Rakia, rakija, rachiu or raki (), is the collective term for fruit spirits (or fruit brandy) popular in the Balkans. The alcohol content of rakia is normally 40% ABV, but home-produced rakia can be stronger (typically 50–80%).

Etymology
Fruit spirits are known by similar names in many languages of the Balkans: ; ; ; ; ;  (/rɑːˈkiː/, /rɑːˈkuː/, /rɑːˈkɜːr/). Similar drinks include sadjevec in Slovenia, țuică or pălincă in Romania, pálinka in Hungary, and pálenka in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Overview
Rakija is produced from fermented and distilled fruits, typically plums and grapes, but also apricots, pears, cherries or raspberries. Other fruits but less commonly used are peaches, apples, figs, blackberries, and quince. Common flavours are šljivovica and țuică, produced from plums, kajsija, produced from apricots, or grozdova/lozova in Bulgaria, raki rrushi in Albania and Kosovo, lozovača/komovica in Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina all produced from grapes. These are the same as "Zivania" in Cyprus.

Similar spirits are produced in Romania, Moldova, Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria and the Caucasus. In Albania, rakia is most commonly made out of grapes in mild climate regions and out of plums (and sometimes out of mulberry, thanë (carnelian cherry), or walnuts) in colder climate areas.

Plum and grape rakia are sometimes mixed with other ingredients, such as herbs, honey, sour cherries and walnuts, after distillation.

Normally, rakia is colorless, unless herbs or other ingredients are added. Some types of rakia are kept in wooden barrels (oak or mulberry) for extra aroma and a golden color.

It is supposed to be drunk from special small glasses which hold from 30 to 50 ml.

Greek ouzo (from grape) and tsipouro (from pomace), Turkish rakı (from sun-dried grapes) and arak in Lebanon and Levant region differ from rakia as they are redistilled with some herbs (commonly anise). Some tsipouro in Greece is made without anise in the same manner as pomace rakia (or pomace brandy). "Boğma rakı" in Turkey (common name of the domestic raki which is produced at homes and villages) is similar to rakia in the Balkans.

By country

Albania
Raki () (a type of rakia) is a traditional drink in Albania. Until the 19th century, meyhanes would serve wine or meze. Rakia is deeply connected to the Albanian tradition and as such it is produced everywhere in Albania and Kosovo, sometimes professionally and sometimes in an artisanal way. Skrapar is a region of Albania known for the production of rakia. In fact, Skrapar spirit is very popular not only in Albania but also elsewhere in Europe. In every part of Albania, Skrapar spirit is always required in all festive ceremonies, as the best alcoholic beverage. Grapes are grown in pergolas that are arranged in tall trees such as oaks, plums, etc. Overall, the Skrapar area produces a strong spirit with an alcohol content of up to 45%. The most famous villages for the production of rakia are Zaberzan, Muzhakë, Rog, and Vendreshë. After the grapes are harvested, they are pressed and collected in wooden barrels. Today, plastic barrels are used. The crushed grape, at this stage is called bërsi, is left for 25 days, almost a month which is also the right time for fermentation. Proper grape fermentation is also understood by a strong characteristic odor. When this fermentation is achieved, the shoots are ready to produce spirit. The grape shoots are then boiled in tinned and sealed copper pots, the wood used must be oak wood which produces a lot of heat needed to turn the shoots into steam. These vapors then pass through copper pipes which pass through a cold container from where the opposite process is achieved, that of distillation, ie the return to liquid state of the vapors. At the bottom of the tube is placed a small nape from which the spirit flows into a glass or plastic container. The spirit is then stored in small glass bottles. Rakia is produced in a similar way in Kosovo, where it is usually served with meze. Rahovec is the best-known producer of rakia in the country and there is an annual festival dedicated to rakia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Rakija (Cyrillic: Ракија) is very popular and widespread in Bosnia and Herzegovina, just like in its neighboring countries. A major contributing factor to the production of rakija in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the diversity and availability of fruit in the valley of the river Drina and the untouched and very often wild nature in the mountains.
The traditional old craft of producing rakija has managed to survive long throughout time and it is still widely practiced. The production of homemade rakija for private use is the most popular.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria cites an old piece of pottery from the 14th century in which the word rakiya () is inscribed. The inscription on it reads: "I have celebrated with rakija." The country has taken measures to declare the drink as a national drink in the European Union to allow lower excise duty domestically but has yet yielded no concrete results. During an archaeological study, Bulgarian archaeologists discovered an 11th-century fragment of a distillation vessel used for the production of rakiya. Due to the age of the fragment, contradicting the idea that rakiya production only began in the 16th century, some historians believe this indicates that rakiya did originally come from Bulgaria. The EU recognizes 12 brands of Bulgarian rakiya through the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) marks, which protect the name of products from a specific region that follow a traditional production process.

Serbia

Rakija () is one of the most popular alcoholic drinks in Serbia. It is the national drink of Serbia. According to Dragan Đurić, President of the Association of Producers of Natural Spirits, the EU protects the names of beverages by allowing the prefix Serbian. In Serbia there are 10,000 private producers of rakija. Two thousand are on the official register and only about a hundred cellars produce high-quality spirit. The most popular rakijas in Serbia are: "sljivovica"-it is made from plum, apricot rakija and pear rakija. Belgrade is the site of a Rakija museum. A 14th century Serbian source is the earliest confirmation of Rakija-making.

Croatia

Rakija is the most popular spirit in Croatia. Travarica (herbal rakija) is usually served at the beginning of the meal, together with dried figs. The Croatian Adriatic coast is known for a great variety of herbal rakija, some typical for only one island or group of islands. The island Hvar is famous for rakija with the addition of Myrtus (mrtina—bitter and dark brown). Southern islands, such as Korčula, and the city of Dubrovnik are famous for rakija with anise (aniseta), and in central Dalmatia the most popular rakija is rakija with walnuts (orahovica). It's usually homemade, and served with dry cookies or dried figs. In the summer, it's very typical to see huge glass jars of rakija with nuts steeping in the liquid on every balcony, because the process requires the exposure of orahovica to the sun. In the northern Adriatic—mainly Istria—rakija is typically made of honey (medica) or mistletoe (biska). Biska, which is yellow-brown and sweet, is a typical liquor of Istria. In the interior of the country a spirit called šljivovica (shlivovitza) is made from plums, and one called viljamovka (viliam-ovka) is made from Williams pears.
Croatia has EU Protected Geographical Indication of 6 rakija products (Zadarski maraschino ,Hrvatska travarica, Hrvatski pelinkovac, Hrvatska stara šljivovica, Slavonska šljivovica and Hrvatska loza).

Turkey
Raki or rakı (, , , ) is an unsweetened, occasionally (depending on area of production) anise-flavoured, alcoholic drink that is popular in Iran, Turkic countries, and in the Balkan countries as an apéritif. It is often served with seafood or meze. It is comparable to several other alcoholic beverages available around the Mediterranean and the Middle East, such as pastis, ouzo, sambuca, arak and aguardiente. In Turkey, it is considered a national drink.

North Macedonia
Rakija () is one of the most popular spirits in North Macedonia, with the most common types are yellow and white grape rakija.Tikves winery makes the most famous rakija which is made in Kavadarci. A lot of people in North Macedonia make homemade white rakija with natural process from grape distillate and add anise which gives sweetness. In industrial production, the percentage of alcohol in rakija is between 40 and 45 percent, but in domestic production, this percentage can be more than 60.

Romania and Moldova
In Romania and Moldova, the related word rachiu or rachie is used to refer to a similar alcoholic beverage as these neighboring countries, often a strong fruit-based spirit, usually from grapes. However, the more commonly used terms for similar popular beverages are țuică and palincă; țuică in particular is prepared only from plums. Additionally, the regional term vinars (literally "burnt-wine") in Romania, and divin in Moldova, can refer to brandy in general as well.

Greece
In Greece, raki (Greek: ρακή) ) is the most popular traditional Cretan spirit, also known as tsikoudia (Greek: τσικουδιά). The Greek raki is a pomace brandy made by single distilling grapes after most of their juice has been extracted to produce wine and having left them to ferment in barrels. Special permits are given from late October until the end of November to produce raki at home in Cretan villages. Cretan raki is not twice distilled like tsipouro and does not contain anise. It is commonly served cold as an apéritif with seafood and meze, usually referred to as rakomezedes, or as a complimentary digestif with spoon sweets or fruit after a meal.

The Cretan raki is an integral element of the island's culture, identified by many as "the national drink of Crete" and linked to hospitality.

When offered, one should never deny a glass of it. Rakomelo (Greek: ρακόμελο) is also a popular spirit made by combining raki with honey (Greek: μέλι) and several spices, such as cinnamon, cardamom, or other regional herbs.

Serving
In North Macedonia it often served with pristine mountain sheep cheese, variety of salads such as shopska salad cabbage salad, yogurt and cucumber salad, root salads, olives dipped in olive oil, as well as yellow cheese kashkaval and less commonly with pork roast or dried pork meats.

In Bulgaria, rakiya is generally served with shopska salad, yogurt salad, pickled vegetables (turshiya) or other salads, which form the first course of the meal. Muskatova rakiya is made from Muscat grapes, while the preparation method of dzhibrova rakiya is the same as for Italian grappa.

In summer, rakiya is usually served ice cold, while in winter it's served "cooked" (Serbian: кувана / kuvana or грејана / grejana, Bulgarian: греяна (greyana), Croatian: kuhana, rakiya (also called Šumadija tea in Serbia). Rakiya is heated and sweetened with honey or sugar, with added spices. Heated in large kettles, it is often offered to visitors to various open-air festivities, especially in winter. It is similar to mulled wine, as weaker brands of rakiya are used (or stronger ones diluted with water).

Ritual use

Although wine is the essential part of the Eucharist rite in the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the region, rakia has found uses in certain religious and related rituals across the Balkans.

At the end of the Orthodox Christian burial service, at the exit from the cemetery, visitors are offered a piece of soda bread (pogača) and a glass of rakia. When drinking "for the soul" of the deceased, one spills some rakia on the ground, saying "For the peaceful rest of the soul", before drinking the rest.

During wedding ceremonies, the groom's father goes around all tables and offers a glass of rakia to all guests, sharing a toast for the happiness of the newlyweds. In general, in the Balkans, rakia is offered to guests in one's home as a welcoming gesture.

It is also used as a sacramental element in Bektashi and Alevi Jem ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".

Types
There are many kinds of rakia, depending on the fruit it is produced from:

See also

 Chacha (brandy)
 Liqueur
 Pomace brandy

References

External links

 Rakia as special drink

Albanian distilled drinks
Bosnia and Herzegovina distilled drinks
Bulgarian distilled drinks
Ceremonial food and drink
Croatian distilled drinks
Fruit brandies
Funeral food and drink
Guest greeting food and drink
Macedonian distilled drinks
Montenegrin distilled drinks
Romanian distilled drinks
Serbian distilled drinks
Slovenian distilled drinks
Turkish distilled drinks

Rakia


Paşaköy, Yüreğir - Adana ili Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Alanya - Antalya ili Alanya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Yenipazar - Aydın ili Yenipazar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Balıkesir - Balıkesir ili mahalle
 Paşaköy, Susurluk - Balıkesir ili Susurluk ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Ayvacık - Çanakkale ili Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Paşaköy, Çankırı - Çankırı ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Paşaköy, Çorum - Çorum ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Paşaköy, İpsala - Edirne ili İpsala ilçesine bağlı köy
 Paşaköy, Antakya - Hatay ili Antakya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Reyhanlı - Hatay ili Reyhanlı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Sancaktepe - İstanbul ili Sancaktepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Bergama - İzmir ili Bergama ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Taşköprü - Kastamonu ili Taşköprü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Paşaköy, Hendek - Sakarya ili Hendek ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Vezirköprü - Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Altınyayla - Sivas ili Altınyayla ilçesine bağlı köy
 Paşaköy, Çorlu - Tekirdağ ili Çorlu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Bahçesaray - Van ili Bahçesaray ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşaköy, Şefaatli - Yozgat ili Şefaatli ilçesine bağlı beldesi

Paşaköy


La Forêt d'argent () est un heimatfilm ouest-allemand réalisé par  et sorti en 1957.

