O atentado terrorista em Mogadíscio de outubro de 2022 ocorreu em 29 de outubro de 2022, quando pelo menos 120 pessoas morreram e 350 ficaram feridas depois que dois carros-bomba explodiram em Mogadíscio, capital da Somália, segundo o presidente Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, que culpou o grupo terrorista Al-Shabaab.

Antecedentes
Em agosto, o Al-Shabaab atacou um hotel em Mogadíscio, matando 21 pessoas. Depois, o presidente Hassan Sheikh Mohamud disse que faria uma "guerra total" contra o Al-Shabaab. Em 23 de outubro de 2022, o grupo militante matou nove pessoas em um hotel em Kismayo. Os atentados em Mogadíscio ocorreram em um dia em que o presidente, o primeiro-ministro e outros altos funcionários discutiam o combate ao al-Shabaab.

Atentado
Às 14h00, horário local, a primeira explosão atingiu o Ministério da Educação do país, perto do cruzamento de Zobe e de uma escola. Este cruzamento tinha sido local de outro atentado em outubro de 2017. A explosão foi seguida por uma grande coluna de fumaça. Uma segunda explosão ocorreu minutos depois, quando as ambulâncias chegaram ao local da primeira explosão. A segunda explosão ocorreu durante as movimentadas horas de almoço do lado de fora de um restaurante. Ambas as explosões estilhaçaram as janelas dos edifícios próximos. Logo após os bombardeios, foram relatados tiros nas proximidades do Ministério da Educação. Um funcionário da Aamin Ambulance disse que a segunda explosão incendiou as ambulâncias enquanto transportavam vítimas. Um motorista e um socorrista ficaram feridos. Muitos civis no transporte público morreram. No Hospital Medina, pelo menos 30 corpos chegaram aonde parentes puderam identificá-los.

O Sindicato dos Jornalistas da Somália disse que um repórter de televisão estava entre os mortos devido à segunda explosão. Um repórter somali da Voz da América e um fotojornalista da Reuters ficaram feridos.

Consequências
Embora ninguém tenha admitido a realização dos ataques, o presidente Hassan Sheikh Mohamud acusou o Al-Shabaab, um grupo militante islâmico que normalmente não reivindica a responsabilidade por eventos de vítimas em massa, de responsabilidade pelos atentados. Ele pediu suprimentos médicos e médicos à comunidade internacional, apelou ao público para doar sangue em hospitais e prometeu educação gratuita aos filhos das vítimas e aos filhos dos ataques anteriores do Al-Shabaab. Ele também ordenou que o governo forneça tratamento médico de emergência aos feridos.

Reações
Após uma visita à área afetada, o presidente Hassan Sheikh Mohamud disse em um comunicado: "Nosso povo que foi massacrado... havia mães com seus filhos nos braços, pais que tinham problemas de saúde, estudantes enviados para estudar, empresários que lutavam pela vida de suas famílias."

A Missão das Nações Unidas na Somália twittou condolências e condenou "o ataque vicioso do #Alshabaab". Os governos da Turquia e do Catar condenaram o ataque e enviaram suas condolências. A União Africana condenou os ataques e sublinhou a "importância crítica" da "ofensiva militar em curso para degradar ainda mais o Al-Shabaab".

Ver também
Ataque em Mogadíscio em outubro de 2017
Atentado terrorista em Mogadíscio de dezembro de 2019
Ataques de março de 2022 na Somália

2022 na Somália
Atentados terroristas na Somália
Atentados terroristas do Al-Shabaab
Eventos de outubro de 2022
História de Mogadíscio

Atentado terrorista em Mogadíscio de outubro de 2022


Mary Treen (27 de marzo de 1907  - 20 de julio de 1989) fue una actriz teatral, cinematográfica y televisiva de nacionalidad estadounidense.

Nacida en San Luis (Misuri), era prima del también actor cinematográfico y televisivo Mort Mills.

Treen falleció en 1989 en Newport Beach, California, a causa de un cáncer. Sus restos fueron incinerados, y las cenizas esparcidas.

Selección de su filmografía

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de teatro de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Fallecidos por cáncer en California
Nacidos en San Luis (Misuri)

Mary Treen


6339 Giliberti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6339 Giliberti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Colleverde de Vincenzo Silvano Casulli. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,37 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1993
Centura de asteroizi

6339 Giliberti


An Coleochloa virgata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Karl Moritz Schumann, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ernest Nelmes. An Coleochloa virgata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Coleochloa, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Coleochloa

Coleochloa virgata


All the Beauty and the Bloodshed é um longa-metragem documental estadunidense, lançado em 2022, que aborda a carreira da artista Nan Goldin e a queda do império farmacêutico da família Sackler. O longa foi dirigido por Laura Poitras, que em entrevista chegou a afirmar que "A arte e a visão de Nan inspiraram meu trabalho por anos, e influenciaram gerações de cineastas".

Teve estreia mundial no 79º Festival Internacional de Cinema de Veneza, em 3 de setembro de 2022, onde recebeu o prêmio máximo do festival, o Leão de Ouro, tornando-se apenas o segundo documentário (após Sacro GRA em 2013) a atingir o feito.

Foi lançado nos cinemas dos EUA pela Neon em 23 de novembro de 2022. No Brasil, até o momento, esteve em cartaz apenas na 46º Mostra Internacional de Cinema de São Paulo. Foi indicado ao Oscar 2023 na categoria de Melhor Documentário.

Sinopse
A artista e ativista Nan Goldin, em uma jornada sensível e épica, tem sua trajetória de desafio e luta para responsabilizar a família Sackler pela crise de opioides nos Estados Unidos contada por Laura Poitras através de entrevistas, fotografias e imagens raras.

Elenco

 Nan Goldin
 Patrick Radden Keefe
 Megan Kapler

Lançamento
O filme estreou em 3 de setembro de 2022, no 79º Festival Internacional de Cinema de Veneza, onde foi premiado com o Leão de Ouro. Foi exibido no Festival Internacional de Cinema de Toronto de 2022 em 9 de setembro. Pouco depois, Poitras criticou os festivais de Veneza e Toronto por exibir um filme produzido por Hillary Clinton, In Her Hands. Poitras afirmou estar "alarmada" com a presença de Clinton nos festivais, acrescentando que "Hillary Clinton esteve ativamente envolvida nas guerras e ocupações no Iraque e no Afeganistão. Ela apoiou a escalada de tropas". Também foi exibido no Festival de Cinema de Nova York de 2022, sendo o principal filme do festival. No Brasil, esteve em cartaz na 46º Mostra Internacional de Cinema de São Paulo.

Em agosto de 2022, antes de sua estreia em Veneza, a Neon adquiriu os direitos de distribuição do filme nos Estados Unidos, enquanto os direitos no Reino Unido e na Irlanda foram adquiridos pela Altitude Film Distribution. Em setembro de 2022, a HBO Documentary Films adquiriu os direitos de televisão e streaming do filme. O filme foi lançado nos cinemas pela Neon em 23 de novembro de 2022.

Recepção
No Rotten Tomatoes, o filme detém uma taxa de aprovação de 93% com base em 89 críticas, com uma classificação média de 8,6/10. O consenso do site diz: "All the Beauty and the Bloodshed é um olhar profundo na luta de uma fotógrafa contra o vício e a instituição responsável por sua dor através de suas lentes corajosas". De acordo com Metacritic, que atribuiu uma pontuação média ponderada de 91 em 100 com base em 27 críticos, o filme recebeu "aclamação universal".

Godrefy Cheshire elogiou o filme pela colaboração de Poitras e Goldin, afirmando que "não há efetivamente nenhuma distância conceitual entre o documentarista autor e seu tema artístico ... o resultado de seu envolvimento simpático é uma colaboração de rara beleza e poder."

Prêmios e Indicações

Ligações externas
 All the Beauty and the Bloodshed at Praxis Films

Filmes em língua inglesa
Documentários dos Estados Unidos
Filmes premiados com o Leão de Ouro
Filmes da Participant Media
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
Documentários de 2022
Filmes com temática LGBT de 2022
Filmes com temática LGBT dos Estados Unidos

All the Beauty and the Bloodshed


Pararozanilin (C.I. 42500) je organski spoj kemijske formule [(H2NC6H4)3C]Cl. Riječ je o krutoj tvari boje magenta koja se kao bojilo koristi na razne načine. To je jedna od četiri komponente osnovnog fuksina (ostali su rosanilin, novi fuksin i magenta II.) Strukturno je povezan s drugim triarilmetanskim bojilima koje se nazivaju metil ljubičaste, uključujući kristalno ljubičastu, koje sadrže metilne skupine na dušiku. Priprema se kondenzacijom anilina i para-aminobenzaldehida. Na drugi način nastaje oksidacijom 4,4'-bis (aminofenil) metana u prisutnosti anilina. Koristi se za bojanje poliakrilonitrilnih vlakana. Pararosanilin se koristi kao kolorimetrijski test za aldehide, u Schiffovom testu. Jedina je osnovna fuksinska komponenta prikladna za stvaranje aldehid-fuksinskog močila za beta stanice gušterače. Koristi se i kao antišistosomal GB 908634 (1962. Parke Davis & Co).

Triarilmetanska bojila

Triarilmetanska bojila su bojila koja se izvode strukturno od bezbojnog trifenilmetana (C6H5)3CH. Najčešća među njima su trifenilmetanska, a manji dio pripada derivatima difenil-naftilmetana C10H7·CH·(C6H5)2. U para-položaju prema centralnom ugljikovu atomu moraju se u molekuli nalaziti na arilnim grupacijama najmanje dvije auksokromne skupine. Kromofor je ove skupine p-kinonoidna grupacija O=C6H4=O, odnosno 0=C6H4=NH. Prema broju i karakteru auksokromnih grupa dijele se ta bojila na trifenilmetanske derivate s dvije amino-grupe, na iste derivate s tri amino-grupe, na hidroksi-trifenilmetanske derivate, aminohidroksi-derivate i derivate difenilnaftilmetana. U svakoj od ovih grupa nalaze se bojila različitih svojstava bojenja: bazna, kisela, močilna i bojeni lakovi. Ako molekula bojila sadrži grupu —COOH u o-položaju prema grupi —OH, bojilo je močilno. Uvođenjem sulfonskih grupa u molekulu dobivaju se od baznih bojila kisela. Sulfonske grupe koje se nalaze u o-položaju prema centralnom ugljikovom atomu povećavaju postojanost prema alkalijama. Bojeni lakovi nastaju od baznih bojila taloženjem s fosformolibdenskom ili fosforvolframskom kiselinom. Trifenilmetanskim bojilima postižu se neobično živahna, briljantna i čista obojenja crvene, ljubičaste, modre i zelene boje, ali su im postojanosti općenito niske, osobito na svjetlu i prema alkalnoj obradi. Zbog toga im upotreba sve više opada u korist postojanih bojila. Bazni predstavnici se najviše upotrebljavaju za bojenje svile i močenog pamuka, a kiseli i močilni za bojenje vune. Najveće količine ovih bojila troše se izvan tekstilne upotrebe, i to za bojenje papira, drveta, šibica, u proizvodnji grafičkih boja, za tinte, kao boje u kozmetici i prehrambenoj industriji.

Triamino-derivati trifenilmetana
Triamino-derivati trifenilmetana obuhvaćaju niz proizvoda koji su danas izgubili svoju nekad veliku važnost. Tako je na primjer fuksin, C.I. 42510, koji se dobiva grijanjem smjese anilina i o- i p-toluidina s nitrobenzenom uz željezo i cinkov klorid ili s arsenskom kiselinom, bio jedno od prvih bojila koja su se proizvodila. Ako se na isti način obradi smjesa jednog mola p-toluidina s dva mola anilina, nastaje derivat 4,4/,4//-triaminotrifenilmetana, pararozanilin, C.I. 42500. Važnu ulogu u industriji tinte, grafičkih boja, hektografskih masa i slično ima metil ljubičasta (njem. Methylviolett), C.I. 42535, koji nastaje iz dimetilanilina produhavanjem zraka u prisutnosti vode, kuhinjske soli, bakarnog sulfata i fenola kao katalizatora. Pri tom se jedna metilna grupa oksidira u formaldehid i daje centralni atom ugljika za to bojilo, N-pentametilpararozanilin. Kristalna ljubičasta (njem. Krystallviolett), C.I 42555, upotrebljava se za iste svrhe. Ako se s Michlerovim hidrolom kondenzira N-etil-N-(m-sulfobenzil)-metanilna kiselina, dobije se Echtsaureviolett 10B, C. I. 42571. Patentblau AE, C.I. 42576, nastaje analogno iz N-(m-sulfobenzil)-M-benzilanilina i Michlerova hidrola sulfuriranog u položaju 2. Za tekstilnu upotrebu značajan je Brillantindocyanin 6B, C.I. 42660, koji ima mnogo bolje postojanosti nego druga bojila ove grupe; priprema se kondenzacijom p-klorbenzaldehida s 2 mola N-(m-sulfobenzil)-N-etilanilina oksidacijom i kondenzacijom s p-fenetidinom. Neka praktički važna bojila ove grupe pripremaju se sulfuriranjem drugih manje važnih bojila. Tako na primjer Spritblau T, C.I. 42775, dobiven feniliranjem fuksina anilinom na 180°C, daje nakon sulfuriranja produkte kojima svojstva zavise od stupnja feniliranja i sulfuriranja, a poznati su pod nazivima Alkaliblau (C.I. 42750), Wasserblau (C.I. 42755) i Tintenblau (C.I. 42780).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pigmenti

Pararozanilin


Mahendra Kapoor (nacido el 9 de enero de 1934 en Amritsar, Panyab † 27 de septiembre de 2008 en Bombay), fue un cantante indio de playbacks.

