynakça

Türkiye'de eğitim
Tiplerine göre okullar
Okul türleri
Pedagoji
Eğitim aşamaları
İlköğretim okulları
Orta okullar
Ergenlik
Liseler ve ortaöğretim okulları

Ortaokul


موريس سافيو ((10 يناير 1593 - 4 أكتوبر 1657)، تورينو) كان الكاردينال للقرن السابع عشر ميلادي.

سيرته

كان ابن كارلو إمانويلي الأول وانفانتا كاثيرين ميشيل إسبانيا، في عام 1607 ميلادية وعمره 14 عام أصبح كاردينال وأسقف فرشيلي. وفي الرابع من يونيو عام 1627 ميلادية أصبح رئيس دير في براسور آرلي. وفي عام 1637 ميلادية بعد وفاة شقيقة الأكبر فيكتور اماديوس الأول، طالب هو وشقيقه توماس وصاية الدوقية ضد ارملة فيتكور اماديوس ماري كرستين الفرنسية، لكن الملك أيد كرستين وأكد لها الوصاية. في عام 1642 ميلادية ترك امور الدين ليصبح أمير أونيليا وماركيز. وفي الثامن والعشرين من أغسطس من عام 1642 ميلادية تزوج من ابنة اخية فيكتور اماديوس (كريستين لويز سافيو (1629-1692) في تورينو).

مراجع

أبناء ملوك
أساقفة كاثوليك رومان في القرن 17
أساقفة من فيرتشيلي
أشخاص من تورينو
أمراء منطقة سافوا
رجال دين كاثوليك
رجال دين من تورينو
سفويا
كرادلة إيطاليون
كرادلة إيطاليون في القرن 17
مواليد 1593
مواليد في تورينو
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 17
نبلاء من تورينو
وفيات 1657
وفيات بسبب مرض دماغي وعائي
وفيات في تورينو

موريس سافوي


Javier Moreno Sánchez, né le  à Genève (Suisse), est un homme politique espagnol membre du Parti socialiste ouvrier espagnol (PSOE). Après avoir été élu député européen en 2004, il est élu à nouveau en 2019 député et rejoint l'Alliance progressiste des socialistes et démocrates au Parlement européen.

Biographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des députés européens d'Espagne de la 6e législature - Liste des députés européens de la 6e législature
 Liste des députés européens d'Espagne de la 9e législature - Liste des députés européens de la 9e législature

Liens externes

Femme politique espagnole
Député européen membre du Parti socialiste ouvrier espagnol
Député européen du groupe Alliance progressiste des socialistes et démocrates au Parlement européen 2019-2024
Député européen élu en Espagne 2019-2024
Député européen du groupe du Parti socialiste européen 2004-2009
Député européen élu en Espagne 2004-2009
Naissance en janvier 1964
Naissance à Grenade (Espagne)

Javier Moreno Sánchez


Cayos Hickshttp://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1695039&fid=576&c=belize son un grupo de islas deshabitadas del país centroamericano de Belice en el sur de la Bahía de Chetumal, entre Cayo San Jorge y Cayo Chapel, a medio camino entre la ciudad de Belice y la localidad de San Pedro.

Véase también
Geografía de Belice
Geografía de América

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de Localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Belice

Cayos Hicks


Crkva Uspenja Presvete Bogorodice je pravoslavna crkva u Travniku. Prva je pravoslavna crkva u gradskoj zoni Travnika. Nalazi se nedaleko od mosta preko rijeke Lašve. Ne valja brkati ovu crkvu s rimokatoličkom crkvom Uznesenja Marijina u travničkom prigradskom naselju Dolcu, udaljenu jedva kojih pola kilometra zračne crte prema jugoistoku.

Povijest
Podignuta je 1854. godine, uz odobrenje osmanske uprave, na zemljištu koje je poklonio veleposjednik Šemsibeg Ibrahimpašić Kukavčić. Podignuta je neposredno nakon što je sjedište bosanskih namjesnika premješteno iz Travnika u Sarajevo, koje se odigralo 1850. godine. Ni projektantovo ni graditeljevo ime nije poznato. Podatci o potankostima gradnje poput izvornih nacrta nisu sačuvani,  niti postoje poznati prijepisi. Oskudne su informacije o renoviranjima. Godine 1911. crkva je nadograđena. Godine 1923. u Splitu izliveno je crkveno zvono i postavljeno u zvonik. Pripada vrsti jednobrodnih crkava sa zvonikom, zidanih kamenim blokovima, a ikonografski program na zidovima naosa crkve oslikao je Roman Petrović od 1927. do 1940. godine. U ovoj crkvi čuvaju se vrijedne ikone i rukopisne knjige iz 17. i 18. stoljeća, a dio unutrašnjosti hrama tridesetih godina 20. stoljeća oslikao je akademski slikar Roman Petrović.

Zaštita
Graditeljska cjelina koju čini ova crkva, skupa s pokretnom imovinom proglašena je 10. veljače 2010. nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine.

2012. godine završeni su restauratorski radovi u kojima su crkvi obnovljeni prozori. Planira se zamjena stolica i uvođenje grijanja.

Izvor

Pravoslavne crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini
Kršćanski vjerski objekti u Travniku
Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine

Crkva Uspenja Presvete Bogorodice u Travniku


بومهرة أحمد هي بلدية تابعة إداريا لولاية قالمة تبعد عنها حوالي 7كلم، كانت تسمى ابان الاحتلال الفرنسي بيتي . وكماتعتبر أيضا المركز الحضري للقرى والبلديات الصغيرة المجاورة لها.يحدها شمالا كل من بلديات بني مزلين وجبالة الخميسي وجنوبا دائرة لخزارة وشرقا حمام النبايل وغربا بلخـير. وسميت بومهرة أحمد على اسم شهيد ترعرع في هذه المنطقة.

من أهم القرى كفار، والبلدية تعتبر منطقة فلاحية ورعوية بالدرجة الأولى بالإضافة إلى وجود مجموعة من المصانع فيها خاصة مصانع البلاط.

بلديات ولاية قالمة

بومهرة أحمد (بلدية)


Streljaštvo na OI 2016. u Rio de Janeiru održalo se od 6. do 14. kolovoza na streljani Nacionalnog streljačkog centra. Na igrama je moglo sudjelovati maksimalno 390 sportaša u petnaest disciplina. Format natjecanja je bio sličan igrama u Londonu 2012., iako je bilo značajnih promjena u pravilima i smjernicama natjecanja.

Rezultati

Muškarci

Žene

Izvor

Vidi još

Streljaštvo na OI 2012.

Vanjske poveznice
Streljaštvo na OI 2016.

Streljaštvo
Svjetska streljačka natjecanja

Streljaštvo na OI 2016.


سوسن فقوعة  هو أحد أنواع السوسن و يتبع الفصيلة السوسنية. ينمو هذا النوع في مناطق جبال نابلس شمال الضفة الغربية في فلسطين، وبالأخص قرب قرية فقوعة.

تتميز الزهرة بلونها البنفسجي القاتم بالإضافة إلى اللون الأصفر، وكبر حجم البتلات الزهرية.

تنمو الزهرة وتتفتح في جبال فقوعة خلال فصل الربيع في شهر نيسان .

مراجع

أزهار
أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المحصنة
الحياة النباتية في الوطن العربي
سوسن
سوسنية
نباتات الشام
نباتات منسوبة إلى مناطق في بلاد الشام

سوسن فقوعة


පුත්තලම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගයකි.