C'est la suite de L'Écho des montagnes sorti en 1954.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original allemand :
 Titre français : La Forêt d'argent
 Réalisateur :
 Scénario : Ilse von Gasteiger, Ernst A. Welisch
 Photographie :
 Montage : Heinz Haber
 Musique : Karl Götz, Hans Oliva-Hagen
 Production : August Rieger, , Robert Siepen
 Sociétés de production : Rex-Film
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : allemand
 Format : Couleur - 1,37:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 97 minutes
 Genre : Heimatfilm
 Dates de sortie :
 Allemagne de l'Ouest :
 France :

Distribution
  : Ulli Hoellrigl
  : Christian Pachegg
 Rudolf Carl : Mathias Hoellrigl
 Lucie Englisch : Mathilde Hoellrigl
 Traute Wassler : Josefa Rohrer
 Brigitte Antonius : Zenzi
 Emmerich Schrenk : Rupert, contremaître
 Fritz Muliar : Franzl
  : Paul
 Harry Kratz : Loisl
 Walter Varndal
 Heinrich Fuchs
 Ludwig Geiger
 Vera Comployer

Production
Le film a été tourné à Maria Alm am Steinernen Meer en Autriche.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film allemand sorti en 1957
Suite de film allemand
Heimatfilm
Film mettant en scène un chasseur
Film dramatique allemand
Film tourné en Autriche
Film se déroulant en Autriche
Film se déroulant dans les Alpes
Film en allemand
Film se déroulant dans une forêt

La Forêt d'argent (film)


Mestečko este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Púchov din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 520 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Mestečko este atestată documentar din 1471.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Mestečko


Archibald Martin Bleyer (June 12, 1909 – March 20, 1989) was an American song arranger, bandleader, and record company executive.

Early life
Bleyer was born in the Corona section of the New York City borough of Queens. His father was a well-known trumpet player who had played with the Metropolitan Opera.  The younger Bleyer began playing the piano when he was only seven years old. In 1927, he attended Columbia College, intending to become an electrical engineer, but as a sophomore switched to a music major. Without graduating, he left to become an arranger. In the early 1930s, Bleyer wrote a number of songs that were recorded, all 'hot' novelty numbers, including "Mouthful O'Jam", "Business In F" and "Business In Q".

In 1934, he began to lead his own band at Earl Carroll's club in Hollywood, California. Bleyer's orchestra recorded for Vocalion Records in 1934 and in 1935 moved to the ARC group of labels (Melotone, Perfect, Romeo, Oriole).  One of the vocalists who worked with this orchestra was Johnny Mercer, who later became known as a songwriter and co-founder of Capitol Records.

In 1945, Bleyer began a collaboration on the CBS radio network as the orchestra conductor for the popular Gordon MacRae Show. Included among the instrumentalist who appeared with his orchestra was John Serry Sr., who emerged in later years as a leading orchestral accordionist.

Godfrey years
Bleyer became Arthur Godfrey's musical director in 1946, remaining in this role until 1953. Many close to Godfrey considered Bleyer's creativity and understanding of music to be pivotal to the success of Godfrey's radio and TV programs. And while Godfrey was known to be short-fused and controlling, he often deferred to Bleyer's judgment in the areas of presentation and production.

Bleyer founded Cadence Records in 1952. The label's first artist was Julius La Rosa, a member of the Godfrey cast, which also included vocalists Janette Davis, Frank Parker, Marion Marlowe, and the racially integrated vocal group The Mariners. At the time, La Rosa was the show's most popular cast member. Bleyer had several instrumental hit singles of his own, and signed other artists who had performed on Godfrey's programs, including The Chordettes, one of whose members, Janet Ertel, became his wife in 1954.

In the fall of 1953, Godfrey dismissed La Rosa on the air and later claimed the young singer "lacked humility", which diminished Godfrey's popularity. La Rosa had hired a personal manager, going against an unofficial Godfrey policy. That same day, Godfrey fired Bleyer, apparently offended when Bleyer recorded spoken recitations by Chicago radio personality Don McNeill, host of Don McNeill's Breakfast Club. This long-running Godfrey-like show was based in Chicago and broadcast nationally, but its popularity was mainly in the Midwest and tailored to that audience. Always insecure, Godfrey felt McNeill, whose show had once been a competitor, was still in competition though Godfrey was the dominant personality of his generation. Godfrey later claimed when he confronted Bleyer and threatened to fire him from at least one of the three shows Godfrey hosted, the conductor shrugged and told him to do what he had to do.Radio historian John Dunning has suggested, in On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, that Bleyer's relationship with Janet Ertel was also a factor in Godfrey's decision to fire him; Godfrey tried to enforce a no-dating policy among his cast and fired several who dated each other. Bleyer never made a public comment about his days with Godfrey. The public furor that surrounded LaRosa's firing and, to a lesser extent, Bleyer's, began the slow unraveling of Godfrey's seemingly unstoppable dominance of radio and TV, just as Bleyer's career was beginning to blossom. The loss of Bleyer's expertise in staging and production matters, where he served as an informal mentor to Godfrey despite their age differences, was detrimental to Godfrey's programs.

Cadence Records
While LaRosa was unable to sustain his early successes, later Cadence artists included Andy Williams and the label's biggest act of all, The Everly Brothers, whose hits such as "Bye Bye Love" and "Wake Up Little Susie" were produced by Bleyer in Nashville with country studio musicians led by Chet Atkins. Bleyer was also the step father-in-law of Phil Everly. (In 1963, Everly married Jacqueline Alice Ertel, daughter of Bleyer's wife, Janet. They divorced in 1970.) Don Shirley appeared on the label in 1955 with "Tonal Expressions". It became a Top 15 album in the spring of that year, reportedly selling more than 20,000 copies, a respectable debut for a jazz artist. It was the only chart album Shirley was to enjoy, but his sales remained steady enough that he was with the label until it closed in 1964, recording more than a dozen long-play releases.

Bleyer also had limits to his tolerance for rock and roll. While he clearly, and correctly, viewed the Everlys as a commercially appealing, clean-cut act whose country-influenced harmonies could reach a vast following, he was not as tolerant of pioneer garage-rock guitarist Link Wray. In 1957, Bleyer reluctantly agreed to release Wray's no-frills, roaring instrumental "Rumble," in part due to his daughter's fascination with the song. Wray had a contract with Cadence, but in 1958 after he submitted a newly recorded album of similarly raw material recorded in Nashville, Bleyer was convinced the instrumental music was morally and musically inappropriate. He shelved the album and canceled Wray's contract. The material would not be released for decades until it was acquired by the British Rollercoaster label.

Cadence had a short-lived jazz subsidiary, Candid, which lasted for about a year from 1960 (it was reactivated under new owners several decades later).

Cadence had another major hit in 1962 with comic Vaughn Meader's album The First Family'', which featured Meader's comedic sketches and his peerless impersonations of President John F. Kennedy. The album was an enormous seller, as was a follow-up, until Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.

Cadence always maintained a small roster of artists. Other Cadence hits included 14 chart hits by Johnny Tillotson, ten by The Chordettes, four by Lenny Welch, and two by Don Shirley. In 1964, Bleyer, who was unable to accept the changing pop music market at the dawn of the British Invasion, sold the Cadence label and all its recordings (except for certain material which he kept to himself, like the Link Wray album). The buyer was Cadence artist Andy Williams, who formed Barnaby Records to manage the Cadence catalog.

Bleyer moved with his wife Janet to her hometown of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, where he died in 1989 of the effects of Parkinson's disease.

Bleyer was a freemason, and a member of St. Cecile Lodge No. 568, New York City.

Selected records
"Amber", first instrumental (1954)
"Hernando's Hideaway" (1954)
"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane" (1954)

References

External links
Archie Bleyer bio on the SOLID! site
Archie Bleyer bio on the IMDb site
Archie Bleyer bio on the Black Cat Rockabilly site
[ Allmusic]

1909 births
1989 deaths
American bandleaders
Apex Records artists
American music industry executives
People from Corona, Queens
People from Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Cadence Records artists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American businesspeople
Musicians from New York (state)
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
Record producers from New York (state)
American music arrangers
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Wisconsin
20th-century American male musicians
Columbia College (New York) alumni

Archie Bleyer


Fernando Garrido puede referirse a:

 Fernando Garrido Baixauli (1975-), escritor español;
 Fernando Garrido Falla (1921-2003), jurista español - considerado uno de los padres de la Ciencia Jurídica Pública en la España del ;
 Fernando Garrido Tortosa (1821-1883), político y escritor español;
 Fernando Garrido Valenzuela (1971-), político español;
 Fernando Garrido Velasco (1958-), alpinista español.

Fernando Garrido (desambiguación)


Think Big (1970 – 23 February 1995) was a Thoroughbred racehorse who raced in Australia, winning the Melbourne Cup in both 1974 and 1975.

Background
Bred by the estate of the late L. A. Alexander, Think Big was purchased by Australian trainer Bart Cummings for Malaysian businessman, Dato Tan Chin Nam for $10,000 at the Trentham yearling sales in New Zealand.  Initially co-owned by Dato Tan Chin Nam and Queensland property developer Rick O'Sullivan, the two owners later included Malaysia's first Prime Minister ('the Father of Malaysia') Tunku Abdul Rahman in Think Big's interests. He was conditioned for racing by Cummings, who maintained a share in the horse,

Racing career
Think Big started eight times at age two, earning just one win. As a three-year-old he had fifteen starts for five wins. His third to Igloo in the Brisbane Cup was an indication of better things to come.

The popular Bart Cummings trained mare Leilani was the favourite for the 1974 Melbourne Cup but she was run down in the last fifty metres by her stablemate Think Big under jockey Harry White. The win gave Cummings his fourth Melbourne Cup win and his third quinella of the race.

Following his second last in the lead up MacKinnon Stakes, Think Big started at 33–1 in the 1975 Melbourne Cup, assigned high-weight of 58 kg. He had not won a race since his victory the previous year. But at his favourite course and distance, again under jockey Harry White, he fought off a challenge from stablemate Holiday Waggon to record his second win.

Retirement
A gelding, after his racing career was over Think Big lived out his days at jockey Harry White's 200-hectare farm in Gisborne near Victoria, Australia where he died, on 23 February 1995, and is buried.

In his autobiography Bart: My Life Cummings recounts the story of Think Big being named by co-owner Rick O'Sullivan's wife Joan at a dinner between the O'Sullivans and Dato Tan Chin Nam in Melbourne. When the subject of the possibility of winning the Melbourne Cup was raised, Joan O'Sullivan said to her husband "You are always thinking big."

See also
 List of Melbourne Cup winners

References
General

Specific

External links
 Think Big's pedigree and partial racing stats
 Thoroughbred News article on Think Big stud
 The Age Company Ltd. 19 October 2003 article by Daniel Oakes on Harry White and Think Big

1970 racehorse births
1995 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in New Zealand
Racehorses trained in Australia
Melbourne Cup winners
Thoroughbred family 5-d
Godolphin Arabian sire line

Think Big (horse)


Lusia ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Rovigo in Venetien.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 10 Kilometer westnordwestlich von Rovigo an der Etsch und grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Padua. Lusia liegt im mittleren Westen der Polesine. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Barbona (PD), Lendinara, Rovigo, Sant'Urbano (PD), Villanova del Ghebbo

Geschichte
Der Ort war bereits zur Zeiten der Römer besiedelt, wie zahlreiche Funde belegen. 589 wurde der Ort geteilt, als die Etsch ihren Lauf änderte. Zwischen 11. und 14. Jahrhundert fiel es abwechselnd unter den Einfluss der Este und der Stadt Padua. Nach dem sogenannten Salzkrieg zwischen der Republik Venedig und dem Herzogtum Ferrara fiel der Ort 1484 an Venedig. Unter Venedig erhielt Lusia die Gemeinderechte. In der napoleonischen Epoche und dem Ende der "Serenissima" war der Ort Teil der Cisalpinischen Republik, bevor er mit dem Wiener Kongress 1815 dem Habsburgerreich eingegliedert wurde. 1866 gelangte er zum Königreich Italien. Der im Laufe seiner Geschichte von der Etsch mehrmals überflutete Ort, wurde bei einem alliierten Bombenangriff am 20. April 1945 während der alliierten Frühjahrsoffensive und der nahen Etschbrücke galt, schwer in Mitleidenschaft gezogen und der historische Ortskern fast vollständig zerstört. Der Angriff kostete 74 Einwohnern das Leben. In der Folge wurde der Ortskern von Lusia etwa 300 m vom Etschufer neu aufgebaut.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Neue Pfarrkirche Santi Vito e Modesto
 Kirche San Lorenzo im Ortsteil Cavazzana im neoklassischen Stil errichtet
 Torre Morosini, einziger erhaltener Teil der im 16. Jahrhundert errichteten und 1945 zerstörten Villa Morosini

Wirtschaft
Die Wirtschaft des Ortes ist stark von der Landwirtschaft geprägt. Angebaut werden rund um Lusia der unter geschützter Herkunftsbezeichnung  g.g.A. stehende Salat Insalata di Lusia  sowie der unter geschützter Ursprungsbezeichnung (Denominazione d'Origine Protetta) (DOP)  stehende Koblauch Aglio bianco polesano.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Venetien
Ort an der Etsch

Lusia


Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) er et fysikeksperiment i storskala beregnet på at detektere gravitationsbølger.

