محمود عبد الرحمن حيدر الشهير باسم رينغو (22 نوفمبر 1984) لاعب كرة قدم بحريني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى المحرق البحريني في مركز الجناح الأيسر من 2016 كما يجيد اللعب في مراكز الوسط الأيسر والوسط المهاجم والوسط المحوري.

مسيرته
بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي المحرق، وفي يوم 12 ديسمبر 2008 نفى انتقاله إلى أي نادي خليجي ، وقال بأنه لم يتلق عرضا رسميا من أي نادي خليجي ، وقال بأنه يتمنى بأن يلعب مع نادي القادسية الكويتي وبأنه تلقى اتصال من أحد الإداريين في النادي ولكن الموضوع توقف بعد تعليق النشاط الكروي في الكويت وقال بأنه يعرف عدد من لاعبي القادسية ويعجبه لعبهم مثل بدر المطوع وأحمد عجب وعلي الشمالي وحمد العنزي ، وفي يوم 19 ديسمبر 2008 أعلن نادي المحرق بأنه لم يتسلم أي خطاب أو كتاب من نادي القادسية حتى الآن ، وفي يوم 2 يناير 2009 أعلن فواز الحساوي نائب رئيس نادي القادسية الكويتي ومدير الكرة في النادي عن ضم اللاعب إلى صفوف الفريق بعد المفاوضات التي قام بها النادي مع نادي المحرق، حيث ذهب ناصر الشرهان في يوم 1 يناير 2009 إلى البحرين للتوقيع مع اللاعب بعد أخذ رأي المدرب محمد إبراهيم، واعتبر الحساوي قدوم رينغو إضافة مهمة إلى نادي القادسية، وبهذا يصبح اللاعب ثالث لاعب بحريني يلعب مع نادي القادسية بعد طلال يوسف ومحمد حسين واللاعب الخليجي الأول في الفريق في موسم 2008/2009 ، وسيكون انتقال اللاعب حتى نهاية موسم 2008/2009 وسيشارك مع الفريق بعد كأس الخليج 2009 ، وتقدر الصفقة ب150 ألف دولار أمريكي ، وتكفل بالصفقة فواز الحساوي ، وفي أول ظهور له مع نادي القادسية في 13 يناير 2009 في كأس الاتحاد الكويتي 2008/2009 سجل هدف من ركلة جزاء في مباراة القادسية مع نادي الشباب الكويتي في المباراة التي انتهت بفوز القادسية 3-1، وقد شارك كبديل في الشوط الثاني.

في يوم 2 يناير 2009 تم اختياره ضمن منتخب العرب الذهبي من قبل مجلة الأهرام العربي ، وفي يوم 5 فبراير 2009 حل في المركز الثاني برصيد 117 صوت في استفتاء موقع كورة لاختيار أفضل لاعب بحريني خلف محمد سيد عدنان الذي حصل على 210 صوت.

وهو يلعب مع منتخب البحرين لكرة القدم منذ 20 يناير 2006 (وقيل 2007). حتى 2016.

أهدافه في الدولية
Scores and results list Bahrain's goal tally first.

الإنجازات

الأندية

المحرق
 الدرجة الأولى (6): 2004، 2006، 2007، 2008، 2011، 2015
 كأس ملك البحرين (5): 2005، 2008، 2011، 2012، 2013
 كأس ولي العهد (3): 2006، 2007، 2008
 كأس الاتحاد الآسيوي (1): 2008
 كأس الاتحاد البحريني (1): 2005
 كأس الخليج للأندية (1): 2012

القادسية
 الدوري الكويتي (1): 2009
 كأس ولي العهد (1): 2009
 كأس الاتحاد الكويتي (1): 2009

الشخصية
اختياره ضمن منتخب العرب الذهبي من قبل مجلة الأهرام العربي

اختيار اللجنة الفنية هدفه على منتخب أوزبكستان بتصفيات كأس العالم كثاني أفضل هدف بيوم 11 فبراير.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع نادي القادسية الرسمى
 موقع جماهير نادي القادسية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بحرينيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون بحرينيون مغتربون في الكويت
قلوب دفاع كرة قدم
لاعبو الدوري البحريني الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الكويتي
لاعبو دوري نجوم قطر
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2007
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2011
لاعبو كرة قدم بحرينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم بحرينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بحرينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الكويت
لاعبو كرة قدم في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الكويت
لاعبو منتخب البحرين لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الخالدية
لاعبو نادي الشمال
لاعبو نادي القادسية (الكويت)
لاعبو نادي المحرق
لاعبو نادي المرخية
لاعبو نادي المنامة
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
متنافسون بحرينيون في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية
مواليد 1405 هـ
مواليد 1984
مواليد في المحرق

محمود عبد الرحمن


Bullfrog Productions Limited was a British video game developer based in Guildford, England. Founded in 1987 by Peter Molyneux and Les Edgar, the company gained recognition in 1989 for their third release, Populous, and is also well known for titles such as Theme Park, Magic Carpet, Syndicate and Dungeon Keeper. Bullfrog's name was derived from an ornament in the offices of Edgar's and Molyneux's other enterprise, Taurus Impact Systems, Bullfrog's precursor where Molyneux and Edgar were developing business software. Bullfrog Productions was founded as a separate entity after Commodore mistook Taurus for a similarly named company.

Electronic Arts, Bullfrog's publisher, acquired the studio in January 1995. Molyneux had become an Electronic Arts vice-president and consultant in 1994, after EA purchased a significant share of Bullfrog. Molyneux's last project with Bullfrog was Dungeon Keeper, and as a result of his dissatisfaction of the corporate aspects of his position, he left the company in July 1997 to found Lionhead Studios. Others would follow him to Lionhead, and some founded their own companies, such as Mucky Foot Productions. After Molyneux's departure, Electronic Arts' control over Bullfrog caused several projects to be cancelled. Bullfrog was merged into EA UK in 2001 and ceased to exist as a separate entity. Bullfrog titles have been looked upon as a standard for comparison and have spawned numerous spiritual sequels.

History

Background, founding, and early years (1982–1989)

In 1982, entrepreneur Peter Molyneux met Les Edgar at an audio electronics shop called PJ Hi-Fi. When Molyneux left the company where he was working, Edgar suggested that they start a new one, which would later develop business software for the Commodore 64 as Taurus Impact Systems (also known as Taurus Software). The new company was named after Molyneux and Edgar's shared astrological sign, the Taurus. At some point, Molyneux accepted a deal to export money systems to Switzerland and baked beans to the Middle East.

One day, Taurus received a call from the head of Commodore Europe, wanting to discuss the future of the Amiga and Taurus' software's suitability for the system. Molyneux was invited to Commodore Europe's headquarters, where he was offered several Amiga systems and a space at a show in Germany. When Molyneux was told that they were anticipating getting his network running on the Amiga, he realised that they had mistaken his company for one called Torus, a producer of networking systems. Molyneux wanted the Amiga systems, so he did not inform Commodore of this error. He received them and began writing a database program called Acquisition. Commodore kept asking about the database, and Molyneux gave them excuses because they were threatening to shut Taurus down. When Acquisition was finished, it was shown at the exhibition in Germany, and won product of the year. 2,000 copies were sold to a company in the United States, giving Molyneux and Edgar funds to sustain Taurus.

Another program Taurus wrote was a computer-aided design (CAD) package called X-CAD. They knew the Amiga was becoming a gaming machine, and a friend of Molyneux's asked him to convert Druid II: Enlightenment from the Commodore 64 to the Amiga. According to Edgar, it was around this time Bullfrog was founded in preparation for the day when Acquisition was no longer important and they could focus on games. Bullfrog was originally a brand of Taurus; Molyneux explained that this was because they wanted to avoid confusion over business software and money-making opportunities.

The name came from an ornament of a bullfrog located in the office: when asked by Joystick why the name "Bullfrog" was chosen, Molyneux stated that they wanted "an idiotic name" without having to find one, and there happened to be a sculpture of a colourful frog on a pedestal labelled "Bull Frog by Leonardo" on the table. Afterwards, Molyneux and Edgar were running out of money, and Edgar suggested they close the company down. It was at this point when Molyneux came up with the idea of Populous. The conversion of Druid II: Enlightenment, Populous, and a shoot 'em up game called Fusion were the first games developed under the Bullfrog brand.

Early success (1989–1995)
Populous was difficult to publish at first due to a lack of recognition—the god genre was, according to Bullfrog, "misunderstood by everyone". Despite this, Electronic Arts was willing to publish the game. Molyneux did not expect it to be successful, yet in 1989, the game received 10 awards, and another 12 the following year, with sales reaching one million copies. It ultimately sold four million copies. Edgar took note of the game's success and gave developers such as Imagineer licences to create ports for platforms such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and Sega Mega Drive, which enabled the game to gain traction in Japan.

After Populous, Bullfrog moved into the Surrey Research Park and had around 20 employees. Bullfrog was starting to gain a reputation, so people started to want to work for the company. Molyneux searched for staff himself, and employed artists and programmers. He travelled to universities, including Cambridge, where he offered computer scientists and banks the chance to come to the gaming industry.

Bullfrog's Powermonger was developed as a result of pressure from Electronic Arts for a follow-up to Populous. and was released in 1990. The game won multiple Best Strategy Game awards, including one from Computer Gaming World (as did Populous). The direct sequel to Populous, Populous II: Trials of the Olympian Gods, was released the following year and sold over a million copies. In late 1993, Bullfrog worked with researchers from the University of Surrey, who were nearby their offices, to study the movement and behaviour of underwater life so Bullfrog could reproduce it in the game Creation.