පුත්තලම මාර්ගය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ජාලයේ අඩි 5 අඟල් 6 (මි.මී. 1,676) පුළුල් මාපක දුම්රිය මාර්ගයකි.(මුලින් වයඹ මාර්ගය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.)  කිලෝමීටර් 133 (සැතපුම් 83) දුම්රිය මාර්ගය රාගම හන්දියෙන් ආරම්භ වී රටේ වයඹ දිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ප්‍රධාන නගර හරහා පෙරියනගවිල්ලු දක්වා දිව යයි. එහි දිගට දුම්රිය ස්ථාන හතළිස් දෙකක් ඇත.ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවයේ අංක 3 වශයෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පුත්තලම මාර්ගය යි.රාගම සිට ජාඇල දක්වා පමණක් ද්විත්ව මාර්ග ඇති අතර එතැනින් ඔබ්බට තනි මාර්ගය දිවේ. වර්ණ සංඥා භාවිතා කෙරෙන්නේ රාගම සිට මීගමුව දක්වා පමණි. එතැන් සිට භාවිතා වන්නේ පැරණි ටැබ්ලට් ක්‍රමය යි.මගී ප්‍රවාහනය සඳහා දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ අවසානය වන්නේ නූර් නගර් දුම්රිය ස්ථානය යි. එනම් පුත්තලමට පසු හමුවන පළමු දුම්රිය ස්ථානය යි. නමුත් මාර්ගය එතැනින් අවසන් වන්නේ නැත. නූර් නගර් සිට පෙරියනාගවිල්ලු හරහා එය ඉදිරියට අැදෙයි. මාර්ගයේ එම කොටස භාවිතා කරන්නේ හොල්සිම් සිමෙන්ති සමාගම යි. ඔවුන් පාලාවි හි පිහිටි සිමෙන්ති කර්මාන්ත ශාලාව වෙත හුණුගල් (සිමෙන්ති නිෂ්පාදනයට යොදා ගැනෙන ප්‍රධාන අමු ද්‍රව්‍යය යි) ප්‍රවාහනය කරනුයේ ඉහත සඳහන් කළ මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ය. ඒ සඳහා හොල්සිම් සමාගමට අයත් දුම්රිය එන්ජින් සහ හුණුගල් ප්‍රවාහන ගැල් භාවිතා වේ.

 ඉතිහාසය

1907 ජූලි 3 වැනිදා රාගම සිට ජාඇල දක්වා දුම්රිය මාර්ගයක් තැබීමත් සමඟ පුත්තලම දක්වා දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඉදිකිරීම ආරම්භ විය. මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ ලංකාවේ ආණ්ඩුකාර ශ්‍රීමත් හෙන්රි ආතර් බ්ලේක් විසිනි. පළමු මගී මෙහෙයුම් 1908 නොවැම්බර් 9 වන දින ආරම්භ විය. මීගමුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය 1909 දෙසැම්බර් 1 වන දින විවෘත කරන ලද අතර, එම මාර්ගය 1916 දී හලාවත දක්වා දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී.1920 නොවැම්බරයේදී පුත්තලම දක්වා දිගු කිරීමේ කටයුතු ආරම්භ කරන ලදී,එය 1926 මැයි 12 දින නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලදී.

1943 දී බංගදෙණියේ සිට පුත්තලම දක්වා මාර්ගය ඉවත් කරන ලදී, දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය නිසා ඇති වූ හිඟය හේතුවෙන් වෙනත් උපාය මාර්ගික වශයෙන් වැදගත් මාර්ගවල රේල් පීලි අවශ්‍ය විය. එය 1946 දී නව දුම්රිය ස්ථාන ගණනාවක් සමඟින් නැවත සකස් කරන ලදී. මෙම මාර්ගය පුත්තලමෙන් ඔබ්බට පෙරියනගවිල්ලුව දක්වාද, මාර්ගය දෙපසට විහිදුනු අතර, එක් මාර්ගයක් අරුවක්කාලු දක්වාද අනෙක් මාර්ගය ඉලුවන්කුලම දක්වාද දිවෙන ලදී.

2011 දී රාගම සහ ජා-ඇල අතර කිලෝමීටර් 20 (සැතපුම් 12) ද්විත්ව මාර්ගයක් නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කරන ලදී. උතුරු සහ පුත්තලම මාර්ග සම්බන්ධ කරමින් පුත්තලම සිට නොරොචෝලේ බලාගාරය (රටේ ප්‍රධාන ගල් අඟුරු බලාගාරයට සේවා සපයන) හරහා මහව දක්වා දුම්රිය මාර්ගය දීර්ඝ කිරීමේ ශක්‍යතා පිළිබඳව 2017 වසරේ රජය විමර්ශනය කිරීම ආරම්භ කළේය.

 මෙහෙයුම්

මෙම මාර්ගය මගී සහ භාණ්ඩ ප්‍රවාහන දුම්රිය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට s9, s8, s11 සහ s10 පන්ති දිවා කාලයේ මගී දුම්රිය සඳහා භාවිතා කරන අතර කාර්යාල දුම්රිය s11, s13, m4 සහ s9 පන්තියෙන් ඇදගෙන යයි. මීගමුව, මාදම්පේ, හලාවත, පුත්තලම සහ නූර්නගර් දුම්රිය වල ප්‍රධාන පර්යන්ත වේ. කාර්ය බහුල වේලාවන්හිදී පාලනය කළ නොහැකි සෙනඟක් දක්නට ලැබේ (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කොළඹ සිට මීගමුව දක්වා)

 දුම්රි ස්ථාන
 රාගම (සන්ධිය)
 පේරලන්ද
 කඳාන
 කපුවත්ත
 ජා ඇල
 තුඩැල්ල
 කුඩහකපොල
 අලවතුපිටිය
 සීදූව
 ලියනගේමුල්ල
 ආයෝජන ප්‍රවර්ධන කලාපය
 ගුවන්තොටුපල (ගුවන් තොටුපල විහිදුම් මාර්ගය - සාමාන්‍ය ගමන් මගට හසු නො වෙයි)
 කටුණායක
 කුරණ
 මීගමුව
 කට්ටුව
 කොච්චිකඩේ
 වෛක්කාල
 බෝලවත්ත
 බොරලැස්ස
 ලුණුවිල
 තුම්මෝදර
 නාත්තන්ඩිය
 වලහපිටිය
 කුඩා වැව
 නෙළුම් පොකුණ
 මාදම්පෙ
 කාක්කපල්ලිය
 සවරාන
 හලාවත
 මානුවන්ගම
 බංගදෙණිය
 ආරච්චිකට්ටුව
 ආනවිලුන්දාව
 බත්තුලුඔය
 පුලිච්චකුලම්
 මුන්ඩල්
 මංගල එළිය
 මදුරන්කුලිය
 එරුක්කලම්පිඩි - නාගවිල්ලු
 පලාවි
 තිල්අඩිය
 පුත්තලම
 නූර්නගර් (මගී ප්‍රවාහනය සඳහා මාර්ගයේ කෙළවර)

Made by thaVI
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග

පුත්තලම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය


كابا دياوارا ( في طولون)  لاعب كرة قدم غيني الجنسية فرنسي المولد يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الثانية أرليه أفينيون الفرنسي منذ 2009 في مركز المهاجم .<ref></ref.

لعب دياوارا في أندية طولون الفرنسي (1993-1994) بوردو الفرنسي (1994-1998) رين الفرنسي بالإعارة (1998) آرسنال الإنجليزي (1999) مرسيليا الفرنسي (1999) باريس سان جيرمان الفرنسي (2000-2003) بلاكبيرن روفرز الإنجليزي بالإعارة (2001) وست هام يونايتد الإنجليزي بالإعارة (2001) راسينغ فيرول الإسباني بالإعارة (2002) نيس الفرنسي بالإعارة (2002-2003) الغرافة القطري (2003-2004) الخريطيات القطري (2005) أجاكسيو الفرنسي (2005-2006) جازيانتيب سبور التركي (2006-2007) أنقرة غوجو التركي (2008) ألكي لارنكا القبرصي (2008-2009) .

ساهم دياوارا في تتويج نادي بوردو ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى موسم 1998/1999 .