Inspirado en su primer momento por Mohammed Rafi, su carrera se extendió desde 1956 hasta 1999. También ha colaborado en varias películas entre ellas el film titulado "Baldev Raj Chopra". Poseedor de tres premios Filmfare (1963, 1967, 1974) y un Premio de Cine Nacional (1968), que se distinguió además por el premio Padma Shri en 1972.

Carrera
Mahendra Kapoor nació en Amritsar, luego se trasladó a Mumbai. A temprana edad se inspiró en el cantante Mohammed Rafi, tuvo aprender a conocer y a practicar la música clásica, ya que empezó a escuchar a otros conocidos cantantes clásicos como Pt.Hussanlal, Pt. Jagannath Bua, Ustad Niaz Ahmed Khan, Ustad Abdul Rehman Khan y Pt.Tulsidaas Sharma. Él creó un estilo propio y participó en un concurso de canto llamado Metro de Murphy que era difundido en toda la India, lo que llevó a su debut como cantante de playback o reproducción en Navrang V. Shantaram en 1958, interpretando el tema musical titulado "Aadha Hai Chandrama Raat Aadhi", bajo la dirección musical de C. Ramchandra .

Además existe una historia interesante, asociado con la grabación de la canción debut de Kapoor. Mientras interpretada el tema musical titulado "Hai Chandrama Adha" con Asha Bhonsle en un cuadro de grabación, aunque debido en algún problema de acorde, el director musical no podía oír su voz. Entró a los estudios de grabación y le preguntó por qué no Kapoor estaba cantando. Asha ji explicó que él estaba cantando con brillantez. Luego se comprobó que si había cantado y el problema que interrumpió mediante la audición fue solucionado, de lo contrario habría perdido su carrera como cantante.

Canciones famosas

 Neele Gagan Ke Tale - Hamraaz (1967)
 Chalo Ek Baar - Gumrah (1963)
 Kisi Pathar Ki Moorat Se - Hamraaz (1967)
 Lakhon Hain Yahan Dilwale - Kismat (1968)
 Mere Desh Ki Dharti - Upkar (1967)
 Iktara Bole - Yaadgar (1970)
 Aur Nahin Bas Aur Nahin - Roti Kapada Aur Makaan (1974)
 Bharat Ka Rahnewala Hoon - Purab Aur Paschim (1970)
 Fakira Chal Chala Chal - Fakira (1975)
 Badal Jaye Agar Mali - Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi (1966)
 Mera Pyar Woh Hai - Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi (1965)
 Tum Agar Saat Dene Ka Wada Karo - Hamraaz (1967)
 Ab ke Baras - Kranti (1981)
 Tere Pyaar Ka Aasra - Dhool Ka Phool (1959)
 Na muh chupa ke jiyo na sar jhuka ke jiyo - Hamraaz (1967)

Premios
 Premio Nacional de Cine a la Mejor Cantante Masculino de reproducción
 1968 'Won - "La mera Desh Ki Dharti" - Upkar
 Filmfare Premio a la Mejor Cantante Masculino de reproducción
 1964 'Won - "Chalo Ek Bar" - Gumrah
 1968 'Won - "Neele Gagan Ke Tale" - Hamraaz
 1968 Nominado **' - "La mera Desh Ki Dharti" - Upkar
 1975 'Won''' - "Aur Nahi Nahi Aur Bus" - Roti Kapda Aur Makaan
 1977 Nominado - "Sunke Teri Pukar" - Fakira

Enlaces externos

Personas de Panyab (India)
Cantantes de playback de India
Premio Padma Shri

Mahendra Kapoor


Peperomia metallica est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Piperacées originaire du Pérou.

Liens externes

metallica
Espèce de Piperales (nom scientifique)
Flore au Pérou

Peperomia metallica


Kuzören, Karabük ilinin Eskipazar ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Kozviran olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 55 km, Eskipazar ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eskipazar belde ve köyleri

Kuzören, Eskipazar


Owen William Paterson (born 24 June 1956) is a British former politician who served as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2010 to 2012 and Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from 2012 to 2014 under Prime Minister David Cameron. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as Member of Parliament (MP) for North Shropshire from 1997 until his resignation in 2021. Paterson was also the President of the Northern Ireland Conservatives.

Paterson was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2007 as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. During the formation of the Coalition Government in 2010, he was appointed to the Cabinet as Northern Ireland Secretary, where he remained until being moved to Environment Secretary in 2012. He was dismissed as Environment Secretary by Prime Minister David Cameron as part of the 2014 Cabinet reshuffle, and was replaced by Liz Truss. After returning to the backbenches, Paterson became a leading supporter of Brexit as a member of the European Research Group (ERG).

Paterson resigned from the House of Commons on 5 November 2021 amid controversy surrounding a report by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards that found that he had broken paid advocacy rules.

Early life and career
Paterson was born in Whitchurch, Shropshire, and grew up on his family's farm. He attended Abberley Hall School and Radley College, before reading History at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He then went on to the National Leathersellers College (now the Institute for Creative Leather Technologies at the University of Northampton).

He joined his family business, British Leather Company, in 1979, becoming Sales Director in 1983 and managing director from 1993 to 1999. He was President of COTANCE (the Confederation of National Associations of Tanners and Dressers of the European Community), the European Tanners Confederation, from 1996 to 1998. He was a Director of Parsons and Sons leather company in Halesowen in the 1990s. Paterson is a Freeman of the City of London and a Liveryman of the Leathersellers' Company.

At the 1992 general election, Paterson contested Wrexham, but the incumbent Labour MP extended his lead with a 2.4% swing.

Parliamentary career
Paterson was first elected as the Member of Parliament for North Shropshire at the 1997 general election with a majority of 2,195 and increased his majority at each subsequent election, up to 22,949 in 2019.

He served on several committees, including the Welsh Affairs Committee (1997–2001), the European Standing Committee (1998–2001), and the Agriculture Committee (2000–01). Paterson is a supporter of the Royal Irish Regiment, which has been based in his constituency at Tern Hill.

Early front bench posts
Paterson was Shadow Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Minister from 2003 to 2005. As agriculture spokesman he campaigned for the dairy industry. He visited Michigan, Maryland and Washington to discuss bovine TB policy, writing extensively on the issue facing the UK. He travelled all over the North Atlantic to produce a Green paper on Fisheries. Paterson joined the crew of the Kiroan, one of the few remaining trawlers out of Fleetwood, Lancashire, to view the fishing practices that have been created by the EU's Common Fisheries Policy. He wrote the Green paper "Consultation on a National Policy on Fisheries Management in U.K. Waters".

Paterson served as Shadow Minister for Transport from 2005 to 2007. Whilst he was Shadow Minister for Roads, Paterson researched relevant best practice and the latest ideas from Europe and North America.

Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Paterson was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on 2 July 2007.

He negotiated an agreement between the Conservative Party and the Ulster Unionist Party to re-establish the traditional links between the two parties, which had been broken in 1972. This included running joint Conservative/UUP candidates for the 2009 European and 2010 general elections.

News of this alliance was praised by several Conservatives, including Iain Dale and ConservativeHome. The renewed alliance caused the UUP's only MP, Sylvia Hermon, to resign from the UUP. Lady Hermon retained her seat against the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists in the 2010 Westminster election. The UUP lost seats at the assembly elections the following year.

Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Paterson was appointed as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010. He was created a Privy Councillor on 13 May 2010.

One of his first tasks was overseeing the publication and delivery of the Saville Report on the events of Bloody Sunday in January 1972, which led to an apology by the Prime Minister David Cameron. He worked with the Treasury to deliver his promise of a consultation on the devolution of the power to reduce the rate of corporation tax to Stormont. Paterson stated that "Rebalancing and rebuilding the economy is critical to the future prosperity of Northern Ireland and it is one of the Government's key priorities for Northern Ireland." He has been outspoken on the issue of integrated education in Northern Ireland. Currently 95% of Northern Ireland pupils attend a segregated school. Paterson believes segregated education is not working; in October 2010, he said: "there's a school in Belfast with no pupils and there's a school in Belfast with more staff than pupils. That's just a criminal waste of public money. We cannot go on bearing the cost of segregation and I don't see why the British taxpayer should continue to subsidise segregation."

Paterson was the first cabinet member to publicly oppose the Coalition Government's Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill, defying David Cameron and ministerial convention.

Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Paterson was appointed Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in September 2012.

Despite his voting record "moderately for" laws to stop climate change, he is a climate change sceptic, and did not accept scientist David MacKay's offer of a briefing on climate change science. Prior to being appointed at DEFRA, he described wind turbines as "ridiculous" and "useless" and called for the end of "Soviet" subsidies that supported their development. As an alternative to wind power, he supported the use of fracking. At the 2013 Conservative party conference, he argued that there were advantages to climate change such as fewer deaths caused by cold weather and the ability to grow food further North. During his time in office, Paterson cut funding for climate change adaptation by approximately 40%. In 2014, the outgoing Environment Agency chair Chris Smith said that flood defence budget cuts had left the agency underfunded and hampered its ability to prevent and respond to flooding in the UK. When asked in a 2013 BBC interview about the alleged failure of a badger cull he had been responsible for, Paterson replied that "the badgers have moved the goalposts."

Paterson voted and spoke strongly against the fox hunting ban, in one speech likening supporters of the bill to Nazis. Coming as Justine Greening was removed as Transport Secretary, Paterson's appointment was widely considered to be part of a move back towards the expansion of Heathrow Airport, given his support for aviation. Paterson stated on BBC Radio 4's Any Questions? in June 2013 that "the temperature has not changed in the last 17 years ...".

Paterson is known as a strong supporter of genetically modified food (GM) technology. Even before he acceded to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in September 2012, he spoke at length in June of the same year at the Rothamsted Research facility and invited GMO innovators to take root in the UK. In December 2012, he labelled consumer opposition to the technology as a "complete nonsense". In October 2013, he branded opponents of the development of golden rice enriched with vitamin A "wicked".

Paterson was mentioned by journalist Benedict Brogan as a possible replacement on the European Commission when the term of Baroness Ashton expired. Paterson was one of three MPs to leave the cabinet as part of the re-shuffle on 15 July 2014, and was succeeded by Liz Truss as Environment Secretary. His departure was widely attributed to his botched handling of the summer floods and the badger cull. Paterson praises Britain's shale gas reserves as "one unexpected and potentially huge windfall."   The Guardian reported in December 2014 that Paterson had spoken the previous October at a meeting of the London Swinton Group, which opposes non-white immigration and calls for the return of capital punishment.

Views on the European Union
Retiring to the backbenches Paterson, long known for his Euroscepticism, supported the successful Leave.EU campaign. Throughout the campaign he was an active voice, setting out the reasons in his constituency for a decision to go it alone. On 26 June 2016, he spoke about his long friendship with colleague Sir Bill Cash MP, who has shared his ambition for Brexit. Earlier in the year, he spoke at an international forum outlining his vision for Britain outside the Union.

In 2015, Paterson joined John Redwood to found internal pressure group Conservatives for Britain, which took pride of place at the party conference in Manchester pledging on the fringe to strive for independence from European interventionism; it formed the backbone of the Conservative effort for Leave. "If there are individuals in the cabinet who are not happy with the deal, they should be allowed to campaign", Paterson told The Daily Telegraph. He continued to be critical of David Cameron's attempts to negotiate a settlement with the European Union over net migration figures, an issue that featured highly in the referendum campaign. Following Paterson's return to the backbenches he remained an outspoken critic of the European Union, and was on the political advisory board of pro-hard Brexit advocacy group Leave Means Leave.

In 2014, Paterson established UK 2020, an independent centre-right think tank, to develop policies to address challenging and complex public policy areas. In his role as chairman, he delivered a number of speeches and written op-eds in favour of GM crops, and against the European Union and "exaggerated" climate change forecasts. He announced in October 2019 that UK 2020 would be shut down.

Paterson was also a subscribed supporter of the Conservative pro-Brexit European Research Group.

Advocacy and breach of Commons rules

Paterson first became involved with the healthcare company Randox based in Northern Ireland whilst he was Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary before 2010 and contact continued when he became a minister and was campaigning for corporation tax to be devolved in Northern Ireland. In 2015, he began working as a part-time consultant for Randox, with the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments being advised at the time that the role "may involve discussions with ministers". In 2019, Paterson earned £8,333 a month for a monthly commitment of 16 hours as a consultant for Randox. In March 2020, Randox was awarded a £133 million contract from the Department of Health and Social Care to produce testing kits (at a cost of £49 each) during the coronavirus pandemic without any other firms being given the opportunity to bid for the work. Paterson represented Randox in a call with James Bethell, the minister responsible for awarding contracts to the private sector during the pandemic in April 2020. The government was later unable to find any minutes of the meeting, which the Commons Speaker noted would be expected to occur in any meeting between a minister and a business.  A further £347 million contract was awarded to Randox six months later without other companies being able to bid. Paterson also receives £12,000 for 24 hours work per year from Lynn's Country Foods Ltd, a Northern Ireland-based processor and distributor of sausages.

In October 2021, Paterson was found by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards to have breached paid advocacy rules for making three approaches to the Food Standards Agency and four approaches to the Department for International Development in relation to Randox and seven approaches to the Food Standards Agency relating to Lynn's Country Foods. The Commissioner said Paterson had "repeatedly used his privileged position to benefit two companies for whom he was a paid consultant, and that this has brought the house into disrepute" and that "no previous case of paid advocacy has seen so many breaches or such a clear pattern of behaviour in failing to separate private and public interests". The Commons Select Committee on Standards recommended Paterson be suspended from the Commons for 30 sitting days. Paterson said: "The process I have been subjected to does not comply with natural justice. I am not guilty and a fair process would exonerate me."