By the mid-1990s, Bullfrog had become well known for innovation and quality. A 1995 article in GamePro stated that "Bullfrog's work has been termed some of the most innovative by industry leaders, and it's pioneered different genres of software." The same year, Next Generation similarly asserted that "Bullfrog has earned a reputation as one of the most consistently innovative and imaginative development teams in the world." In July 1995, Edge stated that Bullfrog had "an unparalleled reputation for quality and innovation", and by that year, Bullfrog were "rightly considered one of the most innovative in the world", according to GamesTM.

In 1994, three games were in development: Creation, Theme Park, and Magic Carpet. Bullfrog focused on implementing multiplayer in all three games; Molyneux believed that multiplayer was more important than the compact disc (CD) format. Theme Park and Magic Carpet were released that year, the latter being the best-selling CD game that Christmas and winning Game of the Year awards in the United Kingdom and Germany. Theme Park proved popular in Japan and was a best-seller in Europe. During the development of Theme Park, artist Gary Carr left Bullfrog following a disagreement with Molyneux on the game: Molyneux wanted gaily coloured graphics that would appeal to the Japanese market, but Carr disapproved, believing it would not work. Carr joined The Bitmap Brothers, returning to Bullfrog in 1995 to work on Dungeon Keeper, although he ended up working as the lead artist on Theme Hospital instead.

In November 1994, Bullfrog began development for Dungeon Keeper. By then, the company had been approached many times to develop games around film licences. McDonald's approached Bullfrog at some point for a joint game venture. By mid-1995, Bullfrog was focused on artificial intelligence (AI) and had a dedicated AI team working at its offices. Two AI techniques, Personality Mapping and Skeletal Mapping, were developed.

Acquisition by Electronic Arts and Molyneux's departure (1995–1998)
According to Edgar, Bullfrog began merger talks with Electronic Arts in 1993. To get the best deal, he believed Bullfrog should also talk with other companies such as Sony and Virgin. He explained that Electronic Arts was the obvious choice as Bullfrog already had a positive relationship with them. According to Molyneux, Bullfrog received numerous offers expressing interest in purchasing the company. The offers were not taken seriously until major companies, such as Electronic Arts and Philips, made contact; it was then thought that the acquisition by one of these companies would be inevitable. Bullfrog was bought by Electronic Arts in early January 1995. The rumored price of the acquisition was $44 million(£29 million). By this time, the studio's staff count had risen from 35 to 60 and the acquisition allowed it to grow to 150 people within months. Molyneux became a vice-president of Electronic Arts and head of their European branch. Edgar became the vice-president of the European branch and Bullfrog's chairman. He described Bullfrog becoming part of a multinational company as "a very big change" and worked for Electronic Arts to assist with the transition. Although Molyneux had said that Bullfrog's products would not suffer as a result of Electronic Arts' purchase, the number of games in development meant that there was less time to refine them (despite the company's growth rate), affecting their quality.

After the release of Magic Carpet in 1994, seven games were in development: Magic Carpet 2, Theme Hospital, The Indestructibles, Syndicate Wars, Gene Wars, Creation, and Dungeon Keeper. After Electronic Arts' purchase, Molyneux was told to release a game, namely Magic Carpet 2 or Dungeon Keeper, within six weeks. Neither was near completion, so to appease Electronic Arts, Hi-Octane was created. It had a rushed development and no name by July 1995. Molyneux explained that Bullfrog's games were normally original, and they were not concerned about them being copied, but the project was "a little derivative", which was why it was kept secret—even Edgar was not informed of the project at first. Around this time, Bullfrog had a reputation for having largely ignored 16-bit game consoles, and Syndicate Wars was the company's first title originally developed for a console—the PlayStation.

As Molyneux had been made vice-president of Electronic Arts, his corporate role and responsibility increased considerably and he began making frequent trips to San Francisco. Over time, he grew increasingly frustrated with the position and wished to return to game development. In July 1996, Molyneux decided to resign from Bullfrog to focus on game design, rather than become a mere employee. In response, Electronic Arts banned him from its offices, forcing him to move development of Dungeon Keeper to his house. Molyneux speculated that this was because Electronic Arts feared that he would take people with him. He decided to leave as soon as Dungeon Keeper was finished and commented: "My last day will be the day that this game goes into final test. I'm very, very, very sad, but also very relieved." He also said that Electronic Arts had been "unbelievably patient" and thanked vice-president Mark Lewis for campaigning for Dungeon Keepers completion. Molyneux's planned departure was his motivation to make Dungeon Keeper good. He believed that he would enjoy being an executive but said that it was "an utter nightmare". Shortly after his departure, Molyneux said he still had feelings for Bullfrog and wished them success. Despite his dissatisfaction with the corporate aspects of being vice-president, Molyneux said that he had learned "an enormous amount". In 2017, he revealed that his resignation was the consequence of his, and technical director Tim Rance's, drunkenness. He said he would take his resignation email back if he could.

Around this time, as Electronic Arts increased control over Bullfrog. Mark Healey (the lead artist for Dungeon Keeper) stated that the company "felt more like a chicken factory" after Electronic Arts' takeover and compared it to being assimilated by the Borg. Glenn Corpes (an artist for Fusion and Populous) stated that he was not surprised at Molyneux's departure. Another employee believed that working for Bullfrog had become "a job" and that the company had lost its innovation. In 2008, Electronic Arts' president John Riccitiello corroborated these sentiments by admitting that their "dictatorial managerial approach" had suppressed Bullfrog's creativity. Sean Cooper (the designer of Syndicate) said that if he could travel back in time, he would probably force Molyneux to refrain from selling Bullfrog to Electronic Arts. He described the period of resignations following Molyneux's departure as "such a horrible time". Molyneux believed that Electronic Arts had good intentions for Bullfrog, saying that "they just wanted to make it nicer" and putting the company's effects on Bullfrog down to "love abuse".

When Dungeon Keeper was nearing its completion in 1997, Molyneux, Rance, and Mark Webley (the project leader for Theme Hospital) founded a new company, Lionhead Studios, that July. By the time the studio's first game, Black & White, was released, Bullfrog employees such as Healey, Andy Bass (an artist who had worked on Theme Hospital), Russell Shaw (the composer for various titles), James Leach (Bullfrog's script writer), Paul McLaughlin (who worked on Creation), and Jonty Barnes (a programmer who had worked on Dungeon Keeper) had joined Lionhead. Healey stated that, because of his dissatisfaction at Bullfrog, he was happy to follow Molyneux and became Lionhead's first artist. Also in 1997, Mike Diskett (the project leader, lead programmer, and lead designer of Syndicate Wars), Finn McGechie (the lead artist for Magic Carpet), and Guy Simmons left to found Mucky Foot Productions, with Carr joining them the following year.

Other notable people at Bullfrog around the mid-1990s include Simon Carter (the lead programmer for Dungeon Keeper), Richard Reed (the project leader for Gene Wars), Mike Man (the lead artist for Syndicate Wars), Alan Wright (the project leader and lead programmer for Magic Carpet 2), and Eoin Rogan (the lead artist for Magic Carpet 2).

Post-Molyneux, final years, and closure (1998–2001)
In 1998, two games were released: Theme Aquarium, and Populous: The Beginning. Theme Aquarium was an attempt to "cross barriers" between the United Kingdom and Japan. Edgar explained that Bullfrog was more successful than most western game developers in Japan due to Populous and Theme Park, and wondered about the possibilities of having a game designed in the United Kingdom and implemented in Japan by Japanese development teams. A small group was set up to do this. Theme Aquarium was released as a Theme game in Japan only; western releases removed the Bullfrog branding. As of 2012, many ex-Bullfrog employees were unfamiliar with the game. Shortly before Molyneux's departure, Bullfrog announced that the games then in development may be the final ones released for MS-DOS. It was "quite likely" that all future games would be Windows-only. The reason for the change in platform focus was so Bullfrog could create games with Windows in mind and use "powerful features" (such as 3D acceleration), which were difficult to use with MS-DOS.

In 1999, Theme Park World and Dungeon Keeper 2 were released. Most of Theme Park Worlds development team came from Mindscape—they were brought to Bullfrog wholesale. Bullfrog worked with its sister company Maxis to release Theme Park World in North America under their Sim brand as Sim Theme Park to further establish itself in the region. Theme Resort, a Theme game based around holiday islands, was cancelled and its team reallocated to Theme Park World. Dungeon Keeper 2 had a new development team led by Nick Goldsworthy, previously an assistant producer for Theme Park at Electronic Arts. During the development, Colin Robinson was interviewed for the role of Bullfrog's chief technical officer, and helped the project succeed. In 2016, Glenn Corpes speculated that Electronic Arts did not understand Molyneux's role at Bullfrog and thought he was in charge of everything and that Electronic Arts' response to his departure would be to install managers. In fact, he focused on one game at a time, and let others carry out their work.

In mid-1999, Edgar stepped down as chairman. He was succeeded as managing director by Bruce McMillan of Electronic Arts' Canadian studios. Corpes left to found the studio Lost Toys with Jeremy Longley (who had worked on Theme Hospital, Syndicate Wars, and Populous III) and Darren Thomas (who had worked on Dungeon Keeper and Magic Carpet 2, and was the lead artist on Theme Park World), which Edgar supported financially. Corpes stated that he was inspired by Mucky Foot Productions running its own affairs and that it was "quite embarrassing to still be working for the Borg". He also said that Lost Toys was partially his take on what Bullfrog was. Alex Trowers (a designer who had worked on Syndicate and Powermonger) believed that Bullfrog had become too corporate after Electronic Arts' takeover and left for Lost Toys to return to "making games for the sake of making games", rather than to satisfy shareholders.