على الرغم من مشاركة دياوارا مع منتخب فرنسا للشباب تحت 21 سنة إلا أنه فضل عليه منتخب بلاد آباه غينيا حيث تعتبر أبرز محطاته تسجيل هدفين في بطولة كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 2006 التي أقيمت في مصر . الأول كان في مرمى منتخب تونس في المباراة الثالثة من الدور الأول وانتهت بالفوز 3/0 والهدف الثاني في مرمى منتخب السنغال في الدور الربع النهائي ولكنه خسر 2/3 . منذ سنة 2004 شارك دياوارا في 13 مباراة دولية مسجلا 6 أهداف .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون غينيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون غينيون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون فرنسيون من أصل غيني
رياضيون من تولون
فرنسيون من أصل غيني
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو أجاكسيو
لاعبو أنقرة غوجو
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو باريس سان جيرمان
لاعبو بلاكبيرن روفرز
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري نجوم قطر
لاعبو راسينغ فيرول
لاعبو رين
لاعبو غازي عنتاب سبور
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قطر
لاعبو كرة قدم غينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم غينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قطر
لاعبو كرة قدم من بروفنس ألب كوت دازور
لاعبو كرة قدم من تولون
لاعبو كرة قدم من فار (إقليم فرنسي)
لاعبو منتخب غينيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي آرسنال
لاعبو نادي الخريطيات
لاعبو نادي الغرافة
لاعبو نادي تولون
لاعبو نيس
لاعبو وست هام يونايتد
مدربو منتخب غينيا لكرة القدم
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1395 هـ
مواليد 1975
مواليد في تولون

كابا دياوارا


Pribylina este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Liptovský Mikuláš din regiunea Žilina, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.323 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Vavrišovo.

Istoric
Localitatea Pribylina este atestată documentar din 1286.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Pribylina


A doosra is a particular type of delivery by an off-spin bowler in the sport of cricket. The doosra spins in the opposite direction to an off break (the off-spinner's default delivery), and aims to confuse the batsman into playing an unavoidable shot.

Doosra means "(the) second (one)", or "(the) other (one)" in Urdu.

The delivery was invented by Pakistani domestic cricketer Prince Aslam Khan and popularised by Pakistani international cricketer Saqlain Mushtaq. A variety of bowlers have made considerable use of the doosra in international cricket. Users include Sri Lankan Muttiah Muralitharan, Indian Harbhajan Singh, and South African Johan Botha. Other Pakistanis who use it include Shoaib Malik and Saeed Ajmal. Many bowlers, such as Johan Botha and Shane Shillingford, are not allowed to bowl doosras because, when they do so, their bowling actions are considered illegal.

History
The doosra is a relatively new type of delivery. The naming of the delivery is attributed to Moin Khan, the former Pakistani wicketkeeper, who would call on Saqlain Mushtaq to bowl the "doosra" (the other one) from behind the stumps. Tony Greig, a commentator in one of these matches, eventually linked the word to the delivery and confirmed it with Saqlain in a post-match interview. Thus the term became a part of cricketing culture. The doosra is now an important part of the off-spin armoury.

Technique
The bowler delivers the ball with the same wrist action by locking the wrist and using the index and ring fingers instead of the usual index and middle fingers. This gives the ball spin in the opposite direction to that for an off break, causing it to spin from the leg side to the off side to a right-handed batsman.

To make doosra more effective it should be pitched on the middle and off stump line because the ball will move away from the batsman after pitching, if a right-hander is facing the ball. However, if there is a little extra turn in the wicket then a bowler might have to adjust his line to middle and leg stump. An adept doosra bowler often gives a flight to his ball inviting a batsman to step out the crease, whereas the latter thinks that it is a traditional off-spin ball and he leaves the safety of the crease and loses his wicket to stumping or just manages to edge it to a fielder within the 30-yard circle.

The doosra is the off-spinner's equivalent of the leg-spinner's googly, which spins in the opposite direction to the leg spinner's stock ball.

It is possible for a left-armer (whose action mirrors that of an off-spinner) to bowl the doosra, which in this case would turn from off to leg. Sri Lankan left-armer Rangana Herath gained recognition by bowling the delivery, in particular against the Australians during an A tour. England left-armer Monty Panesar has said he has bowled the delivery occasionally in domestic matches. In the test series against Sri Lanka in 2014, the English spin bowler Moeen Ali bowled a doosra making him the first English spinner to do so in an international match.

Controversy
While Saqlain never had legitimacy issues regarding his action, other off-spinners attempting to utilize the delivery have had accusations (for the most part dismissed) of chucking (throwing) levelled against them. These include Sohag Gazi, Muttiah Muralitharan, Harbhajan Singh, Shoaib Malik, Saeed Ajmal and Johan Botha. The South Australian Dan Cullen has also been rumoured to be able to bowl the doosra.

Muttiah Muralitharan

Muralitharan's doosra was the subject of an official report by match referee Chris Broad during Australia's tour of Sri Lanka in 2004, for illegal bending of the arm at the elbow during the bowling action. Subsequent biomechanical tests conducted at the University of Western Australia in Perth showed that Muralitharan was straightening his arm by angles of up to 10 degrees prior to delivering doosras, well outside the International Cricket Council (ICC) acceptable guideline of 5 degrees for spin bowlers. (Straightening the bent arm at the moment of delivery imparts added ball speed due to the action of the triceps muscle: this is one of the ways baseball pitchers generate ball velocity.) Muralitharan was subsequently instructed by Sri Lanka Cricket not to bowl the doosra in international cricket. In November 2004, the International Cricket Council conducted more research into illegal bowling actions and found that many great bowlers like Glenn McGrath, Jason Gillespie and Shaun Pollock, whose actions were considered legitimate, were actually transgressing the 5 degree guideline. A rule change was proposed and accepted at a meeting of ICC chief executives in early 2005, stating that any bowler may straighten the arm up to 15° (which was earlier 9° for spinners and 12° for seamers) and Muralitharan's doosra once again became a legal delivery.

In February 2006, in an attempt to silence the Australian crowds and their "no ball" chants, Muralitharan took another test at the University of Western Australia, which saw all of his deliveries deemed legal under the new relaxed definition including the doosra which was specifically changed to accommodate him rather than ban his delivery.

Harbhajan Singh

The doosra of Indian bowler Harbhajan Singh was the subject of an official report by match referee Chris Broad, on-field umpires Aleem Dar and Mark Benson, and TV umpire Mahbubur Rahman after the second Test between India and Bangladesh at Chittagong in December 2004. It was reported that his arm is straightened by angles of up to 10 degrees, 5 degrees within the new ICC tolerance levels.

Shoaib Malik
Pakistani all-rounder Shoaib Malik was also reported for his doosra before the first Test between Australia and Pakistan in December 2004. Biomechanics tests, similar to those performed on Muralitharan, were conducted, and he did not bowl in subsequent Tests in that series. Unlike many other cricketers accused of throwing when bowling their doosra delivery, Malik is also a capable batsman, and some analysts speculate that he might focus on his batting if prevented from bowling this delivery.

Malik returned to bowling in May 2005 following remedial work. He was reported again, alongside Shabbir Ahmed, after the first Test against England at Multan in November 2005.

In May 2006, Malik opted for elbow surgery to correct his bowling action. He and the Pakistan Cricket Board had previously unsuccessfully argued that a 2003 road accident caused the damage to his elbow which makes his action appear suspect. Malik returned to play in June 2006 but does not bowl the doosra any more.

Johan Botha
South African Johan Botha has been reported for his version of the doosra after the 3rd Test match against Australia in January 2006. Botha was playing in his maiden test match at the time, taking 2 wickets. His bowling was later ruled illegal, and he was banned, though this ban was lifted in November 2006. However, in April 2009, he was called for a re-assessment of his bowling action after the series in Australia. In May 2009, he was allowed to bowl all types of deliveries except the doosra, which was deemed to exceed the 15-degree limit.

Saeed Ajmal
A Pakistani cricketer, Saeed Ajmal is an off-spin bowler who used the doosra as a mystery delivery by disguising it well. His technique was noted for causing more spin than speed, to his personal preference. In April 2009, Ajmal was reported by umpires for having a suspect bowling action. An independent test the following month, reaffirmed later by a subsequent thorough investigation by journalist George Dobell with extensive discussion with the ICC conducted and released in 2012, made clear that Ajmal's bowling action falls well within the legal bounds set by the ICC for bowlers.
Ajmal also had a mystery delivery called teesra which he used against England's Stuart Broad in test series at UAE in 2011–12.  However, he was banned in September 2014 after his action was deemed illegal for all deliveries by the ICC as part of the clampdown on illegal actions. Although initially he hoped to make the 2015 Cricket World Cup he subsequently ruled himself out in December 2014 after deciding not to get his action retested by the ICC and although his ban was lifted in February 2015 did not feature in the showpiece event.

Shohag Gazi

The doosra of Bangladeshi bowler Shohag Gazi was very difficult for Indian batsmen to read and play in his first match against India. After that series Shohag Gazi was accused by the ICC of using an illegal bowling action. After changing his action under ICC rules, he became an ineffective bowler and was subsequently dropped from the national team.