LIGO blev grundlagt i 1992 af Kip Thorne og Ronald Drever ved Caltech og Rainer Weiss ved MIT.

LIGO er et samarbejde mellem videnskabsfolk ved MIT, Caltech, og mange andre universiteter. Der er involveret mere end 900 videnskabsfolk i projektet og analyse af dataene via gravitationsbølge astronomi.
LIGO bliver finanseret af National Science Foundation (NSF), med vigtige bidrag fra UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, Max Planck Society i Tyskland - og Australian Research Council.

Ved midt-september 2015 "the world's largest gravitational-wave facility" blev en 5-års US$200-million opgradering afsluttet, med en samlet udgift på $620 million.

LIGO er det største og mest ambitiøse projekt som nogensinde er blevet finansieret af NSF.

LIGO opererer synkroniseret to gravitationsbølgeobservatorier: LIGO Livingston Observatory () i Livingston, Louisiana - og LIGO Hanford Observatory på DOE Hanford Site (), lokaliseret nær Richland, Washington. Disse steder ligger adskilt 3.002 km fra hinanden. LIGO drift startede mellem 2002 og 2010 og detekterede ingen gravitationsbølger. Dette blev fulgt af flere års nedlukning, mens detektorerne blev udskiftet med den forbedrede detektorversion "Advanced LIGO".  I februar 2015, blev de to advanced detektorer bragt i ingeniør tilstand. Det var under denne periode, at gravitationsbølger for første gang blev detekteret (GW150914), men den formelle drift startede først 18. september 2015.

Kilder/referencer

Gravitationsbølgeastronomi

LIGO


Pacifico Monza (Vicenza, 26. siječnja 1845. – Sanremo, 18. prosinca 1917.), bio je talijanski rimokatolički svećenik, naslovni biskup biskupije Troas te general franjevačkog reda od 1911. do 1915. godine.

Izvori

Talijanski biskupi
Talijanski franjevci
Biskupi u Italiji

Pacifico Monza


Au pair er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2011 instrueret af Heidi Kim Andersen og Nicole N. Horanyi.

Handling
I filmen møder vi 3 unge filippinske kvinder med hver sin grund til at rejse hjemmefra og med hver deres drømme om fremtiden. De tre kvinders historier flettes sammen i én fortælling om et komplekst verdensbillede, hvor rig og fattig udnytter hinanden og hvor følelser og penge gensidigt korrumperer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2011

Au pair (dokumentarfilm)


Werner Ahrens (* 28. August 1915 in Hamburg) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Journalist und Diplomat, der unter anderem Botschafter in Dänemark und Polen war.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur leistete Ahrens einen Einsatz beim Reichsarbeitsdienst und anschließend seinen Wehrdienst, ehe er 1937 ein Studium der Philologie aufnahm. Nach Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges trat er wieder in die Wehrmacht ein und leistete zuletzt seinen Dienst als Hauptmann bei einer Nachrichteneinheit der Panzertruppe. Nach seiner Entlassung aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft setzte er sein Studium der Philologie an der Universität Hamburg fort und legte 1947 seine Promotion zum Dr. phil. mit einer Dissertation zum Thema Krankheit und Tod als Mittel dichterischer Charakteristik im modernen französischen Roman ab.

Im Anschluss nahm er eine berufliche Tätigkeit als Journalist auf und wurde zunächst 1948 Chef vom Dienst bei der Südena, einer in Baden-Baden ansässigen Nachrichten- und Presseagentur, ehe er 1951 Redakteur für Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Büro der Deutschen Presse-Agentur (dpa) in Bonn wurde. 1954 wechselte er in das Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung und war dort als Oberregierungsrat tätig.

1959 trat Ahrens in den Auswärtigen Dienst ein und war zunächst bis 1963 als Vortragender Legationsrat Leiter des Referats für Auslandsinformationen in der Zentrale des Auswärtigen Amtes in Bonn. Danach war er zunächst als Botschaftsrat Erster Klasse Ständiger Vertreter des Botschafters in Dänemark sowie im Anschluss von 1967 bis 1970 Ständiger Vertreter des Botschafters in Griechenland.

Nach seiner Rückkehr in die Bundesrepublik wurde er 1970 als Ministerialdirektor Leiter der Auslandsabteilung des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung. Danach erhielt er im Juli 1973 als Nachfolger von Günther Scholl seine Akkreditierung als Botschafter in Dänemark, wo er bis zu seiner Ablösung durch Harald Hofmann im Jahr 1977 tätig war.

Zuletzt war Ahrens zwischen 1977 und 1979 als Nachfolger von Hans Hellmuth Ruete Botschafter in Polen. In dieser Funktion war er im April 1979 an der Organisation einer Reise von Herbert Wehner, dem damaligen Vorsitzenden der SPD-Fraktion im Deutschen Bundestag, sowie Greta Wehner, Helmuth Becker, Bruno Friedrich, Gerhard Jahn, Hans-Jürgen Junghans, Alfons Pawelczyk und Walter Polkehn beteiligt. Dabei wurden unter anderem auch Gespräche mit führenden polnischen Politikern wie Edward Gierek, Edward Babiuch, Wacław Piątkowski und Ryszard Wojna über innerdeutsche Beziehungen geführt. Nach seiner Versetzung in den vorzeitigen Ruhestand folgte ihm 1979 Georg Negwer auf diesem Posten.

Auszeichnungen
 1969: Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 1973: Großes Goldenes Ehrenzeichen mit dem Stern für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
 1977: Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ministerialdirektor (Bund)
Hauptmann (Heer der Wehrmacht)
Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Journalist (Deutschland)
Deutscher Botschafter in Dänemark
Deutscher Botschafter in Polen
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Träger des Großen Goldenen Ehrenzeichens mit dem Stern für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
Deutscher
Geboren 1915
Mann

Werner Ahrens


A district (zila) is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In some cases, districts are further subdivided into sub-divisions, and in others directly into tehsils or talukas. , there are a total of 766 districts, up from the 640 in the 2011 Census of India and the 593 recorded in the 2001 Census of India.

District officials include:
District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner or District Collector, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service, in charge of administration and revenue collection
Superintendent of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police or Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service, responsible for maintaining law and order
Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, entrusted with the management of the forests, environment and wildlife of the district
Each of these officials is aided by officers from the appropriate branch of the state government.

Most districts have a distinct headquarters; but the districts of Mumbai City in Maharashtra, Kolkata in West Bengal, Hyderabad in Telangana, and Chennai in Tamil Nadu are examples where there are no distinct district headquarters, although there are district collectors.

Overview

Naming

The majority of districts are named after their administrative centre. Some are referred to by two names, a traditional one and one that uses the name of the town that is the headquarters.  Since most of the districts are named after a town, the word "district" is appended to distinguish between the town and the district.

Similar names

Districts sharing their name with another district in India
Aurangabad district, Bihar and Aurangabad district, Maharashtra
Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh and Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh
Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh and Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh
Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh and Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh
Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan and Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh
Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh and Raigad district, Maharashtra

Districts sharing their name with a district in a neighbouring country in South Asia
Bhojpur district, Bihar shares a name with Bhojpur District, Nepal
Daman district, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu shares a name with Daman District, Afghanistan
Dang district, Gujarat shares a name with Dang District, Nepal
Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh shares a name with Ghaziabad District, Afghanistan
Gopalganj district, Bihar shares a name with Gopalganj District, Bangladesh
Hyderabad district, Telangana shares a name with Hyderabad District, Pakistan
Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh shares a name with Lalitpur District, Nepal
Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir, shares a name with Poonch District, Pakistan (the two were, prior to Partition, one district – which got split by the Line of Control, since then the two parts have been administered separately)

Districts sharing names with those outside of South Asia entirely
Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, with Dhar District, Yemen
Banda district, Uttar Pradesh with Banda District, Republic of the Congo and Banda District, Ghana
Mansa district, Punjab, with Mansa District, Zambia.
Salem district, Tamil Nadu with Salem, Massachusetts, United States and Salem, Oregon, United States
Indore district, Madhya Pradesh with Indore, West Virginia

States
The following tables list the population details of various states. The columns include the hierarchical administrative subdivision codes, the district name, district headquarters, 2011 census population, area in square kilometres, and the population density per square kilometre.

Andhra Pradesh (AP)

Arunachal Pradesh (AR)

Assam (AS)

Bihar (BR)

Chhattisgarh (CG)

Goa (GA)

Gujarat (GJ)

Haryana (HR)

Himachal Pradesh (HP)

Jharkhand (JH)

Karnataka (KA)

Kerala (KL)

Madhya Pradesh (MP)

Maharashtra (MH)

Manipur (MN)

Meghalaya (ML)

Mizoram (MZ)

Nagaland (NL)

Odisha (OD)

Punjab (PB)

Rajasthan (RJ)

Sikkim (SK)

Tamil Nadu (TN)

Telangana (TS)

Tripura (TR)

Uttar Pradesh (UP)

Uttarakhand (UK)

West Bengal (WB)

Union territories

Andaman and Nicobar (AN)

Chandigarh (CH)

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DD)

Jammu and Kashmir (JK)

Ladakh (LA)

Lakshadweep (LD)

National Capital Territory of Delhi (DL)

Puducherry (PY)

See also
Administrative divisions of India
Municipalities of India
Districts of British India

Footnotes

References

External links
 Districts of India, Indian Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology website

India 3
Districts, India

Districts of India

List of districts in India


Gian-Piero Ringel (* 1976 in Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg) ist ein deutscher Filmproduzent.

Leben
Gian-Piero Ringel studierte Produktion an der Deutschen Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin (dffb). Er gründete 2008 zusammen mit Wim Wenders die Neue Road Movies GmbH, sowie 2011 die Ringel Film GmbH.

2006 wurde seine erste Produktion Das Maß der Dinge für den Studenten-Oscar nominiert. Nach der Produktion von Angela Schanelecs Spielfilm Nachmittag im selben Jahr war er 2007 als Produzent für Wim Wenders Spielfilm Palermo Shooting tätig, der im Wettbewerb des Festival de Cannes 2008 uraufgeführt wurde. Im Jahr 2009 produzierte er Angela Schanelecs Spielfilm Orly, eine Koproduktion mit der in Paris ansässigen Firma La Vie Est Belle, die auf der Berlinale 2010 uraufgeführt wurde. Darüber hinaus produzierte Ringel Wenders 3D-Tanzfilm Pina, eine Koproduktion mit Claudie Ossard und ihrer Firma Eurowide Film Produktion, Paris. Pina wurde im offiziellen Wettbewerb der Internationalen Filmfestspiele Berlin 2011 außer Konkurrenz uraufgeführt und gewann zahlreiche Auszeichnungen, darunter den Deutschen Filmpreis 2011 und den Europäischen Filmpreis als Bester Dokumentarfilm. Im gleichen Jahr war Ringel "Producer On The Move" und Koproduzent des Projekts Wolf von Bogdan Mustata.

Ringel war mit Pina 2012 für einen BAFTA in der Kategorie "Best Film Not in the English Language" und einen Oscar in der Kategorie "Bester Dokumentarfilm" nominiert.

Ringel ist geschäftsführender Gesellschafter der Ringel Film GmbH, Teil des europäischen Produzentennetworks EAVE und Mitglied in der Deutschen, Britischen und Europäischen Filmakademie.

Filmographie (Auswahl)
 2004: Das Maß der Dinge
 2007: Nachmittag
 2008: Palermo Shooting
 2010: Orly
 2011: Pina
 2012: Wolf
 2015: Every Thing Will Be Fine

Auszeichnungen

 2006: 33. Student Academy Awards, Academy-Award-Nominierung für Das Maß der Dinge
 2010: Filmkunstpreis 2010 für Orly beim Festival des deutschen Films Ludwigshafen
 2011: Europäischer Filmpreis für Pina als "Bester Dokumentarfilm"
 2011: "Producer on the Move 2011" der German Films Service + Marketing
 2011: Deutscher Filmpreis 2011 für Pina als "Bester programmfüllender Dokumentarfilm"
 2012: Oscarverleihung 2012 Nominierung für Pina als "Bester Dokumentarfilm"
 2012: BAFTA-Nominierung für Pina als "Bester nicht-englischsprachiger Film"

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite Neue Road Movies
 Offizielle Webseite Pina
 Offizielle Webseite Ringel Film

Einzelnachweise

Filmproduzent
Person (Göppingen)
Träger des Deutschen Filmpreises
Deutscher
Geboren 1976
Mann

Gian-Piero Ringel


Shalom Brune-Franklin, née le  à St Albans (Royaume-uni) est une actrice anglo-australienne connue pour avoir joué la soldate Maisie Richards dans la série Molly, une femme au combat diffusé sur la BBC, Umm Khulthum dans The State et Aoife dans la série australienne Doctor Doctor.

