The sugar apple or sweetsop is the edible fruit of Annona squamosa, the most widely grown species of Annona and a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies. Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia. The fruit is spherical-conical,  in diameter and  long, and weighing , with a thick rind composed of knobby segments. The color is typically pale green through blue-green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties, and typically has a bloom. It is unique among Annona fruits in being segmented; the segments tend to separate when ripe, exposing the interior.

The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white through light yellow, and resembles and tastes like custard. The seeds are coated with the flesh, It is found adhering to  seeds forming individual segments arranged in a single layer around a conical core. It is soft, slightly grainy, and slippery. The hard, shiny seeds may number 20–40 or more per fruit and have a brown to black coat, although varieties exist that are almost seedless. The seeds can be ground for use as an insecticide.The stems run through the center of the fruit connecting it to the outside. The skin is shaped like a Reuleaux triangle colored green and rough in texture. Due to the soft flesh and structure of the sugar apple it is very fragile to pressure when ripe.

New varieties are also being developed in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The atemoya or "pineapple sugar-apple", a hybrid between the sugar-apple and the cherimoya, is popular in Taiwan, although it was first developed in the United States in 1908. The fruit is similar in sweetness to the sugar-apple, but has a very different taste. As its name suggests, it tastes like pineapple.

Nutrition and uses

Sugar-apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of thiamine and vitamin B6, and provides vitamin B2, B3 B5, B9, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in fair quantities.

For uses of other fruit from the custard-apple genus, see:
Atemoya (a hybrid between A. squamosa and A. cherimoya)
Cherimoya
Custard-apple

Gallery

See also
 Annonin
 Atemoya
 Cherimoya
 Custard-apple
 Soursop

References

External links

Flora of North America: Annona squamosa

Fruits from Americas: Annona squamosa
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: Annona squamosa
Growing Sugar Apple Annona squamosa

Annona
Edible fruits
Trees of the Caribbean
Crops originating from the Americas
Crops originating from South America
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Sugar apple


Der Gasthof Niederhermsdorf befand sich im Freitaler Ortsteil Niederhermsdorf (Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge). Er hatte den Status eines Kulturdenkmals.

Geschichte
In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde das Gehöft in Urkunden genannt, die es als Schänkgut auswiesen und damit berechtigten, selbst zu brauen. Die Besitzer des an der Niederhermsdorfer Hauptstraße gelegenen Gutes wechselten häufig. Für 1843 ist als Besitzer Friedrich Dolges überliefert, nach dem auch die nahen Dolgeshäuser benannt sind.

Durch die Sächsische Landgemeindeordnung von 1838 musste auch in Niederhermsdorf ein Grundbuch angelegt werden. In dessen 1840 erstellten Entwurf war für das Grundstück die Genehmigung eingetragen, eine Schank- und Gastwirtschaft zu betreiben. In den folgenden Jahren bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg wechselte das Haus wieder mehrfach den Besitzer, bevor des während des Krieges als Beherbergungsort für Kriegsgefangene genutzt wurde. Zu DDR-Zeiten war im ehemaligen Gasthof ein Konsum untergebracht, der nach 1990 schloss. Im Saal war in den Wintermonaten des beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts der Turnverein untergebracht. Später wurde er von der Freien Evangelischen Gemeinde genutzt.

Nachdem auch die letzten Bewohner des Hauses ausgezogen waren, wurde das Grundstück versteigert; einen Teil kaufte die Stadt Freital, um ein Verkehrsprojekt realisieren zu können. Der Gasthof wurde im Juli 2008 abgerissen.

Quellen

Wurgwitz
Niederhermsdorf
Ehemaliges Kulturdenkmal in Freital
Umgenutztes Bauwerk in Freital
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Freital
Zerstört in den 2000er Jahren
Gasthaus in Europa

Gasthof Niederhermsdorf


United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) henviser til USAs militære tilstedeværelse i Korea syd for den 38. breddegrad. USAMGIK var den den officielle myndighed for dette område fra 8. september 1945 frem til Republikken Korea blev proklameret den 15. august 1948. Mange af de senere samfundsstrukturer i Sydkorea blev udformet i denne periode.

Landet var i denne periode af ulige årsager hærget af politisk og økonomisk kaos. Eftervirkningene af den Japans besættelse af Koreahalvøen var fortsat mærkbar både i den USA-okkuperede zone i syd og i den sovjetisk-besatte zone nord for den 38. breddegrad.

En anden årsag var folkelige modvilje mod USA, som havde støttet den japanske besættelse af Korea i 1910. Dertil kom, at USA valgte at beholde flere japanske embedsmænd fra den japanske besættelsesmyndighed som rådgivere, personer som blot uger og måneder tidligere havde været centrale i Japans besættelse af Korea. Men USA ignorerede også den lokalt etablerede og anerkendte Folkerepublikken Korea, som allerede i 1946 blev tvunget til opløsning. USA støttede til sidst også FNs plan om frie valg, som til sidst var med til at dele Korea.

Endvidere var USAs militærstyre nærmest uforberedt på den udfordring det var at administrere landet; de ankom uden kundskab til sprog eller den politiske situation.

På denne måde fik mange af militærmyndighedernes tiltag destabiliserende effekt. Oveni kom bølger med flygtninge fra den nordlige sovjetkontrollerede zone, antagelig så mange som 400.000, foruden koreanere som vendte hjem igen efter flere år i eksil.

Baggrund
Den kortvarige Folkerepublikken Korea blev etableret i august 1945 efter konsultationer med japanske besættelsesmyndigheder og spredte sig hurtigt rundt om i landet. Folkerepublikken blev bandlyst i syd efter, at de første amerikanske soldater kom til landet.

Republikkens leder Yuh Woon-hyung trak sig tilbage og etablerede i stedet Koreas folkeparti. Den amerikanske administration nægtede også at anerkende medlemmer af Koreas eksilregering, som var ledet af Kim Ku, medlemmerne derfra måtte derfor ankomme til Korea som privatpersoner.

Vigtigste begivenheder

Efter Japans kapitulation til de allierede og afslutningen på 2. verdenskrig, markerede delingen af Koreahalvøen ved den 38. breddegrad i en nordlig sovjetkontrollert zone, og en sydlig USA-kontrolleret zone starten på den sovjet-amerikanske forvaltning af Korea efter krigen. Amerikanske styrker blev sat i land ved Incheon den 8. september 1945 og etablerede en militær myndighed umiddelbart efter. I alt 77.000 amerikanske soldter blev udstationerede i Sydkorea.

De første styrker kom fra 24. korps i tiende armé. Styrkerne blev kommanderet af generalløjtnant John R. Hodge, som også tog kontrol over den militære myndighed i landet. Fire dage før hans ankomst til Korea fortalte Hodge sine officerer, at Korea var "en fjende af USA".

Den 9. september meddelte Hodge under en overgivelsesceremoni, at den japanske besættelsesmyndighed skulle opretholdes, herunder dets personale og den japanske generalguvernør. Dette førte til store protester, og Hodge erstattede generalguvernøren med en amerikaner og fjernede alle japanske administrative ledere, men disse blev straks efter ansatte som rådgivere.

I oktober måtte Hodge se i øjnene, at han havde opinionen imod sig, og han etablerede et koreansk rådgivende organ, Korean Advisory Council. En majoritet af pladserne i organet blev givet til medlemmer af Koreas demokratiske parti, et parti som blev etableret efter amerikansk opfordring og i hovedsagen bestod af store landejere, rige forretningsfolk og tidligere bureaukrater i den japanske kolonimyndighed. Nogen få medlemmer i Folkerepublikken Korea blev tilbudt deltagelse, men nægtede at deltage og kritiserede rådet for samarbejde med den tidligere kolonimagt.

I 1945 blev der foreslået en fælles USA-sovjetisk forvaltning af Korea. I december 1945 blev USA og Sovjetunionen enige om at administrere Korea under en fælles kommission, under vilkår fastlagte ved Moskvakonferencen mellem udenrigsministre. Der var enighed om, at Korea skulle være under fælles forvaltning i fire år, før landet skulle overdrages at styre sig selv. Både USA og Sovjetunionen udpegede egne kandidater til at styre hver sin del af halvøen, kandidater som var lojale over for den respektive besættelsesmagt.

I syd blev der etableret en midlertidig nationalforsamling og en overgangsregering, ledet af henholdsvis Kim Kyu-sik og Syngman Rhee. Valgene blev mødt med demonstrationer, som resulterede i et oprør i efteråret 1946.

USAMGIK forsøgte at underkue de civile protester ved at forbyde streiker den 8. december, Folkerepublikken Korea og alle folkekomiteerne den 12. december 1945. Derefter kom situationen helt ud af kontrol med stadig større protester. En massiv strejke den 12. september 1946 blandt 8.000 jernbanearbejdere i Busan spredte sig hurtigt til andre byer. Den 1. oktober forsøgte politiet at kontrollere oprørere i Daegu, men dræbte i tumulterne tre oprørske studenter og skadede mange andre, hvilket resulterede i et modangreb, som førte til, at 38 politimænd blev dræbt. I Yeongcheon blev en politistation angrebet af 10.000 mennesker den 3. oktober, og 40 politimænd og en ordfører blev dræbt. Andre angreb førte også til drab, deriblandt på 20 rige jordejere og pro-japanske bureaukrater. Militæradministrationen svarede med undtagelsestilstand. Der blev skudt direkte ind i de demonstrerende folkemasser, og et ukendt antal demonstranter blev dræbt.

Uddannelse
En af de første beslutninger taget af USAMGIK var at åbne skolerne i november 1945. Der blev ikke gjort specielle forandringer i uddannelsessystemet, som var det samme som under den japanske besættelse. Her, som på andre områder, bevarede militærstyret den organisering, som de japanske kolonimyndigheder havde etableret.

Militærstyret lagde imidlertid grundlaget for reformer, som blev gennemført under den første republik (1948–1960). I 1946 blev et rådgivende organ på 100 koreanske skolefolk samlet for at lægge planer for det framtidige skolevæsen.

Politik
Selv om militærmyndighederne var fjendtligt indstillede til den politiske venstrefløj fra starten, blev der med tiden tolereret aktiviteter fra politiske grupper på venstrefløjen, således Koreas kommunistiske parti.

Myndighederne forsøgte at få etableret en balance mellem højre og venstre og opfordrede til moderation. Som oftest førte dette til vrede hos betydelige lokale ledere som hos højrefløjens Syngman Rhee.

Militærmyndighederne lagde restriktioner på og forbød til sidst folkelige organisationer som koreanere foretrak frem for militærstyret, så som Folkerepublikken Korea.

Inter-koreanske relationer
Ved delingen af Korea i 1945 var det meste af Koreas industri samlet nord for den 38. breddegrad, mens syd var domineret af landbrug. Kraftledninger og skibsruter blev opretholdt, men var ustabile. Den nordlige del af Korea kunne med lethed svække den sydlige del ved at afskære strømforsyningerne eller forsyninger af kunstgødning, og det blev også gjort.

Økonomi
Økonomien i den sydlige del af Korea var på denne tid i en dårlig forfatning, selv om man fik gennemført de første reformer for ny vækst. Blandt de mest omfattende problemer i denne periode var forfalskninger.

Opløsning
Efter den forfatningsmæssige forsamling og præsidentvalget i henholdsvis maj og juli 1948 blev Republikken Korea officielt proklameret den 15. august 1948. Amerikanske tropper trak sig endelig tilbage i 1949.

Noter

Litteratur
 Kim Bong-jin. (2003). Paramilitary politics under the USAMGIK and the establishment of the ROK. Korea Journal 43(2), 289-322. PDF version

Eksterne henvisninger
 Unofficial list of US National Archives documents concerning USAMGIK

Sydkorea
Etableret i 1945
Ophørt i 1948
Army Military Government in Korea


Zilkade, Hicri takvime göre yılın 11. ayı.

Mübarek Aylar, Hürmet Ayları ya da Haram Aylar'ın (Arapça: Eşhürü'l-Hurum) birincisidir. Üçü peş peşe biri ayrı olmak üzere, bu aylar dört tanedir: Zilkade, Zilhicce, Muharrem ve Receb.
Peygamber İbrahim ve İsmail devrinden beri bu dört ayda her türlü kötülük, saldırı, zulüm ve savaş yasaktır.

Peygamber Muhammed'in Hadis-i Şerif'ine göre: "Haram Aylarda üç gün oruç tutana, Allahu Teâlâ 900 senelik oruç sevabı yazar."

Kaynakça

Haram ay
Hicri takvim
Kutsal ay (İslam)

Zilkade


Unter dem Begriff Berberarchitektur werden Bautypen und Einzelbauten der Berbervölker in den ländlichen Regionen des südlichen Maghreb (also im Wesentlichen im Süden Libyens, Tunesiens, Algeriens und Marokkos) zusammengefasst. Bei den Bauten handelt es sich generell um dörfliche nicht religiöse Konstruktionen; somit unterscheiden sie sich grundsätzlich von der – weitgehend arabisch-islamisch geprägten – städtischen Architektur des Nordens.