Teesra

In 2004, Saqlain Mushtaq, the developer of the doosra, said he had developed a new variant called the teesra, which is a backspinner disguised as an off spinner. He was supposed to have used it in ICL matches. A teesra is a slightly round-arm delivery, having more pace than either doosra or offspinner and can surprise a batsman. It can also have good effect in limited overs cricket for containing runs.

In 2011, Saeed Ajmal said he had learned the art of teesra and was looking to use this delivery in upcoming matches.

References

Bowling (cricket)
Cricket terminology
Hindi words and phrases
Urdu-language words and phrases

Doosra


An Elegia racemosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean Louis Marie Poiret, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. An Elegia racemosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elegia, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elegia (Restionaceae)

Elegia racemosa


Coatbridge (, ; ) is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, about  east of Glasgow city centre, set in the central Lowlands. Along with neighbouring town Airdrie, Coatbridge forms the area known as the Monklands (population approximately 90,000 including outlying settlements), often considered to be part of the Greater Glasgow urban area – although officially they have not been included in population figures since 2016 due to small gaps between the Monklands and Glasgow built-up areas.

In the last years of the 18th century, the area developed from a loose collection of hamlets into the town of Coatbridge. The town's development and growth have been intimately connected with the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution, and in particular with the hot blast process. Coatbridge was a major Scottish centre for iron works and coal mining during the 19th century and was then described as 'the industrial heartland of Scotland' and the 'Iron Burgh'.

Coatbridge also had a notorious reputation for air pollution and the worst excesses of industry. However, by the 1920s, coal seams were exhausted and the iron industry in Coatbridge was in rapid decline. After the Great Depression, the Gartsherrie ironwork was the last remaining iron works in the town. One publication has commented that in modern-day Coatbridge "coal, iron and steel have all been consigned to the heritage scrap heap".

History

Coatbridge owes its name to a bridge that carried the old Edinburgh-Glasgow road over the Gartsherrie Burn, at what is now Coatbridge Cross. This first appears on Roy's survey of 1755 as Cottbrig, one of a number of places on the wider Coats estate. The name Coats most likely comes from the Scots word cot(t), meaning "cottage", although an alternative theory links it to the name of the Colt family, who owned land here as early as the 13th century.

Early history: from Bronze Age to Middle Ages
Settlement of the Coatbridge area dates back 3000 years to the Mesolithic Age. A circle of Bronze Age stone coffins was found on the Drumpellier estate in 1852. A number of other Bronze Age urns and relics have been found in Coatbridge. An Iron Age wood and thatch crannog dwelling was sited in the loch at the present day Drumpellier Country Park. Dependent upon the water level in the loch, the remains can still be seen.

Roman coins have been unearthed in Coatbridge, and there are the remains of a Roman road on the fringes of the town near the M8 motorway.

Middle Ages to late 18th century

The Monklands area inherited its name after the area was granted to the Cistercian monks of Newbattle Abbey by King Malcolm IV in 1162. In 1323, the Monklands name appeared for the first time on Stewards' charter. The monks mined coal and farmed the land until the time of the reformation when the land was taken from them and given to private landowners. In 1641, the parish of Monklands was divided between New Monkland (present day Airdrie) and Old Monkland (present day Coatbridge). Old Monkland was described in the 1799 Statistical Account as an "immense garden" with "extensive orchards" and "luxurious crops", where "rivers abound with salmon".

19th century
The Monkland Canal was constructed at the end of the 18th century initially to transport coal to Glasgow from the rich local deposits. The invention of the hot blast furnace process in 1828 meant that Coatbridge's ironstone deposits could be exploited to the maximum by the canal link and hot blast process. The new advances meant that iron could be produced with two-thirds less fuel. Summerlee Iron Works was one of the first iron works to use this technology. By the mid 19th century there were numerous hot blast furnaces in operation in Coatbridge.

The prosperous industry which had sprung up around the new iron industry required vast numbers of largely unskilled workers to mine ironstone and work in the blast furnace plants. Coatbridge therefore became a popular destination for vast numbers of Irish (especially from County Donegal in Ulster) arriving in Scotland. The iron bars and plates produced in Coatbridge iron works were the raw materials needed throughout the British Empire for railways, construction, bridge building and shipbuilding. One example of uses Coatbridge iron was put to included armour plating for British ships fighting in the Crimean War.

Over the course of the following forty years, the population of Coatbridge grew by 600%. The character of the Coatbridge area changed from a rural, Presbyterian landscape of small hamlets and farmhouses into a crowded, polluted, Irish Catholic industrial town. In 1840, Rev William Park wrote that:

One contemporary observer at this time noted that Coatbridge is "not famous for its sylvan beauties of its charming scenery" and "offers the visitor no inducements to loiter long". However, "a visit to the large Gartsherrie works is one of the sights of a lifetime".

Most of the town's population lived in tight rows of terraced houses built under the shadow of the iron works. These homes were often owned by their employers. Living conditions for most were appalling and tuberculosis was rife.

For a fortunate few though, fortunes could be won "with a rapidity only equalled by the princely gains of some of the adventurers who accompanied Pizarro to Peru", noted one observer. Among the most notable success stories were the six sons of Coatbridge farmer Alexander Baird. The Baird family had become involved in coal mining but opened an iron foundry in order to exploit the new hot blast process of iron smelting invented by James Beaumont Neilson. The Bairds subsequently constructed numerous iron foundries in Coatbridge including the famous Gartsherrie iron works. The waste heap or 'bing' from the Baird's Gartsherrie works was said to be as large as the great pyramid in Egypt. One son, James Baird, was responsible for erecting 16 blast-furnaces in Coatbridge between 1830 and 1842. Each of the six sons of Alexander Baird was reputed to have become a millionaire.

The town was vividly described by Robert Baird in 1845:

 In the 19th century, the Baird family wielded a pervasive influence over Coatbridge. They were responsible for the design of the lay out of present-day Coatbridge town centre. The land for the Town Hall and the land which later came to form Dunbeth Park was given to the town by the Bairds. Gartsherrie church was built by the Baird family, the oldest and most significant landmark in the town. Despite being Protestant, the Bairds donated the site on the Main Street for the erection of St Patrick's Catholic Church.

Daniel (Dane) Sinclair, an engineer with the National Telephone Company, based in Glasgow, patented the automatic telephone switchboard. This system was installed in Coatbridge in 1886 and became the world's first automatic telephone exchange.

20th/21st centuries
By 1885, the once plentiful Monklands ironstone deposits had been largely exhausted. It became increasingly expensive to produce iron in Coatbridge as raw materials had to be imported from as far afield as Spain. The growth of the steel industry (in nearby Motherwell) had also led to a start of a decline in demand for the pig iron Coatbridge produced. Living conditions remained grim. In the 1920s, Lloyd George's "Coal and Power" report described the living conditions in the Rosehall area of Coatbridge:

George Orwell's book The Road to Wigan Pier was illustrated by a photograph of homes in the Rosehall area of Coatbridge. In 1934, there was an exodus to Corby in England when the local Union Plant relocated. This had the effect of a hammer blow impact on the town's iron industry and ushered in the end of serious iron production. The decline of the Clydeside shipbuilding industry in the 1950s meant the demand for iron finally collapsed. A legacy of 'devastating' unemployment, appalling housing conditions and some of the worst overcrowding in Scotland left its stamp on the Coatbridge of the early 1930s. As late as 1936, Coatbridge was the most overcrowded place in Scotland.

In the 1930s and 1950s, however, massive state-sponsored programmes saw thousands of new homes built in Coatbridge and some of the worst examples of slum housing were cleared away. By the early 1980s, 85% of homes in Coatbridge were part of local authority housing stock.

The last of the blast furnaces, William Baird's famous Gartsherrie works, closed in 1967.

Since the 1970s, there have been various initiatives to attempt to regenerate Coatbridge. Urban Aid grants, European Union grants and, more recently, Social Inclusion Partnerships have attempted to breathe new life into Coatbridge. Despite these efforts the town's population has continued to fall and, in recent years, the town has been dubbed the "most dismal in Scotland".