A motion to carry out the recommendations of the Committee and suspend Paterson was due to be voted on by Parliament. Had suspension been approved, a recall petition would have been triggered in his constituency. An amendment to the motion was put forward by Conservative backbencher Andrea Leadsom to delay consideration of Paterson's suspension and to set up a new committee to investigate the disciplinary process for MPs. Such an amendment was noted in the press as being unprecedented. The government of Boris Johnson supported the amendment and issued a three-line whip. The amendment passed 250–232 with the support of Sammy Wilson of the DUP and Paterson himself, with 13 Conservative MPs voting against, and 97 absent or abstaining. The duly amended motion was then passed 248–221. The amended motion:

 noted concerns about potential defects in the standards system;
 resolved to appoint a Select Committee chaired by John Whittingdale with four other Conservative MPs, and with 3 Labour and 1 SNP MPs, to give recommendations on whether to give MPs a right of appeal similar to employees, whether to reconsider the case against Paterson, and how the standards rules should be revised to be "compatible with natural justice".

It became apparent that the opposition parties were not willing to participate in the new Select Committee. Faced with heavy criticism in the media and from MPs of all parties, the government reversed its position and announced that a vote would still take place on whether Paterson should be suspended. Following that decision, on 5 November 2021, Paterson announced his decision to resign from Parliament, forestalling any further votes and the possibility of a recall petition, and making a by-election inevitable. After a further debate on 16 November, Parliament passed a motion accepting the findings of the original report that recommended Paterson be suspended. The by-election was held on 16 December 2021, when the previously ultra-safe seat of North Shropshire was won by the Liberal Democrat candidate Helen Morgan.

Overseas visits
In January 2019, it emerged that Paterson had received £39,000 of funding for overseas trips from the thinktank UK 2020, of which he was the chairman and sole director. Trips funded by the thinktank included speaking at two rightwing thinktanks in the US, the Competitive Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation. MPs are required to declare the source of funds for any overseas visit worth more than £300. Although Paterson had declared the trips, the Labour Party called for a parliamentary investigation: shadow Cabinet Office minister Jon Trickett wrote to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, Kathryn Stone, "Paterson appears to be both the recipient of donations and the controlling intermediary through which they are paid". He said without information on the true source of donations, "the register of members' interests is unable to fulfil its vital purpose". Paterson stated that "All the expenses incurred on these trips have been declared according to parliamentary rules", but has not confirmed the original source of the funding. In October 2019, he announced the body's forthcoming shutdown.

Personal life
Paterson married Rose Ridley, the daughter of Matthew White Ridley, 4th Viscount Ridley, and sister of Matt Ridley, in 1980. They have two sons, Felix and Ned, and a daughter, Evie. He lives near Ellesmere, north Shropshire, and also has a house in Drôme, France.

Paterson is a horse rider and racer, and has ridden across Turkmenistan and Mongolia. His daughter, Evie, is an eventer who won the British Junior Eventing Championships in 2008, aged 16. In January 2018, Paterson fell from a horse while riding and broke three vertebrae in his back.

Paterson's wife Rose died on 24 June 2020, her husband's birthday. Her body was found in the early hours of the morning in woodland at their country house, Shellbrook Hill. The coroner later ruled her death to be suicide by hanging.

Honours
Paterson was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in 2010 upon his appointment to the British Cabinet as the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. This gave him the honorific title "The Right Honourable" for life.

References

External links

 Owen Paterson MP official constituency website
 Profile at the Conservative Party

 Guide to new Cabinet members: Owen Paterson, BBC News, 13 May 2010
 Debrett's People of Today
 UK 2020 think tank website

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1956 births
Living people
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Northampton
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Shropshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Radley College
People from Oswestry
People from Whitchurch, Shropshire
Politics of Shropshire
Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
British Secretaries of State for the Environment
Lutyens family
Lobbying in the United Kingdom
British Eurosceptics

Owen Paterson


An Bulbostylis smithii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Manuel Barros. An Bulbostylis smithii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbostylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bulbostylis

Bulbostylis smithii


Ingrija (estonski: Ingeri ili Ingerimaa, ingrijski: Ingermaa, ruski: Ингрия, Ижора ili Ингерманландия, švedski: Ingermanland) povijesna je regija koja se prostire duž južne obale Finskog zaljeva, zapadne obale jezera Ladoga te istočno od rijeke Narve.

Danas se teritorij Ingrije gotovo poklapa s teritorijem Lenjingradskom oblasti.

Povijest
Rusi su počeli naseljivati Ingriju u 8. i 9. stoljeću. Kasnije je Ingrija došla pod vlast Novgorodske Republike, a od 15. stoljeća pod vlašću je Velike Kneževine Moskve. Švedsko Carstvo anektiralo je Ingriju 1617. nakon Ingrijskog rata i držala je pod svojom kontrolom do 1700., odnosno do Velikog sjevernog rata.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Ingermanland, Encyclopædia Britannica

Povijesne regije

Ingrija


An Oberonia mucronata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni David Don, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Paul Ormerod och Gunnar Seidenfaden. An Oberonia mucronata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oberonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Oberonia

Oberonia mucronata


Le séminaire Saint-Charles est situé dans la ville de Chartres, préfecture du département français d'Eure-et-Loir, en région Centre-Val de Loire.

Historique
Les bâtiments datent du  et, entre 1908 et le début des années 2000, ils abritent les archives départementales d'Eure-et-Loir.

L'édifice fait l'objet d'une inscription au titre des monuments historiques depuis le .

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Archives départementales d'Eure-et-Loir
 Liste des monuments historiques de Chartres

Liens externes

Monument historique à Chartres
Monument historique inscrit en 1941
Patrimoine du XVIIIe siècle
Ancien séminaire catholique

Séminaire Saint-Charles de Chartres


Onorato Damen (Monte San Pietrangeli, 4. prosinca 1893. – Milano, 14. listopada 1979.), bio je talijanski komunist i revolucionar te jedan od vodećih predstavnika talijanske komunističke ljevice.

Biografija
Onorato Damen rodio se krajem 1893. godine u gradiću Monte San Pietrangeli u talijanskoj regiji Marke. Već kao mladić pridružio se Talijanskoj socijalističkoj partiji (PSI), gdje je uskoro pristupio njenom revolucionarnom lijevom krilu te došao u sukob s reformistima predvođenim Filippom Turatijem. Nakon ulaska Italije u Prvi svjetski rat (1915.), Damen je mobiliziran u talijansku vojsku i poslan na front, gdje je postigao čin narednika. No do završetka oružanih sukoba ujesen 1918. godine ponovno je sveden na status običnog vojnika, a vojni ga je sud osudio na dvije godine zatvora zbog "ugrožavanja državnih institucija", tj. zbog pozivanja na dezertiranje i javnog prozivanja rata kao imperijalističkog. Oslobođen je 1919. godine i vratio se radu u PSI.

S dolaskom poslijeratnog revolucionarnog vala u Italiju tijekom tzv. crvenog dvogodišta (tal. Biennio Rosso) između 1919. i 1921. godine Damen razvija svoju revolucionarnu aktivnost te se sve jasnije približava stavovima ruskih boljševika, odnosno novonastale Komunističke internacionale. Tijekom crvenog dvogodišta aktivan je među sindikatima u Bologni i radničkim organizacijama u rodnoj regiji Marki, dok unutar Socijalističke partije dosljedno zastupa pozicije revolucionarne ljevice zajedno s Amadeom Bordigom, sve do konačnog rascjepa 1921. godine.

1977. godine potiče organiziranje prve u nizu međunarodnih konferencija komunističke ljevice, iz kojih će 1980-ih godina spajanjem talijanske Internacionalističke komunističke partije i britanske Komunističke radničke organizacije nastati Međunarodni biro za revolucionarnu partiju, odnosno preteča današnje Internacionalističke komunističke tendencije (ICT). Međutim, sam Damen neće doživjeti kraj ovog procesa ujedinjenja, preminuvši u Milanu, 14. listopada 1979.

Izvori

Komunisti do 1945.
Komunisti 1945. - 1989.
Talijanski političari

Onorato Damen


Vitellius se poate referi la:

 Vitellius, împărat roman din 17 aprilie 69 până în 22 decembrie 69, unul din împărații aparținând Anului celor patru împărați.
 Vitellius, o sculptură, una din primele lucrări ale lui Constantin Brâncuși aflată la Muzeul de Artă din Craiova, România.

Vitellius (dezambiguizare)


පේරාදෙණිය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මධ්‍යම පළාත තුල මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ මහනුවරට ආසන්නව පිහිටා තිබෙන උපනගරයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවන පැරණිතම විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය වූ පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය හා කෘෂිකර්ම දෙපාර්ථමේන්තුව පිහිටුවා තිබෙන්නේද පේරාදෙණිය තුල වෙයි.

සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ
පේරාදෙණිය උද්භිද උද්‍යානය - පේරාදෙණිය උද්භිද උද්‍යානය ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ පිහිටි උද්භිත උද්‍යාන පහ අතුරින් ප්‍රධානම උද්භිත උද්‍යානය ලෙස සැලකෙයි.

බාහිර සබැඳි
පේරාදෙණිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මධ්‍යම පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ

පේරාදෙණිය


Since becoming independent of the United Kingdom in 1970, Fiji has had four constitutions, and the voting system has changed accordingly.

Suffrage and representation
The Legislative Council elected in 1963 had 37 members. There were 12 elected members, four from each of the Fijian, Indian and European groups chosen on a communal franchise. The Governor also nominated two from each of the communities. There were to be 19 official members. The Legislative Councillors of each race were permitted to select two from their fellows to the Executive Council. Qualifications to register as a voter were as follows:
 British subject
 Age of 21 years or over
 Resident in the colony for a period of, or periods amounting in the aggregate of, not less than twelve months out of the preceding three years.
 Ability to read and write a simple sentence and sign one's name in the English language in the case of a European, in either English or Fijian in the case of a Fijian, and for an Indian either in English, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, Gurmukhi, Gujarati or Malayalam. "European" and "Indian" were defined as a person whose father or any of whose male progenitors in the male line was a European or Indian, respectively, while a "Fijian" was defined as "a person whose father or any of whose progenitors in the male line ... was an aboriginal native of the colony, excluding the island of Rotuma and its dependencies."
These definitions firstly disallowed an illiterate adult to vote, secondly permitted some people to choose between ethnic rolls and thirdly made no provision for Rotumans, non-Fijian Pacific Islanders and Chinese to vote.

The Legislative Council elected in 1966 had 36 members. Twenty-five seats represented communal constituencies (nine indigenous Fijians, nine Indians, and seven General Electors (Europeans, Chinese, and other minorities), elected on closed electoral rolls by voters registered as members of their respective ethnic groups. A further nine members were elected from national constituencies – seats allocated ethnically (three for each ethnic constituency) but elected by universal suffrage. The remaining two members were nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs.

 From 1972 through 1987, the House of Representatives had 52 members. Of these, 22 were allocated to indigenous Fijians and another 22 to Indo-Fijians; a further eight were allocated to General Electors (Europeans, Chinese, and other minorities). Of the 22 seats allocated each to indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians, 12 were elected from Communal constituencies and 10 from National constituencies.  Of the eight seats allocated to General Electors, three were elected from a communal roll and 5 from national constituencies. All members represented single-member constituencies, and were elected by the First past the post system. In the same period, the newly established Senate had 22 members (eight nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs (of whom any three held the power of veto over changes to the country's land laws), seven by the Prime Minister, six by the Leader of the Opposition, and one by the Council of Rotuma).
 In 1992 and 1994, the House of Representatives had 70 members. Thirty-seven seats were allocated to indigenous Fijians, 27 to Indo-Fijians, one to Rotuman Islanders, and 5 to General Electors. All were elected from communal rolls; that is, all members were elected only by voters registered as belonging to their own ethnic group. The First past the post system remained in effect. The Senate in this time had 34 members (24 nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs and 1 by the Council of Rotuma; a further 9 were appointed by the President to represent non-indigenous Fijians).
 From 1999 onwards, the House of Representatives had 71 members. Twenty-five represented open electorates; these members were elected by universal suffrage and could belong to any race. The remaining 46 seats were communal, with 23 being allocated to indigenous Fijians, 19 to Indo-Fijians, one to Rotuman Islanders, and three to General Electors. Instant run-off voting was adopted for these elections. The Senate had 32 members (14 nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs, nine by the Prime Minister, eight by the Leader of the Opposition, and one by the Council of Rotuma).

Latest elections

1966–2006
Note: The following statistics show the number of seats in the House of Representatives won by particular political parties in general elections from 1966 to 2006.  The Year at the top of each column links to a main article about the election held that year.

2014–2022
Note: The following statistics show the number of seats in the Parliament of Fiji won by particular political parties in general elections since 2014.

See also
 Electoral system of Fiji
 List of political parties in Fiji

External links
Office of the Supervisor of Elections
Adam Carr's Election Archive

References

Elections in Fiji


The hundred dollar bill may refer to banknotes (bills) of currencies that are named dollar.