Elle joue dans le rôle de la détective Chloe Bishop dans les sept épisodes de la sixième saison de Line of Duty sur BBC One en 2021 et joue l'un des rôles principaux de The Tourist avec Jamie Dornan sur BBC One.

Biographie
Shalom Brune-Franklin est née d'une mère mauricienne et d'un père anglais né en Thaïlande. Lorsqu'elle a 14 ans, elle déménage avec ses parents et son jeune frère, Siam, à Mullaloo, dans la banlieue de Perth en Australie-Occidentale. Elle détient à la fois la nationalité britannique et australienne.

Début de carrière
Au cours de ses études au Lycée Ocean Reef, Shalom Brune-Franklin suit des cours d'art dramatique. Brune-Franklin s'inscrit pour étudier le journalisme à l'Université Edith Cowan mais après avoir découvert l'Académie australienne occidentale des arts du spectacle (WAAPA) au sein de cette même université, elle décide de devenir actrice.

Filmographie

Cinéma

Télévision

Théâtre

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité anglaise du XXIe siècle
Actrice australienne de télévision
Actrice britannique de télévision
Naissance en août 1994
Naissance à St Albans

Shalom Brune-Franklin


A granuloma is an aggregation of macrophages (along with other cells) that forms in response to chronic inflammation. This occurs when the immune system attempts to isolate foreign substances that it is otherwise unable to eliminate. Such substances include infectious organisms including bacteria and fungi, as well as other materials such as foreign objects, keratin, and suture fragments.

Definition
In pathology, a granuloma is an organized collection of macrophages.

In medical practice, doctors occasionally use the term granuloma in its more literal meaning: "a small nodule". Since a small nodule can represent any tissue from a harmless nevus to a malignant tumor, this use of the term is not very specific. Examples of this use of the term granuloma are the lesions known as vocal cord granuloma (known as contact granuloma), pyogenic granuloma, and intubation granuloma, all of which are examples of granulation tissue, not granulomas. "Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma" is a lesion characterized by keloid-like fibrosis in the lung and is not granulomatous. Similarly, radiologists often use the term granuloma when they see a calcified nodule on X-ray or CT scan of the chest. They make this assumption since granulomas usually contain calcium, although the cells that form a granuloma are too tiny to be seen by a radiologist. The most accurate use of the term granuloma requires a pathologist to examine surgically removed and specially colored (stained) tissue under a microscope.

Macrophages (specifically histiocytes) are the cells that define a granuloma. They often fuse to form multinucleated giant cells (Langhans giant cell). The macrophages in granulomas are often referred to as "epithelioid". This term refers to the vague resemblance of these macrophages to epithelial cells. Epithelioid macrophages differ from ordinary macrophages in that they have elongated nuclei that often resemble the sole of a slipper or shoe. They also have larger nuclei than ordinary macrophages, and their cytoplasm is typically pinker when stained with eosin. These changes are thought to be a consequence of "activation" of the macrophage by the offending antigen.

The other key term in the above definition is the word "organized" which refers to a tight, ball-like formation. The macrophages in these formations are typically so tightly clustered that the borders of individual cells are difficult to appreciate. Loosely dispersed macrophages are not considered to be granulomas.

All granulomas, regardless of cause, may contain additional cells and matrix. These include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, multinucleated giant cells, fibroblasts, and collagen (fibrosis). The additional cells are sometimes a clue to the cause of the granuloma. For example, granulomas with numerous eosinophils may be a clue to coccidioidomycosis or allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease, and granulomas with numerous neutrophils suggest blastomycosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, aspiration pneumonia, or cat-scratch disease.

In terms of the underlying cause, the difference between granulomas and other types of inflammation is that granulomas form in response to antigens that are resistant to "first-responder" inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils.  The antigen causing the formation of a granuloma is most often an infectious pathogen or a substance foreign to the body, but sometimes the offending antigen is unknown (as in sarcoidosis).

Granulomas are seen in a wide variety of diseases, both infectious and noninfectious. Infections characterized by granulomas include tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and cat-scratch disease. Examples of noninfectious granulomatous diseases are sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, berylliosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules, and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung.

An important feature of granulomas is whether or not they contain necrosis, which refers to dead cells that, under the microscope, appear as a mass of formless debris with no nuclei present. A related term, caseation (literally: turning to cheese) refers to a form of necrosis that, to the unaided eye, appears cheese-like ("caseous"), and is typically a feature of the granulomas of tuberculosis. The identification of necrosis in granulomas is important because granulomas with necrosis tend to have infectious causes. Several exceptions to this general rule exist, but it nevertheless remains useful in day-to-day diagnostic pathology.

Diseases with granulomas

Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause the granulomas of tuberculosis which tend to contain necrosis ("caseating tubercules"), but non-necrotizing granulomas may also be present. Multinucleated giant cells with nuclei arranged like a horseshoe (Langhans giant cell) and foreign body giant cells are often present, but are not specific for tuberculosis. A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis requires identification of the causative organism by microbiologic cultures.

Leprosy
In leprosy, granulomas are found in the skin and tend to involve nerves. The appearance of the granulomas differs according to the precise type of leprosy.

Aquarium granuloma
The other Mycobacterium species, Mycobacterium marinum can cause a rare infection known as "aquarium granuloma."

Schistosomiasis
Some schistosome ova that are laid in intestinal and urinary venules backwash into the liver via the portal vein, causing granuloma formation in the liver.

Histoplasmosis
Granulomas are seen in most forms of histoplasmosis (acute histoplasmosis, histoplasmoma, chronic histoplasmosis). Histoplasma organisms can sometimes be demonstrated within the granulomas by biopsy or microbiological cultures.

Cryptococcosis
When Cryptococcus infection occurs in persons whose immune systems are intact, granulomatous inflammation is typically encountered. The granulomas can be necrotizing or non-necrotizing. Using a microscope and appropriate stains, organisms can be seen within the granulomas.

Cat-scratch disease
Cat-scratch disease is an infection caused by the bacterial organism Bartonella henselae, typically acquired by a scratch from a kitten infected with the organism. The granulomas in this disease are found in the lymph nodes draining the site of the scratch. They are characteristically "suppurative", i.e., pus-forming, containing large numbers of neutrophils. Organisms are usually difficult to find within the granulomas using methods routinely used in pathology laboratories.

Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever is a systemic disease affecting the periarteriolar connective tissue and can occur after an untreated group A, beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngeal infection. It is believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity.

Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause characterized by non-necrotizing ("non-caseating") granulomas in multiple organs and body sites, most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes within the chest cavity. Other common sites of involvement include the liver, spleen, skin, and eyes. The granulomas of sarcoidosis are similar to those of tuberculosis and other infectious granulomatous diseases. In most cases of sarcoidosis, though, the granulomas do not contain necrosis and are surrounded by concentric scar tissue (fibrosis). Sarcoid granulomas often contain star-shaped structures called asteroid bodies or lamellar structures termed Schaumann bodies, but these structures are not specific for sarcoidosis. Sarcoid granulomas can resolve spontaneously without complications or heal with residual scarring. In the lungs, this scarring can cause a condition known as pulmonary fibrosis that impairs breathing. In the heart, it can lead to rhythm disturbances, heart failure, and even death.

Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory condition of uncertain cause characterized by severe inflammation in the wall of the intestines and other parts of the abdomen. Within the inflammation in the gut wall, granulomas are often found and are a clue to the diagnosis.

Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes infection in infants can cause potentially fatal disseminated granulomas, called granulomatosis infantiseptica, following in utero infection.

Leishmania spp.
Leishmaniases are a group of human diseases caused by Leishmania genus and transmitted by a sandfly bite can lead to granulomatous inflammation in skin (cutaneous form of the disease) and liver (visceral form), with research suggesting effective granuloma formation to be desirable in the resolution of the disease.

Pneumocystis pneumonia
Pneumocystis infection in the lungs is usually not associated with granulomas, but rare cases are well documented to cause granulomatous inflammation. The diagnosis is established by finding Pneumocystis yeasts within the granulomas on lung biopsies.

Aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia is typically caused by aspiration of bacteria from the oral cavity into the lungs, and does not result in the formation of granulomas. Granulomas may form, though, when food particles or other particulate substances such as pill fragments are aspirated into the lungs. Patients typically aspirate food because they have esophageal, gastric, or neurologic problems. Intake of drugs that depress neurologic function may also lead to aspiration. The resultant granulomas are typically found around the airways (bronchioles), and are often accompanied by foreign body-type, multinucleated giant cells, acute inflammation, or organizing pneumonia. The finding of food particles in lung biopsies is diagnostic.

Rheumatoid arthritis
Necrotizing granulomas can develop in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, typically manifesting as bumps in the soft tissues around the joints (so-called rheumatoid nodules) or in the lungs.

Granuloma annulare
Granuloma annulare is a skin disease of unknown cause in which granulomas are found in the dermis of the skin, but it is not a true granuloma. Typically, a central zone of necrobiotic generation of collagen is seen, with surrounding inflammation and mucin deposition on pathology.

Foreign-body granuloma

A foreign-body granuloma occurs when a foreign body (such as a wood splinter, piece of metal, glass etc.) penetrates the body's soft tissue followed by acute inflammation and formation of a granuloma. In some cases the foreign body can be found and removed even years after the precipitating event.

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis
Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis is a rare granulomatous skin disorder of unknown cause. It is temporary and tends to affect children, usually of African descent.

Granulomas associated with vasculitis
Certain inflammatory diseases are characterised by a combination of granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels). Both the granulomas as well as the vasculitis tend to occur in association with necrosis. Classic examples of such diseases include granulomatosis with polyangiitis  and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Etymology
The term is  and -oma, a suffix used to indicate tumors or masses. The plural is granulomas or granulomata. The adjective granulomatous means "characterized by granulomas".

See also
Lick granuloma, a skin disorder in dogs that results from dog's urge to lick the lower portion of their leg
Sperm granuloma
Contact granuloma, i.e. "throat granuloma"

References

External links

Anatomical pathology
Inflammations

Granuloma


Laerru (sardisk: Laèrru) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 165 meters højde og har 906 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 19,85 km² og grænser til kommunerne Bulzi, Martis, Nulvi, Perfugas og Sedini.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Laerru


The following is a list of cities in the nation of Lesotho:

List

References

External links

Lesotho, cities in
Cities in
Lesotho

List of cities in Lesotho


Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi, 1936'da imzalanan ve Türkiye'ye İstanbul ve Çanakkale boğazları üzerinde kontrol ve savaş gemilerinin geçişini düzenleme hakkı veren uluslararası sözleşmedir. Sözleşme, Türkiye'ye Boğazlar üzerinde tam kontrol hakkı verir ve barış zamanı sivil gemilerin özgürce geçişini garantiler. Sözleşme, Karadeniz'e kıyısı olmayan ülkelere ait savaş gemilerinin geçişini sınırlar. Sözleşmenin şartları, özellikle Sovyetler Birliği Donanması'na Akdeniz'e erişim hakkı sağlaması yıllar boyunca tartışma konusu olmuştur. 1923'te Lozan Antlaşması ile birlikte imzalanan Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'nin yerine geçmiştir. Bu sözleşmeyle birlikte Uluslararası Boğazlar Komisyonu'nun da görevi sonlanmıştır.

Türkiye, Lozan Antlaşması'yla birlikte imzalanan Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'nin getirdiği kısıtlamalardan dolayı daima endişe içinde olmuştu. Sözleşmenin imzalandığı tarihlerde güncelliğini koruyan silahsızlanma ümitlerine güvenen Türkiye'nin silahlanma yarışının tekrar başlamasıyla duyduğu huzursuzluk giderek artmıştı. Türkiye, duyduğu bu huzursuzluğu ve Boğazlar'ın statüsünde değişiklik yapılması yolundaki teklifini konu ile ilgili imzacı devletlere duyurduğunda farklı kutuplarda yer almaya başlayan bu devletlerin hemen hepsinden ortak bir anlayış görmüştü. İngiliz Dışişleri Bakanlığının 23 Temmuz 1936 tarihli bir notasında konu hakkında şu görüşlere yer verilmiştir: "Türkiye'nin Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'nin değiştirilmesi ile ilgili isteği haklı kabul edilmektedir."