In August 1999, Electronic Arts appointed Ernest Adams as the lead designer of the fourth instalment in the Populous series, Genesis: The Hand of God. Bullfrog's management had concerns about its similarity to Lionhead Studios' Black & White and cancelled the project. Adams then became the lead designer on Dungeon Keeper 3. As Dungeon Keeper 2 did not perform as well as hoped, the team were instructed to make the third game more accessible. Development began in November 1999, but Electronic Arts' focus was changing. It was in negotiation with J. K. Rowling and New Line Cinema for licences to Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings, respectively. Electronic Arts saw a profitable opportunity and, in March 2000, cancelled Dungeon Keeper 3 in favour of those franchises, although its cancellation was not officially announced until August. Bullfrog moved to Chertsey in 2000 and went through "a quiet patch" for the remainder of the year.

The final game under the Bullfrog brand, Theme Park Inc, was released in 2001. By the time the game was in development, most of the Bullfrog teams had become part of EA UK and much of the development was handled by another company. What remained of Bullfrog was then merged into EA UK. Molyneux stayed with Lionhead Studios until the formation of 22cans in 2012. Edgar had some involvement with the gaming industry since Bullfrog but eventually left for the automotive industry. In August 2009, Electronics Arts were considering revising some of Bullfrog's games for modern-day systems.

Legacy
Several employees founded their own companies after leaving Bullfrog. These include:
 Lionhead Studios – Founded by Peter Molyneux, Mark Webley, and Tim Rance (as well as Steve Jackson, the co-founder of Games Workshop and co-author of the Fighting Fantasy books), Lionhead is best known for their Black & White and Fable series. The company was acquired by Microsoft and closed down on 29 April 2016.
 Mucky Foot Productions – Founded by Mike Diskett, Fin McGechie, and Guy Simmons. Gary Carr joined shortly afterwards. A deal with Eidos Interactive was signed and Mucky Foot Productions developed three games: Urban Chaos, Startopia, and Blade II. The company closed in 2003.
 Lost Toys – Founded by Glenn Corpes, Jeremy Longley, and Darran Thomas. The studio created two games—Ball Breakers/Moho and Battle Engine Aquila—before shutting down.
 Media Molecule – Best known for LittleBigPlanet, Media Molecule was established by Mark Healey, Alex Evans, Dave Smith, and Kareem Ettouney.
 Intrepid Computer Entertainment – This company was started by Joe Rider and Matt Chilton, and signed by Microsoft as a first-party developer. Intrepid closed in 2004, and its employees moved to Lionhead Studios.
 Big Blue Box Studios – Founded by Bullfrog programmers Simon and Dene Carter, and Ian Lovett (who worked on Magic Carpet and Dungeon Keeper), Big Blue Box Studios were "very close" to Lionhead Studios, and the two companies merged.
 22cans – Founded in 2012 by Molyneux after he left Lionhead. 22cans is known for Godus, which took inspiration from Populous and Dungeon Keeper, as well as Lionhead's Black & White.
 Two Point Studios – Founded in 2016 by Gary Carr and Mark Webley, Two Point Studios signed a publishing deal with Sega in May 2017.

Several Bullfrog games have spawned spiritual successors or have been used as a base for comparison. Dungeon Keeper has influenced War for the Overworld and Mucky Foot's Startopia, the former being described as "a true spiritual successor to Dungeon Keeper". DR Studios' Hospital Tycoon has been compared to Theme Hospital. Satellite Reign (programmed by Mike Diskett) has been labelled a spiritual successor to the Syndicate series. Two Point Hospital, developed by Two Point Studios, is considered to be a spiritual successor to Theme Hospital. In October 2013, Jeff Skalski of Mythic Entertainment, which produced a free-to-play remake of Dungeon Keeper for mobile platforms, said he would like to remake other Bullfrog titles, and described the company as "unstoppable". Theme Park also received a freemium remake in December 2011.

Games developed

Cancelled projects
Bullfrog cancelled several projects. According to Molyneux, the most common reason games were abandoned in the company's earlier days was because the game testers did not like them. That being the case, his theory was that customers would not either. Cancelled games include:
 Ember – Players would have piloted a speeder craft to repair a microprocessor chip, competing against a rival trying to undo the player's repairs.
 Colony – An arcade-adventure-puzzle game in which players would have attempted to save the passengers and crew of a cryogenic ship by repairing the cryogenic suspension system, using video cameras to monitor activity on the ship.
 Hell – A scrolling shoot 'em up based in the underworld and based on Joust.
 The Indestructibles – Described as "an action-beat-'em-up-strategy-everything game", The Indestructibles would have involved creating superhumans to defend cities from invaders.
 Creation – Set in the same reality as Syndicate, Creation would have had the player battling to transform an alien water world.
 Void Star – This was to be a 3D real-time strategy game set in space, but was cancelled it was believed that there would be no interest in the concept.
 Theme Resort, Theme Prison, Theme Ski Resort, and Theme Airport – These were "talked about" after the release of Theme Hospital but never materialised due to Mark Webley and Gary Carr leaving for other companies. Theme Resort was in development (according to Webley, its team were trying to have a trip to Club Med for research), and its team joined Theme Park World after cancellation. Webley stated that Bullfrog intended to explore other possibilities for its Designer Series (of which Theme Park and Theme Hospital are part of), but Electronic Arts had it shut down.
 Genesis: The Hand of God – Intended to be the next instalment in the Populous series but was cancelled due to similarities to Lionhead's Black & White.
 Dungeon Keeper 3 – Project was cancelled in favour of film franchises such as Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings. Bullfrog also decided to cease developing real-time strategy games.
 Theme Movie Studio – Did not make it past the concept stage.

References

External links

British subsidiaries of foreign companies
Electronic Arts subsidiaries
Companies based in Guildford
Defunct companies based in Surrey
Video game companies established in 1987
Video game companies disestablished in 2001
British companies established in 1987
British companies disestablished in 2001
1995 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom
Video game development companies
1987 establishments in England
2001 disestablishments in England

Bullfrog Productions


An Bulbostylis pohliana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Alan Ackerman Beetle. An Bulbostylis pohliana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbostylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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Bulbostylis

Bulbostylis pohliana


ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි මහනුවර නගරයේ පිහිටා ඇති දිවයිනේ ප්‍රධාන පෙලේ පිරිමි බෞද්ධ පාසලකි. අවුරුදු 135 වසරකට වඩා පැරණි ඉතිහාසයක් ඇති ධර්මරාජ විද්1887ය 1887 දි සර් හෙන්රි ස්ටීල් ඕල්කොට් තුමාගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් ආරම්භ කරන ලදි. මෙම විද්‍යාලය විලියම් ගොපල්ලව, ටී.බී.තෙන්නකෝන්, ඊ.ඒ.ගුණසිංහ, විමලරත්න කුමාරගම මහත්වරුන් ප්‍රමුඛ දස දහස් ගණනක පුරවැසියන් මෙලොවට බිහිකලාය.

අක්කර 54 කට ආසන්න භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක කදුගැටයක් ද අත්කරගනිමින් ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය පිහිටා ඇත. 1913 වසරේ පිහිටුවන ලද ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලීය බාලදක්ෂ කණ්ඩායම ලොව පැරණි සහ කීර්තිමත් බාලදක්ෂ සමූහයන්ගෙන් එකකි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළමුවෙන් ම ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාව ආරම්භ කරන ලද පාසල් අතරින් එකක් ලෙසද එය හැදින්විය හැකි ය. 5 ශ්‍රේණිය ශිෂ්‍යත්ව විභාගයෙන් සිසුන් බදවා ගැනීමේ දී වැඩි ම ඉල්ලුමක් ඇති පිරිමි  පාසල් දෙක අතර එය නිරන්තර ව රැදී සිටී.

ඉතිහාසය
වසර 135 ක සාඩම්බර අතීතයකට උරුමකම් කියන මහනුවර ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය දිවයිනේ ප්‍රමුඛ බෞද්ධ පාසල්වලින් එකකි. 1887 ජුනි 30 දින අරඹන ලද ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය බුදුන්වහන්සේ ව සිහිපත් කරවමින් ධර්මරාජ යනුවෙන් නම්කරන ලදී.

ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය පිහිටුවන ලද්දේද ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බෞද්ධ පාසල් පිහිටුවීමේ ලා පුරෝගාමී ව කටයුතු කළ බෞද්ධ පරමවිඥානාර්ථ සමාගමේ සමාරම්භකයාද වු හෙන්රි ස්ටීල් ඕල්කට්තුමන් ය. බෞද්ධ භික්ෂූන් සහ කතෝලික පියවරුන් අතර 1873දී පැවැත්වුණු පානදුරාවාදයෙහි මුද්‍රණයක් කියැවීමෙන් බුදුදහම කෙරෙහි උපන් ඇල්මෙන් යුතු ව හෙතෙම ලක්දිවට සැපත් විය. ඔහු විසින් පරමවිඥානාර්ථ සමාගමේ ශාඛාවන් පිළිවෙළින් කොළඹ, මහනුවර සහ ගාල්ලේ පිහිටුවන ලදී. මිගෙට්ටුවත්තේ ගුණානන්ද, දොඩන්දූවේ පියරතන, වලානේ ශ්‍රී සිද්ධාර්ථ, රත්ලානේ ධම්මාලෝක වැනි හිමිවරුන්ගේද අනගාරික ධර්මපාල, වලිසිංහ හරිශ්චන්ද්‍ර, මධ්‍යම පළාතේ මුදලිවරයා වූ දොන් අගාරිස් දිවාකර මොහොට්ටිගේ වැනි කැපී පෙනුන ගිහි පුදගලයන්ගේ සහයද මෙහිලා ඔහුට ලැබුණි.