Geography

At  (55.861°, -4.047°), Coatbridge is situated in Scotland's Central Lowlands. The town lies  above sea level,  east of Glasgow,  south of Cumbernauld and  west of Airdrie.
Although Coatbridge has no major river running through it, the North Calder Water runs east–west to the south and the now defunct Monkland Canal used to run straight through the centre of the town toward Glasgow. The canal route through Coatbridge can still be seen today. Several smaller burns run through Coatbridge, most of which drain into the North Calder Water. Coatbridge has four significant public parks: Dunbeth Park, West End Park, Whifflet park and Drumpellier Country Park. Lochend Loch (locally known as Drumpellier Loch) and Woodend Loch are situated on the north-west edge of Coatbridge.

Topography
The topography of Coatbridge was an important feature in the town's development during the industrial revolution. Coatbridge rests 60 metres below the "Slamannan plateau" and neighbouring Airdrie sits on its edge. The low-lying flat ground of Coatbridge was a vital factor in the siting of the town's blast furnaces and the Monkland Canal route. Although Airdrie was an already established town and had local supplies of ironstone, the Monkland Canal link did not extend into Airdrie because of its higher elevation. The Clyde Valley plan of 1949 described Coatbridge as 'situated over a flooded coalfield'. Tenement buildings in Coatbridge were not built to the same level as Glasgow tenements due to danger of local subsidence from centuries of local mining.

Geology
Dunbeth Hill where the present local authority municipal buildings stand is a wedge of rock which was probably squeezed upwards by the force of two (now-extinct) fault lines. There are the remains of spreads of glacial sands along the crest of Drumpellier, the west bank of Gartsherrie Burn and along modern day Bank Street. Kirkwood, Kirkshaws and Shawhead sit on a sandstone capped ridge looking south over the Clyde Valley. The vital Coatbridge black band coal field extended from Langloan to beyond the eastern edge of the town.

Climate
Like much of the British Isles, Coatbridge experiences a temperate maritime climate with relatively cool summers and mild winters. The prevailing wind is from the west. Regular but generally light precipitation occurs throughout the year.

Culture
Coatbridge is the home of one of Scotland's most visited museums, Summerlee Museum of Scottish Industrial Life, which contains an insight into the lives of working people in the West of Scotland. A miners' row of 1900s–1980s houses, a working tramway and a reconstruction coal mine can all be experienced on site. The museum is situated on the remains of one of Coatbridge's historic blast furnaces, now a Scheduled Monument.

Literature, theatre and film
Janet Hamilton, the nineteenth century poet and essayist, died in Langloan in 1873. Present-day writers Anne Donovan (Orange prize winner), Brian Conaghan (the award-winning author of several novels) Award-winning author Des Dillon are all from Coatbridge. Coatbridge has regularly featured in Des Dillon's work. Two of his books about Coatbridge have been turned into plays.

Mark Millar is a Coatbridge comic book writer whose Wanted comic book series has been translated into a feature film starring Angelina Jolie and Morgan Freeman, as well as the highly successful graphic novel Kickass which was adapted into the successful film of the same name in 2010. Coatbridge-born Dame Laurentia McLachlan was the Benedictine abbess of the Stanbrook Community whose correspondence with George Bernard Shaw and Sydney Cockerell was the subject of the film The Best of Friends.

Coatbridge is also home to the annual Deep Fried Film Festival. Local filmmakers Duncan and Wilma Finnigan have been described by The List as "the John Cassavetes and Gena Rowlands of Coatbridge".

Music
Thomas McAleese (alias Dean Ford) was the lead singer of The Marmalade who had a UK number one single in 1969 with a cover of The Beatles' "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" and co-wrote "Reflections of My Life", Marmalade's biggest worldwide success. Coatbridge brothers Greg Kane and Pat Kane are the band Hue and Cry. Coatbridge born Alan Frew is the ex-pat lead singer of Canadian group Glass Tiger. "My Town" was written by Glass Tiger bandmates Alan Frew, Alan Connelly and Wayne Parker, as well as Jim Cregan, who co-wrote two of Rod Stewart's other hits. The song's lyrics are a tribute to Frew's hometown, Coatbridge, and Stewart was invited to record the song with Glass Tiger because of his Scottish ancestry. Cha Burns (deceased), Jimme O'Neill and JJ Gilmour of The Silencers are from Coatbridge. Coatbridge sisters Fran and Anna were a famous duo on the Scottish traditional music scene. Cousins Ted and Hugh McKenna, of Tear Gas and the Sensational Alex Harvey Band, and Hugh's sister, Mae McKenna, a folk singer and renowned session singer, came from the Kirkshaws area of Coatbridge.

Coatbridge and Ireland

Coatbridge is especially noted for its historical links with Ireland. This is largely due to large scale immigration into the town from Ulster (especially from County Donegal) in the 19th century and throughout most of the 20th century. Indeed, the town has been called "little Ireland".

The most obvious manifestation of these links can be seen in the annual St Patrick's Day Festival. The festival is sponsored by the Irish Government and Guinness. The festival runs for over a fortnight and includes lectures, film shows, dance/Gaelic football competitions and music performances. The festival is the largest Irish celebration in Scotland.

Coatbridge accent
The Coatbridge accent has been categorised as making less use of the Scots tongue and exhibiting a tendency to stress the "a" vowel differently from general Scots usage. Examples of this are seen in the pronunciation of the words stair ("sterr"), hair ("herr"), fair ("ferr") and chair ("cherr"). This different enunciation has been attributed to the impact of successive influxes of Ulster Catholic immigrants into Coatbridge. However, the distinctiveness of the Coatbridge accent and pronunciation has diminished as the various surrounding populations (especially Glasgow) have mingled with that of Coatbridge.

Sports

Coatbridge's local football team is Albion Rovers. Albion Rovers play in the Lowland Football League having been relegated from Scottish League Two following the 2022–23 season. Cliftonhill is where they play their home games. The "Wee Rovers" were founded in 1882 when two local Coatbridge clubs, Rovers and Albion, amalgamated to form the club bearing the name.

Coatbridge CC a local amateur football club founded in 1976 became Scottish Champions in 1986 and again in 1988. Coatbridge CC became the first amateur football club to win the Scottish Cup and the West of Scotland cup in the same season.

Drumpellier Cricket Club has been in continuous existence for over 150 years and the club has a ground in the Drumpellier area.

Greyhound and speedway racing also took part in the town, using the Albion Rovers FC ground. Greyhound Racing began on 11 December 1931 and lasted until 1986. The Edinburgh Monarchs rode there in 1968–69 (as the Coatbridge Monarchs) after losing their track at Meadowbank Stadium to the developers for the 1970 Commonwealth Games. Glasgow Tigers moved from Hampden Park to Coatbridge in 1973, and stayed there until June 1977, when they were forced out by the greyhound racing.

The Coatbridge Indoor bowling club hosted the World Indoor Bowls Championships from 1979 until 1987.

Coatbridge was the home of former boxer Bert Gilroy, Scotland's longest-reigning champion. Coatbridge is also home to the former WBO Super-featherweight, lightweight and light-welterweight world champion Ricky Burns. Walter Donaldson, former World Snooker champion, also hailed from Coatbridge.

There are two golf courses: the municipal course bordering Drumpellier Country Park and the nearby private member's club Drumpellier Golf Course. Clare Queen, Scotland's number one female golfer on the women's European tour, is from Coatbridge.

Coat of arms

Coatbridge was given burgh status in 1885, and was granted a coat of arms by the Lord Lyon in 1892. The arms have a black field and on it a flaming tower to represent a blast furnace and Coatbridge's industrial tradition. The crest is a monk holding a stone in his left hand. The stone relates to the old parish of Monklands and the legend of the "aul' kirk stane". The legend of the "aul' kirk stane" is that a pilgrim undertaking a penance from Glasgow carried a stone in the direction of Monklands. When he could carry the stone no further (or in another version of the legend, when an angel spoke to him) he laid the stone down. It was where the stone came to rest that he was to build a church. The church is the present-day Old Monkland Kirk, at which the alleged stone can still be seen.

The Latin motto Laborare est orare translates as "to work is to pray", which originated in the writings of St Benedict and is commonly associated with the Cistercian Order, whose monks came to Monklands in the 12th century.