 Australian one-hundred-dollar note
 Canadian one-hundred-dollar note
 United States one-hundred-dollar bill

Hundred dollar bill


Fizikte, özel görelilik teorisi (kısaca özel görelilik) veya izafiyet teorisi, uzay ve zaman arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayan bir bilimsel teoridir. Albert Einstein'ın orijinal çalışmalarında teori, iki varsayıma dayanmaktadır:
Fizik yasaları, tüm süredurum referans çerçevelerinde (yani ivmesiz referans çerçevelerinde) değişmezdir (yani aynıdır).
Işık kaynağının veya gözlemcinin hareketinden bağımsız olarak vakumdaki ışığın hızı, tüm gözlemciler için aynıdır.

1905'te Albert Einstein tarafından Annalen der Physik dergisinde, "Hareketli cisimlerin elektrodinamiği üzerine" isimli makalenin ikinci sayfasında açıklanan ve ardından beşinci sayfasındaki "bir cismin atıllığı enerji içeriği ile bağlantılı olabilir mi?" başlıklı makaleyle pekiştirilmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Teoriye göre bütün varlıklar ve varlığın fiziksel olayları görelidir. Zaman, mekan, hareket, birbirlerinden bağımsız değildirler. Aksine bunların hepsi birbirine bağlı, göreli olaylardır. Nesne zamanla, zaman nesneyle, mekan hareketle, hareket mekanla ve dolayısıyla hepsi birbiriyle bağımlıdır. Bunlardan hiçbiri bağımsız değildir, kendisi bu konuda şöyle demektedir:
Zaman ancak hareketle, cisim hareketle, hareket cisimle vardır. O halde; cisim, hareket ve zamandan birinin diğerine bir önceliği yoktur. Galilei'nin Görelilik Prensibi, zamanla değişmeyen hareketin göreceli olduğunu; mutlak ve tam olarak tanımlanmış bir hareketsiz halinin olamayacağını önermekteydi. Galileo'nin ortaya attığı fikre göre; dış gözlemci tarafından hareket ettiği söylenen bir gemi üzerindeki bir kimse geminin hareketsiz olduğunu söyleyebilir.

Einstein'ın teorisi, Galilei'nin Görelilik Prensibi ile doğrusal ve değişmeyen hareketinin durumu ne olursa olsun tüm gözlemcilerin ışığın hızını her zaman aynı büyüklükte ölçeceği önermesini birleştirir. Bu teori sezgisel olarak algılanamayacak, ancak deneysel olarak kanıtlanmış birçok ilginç sonuca varmamızı sağlar. Özel görelilik teorisi, uzaklığın ve zamanın gözlemciye bağlı olarak değişebileceğini ifade ederek Newton'ın mutlak uzay zaman kavramını anlamsızlaştırır. Uzay ve zaman gözlemciye bağlı olarak farklı algılanabilir. Bu teori, madde ile enerjinin ünlü E=mc² formülü ile birbirine bağlı olduğunu da gösterir (c ışık hızıdır). Özel Görelilik teorisi, tüm hızların ışık hızına oranla çok küçük olduğu uygulama alanlarında Newton mekaniği ile yaklaşık aynı sonuçları verir.

Teorinin özel ifadesiyle anılmasının nedeni, görelilik ilkesinin yalnızca eylemsiz gözlem çerçevesine uygulanış şekli olmasından kaynaklanır. Einstein, tüm gözlem çerçevelerine uygulanan ve yerçekimi kuvvetinin etkisinin de hesaba katıldığı Genel Görelilik teorisini geliştirmiştir. Özel Görelilik, yerçekimi kuvvetini hesaba katmaz ancak ivmeli gözlemcilerin durumunu da inceler. Özel Görelilik, günlük yaşamımızda mutlak olarak algıladığımız, zaman gibi kavramların göreli olduğunu söylemesinin yanı sıra, sezgisel olarak göreceli olduğunu düşündüğümüz kavramların ise mutlak olduğunu ifade eder. Birbirlerine göre hareketi nasıl olursa olsun tüm gözlemciler için ışığın hızının aynı olduğunu söyler. Özel Görelilik, c katsayısının sadece belli bir doğa olayının –ışık– hızı olmasının çok ötesinde, uzay ile zamanın birbiriyle ilişkisinin temel özelliği olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Özel Görelilik ayrıca, hiçbir maddenin ışığın hızına ulaşacak şekilde hızlandırılamayacağını söyler.

Öngörüleri
Özel görelilik, kendi zamanı için inanılması güç, pek çok öngörülerde bulunmuştur. Bunlardan en önemlileri:
 Nesneler hızlandıkça zaman nesne için daha yavaş akmaya başlayacaktır, ışık hızına ulaşıldığında zaman durmalıdır.
 Nesneler hızlandıkça kütlelerinin bir kısmı kinetik enerjiye dönüşür, durağan kütleye sahip cisimler hiçbir zaman ışık hızına erişemeyeceklerdir.
 Cisimler hızlandıkça hareket doğrultusundaki boyları kısalmaya uğrayacaktır.
 Hiçbir cisim ışık hızından hızlı gidemez.

Özel görelilik, mantığımıza ve sağ duyumuza aykırı bir evren tanımladığından, bilim insanları 100 yılı aşkın bir süredir bunun doğruluğunu gözleri ile görmek ve bir açık bulmak umudu ile deneyler yapıp durmaktadırlar.
Bu öngörülerin pek çoğu 1905'ten günümüze dek defalarca denenmiş ve doğru çıkmıştır:

 İçlerinde çok hassas atom saatleri taşıyan uçaklar değişik yönlere doğru değişik hızlarla hareket ettirilmiş ve saatlerin kuramın hesaplarına yeterince uygun olarak yavaşladığı/hızlandığı gözlenmiştir.
 Zamandaki yavaşlamanın sadece saatte meydana gelmediğini, gerçekte yaşandığının kanıtı ilk olarak nötrino ve mü-mezon deneylerinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Güneşten dünyaya gelen nötrino ve müonların ışık hızına çok yaklaştıkları (%99,5) için ömürlerinin (yaşam sürelerinin) Dünya'da üretilen durağan olanlara göre çok daha uzun olduğu görülmektedir.
 Parçacık hızlandırıcılarındaki hızlandırma deneylerinde bugüne kadar kütlesi olan hiçbir cisim, atom veya elektron, ışık hızına çıkarılamamıştır. Hız arttıkça kütlesi de arttığı için ivmelendirilmesi zorlaşmaktadır.

Galileo ve Lorentz dönüşümleri

Değişik gözlemciler, Newton fiziğinde Galileo dönüşümleri tarafından tanımlanmaktadır. Öncelikle belirli bir O olayı için (x,y,z,t) koordinatlarını kullanan bir K1 referans sistemi düşünelim (örn. yer). Aynı olayın başka bir gözlemci tarafından (x',y',z',t') koordinatlarıyla ifade edildiğini farz edelim (K2 referans sistemi). Eğer K2, K1 sistemine göre sabit bir hızla x ekseninde hareket ediyorsa (örn. bir tren vagonu) gözlemlenen O için kullanacakları referans sistemleri arasındaki bağıntı şöyle olacaktır:

Bu dönüşümler Newton'un mekanik yasalarına uygulandığında, yasalar formlarını korumaktadır. Fakat aynı şey Maxwell denklemleri için geçerli değildir. Maxwell denklemleri Lorentz dönüşümleri altında ancak formlarını koruyabilmektedir. Lorentz dönüşümleri, Galileo dönüşümlerinden farklı olarak şu şekildedir:

Ayrıca ters halleri:

burada .

Lorentz Dönüşümlerinde görüldüğü üzere iki gözlemci için aynı zaman betimlemesi geçerli değildir. Bu dönüşümlerde Einstein'ın Özel Görelilikle ortaya çıkardığı düşünce değişimi görülmektedir, yani farklı hızlardaki iki gözlemci aynı olay için farklı zaman değerleri ölçer.

Bu dönüşümleri y ve z eksenlerinde de düşünüp yöney (vektör) gösterimi kullanılabilir. Bunun için konumu hıza paralel ve hıza dik olacak şekilde iki bileşene ayırabiliriz:

Bu biçimde sadece hıza paralel bileşen olan  dönüşüme uğrar. O halde, Lorentz dönüşümleri

biçimine indirgenmiş olur.

Dört boyutlu uzay zaman

Minkovski uzayzamanı, özel göreliliğin dört boyutlu yapısını matematiksel olarak betimleyen geometridir. Bu geometride yöneyler (vektörler) dört bileşene sahiptir. Örneğin Öklid uzayında bir konum yöneyi

olarak ifade edilir. Özel görelilikte ise "uzayzaman"da bir "konum"u, daha doğru bir deyişle, bir "olay"ı ifade etmek için dörtyöneyler kullanılır. Bu durumda dörtkonum yöneyi,
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olarak tanımlanır. Burada dördüncü bileşen olan zamanın ct şeklinde konulması sadece yöneyin her bileşeninin biriminin metre olması içindir. Çoğu kaynak c=1 seçerek daha sade bir biçim verir. Aynı şekilde dörthız yöneyi de, hızın tanımından
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olarak çıkarsanır. Buradaki  özel zamandır.

Aynı şekilde dörtmomentum da,
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olarak bulunur.

Bu uzayzamanda bir dörtyöneyin boyu,

olarak tanılandığından, dörthız yöneyinin boyu

olarak bulunur. Yine, dörtmomentumun boyu

Ayrıca dörtmomentumun boyu

olarak da hesaplanabildiğinden, bu iki sonuç birleştirilip her taraf  ile çarpıldığında

gibi özel göreliliğin en önemli denklemlerinden biri elde edilmiş olunur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hendrik Lorentz
 Lorentz dönüşümü
 Albert Einstein
 Genel Görelilik

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya
 Max Born,  'Görelilik Kuramı, çev: Celal Çapkın, Evrim Yayınları, 1995.
 Albert Einstein, İzafiyet Teorisi, Say Yayınları.
 Wolfgang Rindler, Essential Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological, Springer.
 İbrahim Semiz, 50 Soruda Görelilik Kuramları'', Bilim ve Gelecek Kitaplığı, 2010.

Özel görelilik


Sir Wilfred Patrick Thesiger KBE DSO FRSL FRGS (3 iunie 1910, Addis Abeba, Etiopia – 24 august 2003, Londra, Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord),  supranumit Mubarak bin London (în arabă: "Cel binecuvântat din Londra"), a fost un explorator englez și scriitor de călătorii.

Wilfred Thesiger este cunoscut mai ales datorită cărților sale de călătorie Arabian Sands (în română: "Nisipurile arabe") (1959); a călătorit mii de kilometri pe jos și pe cămilă traversând Sfertul Pustiu (Rub al-Chali) al Arabiei între 1945 și 1950 și a descris stilul de viață al locuitorilor beduinii; a scris și Marsh Arabi (în română: "Arabii din mlaștini") (1964), în care descrie mlaștinile din Irak și zilele petrecute alături de arabii din mlaștini (marsh Arabi). El și-a donat colecția de 38.000 de fotografii de călătorie Muzeului Pitt Rivers din Oxford.

Biografie
Wilfred Thesiger s-a născut la Addis Abeba în Etiopia, într-un tukul (colibă etiopiană cu acoperiș de paie), în legația britanică din Addis Abeba, capitala Etiopiei, unde tatăl său reprezenta Regatul Unit pe lângă curtea regelui Menelik al II-lea.
Bunicul sau a fost lordul Frederic Chelmsford. Vicontele Frederic Chelmsford, viitorul vicerege al Indiei, era unul din unchii săi, iar actorul Ernest Thesiger era unul din verii săi.

Din copilărie, Wilfred Thesiger era pasionat de triburile nomade și îndeosebi de cele din Abisinia. După studii la Eton și la Oxford, a revenit, la vârsta de 24 de ani, în Etiopia, fiind invitat la încoronarea noului împărat Haile Selassie, și a plecat într-o expediție pentru a descoperi Deșertul Danakil, locuit de afari, un popor nomad cu obiceiuri crude. Misiunea sa era să-i facă releveul geografic.

La întoarcere, a fost numit administrator colonial la Darfur, o regiune din vestul Sudanului anglo-egiptean, la nord de Etiopia. În acest vast teritoriu, a putut să-și manifest liber pasiunile, vânătoarea de lei, ceea ce-l face foarte popular în rândul populațiilor districtului său.

La începutul celui de al Doilea Război Mondial, a fost desemnat să ia parte, sub comanda generalului Wingate, la cucerirea Etiopiei, apoi s-a alăturat, în Cirenaica Special Air Service pentru a-i combate pe germani.

În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, a fost membru al Force Gideon în Sudan și în Etiopia.

După război, Wilfred Thesiger și-a dat seama că lumea barbară și splendidă a nomazilor, pe care o admira atât de mult, va dispărea, și a hotărât să-și consacre întrega viață pentru a salva memoria lor de la uitare. Timp de cinci ani, el a parcurs mii de kilometri, pe jos sau călare pe cămilă, deșertul din sudul Peninsulei Arabice, în compania unor beduini și va raporta această experiență în prima sa carte, Arabian Sands (în română: "Nisipurile arabe").

A plecat apoi în Irak pentru a descoperi modul de viață străvechi al arabilor din mlaștini, triburi care trăiesc în sudul țării, în imensele mlaștini dintre Tigru și Eufrat. Paralel, a efectuat mai multe călătorii în munții Asiei Centrale, unde a profitat să vâneze urși și mufloni. A străbătut în lung și în lat regiuni pe atunci necunoscute cum sunt Kurdistanul, Chitralul, Hazaradjatul și Nuristanul, cunoscute astăzi sub termenul de "zone tribale" din Pakistan.