සිංහල බෞද්ධයන්ගේ පිරිහීමට මූලික හේතුව නිසි අධ්‍යාපනයක් ලැබීමට අවස්ථාවක් නොමැති වීම බව ඕල්කට්තුමන් ප්‍රමුඛ පරමවිඥානාර්ථාවිදීන් විසින් හදුනා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙයට හොදම විසදුම ලෙස ඔවුන් දුටුවේ බෞද්ධ අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන පිහිටුවීමයි. ඒ අනුව ධර්මරාජ, ආනන්ද, මලියදේව සහ මහින්ද වැනි පාසල් පිහිටුවන ලදී. 1887දී මහනුවරට පැමිණි ඕල්කට්තුමන් ඉංග්‍රීසි මාධ්‍ය බෞද්ධ පාසලක් පිහිටුවීමට සුමංගල හිමියන්ගේත් එවක මහනුවර මුදලිවරයා ව සිටි ඩී. එම්. අගාරිස්ගේත් සහය පතන ලදී. පැරණි රජමැදුරට මුහුණළා පිහිටි නාථ දේවාලයට යාබද බිම්කඩ විදුහල තැනීමට තෝරාගන්නා ලද නමුත් එහි තිබුණු බෝධි වෘක්ෂය ඊට බාධාවක් විය. එය කපා දැමීම බුදුදහමට නිගරු කිරීමක් ලෙස ඉංග්‍රීසි ආණ්ඩුව සැලකූ අතර අවසර ලබා නොදෙන ලදී. කෙසේනමුත් වඩුගොඩපිටියේ පුංචි කෝරාල එක් රාත්‍රියක එය රහසේ ම කපා ඉවත් කරන ලදී.

ඉන්පසුව එම බිමෙහි ඉදිකරන ලද ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය 1887 ජුනි 30 වන බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා විවෘත කරන ලදී.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාසල්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ පාසල්
රජයට පවරාදුන් පාසල් - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
පැරණි ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය
පාසැල් ලැයිස්තු
පාසල් නාමාවලි - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලය


Ladies' Code (hangul: 레이디스 코드) er en sydkoreansk pigegruppe oprettet 2013 af Polaris Entertainment.

Gruppen bestod oprindeligt af fem medlemmer men består nu af de tre medlemmer Sojung, Ashley og Zuny.

Historie

Bad Girl
Gruppen gjorde sin debut med "Bad Girl" den 7. marts 2013 i programmet M Countdown, og samme dag blev deres første album CODE#01 udgivet. "Bad Girl" nåede en 34 plads på Gaon Chart, og sangens musikvideo nåede mere end en million visninger på Youtube.

Hate You
Den 6. august 2013 gjorde gruppen comeback med sin nye singel "Hate You". Samtidig fik den sin første reklamekontrakt om at blive modeller i en reklamefilm for Pepsi. "Hate You" debuterede på en 13 plads på Gaon Chart den 10. august, og videoen nåede mere end en million visninger på Youtube.

Pretty Pretty
Den 20. august 2013 kom det frem, at gruppen inden for kort tid ville udgive sit andet minialbum CODE#02, samt den nye single "Pretty Pretty". I forhold til den kort tid før udgivne "Hate You" havde det nye materiale et lysere koncept. Teaserbilleder forud for udgivelsen påmindede til vis grad om Ailees hitsang "I'll Show You". Den første teaservideo offentliggjordes den 28. august og antydede, at det ville være en tempomelodi. Den første teaser for musikvideoen til "Pretty Pretty" blev offentliggjort den 1. september, og hele videoen havde premiere den 4. september. Videoen blev set mere end en million gange på Youtube. Den mandlige sanger, som medvirker i sangen, er Yang Dong-geun. Det nye minialbum udkom dagen efter den 5. september og var produceret af Super Changddai, som tidligere også havde stået for gruppens debutsingle "Bad Girl". Pladen indeholder totalt 5 sange og inkluderer både "Hate You" og "Pretty Pretty", samt den en instrumental version af sidstnævnte sang. Også to nye sange med titlerne "Polaris Club" og "I'm Fine Thank You" findes med på albumet. Gruppen gjorde sin første liveoptræden efter sit comeback med "Pretty Pretty" den 5. september i M! Countdown. De fortsatte med at markedsføre singlen ved optrædender i Music Bank den 6. september, Show! Music Core den 7. september og Inkigayo den 8. september. Den uge, som sluttede den 7. september, nåede "Pretty Pretty" en 34 plads på Gaon Charts singleliste og CODE#02 en 14 plads på Gaon Charts albumliste.

Bilulykke
Den 3. september 2014 døde Go Eunbi (EunB) efter en bilulykke, og fire dage efter, den 7. september 2014, døde også Rise efter at have gennemgået flere operationer. Begivenheden medførte et længere afbræk i gruppens karriere, men det blev besluttet af fortsætte med de tilbageværende medlemmer.

Medlemmer

Nuværende

Diskografi

Album

Singler

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Artistinformation och diskografi på MelOn
 Ladies' Code på Youtube (officiell)

Musikgrupper fra Sydkorea
Etableret i 2013

Ladies' Code


Igor Jakowlewitsch Wyssozki; ; (* 10. September 1953 in Jagodnoje, Oblast Magadan; † 2. April 2023) war ein  sowjetischer Boxer. Er war 1978 sowjetischer Meister und Weltmeisterschaftsteilnehmer im Schwergewicht.

Werdegang

Igor Wyssozki begann im Alter von sechs Jahren in Magadan mit dem Boxen. Er wurde in den ersten Jahren seiner Laufbahn von seinem Vater Jakow Antonowitsch Wyssozki trainiert. Schon im Juniorenbereich gehörte er zu den besten sowjetischen Boxern im Schwergewicht und er zog deshalb der besseren Trainingsbedingungen wegen nach Moskau. Dort wurde er Mitglied des Arbeitersportklubs Trud Moskau.

1972 nahm er erstmals an einem großen internationalen Turnier in Moskau teil. Er erreichte dort das Finale im Schwergewicht, in dem er aber wegen einer Augenbrauenverletzung nicht mehr antreten konnte. Schon im Alter von 19 Jahren zeichnete sich also schon seine Verletzungsanfälligkeit an den Augenbrauen an, mit der er während seiner ganzen Laufbahn zu kämpfen hatte und die ihm manchen Erfolg vermasselte. Igor Wyssozki war kein Supertechniker, sondern ein harter "Puncher", der über die Hälfte seiner Kämpfe vorzeitig gewann. Auf der anderen Seite brachte seine Kampfesweise mit sich, dass gerade bei seinen Kämpfen, das Kampfgericht oft uneins war und viele seiner Kämpfe mit 3:2-Urteilen, mal für ihn, mal gegen ihn, ausgingen. Die Anfälligkeit für Augenbrauenverletzungen (Cuts) behinderte ihn natürlich auch beim Training, was sich wieder nachteilig auf seine Form auswirkte.

1973 durfte Igor Wyssozki an der Europameisterschafts-Ausscheidung in Lemberg teilnehmen. Er traf dabei im Viertelfinale auf Wiktor Petrowitsch Uljanitsch und verlor, weil er in der 3. Runde wegen eines Cuts aus dem Ring genommen werden musste. Er gefiel bei diesem Turnier den Offiziellen des sowjetischen Boxverbandes so gut, dass sie ihn nach Kuba schickten, wo er am Turnier Giraldo Cordova Cardin in Camagüey teilnahm. Er schaffte dabei im Endkampf eine Sensation, als er als 20-Jähriger im Finale den Olympiasieger von 1972 Teófilo Stevenson nach Punkten (3:2) besiegte. Im Jahre 1976 brachte er dann das gleiche Kunststück noch einmal fertig. Er besiegte Teófilo Stevenson bei einem internationalen Turnier in Minsk durch K. o. in der 3. Runde. Dies waren die beiden einzigen Niederlagen die Teófilo Stevenson zwischen den Olympischen Spielen 1972 und den Olympischen Spielen 1976 hinnehmen musste.

Igor Wyssozki nahm 1974 erstmals an der sowjetischen Meisterschaft teil und verlor dort im Halbfinale gegen Gennadi Kokurin nach Punkten. In der Sowjetunion wurden damals auch noch der sog. Absolute Meister ermittelt. Bei dieser Meisterschaft waren die besten Boxer der drei schweren Gewichtsklassen startberechtigt. 1974 kam Igor Wyssozki bei dieser Meisterschaft mit einem Punktsieg über Gennadi Kokurin (3:2) in das Finale, in dem er gegen Jewgeni Gorstkow in der 3. Runde wegen eines Cuts aus dem Ring genommen werden musste. 1975 schied er bei der sowjetischen Meisterschaft schon im Viertelfinale mit einer Punktniederlage gegen Pjotr Sajew aus und kam dadurch nur auf den 5. Platz. Noch schlimmer erging es ihm bei der sowjetischen Meisterschaft 1976, wo er bereits im Achtelfinale gegen Juri Sudakow wegen eines Cuts aus dem Ring genommen werden musste. 1976 wurde er vom sowjetischen Boxverband auch zu den Olympischen Spielen nach Montreal mitgenommen. Er konnte dort aber nicht eingesetzt werden, weil er im Training wieder eine Augenbrauenverletzung davontrug. Und auch 1977 ging es so weiter, denn Igor Wyssozki verlor bei der sowjetischen Meisterschaft im Halbfinale gegen Pjotr Sajew, weil er wieder wegen der gleichen Verletzung aus dem Ring genommen werden musste. In einem Länderkampf im November 1976 besiegte Igor Wyssozki in Las Vegas den späteren Profiweltmeister Tony Tubbs durch Abbruch in der 2. Runde.