Local government

Coatbridge is represented by three tiers of elected government. North Lanarkshire Council, the unitary local authority for Coatbridge, is based at Motherwell, and is the executive, deliberative and legislative body responsible for local governance. The Scottish Parliament is responsible for devolved matters such as education, health and justice, while reserved matters are dealt with by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Up until 1975, Coatbridge had its own Burgh Council based at Coatbridge Town Hall. Between 1975 and 1996, Coatbridge was part of Monklands District Council and Strathclyde Regional Council. During the campaign for the 1994 by-election in Monklands East of 1994, there were accusations of sectarianism and nepotism in favour of Coatbridge over neighbouring Airdrie by Monklands District Council (see Monklandsgate for more information). The fact that all seventeen Labour councillors were Roman Catholic led to Coatbridge being seen as a "Catholic town". Subsequent inquiries showed no evidence of sectarianism, but allegations of nepotism were shown to be true.

Coatbridge is presently part of the burgh constituency of Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill, electing one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Before the constituency's creation in 2005, Coatbridge lay in the Coatbridge and Chryston constituency. Steven Bonnar of the Scottish National Party has been the MP since the 2019 general election. For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament, Coatbridge forms part of the Coatbridge and Cryston constituency, which is represented by Fulton MacGregor of the Scottish National Party. Coatbridge is further represented by seven regional MSPs from the Central Scotland electoral region. A small part of the eastern fringes of the town forms part of the Airdrie and Shotts constituency which is represented by Alex Neil in the Scottish Parliament and Neil Gray in the Westminster Parliament, both of the SNP.

Notable politicians from Coatbridge include: Baroness Liddell, a former Member of Parliament (MP) who was formerly both Secretary of State for Scotland and Britain's High Commissioner in Australia, and Lord Reid, also a former MP who was the former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and Home Secretary. Lord Reid is a former Chairman of Celtic.

Wards
Since the most recent major reorganisation in 2006, Coatbridge is divided into three wards for local administrative purposes by North Lanarkshire Council, each electing three or four councillors:

Coatbridge North (2019 population 15,146): Townhead, Greenhill, Sunnyside, Dunbeth, Blairhill, Drumpellier, Clinftonville, town centre
Coatbridge South (2019 population 16,889): Greenend, Sikeside, Whifflet, Kirkshaws, Shawhead and Carnbroe
Coatbridge West (2019 population 14,910): Kirkwood, Dundyvan, Langloan, Old Monkland, Barrowfield plus Bargeddie

Demography

According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, the census locality of Coatbridge had a total resident population of 41,170, or 13% of the total of North Lanarkshire. This figure, combined with an area of , provides Coatbridge with a population density figure of .

The median ages of males and females living in Coatbridge were 35 and 38 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years in the whole of Scotland. 34% were married, 6.1% were cohabiting couples, 14.7% were single parent families and 32.5% of households were made up of individuals.

The place of birth of the town's residents was as follows: 98.7% United Kingdom (including 96% from Scotland), 0.32% Republic of Ireland, 0.30% from other European Union countries, and 0.72% from elsewhere in the world. The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 39.3% in full-time employment, 9.4% in part-time employment, 3.6% self-employed, 5.3% unemployed, 2.5% students with jobs, 3.2% students without jobs, 13.4% retired, 5.7% looking after home or family, 12.0% permanently sick or disabled, and 5.7% economically inactive for other reasons. Compared with the average demography of Scotland, Coatbridge has low proportions of people born outside the United Kingdom, and people over 75 years of age.

During the 19th century, Irish people began to arrive in large numbers in Coatbridge. The 1851 UK Census recorded that Irish people constituted 35.8% of the local population. A significant proportion of these immigrants were Protestant, but the majority were Catholic. By 1901 UK Census, the percentage of Irish-born people in Coatbridge had fallen to around 15%, but remained the highest of all the major towns in Scotland. In the 2001 UK Census, Irish ethnicity was recorded at just over 1%, although just over half the population claimed their religious denomination as Roman Catholicism. In 1985, 56% of the population of Coatbridge were Roman Catholic.

In 2006, Coatbridge (along with Port Glasgow and Clydebank) was identified as "the least Scottish town in Scotland" due to having the highest percentage of Irish names in the country. Reportedly more than 28% of adults in Coatbridge had names with Irish origins.

Other immigrants to Coatbridge have included in the 1880s a small number of Lithuanians. In 1905, part of a "wave" of immigrants from Monte Cassino in Italy settled in Coatbridge. A small number of Polish people had stayed in Coatbridge after a Polish tank regiment was stationed in the town during World War II.

Economy
21st century Coatbridge is the site of Scotland's inland container base; it was chosen as the site in part due to the proximity of various rail and motorway networks. Makers of PA systems and loudspeakers Tannoy Ltd. are headquartered in the town. Lees of Scotland is a local confectionery and bakery products company and are the manufacturers of the Lees Macaroon bar, and has been operating in Coatbridge since 1931. William Lawson's Scotch Whisky distillery has been located in the town since 1967. It was home to one of the first B&Q Depots, which was closed in 2006 and moved to the new retail park. The oldest family business in Coatbridge and Airdrie is funeral directors Donald McLaren Ltd, which was founded in 1912.

In terms of housing, property prices in Coatbridge have undergone rapid growth since 2000. In 2005, house prices rose by 35%, reportedly the largest such increase in Scotland.

Landmarks

The built environment around Coatbridge's town centre is a mixture of late 19th- and early 20th-century sandstone buildings and late 20th-century precast concrete shops. The leafy Blairhill and Dunbeth conservation areas to the west and north of the town centre comprise detached, semi-detached and terraced sandstone residential buildings. The bulk of the remaining surrounding areas consist of various 20th-century local authority housing buildings. Several high-rise flats dominate the skyline. Due to the decline of industries, several private housing estates have been built on reclaimed land.

In 2007, Coatbridge was awarded Prospect architecture magazine's carbuncle award for being the 'most dismal town in Scotland'. The town was also described by Scottish comedian Frankie Boyle as 'like Bladerunner... without the special effects'.

Drumpellier Country Park is set around Lochend Loch (more commonly known to locals as 'Drumpellier Loch'). There are extensive woodlands, a visitor centre and a butterfly house. Monkland Canal runs through a section of the park.

The Time Capsule is a multi-purpose leisure centre containing a swimming pool, an adventure pool set in a prehistoric environment, an ice skating facility, sauna/steam room and a sports complex with gym halls and other facilities. The Showcase Leisure Park contains a 14-screen cinema, a 10-pin bowling complex and numerous restaurants.

Landmarks in Coatbridge include:
 Coatbridge Leisure Centre – Peter Womersley 1970s brutalist, modernist cantilevered building sited on the main road into Coatbridge
 The former Coatbridge Library – an Andrew Carnegie-sponsored 1905 pink sandstone structure. Imposing B-listed structure sited on Academy Street
 St Augustine's Church and buildings – Built in 1873 and located in the Dundyvan area. A red sandstone B-listed Rowand Anderson Gothic church
 The Quadrant Shopping Centre - Has been described in one article: '...from the set of Camberwick Green. A new clock tower, which looks as if it was designed on the back of a beer mat, marks the town centre, a throwaway gesture compounded by the addition of some appalling public art-cum street furniture'

 St Andrew's Church – 1839 early Victorian Gothic church by Scott Stephen & Gale in the Whitelaw hill area. Its steeple towers over the town centre.
 Coatbridge railway bridges – The B-listed 1898 bridges span Bank Street, West Canal Street and the former Monkland Canal. The bridges underwent specialist restoration in 2009
 St Mary's Church – B-listed Gothic church in Whifflet designed by Pugin and Pugin in 1896. Contains an elaborate and ornate interior ceiling.
 The former Cattle Market Building – erected in 1896, B-listed façade of the sandstone cattle market building, facing West Canal Street and within the Blairhill and Dunbeth conservation area
 Summerlee Heritage Park 2008 extension – Spaceship style glass and metal addition to existing building by North Lanarkshire Council's in-house Design Services Team

Transport
The Monkland Canal (completed 1791) was used in the 19th and 20th century to transport coal and iron to Glasgow. The town centre section of the canal was interred in pipe between Sikeside and Blair Road in the mid-1970s. Some sections of the Monkland Canal can still be seen today between Townhead and Drumpellier. Coatbridge is adjacent to the M8 and M73 motorways. The M74 motorway is also a short drive away. The major cities of Edinburgh, Stirling and Glasgow are all within commuting distance.