Wilfred Thesiger se interesa mai puțin de peisaje, cât de triburile care și-au păstrat obiceiurile și practicile originale. Nici etnolog, nici sociolog profesionist, el se mulțumea adesea doar să observe și să raporteze, dar mai ales să savureze plăcerea de a fi unul dintre primii și poate ultimii care au  de-a lungul unui univers milenar, dar pe care îl știe amenințat. Și-a însoțit scrierile cu numeroase hărți și numeroase fotografii alb-negru, care constituie tot atâtea mărturii unice și excepționale, așa cum sunt călătorii kirghizi călare pe iaci, sătenii din Nuristan sau păstorii tadjici pe cărările din Asia Centrală.

Note

Bibliografie
 Wilfred Thesiger, Nisipurile arabe, traducere din limba engleză și note de Mihaela Negrilă, Polirom, Iași 2015, 368 de pagini

Nașteri în 1910
Decese în 2003
Exploratori britanici
Exploratori ai Africii
Exploratori ai Asiei
Membri ai British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Oameni din Addis Abeba

Wilfred Thesiger


Das Musikalbum The Graduate von Simon & Garfunkel ist der Soundtrack zum gleichnamigen Film, der im deutschsprachigen Raum als Die Reifeprüfung in die Kinos kam. Neben Liedern von Simon & Garfunkel, geschrieben von Paul Simon, sind Kompositionen von Dave Grusin zu hören. Das Album wurde produziert von Teo Macero und erschien im Januar 1968. Im April des Jahres erreichte es Platz eins der US-amerikanischen Albumcharts.

Entstehung

Acht der vierzehn Titel des Albums stammen von Simon & Garfunkel, die restlichen vom Filmkomponisten Dave Grusin. Die Beiträge des Folk-Duos sind Lieder, die von Paul Simon geschrieben beziehungsweise im Falle der Volksweise Scarborough Fair/Canticle arrangiert wurden. Drei davon sind in Variationen jeweils doppelt auf dem Album, sodass insgesamt fünf Lieder von Simon & Garfunkel Stoff für das Album lieferten. Von diesen waren vier bereits 1966 auf Studioalben veröffentlicht worden: The Sounds of Silence und April Come She Will auf Sounds of Silence; Scarborough Fair/Canticle und The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine auf Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme. Einzig Mrs. Robinson war ein neues Simon-&-Garfunkel-Lied.

Ursprünglich sollte Paul Simon auf Wunsch des Regisseurs Mike Nichols drei neue Lieder für den Film schreiben. Nichols hatte ein Faible für die Musik von Simon & Garfunkel und wollte sie in seinem Film verwenden, sah jedoch Schwierigkeiten, alte Lieder des Duos einzubauen. Ähnlich war es mit den beiden neuen Liedern Punky's Dilemma und Overs, die Simon Nichols vorstellte. Letztlich entwickelte Simon aus einem unfertigen Entwurf das Mrs.-Robinson-Thema. Auf dem Soundtrack-Album sind zwei jeweils etwa 1:15 Minuten lange Teile enthalten, die sich deutlich, auch im Text, von der vierminütigen Version unterscheiden, die im April 1968 auf dem Album Bookends und als Single veröffentlicht wurde.

Titelliste

Seite 1
 The Sounds of Silence (Simon) – 3:06
 The Singleman Party Foxtrot (Grusin) – 2:53
 Mrs. Robinson (Simon) – 1:15
 Sunporch Cha-Cha-Cha (Grusin) – 2:54
 Scarborough Fair/Canticle (Interlude) (Garfunkel, Simon) – 1:42
 On the Strip (Grusin) – 2:00
 April Come She Will (Simon) – 1:51
 The Folks (Grusin) – 2:28

Seite 2
 Scarborough Fair/Canticle (Garfunkel, Simon, Traditional) – 6:22
 A Great Effect (Grusin) – 4:07
 The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine (Simon) – 1:46
 Whew (Grusin) – 2:12
 Mrs. Robinson (Simon) – 1:13
 The Sounds of Silence (Simon) – 3:07

Veröffentlichung und Charts
Das Album erschien am 21. Januar 1968. Am 6. April des Jahres setzte es sich an die Spitze der US-amerikanischen Albumcharts Billboard 200. Nach sieben Wochen gab es diesen Platz ab an Bookends, das nächste Studioalbum von Simon & Garfunkel, das am 3. April erschienen war. Nach drei Wochen kehrte The Graduate am 25. Mai auf die Spitzenposition zurück, um nach zwei weiteren Wochen erneut von Bookends abgelöst zu werden. Simon & Garfunkel waren damit insgesamt 18 Wochen in Folge an der Spitze der US-Albumcharts. Für über zwei Millionen verkaufte Kopien wurde das Album von der Recording Industry Association of America mit Doppel-Platin ausgezeichnet.

Die europäischen Märkte nahmen das Album unterschiedlich auf. In den britischen Charts war das es für 68 Wochen vertreten und erreichte als beste Platzierung den dritten Rang. In den deutschen, österreichischen und Schweizer Hitparaden tauchte das Album dagegen nicht auf.

Weblinks
 The Graduate auf den Internetseiten von Simon & Garfunkel

Einzelnachweise

Soundtrack-Album
Simon-&-Garfunkel-Album
Album (Folk Rock)
Album 1968
Mehrfach-Platin-Album (Vereinigte Staaten)

The Graduate (Album)


Emmanuele de Gregorio (18 de dezembro de 1758 - 7 de novembro de 1839) foi um cardeal italiano da Igreja Católica Romana e filho de Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marquês de Esquilache.

Biografia
De Gregorio nasceu no mar enquanto sua mãe viajava para a Espanha. Embora ele tivesse um outro cardeal entre seus parentes, nenhuma outra informação sobre sua infância sobreviveu. No entanto, aos 22 anos, em 1780, tornou-se arcipreste da patriarcal basílica de Latrão e nas duas décadas seguintes se envolveu na polêmica da Revolução Francesa, sendo preso em 1798 e mantido em cativeiro entre 1811 e 1814. Foi vice-vigário de Roma por longos períodos de 1795 a 1818, pois o atual vigário, Cardeal Giulio Maria della Somaglia, estava frequentemente ausente. No entanto, sabe-se que em determinado momento o governo revolucionário da França havia planejado criá-lo antipapa em oposição ao Papa Pio VI, quando condenou a Revolução Francesa em 1791.

Em 1816, o Papa Pio VII fez De Gregorio cardeal e na década seguinte ele se tornou um dos homens mais poderosos da Igreja. Nos conclaves de 1829 e 1830-1831, ele foi considerado um dos principais papabili, mas tinha muitos oponentes para ser eleito papa.

Ele morreu em Roma em 1839.

Referências
Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio VII

Emmanuele de Gregorio


Tampon, şu anlamlara gelebilir:
Tampon bellek, bilgisayar dünyasında "bilgilerin topluca yazılması için arada biriktirildikleri yer".
Araba tamponu, bir aracın arka ve önünde bulunan şok emici katman.
 Tampon, esas olarak kadınsı hijyen ürünü olarak kullanılan emici bir malzeme.
 Tampon bölge,  düşman birlikleri, grupları ya da milletleri birbirinden ayırmak için oluşturulmuş ara bölge.
 Tampon devlet, iki güçlü ve birbirine husumet besleyen devletin arasında kurulan göreli olarak daha küçük ve güçsüz devlet.
 Tampon çözelti, zayıf asit ve konjuge bazın veya zayıf baz ve konjuge asitin karşımından oluşan sulu çözelti
 Tampon mekanizma, sosyoloji kavramı.
 Tampon, Türk punk rock grubu
 Tampon (jinekoloji), hijyen ürünü olarak kullanılan emici bir malzeme

Tampon


Otacílio Gonçalves (født 16. juni 1940) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldtrænere fra Brasilien

Otacílio Gonçalves


المصارف الشاملة  هي عبارة عن مؤسسات مصرفية أو بنوك تتميز عن غيرها من البنوك بسعة مجال عملها فهي غير مختصة بالأعمال المصرفية فقط (استقبال الودائع_منح القروض_الحوالات المالية).
بل تتوسع خدماتها إلى تقديم حزمة كاملة متكاملة من الخدمات (cross-selling business) أو بالعربية البيع المتقاطع حيث تستهدف هذه البنوك تقديم أكبر عدد ممكن من الخدمات للزبون الواحد وبوقت واحد (استقبال ودائع، منح القروض والأئتمانات بكافة أنواعها، توسط استثمارات في البورصات وأسواق المال، بيع سندات، سوق صرف عملات). مما يؤدي إلى رفع أربحاها بنسبة مخاطرة أكبر من قبل.
عملياً يمكن لأي بنك غير عالمي (بنك مختص) التحول إلى بنك عالمي أو تقديم الخدمات المالية المذكورة سابقا كلها لعملائه دون إحداث تغييرات جذرية في هيكلية البنك أو إداراته وذلك بأن يحلّ دور الوسيط في تقديم الخدمات المالية المعنية بين الزبون وباقي المؤسسات المالية (كالتوسط بين الزبون والبورصة لشراء أو بيع سندات أو أسهم مقابل الحصول على اجر وساطة).
أو عن طريق تأسيس مؤسسات مالية جديدة تتبع للمؤسسة الأم (المصرف) بحيث تقوم بدور تقديم الخدمات المعنية للشركة الأم.

بعد الأزمة المالية العالمية الحالية طرح سؤال مدى جدوى هذه البنوك العالمية لأنها كانت المتسبب الرئيسي بأحداث الأزمة بسبب اندفاعها إلى تحقيق عوائد أكبر عن طريق الدخول في مخاطر أكبر (كالإقراض دون ضمانات كافية وذلك مقابل نسب فوائد أعلى من نسب السوق والاستثمار الخطر في البورصات العالمية).

مراجع

بنوك
مصرفية
مصطلحات مصرفية

مصرف شامل


Crkva svetog Nikole u Bijelom Brdu u Hrvatskoj je pravoslavna crkva, u sastavu Osječkopoljske i baranjske eparhije Srpske pravoslavne crkve, a koja je posvećena blagdanu prijenosu moćiju svetog Nikole.

Početak izgradnje crkve je započet 1764. godine, a dovršena je 1809. godine. Crkva je obnovljena 1996. godine. Parohijski dom datira iz 2004. godine.

Seoska slava i slava crkve je prijenos moćiju svetog Nikole, koji Srpska pravoslavna crkva slavi 22. svibnja.

Izvori

Pravoslavne crkve u Hrvatskoj
Bijelo Brdo (Erdut)
Eparhija osječkopoljska i baranjska
Bijelo Brdo

Crkva sv. Nikole u Bijelom Brdu


Sambou Soumano, né le  à Dakar au Sénégal, est un footballeur sénégalais qui évolue au poste d'avant-centre à l'US Quevilly, en prêt du FC Lorient.

Biographie

Formation et débuts
Né à Dakar au Sénégal, Sambou Soumano est formé par l'académie Youth Elite Foot, avant de rejoindre la France et le club de Pau FC. En septembre 2020, il s'engage avec les Voltigeurs de Châteaubriant.

FC Lorient
Le , Sambou Soumano rejoint le FC Lorient, où il doit renforcer l'équipe réserve du club. Il est finalement intégré à l'équipe première, jouant son premier match le , à l'occasion d'une rencontre de Ligue 1 face aux Girondins de Bordeaux. Il entre en jeu à la place de Terem Moffi et les deux équipes se neutralisent (1-1 score final).

Alors qu'il vient de faire ses débuts avec l'équipe première, Soumano fait également forte impression en National 2 avec la réserve, marquant un total de 11 buts en 10 matchs à la mi-saison, faisant de lui le meilleur buteur du groupe A du National 2. Il est notamment l'auteur d'un triplé lors de la réception de l'En avant de Guingamp, permettant à son équipe de l'emporter 3-0, puis d'un quadruplé lors de la venue du SO Romorantin, permettant à son équipe de l'emporter sur le large score de 4-0.

Il commence ensuite à se faire une place en équipe première et fait forte impression en marquant trois buts sur trois matchs d'affilée en Ligue 1, concurrençant sérieusement l'habituel titulaire au poste d'avant-centre, Terem Moffi.

Statistiques

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur sénégalais
Joueur du Pau FC
Joueur du FC Lorient
Joueur du KAS Eupen
Joueur du Rodez AF
Joueur de l'US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole
Naissance en janvier 2001
Naissance à Dakar

Sambou Soumano


Hivingen (lux.: Héiweng; frz.: Hivange) ist ein Ortsteil der luxemburgischen Gemeinde Garnich.

Geografie

Hivingen liegt auf einer Höhe von etwa 350 m etwa zwei Kilometer südöstlich des Hauptortes an der Kreuzung der Kommunalstraßen C.R. 106 und C.R. 101. In unmittelbarer Umgebung liegen die Orte Kahler (3 km im Norden), Dahlem (1 km im Südosten) und Fingig (1,5 km im Westen).

Geschichte

Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts hatte der Ort 10 Häuser und gehörte zur Pfarrei in Garnich. Die Kapelle des Ortes, ehemals mit einer Kaplanstelle besetzt, wurde 1833 errichtet.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Luxemburg
Garnich

Hivingen


المِرْآة  هي أداة لها القابلية على عكس الضوء بطريقة تحافظ على الكثير من صفاتهما الأصلية قبل ملامسة سطح المرآة. وتعمل بعض المرايا على ترشيح بعض الأطوال الموجية، بينما تحافظ على أطوال موجية أخرى عند الانعكاس، وهذا يختلف عن الأدوات الأخرى العاكسة للضوء، والتي لا تحافظ على الكثير من خواص الموجة الأصلية عدا اللون، وتعمل على تشتيت الضوء المعكوس.
أكثر المرايا شيوعاً هي المرآة المسطحة، وقد تستخدم المرايا المنحنية لتكوين صورة مكبرة أو مصغرة أو لتركيز الضوء أو تشتيت الصورة المعكوسة.