Boğazların statüsü ve gemilerin geçiş rejimi ile her zaman yakından ilgilenen Birleşik Krallık'ın Türkiye'yi desteklemesine paralel olarak Balkan Antantı Daimi Konseyi'nin 4 Mayıs 1936'da Belgrad'da yaptığı toplantıda Türkiye'nin teklifini destekleme kararı alınmıştır. Türkiye'nin girişimi Lozan Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'nin diğer akitleri tarafından da kabul edilince Boğazlar'ın rejimini değiştirecek olan konferans, 22 Haziran 1936'da İsviçre'nin Montrö kentinde toplanmıştır. İki ay süren toplantılardan sonra 20 Temmuz 1936'da Bulgaristan, Fransa, Büyük Britanya, Avustralya, Yunanistan, Japonya, Romanya, Sovyetler Birliği, Yugoslavya ve Türkiye tarafından imzalanan yeni Boğazlar Sözleşmesi ile Türkiye'nin kısıtlanmış hakları iade edilmiş ve boğazlar bölgesinin egemenliği Türkiye'ye geçmiştir. Türkiye daha önce Sovyetler Birliği ile yaptığı saldırmazlık antlaşması uyarınca Sovyetler Birliği'nin de desteği alınmıştır. Sözleşme 9 Kasım 1936'da yürürlüğe girmiş ve Milletler Cemiyeti Sözleşme Serisi'ne 11 Kasım 1936'da kaydedilmiştir. Günümüzde yürürlüktedir.

Maddeleri

Ticari Gemilerin Geçiş Rejimi

 Barış zamanında, gündüz ve gece, bayrak ve yük ne olursa olsun, hiçbir işlem (formalite) - sağlık denetimi hariç - olmaksızın Boğazlar'dan geçiş ve gidiş-geliş (ulaşım) tam özgürlüğünden yararlanacaklardır.
 Savaş zamanında Türkiye, savaşan değil ise bayrak ve yük ne olursa olsun Boğazlar'dan geçiş ve gidiş-geliş (ulaşım) özgürlüğünden yararlanacaklardır. Kılavuzluk ve yedekçilik (römorkörcülük) isteğe bağlı kalmaktadır.
 Savaş zamanında Türkiye savaşta ise, Türkiye ile savaşta olan bir ülkeye bağlı olmayan ticaret gemileri, düşmana hiçbir biçimde yardım etmemek koşuluyla Boğazlar'da geçiş ve gidiş-geliş (ulaşım) özgürlüğünden yararlanacaklardır. Bu gemiler Boğazlar'a gündüz girecekler ve geçiş, her seferinde Türk makamlarınca gösterilecek yoldan yapılacaktır.
 Türkiye'nin kendisini pek yakın bir savaş tehlikesi tehdidi karşısında sayması durumunda, Boğazlar'dan geçiş ve gidiş-geliş (ulaşım) tam özgürlüğünden yararlanacaklardır; ancak gemilerin Boğazlar'a gündüz girmeleri ve geçişin her seferinde Türk makamlarınca gösterilen yoldan yapılması gerekecektir. Kılavuzluk, bir durumda zorunlu kılınabilecek; ancak ücrete bağlı olmayacaktır.

Savaş Gemilerinin Tâbi Olacağı Yaptırımlar ve Geçiş Rejimi

1. Barış Zamanı
 Karadeniz'e kıyısı olan devletler, bu deniz dışında yaptırdıkları ya da satın aldıkları denizaltılarını, tezgâha koyuştan ya da satın alıştan Türkiye'ye vaktinde haber verilmişse, deniz üslerine katılmak üzere Boğazlar'dan geçirme hakkına sahip olacaklardır. Söz edilen devletlerin denizaltıları, bu konuda Türkiye'ye ayrıntılı bilgiler vaktinde verilmek koşuluyla, bu deniz dışındaki tezgâhlarda onarılmak üzere de Boğazlar'dan geçebileceklerdir. Gerek birinci gerek ikinci durumda, denizaltıların gündüz ve su üstünden gitmeleri ve Boğazlar'dan tek başlarına geçmeleri gerekecektir.
 Savaş gemilerinin Boğazlar'dan geçmesi için, Türk Hükûmeti'ne diplomasi yoluyla bir ön bildirimde bulunulması gerekecektir. Bu ön bildirimin olağan süresi sekiz gün olacaktır; ancak, Karadeniz kıyıdaşı olmayan devletler için bu süre on beş gündür.
 Boğazlar'dan geçişte bulunabilecek bütün yabancı deniz kuvvetlerinin en yüksek toplam tonajı 15.000 tonu aşmayacaktır.
 Herhangi bir anda, Karadeniz'in en güçlü donanmasının (filosunun) tonajı sözleşmenin imzalanması tarihinde bu denizde en güçlü olan donanmanın (filonun) tonajını en az 10.000 ton aşarsa diğer kıyıdaş ülkeler Karadeniz donanmalarının tonajlarını en çok 45.000 tona varıncaya değin arttırabilirler. Bu amaçla, kıyıdaş her Devlet, Türk Hükûmetine, her yılın 1 Ocak ve 1 Temmuz tarihlerinde, Karadeniz'deki donanmasının (filosunun) toplam tonajını bildirecektir; Türk Hükûmeti de, bu bilgiyi, kıyıdaş olmayan diğer devletlerle Milletler Cemiyeti nezdinde paylaşacaktır.
 Bununla birlikte, Karadeniz kıyıdaşı olmayan bir ya da birkaç Devlet, bu denize, insancıl bir amaçla deniz kuvvetleri göndermek isterlerse, bu kuvvetin toplamı hiçbir varsayımda 8.000 tonu aşamaz.
 Karadeniz'de bulunmalarının amacı ne olursa olsun, kıyıdaş olmayan devletlerin savaş gemileri bu denizde yirmi-bir günden çok kalamayacaklardır.

2. Savaş Zamanı
 Savaş zamanında, Türkiye savaşan değilse, savaş gemileri yukarıda belirtilen koşullar içinde, Boğazlar'da tam bir geçiş ve gidiş-geliş (ulaşım) özgürlüğünden yararlanacaklardır.
 Saldırıya uğramış bir Devlete ve Türkiye'yi bağlayan bir karşılıklı yardım antlaşması gereğince yapılan yardım durumları dışında savaşan herhangi bir Devletin savaş gemilerinin Boğazlar'dan geçmesi yasak olacaktır.
 Karadeniz'e kıyıdaş olan ya da olmayan devletlere ait olup da bağlama limanlarından ayrılmış bulunan savaş gemileri, kendi limanlarına gitmek maksadıyla boğaz geçişi yapabilirler.
 Savaşan devletlerin savaş gemilerinin Boğazlar'da herhangi bir el koymaya girişmeleri, denetleme (ziyaret) hakkı uygulamaları ve başka herhangi bir düşmanca eylemde bulunmaları yasaktır.
 Savaş zamanında, Türkiye savaşan ise, savaş gemilerinin geçişi konusunda Türk Hükûmeti tümüyle dilediği gibi davranabilecektir.
 Türkiye kendisini pek yakın bir savaş tehlikesi tehdidi karşısında sayarsa, Türkiye savaş durumu geçiş rejimini uygulamaya başlayacak ancak; Milletler Cemiyeti Konseyi Türkiye'nin aldığı önlemleri 3'te 2 çoğunlukla haklı bulmazsa Türkiye bu önlemlerini geri almak zorunda kalacaktır.

Uçaklar

 Sivil uçakların Akdeniz ile Karadeniz arasında geçişini sağlamak amacıyla, Türk Hükûmeti, Boğazların yasak bölgeleri dışında, bu geçişe ayrılmış hava yollarını gösterecektir; sivil uçaklar, Türk Hükûmetine, ara sıra (tarifesiz) yapılan uçuşlar için üç gün öncesinden bir ön bildirim ile, düzenli (tarifeli) servis uçuşları için geçiş tarihlerini belirten genel bir ön-bildirimde bulunarak, bu yolları kullanabileceklerdir.
 Öte yandan, Boğazların yeniden askerleştirilmiş olmasına bakılmaksızın, Türk Hükûmeti, yine de Türkiye'de yürürlükte olan hava ulaşımı yönetim kuralları uyarınca, Avrupa ile Asya arasında Türk ülkesi üzerinden uçmalarına izin verilmiş olan sivil uçaklara, tam bir güvenlik içinde geçmeleri için gerekli kolaylıkları sağlayacaktır. Bir uçuş izninin verilmiş olduğu durumlarda, Boğazlar bölgesinde izlenecek yol belirli dönemlerde gösterilecektir.

Genel Hükümler
 Boğazlar kayıtsız şartsız Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne bırakılacak, tahkimat yapmak hakkı tanınacaktır.
 Türk Hükûmeti, sözleşmenin, savaş gemilerinin Boğazlar'dan geçişine ilişkin her hükmünün yürütülmesine göz kulak olacaktır.

Fesih şartları
Sözleşmenin süresi, yürürlüğe giriş tarihinden başlayarak, 20 yıl sürecektir. Bununla birlikte, sözleşmenin 1. maddesinde doğrulanan geçiş ve gidiş-geliş (ulaşım) özgürlüğü ilkesinin sonsuz bir süresi olacaktır.

20 Temmuz 1956'da sözleşmenin süresi bitmiş, sözleşmeyi imzalayan devletler Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'ni değiştirmek için girişimlerde bulunmuşlar ancak başarılı olamamışlardır.

Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku kuralları ve fesih şartlarında da belirtildiği gibi gemilerin uğraksız geçiş (transit değildir) hakkı gereği sözleşmenin değişmesi durumunda dahi, sözleşmenin I sayılı Ek'i değişmedikçe Türk Boğazları'ndan geçecek hiçbir gemiden zorunlu olarak, sözleşmenin I sayılı Ek'inde öngörülen vergilerden ve harçlardan başka ücret talep edilemeyecektir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi metni

Boğazlar Sözleşmesi
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi
Türkiye'nin antlaşmaları
Avustralya antlaşmaları
Birleşik Krallık antlaşmaları
Bulgaristan antlaşmaları
Üçüncü Fransa Cumhuriyeti antlaşmaları
Japonya antlaşmaları
Romanya antlaşmaları
Sovyetler Birliği antlaşmaları
Yugoslavya antlaşmaları
Yunanistan antlaşmaları
Milletler Cemiyeti
Türkiye'de su ulaşımı
Sovyetler Birliği-Türkiye ilişkileri
Birleşik Krallık-Sovyetler Birliği ilişkileri
Türk Boğazları
Boğazlar Sorunu
Marmara Denizi
İstanbul Boğazı
Deniz hukuku
Denizcilik antlaşmaları
Akdeniz tarihi
Çanakkale Boğazı tarihi
İsviçre'deki diplomatik konferanslar
1936'da Türkiye
1936'da İsviçre
1936'da siyaset
1936'da antlaşmalar

Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi


Şenyurt, Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 45 km, Çarşamba ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Çarşamba'nın mahalleleri

Şenyurt, Çarşamba


Pyongyang International Airport () , also known as the Pyongyang Sunan International Airport, is the main airport serving Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. It is located in the city's Sunan District. The airport was closed in 2020 to international travel due to the COVID-19 pandemic and reopened in 2023 with the resumption of Air Koryo flights to Beijing and Vladivostok.

History

Early years
During the period of Japanese rule, two airports were built in Pyongyang. Pyongyang Air Base was built by the Empire of Japan in the 1940s and remained in use until the 1950s. A second airport, Mirim Airport, was also built by the forces of the empire of Japan in the 1940s and located east of the Taedong River. However, after World War II there was a need for a newer airport, and Sunan Airfield was constructed. Mirim Airport survived as a military airfield with Pyongyang Air Base re-developed for use by the government and housing.

During the Korean War, the airport was occupied by United Nations forces for seven weeks in late 1950. The forces flew large amounts of supplies to Sunan during this period. On 13 May 1953, the airport was inundated when the US Air Force bombed Toksan Dam. After an armistice was signed two months later, the North Korean Government started repairing and expanding the airport.

The Soviet flag carrier Aeroflot flew to Moscow and Khabarovsk in the 1980s. During the 1990s, Air Koryo also provided nonstop flights to Moscow, which continued on to Berlin and Sofia.