Lebensumstände
Obwohl es zur Geschichte und Kultur der Berber keinerlei schriftliche Zeugnisse gibt, lässt sich aus den mündlichen Überlieferungen und den erhaltenen Bauten doch einiges erschließen: In den bergigen und semiariden Regionen des südlichen Maghreb war – anders als im Norden – eine dauerhafte Sesshaftigkeit der Bevölkerung nur in seltenen Fällen und meist nur für einen Teil des Jahres (November bis April) gegeben. Den restlichen Teil des Jahres verbrachte ein Großteil der dörflichen Bevölkerung in Zelten auf Wanderungen mit den Viehherden (Schafe und Ziegen) in den höher gelegenen Bergregionen (Transhumanz). In dieser Zeit blieben die Heimatdörfer, die Wohnbauten mit den Ackergeräten und ein Großteil der Ernte nahezu unbewacht zurück. In einigen Gebieten des Antiatlas und des Hohen Atlas mitsamt seinen östlichen Ausläufern bildeten sich – wahrscheinlich bereits in vorislamischer Zeit – zur Abwehr von umherziehenden Nomaden, räuberischen Banden oder verfeindeten Nachbardörfern bzw. -stämmen Verteidigungsstrategien heraus, die sich ganz besonders in der Architektur zeigen.

Nach dem Übertritt der Berber zum Islam (je nach Region im 8. bis 12. Jahrhundert) änderten sich die Lebensumstände nicht und auch die Berbersprachen blieben bis in die heutige Zeit erhalten. Bezeichnend ist die Tatsache, dass in den Berberdörfern – wenn auch zunächst nur vereinzelt – Gebetsräume errichtet wurden, die jedoch allesamt über kein Minarett verfügten, obwohl der Bau von Türmen technisch problemlos möglich war (siehe Agadire und Tighremts). Die in heutigen Berberdörfern zu findenden Minarette stammen allesamt aus der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.

Eine große Rolle in den von Berbern bewohnten Gebieten spielte schon immer die Bewässerung der Felder mittels kleinerer oberirdischer oder größerer unterirdischer Kanäle (Foggaras oder Khettaras). In Bergregionen wurde auch die Terrassierung der Ackerflächen in Angriff genommen, doch aufgrund des Klimawandels und der damit einhergehenden Dürre sind viele der mit großem Aufwand hergestellten Konstruktionen obsolet geworden und verfallen.

Bautypen
Bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert hinein entstanden – oft in Gemeinschaftsarbeit – befestigte Dörfer (ksour), Agadire (igoudars) oder wehrhafte Wohnburgen (tighremts), die der Gemeinschaft bzw. der in ihren Heimatdörfern zurückbleibenden Bevölkerung (meist Alte und Kranke) und den Wachmannschaften ein gewisses Maß an Schutz boten. Bei allen Bautypen ist ein deutliches Streben in die Höhe festzustellen – Zwei- oder gar Dreigeschossigkeit war die Regel. Hierdurch tritt der wehrhafte Verteidigungscharakter der Bauten – vor allem im Vergleich mit der meist eingeschossigen ländlichen Architektur des Nordens – besonders deutlich in Erscheinung.

Ksur

Der Begriff ksar (Plural: ksour oder dt. Ksur) bezeichnet im Süden Tunesiens sowohl wehrhafte Dörfer im Bergland mit einem unregelmäßigen, sich an die natürlichen Geländeformationen anpassenden, Grundriss (z. B. Chenini) als auch mehrgeschossige Speicherburgen mit rechteckigem oder ovalen Grundriss (z. B. Medenine), die zumeist in ebenem Gelände an den Karawanenwegen lagen und deshalb zeitweise auch als Lager- und Handelsplätze genutzt wurden.

In Marokko wird der Begriff ausschließlich für wehrhafte Dörfer (z. B. Ait Benhaddou, Tizourgane) verwendet. Sonderfälle sind die von den regierenden Alawiden im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert erbauten königlichen ksour in der Umgebung von Rissani mit einem geradlinigen Wegenetz.

Agadire

Die Speicherkammern der mehrfach gesicherten (Kakteengestrüpp, Ringmauer mit Wachtürmen, fensterlose Außenwände der Speicherkammern) Agadire boten jeder Familie eines Dorfes die Möglichkeit zur Lagerung von haltbaren Lebensmitteln (Gerste, Arganöl, Datteln, Mandeln, Honig, Nüsse etc.) und häuslichen bzw. landwirtschaftlichen Gerätschaften.

Tighremts
Die – zumeist aus Lehm vermischt mit Pflanzenresten und kleinen Steinen errichteten – überaus imposanten, meist zwei- oder dreigeschossigen fensterlosen Wohnburgen (tighremts) boten den Familien und ihrem Vieh Schutz in der Nacht und bei Übergriffen räuberischer Banden oder verfeindeter Stämme. Mit ihren engen Treppen bzw. Rampen (Mobiliar war weitgehend unbekannt – man saß oder schlief auf dem mit Schilfmatten und Decken, selten auch mit Kissen belegten Boden) waren sie vergleichsweise gut zu verteidigen.

Wohnhöhlen
In den Berbergebieten Marokkos und Tunesiens finden sich vereinzelt Höhlenwohnungen, die aus dem relativ leicht zu bearbeitenden Felsgestein herausgehauen wurden. Sie entfalten sowohl bei sommerlicher Hitze als auch bei nächtlicher und winterlicher Kühle eine angenehme, temperaturausgleichende Wirkung. Während in Marokko (z. B. in Bhalil bei Sefrou) die Wohnhöhlen in senkrechte Felswände hineingetrieben wurden, sind die Wohnhöhlen von Matmata (Tunesien) um einen im Erdreich versenkten Innenhof gruppiert, welcher zuallererst ausgehoben werden musste.

Baumaterialien

Zum Bau wurden nur die vor jeweils Ort vorhandenen Baumaterialien (Bruchsteine oder Lehm, Argan- oder Mandelholzäste sowie Palmstämme und/oder -zweige sowie Schilf) verwendet; die Außenmauern bestehen zumeist aus Stampflehm. Alle Materialien blieben – anders als im arabisch-islamisch geprägten Norden des Maghreb – weitgehend unverputzt. Dachziegel wurden angesichts der spärlichen Regenfälle in den Wintermonaten nicht benötigt. Fensterglas oder Metalle blieben bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert hinein weitgehend unbekannt oder waren in einer auf Selbstversorgung angewiesenen Gesellschaft und in einer weitgehend geldlosen Umgebung nahezu unerschwinglich.

Bauornamentik
Besonders im Süden Marokkos bildete sich – sowohl bei Bruchstein- als auch bei Lehmbauten – eine Ornamentik heraus wie sie auch an Weberzeugnissen festzustellen ist (Rauten, Fischgrätmuster, Dreiecke, Gitterformen). Diese war ursprünglich nicht als Bauzier gedacht, sondern hatte eine unheilabwehrende (apotropäische) Funktion; so können beispielsweise die stets wiederkehrenden Rautenmotive als abstrahierte Augen – und somit als Zeichen von Wachsamkeit – gedeutet werden.

Heutiger Zustand
Nach der Befriedung der Berberstämme während und nach der Kolonialzeit änderten sich die Umstände des täglichen Lebens gewaltig; hinzu kam die von Jahr zu Jahr zunehmende Trockenheit: In den staubigen, lichtlosen und ständig pflegebedürftigen Tighremts will niemand mehr leben; viele – vornehmlich jüngere – Berber wandern auf der Suche nach Arbeit in die großen Städte des Nordens ab; die Viehwirtschaft und damit das Nomaden- oder Halbnomadentum geht stark zurück; Strom- und Telefonnetze werden ausgebaut und es gibt Kühlschränke und Fernseher allenthalben. So sind denn die alten Bauformen überflüssig geworden oder nicht mehr zeitgemäß – mit der Konsequenz, dass die alte Bausubstanz zusehends verfällt und nicht mehr wie früher restauriert wird. Das Ende der traditionellen Berberarchitektur zeichnet sich somit ab – nur einige wenige Bauten werden als Museen (maisons traditionelles) überleben.

Bedeutung
Die Berberarchitektur im südlichen Maghreb mit ihren Ksur, Tighremts, Agadiren und Wohnhöhlen gehört zweifellos zum Originellsten und Eindrucksvollsten, was die Weltarchitektur hervorgebracht hat. Überdies bieten die verbliebenen Bauwerke tiefe Einblicke in eine vergangene Zeitepoche und in eine sich wandelnde, in hohem Maße aber auch schon vergangene Kultur ganzer Völker.

In der Zeit der berberisch-stämmigen Almoraviden, Almohaden und Meriniden gelangte die Stampflehmbauweise auch in den Norden Marokkos (teilweise sogar nach Andalusien) und diente dort beispielsweise zum Bau von Stadtmauern und Festungen (kasbahs) oder von Moscheen; das nördlichste Beispiel ist die Kasbah von Chefchaouen aus dem 17./18. Jahrhundert.

Siehe auch

Literatur
zur Geschichte und Soziologie
 Wolfgang Neumann: Die Berber. Vielfalt und Einheit einer traditionellen nordafrikanischen Kultur (= DuMont-Dokumente.). 2. Auflage. Köln 1987, ISBN 3-7701-1298-9.
 Gerhard Schweizer: Die Berber. Ein Volk zwischen Rebellion und Anpassung. 2. Auflage. Verlag Das Bergland-Buch, Salzburg 1984, ISBN 3-7023-0123-2.
zur Architektur
 Djinn Jacques Meunié: Les greniers collectifs au Maroc. In: Journal de la Société des Africanistes. Bd. 14, 1944, , S. 1–16, Digitalisat.
 Djinn Jacques-Meunié: Greniers-citadelles au Maroc (= Publications de l'Institut des Hautes-Etudes Marocaines. Bd. 52, ). 2 Bände. Arts et Métiers Graphiques, Paris 1951.
 Salima Naji: Greniers collectifs de l'Atlas. Patrimoines du Sud marocain. Éditions EDISUD u. a., Aix-en-Provence u. a. 2006, ISBN 2-7449-0645-X.
 Herbert Popp, Abdelfettah Kassah: Les ksour du Sud tunesien. Atlas illustré d'un patrimoine Culturel. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Bayreuth 2010, ISBN 978-3-939146-04-9.
 Herbert Popp, Mohamed Aït Hamza, Brahim El Fasskaoui: Les agadirs de l'Anti-Atlas occidental. Atlas illustré d'un patrimoine culturel du Sud marocain. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Bayreuth 2011, ISBN 978-3-939146-07-0.
 Arnold Betten: Marokko. Antike, Berbertraditionen und Islam – Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur im Maghreb. 5., aktualisierte Auflage. DuMont-Reiseverlag, Ostfildern 2012, ISBN 978-3-7701-3935-4, S. 109 ff.

Weblinks

 Berberarchitektur – Fotos
 Berberarchitektur aus Stampflehm – Fotos + Text
 Berberarchitektur – Fotos
 Ait Arbi, Marokko – Fotos

Berberkultur

Berberarchitektur


Las cartas de Frida es una ópera de cámara en un acto compuesta por Marcela Rodríguez utilizando escritos de Frida Kahlo como libreto. Escrita para nueve instrumentos, una soprano y tres actores, esta "ópera de toilette" presenta un sincretismo entre minimalismo y posmodernismo, y crea texturas de color típico mexicano y a la vez contemporáneo, enriquecidos por el uso de la trompeta y la percusión en juego con los demás instrumentos.

Acto Único
Las trece escenas que constituyen la ópera presentan escenas de la vida de la pintora sin seguir un orden cronológico.

Estilo

Libreto
Para el libreto se utilizaron materiales tomados de cartas y diarios de Frida Kahlo descubiertos en 2002 y publicados recientemente. La obra está constituida por aprox.  trece escenas sin continuidad dramatúrgica en las que se presentan, por medio de cartas personales de la pintora y anotaciones realizadas en su diario personal, etapas de su vida.
La obra está concebida para una soprano y una actriz que funciona como alter ego de la soprano.

Música
La orquesta se reduce a pocos instrumentos de cuerda y alientos. En la música se hace referencia a la "música" mexicana, como la canción ranchera.

Datos históricos
Las cartas de Frida es la tercera ópera que escribe Marcela Rodríguez. Las primeras dos fueron La Sunamita y Séneca o Todo nos es ajeno. A diferencia de sus primeras dos óperas, en las cuales utilizó libretos escritos con esa finalidad, para construir el libreto de ''Las cartas de Frida'
utiliza fragmentos de textos de Frida Kahlo descubiertos en 2002. La obra se estrenó con éxito de prensa en los patios (Zwinger 1) de las ruinas del castillo de Heidelberg y posteriormente en México, en el Foro Sor Juana de la UNAM y en el Teatro de la Ciudad Esperanza Iris.
La ópera fue escrita para la mezzo-soprano Catalina Pereda, que estrenó la ópera en México con una puesta en escena de Jesusa Rodríguez y Clarisa Malheiros.

Creación
El estreno mundial fue el 26 de octubre del 2011, en los patios del Teatro de Heidelberg (Castillo de Heidelberg), bajo la dirección de Mirga Gražinytė. Esta primera versión fue para soprano (Sybille Witkowsk) y una actriz muda (Karen Dahmen).

El estreno en México (versión definitiva) se llevó a cabo en mayo del 2013, en el Foro Sor Juana de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM]], con el ensamble Tempus Fugit, bajo la dirección de Christian Gohmer y con puesta en escena de Jesusa Rodríguez. La cantante fue la mezzosoprano Catalina Pereda, a quien está dedicada la ópera. Las actuaciones fueron de Roldán Ramírez, de Carlos Brown y de Natyeli Flores.

También se estrenó en el Teatro de la Ciudad Esperanza Iris.