Due to the number of rail lines running through Coatbridge, it was once dubbed the "Crewe of the North". There are six railway stations on the four railway lines that bisect the town: Motherwell-Cumbernauld Line; Argyle Line; Whifflet Line; and North Clyde Line. The six stations within Coatbridge and on these lines are: ; ; ; ; ; and .

Coatbridge has had additional passenger stations, such as  and Calder Station (Greenend); these stations have been closed for many years.

McGill's Buses are responsible for most of the bus services in the town, after buying out most of the smaller local companies. The buses are all in Go Zone 8 on the McGill's network. The buses link all the major neighbourhoods with the 212 continuing on to Airdrie, Plains and Caldercruix.

Neighbourhoods

The earliest map showing Coatbridge is by Timothy Pont, published in Johan Blaeu's Nether warde of Clyds-dail (1654). The districts of Dunpelder (Drumpellier), Gartsbary (Gartsherrie), Kanglon (Langloan), Kirkwood, Kirkshawes (Kirkshaws) and Wheetflet (Whifflet) are all evident.

The present day neighbourhoods of Coatbridge are Barrowfield, Blairhill, Brownshill, Carnbroe, Cliftonhill, Cliftonville, Coatbank, Coatdyke, Cuparhead, Drumpellier, Dunbeth, Dundyvan, Espieside, Gartsherrie, Greenhill, Greenend, Kirkshaws, Kirkwood, Langloan, Old Monkland, Rosehall, Shawhead, Sikeside, Summerlee, Sunnyside, Townhead and Whifflet. The Blairhill and Dunbeth neighbourhoods are part of the Blairhill and Dunbeth conservation area.

The Whitelaw Fountain (named in honour of Alexander Whitelaw, an industrialist and MP) is situated in the town centre on the corner of Main Street and South Circular Road, but was formerly about 50 m west, at what is now the centre of a roundabout.

Education

Coatbridge College was built as Scotland's first college in the 1860s. As Coatbridge has moved away from the traditional heavy industries the teaching focus has shifted from traditional industry courses towards commerce, care and the arts. After resisting previous mergers, it became a campus of the multi-site New College Lanarkshire in 2014.

St Ambrose High School (which opened a new building in 2013), St Andrew's High School (which opened in 2006 following a merger of the defunct Columba H.S. and St Patrick's H.S.) and Coatbridge High School (new building opened in 2008 on the site of St Patrick's previous campus – Coatbridge's old campus is now occupied by Greenhill Primary and Drumpark Primary) are the main secondary schools serving the town. The first two are Roman Catholic; it is one of few places in Scotland where the number of denominational schools is greater than non-denominational. St Ambrose was the subject of an HMI follow-up assessment visit in January 2009. Sports journalist and broadcaster Bob Crampsey was formerly headmaster of St Ambrose, prominent football referee Willie Collum taught religious education at the school in the early 2000s, and singer/television presenter Michelle McManus is among the former pupils. Rosehall H.S. was a previous school in the town, whose pupils now typically attend Coatbridge.
Coatbridge also has several special needs schools including Pentland School (primary school), Portland High School, Drumpark School (now primary department only), Willowbank School (high school) and Buchanan High School.

Public services
Coatbridge forms part of the Western water and sewerage regions of Scotland. Waste management is provided by the North Lanarkshire local authority. Water supplies are provided by Scottish Water, a government-owned corporation of the Scottish Government. Coatbridge's distribution network operator for electricity is Scottish Power. Coatbridge is served by Monklands Hospital, sited on the Airdrie side of the Coatbridge/Airdrie border. The NHS board is NHS Lanarkshire. Scottish Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service which operates in Coatbridge. Policing in Coatbridge is provided by the Police Service of Scotland (Lanarkshire Division). The Strathclyde Partnership for Transport, a public body in Scotland, has direct operational responsibilities, such as supporting (and in some cases running) local bus services, and managing integrated ticketing in Coatbridge and other areas from the former Strathclyde region. Transport Scotland manages the local rail network.

The local authority responsible for community-based service in Coatbridge is North Lanarkshire Council. The council provides local services related to education, social work, the environment, housing, road maintenance and leisure.

Notable people

 Admiral Sir James Stirling, first Governor of Western Australia
 Rev William Currie McDougall, poet and subject of the Coatbridge Free Church scandal
 Jock Cunningham, miner, mutineer and Republican Brigade commander during the Spanish Civil War
 Alan Frew, songwriter and lead vocalist for Canadian band Glass Tiger
 Anti-child sexual abuse and bullying activist, Sandra Brown, attended Coatbridge High School
 Rev Dr Peter Marshall (27 May 1902 – 26 January 1949) Chaplain of the United States Senate, whose biography was the basis of the Oscar-nominated film A Man Called Peter, was born in Coatbridge
 Robert Lees, member of the Wisconsin State Senate
 Willie McDonald, footballer for Manchester United and Coventry City
 Cha Burns (1957–2007), guitarist with the Scottish folk band, The Silencers
 Sean Clark, former footballer
 JJ Gilmour, vocalist with the Scottish folk band, The Silencers
 John "Jock" Stein (footballer and football manager) who led Celtic to the European Cup in 1967, the first British club to win this trophy, played for Albion Rovers
 Prof James Clark Gentles FRSE, first specialist in fungal diseases of the human body
 George Graham (footballer and football manager) played with Aston Villa, Chelsea, Arsenal, Manchester United and managed Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur lived in Bargeddie
 Hue and Cry a successful band from the 1980s; brothers Greg and Pat Kane are from the Blairhill area of Coatbridge
 Frank Gallagher, actor (River City, Taggart, etc.) was born in Coatbridge
 Bill Carroll, radio host
 Heather Suttie, DJ and radio presenter
 Gerry Maher QC (Jurist), Professor of Criminal Law, University of Edinburgh, attended St Patrick's High School
 Neil Walker (Jurist), Professor of Public Law and the Law of Nure and Nations, University of Edinburgh attended Coatbridge High School
 Mark Kerr, Scottish footballer, played for Aberdeen, currently Ayr United manager
 Iain Munro (footballer) St Mirren, Hibernian, Rangers, Sunderland, Stoke and Scotland, taught at Coatbridge High School
 Hugh Murray, rugby union player
 Johnny Russell, Dundee United footballer attended Coatbridge High School
 Joe Kissock, former New Zealand international footballer
 Ricky Burns (boxer), World Super Featherweight, Lightweight, Super Lightweight Champion
 Tony Watt, former Celtic FC striker, scored for Celtic in win against Barcelona in 2012, now plays for Motherwell
 Mark Millar, writer (Wanted, Kick-Ass, Super Crooks and many other creator owned, Marvel & DC titles)
 Jock Kane, intelligence officer and GCHQ whistleblower
 Joseph Parker (mining engineer) FRSE born in Coatbridge
 Mark Meechan (Count Dankula), YouTuber and politician
 Stephen Trainer, football player
 Stephen Welsh, football player

Twin towns
Coatbridge is twinned with:
 St. Denis, France
 Campi Bisenzio, Italy
 Gatchina, Russia

References

Further reading
 Dillon, Des (2007) Monks, Luath Press Ltd
 Drummond, Peter and James Smith (1982) Coatbridge: Three Centuries of Change, Monkland Library Services
 Drummond, Peter (1985) The Population of Monklands in the 1980s, Monkland Library Services Dept
 Miller, Andrew (1864) The Rise of Coatbridge and the Surrounding Neighbourhood, Glasgow
 Miller, Thomas Roland (1958) The Monkland Tradition, Thomas Nelson and Sons
 Moir, Helen (2001) Coatbridge (Images of Scotland), The History Press;
 Van Helden, Oliver (2000) Old Coatbridge, Stenlake Publishing

External links

 Coatbridge Museum
 Out of The Darkness Evening Times, 27 October 2008 – Article on Coatbridge's industrial past

Towns in North Lanarkshire
Large burghs

Coatbridge


The two-color system of projection is a name given to a variety of methods of projecting a full-color image using (only) two different single-color projectors.  James Clerk Maxwell first suggested he had discovered such a projection system, but it was not reproduced until the 1950s, when Edwin Land accidentally noticed a similar effect while working on his three-color system of projection.