Development since the 2000s
Russian Sky Airlines operated charter services to Pyongyang from Russian destinations during the mid 2000s operated by Il-62M and Il-86 aircraft. China Southern Airlines offered scheduled charter flights to and from Beijing during the peak season only, and permanently pulled its flights in October 2006. In March 2008, Air China re-established service to Beijing on a Boeing 737, three days a week, and suspended due to lack of demand on 22 November 2017. Air Koryo, Korean Air and Asiana Airlines also provided chartered flight services to Seoul and Yangyang on the east coast of South Korea from Pyongyang. These flights were used by Korean family members visiting divided families across the border; these services were halted after the ending of the Sunshine Policy by South Korea in 2008. In June 2018, Air China resumed service from Beijing Capital Airport to Pyongyang.

By early 2011, an interim facility handling international flights had been constructed just south of the existing terminal. By early 2012, demolition of the existing terminal, which Kim Jong-un deemed too small and outdated, had begun. In July 2012, he ordered the construction of a new terminal. Besides this, a new control tower and VIP terminal north of the main terminal were also constructed. The project became part of a "speed campaign", in which thousands of workers were enlisted to quickly complete it. On 15 September 2017 at about 6:30am KST, North Korea fired a Hwasong-12 missile from the airport. The missile travelled 3,700 kilometers (2,300 mi) and reached a maximum height of 770 kilometers (480 mi).

Infrastructure

Pyongyang International Airport has two passenger terminals. Terminal 1 opened in January 2016 and solely handles domestic flights. It is connected to Terminal 2, the international terminal that was inaugurated on 1 July 2015. The terminal has jet bridges and at least 12 check-in counters. Amenities include a duty-free store, coffee bar, newsstand and Internet room, along with a snack bar, pharmacy, CD/DVD shop and electronics shop. There is also a business class lounge with a buffet on the upper level along with an outdoor viewing area.

The airport has two functioning runways: one is designated 17/35 and measures , while the other, designated 01/19, measures .

Yonhap reported in September 2016 that a maintenance facility had been constructed at the Pyongyang airport. Located about  from runway 17/35, the facility includes aircraft hangars and apartment buildings for high-ranking officials and Air Koryo employees.

During the construction period, a hangar-like structure served the airport with basic services (baggage carousel), as well as a duty-free shop, and a bookshop/souvenir shop.

Airlines and destinations

Access
The airport is located approximately  from the city, about a 30-minute drive by the Pyongyang-Hicheon Expressway. In addition, Sunan Station located on the Pyongui Line of Korean State Railway is located  away from the Pyongyang airport terminal building.

Incidents

 On February 16, 1958, a Douglas DC-3 of Korean National Airlines was hijacked on a flight from Busan to Seoul by 8 hijackers demanding to be taken to North Korea and landed here. All 34 occupants survived.
 On March 31, 1970, a Boeing 727-89 of JAL (JA8315) was hijacked on a flight from Tokyo to Fukuoka by 9 hijackers demanding to be taken to North Korea and landed here. All 115 occupants survived.
 On August 15, 2006, a Tupolev Tu-154B-2 of Air Koryo (possibly P-561) suffered minor damage in a non-fatal runway mishap on landing from Beijing and was later repaired.

Gallery

See also
Mirim Airport
Pyongyang Air Base
Transport in North Korea
Wonsan Kalma International Airport

References

External links

360° virtual tour of the airport DPRK 360 photography project

Airports in North Korea
Transport in Pyongyang

Pyongyang International Airport


Abdullah, Çorum ilinin Kargı ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 116 km, Kargı ilçe merkezine 24 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kargı belde ve köyleri

Abdullah, Kargı


55. Türkiye Hükûmeti, III. Yılmaz Hükûmeti veya ANASOL-D Hükûmeti, 30 Haziran 1997-11 Ocak 1999 tarihleri arasında görev yapan, Anavatan Partisi, Demokratik Sol Parti ve Demokrat Türkiye Partisi koalisyonunun oluşturduğu Türkiye hükûmetidir.

ANAP Genel Başkanı ve Rize Milletvekili Mesut Yılmaz'ın 20 Haziran 1997 tarihinde, Cumhurbaşkanı Süleyman Demirel tarafından görevlendirilerek kurduğu hükûmettir.

Hükûmeti ANAP, DSP ve DTP tarafından oluşturulan azınlık koalisyonu kurdu. CHP de hükûmeti dışarıdan destekledi.

30 Haziran günü cumhurbaşkanından onay alan Hükûmet, 8 Temmuz'da TBMM'den 256'ya karşılık 281 oyla güvenoyu aldı.

Türkbank ihalesindeki yolsuzluk iddiaları üzerine CHP hükûmete desteğini geri çekti. CHP hükûmet aleyhinde gensoru önergesi verdi. 25 Kasım 1998 tarihinde oylanan önerge TBMM tarafından kabul edilince güvenoyu almayan ANASOL-D hükûmeti düştü. 11 Ocak 1999'da Bülent Ecevit, 56. hükûmeti kurmuştur.

İlgili bağlantılar
 Türkiye'de koalisyon hükûmetleri
 Türkbank skandalı

Kaynakça

Mesut Yılmaz hükûmetleri
Türkiye'de koalisyon hükûmetleri

55. Türkiye Hükûmeti


Porto Barreiro es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 4.938 habitantes, cayendo para 3.751 habitantes en 2007 y para 3.659 en 2010.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Porto Barreiro


زدينيك بوسبيخ  ، من مواليد 14 ديسمبر 1978 في أوبافا في تشيكوسلوفاكيا ، لاعب كرة قدم تشيكي.

يلعب مع نادي كوبنهاغن الدنماركي منذ عام 2008.

يلعب مع منتخب التشيك لكرة القدم منذ عام 2005.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الدنمارك
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري التشيكي الممتاز
لاعبو بانيك أوسترافا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو دوري السوبر الدنماركي
لاعبو سبارتا براغ
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الدنمارك
لاعبو منتخب التشيك لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي كوبنهاغن
لاعبو نادي ماينتس 05
مواليد 1978
مواليد في أوبافا
رياضيون من أوبافا
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم مورافيا-سيليزيا

زدينيك بوسبيخ


was a village located in Agawa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,927 and a density of 34.80 persons per km². The total area was 84.12 km².

On August 1, 2005, Agawa, along with the town of Ikegawa (also from Agawa District), and the village of Niyodo (from Takaoka District), was merged to create the town of Niyodogawa (in Agawa District), and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Niyodogawa

Dissolved municipalities of Kōchi Prefecture

Agawa, Kōchi


Japan deltog under Sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro som blev arrangeret i perioden 5. august til 21. august 2012.

Medaljer

Medaljevinderne

Svømning

Resultater

Referencer

Lande ved sommer-OL 2016
2016

Japan ved sommer-OL 2016


دار ابن لقمان للنشر والتوزيع،  دار للنشر والتوزيع بمدينة المنصورة بمصر، بها «مركز دراسات وأبحاث ابن لقمان» وتهدف إلى التدقيق في اختيار الموضوعات التي تهم القراء وتهتم بتزويد المؤلفين بالمعلومات التي تساعدهم على تقديم أكبر فائدة للقراء.

التأسيس
تأسست دار ابن لقمان للنشر والتوزيع سنة 2000م.

مراجع

دور نشر في مصر

دار ابن لقمان للنشر والتوزيع


La liste suivante recense les espèces vulnérables de reptiles inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES.

Sauf mention contraire, l'inscription à l'Annexe d'une espèce inclut l'ensemble de ses sous-espèces et de ses populations.

Liste

 Ordre des Crocodylia :
 Crocodylia spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Agamidae :
 Ceratophora aspera
 Ceratophora stoddartii
 Lyriocephalus scutatus
 Saara spp.
 Uromastyx spp.

 Famille des Anguidae :
 Abronia spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Chamaeleonidae :
 Archaius spp.
 Bradypodion spp.
 Brookesia spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)
 Calumma spp.
 Chamaeleo spp.
 Furcifer spp.
 Kinyongia spp.
 Nadzikambia spp.
 Palleon spp.
 Rhampholeon spp.
 Rieppeleon spp.
 Trioceros spp.

 Famille des Cordylidae :
 Cordylus spp.
 Hemicordylus spp.
 Karusaurus spp.
 Namazonurus spp.
 Ninurta spp.
 Ouroborus spp.
 Pseudocordylus spp.
 Smaug spp.

 Famille des Eublepharidae :
 Goniurosaurus spp. (sauf les espèces natives du Japon)

 Famille des Gekkonidae :
 Gekko gecko
 Nactus serpensinsula
 Naultinus spp.
 Paroedura androyensis
 Paroedura masobe
 Phelsuma spp.
 Rhoptropella spp.
 Uroplatus spp.

 Famille des Helodermatidae :
 Heloderma spp. (sauf les sous-espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Iguanidae :
 Amblyrhynchus cristatus
 Conolophus spp.
 Ctenosaura spp.
 Iguana spp.
 Phrynosoma blainvillii
 Phrynosoma cerroense
 Phrynosoma coronatum
 Phrynosoma wigginsi

 Famille des Lacertidae :
 Podarcis lilfordi
 Podarcis pityusensis

 Famille des Lanthanotidae :
 Lanthanotidae spp.

 Famille des Scincidae :
 Corucia zebrata

 Famille des Teiidae :
 Crocodilurus amazonicus
 Dracaena spp.
 Salvator spp.
 Tupinambis spp.

 Famille des Varanidae :
 Varanus spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Boidae :
 Boidae spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Bolyeriidae :
 Bolyeriidae spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Colubridae :
 Clelia clelia
 Cyclagras gigas
 Elachistodon westermanni
 Ptyas mucosus

 Famille des Elapidae :
 Hoplocephalus bungaroides
 Naja atra
 Naja kaouthia
 Naja mandalayensis
 Naja naja
 Naja oxiana
 Naja philippinensis
 Naja sagittifera
 Naja samarensis
 Naja siamensis
 Naja sputatrix
 Naja sumatrana
 Ophiophagus hannah

 Famille des Loxocemidae :
 Loxocemidae spp.

 Famille des Pythonidae :
 Pythonidae spp. (sauf les sous-espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Tropidophiidae :
 Tropidophiidae spp.

 Famille des Viperidae :
 Atheris desaixi
 Bitis worthingtoni
 Pseudocerastes urarachnoides
 Trimeresurus mangshanensis
 Vipera wagneri

 Famille des Carettochelyidae :
 Carettochelys insculpta

 Famille des Chelidae :
 Chelodina mccordi

 Famille des Dermatemydidae :
 Dermatemys mawii

 Famille des Emydidae :
 Clemmys guttata
 Emydoidea blandingii
 Glyptemys insculpta
 Malaclemys terrapin
 Terrapene spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Geoemydidae :
 Batagur borneoensis
 Batagur dhongoka
 Batagur kachuga
 Batagur trivittata
 Cuora spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)
 Cyclemys spp.
 Geoemyda japonica
 Geoemyda spengleri
 Hardella thurjii
 Heosemys annandalii
 Heosemys depressa
 Heosemys grandis
 Heosemys spinosa
 Leucocephalon yuwonoi
 Malayemys macrocephala
 Malayemys subtrijuga
 Mauremys japonica
 Mauremys mutica
 Mauremys nigricans
 Melanochelys trijuga
 Morenia petersi
 Notochelys platynota
 Orlitia borneensis
 Pangshura spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)
 Sacalia bealei
 Sacalia quadriocellata
 Siebenrockiella crassicollis
 Siebenrockiella leytensis
 Vijayachelys silvatica

 Famille des Podocnemididae :
 Erymnochelys madagascariensis
 Peltocephalus dumerilianus
 Podocnemis spp.

 Famille des Testudinidae :
 Testudinidae spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)

 Famille des Trionychidae :
 Amyda cartilaginea
 Chitra spp. (sauf les espèces inscrites à l'Annexe I)
 Cyclanorbis elegans
 Cyclanorbis senegalensis
 Cycloderma aubryi
 Cycloderma frenatum
 Dogania subplana
 Lissemys ceylonensis
 Lissemys punctata
 Lissemys scutata
 Nilssonia formosa
 Nilssonia leithii
 Palea steindachneri
 Pelochelys spp.
 Pelodiscus axenaria
 Pelodiscus maackii
 Pelodiscus parviformis
 Rafetus euphraticus
 Rafetus swinhoei
 Trionyx triunguis

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Liste des espèces de mammifères inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES
 Liste des espèces d'oiseaux inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES
 Liste des espèces d'amphibiens inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES
 Liste des espèces de poissons inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES
 Liste des espèces d'invertébrés inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES
 Liste des espèces de plantes inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES

Liens externes

 Listes complètes des espèces inscrites sur les Annexes I, II et III de la CITES (fr) : https://www.cites.org/fra/app/appendices.php

CITES annexe II

Liste des espèces de reptiles inscrites à l'Annexe II de la CITES


An Cyperus granitophilus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mcvaugh. An Cyperus granitophilus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus granitophilus


The Zimba, elevation , is the most familiar mountain in the Austrian mountain range called Rätikon. Located in the hinterland of Bludenz, this horn is the landmark of Montafon valley and especially of the main village of Schruns. Three ridges and three walls emphasize the shapeliness of the form. The eastern ridge is one of the most familiar climbing routes of the whole Rätikon range, but the normal way leads along the western ridge. Despite the altitude of just 2,645 m, the Zimba is a great viewpoint for the entire region.