In den nächsten Jahren blieb er dann von dieser Verletzung weitgehend verschont. Gut trainiert siegte er dann im Jahre 1978 bei der sowjetischen Meisterschaft, wo er im Endkampf Michail Subbotin nach Punkten schlug. Außerdem holte er sich auch den Titel des absoluten Meisters. Auf dem Weg zu diesem Titel besiegte er Choren Indschejan, Jewgeni Gorstkow und Michail Subbotin. Im gleichen Jahr wurde Igor Wyssozki bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Belgrad eingesetzt. Er traf dort in seinem ersten Kampf auf den international unbekannten Franzosen Dominique Nato und verlor gegen diesen, völlig indisponiert, nach Punkten (2:3), womit er ausschied und nur den 9. Platz belegte. Für weitere internationalen Meisterschaften konnte er sich nicht mehr qualifizieren.

1979 und 1980 startete er aber noch bei den sowjetischen Meisterschaften. 1979 verlor er dabei im Halbfinale gegen Wiktor Uljanitsch nach Punkten und 1980 war für ihn bereits im Viertelfinale nach einer Punktniederlage gegen Jewgeni Gorstkow Endstation.

Igor Wyssozki bestritt in seiner Laufbahn 185 Kämpfe, von denen er 161 gewann. Er betreibt heute in Moskau eine Boxschule und ein Sportstudio.

Internationale Erfolge

Länderkämpfe

Meisterschaften der UdSSR

Quellen

 Fachzeitschrift Box Sport
 Website "amateur-boxing.strefa.pl"
 Website "www.eastsideboxing.com"

Weblinks

 Interview mit Igor Wyssozki in englischer Sprache
 Moskau 1978: Muhammad Ali in Schaukämpfen gegen Igor Wyssozki, Pjotr Sajew und Jewgeni Gorstkow

Boxer (Sowjetunion)
Sowjetischer Meister (Boxen)
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1953
Gestorben 2023
Mann

Igor Jakowlewitsch Wyssozki


Manjaro Linux je Linux distribucija bazirana na Arch Linuxu namijenjena početnicima. Karakteriziraju ju jednostavnost Arch distribucije, no ta jednostavnost ovdje nije na račun pristupačnosti početnicima, te model kontinuiranog ažuriranja paketa, gdje je lako postići da radite na zadnjim objavljenim inačicama omiljenog softvera.

Osim manjarovog repozitorija paketa u kome su paketi podijeljeni u tri grupe:
 testne
 nestabilne
 stabilne
pri čemu se ne rabe direktno Arch-evi repozitoriji, rabi se također AUR (Arch users repository).

Također pogledajte

 Linux distribucija
 Linux

Izvori

Linux distribucije

Manjaro Linux


සරසවිය හොඳම සිනමා යාන්ත්‍රික සම්මානය ඉදිරිපත් කරනු ලබන්නේ සරසවිය සම්මාන උළෙල මඟිනුයි. සරසවිය  නම් ලේක් හවුස් නිෂ්පාදන සමාගමේ සතිපතා පුවත්පතකි. මෙම සම්මාන මුලින් පිරිනමනු ලැබූයේ 1964 වර්ෂයේදීය.

ඉතිහාසය පුරාවට සම්මාන ලබා ගත් පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නාමයන් පහත දැක්වේ.

අධ්‍යක්ෂ
Awards established in 1964
1964 establishments in Ceylon
Awards for best cinematography

සරසවිය විශිෂ්ට සිනමා යාන්ත්‍රික සම්මානය


Matagorda bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Matagorda (Mississippi)
 Matagorda (Texas)
 Matagorda County, Verwaltungseinheit in Texas
 Matagorda Bay, Bay an der Küste von Texas
 Matagorda Island, Küsteninsel vor Texas
 Matagorda Island State Park, Park in Texas

Sonstiges:
 Matagorda Island Air Force Base, Militärbasis in Texas
 USCGC Matagorda, Schiff der Küstenwache
 USS Matagorda (AVP-22), Schiff der US-Navy

Matagorda


Andrea Berti Rodrigues (nascida em 3 de janeiro de 1973, na cidade de Santos) é uma ex-lutadora de judô brasileira. Ganhou uma medalha nos Jogos Panamericanos de 1995, e quatro medalhas no Campeonato Panamericano de Judo, entre os anos 1992 e 2001.

Em 2012, foi anunciada como parte da comissão técnica da seleção brasileira de judô para o ciclo Paris 2024, ao lado de Kiko Pereira e Sarah Menezes. Antes da convocação para a equipe técnica, Andrea treinou judocas da nova geração que foram medalhistas em Mundiais Júnior e atuarão em Paris, em 2024, como Larissa Pimenta e Beatriz Souza.

Prêmios internacionais

Referências

Naturais de Santos
Judocas do Brasil
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Andrea Berti Rodrigues


جنوسان هي قرية تقع في شمال مملكة البحرين بالقرب من قرية باربار ويوجد بها كثير من البريطانيون و الأمريكيون و اليابانيون وكثير من الأوربيون.

سبب التسمية
هناك رأيين حول سبب تسمية قرية جنوسان بهذا الاسم
 الرأي الأول: تركيب لكلمتين وهما : جنة الإنسان , وهو المرجح بسبب خصوبة أرضها وكثرة المزارع بها ومحاذاتها للشاطئ
 الرأي الثاني: بسبب اعتقاد الأجيال السابقة بوجود الجن في المزارع , ولذلك سميت "جن وإنسان"

تلال جنوسان

تعود تلال جنوسان إلى العصر الهيلينستي ما بين الأعوام 300 قبل الميلاد و 200 ميلادية ، أي أن تاريخ أول استيطان لقرية جنوسان يعود لأكثر من 2000 سنة

قامت البعثة الفرنسية في عام 1983 بالتنقيب في تلال جنوسان وتوصلت إلى أن تلال مدافن جنوسان ذات تكوين طبيعي ، والجزء الباقي من صناعتها صناعي.

القادة السياسيون
 الشيخ عبد الله الصالح

المآتم في قرية جنوسان
هناك العديد من المآتم في جنوسان:
 مأتم جنوسان الجنوبي.
 مأتم جنوسان الشمالي.
 مأتم أبناء حبيب.
 مأتم المحاري.
 حسينية السيد كاظم.

اللجان الدينية في القرية
 هيئة أهل البيت
 مشروع تعليم الصلاة
 مركز النبأ العظيم لعلوم القرآن الكريم
 مركز الإمام المهدي لعلوم القرآن الكريم

الوكالات القنصلية في جنوسان
هناك العديد من القنصليات في جنوسان:
 قنصلية الجمهورية الهيلينية.
 قنصلية جمهورية قبرص.
 قنصلية النرويج.

مصادر

أماكن مأهولة في البحرين
قرى البحرين

جنوسان


Baron Martonmere, of Blackpool in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1964 for the Conservative politician Sir Roland Robinson.

, the title is held by his grandson, John Stephen Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere, who succeeded in 1989. He is the eldest son of the Hon. Richard Anthony Gasque Robertson (1935-1979), only son of the first Baron.

Barons Martonmere (1964)
(John) Roland Robinson, 1st Baron Martonmere (1907–1989)
The Hon. Richard Anthony Gasque Robertson (1935–1979), only son of the 1st Baron
John Stephen Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere (b. 1963), eldest son of the above

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. James Ian Robinson (b. 2003)

Line of Succession

  John Roland Robinson, 1st Baron Martonmere (1907—1989)
 Hon. Richard Anthony Gasque Robinson (1935—1979)
  John Stephen Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere (born 1963)
 (1) Hon. James Ian Robinson (b. 2003)
 (2) Hon. Andrew Roland Robinson (b. 2005)
 (3) David Alan Robinson (b. 1965)

Arms

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1964
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Martonmere


Glenea despecta é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe em 1858. É conhecida a sua existência em Sumatra, Bornéu e Vietname.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

despecta
Coleópteros descritos em 1858

Glenea despecta


محافظة فين لونغ  ( بالفيتنامية : Vĩnh Long ) هي إحدى محافظات فيتنام. وتقع في دلتا ميكونغ.

المصادر

روابط إضافية
 Official Site of Vĩnh Long Government
 Can Tho Community

دول وأقاليم أسست في 1957
محافظات فيتنام
مقاطعة فنه لونج

محافظة فين لونغ


FK Palanga var en litauisk fodboldklub fra Palanga.

Holdets farver er grøn og hvid. Klubben har hjemmebane på Palanga central stadion (kapacitet 1.000).

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klubfarver
 gul blå

Nuværende trup
Pr. 19. september 2019.

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Trænere
  Valdas Trakys (2015−2018)
  Artiom Gorlov (2019)
  Viačeslav Geraščenko (2019)
  Algimantas Briaunys (16 September 2019).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 fkpalanga.lt
 Facebook
 A lyga alyga.lt
 soccerway

Fodboldklubber i Litauen
Etableret i 2011

FK Palanga


Sahargu ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Landgemeinde Alutaguse (bis 2017 Tudulinna). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Beschreibung und Geschichte
Das Dorf hat 21 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2016).

Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts war der Ort vor allem bekannt für seine Stellmachereien. Die Produkte wurden auf dem estnischen und russischen Markt verkauft. 1880 gab es in Sahargu und der Umgebung dreißig bis vierzig Stellmachermeister.