Recepción
 * Theater Heidelberg, Alemania (Estreno absoluto): 2011
 * 25.05.2013 Estreno en Ciudad de México (Foro Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz del Centro Cultural Universitario)
agosto de 2013: Teatro de la Ciudad Esperanza IRIS

Literatura complementaria

La grabación de la obra fue realizada por la mezzosoprano Catalina Pereda y el ensamble Tempus Fugit, dirigido por Christian Gohmer.
El CD además contiene un libreto en 4 idiomas (español, inglés, francés y alemán) y está disponible para venta en México.

Enlaces externos
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20120423070954/http://www.theaterheidelberg.de/spielplan/event/412/Las+cartas+de+Frida
 http://www.tagblatt.de/Home/nachrichten/kultur/ueberregionale-kultur_artikel,-Kammeroper-Las-cartas-de-Frida-in-Heidelberg-uraufgefuehrt-_arid,151631.html
 * http://www.die-stadtredaktion.de/2011/10/kultur-ressorts/kultur/stadttheater/las-cartas-de-frida/
 * http://eleconomista.com.mx/entretenimiento/2013/05/29/las-cartas-frida-mas-alla-panfleto-lo-comun
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hz6AypDh_Gg

Notas

Óperas de Marcela Rodríguez
Óperas estrenadas en Alemania
Óperas en español
Óperas de 2011

Las cartas de Frida


كيانو ريفز  ممثل كندي مولود في بيروت 2 سبتمبر 1964 من أم بريطانية وأب منحدر من أصول إنجليزية-أمريكية برتغالية واسكتلندية و 1/32 صينية-هاواي.

بدأ رحلته الفنية بتدرج ونجاح متراكم، معروف في الوطن العربي بشكل كبير لدوره الرئيسي في ثلاثية أفلام الماتريكس .

نشأته
ولد في لبنان لأب أمريكي يحمل أصول أوروبية من بينها برتغالية وإسكتلندية وإنكليزية وفرنسية وهولندية ويحمل كذلك أصول صينية. واسمه سامويل نولين ريفز وامه بريطانية باتريكا راقصة استعراضية ولديه أيضًا أخت شقيقة تدعى كيم، العلاقة بين والديه لم تكن مستقره فتم الطلاق ورحل الأب إلى هاواي ولم يرى ابنه كيانو إلا مرة واحدة وكان عمره ثلاثة عشر، انتقل كيانو وأخته وأمه إلى نيويورك وتزوجت أمه هناك من منتج يدعى بول أرون، ومن ثم سافروا إلى تورنتو وأخذ كيانو الجنسية الكندية التي لازالت لديه ولكن بعدها تم الطلاق أيضًا وتزوجت أمه مرتان الأول روبرت ميللر الذي انجبت منه الأخت غير الشقيقة لكيانو كارينا 1976 وبعدها من جاك بوند مالك صالون لتصفيف الشعر وأيضا تم الطلاق وتعمل أمه حاليا في مجال تصميم الأزياء اما والده فقد سجن بتهمة حيازة المخدرات وأفرج عنه في منتصف 1996.

حياته الشخصية

العائلة والعلاقات العاطفية
يحق لريفز الحصول على الجنسية البريطانية عبر والدته، وهو يحمل الجنسية الكندية بالتجنس ويُعرّف عن نفسه على هذا الأساس.

أنجبت جينيفر سيم، صديقة ريفز بعد ثمانية أشهر من حملها آفا آرتشر سيم ريفز، في 24 ديسمبر من عام 1999، ولكن آفا وُلدت ميتة. أدى الضغط الذي فرضته هذه الحادثة على علاقتهما إلى انفصالهما بعد عدة أسابيع. تعرضت سيمي في 2 أبريل عام 2001، لحادث سيارة عندما كانت تقود بمفردها في شارع كواهينغا، حيث اصطدمت بثلاث سيارات متوقفة وانقلبت عدة مرات ورُميت من سيارتها. اعتقدت السلطات أنها توفيت على الفور، وبحسب ما ورد في التحقيق، كانت جينفر تعاني من الاكتئاب وعثروا في سيارتها على اثنين من العقاقير الموصوفة لها. لجأ ريفز الذي كان من المقرر أن يبدأ تصوير سلسلة ماتريكس بشكل متتابع خلال فصل الربيع التالي، إلى «السلام والوقت»، بحسب صديقه بريت دومروز عازف الإيتار في فرقة الروك البديل دوغستار.

في عام 2008، واعد ريفز عارضة الأزياء والممثلة تشاينا تشاو لفترة وجيزة. قابل ريفز الفنانة ألكسندرا غرانت في عام 2009 خلال حفل عشاء، أصبحا صديقين وشرعا في التعاون معًا لإصدار كتاب.

ديانته ووجهات نظره الأخرى
على الرغم من وصفه غالبًا على أنه بوذي أو ملحد، إلى جانب ذكره في قائمة «الملحدين المشهورين»، ريفز شخص غير متدين وأعرب في بعض الأحيان عن إيمانه بالله أو بأي قوة أعلى أخرى، موضحًا إيمانه بالله والشيطان وهذا لا يعني «امتلاكهما بالضرورة للحية بيضاء طويلة وشوكة الشر». سُئل في عام 2013 عما إذا كان شخصًا روحيًا، فأجاب ضاحكًا بأنه يؤمن «بالله والإيمان والإيمان الداخلي، والنفس، والشغف والأشياء» وأنه «روحاني للغاية» و«كريم للغاية». كان ريفز متحفظًا بشكل عام بشأن معتقداته الروحية، قائلًا إنها شيء «شخصي وخاص». عندما سأله ستيفن كولبير عن رأيه بشأن ما سيحدث بعد الموت، أجاب ريفز: «أعرف أن الأشخاص الذين يحبوننا سيفتقدوننا».

يصدق ريفز نظرية أوكسفورد عن الكاتب شكسبير، التي مفادها أن أعمال ويليام شكسبير كتبها إدوارد دي فير، الإيرل السابع عشر لأكسفورد.

قائمة بأفلامه

مصادر

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أصل هاوائي
أشخاص من بيروت
أشخاص من تورونتو
أشخاص يعانون من عسر القراءة
عازفو غيتار باس
عازفو غيتار باس كنديون
عازفو غيتار باس كنديون في القرن 20
عازفو غيتار باس كنديون في القرن 21
عازفو قيثارة روك بديل
عازفو قيثارة روك كنديون
عازفو قيثارة كنديون
عازفو قيثارة كنديون في القرن 20
عازفو قيثارة كنديون في القرن 21
فاعلو خير كنديون
كنديون بإعاقات
كنديون متجنسون
كنديون من أصل أمريكي
كنديون من أصل أيرلندي
كنديون من أصل إنجليزي
كنديون من أصل برتغالي
كنديون من أصل صيني
لبنانيون من أصل أمريكي
ممثلو أداء صوتي كنديون
ممثلو أفلام كنديون
ممثلو تلفزيون كنديون
ممثلون ذكور من أصل أيرلندي
ممثلون ذكور من بيروت
ممثلون كنديون في القرن 20
ممثلون كنديون في القرن 21
ممثلون كنديون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
ممثلون كنديون من أصل صيني
ممثلون من أصل برتغالي
ممثلون من أونتاريو
ممثلون من بيروت
ممثلون من تورونتو
منتجو أفلام كنديون
منتجو أفلام من أونتاريو
منتجو أفلام وثائقية كنديون
مهاجرون لبنانيون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مهاجرون لبنانيون إلى كندا
مواليد 1384 هـ
مواليد 1964
مواليد في بيروت
موسيقيو روك بديل كنديون
موسيقيو غرنج
موسيقيون ذكور في القرن 20
موسيقيون ذكور كنديون في القرن 20
موسيقيون ذكور كنديون في القرن 21
موسيقيون كنديون من أصل صيني
موسيقيون من تورونتو
ميمات الإنترنت

كيانو ريفز


Čorićev toranj (također poznat kao Čorićev turanj) u Vodicama šibenska je komunalna utvrda. Taj je toranj branio naselje Vodice i strateški izvor pitke vode na zapadu šibenskoga distrikta od Osmanlija. Kula je sagrađena 1533. godine nakon što je šibenski plemić Jeronim de Saracenis ugovorio gradnju s klesarom Ivanom iz Hvara. Toranj je odigrao važnu ulogu u jedinom povijesno poznatom napadu Osmanlija na središte Vodica početkom Kandijskog rata 1646. godine. Toranj je pretvoren u stambeni objekt najvjerojatnije tijekom 18. stoljeća, nakon osmanlijske opasnosti. Čorićev toranj jedina je sačuvana obrambena kula od nekadašnjih triju obrambenih kula u Vodicama.

Izvori

Vodice
Utvrde u Hrvatskoj

Čorićev toranj


Edith Stein, nume de călugăriță Tereza Benedicta a Crucii, (n. 12 octombrie 1891, Breslau, Imperiul German - d. 9 august 1942, Auschwitz) a fost o femeie filosof și teolog de origine evreiască din Germania, devenită călugăriță carmelită.

Viața
Edith Stein s-a născut într-o familie iudaică ortodoxă din Silezia. În tinerețe s-a îndepărtat de religie și a fost convinsă de ateism. A început studiul psihologiei și filosofiei la Breslau, studiu pe care l-a absolvit în 1914 la Universitatea din Freiburg. În 1916 a obținut doctoratul în filosofie, cu o teză despre empatie, sub conducerea profesorului Edmund Husserl, fondatorul fenomenologiei. Până în 1918 a fost asistenta acestuia la Universitatea din Freiburg. Deși ar fi îndeplinit condițiile necesare pentru obținerea titlului de profesor, acesta i-a fost refuzat din cauza faptului că era femeie.

O lungă evoluție intelectuală și spirituală a condus-o spre creștinism, la care s-a convertit în 1921. Ea a predat și a susținut conferințe în Germania, dezvoltând atât o teologie a femeii, cât și o analiză a filosofiei lui Toma de Aquino și a fenomenologiei.

Deportarea și moartea în Holocaust

În fața creșterii antisemitismului din Țările de Jos, episcopii neerlandezi au hotărât, contrar puterii politice, să condamne actele antisemite. O scrisoare pastorală în acest sens a fost citită în bisericile catolice din Olanda la 26 iulie 1942. Drept reacție, în data de 30 iulie 1942 autoritățile naziste au emis un decret de arestare a "evreilor de religie catolică".

Edith Stein a fost arestată de S.S. la 2 august 1942 împreună cu sora ei Rosa și alți evrei botezați. Ultimele cuvinte adresate surorii sale au fost, potrivit unui martor, "Hai, plecăm pentru poporul nostru".

A fost deportată împreună cu sora sa în lagărul din Amerfort, apoi în cel de la Westerbork. Acolo și-a reîntâlnit cele două prietene și "fiice" spirituale, două tinere evreice devenite catolice: Ruth Kantorowicz și Alice Reis. În lagărul Westerbork, ea o întâlnește pe o altă mare mistică evreică din secolul al XX-lea, Etty Hillesum, care tocmai fusese îndemnată de Consiliul evreiesc al lagărului să ajute la înregistrare. Aceasta și-a notat în "jurnalul" său prezența unei carmelite cu o stea galbenă și a unui întreg grup de călugări și călugărițe care se reunea pentru rugăciune în sinistrul decor al barăcilor. În zorii zilei de 7 august 1942, un convoi de 987 de evrei a plecat în direcția Auschwitz. Persoanele din convoi au fost gazate în lagărul de exterminare de la Auschwitz-Birkenau în Polonia, la 9 august 1942.

Canonizarea
A fost canonizată de papa Ioan Paul al II-lea la 11 octombrie 1998. Filosoafă crucificată, proclamată sfântă copatroană a Europei de către papa Ioan Paul al II-lea la deschiderea sinodului episcopilor pentru Europa, în același timp cu  sfintele Brigita a Suediei și Ecaterina de Siena.

Alte recunoașteri
În 2008 Edithei Stein i-a fost acordat un loc în "Walhalla", memorial al personalităților marcante ale civilizației germane. Canalul public german de televiziune ZDF a dedicat o întregă emisiune despre Edith Stein în cadrul Unsere Besten, care era consacrată celor mai mari germani ai tuturor timpurilor. Un film a fost turnat în 1995: A șaptea ședere, în care Maia Morgenstern a jucat rolul lui Edith Stein.

În 2014 parohia din Bayeux a achiziționat un nou clopot, numit Thérèse-Bénédicte, în semn de omagiu pentru Edith Stein.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

 Edith Stein Archiv
  Associazione Italiana Edith Stein
  Biographie vidéo d'Édith Stein sur le site de l'émission télévisée le Jour du Seigneur .
  Site de l'Institut Edith-Stein
  Émission de KTO TV sur la vision d'Édith Stein, « la Crèche et la Croix », 14 décembre 2008 (52 min)
  Journal télévisé A2 faisant un reportage sur la canonisation d'Edith Stein le 11 octobre 1998 sur le site de l'INA
  Philosophe brillante, Edith Stein choisit le carmel sur le site de La Croix

Vezi și
 Fenomenologie
 Ordinul carmelit

Nașteri în 1891
Nașteri pe 12 octombrie
Decese în 1942
Decese pe 9 august
Sfinți în Biserica Catolică
Absolvenți ai Universității din Freiburg
Absolvenți ai Universității din Göttingen
Pieriți în Holocaust
Evrei germani
Evreice
Convertiți la creștinism
Călugărițe creștine

Edith Stein


The Odd Couple is a play by Neil Simon. Following its premiere on Broadway in 1965, the characters were revived in a successful 1968 film and 1970s television series, as well as several other derivative works and spin-offs.  The plot concerns two mismatched roommates: the neat, uptight Felix Ungar and the slovenly, easygoing Oscar Madison.  Simon adapted the play in 1985 to feature a pair of female roommates (Florence Ungar and Olive Madison) in The Female Odd Couple.  An updated version of the 1965 show appeared in 2002 with the title Oscar and Felix: A New Look at the Odd Couple.