Climbing routes
Western ridge, normal way, UIAA Class 3 (Opened by F. Sohm and J. Both in 1900)
North east ridge, seldom taken, Class 2. (August 1854 route by three hunters)
East ridge, the most difficult way up, Class 4
South wall, dangerous (grassy and falling rocks), Class 2.  (First ascent route)

References

 Günther Flaig: Alpenvereinsführer Rätikon, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich 1989,

Mountains of Vorarlberg
Mountains of the Alps

Zimba (mountain)


Soyut cebir veya soyut matematik, matematiğin bir alanı olup, cebir, vektör uzayı, modüller, alanlar, halkalar gibi cebirsel yapılar üzerinde çalışır. Bazı yazarlar günümüzde, "soyut cebir" yerine "cebir" terimini kullanmaktadır.

Soyut cebir kavramı günümüzde tüm cebirsel yapılar üzerine yapılan çalışmayı ifade etmektedir, temel cebirden farkı, bilinmeyen, çözümsüz gerçek ve karmaşık sayılardan oluşan cebirsel ifadeler ve formüller için doğru kurallar gösterir.

Temel cebir, gerçek alan ve basit cebir olarak bilinen yapıların başlangıç kısmı olarak ele alınabilir.

Soyut cebir


Marcelo Augusto Xavier da Silva (Adamantina, 1976) foi um delegado da Polícia Federal que presidiu a Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas (Funai) durante o governo Bolsonaro.

Formação
É Técnico em Agropecuária pela Fundação Shunji Nishimura de Tecnologia, bacharel em Direito pelo Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (UNIFMU) e pós-graduado em Ciências Criminais na Universidade Anhanguera (UNIDERP). Também possui graduações em Direito Constitucional, Direito Administrativo e Antropologia.

Carreira

Polícia Federal
Atuou como delegado da Polícia Federal (PF) nas cidades de Cáceres, Sinop e Barra do Garças. Ele não passou em seu primeiro teste psicotécnico para a ingressão na PF, mas passou no seguinte, em 2004. Ele recorreu na justiça e entrou na polícia em 2008. Foi investigado em dois Processo Administrativo Disciplinares, um por ter aberto investigação contra o ex-marido de sua mulher e outro por supostamente ter desacatado um procurador do Ministério Público Federal. Em 2014, foi afastado de uma operação de desocupação de não-índios na terra indígena Marãiwatsédé, por ter ficado ao lado dos invasores, contra o povo xavante.

CPI da Funai e Incra
Em 2016, foi consultor na CPI da Funai e Incra por convite do agronegócio.

Ouvidor da Funai
Atuou como ouvidor da Funai entre 2017 e 2018. Durante sua atuação, se posicionou contra grupos de povos indígenas.

Assessor de governo

Durante o governo Temmer, foi assessor do ministro Carlos Marun para assuntos ligados à questão agrária.

Em janeiro de 2019, foi nomeado para ser assessor de Luiz Antônio Nabhan Garcia, secretário de política fundiária do Ministério da Agricultura (Mapa) e ex-presidente da União Democrática Ruralista (UDR), mas não foi liberado a tempo pela PF e teve sua nomeação cancelada em abril.

Presidente da Funai

Foi nomeado presidente da Funai em 24 julho de 2019, após a exoneração do general Franklimberg Ribeiro de Freitas por pressão dos ruralistas.

De acordo com Alberto Terena, coordenador executivo da Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (Apib), sua gestão foi marcada pelo rompimento de diálogo da Funai com os povos indígenas. De acordo com os Indigenistas Associados (INA), sua gestão foi anti-indígena e anti-indigenista. Durante sua atuação, foi a favor da exploração de minérios em terras indígenas e era próximo de parlamentares da bancada ruralista e da bancada da bala, como Nelson Barbudo (PL-MT). Após o assassinato de Bruno Pereira e Dom Phillips, os servidores da Funai pediram por sua exoneração, mas não foram atendidos pelo Governo Federal.

Ele pediu para abrir diversos inquéritos policiais contra indígenas e indigenistas. Entre as pessoas e organizações atacadas estão Mário Parwe Atroari, o advogado Jonas Carvalho há anos atua como defensor jurídico dos waimiris-atroaris, Sônia Guajajara, a Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (Apib),  Almir Suruí e o procurador Ciro de Lopes e Barbuda. Também solicitou o monitoramento do povo paiter suruí por supostamente divulgar dados inverídicos sobre a pandemia de COVID-19.

Em 29 de dezembro de 2022, Marcelo Xavier foi exonerado da presidência da Funai pela Casa Civil da Presidência da República.

Inquéritos policiais

Assassinato de Bruno Pereira e Dom Phillips

Após o assassinato de  Bruno Pereira e Dom Phillips, a Funai lançou uma nota afirmando que os dois não tinham permissão para entrar na Terra Indígena Vale do Javari, informação que foi reforçada por Marcelo Xavier em entrevista para a Jovem Pan. Porém a União dos Povos Indígenas do Vale do Javari (Univaja) afirmou que os dois nunca estiveram lá. A afirmação da Funai foi considerada inverídica pela juíza federal Jaiza Maria Pinto Fraxe, que ordenou a retirada da nota por decisão judicial.

Em julho de 2022, foi expulso de evento da Organização das Nações Unidas, acusado por Ricardo Rao, ex-servidor da Funai, de ser miliciano e responsável pelas mortes.

Em 19 de maio de 2023, a Polícia Federal indiciou Marcelo Xavier e Alcir Amaral Teixeira, ex-coordenador de monitoramento territorial da Fundação, por homicídio qualificado e omissão de cadáver com dolo eventual, pelo entendimento que ambos já haviam sido avisados sobre os perigos na região após o assassinato de Maxciel dos Santos e não tomaram providências.

Corrupção
Marcelo Xavier conversou por telefone com Jussielson Gonçalves Dias, suboficial do corpo de fuzileiros navais da Marinha preso sob suspeita de receber dinheiro para intermediar o arrendamento da terra indígena Marãiwatsédé. No telefonema, Jussielson afirma que é protegido por Marcelo. O caso é investigado pela Operação Res Capta da PF.

Condecorações

 Ordem do Mérito do Ministério da Justiça (2022)

Referências

Delegados da Polícia Federal do Brasil
Presidentes da Funai
Nascidos em 1976
Naturais de Adamantina
Governo Jair Bolsonaro

Marcelo Xavier (delegado)


Torre de Vilela Portekiz'de Coimbra belediyesine bağlı olan, 4,44 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.146 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Coimbra'nın bucakları

Torre de Vilela


Cool TV je mađarski besplatni televizijski kanal koji je migrirao u Rumunjsku nakon što su mu mađarske vlasti prijetile zatvaranjem. Kanal emitira na mađarskom jeziku, kanal koji je pokrenut kao m+ 15. rujna 2003., ali godinu dana kasnije, ponovno je pokrenut kao Cool TV 4. rujna 2004.

Mađarske televizijske postaje

Cool TV


Strelzowo (, bis 1997 Strelkowo, ) ist ein Ort in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad. Er liegt im Rajon Gurjewsk und gehört zur kommunalen Selbstverwaltungseinheut Stadtkreis Gurjewsk.

Der Ort Strelzowo befindet sich allerdings an der etwa zwei Kilometer südwestlich von Norgehnen gelegenen Ortsstelle Friedrichswalde (ru. zunächst Kolzowo), während die Ortsstelle Norgehnen verlassen ist.

Geographische Lage
Strelzowo liegt 16 Kilometer östlich der Oblasthauptstadt Kaliningrad (Königsberg) an der neuen Trasse der russischen Fernstraße A 229 (heute auch Europastraßen 28 und 77). Eine Bahnanbindung besteht nicht mehr, weil die Bahnstrecke von Königsberg (Preußen) über Prawten (russisch: Lomonossowo) nach Possindern (Roschtschino) zur Weiterfahrt nach Tapiau (Gwardeisk) der Königsberger Kleinbahn seit 1945 nicht mehr in Betrieb ist.

Geschichte

Norgehnen
Der Ort Norgehnen wurde 1258 als Norieyn gegründet. Im Jahre 1874 wurde die Landgemeinde in den neu errichteten Amtsbezirk Fuchshöfen (russisch: Slawjanskoje) eingegliedert. Er gehörte bis 1939 zum Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen), danach bis 1945 zum Landkreis Samland im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen.

Im Jahre 1910 waren in Norgehnen 103 Einwohner registriert. Am 8. Juni 1923 wurde der Abbau Fürstenwalde aus der Landgemeinde Norgehnen in den Gutsbezirk Neu Legden im Amtsbezirk Groß Legden (russisch: Dobroje) umgegliedert. Die Einwohnerzahl stieg bis 1933 auf 187 und betrug 1939 noch 175.

Strelzowo
Im Jahre 1945 kam Norgehnen mit dem gesamten nördlichen Ostpreußen zur Sowjetunion und erhielt 1950 die russische Bezeichnung Strelkowo. Gleichzeitig wurde der Ort in den Dorfsowjet Nisowski selski Sowet im Rajon Gurjewsk eingegliedert. Vermutlich vor 1976 wurde der ebenfalls 1950 von Friedrichswalde in Kolzowo umbenannte Nachbarort an Strelkowo angeschlossen. Im Jahr 1997 wurde der inzwischen sich nur noch an der Ortsstelle Friedrichswalde befindliche Ort in Strelzowo umbenannt, was vielleicht eine Reminiszenz an den ehemaligen Ortsnamen Kolzowo darstellen sollte. Von 2008 bis 2013 gehörte Strelzowo zur Landgemeinde Nisowkoje selskoje posselenije und seither zum Stadtkreis Gurjewsk.

Kirche
Die überwiegende Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Norgehnens gehörte vor 1945 zur evangelischen Kirche. Das Dorf war in das Kirchspiel der Kirche Arnau (russisch: Rodniki) eingepfarrt, das dem Kirchenkreis Königsberg-Land II in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union zugeordnet war. Der letzte deutsche Geistliche war Pfarrer Arthur Brodowski.

Strelzowo liegt jetzt im Einzugsbereich der evangelisch-lutherischen Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad (Königsberg). Sie ist die Hauptkirche der in den 1990er Jahren neugegründeten Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Strelzowo bei bankgorodov.ru

Ort im Rajon Gurjewsk (Kaliningrad)

Strelzowo


Óháðir bændur var íslensk stjórnmálahreyfing sem klofnaði frá Bændaflokknum árið 1915. Óháðir bændur buðu fram í tvennum kosningum á árinu 1916 en stóðu í kjölfarið að stofnun Framsóknarflokksins

Saga
Gestur Einarsson bóndi á Hæli í Gnúpverjahreppi var aðalhvatamaðurinn að stofnun Óháðra bænda. Hann var náinn samstarfsmaður og vopnabróðir Jónasar Jónssonar frá Hriflu sem einn helsti forsvarsmaður ungmennafélagshreyfingarinnar. Þeir Gestur og Jónas álitu báðir brýnt að endurskipuleggja stjórnmálalíf landsmanna með nýju flokkakerfi. Skyldi stjórnmálahreyfing bænda byggja á samvinnuhugsjóninni. Málgögn flokksins voru Suðurland, sem Gestur á Hæli gaf út og Íslendingur á Akureyri.

Óháðir bændur voru öflugastir á Suðurlandi og var framboðslisti þeirra fyrir landskjörið 1916 samþykktur á fundi að Þjórsártúni. Sigurður Jónsson í Ystafelli leiddi listann og náði hann kjöri með um fimmtungi atkvæða. Í Alþingiskosningunum sama ár tefldu Óháðir bændur fram þremur frambjóðendum og náði einn þeirra kjöri, Sveinn Ólafsson í Firði sem settist á þing fyrir Suður-Múlasýslu. Gengu þeir báðir til liðs við Framsóknarflokkinn þegar hann var stofnaður síðla árs 1916.