Noch heute befindet sich im Wappen der Landgemeinde Tudulinna ein Wagenrad (siehe Bild), das an diese Tradition erinnert.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Alutaguse

Sahargu


Robert Alfred Morley bedre kendt som Bob Morley er en australsk skuespiller. Han er bedst kendt for rollen som Bellamy Blake i The 100.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Australien

Bob Morley


La CV-415 es una carretera local de la Comunidad Valenciana, comunica Silla con Alborache, siendo uno de los de los principales ejes secundarios de la provincia de Valencia que comunica el interior de la provincia con la zona litoral

Nomenclatura
La CV-415 es una carretera local que pertenece a la Diputación Provincial de Valencia, es una carretera que conecta las poblaciones de Silla y Alborache.Su nombre viene de la CV (que indica que es una carretera autonómica de la Comunidad Valenciana) y el 415, es el número que recibe dicha carretera, según el orden de nomenclaturas de las carreteras secundarias de la Comunidad Valenciana.

Historia
La CV-415 sustituyó a las carreteras provinciales  y  que tenían el mismo trazado que ahora.

Trazado Actual
La CV-415 inicia su recorrido como carretera convencional en Silla en la Avenida de Alboraig en el enlace con el primitivo tazado de la  y recorre los términos municipales de esta población, Alcácer, Picassent, Turis y Alborache finalizando su recorrido en esta última población enlazando con la  que une la  con la .

415

CV-415


Denizkuyusu, Adana ilinin Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 30 km, Yüreğir ilçesine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Yüreğir'in mahalleleri

Denizkuyusu, Yüreğir


Mateguas (Matiguas, Mategwas, Mahtegwas, Mat-gwas, Matgwas), U drugim abenačkim (Wabanaki) plemenima zec je bezbrižna životinja prevarant, ali u legendi pravih Abenaka Zec je ozbiljan mitološki lik. Prema Abenaki tradiciji, Mateguas (Zec) je bio stariji brat kulturnog heroja Glooskapa. Nakon njegove smrti, Mateguas je postao vladar podzemlja, komunicirajući sa svojim mlađim bratom iza groba kako bi mu dao duhovne tajne koje je podijelio s ljudima. Abenaki Mategua ima mnogo sličnosti s božanstvima podzemlja algonkvijskih plemena Velikih jezera kao što su Potawatomi i Ojibwe, a ne s tipičnijim likovima iz mitologije Wabanaki.

Izvori

Abenaki mitologija
Indijanska mitologija (bogovi mrtvih)

Mateguas


Jules-Descartes Férat (Ham kraj Somme, 28. studenog 1829. – Pariz, 6. lipnja 1906.) bio je francuski umjetnik, pisac i ilustrator. Najpoznatiji je po svojim ilustracijama raznih djela Julesa Vernea.

Popis djela Julesa Vernea koje je ilustrirao
Romani
(1871.) Ploveći grad, 44 ilustracija
(1872.) Doživljaji trojice Rusa i trojice Engleza u Južnoj Africi, 53 ilustracije
(1873.) Zemlja krzna, 103 ilustracije (s ilustratorom Alfred Quesnay de Beaurépaire)
(1875.) Tajanstveni otok, 152 ilustracija
(1876.) Carev glasnik, 91 ilustracija
(1877.) Podzemni grad, 45 ilustracije
Kratke priče
(1871.) Probijači opsade, 17 ilustracija
(1875.) Martin Paz, 12 ilustracija
(1876.) Drama u Meksiku, 6 ilustracija

Vanjske poveznice

 Ilustracije Verneovih Neobičnih putovanja

Francuski likovni umjetnici
Francuski književnici
Ilustratori
Jules Verne

Jules Férat


Yara Sayeh Shahidi (Mineápolis, Minnesota; 10 de febrero de 2000) es una actriz estadounidense.

Biografía
Nació en febrero de 2000 en Minneapolis, Minnesota, donde vivió los primeros cuatro años de su vida. Su padre es iraní y su madre estadounidense negra, Keri Shahidi. Fue a vivir a California cuando su padre tuvo que mudarse allí por motivos laborales. Es la hermana mayor del también actor Sayeed Shahidi. Es prima del rapero Nas.

Comenzó su carrera a los 6 años, apareciendo en comerciales televisivos y gráficos de compañías como McDonald's, Ralph Lauren, Target, GapKids, Disney, Guess Kids y Children's Place. Trabajó frecuentemente junto a su madre y hermano menor en varias campañas gráficas y de radio.

Shahidi hizo su debut teatral en 2009, en la película de Paramount Picture Imagine That como Olivia Danielson, junto con Eddie Murphy, por la cual recibió una nominación a los Premios Young Artist dentro de la categoría Mejor Actuación en una Película - Actriz Principal Joven.

Filmografía

Películas

Televisión

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de voz de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices infantiles de Estados Unidos
Alumnado del Harvard College
Nacidos en Minneapolis
Musulmanes de Estados Unidos
Activistas de Estados Unidos
Afroestadounidenses del siglo XXI
Actrices afroestadounidenses
Actrices de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI

Yara Shahidi


Kılıç balığı (Xiphias gladius), Xiphiidae familyasından üst çenesi kılıç gibi uzamış yırtıcı bir balık türü.

Kılıç balıkları; vücut kaslarından gelen ısının gözlerine aktarıldığı özel bir ısıtma sistemine sahiplerdir. Bu ısıtıcı sistem balığın, gözlerinin görme işlevi için gerekli ısıyı sağlar.

Görme olayı bir dizi kimyasal olaylar sonucunda gerçekleşir. Hava serinledikçe kimyasal reaksiyonlar daha uzun zaman alır. Bu nedenle soğukkanlılar sınıfına giren canlılar, eğer hızlı hareket eden nesneleri görmek istiyorlarsa kendilerini ısıtmak durumundadırlar. Bu nedenle, son derece soğuk derin deniz sularındaki kılıçbalıklarının avlanamaması gerekir.

Oysa kılıç balıkları denizin 600 m dibinde, sıcaklığın 5 dereceye kadar düştüğü yerlerde bile mürekkep balıklarını kovalayabilirler. Saatte 60 km. hızla yüzen avlarını takip edebilmek için kılıç balığının gözlerinin sıcaklığını 20-25 derecede tutması gerekmektedir.

Saatte 120 km hızla yüzebilir ve okyanusların en hızlı balıklarından biridir. Sanayileşme öncesi İzmit Körfezi'nde rastlanırdı.

Asgari endişe altındaki hayvanlar
Xiphiidae
Pakistan'daki balıklar
Türkiye'deki balıklar
Yenilebilen deniz balıkları
1758'de tanımlanan balıklar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kılıç balığı


A dilution gene is any one of a number of genes that act to create a lighter coat color in living creatures. There are many examples of such genes:

General
Diluted coat colors have melanocytes, but vary from darker colors due to the concentration or type of these pigment-producing cells, not their absence. Pigment dilution, sometimes referred to as hypomelanism, has been called leucism, albinism (perfect, impartial, or dilute), ghosting, paling, and isabellinism.
Albinism describes a condition where pigment cells synthesize little or no pigment
Leucism describes a condition that creates loss of pigment cells

Cats
Cat coat genetics discusses many dilution genes in cats

Dogs
In dogs, a mutation of the MLPH locus known as the dilute gene causes eumelanin to lighten while pheomelanin remains almost unchanged. Dogs of some breeds with the dilute gene often suffer from Colour dilution alopecia (CDA).

Appearance
Of the colour shades found in the coat of dogs, the light brown caused by pheomelanin is hardly affected. Black eumelanin is lightened to a grey called "blue". Chocolate brown eumelanine is lightened to the typical colour of the Weimaraner.

Genetics
The dilute gene d is recessive to the wild type allele D. A gene test can be used to determine a dog's genotype concerning genes for pigmentation. In some dog breeds lightened by the dilute gene, the mutation d is associated with color dilution alopecia (CDA). Since not all breeds in which the gene occurs exhibit these problems, it is suspected that there may be a second previously unknown mutation of the MLPH gene.

Every dog has two alleles - one from the sire and one from the dam. The gene expression depends on the genotype:

 DD: Both sire and dam have inherited the wild type allele. The coat is not lightened.
 Dd: Either sire or dam have inherited the allele for dilution. However, the dilution of colour is not visible in the phenotype - the dog has the same coat colour as a DD dog.
 dd: Sire and dam have inherited the allele for the dilute colour expression. The black areas of the coat are lightened to blue, dogs additionally lightened by the gene on the B locus take on the colour typical of the Weimaraner.

According to the Mendelian Rules, an average of 25% of the puppies receive the homozygous gene combination dd if both parents are genetic carriers.

Horses

Equine coat color genetics discusses color genes in horses, including a brief description of dilution genes
Equine coat color describes various colors in horses
Cream gene, describes the process for horses by which the cremello, perlino, smoky cream double-dilute colors are created as well as the buckskin, palomino and smoky black single dilute colors.
Dun gene describes another common dilution gene in horses
Champagne gene, describes a different and rarer dilution gene in horses that also creates cream coloring, pale skin with mottling and light-colored eyes.
Pearl gene, also called the "Barlink factor", is a recessive gene.  One copy of the allele has no effect on the coat color of black, bay or chestnut horses. Two copies on a chestnut horse produce a pale, uniform apricot color of body hair, mane and tail as well as pale skin. It also interacts with Cream dilution to produce "pseudo-double" Cream dilutes with pale skin and blue or green eyes.
Silver dapple gene, describes a dilution gene that works in a unique manner, lighting the mane and tail of a horse to a greater degree than the body color (opposite of most dilution genes, which act more strongly on the body color)
White (horse) describes several unique genetic processes that create truly white, not diluted, color in horses.
Gray (horse) explains the process of the gray gene, which lightens the coat over time, but is not a dilution gene.
Mushroom (horse) describes an unknown and unmapped theorized dilution gene dilutes red pigment in body color to a pale beige color.

References

See also
wikispecies:Felis sylvestris catus (cat)
wikispecies:Equus caballus (horse)

Horse coat colors

Dilution gene


Guido Alberti (* 20. April 1909 in Benevento; † 3. August 1996 in Rom) war ein italienischer Industrieller und Schauspieler.