History
Sources vary as to the origins of the play. In The Washington Posts obituary of Simon's brother Danny, a television writer, Adam Bernstein wrote that the idea for the play came from his divorce. "Mr. Simon had moved in with a newly single theatrical agent named Roy Gerber in Hollywood, and they invited friends over one night. Mr. Simon botched the pot roast. The next day, Gerber told him: 'Sweetheart, that was a lovely dinner last night. What are we going to have tonight?' Mr. Simon replied: 'What do you mean, cook you dinner? You never take me out to dinner. You never bring me flowers.'" Danny Simon wrote a partial first draft of the play, but then handed over the idea to Neil.

However, in the Mel Brooks biography It's Good to Be the King, author James Robert Parish claims that the play came about after Simon observed Brooks, in a separation from his first wife, living with writer Speed Vogel for three months. Vogel later wrote that Brooks had insomnia, "a brushstroke of paranoia", and "a blood-sugar problem that kept us a scintilla away from insanity".

Boston tryout
Simon credited Boston critic Elliot Norton with helping him develop the final act of the play. Norton practiced drama criticism when the relationship between the regional critic and playwrights whose shows were undergoing tryouts in their towns were not as adversarial as they were to become.

Appearing on the public television show Elliot Norton Reviews, during Simon's conversation with the critic, Norton said that the play went "flat" in its final act.  As it appeared originally at Boston's Colonial Theatre, the characters the Pigeon Sisters did not appear in the final act.

Simon told The Boston Globe: He invited one of the stars and the writer. He loved the play and gave it a wonderful review but he said the third act was lacking something. On the show he said, 'You know who I missed in the third act was the Pigeon Sisters,' and it was like a light bulb went off in my head. It made an enormous difference in the play. I rewrote it and it worked very well. I was so grateful to Elliot ... Elliot had such a keen eye. I don't know if he saved the play or not, but he made it a bigger success.

Plot overview
Felix Ungar, a neurotic, neat freak news writer (a photographer in the television series), is thrown out by his wife, and moves in with his friend Oscar Madison, a slovenly sportswriter. Despite Oscar's problems – careless spending, excessive gambling, a poorly kept house filled with spoiled food – he seems to enjoy life. Felix, however, seems utterly incapable of enjoying anything and only finds purpose in pointing out his own and other people's mistakes and foibles. Even when he tries to do so in a gentle and constructive way, his corrections and suggestions prove extremely annoying to those around him. Oscar, his closest friend, feels compelled to throw him out after only a brief time together, though he quickly realizes that Felix has had a positive effect on him.

The play and the film both spell Felix's name Ungar, while the television series spells it Unger.

Characters
Felix Ungar: A fastidious, hypochondriac news writer whose marriage is ending.
Oscar Madison: A slovenly, recently divorced sportswriter and Felix's best friend.
Murray: A NYPD policeman, one of Felix's and Oscar's poker buddies.
Speed: One of the poker buddies. Gruff and sarcastic, often picking on Vinnie and Murray.
Vinnie: One of the poker buddies. Vinnie is mild-mannered and henpecked, making him an easy target for Speed's verbal barbs.
Roy: One of the poker buddies. Oscar's accountant. Roy has a dry wit but is less acerbic than Speed.
Cecily and Gwendolyn Pigeon: Felix's and Oscar's giggly upstairs neighbors, a pair of English sisters. Cecily is a divorcée, and Gwendolyn a widow.

Productions

The Odd Couple premiered on Broadway at the Plymouth Theatre on March 10, 1965, and transferred to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre where it closed on July 2, 1967, after 964 performances and two previews. Directed by Mike Nichols, the cast starred Walter Matthau as Oscar Madison and Art Carney as Felix Ungar. The production gained Tony Awards for Walter Matthau, Best Actor (Play), Best Author (Play), Best Direction of a Play, and Best Scenic Design (Oliver Smith), and was nominated for Best Play.

Matthau was replaced with Jack Klugman in November 1965, and then Pat Hingle in February 1966. Carney was replaced with Eddie Bracken in October 1965 and later Paul Dooley.

Stage revivals
In 1968, James Wheaton directed an all black version of the show at the Ebony Showcase Theatre in Los Angeles.  The production starred Nick Stewart and Morris Erby. The cast also included Larry McCormick in his acting debut.

In 1970, the McMaster Shakespearean Players performed The Odd Couple with Martin Short as Felix, Eugene Levy as Oscar, and Dave Thomas as Murray; all three actors would later find fame as cast members of SCTV.

In 1989, Ronald Harwood directed a production at the Royal Exchange, Manchester, with Derek Griffiths as Oscar and Sam Kelly as Felix.

In 1994, a version of the play moved to The Kings Theatre, Glasgow and toured Scotland, starring Gerard Kelly as Felix, Craig Ferguson as Oscar and Kate Anthony as Gwendolyn Pigeon. Kelly reprised the role of Felix at the 2002 Edinburgh Fringe, opposite Andy Gray.

In 1996, Klugman and Tony Randall reprised their roles from the TV series for a three-month run at the Theatre Royal in Haymarket, London. The production was an effort to raise money to support Randall's National Actors Theatre. (Klugman had previously played Oscar in London opposite Victor Spinetti as Felix.)

In a 1997 issue of Premiere magazine, Billy Crystal and Robin Williams announced a possible stage revival, in anticipation of success of their film Fathers' Day (1997). When that film failed at the box office, the Crystal–Williams revival was abandoned.

Also in 1997, a tour of the US and Canada was mounted by Troupe America and Lake Pepin Players starring Jamie Farr as Oscar, William Christopher as Felix, and William Richard Rogers as Murray. The production was directed by Curt Wollan.

In 2001, Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak and Hawaii TV news anchor Joe Moore (Sajak's Vietnam roommate and close friend) played Felix and Oscar at the Hawaii Theatre Center as a benefit for Hawaii's Manoa Valley Theater.

In 2002, Simon wrote an updated version of The Odd Couple, titled Oscar and Felix: A New Look at the Odd Couple. This version incorporated updated references and elements into the original storyline. This production ran at the Geffen Playhouse (Los Angeles) from June 2002 to July 21, 2002 with a cast that starred Gregory Jbara (Vinnie), John Larroquette (Oscar), Joe Regalbuto (Felix) and María Conchita Alonso (Ynes) and was directed by Peter Bonerz.

A revival of the original version opened on Broadway at The Brooks Atkinson Theatre on October 27, 2005, and closed on June 4, 2006, after 249 performances. Matthew Broderick and Nathan Lane played Felix and Oscar, respectively. Due to illness, Lane was replaced for three performances in January 2006 by Brad Garrett, who played Murray earlier in the same production.

In August 2005, British comedians Bill Bailey and Alan Davies played Oscar and Felix at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival directed by Guy Masterson which was the hit of the festival.

A reading featuring Ethan Hawke and Billy Crudup was staged at the Cherry Lane Theatre on January 9, 2011.

A Venezuelan production appeared at the Trasnocho Cultural Theater in 2009. It was Directed by Armando Alvarez and featured Armando Cabrera (Oscar), Luigi Sciamanna (Felix), Juan Carlos Ogando (Richard), Alezander Slorzano (Murray), Alexandra Malave (Clementina), and Stephanie Cardone (Cecilia).

The all-female Takarazuka Revue Company performed the show under the title  in September 2011 in Takarazuka, Japan. It starred Yu Todoroki as Oscar and Misa Noeru as Felix.

In 2011, Cezary Żak and Artur Barciś (popular actors from the Polish hit TV series Ranczo) performed as Oscar and Felix in Dziwna Para, a Polish rendition of The Odd Couple. The play was performed in the U.S and in Toronto, Canada, and received good reviews.

In 2016, Australian comedians Shaun Micallef and Francis Greenslade starred as Felix Ungar and Oscar Madison in a version of the play directed by Peter Houghton. The play was performed at Southbank Theatre, Melbourne from November 5 to December 22, 2016, and received positive reviews.

Female version
In 1985, Neil Simon revised The Odd Couple for a female cast. The Female Odd Couple was based on the same story line and same lead characters, now called Florence Ungar and Olive Madison. The poker game became Trivial Pursuit with their friends becoming the girlfriends: Mikey, Sylvie, Vera, and Renee. The English-born Pigeon sisters became the Spanish-born Costazuela brothers, Manolo and Jesus.

The Female Odd Couple opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre on June 11, 1985, and closed on February 23, 1986, after 295 performances and nine previews. Directed by Gene Saks, responsible for the 1968 film version, the leads were Sally Struthers as Florence (Felix) and Rita Moreno as Olive (Oscar), respectively, with Lewis J. Stadlen and Tony Shalhoub (in his Broadway debut) as the Costazuela brothers. Moreno was later replaced by Brenda Vaccaro. Struthers indicated on Gilbert Gottfried's Amazing Colossal Podcast that Moreno was very difficult to work with.

A London production of this version ran at the Apollo Theatre in 2001 and starred Paula Wilcox (Florence) and Jenny Seagrove (Olive).

Translated into Spanish as La extraña pareja the female version opened in Madrid in 2017. Directed by Andrés Rus, the leads were Susana Hernáiz (Olga/Olive) and Elda García (Flora/Florence) in the main roles.

Film and TV adaptations
Neil Simon sold film and TV rights to Paramount Pictures in 1967. Paramount produced two theatrical films, three live-action TV series and an animated series based upon the play.

1968 film

In 1968, The Odd Couple was made into a highly successful film starring Jack Lemmon as Felix and Walter Matthau reprising his role from the play. Much of the script from the play is the same, although the setting is expanded: instead of taking place entirely in Oscar's apartment, some scenes take place at various locations in New York.  The film was also written by Simon (who was nominated for an Academy Award) and was directed by Gene Saks.

In 1998, Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau reprised their roles for the film sequel The Odd Couple II, produced by Neil Simon.

1970–1975 ABC sitcom

The success of the film was the basis for the 1970–75 ABC television sitcom, starring Tony Randall as Felix and Jack Klugman as Oscar. Klugman was familiar with the role as he had replaced Walter Matthau in the original Broadway run. Neil Simon originally disapproved of this adaptation, but by the series' final season, he reassessed the show positively to the point of appearing in a cameo role.

Randall and Klugman also reunited in 1993 for a made-for-TV reunion film based upon the series, The Odd Couple Together Again. The movie was initially broadcast on CBS on September 24, 1993. Robert Klane was the writer and director, with a cast that included Barbara Barrie as Felix's wife, Penny Marshall as  Myrna and Dick Van Patten. Jack Klugman's real-life throat-cancer surgery was written into the script, when Felix (Tony Randall) stays with Oscar and helps with his rehabilitation.

1975 ABC cartoon

In the fall of 1975, ABC aired a cartoon version of the play entitled The Oddball Couple, produced by Paramount and DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. The roles were played by a neat cat named Spiffy and a sloppy dog named Fleabag. Unlike every live-action incarnation of Neil Simon's work, the pair's jobs were reversed. The neat cat was a writer, while the sloppy dog was a photographer.

1982–1983 ABC sitcom

In 1982, ABC aired a new version of the series, entitled The New Odd Couple. Produced by Garry Marshall, the premise of the new version has two black actors, Ron Glass as Felix and Demond Wilson as Oscar. The New York Times reviewer noted: "What may be surprising is how little the spine of the show has changed. The dialogue has been updated a little, but the plots are essentially the same. The New Odd Couple bounces along nicely. It adds nothing new to the craft of situation comedy, but it does provide employment and a good showcase for talented black actors, who generally don't have an easy time of it on television these days". This new version was not successful and was canceled after just 13 episodes.

2015 CBS sitcom

Another adaptation, again called The Odd Couple, was a multi-camera comedy that ran for three seasons on CBS from 2015 to 2017. The series starred Matthew Perry as Oscar and Thomas Lennon as Felix; it was a pet project for Perry, who also served as the show's co-developer, co-executive producer and co-writer. The show also featured Wendell Pierce as Teddy, Oscar's agent, Yvette Nicole Brown as Dani, Oscar's assistant, Dave Foley as Roy (a holdover from the original play), and Leslie Bibb and Lindsay Sloane as Casey and Emily (taking over for the Pigeon sisters).

References

External links

1965 plays
Broadway plays
American plays adapted into films
Plays by Neil Simon
Plays set in New York City

The Odd Couple (play)


آنا بيتروفنا  (موسكو؛ 27 يناير 1708 -كيل؛4 مارس 1728)؛ دفنت في كاتدرائية بطرس وبولس في سانت بطرسبرغ بجانب ووالديها؛ هي الدوقة الكبرى الروسية.

الحياة
هي ابنة الكبرى لإمبراطور روسيا بطرس الأول وزوجته الثانية كاترين الأولى وكذلك هي شقيقة الكبرى لإمبراطورة لاحقا إليزابيث وكذلك هي والدة الإمبراطو بيتر الثالث الذي حكمها لمنذ ستة أشهر وخلفتها زوجته كاترين الثانية ومن بعده ابنه وأحفاده إلى أن سقطت الإمبراطورية في عام 1917 تحت ثوار البلاشفة، وأيضا كانت دوقة شليسفيغ-هولشتاين-غوتورب من خلال زوجها من كارل فريدرخ دوق هولشتاين-غوتورب ابن شقيقة الملك السويد كارل الثاني عشر.