Tilvísanir og heimildir

Fyrrum íslenskir stjórnmálaflokkar

Óháðir bændur


Nikolaus Alexander von Pomeiske (* 4. Juni 1717 in Groß Pomeiske im Kreis Bütow in Hinterpommern; † 20. Mai 1785 in Riesenburg in Ostpreußen) war ein preußischer Generalleutnant und Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite.

Leben

Herkunft
Nikolaus Alexander von Pomeiske war Sohn des Gutsbesitzers Klaus Asmus von Pomeiske auf Groß Pomeiske, der mit Dorothea Emilie von Pirch, der vierten Tochter des Martin von Pirch auf Rosincke, verheiratet war, und wurde auf dem Stammgut der Familie Pomeiske geboren. Er war dort um 1756 Erbherr.

Werdegang
Seine Eltern schickten ihn auf das Danziger Gymnasium, das er im 16. Lebensjahr verließ, um 1733 eine militärische Laufbahn als Fahnenjunker beim Dragonerregiment von Plathen zu beginnen. 1738 wurde er Fähnrich. Sein erster Feldzug 1740 führte ihn nach Schlesien. 1741 wurde er Secondelieutenant des Regiments Posadowsky (späteres Regiment Lottum). Er nahm sowohl an der Belagerung und Eroberung von Glogau teil als auch an der Belagerung von Neiße und an der Schlacht bei Mollwitz. 1752 wurde er Stabshauptmann. Im Zweiten Schlesischen Krieg nahm er an der Belagerung von Prag sowie an der Schlacht bei Hohenfriedberg teil, wo ihm das Pferd unter dem Körper durch Beschuss weggerissen wurde. 1757 wurde er wirklicher Hauptmann, im selben Jahr Obristwachtmeister und Obristlieutenant. Nachdem er im Siebenjährigen Krieg im Februar 1757 eine eigene Eskadron erhalten hatte, wurde er einen Monat später zum Major befördert. Anschließend nahm er an der Aktion bei Reichenberg, der Schlacht bei Prag und der Schlacht bei Kolin teil. Wegen seiner Tapferkeit wurde er zum Oberstlieutenant befördert, außerdem bekam er 1757 den Orden Pour le Mérite verliehen. In der Folgezeit beteiligte er sich an der Schlacht bei Breslau, der Schlacht bei Leuthen, der Schlacht bei Zorndorf und der Schlacht bei Hochkirch, wo ihm abermals das Pferd getötet wurde. Danach nahm er an der Schlacht von Liegnitz und an der Schlacht bei Torgau teil. 1758 folgte die Ernennung zum Kommandeur des Regiments Holstein-Gottorp. Friedrich der Große zollte ihm viel Lob. 1759 wurde Pomeiske Obrist. Nachdem er im Jahr 1761 mit seinem Regiment an Kämpfen in Hinterpommern teilgenommen hatte, wurde ihm der vakant gewordene Posten des Chefs des ehemaligen Dragonerregiment von Holstein-Gottorp anvertraut. 1764 wurde er zum Generallieutenant der Kavallerie befördert. Er war auch an dem Feldzug von 1778/79 beteiligt. Inhaber des Dragonerregiments Nr. 9 war er über den gesamten Zeitraum 1761–1785 hinweg, vierundzwanzig Jahre lang.

Familie
1762 heiratete er Helene Sophie von Koschenbahr, die jüngste Tochter von Hans Wolf von Koschenbar. Aus der Ehe gingen zwei Söhne hervor, 1763 Nikolaus Georg und 1764 Alexander Friedrich August. Er überlebte jedoch seine beiden Söhne. Mit dem Tod von Nikolaus Alexander von Pomeiske 1785 erlosch auch das Geschlecht Pomeiske, das ursprünglich eigentlich Hirsch-Pomoyski hieß. Pomeiske stiftete durch Testament vom 12. Mai 1785 ein Familienfideikommiss und legte dem jeweiligen Besitzer des Guts Groß Pomeiske die Verbindlichkeit auf, neben seinem eigenen Namen auch den Namen und das Wappen der Familie Pomeiske zu führen. In seinen Besitz folgte ihm zunächst die Familie Lettow-Pomeiske und – als diese schon 1840 ebenfalls erlosch – danach die Familie Schwerdtner-Pomeiske, die den letzten Fideikommiss-Besitzer stellte und die auf dem Gut bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs ansässig war.

Literatur

 Friedrich Karl Gottlob Hirsching: Historisch-litterarisches Handbuch berühmter und denkwürdiger Personen, welche in dem achtzehnten Jahrhundert gelebt haben. Band 8, Leipzig 1806, S. 227–228, (Volltext)
 Historisches Portefeuille. Zur Kenntniß der gegenwärtigen und vergangenen Zeit. Wien Breslau Leipzig Berlin Hamburg 1786, Nr. 1, S. 368–369, Nr. 11 (Volltext)
 Eduard Lange: Die Soldaten Friedrichs des Großen. Leipzig 1853, S. 316–317; .
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 2, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1937], S. 27, Nr. 554, .

Einzelnachweise

General der Frühen Neuzeit (Brandenburg-Preußen)
Kavallerist (Brandenburg-Preußen)
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Person in den Schlesischen Kriegen (Preußen)
Person im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Preußen)
Adliger
Geboren 1717
Gestorben 1785
Mann

Nikolaus Alexander von Pomeiske


في الفيزياء وعلم الكون، يكون المبدأ البشري  -أو المبدأ الأنثروبي- عبارة عن أطروحة تقول بأن الكون حتمي حيث تكون معادلاته وقوانينه الطبيعية مناسبة لظهور أنواع حياة ذكية، حيث أنه لو كانت الجسيمات الأولية مثل الإلكترون والبروتون ليست بصفاتها الموجودة (مثل مقدار الشحنة ونوعها وكتلة كل منهما) والقوانين التي تحكمها، لكان من غير الممكن نشأة الحياة على الأرض بما فيها نشأة الإنسان نفسه. والإنسان هو المخلوق الوحيد الذي بمقدوره وصف الكون ومراقبته وتحليله فيزيائياً.

تم إدخال هذا المصطلح في المنظومة العلمية من قبل الفلكي براندون كارتر في عام 1973 بمناسبة الاحتفال بعيد ميلاد كوبرنيكوس الـ500 رغم أن المبدأ تم صياغته بطرق مختلفة من العديد من الأشخاص قبله. ونظرا لاختلاف الصياغات فإن بعضها يتم مناقشته من الناحية العلمية والفلسفية في حين يتم تصنيف بعض الصياغات الأخرى في خانة العلوم الكاذبة. العديد من هذه النظريات تقوم بمحاولة لشرح ظهور الإنسان بإدخال فكرة الأكوان المتعددة أو فكرة المصمم الذكي، لكن هذه النظريات -التي دعمت إحدى هاتين الفكرتين- تعرضت لنقد وجدل كبير لكونها غير قابلة للاختبار وبالتالي يعتبرون النقاد هذه النظرية كمفهوم فلسفي لا أكثر، وليس بمفهوم علمي.

إحدى طرق الابتعاد عن هذا الجدل هو المبدأ البشري الضعيف weak anthropic principle وهذا المبدأ يقول بأنه: «... إذا كان هناك ظروف أو حوادث يمكن مراقبتها في الكون، فإنها تستوجب وجود مراقب يقوم بمشاهدتها والتعلم منها.».

في الرياضيات والفلسفة، تكون الصيغة الضعيفة للمبدأ الإنساني هو «الأسهل» دعماً لها، وذلك لأنها تحتوي على القليل من الإدعاءات. إلا أن النقاد استمروا ينتقدون المبدأ قائلين بأنه مبدأ طوطولوجي وصحيحي Truism, - التي تقول بأن عبارتها دائماً صحيحة، وإن كانت عبارتها «صحيحة فقط بشكل سطحي». على أية حال، المبدأ الذي ينبني على الحجج الطوطولوجية الأخرى سيحتوي على العديد من الإشكاليات. ومن جهة أخرى، الصيغ الأخرى القوية للمبدأ الإنساني لاتعتبر طوطولوجية، كما أنها تقوم بإدعاءات موضوعية يعتبرها العديد من الناس قابلة للنقاش.

مقولات براندون كارتر في المبدأ البشري
تعتبر بعض الفقرات في مؤلف براندون كارتر "Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle in Cosmology" أول شرح للمبدأ الأنتروبولوجي حيث يقول عن:
 المبدأ الأنتروبولوجي العام:... الأمر الذي يمكن أن نتوقع أنه من الممكن مراقبته أن يكون مقيدا بشروط وجودنا كملاحظين في الحاضر.
 المبدئ الأنتربولوجي الضعيف:... يجب أن نكون على استعداد أن نقر بأن موقعنا في الكون حتما له أفضلية من حيث أنه يتلائم مع وجودنا كمشاهدين.
 المبدئ الأنتروبولوجي القوي:...الكون والقوانين والتآثرات  الأساسية  التي يرتبط بها يجب وجودها  بحيث أنها تترك لنا مجالا للوجود في بعض أطواره.

مبدأ التسخير
طرح أستاذ الفيزياء الكونية في جامعة اليرموك محمد باسل الطائي تسمية عربية للمبدأ الإنساني وهي مبدأ التسخير ومما ذكره في مقال نشره

أي تشكل الكون بحيث يتواجد فيه الإنسان العاقل المفكر الذي يشاهد ويتفكر في هذا الوجود.

انظر أيضاً
 نظرية الارتداد العظيم Big Bounce
 فرضية الأرض النادر Rare Earth hypothesis
 تفاعل ألفا الثلاثي
 مبدأ العادية Mediocrity principle

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
أحد النصوص المؤسسة للمبدئ الأتربولوجي

مبدأ إنساني
دين وعلم
علم الكون الفيزيائي
فرضيات فلكية
مبادئ
مفاهيم في نظرية المعرفة

مبدأ بشري


IC 1318, auch als γ-Cygni-Nebel (Gamma-Cygni-Nebel) oder Schmetterlingsnebel bezeichnet, ist ein Emissionsnebel und H-II-Gebiet im Sternbild Schwan. Der Nebel befindet sich zirka 4 900 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt und hat eine Ausdehnung von 100 Lichtjahren. Im Zentrum des Nebels liegt der Stern Sadr, mit einer Entfernung von 1 500 Lichtjahren. IC 1318 wird in die drei Teile IC 1318 A, IC 1318 B und IC 1318 C eingeteilt, die sich voneinander unterscheiden. IC 1318 B und IC 1318 C werden von der 20 Lichtjahre breiten Dunkelwolke LDN 889 getrennt.

Weblinks

 Spektrum.de: Amateuraufnahmen

Einzelnachweise

H-II-Gebiet
Index-Katalog

IC 1318


Crkvu svetog Petra bila je rimokatolička crkva u Splitu na Pazaru.

Povijest

Građena je bila od 1863. do 1871. godine. Davala je vizuru gradu, pored prepoznatljivih zvonika rimokatoličkih crkava Sv. Duje i Sv. Frane.

Srušena je u krajnje nepotrebnom savezničkom bombardiranju 3. siječnja 1944. godine. Eskadrile engleskih bombardera u tri su naleta bombardirali splitsku luku i željezničku postaju. Nakon bombardiranja crkva je bila sasvim srušena,  a mnogi su građani poginuli. Ostao je samo zvonik koji je poslije srušen.

Karakteristike

Građena je u romaničkom stilu.  Po gradnji je bila slična crkvi sv. Frane.

Spomen

Ivo Ivanišević Kukoč, član veslačkog osmerca Mornara koji je bio svjetski prvak u Berlinu 1968., izradio je maketu ove crkve u bračkom kamenu. Maketa crkve duga je 33 cm, široka 24, a zvonik je visok 100 centimetara. Zvona na maketi zvone, zvuk je mekan i odzvanja u tri akorda C, D i F. Sat na maketi je namješten na vrijeme kad je crkva bombardirana.

Izvori

Petar, Pazar
Splitsko-makarska nadbiskupija

Romaničke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Crkva sv. Petra na Pazaru u Splitu


Mirimiri peut désigner :

Toponymes

Mirimiri : une localité de la municipalité de Bom Jardim dans l'État de Maranhão.

Mirimire : un cap de l'île de Raiatea en Polynésie française.

Mirimiri : une localité du département de Boundiali dans la Région des Savanes.

Mirimiri : une localité de la paroisse civile de Nicolás Pulido de la municipalité de Antonio José de Sucre dans l'État de Barinas.

Homonymie de toponyme

Mirimiri