Leben
Alberti war Mitbesitzer des von seinem Vater Ugo Alberti gegründeten Unternehmens Strega, das Liköre vertreibt. 1947 stiftete er zusammen mit Goffredo und Maria Bellonci den Literaturpreis "Premio Strega", der jährlich dem besten italienisch schreibenden Autor fiktiver Prosa verliehen wird. 1955 spielte Alberti eine kleine Rolle in Gli innamorati von Mauro Bolognini. Federico Fellini besetzte ihn dann 1963 in Achteinhalb und startete dank seiner beeindruckenden Präsenz somit im Alter von 53 Jahren eine beachtliche Karriere als Charakterdarsteller in zahlreichen Kinofilmen, darunter zahlreiche Kriminalstoffe, aber auch bei Francesco Rosi, Pier Paolo Pasolini und Roman Polański. Auch war er in etlichen Fernsehrollen der 1960er Jahre, wie Ugo Gregorettis Il circolo Pickwick oder Leonardo Corteses Luisa Sanfelice zu sehen.

Alberti war ab 1953 mit der als Astrologin und Journalistin populär gewordenen, deutschstämmigen Lucia Alberti († 1995) verheiratet.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Weblinks

 Alberti bei mymovies

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmer (Italien)
Filmschauspieler
Italiener
Geboren 1909
Gestorben 1996
Mann

Guido Alberti


An Cyperus acuminatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Torrey ngan William Jackson Hooker. An Cyperus acuminatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cyperus

Cyperus acuminatus


NGC 6056 est une vaste et lointaine galaxie lenticulaire située dans la constellation d'Hercule. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 6056 a été découverte par l'astronome américain Lewis Swift en . Cette galaxie a aussi été observée par Swift exactement deux années plus tard, mais il ne s'est pas rendu compte qu'il l'avait déjà inscrite à ses notes. Elle a été incluse à l'Index Catalogue sous la désignation IC 1176.

NGC 6056 fait partie du superamas d'Hercule. Steinicke utilise la désignation DRCG 34-... pour plusieurs galaxies du superamas d'Hercule. Cette désignation indique que ces galaxies figurent au catalogue des amas galactiques d'Alan Dressler. Le nombre 34 correspond au  du catalogue, soit Abell 2151, et les chiffres suivant 34 et le tiret indiquent le rang de la galaxie dans la liste.

Pour NGC 6056 la base de données NASA/IPAC utilisent les désignations suivantes :
 ABELL 2151:[D80] 101 pour le catalogue de Dressler ;
 ABELL 2151:[BO85] 007 pour le l'article de Butcher et Oemler ;
 ABELL 2151:[MGT95] 108 pour l'article Maccagni, Garilli et Tarenghi.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 6056 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

6056
Constellation d'Hercule
Galaxie lenticulaire
Objet céleste découvert en 1886
Objet céleste découvert par Lewis Swift

NGC 6056


En traversant la rue est une peinture à l'huile sur bois () du peintre italien Giovanni Boldini conservée au Clark Art Institute à Williamstown (Massachusetts) aux États-Unis depuis 1955.

Parcours de l'œuvre
Propriété d'Alexis Febvre de Paris, en 1876, puis de Knoedler de New York, elle est vendue à , le  ; le Clark Art Institute à Williamstown (Massachusetts) aux États-Unis la conserve depuis 1955 à la constitution du musée par le  legs Francine Clark et la mort de son mari en 1956.

Description
L'œuvre, qui représente une jeune femme traversant une rue de Paris,  semble un instantané restituant l'animation dans la ville. Au premier plan, une femme blonde, Berthe le modèle de Boldini à cette époque, élégamment vêtue, traverse une rue pavée. Elle serre contre elle un bouquet de fleurs tout en relevant sa jupe pour avancer plus facilement. Ce faisant, elle montre son jupon, attirant le regard de l'homme qui passe derrière elle dans un  fiacre, et qui se penche à la portière pour mieux regarder le charmant spectacle.

Analyse
La composition très étudiée, avec la structuration progressive des plans en profondeur, confère à l'œuvre une dimension narrative presque théâtrale. Les effets de symétrie permettent de créer une impression de mouvement, grâce aux deux voitures s'éloignant l'une de l'autre et aux personnages, tous solitaires, qui partent dans des directions différentes : l'homme dans la voiture, les deux femmes dos à dos, le petit chien. L'horizon est fermé par les immeubles et les magasins affichant « Réparation de meubles en tous genres » et « Chemiserie, bonnets, lingerie » qui forment comme un mur de fond de scène qui accentue la dimension théâtrale de la composition.

Références

Bibliographie
 .

Article connexe
 Liste d'œuvres de Giovanni Boldini

Liens externes

 Notice du musée

Tableau de Giovanni Boldini
Tableau des années 1870
Voie de Paris dans la peinture
Femme dans la peinture
Chien dans la peinture
Œuvre conservée au Clark Art Institute

En traversant la rue


Događaji

Rođenja

Smrti
 William Peverel, normanski vitez

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

1115.


Ventilacijom ili provjetravanjem podzemnih rudnika održava se stalna izmjena zraka u prostorijama rudnika, jamska klima pogodna za težak fizički rad i razrjeđuje se koncentracija zagušljivih, otrovnih i eksplozivnih plinova i prašine uz njihovo odvođenje na površinu.

Cilj ventilacije podzemnih rudnika je osiguranje normalnih klimatskih uvjeta odn. osiguranje zraka propisane kvalitete, neophodnog za disanje rudara i rad strojeva te
odstranjivanje plinova koji se oslobađaju u ležištu ili su produkti samog tehnološkog procesa eksploatacije te odnošenje prašine u zraku, nastale tehnološkim postupcima eksploatacije.

Sastav atmosferskog i rudničkog zraka

Atmosferski zrak
Atmosferski zrak podrazumijeva zrak koji ima približno ista fizička i kemijska svojstva kao vanjski-atmosferski zrak.
Sastoji se od:
-dušik N2 i ostali inertni plinovi.........79,02 %
-kisik O2 .............................................20,95 %
-ugljik-dioksid CO2..............................0,03 %

Rudnički zrak
Rudnički zrak redovno sadrži manje kisika, a veću količinu zagušljivih, otrovnih i eksplozivnih plinova koje prima u rudničkom proizvodnom sustavu.

Stalni sastojci rudničkog zraka

Kisik (O2) je plin bez boje, ukusa i mirisa. Neophodan je za disanje, ne sagorijeva ali podržava gorenje, vrlo je aktivan i lako se spaja sa mnogim plinovima. Kisik doveden u jamu atmosferskim zrakom troši se osim disanjem još i vezivanjem za ugljik-dioksid pri oksidaciji stijena, organskom oksidacijom (truljenjem drveta) i radom SUS motora.
U skladu s propisima, minimalni sadržaj kisika u radnoj atmosferi rudnika iznosi 19 %.

Izdahnuti zrak sadrži oko 79 % dušika, 17 % kisika i 4 % ugljik-dioksida.

Smanjenje sadržaja kisika izaziva različite efekte na ljudski organizam.

U skladu s propisima da bi se osigurala potrebna količina kisika potrebno je dostaviti minimalno 3 m3/min po zaposlenom radniku, ali u praksi se primjenjuju znatno veće vrijednosti (6÷50 m3/min).

Dušik (N2) je neotrovan inertni plin bez boje, ukusa i mirisa, teško topiv u vodi, nema aktivnog utjecaja (>83 %) pri disanju, niti podržava gorenje.
Nastaje truljenjem jamske građe, miniranjem i ekshalacijom iz poroznih stijena.

Argon, neon, helij, kripton (i radon) prisutni su u izuzetno malim količinama u rudničkom zraku.

Otrovni plinovi u rudničkom zraku

Ugljik-dioksid (CO2) je plin bez boje i mirisa te kiselkastog okusa. Ne podržava gorenje ni disanje i lako je rastvorljiv u vodi.
U rudnicima nastaje truljenjem organskih tvari, procesima raspadanja i metamorfizma stijena i slojeva organskog i neorganskog porijekla, procesima oksidacije ugljena, djelovanjem nekih rudničkih voda na karbonate stijene, izdvajanjem iz ugljenih slojeva u kojima se nalazi kao produkt karbonifikacije.
U rudničku atmosferu pridolazi izdvajanjem, isticanjem (puhači) i iznenadnim prodorom i izbojem.
S obzirom da je CO2 znatno teži od zraka, sakuplja se u najnižim dijelovima
rudarskih prostorija, te se o ovoj činjenici mora voditi računa.
Prema propisima, maksimalno dozvoljeni sadržaj CO2 u izlaznoj zračnoj struji iznosi 0,75 %.

Ugljik-monoksid (CO) je veoma otrovan plin, bez boje, ukusa i mirisa, koji se slabo rastvara u vodi.
Nastaje pri niskotemperaturnoj oksidaciji ugljena, miniranju, pri rudničkim požarima, a u velikim količinama pri eksplozijama metana i ugljene prašine i pri radu SUS motora.

Njegova koncentracija od 0,1 % dovodi do laganog trovanja u toku jednog sata, dok koncentracija od 0,4 % u kratkom vremenu prouzrokuje smrtno trovanje.

Sumporovodik (H2S) je plin bez boje, veoma karakterističnog i neprijatnog mirisa i slatkastog ukusa.
Lako se rastvara u vodi i može gorjeti i sa zrakom stvarati eksplozivne smjese. Veoma je otrovan, koncentracija  od 0,1 % izaziva trovanje u kratkom vremenu.
Nastaje truljenjem organskih tvari, miniranjem i djelovanjem vode na
piritne rude, gips i druge minerale.