كانت في الأصل ابنة غير شرعية أضفت إليها الشرعية بعد زواج والديها في عام 1712، وفي 17 مارس 1721 وصل كارل فريدرخ الزوج المستقبلي إلى روسيا للتعرف على زوجته وضمان مصالح معاهدة نيستاد التي بموجبها تعهدت روسيا بتخلي في التدخل في شؤون الداخلية اللسويد وذلك لضمان استرجاع شليسفيغ من الدانمارك .

وكان هناك مرشح آخر للزواج وهو حفيد لويس الرابع عشر هو صاحب السمو الإمبراطوري لويس دوق أورليان ولكن رفض بسبب الاختلافات.

الزواج
في 22 نوفمبر 1724 تم التوقيع على عقد الزواج. بواسطة هذا العقد، تخلت آنا وكارل فريدرخ عن جميع الحقوق والمطالبات إلى تاج الإمبراطورية الروسية نيابة عن أنفسهم وذريتهم، ونتيجة لهذا الشرط أصبح تأمين العرش من حق الإمبراطور في تسمية أي من ذريته خليفةً له على العرش الروسي.

بضعة أشهر بعد ذلك بحلول يناير 1725 وقبيل وفاة بطرس الأكبر؛ كما تقول القصة وهو على فراش الموت انه تمكن من تهجئة الكلمات: أن يقدم كل ما ...، لكن لا يمكن أن يستمر أبعد من ذلك وأرسلت لآنا لإملاء الإرادة الأخير لها. بحلول الوقت الذي وصلت الأميرة، يمكن أن الإمبراطور لم تنطق بكلمة واحدة. استنادا إلى قصة، تكهن بعض المؤرخين أن رغبة بيتر كانت ترك العرش لآنا، ولكن هذا لم يتأكد.

الدوق وآنا تزوج بعد وفاة بيتر في 21 مايو 1725 في كنيسة الثالوث، سانت بطرسبرغ . وكان لزوجان طفل وحيد.

أصبح الدوق عضواً في مجلس الملكة الأعلى التي أنشى حديثا وتمارس تأثيرا معتدلا على السياسة الروسية، ومع وفاة كاترين الأولى للعام 1727 جعلت موقفه الهش مع تحول السلطة إلى أيدي الكسندر مينشيكوف الذي طمح في زواج ابنته من الإمبراطور الشاب بيتر الثاني، أسفرت المشاجرة بين زوجها الدوق ومنشيكوف إلى انسحابه نحو هولشتاين بـ 25 يوليو 1727.

آنا توفي في 4 مارس 1728 في غضون عدة أيام من ولادة بيتر إمبراطور روسيا في المستقبل وسلف من جميع قياصرة رومانوف في القرن 19، قبل وفاتها طلبت آنا لتدفن في روسيا بالقرب من مقابر والديها في كاتدرائية بطرس وبولس، ونفذت رغبتها الأخيرة في 12 نوفمبر من العام نفسه.

وفقا لمعاصريه، آنا كانت تشبه والدها الشهير: بحيث كانت ذكية وجميلة، ومتعلمة جيداً، وكانت تجيد اللغة الفرنسية والألمانية والإيطالية والسويدية، ومن المعروف أنها أيضا باعتنائها بابن أخيها بيوتر ألكسيفيتش عندما كان مهملاً في عهد والدتها كاترين الأولى، توفي زوجها في عام 1739 وأصبح ابنها الدوق هولشتاين-شليسفيغ رسمياً، وأصبح إمبراطور روسيا بعد وفاة خالتها إليزافيتا بيتروفنا التي حكمت روسيا بعد انقلابه على إيفان السادس إمبراطور الصغير من عام 1741 حتى عام 1762، وحكم هو لمدة قصيرة (ستة أشهر) وتخلى عن العرش بعد انقلاب زوجته كاثرين العظيمة عليه.

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  Biography
 تتضمن هذه المقالة محتوى المستمدة من قاموس السيرة الذاتية الروسي ، 1896-1918.

أسرة هولشتاين - غوتورب
أشخاص من موسكو
بنات أباطرة روسيا
حاصلون على وسام كاترين الإسكندرانية
دوقات نبيلات روسيات
دوقات نساء هولشتاين-غوتورب
روس في القرن 18
روس من أصل ألماني
روس من أصل بولندي
روس من أصل بيلاروسي
روسيات في القرن 18
عائلة رومانوف
مدفونون في كاتدرائية بطرس وبولس
مواليد 1708
مواليد في موسكو
نساء ألمانيات
وفيات 1728
وفيات بسبب الولادة
وفيات في كيل
ملكيون من موسكو

آنا بيتروفنا


Guy Bedouelle OP (Ordensname: Guy-Thomas; * 6. April 1940 in Lisieux; † 22. Mai 2012 in Freiburg im Üechtland, Schweiz) war ein französischer Dominikaner und Kirchenhistoriker.

Werdegang
Nach dem Abitur in Paris im Jahre 1957 studierte Guy Bedouelle am Institut d'études politiques de Paris und erwarb 1961 deren Diplom. 1962 wurde er zur renommierten École nationale d'administration (ENA) zugelassen, doch er gab diese Laufbahn schon nach wenigen Monaten auf. Von 1962 bis 1964 gehörte er zum Corps des Commissariat de la Marine. 1965 trat er dem Orden der Dominikaner bei.

1966 wurde er in Paris mit einer Dissertation über die Kirche von England in ihrer Beziehung zur politischen Gesellschaft Großbritanniens zum Dr. iur. (im Fach Öffentliches Recht) promoviert. Im selben Jahr begann er das Studium an der Ordenshochschule Le Saulchoir in Étiolles bei Paris, wo er 1968 zum Lizenziaten der Philosophie graduiert wurde und 1972, ein Jahr nach seiner Priesterweihe, zum Lektor und Lizenziaten der Theologie. Ebenfalls 1972 wurde er an der Sorbonne in Paris mit einer Dissertation über die Bibelhermeneutik des französischen Humanisten Lefèvre d'Étaples zum Dr. phil. (im Fach Religionsgeschichte) promoviert. Eine dritte Promotion (zum Dr. theol.) folgte 1977.

Von 1972 an bis 1996 war er Professor für Kirchengeschichte an der École de la Foi in Freiburg in der Schweiz, seit 1974 außerdem Assistent an der Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg (Schweiz), wo er dann seit 1977 zunächst als Extraordinarius und seit 1982 als Ordinarius für Kirchengeschichte wirkte.

Bedouelle war außerdem von 1981 bis 1984 als Regens für die Studien in der Ordensprovinz Frankreich seines Ordens verantwortlich. 1993 war er Visiting Professor an der Thomas-Universität in Manila und 1994 Visiting Fellow am All Souls College in Oxford. Nachdem er von 1994 bis 1996 als Dekan seiner Freiburger Fakultät amtiert hatte, übernahm er 1997 zusätzlich zu den Verpflichtungen seines Freiburger Lehrstuhles auch die Leitung des Centre d'études du Saulchoir im Konvent Saint-Jacques in Paris, wo seine ehemalige Ordenshochschule Le Saulchoir mittlerweile angesiedelt und in ein Studienzentrum ohne Fakultätsbetrieb umgewandelt worden war. 2007 wechselte er nach seiner Emeritierung aus Freiburg nach Angers, wo er bis zu seinem gesundheitsbedingten Rücktritt im Jahr 2011 der Université Catholique de l'Ouest als Rektor vorstand. Während dieser Zeit, im November 2008, wurde ihm von seinem Orden auch in Anerkennung seiner Verdienste um die Wissenschaften und die Kirche der ordenseigene Ehrentitel eines Sacrae Theologiae Magister (STM) verliehen. Nach der Rückkehr aus Angers in die Schweiz erlag er seinem Krebsleiden am 22. Mai 2012 im Kloster Albertinum seines Ordens in Freiburg in der Schweiz.

Mitglied- und Herausgeberschaften
Bedouelle war Mitglied des französischen Redaktionskomitees der Zeitschrift Communio (seit 1975), Mitglied der wissenschaftlichen Leitung der mit der Herausgabe theologischer Handbücher befassten Associazione di Manuali de teologia cattolica (AMATECA), Chefredakteur der ordensgeschichtlichen Zeitschrift Mémoire dominicaine, Herausgeber mehrerer wissenschaftlicher Buchreihen (Studia Friburgensia: Series Historica, Histoire du christianisme), Mitglied der Mailänder Accademia di San Carlo Borromeo (seit 1978), Präsident der Pariser Association pour l'histoire de l'Ordre de Saint-Dominique en Europe (bis 2000), außerdem Mitglied der päpstlichen historisch-theologischen Kommission für das Jubiläumsjahr 2000 und Vorsitzender der wissenschaftlichen Kommission für das Promotionsstudium der Theologie in der romanischen Schweiz (seit 2001).

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Dominikus. Von der Kraft des Wortes. Verlag Styria, Graz 1984, ISBN 3-222-11513-3.
 Die Geschichte der Kirche. Bonifatius, Paderborn 2000, ISBN 3-87088-878-4.
 Große illustrierte Kirchengeschichte. Menschen – Themen – Bilder. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 2005, ISBN 3-451-28559-2.
 Ut filii qui nascentur non ignorent primordia et progressus. Guy-Thomas Bedouelle et l'histoire dominicaine. Éditions du Cerf, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2-204-10105-9 (Sammlung von Aufsätzen zur Geschichte seines Ordens; darin: Bibliographie dominicaine de Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, S. 13–18).

Literatur
 Mariano Delgado: Guy Thomas Bedouelle OP (1940–2012) in memoriam. In: Anuario de historia de la Iglesia, ISSN 1133-0104, Jg. 22 (2013), S. 452–453.
 Gregor Patt: Bedouelle, Guy. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Band 36. Nordhausen 2015, ISBN 978-3-88309-920-0, Sp. 128–132.

Fußnoten

Weblinks

 Curriculum Vitae und Verzeichnis von Veröffentlichungen bis 2003 (Word-Dokument; DOC-Datei; 72 kB)
 Décès du dominicain Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, théologien et maître spirituel; La Croix, 23. Mai 2012
 Sacrae Theologiae Magister (STM); Dominican History, 20. Februar 2009

Mitglied der Päpstlichen Akademie des hl. Thomas von Aquin
Hochschullehrer (Université Catholique de l'Ouest, Angers)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Freiburg, Schweiz)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Autor
Dominikanerbruder
Franzose
Geboren 1940
Gestorben 2012
Mann
Rektor einer Universität

Guy Bedouelle


La gare de Rauma (en ) est une gare ferroviaire de la ligne Rauma-Kokemäki. Elle est située sur la Karjalankatu à Rauma en Finlande.

L'ancienne gare ouverte au service des voyageurs est fermée en 1988. La gare actuelle dispose d'un bâtiment à environ deux cents mètres de l'ancien, qui sert uniquement à gérer le service des marchandises.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de marchandises de Rauma (sigle Rma) est située sur la ligne Rauma-Kokemäki.

Histoire

Ancienne gare voyageurs
Sur Karjalankatu, à environ 200 mètres de la gare de marchandises, se trouve l'ancienne gare ferroviaire de Rauma, dont le trafic voyageurs a été interrompu en 1988. Son bâtiment principal est toujours présent.

Gare marchandises
Située près du centre de Rauma, le long de la rue Karjalankatu, c'est la gare de marchandises à partir de laquelle VR Transpoint gère le transport de marchandises du port de Rauma. Elle dispose d'un bâtiment de  VR-Yhtymä Oy depuis 1995.

Gare marchandises
Son bâtiment abrite les locaux de VR Transpoint qui gère le transport de marchandises du port de Rauma.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transport ferroviaire en Finlande
 Liste de gares en Finlande

Lien externe

Bâtiment à Rauma (Finlande)
Rauma
Transport à Rauma (Finlande)

Gare de Rauma


ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික
පෞරාණික 		(ක්‍රි.ව. 500 ට පෙර)

පුරාණයේ 		(1500-1760)
පුරාණය සහ නුතන අතර (1600-1900)
නුතන සහ සමකාලීන  	(1900- වර්තමානයතෙක්

සංගීත ඉතිහාසයේ ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික සංගීතය නිපදවී ඇත්තේ සාක්ෂර සංස්කෘතින් මුල්කරගෙනය. එහි මුල්කාලය භූගෝල ඉතිහාසයේ අග කාලය වේ. ප්‍රාග් හෙතිහාසික සංගීතය අනුගත කරගෙන ඇත්තේ යුරෝපයේ පෞරාණික සංගීතය සහ යුරෝපය බල පවත්නා ප්‍රදේශවල පසු සංගීතයන් ගෙනි. එනමුත් තවම හුදකලා ප්‍රාදේශ වල මෙය දක්නට ලැබේ.