Despite Land's later work on the subject, the physics behind the success of this system of projection (and similar methods of apparent full-color projection involving only one color of light, sometimes in different polarizations) is not clearly understood since it involves not only the projected light but also the human visual system's response to it.

External links
http://www.greatreality.com/Color2Color.htm

Display technology

Two-color system


El Polo Científico-Tecnológico es un conjunto de edificios que funciona como sede de diferentes instituciones relacionadas con la ciencia y la tecnología. Está ubicado entre las calles Soler, Godoy Cruz, Paraguay y la Av. Juan B. Justo, en el predio donde se encontraban las bodegas Giol, en el barrio de Palermo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

La primera etapa del proyecto fue inaugurada el 6 de octubre de 2011 por la presidenta Cristina Fernández de Kirchner y alberga al Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, y 4 institutos de investigación en diferentes disciplinas.

La segunda y última etapa, que comenzó en 2012, contempla la construcción de nuevos institutos de investigación, la nueva sede del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), un Museo Interactivo de Ciencia y un auditorio.

Fue construido en varias etapas, la primera etapa, finalizada en 2011, incluyó la inauguración de las sedes del Ministerio de Ciencia, la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, y los Institutos Internacionales Interdisciplinarios para la Innovación. La segunda etapa fue inaugurada por la presidenta dr Cristina Fernández en 2015, esta segunda etapa abarca una nueva sede del CONICET, el parque de Ciencia y tecnología. etc "es la obra de infraestructura en ciencia más importante de los últimos cincuenta años", sostuvo el Ministro de Ciencia y Tecnología Lino Barañao. el Polo abarca 45,000 m² y se habrán invertido 250 millones de pesos. Hace cuatro años se inauguraron los primeros 24 mil metros cuadrados, y en 2015 con la obra concluida suman casi 23 mil metros cuadrados adicionales.

En la inauguración de la primera etapa estuvo presente el Presidente de la Sociedad Max Planck, Peter Gruss, quien expresó:

Secciones

 En el Edificio Rojo, funciona el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, cartera creada en 2007; y un restaurante, pensado para la interacción interdisciplinaria entre los científicos, abierto a su vez al público en general para funcionar como nexo con la comunidad.
 En el Edificio Blanco, la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, organismo dependiente del Ministerio de Ciencia que financia actividades de investigación y desarrollo; los Institutos Internacionales Interdisciplinarios para la Innovación (I4), conjunto de centros de investigación en múltiples disciplinas que se caracterizan por la asociación e interacción entre investigadores locales y extranjeros pertenecientes a grandes centros internacionales; la Oficina de Sociedad Max Planck para América Latina, sede que busca reforzar las cooperaciones de los institutos de la Sociedad Max Planck con la región.
 Nuevo edificio del CONICET, ente autárquico dependiente del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva de Argentina, destinado a promover el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología en ese país.
 el Centro Cultural de la Ciencia (C3), un espacio para fomentar la cultura científica en la sociedad a través de actividades innovadoras y experiencias interactivas destinadas a la apropiación del conocimiento y al pensamiento científico tecnológico. En el C3 funciona la muestra permanente "Lugar a Dudas". Además, en el mismo edificio se encuentra el estudio de televisión de TEC TV.
 El Parque de las Ciencias, un espacio verde de acceso público.

Institutos Internacionales Interdisciplinarios para la Innovación
Entre los llamados I4, se encuentran:
 El Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA-MPSP-CONICET), el primer Instituto Partner de la Sociedad Max Planck - que cuenta con 18 premios Nobel desde 1948 - en América Latina. Focaliza sus actividades en el estudio de los mecanismos moleculares y celulares involucrados en procesos fisiológicos y patológicos asociados a enfermedades crónicas degenerativas con el fin de determinar las bases moleculares de dichas patologías y posibles nuevos blancos para su tratamiento.
 La Unidad de Investigación y Capacitación del Centro Internacional de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (ICGEB), unidad multidisciplinaria que se dedica a las áreas de bioseguridad, bioética, derechos de propiedad intelectual, desarrollada junto a los 3 componentes del ICGEB (Trieste, Nueva Delhi y Ciudad del Cabo).
 El Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias Elizabeth Jares-Erijman (CIBION-CONICET) que tiene como objetivo la investigación y manipulación de sistemas biológicos a nivel nanoscópico, tarea que incluye la fabricación e investigación de estructuras nanométricas que permitan sensar, distribuir y ensamblar componentes que interactúen de manera específica con unidades biológicas.
 El Centro Bilateral de Diseño Industrial (CEBIDI), dedicado a investigar la relación entre diseño industrial y las nuevas tecnologías, involucra a varias instituciones italianas: el Politécnico de Milán, la Alma Mater Studiorum Universidad de Bolonia, el IUAV de Venecia y la Universidad de Campania Luigi Vanvitelli.
 El Centro de Simulación Computacional para Aplicaciones Tecnológicas (CSC-CONICET), centro en el que se buscan soluciones a problemas tecnológicos que van desde el modelado del recorrido de ondas sísmicas en formaciones geológicas, para obtener información sobre la posible existencia de hidrocarburos, hasta la simulación del funcionamiento de radares y sonares a través del desarrollo de modelos computacionales. Involucra las empresas INVAP, YPF y posee una supercomputadora en funcionamiento para los trabajos de modelado. El CSC trabaja también en colaboración con el Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique francés.
El Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CIECTI), consorcio integrado por FLACSO Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ) y Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), dirigido a fortalecer el diseño, la implementación y la evaluación de las políticas e instituciones de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación a través de la investigación básica y aplicada, el análisis cuanti-cualitativo, la construcción de recursos humanos y la formulación de líneas programáticas para cuyo mejor funcionamiento existen negociaciones con la Universidad de Maastricht y las Naciones Unidas.

Arquitectura

La construcción del Polo Científico-Tecnológico contempló criterios de sustentabilidad ambiental, altos estándares de seguridad y niveles de automación.

Las características principales que presenta la primera etapa de la obra son:
 Preservación del patrimonio arquitectónico: el proyecto conserva las fachadas y estructuras originales de los edificios preexistentes (Edificio Rojo y Edificio Blanco), que han sido revalorizadas mediante una operación arquitectónica, sin ocultarlas ni degradar su historicidad.

 Aislación térmica: el contrafrente cercano a la Av. Juan B. Justo posee instalado un sistema de fachada ventilada. Este sistema reduce sustancialmente el consumo de energía para climatizar las instalaciones.

 Economía en el uso del agua: para reducir el consumo de agua, el emprendimiento incorpora un sistema para el tratamiento de aguas grises. El agua procedente de descargas secundarias -lavatorios y cocinas- es filtrada, se le aplica un antiespumógeno y se la colorea. Luego de este proceso puede reutilizarse como agua no potable para la descarga en inodoros y mingitorios.

 Uso de energía solar: para el calentamiento del agua de los sanitarios se ha optado por un sistema mixto. En cada uno de los edificios se prevé la utilización de colectores solares que calientan el agua en las azoteas y que luego será conservada caliente en termotanques eléctricos, evitando el consumo de gas para esos fines.

 Sistema de gestión de instalaciones: el emprendimiento cuenta con un sistema BMS (Building Management System) que permite monitorear de manera centralizada los distintos sistemas de los edificios.

 Ahorro en el consumo informático: el sistema de computación del personal está basado en la tecnología de "clientes delgados".

 Altos estándares de seguridad: las instalaciones contra incendio están basadas en la normativa estadounidense de la Asociación Nacional de Protección contra el Fuego (NFPA) la cual establece un sistema de detección y extinción activo de incendios con rociadores automáticos en cada sector y escaleras con sistema de presurización.

 Climatización eficiente: los edificios cuentan con un sistema de climatización denominado Volumen de Refrigerante Variable (VRV). Este sistema permite ajustar la capacidad de refrigerar o calentar un ambiente en función de la demanda instantánea de cada zona climatizada.

Véase también
 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
 Historia de la ciencia en la Argentina
 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva
 Plan Raíces
 Tecnópolis
 Supercomputadora Tupac

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial del Polo Científico Tecnológico

Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Argentina
Presidencia de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Palermo (Buenos Aires)
Edificios de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Polos tecnológicos de Argentina

Polo Científico Tecnológico


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