تستخدم المرآة للتأنق الشخصي والتزيين، كما تستخدم المرايا أيضاً في الأدوات العلمية مثل التلسكوب والليزر والكاميرا والأدوات الصناعية. تصمم معظم المرايا للاستخدام مع الضوء المرئي، وهناك أنواع من المرايا مصممة لأنواع أخرى من الموجات أو الأطوال الموجية أو الموجات الكهرومغناطيسية، وخاصة في الأدوات غير البصرية.عيوب الصورة الحقيقة في المرايا المقعرة
الزوغان التشوة الكروي وهو يجعل الصورة تبدو غير واضحة

لمحة تاريخية

أقدم مرآة استخدمها الإنسان كانت على الأرجح برك الماء الساكن الداكنة اللون، أو الماء المجموع في أوانٍ بدائية، أما أقدم مرآة مصنعة فكانت قطعاً من الحجارة المصقولة مثل السبج وهو نوع من الزجاج البركاني الطبيعي، وقد وجدت بعض المرايا السبجية في الأناضول (تركيا حالياً) تعود إلى حوالي 6000 قبل الميلاد. أما المرايا الحجرية المصقولة في أمريكا الوسطى والجنوبية فتعود إلى حوالي 2000 قبل الميلاد.، وقد صنعت كذلك مرايا من النحاس المصقول في بلاد الرافدين حوالي 4000 قبل الميلاد، وفي مصر القديمة حوالي 3000 قبل الميلاد. أما الصينيون فقد استخدموا مرايا البرونز وصنعوها حوالي 2000 قبل الميلاد، وقد صنعت حضارة كيجي كذلك بعض المرايا من البرونز والنحاس. كما صنعت المرايا من أمزجة معدنية أخرى (سبيكة المرايا المعدنية) مثل النحاس والقصدير في الصين والهند. وكانت المرايا المصنوعة من المعادن الثمينة مقصورة على الأغنياء فقط.
يعتقد أن أول مرآة معدنية مغطاة بالزجاج قد صنعت في صيدا في القرن الميلادي الأول، وقد ورد ذكر المرايا الزجاجية ذو الخلفية الذهبية في موسوعة بلينيوس الأكبر الطبيعية والتي كتبت حوالي سنة 77 ميلادي. كما طور الرومان تقنية لتشكيل المرايا الخام عن طريق تغطية الزجاج المنفوخ بالرصاص الذائب.

التصنيع
تصنع المرايا بتطبيق التغطية العاكسة لمادة أساس مناسبة، وأكثر المواد الأساس شيوعاً هي الزجاج نظراً لشفافيته وسهولة تصنيعه وصلابته وقابليته على امتلاك حواف ناعمة، وعادة ما تطبق التغطية العاكسة على الجانب الخلفي للزجاج بحيث يكون الطرف العاكس من الغطاء محمياً من التآكل والأضرار العرضية من الزجاج في جهة والغطاء نفسه والطلاء الاختياري للحماية الإضافية من جهة أخرى.

صنعت المرايا في العصور القديمة من المعادن الصلبة (البرونز، ولاحقاً الفضة) وكانت غالية الثمن وقليلة الانتشار، وكانت عرضة للتآكل، ونظراً للانعكاسية الضعيفة لهذه المعادن كانت المرايا تعطي صورة أغمق من المرايا الحديثة، ما جعلها غير مناسبة للاستخدام الداخلي خصوصاً مع الإنارة التقليدية في ذلك الوقت (الشموع والفوانيس).

أما المرايا المصنوعة من الزجاج المسطح فقد اخترعها حرفيو الزجاج الفينيسيون في القرن السادس عشر في جزيرة مورانو، حيث قامووا بتغطية الجانب الخلفي من الزجاج بالزئبق، محصلين بذلك انعكاساً شبه كامل وغير مشوش. استخدمت المرايا الفينسية لما يزيد على 100 عام في إطارات مزخرفة فاخرة استخدم لأغراض التزيين في القصور الأوروبية، ولكن سر استخدام الزئبق وصل أخيراً إلى لندن وباريس في القرن السابع عشر خلال التجسس الصناعي. وقد نجحت المعامل الفرنسية بشكل كبير في تصنيع المرايا ما جعلها متوفرة لعامة الناس، على الرغم من بقاء مشكلة التسمم بالزئبق.

أما في العصور الحديثة، فيتم إنتاج المرايا عن طريق تشكيل المادة الأساس وتصقلها وتنظيفها، ثم تغطيتها بمادة غير سامة غالباً ما تكون الفضة أو الألمنيوم الحاوي على طبقات من الأغطية:
 كلوريد القصدير الثنائي
 الفضة
 منشطات كيميائية
 النحاس
 الطلاء

أنواع المرايا الزجاجية

هنالك أنواع متعددة من المرايا الزجاجية، وكل منها يمثل طريقة تصنيع ونوعاً من الانعكاس الخاص:

 مرآة الزجاج الألمنيومية: تصنع من الزجاج المسطح مصنع باستخدام الطلاء الفراغي، حيث ينشر الألمنيوم فوق الزجاج في حجرة مفرغة من الهواء، ثم تطلى بطبقتين أو أكثر من طلاء مقاوم للماء. توفر مرآة الزجاج الألمنيومية انعكاساً حقيقياً ودقيقاً.
 مرآة الزجاج واطئة الألمنيوم: تصنع عن طريق تغطية السطح الخلفي من الزجاج بالفضة وبطبقتين من طلاء واق. يكون هذا النوع من المرايا واضحاً وناقلاً للضوء وناعماً ويعكس الألوان الطبيعية بدقة، يستخدم هذا النوع من الزجاج بكثرة لتأطير العروض التقديمية والمعارض عندما يكون تمثيل الألوان الدقيق للعمل الفني مطلوباً، أو عندما يكون اللون السائد في خلفية العرض التقديمي هو اللون الأبيض.
 مرآة الزجاج الآمنة: تصنع بإلصاق طبقة خاصة من شريحة على السطح الخلفي لمرآة الزجاج الفضية، ما يمنح الحماية من الإصابات عند تكسر الزجاج، ويستخدم هذا النوع من المرايا في الأثاث والأبواب والجدران الزجاجية، والرفوف التجارية والأماكن العامة.
 مرآة الزجاج المطبوعة حريرياً: تصنع باستخدام حبر لا عضوي يطبع نقشات خلال شاشة خاصة على الزجاج، وهناك ألوان ونقشات وأشكال مختلفة لهذا النوع من المرايا. يقاوم هذا النوع من المرايا الأوساخ ويدوم لفترات طويلة مقارنة بالزجاج المطبوع الاعتيادي حيث يمكن أن يستمر لمدة 20 سنة أو أكثر، يستخدم هذا النوع من الزجاج بكثرة لأغراض الديكور (مثل المرايا، وفوق الطاولات، الأبواب، المطابخ وغيرها).
  مرآة الزجاج الفضية: هي مرآة اعتيادية مطلية بالفضة في الجانب الخلفي منها، ما يمكنها من عكس صور الأشياء المقابلة لها، ويصنع هذا النوع من المرايا الزجاجية بتغطية السطح الخلفي للزجاج بشريحة من الفضة والرصاص وطبقتين أو أكثر من طلاء مقاوم للماء، ما يمكن الزجاج من مقاومة الحمض والأوساخ. توفر هذه المرايا صور واضحة وحقيقية، وتستمر لفترات طويلة وتستخدم في الأثاث والحمامات ولأغراض الديكور الأخرى.

أما المرايا الزجاجية المستخدمة في الديكور فغالباً ما تكون مصنوعة يدوياً، ويتوفر تظليلات وأشكال وسماكات مختلفة من الزجاج.

أنواع المرايا

توجد من المرايا عدة أنواع أبسطها المرآة المستوية التي نعرفها. كما يوجد منها المرآة المكبرة التي يستخدمها البعض منا أثناء حلاقة الذقن. هذه المرآة تسمى «مرآة مقعرة» ولها خصائصها الفيزيائية. وهناك «المرآة المحدبة» في هيئة سطح الكرة الخارجي العاكس، وهذه تعمل على تصغير الصورة، ويقل استخدامها.

المرآة المستوية
ينعكس شعاع الضوء الساقط على المرآة المستوية بزاوية انعكاس مساوية لزاوية السقوط (إذا كان حجم المرآة أكبر بكثير من الطول الموجي للضوء، فيزياء). بمعنى أنه لو سقط شاع ضوئي على سطح مرآة بزاوية (ثيتا)، فإنه سينعكس من نقطة سقوطه بزاوية (ثيتا) في الاتجاه المعاكس (أنظر الشكل).

في المرآة المسطحة، يتغير اتجاه حزمة أشعة متوازية بشكل كامل، ولكن تبقى أشعة الحزمة متوازية. والصور المتكون من المرآة المسطحة هي صورة حقيقية، لها نفس حجم العنصر الأصلي، ولكن الصورة تكون معكوسة في اتجاه واحد (اليمين يصبح يسارا واليسار يصبح يمينا) وفي نفس الوقت إذا كان المرء واقفا فيبدو في المرآة واقفا وليس مشقلبا. تلك من خواص المرآة المستوية فهي تشكل ما يسمى مستوي واحد للتناظر.

مرآة مقعرة

تتكون المرآة المقعرة في أبسط تكوينها من جزء من السطح الداخلي العاكس لكرة. إذا سقطت على قلب تلك المرآة الكروية أشعة ضوئية متوازية فهي تجمعها في بؤرة. تبعد نقطة البؤرة F عن سطح المرآة نصف نصف قطر تكور المرآة، ويسمى بعد بؤري ويقاس على المحور الأساسي (أنظر الشكل).

لا تتجمع الإشعاعات الضوئية المتوازية بالتمام في البؤرة إذا كانت المرآة كروية مثالية، ولكن تجمع الأشعة يكون منزاحا بعض الشيء عن بعضه البعض بحيث تصبح الصورة عند البؤرة غير واضحة. عرفت تلك الظاهرة في القرن السابع عشر حيث حاول العلماء بناء تلسكوب مرايا (كان تلسكوب العدسات قد ابتكر بالفعل) بحيث تقوم مرآة مقعرة مقام العدسة الرئيسية في التسلكوب. ولكن الصورة لم تكن واضحة.

وجاء عالم الرياضيات غريغوري واقترح تشكيل سطح المرآة في شكل قطع مكافيء بدلا من أن يكون نصف كرة مثالية. في تلك الحالة تنعكس الاشعة المتوازية الساقطة على السطح المشكل في هيئة قطع مكافي في «نقطة واحدة» وهي البؤرة. ونجح العلماء في صناعة تلسكوبات لأغراض الدراسات الفلكية باستخدام المرايا المقعرة واصبحت صورها واضحة كل الوضوح.

من ميزات المرايا المقعرة (مرآة قطع مكافيء) أنه يمكن انتاجها بأحجام كبيرة، يصل قطرها 8 متر أو 10 متر، فتكون لها قوة تضخيم كبيرة للصورة. مثال على ذلك التلسكوب العظيم في تشيلي وتلسكوبات مرصد كيك الأمريكي في هاواي.

انتشر استخدام تلسكوبات المرآة وعلى الأخص في الرصد الفلكي، ومنها ما أطلق إلى الفضاء مثل تلسكوب هابل الفضائي وهو لا يزال يعمل مند عام 1990 .

ملحوظة: بنفس الخاصية تصنع «صينية» الاستقبال التلفزيوني والاستقبال الكهرومغناطيسي (الرادار)، فهي تصنع من صينية معدنية متخذة شكل القطع المكافيء. بذلك تتجمع الأشعة اللاسلكية بعد انعكاسها على الصينية على محس الاستقبال، فتكون إشارة لاسلكية قوية.

مرآة محدبة
المرأة المحدبة هي السطح العاكس الخارجي من كرة. يعمل انعكاس الاشعة على ذلك السطح على تفريق الاشعة الساقطة، وتتكون صورة غير حقيقية («صورة خيالية»، أي يمكن رؤيتها بالعين، ولكن لا يمكن استقبالها على حائل). تتباعد الأشعة المتوازية الساقطة على سطح تلك المرآة وتبتعد عن نقطة التقاطع المشتركة «خلف المرآة»، لذلك لا يمكن استقبال الصورة الناتجة على حائل (أنظر الصورة أدناه).

الصورة في مرآة مستوية

إذا نظر شخص ما إلى المرآة فإن صورته ستنعكس في المرآة (مثلاً: إذا رفع الشخص أمام المرآة يده اليمنى فإنه سيبدو في المرآة وكأنه قد رفع يده اليسرى). ذلك ما يسمى ظاهرة التناطر الانعكاسي.

التطبيقات

الأمان وتحسين الرؤية

المرايا المحدبة

توفر المرايا المحدبة نطاقاً أوسع للرؤية من المرايا المسطحة، وتستخدم عادة في المركبات، وبخاصة الشاحنات الكبيرة، للتقليل من بقع العمى، وتوضع في بعض الأحيان هذه المرايا عند تقاطع الطرقات وفي زوايا بعض المواقع مثل أماكن ركن السيارات لتمكين الناس من الرؤية حول الزوايا ولتفادي الاصطدام بالسيارات أو عربات التسوق، وتستخدم كذلك كجزء من أنظمة الحماية، بحيث يصبح بمقدور كاميرا فيديو واحدة عرض أكثر من زاوية واحدة في الوقت نفسه.