රීත්‍යානුකූලව ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික සංගීතයෙහි වර්තමාන සංගීතයට පෙර සියලුම රටවල තිබු සංගීත අඩංගු වේ.නිදසුන් වශයෙන් කිවහොත් සාක්ෂරතාවයට පෙර තිබු විවිධ ග්‍රොත්‍ර නයන්ගේ සංගීතය සහ ඔස්ට්‍රේලියානු ආදී වාසින්ගේ සංගීතය මෙහි ඇතුළත් වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙම සංගීතය යුරෝපා ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික සංගීතය යනුවෙන් හැඳින්විමට යෝග්‍ය වන්නේ එය තවමත් ගැමි සම්ප්‍රදායික සංගීතය වශයෙන් පවතින හෙයිනි.

පැරණි බටනලා

1995 දී ස්ලෝනියානු ගුහාවකදි හමුවුනු "නියැන්ඩතාල් බටනලාව" ලෝකයේ පැරණිතම බටනලාව ලෙස සැලකේ. මෙය සොයා ගනු ලැබුවේ " අයිවන් ටර් " විසිනි. මෙම බටනලාව වර්ශ 43000 ක් පමණ පැරණියැයි ඇස්ත‍මේන්තු ගත කෙරෙනි. එනමුත් එය සත්‍යය වශයෙන් සංගීත භාණ්ඩයක් ද නැතහොත් සතුන් විසින් අනුභව කොට ඉතිරි කරන ලද අස්ථි කැබැල්ලක්ද යන වග තවමත් හරිහැටි අවබෝධ කොට ගෙන නැත.  මෙම භාණ්ඩ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේයැයි සැලකෙන කාලයේ මානවයා භාවිතා  කරන ලද තාක්ෂණය හා සමග මෙම නිර්මාණ කරන ලද තාක්ෂණය නොගැලීම මෙයට හේතු විය හැකිය.

මීට අමතරව ජර්මිනියේ දී වර්ශ 36000 ක් පැරණි සංගීතමය පයිප්පයක් සොයාගෙන ඇති අතර වර්ෂ 2004 දී අයර්ලන්තයේ තවත් එවැනි පැරණි දැවමය බටනලාවක්  සොයා ගන්නා ලදි. මෙම දැවමය සංගීත භාණ්ඩ බටනලා හයකින් යුක්ත වු අතර ඇගිලි හැසිරවීම සදහා සිදුරු නිර්මාණය කොට නොතිබුනි. "යූ" නම් ශාඛ දැවයෙන් නිපදවු මෙම භාණ්ඩය සෙන්ටිමීටර් 30 -50 ත් දිගකින් යුක්ත වුයේය.

සටහන්

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සංගීතය

ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික සංගීත යුග


Karl Henrik Karlsson (født 12. november 1856 på Råby i Västmanlands län, død 24. maj 1909 i Stockholm) var en svensk historiker.

Karlsson studerede filologi med historie som hovedfag og blev kandidat i 1880, licentiat i 1889 og doktor i 1890. Hans doktorafhandling om Konungens domsrätt under medeltiden skaffede ham desuden den Geijerske prisbelønning. I 1885 begyndte han at arbejde i det kongelige bibliotek i Stockholm, og her blev han amanuensis 1894; fra 1888 var han tillige sysselsat i Riksarkivet. I 1894 bosatte han sig for en årrække i Rom for at studere i de vatikanske arkiver, af hvis rige skatte han fremdrog mange værdifulde bidrag til sit fædrelands og Nordens historie i middelalderen. De fleste af hans afhandlinger herom er offentliggjorte i svensk Historisk Tidskrift. Stor grundighed har han viet forarbejderne til et svenskt Diplomatarium, omfattende middelalderen. Uden modsigelse var han i sin tid den mest fremragende kender af den svenske middelalders genealogi.

Kilder

Historikere fra Sverige
Faglitterære forfattere fra Sverige
Svensksprogede forfattere fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1800-tallet
Svenskere i 1900-tallet

Karl Henrik Karlsson


Wonderfalls is an American comedy-drama television series created by Todd Holland and Bryan Fuller that was broadcast on the Fox television network in 2004.

The show centers on Jaye Tyler (Caroline Dhavernas), a recent Brown University graduate with a philosophy degree, who holds a dead-end job as a sales clerk at a Niagara Falls gift shop. Jaye is the reluctant participant in conversations with various animal figurines – a wax lion, brass monkey, stuffed bear, and mounted fish, among others – which direct her via oblique instructions to help people in need.

TV Guide included the series in their 2013 list of 60 shows that were "Cancelled Too Soon".

Cast and characters

Main characters

Jaye Tyler
Caroline Dhavernas as Jaye Tyler – A 24-year-old graduate of Brown University, at the start of the series Jaye is discontentedly working as a sales clerk at Wonderfalls Gift Emporium and living in a trailer. She avoids her loving – and overbearing – family, whose successes she seems determined not to emulate, spending most of her time at The Barrel, a local bar at which her best friend, Mahandra, is a cocktail waitress.

Despite her being extremely caustic and a deliberate underachiever, Jaye's life takes an odd turn when various muses, in the form of animal objects, begin talking to her and delivering cryptic instructions. At first uncooperative, Jaye eventually breaks down after they inflict on her various forms of passive coercion, such as keeping her awake all night by singing, and harassing her with their messages when she is around others, forcing her to accede in order to avoid appearing crazy.

Jaye's attempts to ignore or go against the messages often result in unexpected misfortunes, such as when Jaye's father is hit by a car. Jaye's guilt over the event leads to her following the muses' instructions throughout the rest of the episode, only to discover that her father's injury was, in fact, a blessing, as it led his doctors to discover a potentially life-threatening blood clot. As the series progresses, Jaye becomes more willing to follow the muses' instructions, although she fights them when they make her do things she doesn't like, such as driving Eric back into the arms of his wife.

Through the course of the series, Jaye undergoes a subtle, yet discernible personality shift, as the good deeds she unwillingly performs begin to affect the way she perceives the world around her.

Sharon Tyler
Katie Finneran as Sharon Tyler – The eldest of the Tyler siblings, Sharon is an immigration lawyer and the most ambitious member of the family. Sharon constantly finds herself having to help Jaye – particularly when she has legal trouble – even though there is a strong degree of animosity between the sisters at the start of the series. To Jaye, Sharon is everything she doesn't want to be: goal- and career-oriented, constantly seeking their parents' approval, extremely high-strung, and apparently with little enjoyment of her life. Meanwhile, Jaye's constant pranks and somewhat callous disregard for her sister have made Sharon highly resentful.

In the first episode, when Jaye discovers Sharon's "big secret" (that she is a lesbian), they admit that despite their animosity they do love each other. Jaye not only keeps Sharon's secret from everyone else, she even helps her out on occasion when someone (particularly their parents) comes close to discovering the truth. In turn, despite great shows of reluctance, Sharon always helps Jaye when she needs it, and even comforts Jaye when she is in despair over Eric.

Eric Gotts
Tyron Leitso as Eric Gotts – Jaye's love interest – is introduced in "Wax Lion" under unusual circumstances: Six days prior to the events of the pilot, Eric arrived in Niagara Falls for his honeymoon with his new wife, Heidi. Upon returning to their hotel suite one day, he discovered Heidi "servicing" a hotel bellman. Anguished, he retreated to The Barrel and sat and drank for three straight days, after which the owner offered him a bartending job.

Extremely sweet, thoughtful, and kind, Eric is the antithesis of Jaye's often-abrasive personality, although he seems intrigued by her brashness and convinced that she is not as uncaring as she claims to be. Although his interest in Jaye is reciprocated, his light flirtation is often rebuffed because of Jaye's fears that she is going crazy, his status as a married man, and Jaye's deeply rooted fear that she will hurt him. Toward the end of the series Eric's wife Heidi arrives in Niagara in an attempt to win back her husband. Despite having fallen in love with Jaye, her refusal to admit her feelings (caused by the warnings of the muses, rather than her own inclination) leads him to remarry Heidi and decide to leave Niagara.

In the final episode Jaye is held hostage by a bank robber at Wonderfalls; because of deep feelings for Jaye, Eric is able to interpret her coolness toward him as an indication that something is wrong and alerts the police. Eric's explanation of why his suspicions were aroused in an interview on the local news finally convinces Heidi that there is no hope for her marriage to Eric. At the end of the final episode, he returns from New Jersey to Niagara, having divorced Heidi. His explanation helps Jaye to understand that the muses' warnings regarding Eric were in order to allow him to come to terms with his relationship with Heidi and end things with her properly.

Aaron Tyler
Lee Pace as Aaron Tyler – Jaye's brother. Aaron is a PhD student of comparative religions, and the only one of the Tyler siblings still living at home. Aaron is the most easygoing of his siblings, exhibiting a laconic attitude toward his family and toward Mahandra's tension over their burgeoning relationship (although her refusal to acknowledge it doesn't seem to deflect his interest in her, or in legitimizing their relationship). Although they constantly bicker, it is clear that Aaron and Jaye are close (Jaye even asks Sharon at one point if she is angry that Jaye and Aaron like each other better than they like her).

Aaron is the only one during the series who learns of the full extent of Jaye's communications with the muses, a result of his worry over her strange behavior. Although he first believes that she is crazy, and despite being a self-proclaimed atheist, when things that the muses tell her start coming true Aaron begins indulging his sister's claims, even to the extent of helping her try to rid herself of all the animals that have talked to her. Eventually, Aaron reluctantly suffers a sort of existential crisis when, during a session with Dr. Ron, a cow creamer that had communicated with Jaye mysteriously seems to prove that they really have been talking to his sister. When Jaye asks him to gather all of the animals, he attempts to talk to them himself, exhibiting a desire to be proven wrong about his belief that there is no higher power.

Darrin Tyler
William Sadler as Darrin Tyler, a highly respected physician, and Jaye, Sharon, and Aaron's father. Darrin is a loving father to his children, meddling particularly in Jaye's life, as he worries that she isn't doing anything to reach her potential. He bails both Jaye and Yvette out of jail in the episode "Crime Dog". When Jaye apologizes for making him compromise his political beliefs, he tells her that family comes first, and even expresses gratitude toward Jaye for hitting him with her car (because it's discovered that he had a potentially fatal blood clot in his leg). Like his wife, Darrin shows constant support to Jaye, even though he is clearly worried that she is not sharing with them what is going on with her.

Karen Tyler
Diana Scarwid as Karen Tyler – the Tyler siblings' mother. Beautiful and very popular as a successful writer of bestselling travel book guides, Karen is friends with more of Jaye's high school classmates than Jaye herself was.

Karen's deep love and concern for her children often manifests as criticism and a lack of respect for their personal space – in the "Crime Dog" episode, Jaye challenges Aaron with the information that Karen goes through his things when he isn't home. It's clear that Karen is devoted to her family and particularly worried about her youngest daughter. Jaye even jokes that Karen had a tracking device installed in her at birth, thus never allowing Jaye to escape her family. Karen often questions whether Jaye's "problems" are as a result of her and Darrin's parenting, and clearly wants Jaye to open up to her. Often, Karen and Darrin's attempts to show their support result in annoying Jaye; despite that, Jaye recognizes that her mother not only loves her, but is capable of great insight and compassion – particularly toward the people she loves.

Mahandra McGinty
Tracie Thoms as Mahandra McGinty, Jaye's best friend since childhood. Mahandra is a cocktail waitress at The Barrel and a co-worker of Eric's. Like Jaye, she has a sarcastic, dry sense of humor, and a vengeful streak – particularly when first encountering a despised former high school classmate in the episode "Pink Flamingos" or in "Barrel Bear" perceiving Jaye's attempts to help the rival of a woman Mahandra has aligned herself with, as a mockery of Mahandra's hometown pride.

Mahandra often functions as her friend's voice of reason, even to the extent of warning Jaye away from Eric, fearing that her friend will only break his heart. Despite her often blunt manner, she and Jaye have always considered her to be "the nice one" in their friendship. Later in the series Mahandra begins a secret relationship with Jaye's brother, Aaron, which she desperately tries to conceal from Jaye and the rest of the Tyler family. The relationship is "outed" in the episode "Caged Bird" when Jaye is taken hostage at the store. Fearing for her friend's safety, Mahandra hurries to Wonderfalls, but stops short of approaching Jaye during the aftermath. When Aaron sees her, she breaks down, and Jaye and the other Tylers see them kissing.

Recurring characters

Heidi Gotts
Jewel Staite as Heidi Socket-Gotts – Eric's estranged wife. Heidi makes her first full appearance in the series in the episode "Safety Canary" when she arrives in Niagara in an attempt to win Eric back. Although she presents to Eric a repentant and loving front, she deliberately manipulates him to suit her purposes – faking amnesia and slipping him male-enhancement drugs in an attempt to get him to sleep with her. She hates Jaye, perceiving her as a threat to her relationship with Eric.

Although Eric seems to recognize Heidi's manipulations, Jaye's inability to confess how she feels for him eventually drives him back to his wife. When Heidi sees Eric on a news report explaining how he knew to alert the police to the hostage situation in "Caged Bird", she begins to realize that although Eric might forgive her, he is truly in love with Jaye. On her way to tell Eric that she is giving up him and their marriage, Heidi collides with the van in which Jaye is being held hostage. This action causes the bank robber who has taken Jaye to be hit by an ambulance, saving Jaye's life. Although in the aftermath of the hostage events it appears that Eric and Heidi have reconciled and returned to New Jersey to begin their life together, Eric reveals later that he only went to help her get settled and to close the book on their marriage by getting a divorce.

Alec "Mouthbreather"
Neil Grayston as Alec "Mouthbreather" – Jaye's co-worker. A large part of Jaye's animosity toward Alec is that although he is still in high school, he is now her boss and doesn't hesitate to order her around. She also resents that he was promoted over her. Despite his attempts to be assertive over Jaye, she generally ignores him.