مرآة الفم أو مرآة الأسنان
يستخدم أطباء الأسنان مرايا الفم أو مرايا الأسنان لمشاهدة الأسنان وداخل الفم بشكل غير مباشر، ويكون السطح العاكس لهذه المرايا إما مسطحاً أو منحنياً، ويستخدم المهندسون هذه المرايا للرؤية في الأماكن الضيقة وفي الزوايا الضيقة للمعدات.

مرايا الرؤية الخلفية

تستخدم مرايا الرؤية الخلفية بشكل واسع في المركبات (مثل السيارات والدراجات الهوائية لتمكين السائقين من مشاهدة المركبات القادمة من خلفهم. تحتوي بعض خوذ الدراجات النارية على نظام عاكس بصري متعدد (MROS) وهو عبارة عن مجموعة من الأسطح العاكسة داخل الخوذة تعمل مع بعضها البعض كمرآة للرؤية الخلفية. وفي النظارات الشمسية للرؤية الخلفية، تكون النهاية اليسرى للزجاجة اليسرى والنهاية اليمنى للزجاجة اليمنى عبارة عن مرآة للرؤية الخلفية.

مرآة نصف شفافة ونوافذ عاكسة

مرأة نصف شفافة

المرآة النصف شفافة تستخدم في تجارب علمية كثيرا وفي تقنية الليزر. من صفات تلك المرايا أنها تسمح لجزء من الضوء الساقط عليها بالمرور وتعكس الجزء الآخر . تنتج تلك المرايا بترسيب طبقة معدنية رقيقة جدا على سطحها، سمك نحو 10 ذرات . استخدمت إحدى تلك المرايا في تجربة ميكلسون ومورلي الشهيرة، كما تستخدم في تجارب تحاول قياس موجات ثقالية مثل تجربة جيو 600.

زجاج انعكاس كامل
يمكن للوح من الزجاج مصنوع بطريقة خاصة أن يعكس الضوء انعكاسا شبه كامل، بمعى أنه يكاد لا يسمح بنفاذ الأشعة فيه . تتم صناعة هذا الزجاج بترسيب عدة طبقات رقيقة جدا جدا من أنواع زجاج مختلفة في معامل انكسارها. تستخدم تلك التقنية في صناعة نظارات زجاجية شديدة اللمعان بسبب شدة عكسها للضوء . وبحسب عدد الطبقات الرقيقة (قد تصل إلى 50 طبقة) يمكن التحكم في مقدار الضوء المعكوس ومقدارالضوء النافذ في النظارة.

نوافذ بطريق واحد
يمكن صنع نوافذ بطريق واحد للعمل مع الضوء المستقطب في المختبرات . كما منها ما يستخدم كمرشحات للضوء، أي تسمح للون معين بالنفاذ فيه وتمنع الضوء الآخر ذو أطوال موجة مخالفة (ألوان أخرى).

التقنية

أدوات

مرايا متقابلة
توضع مرآتان أو أكثر بشكل متقابل تماماً لتعطي مظهراً من الانعكاس اللانهائي، وتستخدم بعض الأجهزة هذه المرايا لتوليد انعكاسات متعددة.

الاستخدام العسكري
يقال بأن أرخميدس قد استخدم سلسلة من المرايا الكبيرة لإحراق سفن الرومان عند مهاجمتهم لسيراكوس، وعلى الرغم من تجربة هذه الفكرة إلا أنه لم يتم إثباتها أو نفيها لحد الآن.

الإضاءة الموسمية

استخدمت المرآة للإضاءة الموسمية، فنظراً لموقع القرية الإيطالية فيكانيلا داخل وادٍ شديد الانحدار لا تصل أشعة الشمس إلى القرية بشكل مباشر لمدة سبعة أسابيع في كل شتاء، لذا وفي عام 2006 تم تركيب مرآة مسيطر عليها حاسوبياً بقيمة 100,000 يورو بطول 8 أمتار وعرض 5 أمتار، وذلك لتعكس ضوء الشمس إلى ساحة المدينة. وفي عام 2007 تم تركيب مرآة مشابهة في قرية بوندو في سويسرا. يمكن استخدام المرايا لإنتاج تأثيرات ضوئية محسنة في البيوت البلاستيكية.

الترف

الفن

اللوحات

عادة ما يظهر في تصوير الرسامين لشخص ينظر في المرآة انعكاس ذلك الشخص، وهذا نوع من أنواع التجريد، وفي أغلب الأحيان تكون زاوية الرؤية بشكل لا يكون فيه انعكاس الشخص بادياً للعيان. كذلك الأمر في الأفلام والصور الثابتة حيث يبدو الممثل وكأنه ينظر إلى نفسه في المرآة، وحقيقة الأمر أن الانعكاس هو الذي يكون مواجهاً للمرآة، أما الممثل فلا يرى انعكاسه بل يرى الكاميرا ومشغلها في المرآة فقط.
تظهر المرآة في بعض أشهر اللوحات الأوروبية مثل:
 Édouard Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
 Titian's Venus with a Mirror
 Jan Van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait
 Pablo Picasso's Girl before a Mirror (1932)
 Diego Velázquez's Las Meninas, wherein the viewer is both the watcher (of a self-portrait in progress) and the watched, and the many adaptations of that painting in various media
 Veronese's Venus with a Mirror

الديكور

تستخدم المرايا بكثرة في التزيين الداخلي والديكور والزخرفة.

المرآة والصحة النفسية
يسمى مرض الخوف من المرآة بالسبكتروفوبيا.

المرآة والحيوانات

من الحيوانات التي أظهرت تفاعلاً مع المرايا:
 الفيل الآسيوي
 البونوبو
 الشمبانزي العام
 الدلفين
 إنسان الغاب

أنواع أخرى من المرايا

 مرايا صوتية: أجهزة ذات مكونات إلكترونية فعالة، استخدمت لعكس وربما تركيز موجات الصوت.
 مرايا نشطة: مرايا تضخم الضوء الذي تعكسه، وتستخدم لصناعة أقراص الليزر.
 مرايا ذرية: أجهزة تعكس الموجات المادية، تعمل عند زاوية السقوط وتستخدم عادة في قياس التداخل.
 مرايا باردة: مرايا عازلة كهربائياً تعكس الضوء المرئي بشكل كلي، وتسمح بنفاذ الأشعة تحت الحمراء بكفاءة، وهي معاكسة في عملها للمرايا الساخنة.
 عاكسات الزوايا: تستخدم ثلاث مرايا مسطحة لعكس الضوء ليعود إلى مصدره.
 مرايا ساخنة: تعكس الأشعة تحت الحمراء وتسمح للضوء المرئي بالنفاذ، وتستخدم هذه المرايا لفصل الضوء تحت الأحمر غير المرغوب به، للتقليل من سخونة مكونات الأجهزة البصرية، هذه المرايا معاكسة في عملها للمرايا الباردة.
 عاكسات معدنية: تستخدم لعكس الأشعة تحت الحمراء (كما في الموجات الصغرية.
 مرايا غير عكوسية: مرايا تعطي صوراً غير عكوسية لموادها.
 مرايا الأشعة السينية: تنتج انعكاساً براقاً للأشعة السينية.
 المرايا العازلة (مرايا ذات انعكاسية 100%) : المرايا العازلة (انعكاسية براك Bragg Reflector) ذات التركيب متعدد الطبقات العازله تعرف بالكومة (Stack) التي لها اهمية متزايده في عالمنا اليوم لما لها من تطبيقات واسعه في العديد من فروع العلم والتكنولوجيا لاستعمالها الناجح في كثير من انظمة الليزر البصري، من الممكن تدعم (Boosting) بطبقات المواد العازلة بطقة معدن لزيادة الانعكاسية . إن المرايا ذات الانعكاسية العالية (المرايا العازلة) تكون بتركيب الطبقات ذات ترتيب دوري متناوب (Periodic Structures of alternately) بسمك ربع طول موجي للطبقات التي تتضمن تناوب معاملات الانكسار العالي (nH  والواطئ nL(1/4λo)(High-test and Lowest Refractive Indices) للطبقات وبشكل دوري حيث يرمز للصيغة العامة للكومة بالرمز الاساسHL]s ]وسط السقوط

انظر أيضا
 معادلة العدسة
 انامورفوسيس
 مرآة باردة ومرآة ساخنة
 مرآة استقطاب
 التصميم الداخلي
 المئفاق
 الانعكاسية

ملاحظات

بصريات فيزيائية
تطبيقات الزجاج

مرآة


Alexandra Bujdoso () este o scrimeră germană de origină maghiară specializată pe sabie, vicecampioană mondială la juniori în 2006.

Este pregătită de tatăl său, fostul campion olimpic Imre Bujdosó. În sezonul 2005-2006 a obținut medalia de argint la Campionatul Mondial pentru juniori din 2006 și a câștigat Cupa Mondială de juniori, în timp ce era doar în categoria cadeți. În paralel a cucerit o medalie de bronz la etapa de Cupa Mondială de seniori de la Klagenfurt și a atins sferturile de finală la Campionatul Mondial din 2006 de la Torino. A încheiat sezonul pe locul 11, cel main bun clasament din carieră până în 2016.

A participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008 de la Beijing, unde a fost eliminată în turul doi de vicecampioana olimpică en titre Tan Xue. La ediția din 2012 de la Londra a pierdut în turul întâi cu azera Sabina Mikina.

Palmares
Clasamentul la Cupa Mondială

Legături externe
  Alexandra Bujdoso la Federația Germană de Scrimă

Scrimeri olimpici germani
Sportivi germani în viață
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012
Sabreri

Alexandra Bujdoso


زيلينوغرادسكيي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة موسكو أوبلاست في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1906 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة موسكو

زيلينوغرادسكيي


ألفا جت  طائرة هجوم خفيفة وتدريب متقدمة نفاثة تصنع من قبل شركة دورنير الألمانية وداسولت افياسيون الفرنسية.

المشغلون

الخصائص العامة
 الطاقم: 2
 الطول: 13.23 متر
 طول الجناح: 9.11 متر
 الارتفاع: 4.19 متر
 مساحة الأجنحة: 17.50 متر مربع
 الوزن فارغة: 3515 كلغ
 الوزن محملة: 5,000 كجم
 الوزن الأقصى عند الاقلاع : 7,500 كلغ
 المحرك: محركان من نوع سنيكما Turbomeca Larzac 04-C5 بقوة 13.24 كيلو نيوتن لكل واحد منهما.

الأداء
 السرعة القصوى: 1,000 كم / ساعة (540 كيلو نيوتن، 621 ميلا في الساعة) عند مستوى سطح البحر
 سرعة السقوط: 167 كم / ساعة (مع انزال القلابات وعجلات الهبوط)
 نصف قطرها القتالي: 610 كم (329 NMI، 379 ميل) لو-LO-LO الشخصي، جراب مسدس وأسلحة مضادة للدروع anti- underwing قطرة 2
 المدى: 2940 كم
 أقصى ارتفاع: 14630 متر
 معدل الصعود: 57 م / ث

التسليح
 المدافع: 1 × 27 ملم (1.06 في) ماوزر BK-27 مدفع في المسدس مدفع centreline RDS W/120 حزمة أو 1X 30 ملم DEFA في RDS محور w/150 جراب
 القذائف: 2 × القرون صاروخ ماترا مع 18 × 68 ملم قذائف SNEB لكل منهما؛ 2 × CRV7 القرون صاروخ مع 19 × 70 ملم كل الصواريخ
 الصواريخ: 2 × إيه آي إم-9 سايدويندر ؛ 2 × أر550 ماجيك ؛ 2 × إيه.جي.إم-65 مافريك
 القنابل: 2,500 كلغ من الحمولة على خمسة نقاط تعليق.

المتغيرات
سلاح الجو البرتغالي ألفا جيت ألف المخصصة للطيران عرض فريق شركة أساس دي البرتغال
القوات الجوية الفرنسية ألفا جت E
 ألفا جت ج: إصدار هجوم استخدمت أصلا من قبل ألمانيا.
 ألفا جت E: إصدار المدرب المستخدمة في الأصل من فرنسا وبلجيكا.
 ألفا جيت 2: تنمية ألفا جت E الأمثل لهجوم بري. كان اسمه في الأصل هذه النسخة ألفا جت نجاى (نوفيل الجيل Appui / أو مدرسة "الجيل الجديد هجوم / تدريب")،
 ألفا جت MS1: إغلاق الدعم قادرة على إصدار يتم تجميعها في مصر.
 ألفا جت MS2: نسخة محسنة مع إلكترونيات الطيران الجديدة، محركا uprated وصواريخ ماجيك من الجو إلى الجو، وقمرة القيادة Lancier الزجاج.
 ألفا جت ATS (متقدم نظام التدريب): نسخة مزودة متعددة الوظائف الضوابط وزجاج قمرة القيادة لتدريب الطيارين في استخدام نظم الملاحة والهجوم من الطائرات المقاتلة جيل آخر والمستقبل. كان يسمى أيضا هذا الإصدار ألفا جت 3 أو Lancier

مراجع

العلاقات الألمانية الفرنسية العسكرية
طائرات تدريب عسكرية دولية 1970–1979
طائرات داسو
طائرات دورنير
طائرات ذات أجنحة عالية
طائرات نفاثة ثنائية المحركات
طائرات هجومية دولية 1970–1979

ألفا جت


رومان بيني  (6 مايو 1987 في ليون) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب حاليا في نادي الدرجة الأولى توبيز البلجيكي في مركز الوسط المدافعمعاراً من نادي ليون الفرنسي.

المسيرة الرياضية مع الأندية
بدأ بيني مسيرته الرياضية في نادي أربريسلي ثم انتقل إلى نادي ليون في سنة 2002 ليبدأ مسيرته الاحترافية. شارك في أول مبارياته الرسمية في بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا أمام فريق روزينبورغ النرويجي في سنة 2005 كلاعب بديل عندما دخل في الدقيقة 90.

قبل بداية موسم 2007/2008 تم ترقية بيني إلى الفريق الأول وتم منحه القميص رقم 24 ولكنه لم يشارك في أي مباراة. في الموسم التالي وبسبب ترقية عدد من اللاعبين الناشئين فإن فرصة بيني في المشاركة أصبحت صعبة وبالتالي فقد وافق على الانتقال إلى نادي توبيز من أجل اكتساب بعض من خبرة اللعب على الرغم من أنه يصارع على عدم الهبوط من الدرجة الأولى البلجيكي. وقدم بيني أداء جيد المستوى حيث شارك في 13 مباراة في أول 16 مباراة كلاعب أساسي.

المسيرة الرياضية مع المنتخبات
شارك بايلوت في صفوف منتخب فرنسا للشباب تحت 20 سنة في دورة طولون للشباب 2007 وما زال قانونيا لائقا للمشاركة في نهائيات بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية للشباب تحت 21 سنة التي ستقام في السويد سنة 2009 على الرغم من عدم استدعائه رسميا للمشاركة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
فرنسيون من أصل إفريقي وسطي
لاعبو أميين
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو غويونيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو مولهاوس
مواليد 1987
مواليد في ليون
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثالثة
رياضيون فرنسيون من أصل إفريقي أوسطي

رومان بيني


Saldanha, também conhecida como Baía do Saldanha, é uma cidade de 21.636 habitantes, localizada a  norte da Cidade do Cabo, na costa norte da Baía de Saldanha, na província de Cabo Ocidental na África do Sul . A sua condição de porto natural abrigado levou ao desenvolvimento como porto de exportação de minério de ferro de Sishen no Cabo Setentrional, que é transportado pela linha férrea Sishen – Saldanha . O porto é um dos maiores portos exportadores de minério de toda a África e tem capacidade para movimentar navios de até 200 mil toneladas de porte (nautica). A baía do Saldanha deve o seu nome a António de Saldanha, o capitão de um navio da frota de Albuquerque que visitou a África do Sul em 1503.

Porta
O porto possui instalações de manuseio de minério de ferro a granel e óleo cru. São movimentados navios de até 21,5 metros de calado, bem como grandes navios petroleiros de até 20,5 metros de calado.

Demografia (2011)

 Área:
 População: 28.142:
 Famílias: 7.654: 440.81 por quilômetros quadrados (1,141.7/sq mi)

Referências

Cabo Ocidental
Cidades da África do Sul

Saldanha (África do Sul)


The Iron Range is collectively or individually a number of elongated iron-ore mining districts around Lake Superior in the United States and Canada. Much of the ore-bearing region lies alongside the range of granite hills formed by the Giants Range batholith. These cherty iron ore deposits are Precambrian in the Vermilion Range and middle Precambrian in the Mesabi and Cuyuna ranges, all in Minnesota. The Gogebic Range in Wisconsin and the Marquette Iron Range and Menominee Range in Michigan have similar characteristics and are of similar age. Natural ores and concentrates were produced from 1848 until the mid-1950s, when taconites and jaspers were concentrated and pelletized, and started to become the major source of iron production.

The mining districts are in Minnesota's Arrowhead region. The region's far eastern area, containing the Duluth Complex along the shore of Lake Superior, and the far northern area, along the Canada–U.S. border, are not associated with iron ore mining, but deposits of copper, nickel, and cobalt at the northern boundary of the Duluth Complex, where it meets the iron formations, are being considered for mining.

The Iron Range and its economy

From a geological perspective, Minnesota's Iron Range includes these four major iron deposits:
 Mesabi Range, the largest iron range, largely within Itasca and Saint Louis counties;
 Vermilion Range, northeast of the Mesabi, in Saint Louis and Lake counties;
 Gunflint Range, in the extreme northern portion of Cook County and extending into Canada; and
 Cuyuna Range, southwest of the Mesabi, largely within Crow Wing County.

Within Minnesota, "The Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation is a State Department, established by the legislature of 1941 to render public service through research and the actual development of all the state's resources both natural and human." The Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board (IRRRB), known as "the I-triple-R-B" or Iron Range Resources, is an economic development agency funded partly by state taxes on taconite-producing companies and charged with creating jobs.

There have been attempts to expand mining to new parts of the Iron Range, most notably with the Twin Metals mine, but these have received pushback from the federal government and environmentalists because of environmental concerns resulting from their proximity to national protected lands.

History
Geologically, the Mesabi, Gunflint, and Cuyuna Ranges in Minnesota belong to the Paleoproterozoic Animikie Group, while the Vermilion Range is Neoarchean. The geologic history of the formations containing iron are typical of banded iron formations worldwide.

Before the 19th century, Native American groups mined native copper on the Keweenaw Peninsula. William Austin Burt discovered iron ore in the Marquette Range near Negaunee, Michigan in 1844. Iron ore was discovered on the Menominee Range in 1867 and on the Gogebic Range in 1884. It was first discovered in Minnesota on the Vermilion Range in 1885, the Mesabi Range in 1890, and the Cuyuna Range in 1903.

Underground mines were developed to remove the valuable ore of most ranges. But on the Mesabi and Cuyuna Ranges, iron mining operations evolved into enormous open pit mines, where steamshovels and other industrial machines could remove massive amounts of ore. "Large-scale commercial production of magnetite taconite ore on the Mesabi Range started in 1956 at the Peter Mitchell Mine near Babbitt, Minnesota."

Cities and towns
Some of the more significant communities in the region include:
 Aitkin (pop. 2,165) is on the Cuyuna Range's eastern edge.
 Aurora (pop. 1,853) is on the Eastern Mesabi Range. The former St. James, Meadow, Miller and Stephens mines lie within the city limits.
 Babbitt (pop. 1,475)
 Biwabik (pop. 969)
 Bovey (pop. 804) is along U.S. Highway 169 between Coleraine and Taconite.
 Buhl (pop. 1,000) is along U.S. Highway 169 between Chisholm and Virginia.
 Chisholm (pop. 4,976) is the Mesabi Range's geographic center.
 Coleraine (pop. 1,970) has been called the "start place of the Iron Range."
 Crosby (pop. 2,386) is an old mining boomtown on the Iron Range's southwestern edge.
 Deerwood (pop. 529) Mining engineer Cuyler Adams discovered the Cuyuna Range near Deerwood in 1895.
 Ely (pop. 3,460), in the Vermillion Range, is perhaps best known as the most popular entry point for the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.
 Eveleth (pop. 3,718) Home of the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame
 Grand Rapids (pop. 10,869) is named for the local rapids in the Mississippi River.
 Gilbert (pop. 1,799) is the location of Lake Ore-be-gone, an artificial lake created by flooding three open-pit iron ore mines.
 Hibbing (pop. 16,361) is the largest city by area in the state of Minnesota. It is home to the Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine, one of the world's largest open pit iron mines.
 Hoyt Lakes (pop. 1,888) is in the eastern Mesabi Range. Erie Mining Company previously mined ore and testing to mine new minerals is ongoing.
 Keewatin (pop. 1,068) is between Nashwauk and Hibbing. It is home to U.S. Steel's KeeTac taconite mining and processing plant.
 Kinney (pop. 169) is an old mining boomtown on the Iron Range, between Buhl and Mountain Iron.
 Mountain Iron (pop. 2,869) is home to Minntac, the world's largest taconite processing plant.
 Nashwauk (pop. 983) is a small town between Grand Rapids and Hibbing, 4 miles from Keewatin.
 Soudan is an unincorporated community in Breitung Township, Saint Louis County immediately east of the city of Tower on Minn.Highway 169 / Minn.Highway 1. It is the home of the Soudan Underground Mine State Park , which contained the University of Minnesota's Soudan Underground Laboratory, which housed detectors, including MINOS, over 700 meters below the earth's surface.
 Taconite (pop. 360), named after the taconite pellets from iron ore, was a town many miners lived in.
 Virginia (pop. 8,712) is next to the Rouchleau mine pit, which is nearly three miles long, half a mile wide and 450 feet deep. The state's tallest bridge crosses the pit.
 Winton (pop 172). Once several times larger than Ely, Winton sits just 3 miles north of Ely, and was once home to a very large lumber mill and a lumber boomtown.

Nearby communities important to the Iron Range:
 Duluth (pop. 86,265) The fourth largest city in the state, is a destination for much of the ore shipped via the DM&IR railroad and loaded onto Lake freighters. A large part of the Iron Range is also included in the Duluth MN-WI MSA.
 Grand Marais (pop. 1,351) The area was a bustling fur trading station since the 1700s, and the French voyageurs called the settled village Grand Marais ("Great Marsh"), referring to a marsh that in early fur-trading times was 20 acres (8.1 ha) or less in area, nearly at the level of Lake Superior, and situated at the head of the little bay and harbor that led to the settlement of the village. The town comprises much of the Gunflint Trail, which extends to the former Paulson Mine site.
 Silver Bay (pop 1,857) is home to the plant that processes taconite from Babbitt.
 Two Harbors (pop. 3,745) is the county seat of Lake County, along the shore of Lake Superior. The town was historically an important port for loading and shipping iron ore from the Range.

Culture
Immigrants from over 23 countries settled the area, drawn to the mining industry. By 1910 the Finns were the largest immigrant group, followed by Slovenes and Croats from the Austrian Empire, and Italians and Swedes. Over time the area developed a strong "Ranger" culture and accent. This northern Minnesota accent is still present in the area, especially among older people; hence the popular nickname "da Range". Ice hockey is a predominant sport in the region, which has produced several NHL players as well as all three members of the "Iron line" from the 1980 U.S.A. Hockey Miracle on Ice team. In 2022, a documentary focusing on high school hockey in the Iron Range was released.

The regional culture is strongly linked to former periods of steady, usually well-paid mining employment, although in recent decades, the region's outdoor recreation and relative remoteness has attracted new residents unconnected to the industry. There are tensions between supporters and detractors of mining, especially over the potential reuse of ironworks to exploit copper ores. Bob Dylan, who grew up in Hibbing, memorialized the Iron Range in the 1963 song "North Country Blues", a lament portraying hard times in the region. Presented in his 1964 album The Times They Are a-Changin', it includes such lines as:

So the mining gates locked and the red iron rotted
And the room smelled heavy from drinking
When the sad, silent song made the hour twice as longAs I waited for the sun to go sinking''

The Iron Range is known for Cornish pasties stuffed with a combination of ground beef and pork, rutabaga, onion, carrots, and potatoes. Pasties were an easy lunch for those working deep in the iron mines. Slovenian and Croatian immigrants brought the honey-nut bread potica to the Iron Range; it is still served on Easter and Christmas in northern Minnesota.

Politics

The area has remained a Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party stronghold despite its predominantly white and rural population because of its history of a largely unionized workforce in the mining industry, the mainstay of the economy of the Iron Range. In 2004, John Kerry carried most of the counties in the region by a comfortable margin. This was perhaps aided by George W. Bush calling the area the "Iron Ridge" in a campaign speech. Barack Obama outperformed McCain in 2008, carrying every county in the Range. The area was the largest rural Democratic stronghold in Minnesota outside of the urban centers in Minneapolis and St. Paul. In 2016, Donald Trump's populist economic policies changed the Range's electoral profile. He won multiple counties, reduced past Democratic winning margins and received endorsements from local Democratic mayors. In the 2022 midterm elections, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor party lost more ground on the Iron Range, with Republican candidates running for lower-profile statewide offices flipping Carlton County. In the state legislature, Republicans picked up several seats on the Range despite losing both chambers overall. Nevertheless, the Range as a whole still votes slightly in favor of Democratic presidential nominees, thanks to Duluth.

Climate
The region is known for harsh winters and pleasant summers. The average year-round temperature is in the 30s °F (between about 2 °C and 4 °C). Temperatures below −40 °F/°C occur somewhere in the region during most winters. The Midwestern Regional Climate Center climate summaries record that Virginia has a mean annual temperature of 38 °F, with an average January low temperature of −6.2 °F (about −21 °C) and July high of 77.4 °F (25 °C). Precipitation there averages 27 in (690 mm) annually and snowfall 53.2 in (135 cm).

See also
 Stromatolite
 Mesaba Railway

References

Further reading

External links

 Mining Communities in Northeastern Minnesota with a map
 Mn DNR
 Minnesota Historical Society
 Iron Range Research Center Digital Collection Minnesota Reflections

Regions of Minnesota
Iron
Geography of Aitkin County, Minnesota
Geography of Carlton County, Minnesota
Geography of Cook County, Minnesota
Geography of Itasca County, Minnesota
Geography of Koochiching County, Minnesota
Geography of Lake County, Minnesota
Geography of St. Louis County, Minnesota

Iron Range


Barum kan henvise til:
 Barum (Sverige) – en landsby i Kristianstads kommun i landskapet Skåne i Sverige.
 Barum (Landkreis Uelzen) – en kommune i Landkreis Uelzen i delstaten Niedersachsen i Tyskland.
 Barum (Landkreis Lüneburg) – en kommune i Landkreis Lüneburg i delstaten Niedersachsen i Tyskland.

Se også
 Bäckaskogskvinnan – et skeletfund fra jægerstenalderen gjort i Sverige nær Barum, så fundet kaldes også Barumkvinnan.

Barum