Gretchen Speck-Horowitz
Chelan Simmons as Gretchen Speck-Horowitz, one of Jaye's former classmates. (She later makes an appearance on the TV series Hannibal, in which Dhavernas co-stars as a different character.)

Production
The series was an American production, filmed in Niagara Falls, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario (standing in for Niagara Falls, New York and environs), with several Canadian actors cast in lead roles (including the show's star). It was created by Bryan Fuller and Todd Holland and executive produced in partnership with Tim Minear. Originally scheduled to debut in the fall of 2003, its premiere was delayed until early 2004. When it finally debuted in March 2004 on the FOX network, Wonderfalls received positive reviews from critics, but had trouble attracting viewers. The pilot episode, "Wax Lion", received a higher Nielsen rating when it was repeated the Thursday after its premiere, and the show was moved from a Friday night time slot to Thursday. There was little notice or promotion of the time change, and FOX subsequently canceled the show after airing the fourth episode. A fifth episode was advertised but never aired.

Despite its cancellation, Wonderfalls developed a loyal fan base. A campaign spearheaded by fans (and an accompanying website) was launched, and several members of the cast and crew visited the site and encouraged the grassroots support.

Immediately after the show's cancellation, its producers attempted to interest other networks, including The WB, in picking up the series and some episodes were shown in theatres in Los Angeles during the summer of 2004 in order to raise support for the series.

Planned episodes
Although the show's creators had intended for the 13 episodes of Wonderfalls to tell a standalone story, they discussed plans for second and third seasons in an interview and episode commentaries featured on the 2005 DVD release of the series. Among the projected storylines mentioned on the DVD:
 In the second season, Jaye's therapist would document their sessions, eventually publishing a book on her, which would lead to her being institutionalized with "Joan of Arc Syndrome" in the third season. Once institutionalized, she would begin to affect the lives of the other residents there.
 An accidental-pregnancy plotline was also planned for Jaye's sister Sharon. Having slept with her girlfriend Beth, who had just slept with her ex-husband, in the first season, Sharon would later find out that she was pregnant from him. This "miracle pregnancy" would solve one problem between Beth and her ex-husband: they couldn't have children.
 A new wax lion, one who was intact, would be introduced, who would advise Jaye against listening to what the original wax lion said.
 In the second season, Aaron would begin to regard his sister as a spiritual leader.
 The young boy (Spencer Breslin) who received a mail order bride from Russia in the episode "Lovesick Ass" would return in the opening of Season 3 in the same institution as Jaye, suffering from pyromania after Jaye broke his heart.

Episodes
Fox aired the first four episodes out of sequence, although the episodes were produced in a different order than was intended for broadcast. The order below is how they are presented on the DVD release.

There is an alternate version of the first episode "Wax Lion". It features Kerry Washington playing Mahandra and Adam Scott playing Aaron. On the DVD commentary, the creators state that both actors had to be replaced because they could not commit to future episodes. The alternate version omits Thomas telling Jaye at the end that he is going to marry the nurse. The scene was added because the network wanted the Thomas subplot resolved, even though the creators disliked the scene. It also omits a scene where Jaye throws a quarter into the fountain before any muses start talking to her. The network supposedly wanted an impetus for why the muses started talking.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 76% with an average score of 8.3 out of 10 based on 17 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Although the premise couldn't sustain the show beyond a single season, Wonderfalls deadpan protagonist and witty dialogue offer a distinctive take on twentysomething angst."

Broadcast and syndication
All 13 episodes of Wonderfalls were aired to completion for the first time on Canada's VisionTV beginning in October 2004.

Wonderfalls was aired by the digital cable network Logo in the summer of 2005.  The same summer, the British network Sky1 picked up Wonderfalls and aired the series to completion, though not in the original intended episode order.

The Museum of Television and Radio held a two-day screening of the entire series on January 29 and 30, 2005.

Home media release
20th Century Fox released the complete series DVD set on February 1, 2005. The DVD set includes all 13 episodes; six commentary tracks by creators Todd Holland and Bryan Fuller, and actors Caroline Dhavernas and Katie Finneran on "Wax Lion", "Crime Dog", "Lovesick Ass", "Safety Canary", "Cocktail Bunny" (with Scotch Ellis Loring) and "Caged Bird"; a behind-the-scenes documentary, an examination of the show's visual effects, and one of two music videos produced for the theme song, "I Wonder Why the Wonderfalls" by Andy Partridge.

References

External links

Lesbian-related television shows
2000s American comedy-drama television series
2000s American LGBT-related comedy television series
2000s American LGBT-related drama television series
2004 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Magic realism television series
Niagara Falls in fiction
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows filmed in Ontario
Television shows set in New York (state)
Television series set in shops
English-language television shows
Television series created by Bryan Fuller
American fantasy drama television series

Wonderfalls


.pe ist die länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain (ccTLD) des Staates Peru. Sie wurde am 25. November 1991 eingeführt und wird organisatorisch beziehungsweise technisch von der Red Cientifica Peruana mit Hauptsitz in Lima verwaltet.

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Insgesamt darf eine .pe-Domain zwischen einem und 63 Zeichen lang sein und nur alphanumerische Zeichen enthalten. Zwar unterstützt die Vergabestelle offiziell zahlreiche Sonderzeichen aus dem Spanischen, jedoch ist diese Funktion bei praktisch keinem Domain-Registrar nutzbar. Die Bestellung einer .pe-Domain steht jeder natürlichen oder juristischen Person offen, ein Wohnsitz beziehungsweise eine Niederlassung im Land sind nicht notwendig. Die Registrierung wird vollständig automatisiert abgewickelt und benötigt in der Regel zwischen zwei und vier Tagen. Neben der Top-Level-Domain .pe können Adressen auch unterhalb von .com.pe (für Unternehmen) und anderer Subdomains bestellt werden.

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Bis zum Jahr 2007 konnten nur derartige Third-Level-Domains angemeldet werden, erst im November des Jahres hat die Vergabestelle die strengen Kriterien gelockert. Seitdem ist es (wie bei den meisten anderen ccTLDs auch) problemlos möglich, den Inhaber einer .pe-Domain zu wechseln oder bestimmte zuvor gesperrte Begriffe zu verwenden. Zum Zeitpunkt der Liberalisierung waren nur etwa 17.000 Domains unterhalb von .pe vorhanden, weshalb die Top-Level-Domain im internationalen Vergleich eher unbedeutend ist. Die Domain wird teils zweckentfremdet für Kapitalgesellschaften, da die Abkürzung PE für Private Equity steht.

Die teuerste jemals verkaufte .pe-Domain war casino.pe. Sie hat im Jahr 2011 für einen Betrag von 8.000 US-Dollar den Inhaber gewechselt.

Weblinks
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Einzelnachweise

Länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain
Medien (Peru)

.pe


Fredrikke Nielsen født Fredrikke Louise Jensen (5. juli 1837 i Haugesund - 7. juli 1912 i Bergen) var en norsk skuespillerinde, som opnåede stor popularitet og anerkendelse i Norge.

Nielsen var uægte datter af apoteker Ulrich Rostrup og Anna Grønhaug. Hendes far var ansat hos apoteker Lars Monrad i Bergen, hvor hendes mor var husholderske. Han forlod imidlertid moren før fødslen og rejste til USA, hvor han blev apoteker i New Orleans. Nielsen blev efter fødslen sat i pleje hos sin mors yngre søster på en gård nær Alvaldsnes. Hun betratragtede sin moster og onkel som sine forældre og lærte først sandheden om sine biologiske forældre at kende i ungdomsårene. Hun flyttede dernæst hjem til sin biologiske mor, som endnu var bosat i Bergen og havde giftet sig med en alkoholiseret hjulmager. Hendes biologiske far, som siden bosatte sig i Panama, nægtede imidlertid aldrig sin datters eksistens og vedblev at støtte hende økonomisk. Han besøgte hende endvidere i Bergen, da hun var blevet gift.

Nielsens skolegang var sporadisk, men hun lærte imidlertid basale kundskaber og tilegnede sig et dannet sprog, og bare 14 år gammel opptrådte hun i en statistrolle i Oehlenschlägers skuespil Axel og Valborg. Som skuespiller debuterede hun den 14. december 1853 i en lille rolle i skuespillet Hvor hun kan lyve, og året efter blev fastansat på teateret i Bergen, hvor hun blev en nær ven af forfatter Henrik Ibsen. I årene som fulgte, fortolkede hun særligt unge piger i deres første møde med livet og kærligheden. Hun spillede med en friskhed og en naiv ynde og indtog snart publikums hjerter. I 1854 og 1856 var hun gæsteskuespiller på teateret i Trondheim. I 1856 giftede hun sig med sin skuespillerkollega Harald Nielsen. Ibsen, som med årene betragtede Nielsen som sin muse, skrev et digt ved hendes bryllup.

Nielsen fik meget ros for sin tolkning af Inga i Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons første drama Mellom Slagene og ikke mindst for rollen som Hjørdis i Ibsens Hærmændene paa Helgeland. Nogle år senere skrev Bjørnson til Harald Nielsen: "Med stemme i forhold til sin begavelse ville hun i visse henseender vært det største talent vår skuespillkunst har hatt."

I 1861 blev ekteparet Nielsen tilknyttet Det norske Theater i Trondheim, og da Harald Nielsen dannede sit eget teaterselskab sammen med skuespiller Jacob Asmundsen 1865, blev Nielsen en af selskabets centrale skuespillere. Selskabet opløstes i 1870, og frem til 1876 optrådte hun bl.a. i Møllergadens Theater i Christiania og Kgl. Dramatiska Teatern i Stockholm.

I foråret 1876 blev Nielsen den nystartede Nationale Scenes primadonna. Ved åbningsforestillingen optrådte hun på ny som Hjørdis i Hærmændene paa Helgeland. Året efter, i månedsskiftet oktober-november 1877, fik hun spille den gribende Agnes rolle, ved opførelsen af Brands fjerde agt.

Nielsen havde siden Ibsens Kjærlighedens Komedie udgivelse i 1862 drømt om at spille Svanhild, måske fordi hun mente, at Ibsen havde brugt hende selv som model for rollen. Hennes skuffelse var enorm, da teaterchef Nils Wichstrøm i efteråret 1879 gav hende rollen som Svanhilds mor og lod den 16 år yngre skuespilerinde Sophie Reimers spille Svanhild. Dette kan have været en medvirkende årsag til, at hun da besluttede at forlade teateret for alltid. Fra efteråret 1879 deltog hun i religiøse møder hos metodistene i Bergen, og efter en dyb åndelig krise tilsluttede hun sig sammen med sin mand kirkens tro.

For datidens metodister var skuespill og teater en synd. Efter sin fortolkning af Marta Bernick i Samfundets Støtter den 17. juni 1880, satte Nielsen aldrig mere sine ben i et teater. Men som prædikant for metodistkirken tog hun sine erfaringer fra sin sin tid som skuespiller med sig på talerstolen og indledte gerne sine prædikener med at synge eller læse op fra kendte tekster fra norsk og dansk litteratur. Hun gennemførte til sin død adskillige missionsrejser i Skandinavien og i USA.

Da Fredrikke Nielsen døde i 1912, havde hun skrevet sine erindringer i et stort manuskript. Det blev antaget af Gyldendalske Boghandels norske afdeling, men en datter og en svigersøn krævede manuskriptet trukket tilbage af frygt for, at familien ville blive skandaliseret gennem Nielsen åbenhjertige beskrivelse af sin bakgrund. En kopi af første del af manuskriptet dukkede imidlertid op i USA i 1980. Her fortæller hun sin livshistorie frem til 1857, da Ulrik Rostrup pludselig dukkede op i Bergen for at møde sin datter og søge forsoning med hendes mor. Manuskriptet indeholder også værdifulde kulturhistoriske skildringer fra midten af 1800-tallet. Af stor interesse er det, som Nielsen kan fortælle om sit samarbejde og samvær med Ibsen.

Noter

Eksterne links
 Store Norske Leksikon
 Willy Heggøy: Den skjønne Fredrikke. Mskr.

Litteratur
 Blanc, Tharald: Norges første nationale Scene (Bergen 1850-1863). Et Bidrag til den norske dramatiske Kunsts Historie. Kristiania 1884. Albert Cammermeyer.
 Blytt, Peter: Minder fra den første norske Scene i Bergen i 1850-Aarene. (2. opl.). 1907.
 Bøgh, Johan: «Fru Fredrikke Nielsen» (s. 394, portrett s. 385). I: Ny illustreret Tidende No. 50. Kristiania, 15de December 1878.
 Duve, Arne: «Evig eies kun det tapte II. Ibsen og den skjønne Fredrikke». Morgenbladets kronikk 26. august 1976. Oslo.
 Duve, Arne: Henrik Ibsens hemmeligheter?. Oslo 1977. Lanser. (Ny utgave: 2006, ).
 Edvardsen, Erik Henning: «Kjærlighedens Komedie, Illustreret Nyhedsblad og Hollenderkretsen» (s. 103-134) I: Eivind Tjønneland (red): Gloria Amoris. Henrik Ibsens Kjærlighedens Komedie 150 år. Bergen 2012. Alvheim & Eide Akademisk Forlag.
 Folkebladet: «Den første nationale Scene i Bergen» (s. 19-28). Folkebladet No. 2. 31te Januar 1900.
 Garmann, Fredrik: En skuespillers Oplevelser. Erindringer fra mit theaterliv ved Holger Sinding. Kristiania 1900. Aschehoug.
 HIS = Henrik Ibsens skrifter
 Heggøy, Willy: Den skjønne Fredrikke. Om Fredrikke Nielsen. NBO Ms. 4° 4305.
 Haaland, Arild: Ibsens verden. Oslo 1978. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag.
 Jensson, Inger: Biografisk skuespillerleksikon. Norske, danske og svenske skuespillere på norske scener særlig på 1800-tallet. Oslo, Bergen, Tromsø. Universitetsforlaget.
 Julefryd 1953.
 Meidell, Hjalmar: Minner fra guttedagene, teaterminner og annet. Bergen 1930.
 Meier, Ulla: Norske kvinder. Oslo 1943.
 Nielsen, Fredrikke: Minnen från min barndom och mina första ungdomsår. Ibsenhuset og Grimstad Bymuseum. Skrifter nr. 7. Oslo 1998. Novus Forlag.  (h).
 Nissen, Fernanda: «Norske skuespillerinder». I: Norske kvinder I-III. En oversigt over deres stilling og livsvilkaar i hundredeaaret 1814-1914. Utgitt av Marie Høgh, under redaksjon av Fredrikke Mørck. Børg & Høgh's Forlag, Kristiania 1914.
 Noreng, Harald: Tillegg. Henrik Ibsens diktning i Fredrikke Nielsens liv og Fredrikke Nielsens liv Henrik Ibsens diktning. I: Fredrikke Nielsen: op. cit.. Oslo 1998.
 Sperati, Octavia: Teatererindringer. Gyldendalske Boghandel, nordisk Forlag. Kristiania og Kjøbenhavn 1911.
 Sperati, Octavia: Fra det gamle Komediehus. Gyldendalske Boghandel, nordisk Forlag. Kristiania og Kjøbenhavn 1916.

Teaterskuespillere fra Norge
Selvbiografer fra Norge
Nordmænd i 1800-tallet

Fredrikke Nielsen


En telefonistinde eller telefonist er en person som bemander og betjener en omstilling eller tidligere en manuel telefoncentral. Fra begyndelsen og under mange år et udpræget kvindeligt erhverv verden over trods sit tekniske præg, men fra 1980'erne og frem til også et mandligt erhverv. Under telefonhistoriens første halvdel var telefonister nødvendige for al type telefontrafik: samtlige samtaler blev koblet af lokale-, rigs- eller udlandstelefonister. Efter automatiseringen begrænsedes antallet af telefonister i det almindelige offentlige net, men telefonister forekommer fortsat i stor udstrækning på virksomheder og institutioner.

Erhverv
Telefoni
Stillingsbetegnelser

Telefonistinde


Marie-Anne Reubell , née Mouhat, en  1752 ou 1759 à Colmar, appelée également Anna-Maria ou Anne-Marie, serait décédée le  à Sigolsheim , est l'épouse de Jean-François Reubell, président du Directoire (1795-1799).

La légende veut que Barras lui aurait emprunté ses prénoms pour les réunir et en nommer Marianne, le symbole de la République.

Biographie
Marie-Anne est née selon les sources en 1752 ou en 1759. Elle est la troisième fille de Jean-Jacques Mouhat, né le .

Son père est issu d'une ancienne famille terrienne. Il deviendra procureur général au Conseil souverain, à Grandvillars . Sa mère, Françoise Papigny, est issue d'une famille bourgeoise originaire de Toul, mais installée à Colmar. Elle reçu «une éducation soignée, mais sévère».

Son oncle Antoine Mouhat (1710-1789) est curé de la paroisse de Delle pendant plus de quarante ans.

Le , elle épouse, à l'âge de 23 ans, Jean-François Reubell, alors jeune avocat.

Les Reubell ont deux fils : Jean-Jacques et François-Xavier .

En 1777, naît le premier de ses deux fils, Jean-Jacques  qui devient adjudant général et que Joséphine de Beauharnais aurait voulu voir épouser sa fille Hortense. Il épouse K. Betty Patterson, cousine d'Elisa, femme de Jérôme Bonaparte.

Le cadet, François-Xavier  est né le 6 janvier 1780.

Élu député du Tiers-Etats de Colmar, son mari s'installe dès 1789 à Versailles. Rien n'indique qu'Anne-Marie l'ait rejoint à ce moment .

Quelque temps plus tard, ils font l'acquisition d'une maison à  Arcueil où Jean-François Reubell rentre chaque soir après sa journée au Palais du Luxembourg pendant ses mandats à la tête du Directoire, de 1795 à 1797. Elle devient l'équivalent d'une « première dame » de France.

C'est en 1797, que Paul Barras l'aurait rencontrée .L'illustre collègue de son époux alors au gouvernement, l'aurait abordée lors d'une réception en ces termes :  . Le directeur aurait alors proposé de contracter ces deux prénoms en un seul : « Marianne » .

Après la chute politique de son époux et à force d'éponger les dettes de leur fils cadet, les Reubell durent vendre la plupart de leurs biens (maison d'Arcueil, appartement parisien, la plupart des propriétés alsaciennes).

Au décès de son mari en , Marie-Anne doit se résoudre à quitter Colmar pour vivre dans leur dernière propriété, le presbytère de Sigolsheim acquis en 1791, au moment de la vente des biens nationaux.

Elle retrouve son père, sa sœur, Charlotte Rapinat, et sa nièce Madeleine Charlotte Caroline, installés au château de l'Oberhof à Sigolsheim .

Elle vit pauvrement, comme le constate Félix Desportes, préfet du Haut-Rhin, qui intervient pour lui obtenir une rente.

En 1811, elle reçoit une pension de , montant porté à  par Napoléon en personne,  pour l'implication politique de son mari qu'il tenait en haute estime et qu'il jugeait être le seul parmi les Directeurs capable d'être à la tête de l'Etat.

Elle décède en 1813.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 .

 .

Articles connexes

 Jean-François Reubell
 Marianne

Liens externes

  Détail du portrait de famille représentant Marie-Anne Reubell.
  Brève histoire de la maison Reubell à Arcueil.

Naissance à Colmar
Naissance dans la province d'Alsace
Personnalité liée à l'Alsace
Décès en février 1813
Marianne

Marie-Anne Reubell


Crkva sv. Roka je rimokatolička crkva kod Supetra na Braču.

Opis
Crkvica sv. Roka nalazi se iznad Supetra na putu za Nerežišća. Podignuta je iznad monumentalnog pristupnog stepeništa i prema natpisu sagradila ju je u prvoj pol. 17. stoljeća obitelj Tironi. Mala jednobrodna građevina s četvrtastom apsidom građena je lomljenim kamenom i pokrivena dvostrešnim krovom od kamenih ploča. U unutrašnjosti je ravni strop.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1436 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra.

Izvori

Roko, Supetar
Roko
Supetar

Crkva sv. Roka kod Supetra


An Diuris parvipetala in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Alick William Dockrill, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni David Lloyd Jones och Mark Alwin Clements. An Diuris parvipetala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Diuris, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Diuris

Diuris parvipetala


En dag på stranden er en dansk kortfilm fra 1995, der er instrueret af Jesper Kodahl.

Handling
En ung kvinde kidnappes af en organisation, der vil hendes overfladiske og indholdsløse tilværelse til livs. De vil gøre hende til et tænkende og selvstændigt menneske ved hjælp af tvang og tortur.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1995

Kortfilm fra Danmark

En dag på stranden


D. João Afonso da Costa de Sousa de Macedo, 1.º Duque de Albuquerque GCC •
GCNSC (Lisboa, 11 de Fevereiro de 1815 – Lisboa, 24 de Setembro de 1890) foi um fidalgo, político e diplomata português. Foi 2º Conde e 4.º Visconde de Mesquitela de juro e herdade, e 6.º Barão of Mullingar (Irlanda), tendo sido criado Duque de Albuquerque por Decreto do Rei D. Luís I de 19 de Maio de 1886. Filho de Luís da Costa de Sousa de Macedo e Albuquerque, 1.º Conde e 3.º Visconde de Mesquitela de juro e herdade, e de Maria Inácia de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, da família do Marquês de Pombal, seguiu a carreira diplomática e foi Rei de Armas da Casa Real Portuguesa.

Biografia
Nasceu em Lisboa em 1815. Estudou no Real Colégio dos Nobres, em Lisboa. Viajou pela Europa, visitando Espanha, França e Inglaterra. Foi nomeado adido da Embaixada de Portugal em Paris. Depois da morte do pai, em 1853, regressa a Portugal como 2.º Conde e 4.º Visconde de Mesquitela de juro e herdade e toma posse como Par do Reino, entrando na Câmara dos Pares.

Recebeu solenemente a Princesa D. Estefânia de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, aquando do seu desembarque em Lisboa a fim de casar com o Rei D. Pedro V de Portugal. Teve a mesma honra quando a Princesa D. Maria Pia de Sabóia desembarcou em Lisboa para casar com o Rei D. Luís I de Portugal.

Em 1870 foi convidado para Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros do Governo do Duque de Saldanha, com a promessa de outorga de um Ducado. Não querendo seguir uma carreira governativa, recusou o cargo e o título ducal.

Foi uma personalidade altamente considerada na sociedade portuguesa, vindo a aceitar o Ducado em 1886. Foi criado Duque de Albuquerque por Decreto do Rei D. Luís I datado de 19 de Maio de 1886. O nome do título, Albuquerque, refere-se à representação genealógica de D. Afonso de Albuquerque, Vice-Rei da Índia e Duque de Goa, detida por João Afonso da Costa de Sousa de Macedo, enquanto descendente em linha recta da filha única de D. Afonso Brás de Albuquerque, por sua vez filho único do Duque de Goa.

Faleceu em Lisboa, aos 75 anos, solteiro e sem geração.

Distinções honoríficas

Títulos Nobiliárquicos
Detinha títulos de Portugal e do Reino Unido.
1.º Duque de Albuquerque
2.º Conde de Mesquitela
4.º Visconde de Mesquitela de juro e herdade;
6.º Barão de Mullingar (Irlanda)

Senhorios
 Senhor da Quinta da Bacalhoa

Condecorações e outras distinções
 Rei de Armas da Casa Real Portuguesa
 Grã-Cruz da Ordem de Cristo
 Grã-Cruz da Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Vila Viçosa
 Grã-Cruz da Ordem de Carlos III

Nobres de Portugal
Personalidades que recusaram distinções honoríficas de Portugal

João Afonso da Costa de Sousa de Macedo


Albert Schlunegger (* 16. März 1938 in Grindelwald; † 6. August 2000 ebenda) war ein Schweizer Skirennfahrer und Trainer.

Biografie
Schlunegger gehörte dem SC Grindelwald an und wurde 1958 sowie 1959 Berner Oberländischer Skimeister. Nach guten Resultaten an den Schweizer Skimeisterschaften qualifizierte er sich Anfang der 1960er-Jahre für die Schweizer Nationalmannschaft, zunächst für das B- und später für das A-Team. International blieb er jedoch ohne grössere Erfolge.

Nach seiner aktiven Karriere wurde Schlunegger im Sommer 1966 für drei Jahre Trainer der Schweizer Damen-Nationalmannschaft, der zu dieser Zeit unter anderen Fernande Bochatay, Annerösli Zryd, Madeleine Wuilloud und Vreni Inäbnit angehörten. Von 1974 bis 1982 war er Präsident des Skiclubs Grindelwald.

Albert Schlunegger arbeitete als Bergführer und starb 62-jährig zusammen mit zwei amerikanischen Gästen beim Abgang einer Schlammlawine auf einen Wanderweg im Gebiet First.

Einzelnachweise

Alpiner Skirennläufer (Schweiz)
Alpinskitrainer (Schweiz)
Schweizer
Geboren 1938
Gestorben 2000
Mann

Albert Schlunegger


:هذا المقال حول تويوتا إيكو/يارس هاتشباك، للمزيد عن إيكو/يارس صالون انظر تويوتا إيكو/تويوتا يارس.

تويوتا ڤيتز (يطلق عليها أيضاً إيكو/يارس هاتشباك) وهي إحدى الطرازات الصغيرة التي تنتجها شركة تويوتا للسيارات. تم تصميمها بواسطة سوتيريس كوفوس وهي أما هاتشباك 3 أبواب أو هاتشباك 5 أبواب.

تم بيع تويوتا ڤيتز بالشرق الأوسط، الأمريكتين، أوروبا، نيوزيلاندا، أستراليا وجنوب إفريقيا تحت اسم تويوتا إيكو هاتشباك للجيل الأول وتويوتا يارس هاتشباك للجيل الثاني، أما النسختين الصالون من إيكو/يارس اُطلق عليهم بلاتز/بيلتا بالترتيب في عدة مناطق من العالم. لم يتم بيع الجيل الأول من تويوتا ڤيتز بالولايات المتحدة حيث تم إطلاق طرازي بيلتا وڤيتز تحت اسم يارس ويارس هاتشباك.

مؤخرًا أعلنت تويوتا عن اطلاقها طرازً جديدً يحمل إسم تويوتا ڤيتز في جنوب أفريقيا ، حيث سيكون مُعتمدًا على الجيل الأخير من طراز سوزوكي سيليريو، ضِمن تعاون مع شركة سوزوكي، حيث سيتم إطلاق تويوتا فيتز الجديدة خلال الربع الثاني من عام 2023.

مراجع

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