Sumpor-dioksid (SO2) je otrovan i goriv plin, bez boje i oštrog kiselog okusa koji naročito iritira oči i sluzokožu.
Veoma je rastvorljiv u vodi. Nastaje pri požarima u rudnicima sulfidnih ruda i
pri miniranju takvih ruda te pri korištenju eksploziva koji sadrže sumpor. U koncentraciji od 0,005 % opasan je po život.

Dušični oksidi čine grupu veoma otrovnih plinova. Opasna koncentracija počinje već pri 0,00025 %, dok pri 0,025 % nastupa neizbježno trovanje i prouzrokuje neizlječiva plućna oboljenja.
Dušični oksidi su: dušik-oksid (NO), dušik-dioksid (NO2), dušik-trioksid (N2O3), dušik-peroksid (N2O4) i dušik-pentoksid (N2O5).  Dušični oksidi nastaju kao posljedica miniranja, a javljaju se i pri radu SUS motora i pri izvođenju radova zavarivanja.

Akrolein (CH2 CHCHO) je bezbojna isparlljiva tekućina, neprijatnog mirisa. U zraku se nalazi u vidu akroleinskih para.  Lako se rastvara u vodi. Veoma je otrovan. Nastaje pri radu dizel-motora.

Formaldehid (HCHO) je bezbojan, veoma otrovan plin. Nastaje pri radu dizel-motora.

Eksplozivni plinovi u rudničkom zraku

Metan (CH4) je inertan plin koji nije otrovan, bez boje mirisa i okusa. Slabo je rastvorljiv u vodi.

Porijeklo metana vezano je za fazu karbonizacije biljnog materijala, celuloze i
lignina, prilikom čega je nastao ugljen. Kao slobodan plin pod većim ili manjim tlakom ispunjava pore i pukotine u ugljenim slojevima, a kao vezani plin adsorpcijski je vezan za površinu ugljena.

Nastanak metana nije vezan samo za ugljene slojeve. Može se nalaziti u solnim ležištima, glinenim naslagama i kao prateća pojava naftnih ležišta gdje se javlja u sastavu zemnog plina.

Metan u vezi sa zrakom tvori gorivu i eksplozivnu smjesu.
Reakcija eksplozije razvija se po formulama:
-pri dovoljnoj količini kisika:       CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
-pri nedovoljnoj količini kisika:     CH4 +   O2 → CO +    H2O + H2

Pri izgaranju 1 kg metana razvija se toplina od 55 684 kJ

Temperatura paljenja metana ovisi da li postoji otvoreni plamen, tlaka i temperature smjese i od vremena izlaganja izvoru paljenja.
Eksplozivnost smjese kreće se u granicama od 5 % ÷ 14 % metana u zraku.

Ako se pojavi nedopustiva koncentracija metana, u skladu s rudarskim propisima, mora se isklopiti električna energija u tom dijelu jame.

Etan (C2H6) se ne rastvara u vodi. To je plin bez boje, okusa i mirisa, ne podržava gorenje, može se javiti i kao produkt miniranja.
Prisustvo etana u smjesi metan-zrak pomiče donju granicu eksplozivnosti naniže.

Vodik (H2) je plin bez boje, mirisa i okusa, fiziološki inertan i vrlo lak, koji nastaje kao produkt biokemijskih procesa pri stvaranju ugljenih slojeva, kao produkt metamorfizma ugljena, može nastati termičkim razlaganjem ugljena ili biti juvenilnog porijekla.

Osnove vjetrenja rudnika

Sustav za vjetrenje sastoji se od vjetrenih provodnika koji čine okna, prečnici, otkopni hodnici, otkopi i dr.
Zrak se s radilišta prikuplja u odvodnim prečnicima i kroz okno se izbacuje ventilatorima na površinu.
S obzirom na djelovanje ventilatora primjenjuje se:
1° Depresijski (usisni) režim ventilatora
2° Kompresijski (tlačni) režim ventilatora

Provjetravanje pomoću ventilatora
Rudnički ventilatori su uređaji za mehaničko provjetravanje, koji se danas koriste u suvremenom rudarstvu za glavno provjetravanje (glavni ventilatori), za separatno provjetravanje (cijevni ventilatori) i za aktivnu regulaciju raspodjele zraka u ventilacionoj mreži, kao pomoćni ventilatori. Osim toga oni se izrađuju u običnoj izvedbi i S-izvedbi.

Podjela i karakteristike ventilatora
Ventilatori se mogu svrstati u razne grupe i kategorije obzirom na karakteristike kojima se daje odlučujući značaj.
Prema konstrukciji dijele se na:
-centrifugalne sa jednostranim ili dvostranim usisavanjem, sa ili bez sprovodnog kola
-aksijalne reverzibilne ili nereverzibilne, jednostupanjske ili višestupanjske, sa fiksnim lopaticama ili promjenjivim kutom lopatica.

Prema mjestu instaliranja i razlici u tlakovima koje ostvaruju mogu biti:
-nadzemni... depresijski ili kompresijski
-podzemni... depresijsko-kompresijski

Prema stupnju korisnog djelovanja mogu biti: malo (ɳ = 40 %), srednje (ɳ = 40÷70 %) i visoko (ɳ > 70 %) ekonomični.

Prema kapacitetu mogu biti: malog kapaciteta (Q = 50 m3/s), srednjeg kapaciteta (Q = 50 ÷ 150 m3/s) i visokog kapaciteta (Q > 150 m3/s).

Prema depresiji koju ostvaruju dijele se na: ventilatore male depresije (< 1000 Pa), srednje depresije  (1000÷3000 Pa), visoke depresije (> 3000  Pa).

Prema snazi pogonskog motora: male snage (< 200 kW), srednje snage  (200 ÷ 500 kW),  velike snage (> 500 kW).

Kretanje zraka kroz jamske prostorije

Uspostavljanje zračne struje

S obzirom na položaj otvora za ulaznu i izlaznu zračnu struju postoje u osnovi tri načina provjetravanja podzemnih rudnika: centralni, dijagonalni i kombinirani.

Centralni način provjetravanja

Kod centralnog (središnjeg) jednokrilnog načina provjetravanja otvori za ulaznu i izlaznu zračnu struju nalaze se blizu jedan drugom. (slika 1.)

Prednosti:
- brže uspostavljanje zračne struje
- manji opseg investicijskih radova

Nedostaci (manji):
- velika dužina ventilacijskih puteva
- velike razlike u depresijama po fazama rada
- veće mogućnosti za nastanak gubitaka
- veće depresije potrebne za provjetravanje
- veći troškovi ventilacije pri eksploataciji

Dijagonalni način provjetravanja

Kod dijagonalnog (dvokrilnog) načina provjetravanja otvori za ulaznu i izlaznu zračnu struju nalaze se sa dvije suprotne strane jame. (slika 2.)

Prednosti:
- relativno konstantne depresije za jedan duži vremenski period eksploatacije
- manje apsolutne vrijednosti potrebne depresije
- znatno manji gubici zraka
- niži troškovi ventilacije
- manji potrebni profili jamskih prostorija
- lakša izolacija eventualno ugroženih dijelova jame

Nedostaci:
- međusobno djelovanje glavnih ventilatora koje može biti nepovoljno i koje se
ponekad teško regulira
- znatno složeniji proračuni ventilacijskih sustava

Kombinirani način provjetravanja

Kombinirani sustav s više od dva ušća u različitim položajima. (slika 3.)

Načini vjetrenja rudnika

Postoji više načina vjetrenja (provjetravanja) podzemnih rudničkih prostorija pomoću kojih se ostvaruju razlike u tlakovima i vrši strujanje zraka.
Ti načini mogu biti:
1° Kompresijski način …kompresijsko (tlačno) vjetrenje
2° Depresijski način …depresijsko (usisno) vjetrenje
3° Kombinirani način …kompresijsko-depresijsko vjetrenje
4° Prirodno vjetrenje …pod utjecajem prirodne depresije

Tlačno vjetrenje
Prednost tlačnog (kompresijskog) vjetrenja je što ventilator dobavlja svježi zrak i što intenzivno provjetrava radno čelo, pa je osobito povoljno za jame s metanom. Nedostatak je takva vjetrenja u tome što se onečišćeni zrak odvodi uzduž hodnika ili otkopa i što strujanje toga zraka neugodno djeluje na zaposlene radnike.

Usisno vjetrenje
Usisnim (depresijskim) provjetravanjem osigurava se čisti zrak u hodniku, ali se slabo provjetrava čelo radilišta. Zbog toga treba ušće cijevi privući na 3 m od čela radilišta. Ušće cijevi se povlači unazad za vrijeme miniranja.

Kombinirano vjetrenje
Kad je zrak na radilištu jako onečišćen plinovima od miniranja i kad se želi osigurati čisti zrak uzduž hodnika, primjenjuje se kombinirano vjetrenje. Moguća je primjena mnogih sustava za vjetrenje.

Prirodno vjetrenje
Prirodno provjetravanje podrazumijeva prirodnu cirkulaciju zraka u rudnicima otvorenim potkopom i oknom.
Zimi kad je atmosferski zrak hladan i ima veću gustoću od toplijeg zraka u rudniku, nastaje strujanje zraka kroz potkop, njegovo zagrijavanje i strujanje kroz okno.
U ljetnim mjesecima zbog visokih temperatura atmosferskog zraka, a nižih temperatura u oknu, gustoća rudničkog zraka je veća od atmosferskog te dolazi do obratnog kretanja zraka.

Eksplozivnost ugljene prašine
Ugljena prašina nastaje u rudnicima ugljena. Na njenu koncentraciju djeluje rad podsjekačica, kombajna i sl.
Karakteristična je za sve ugljene u većoj ili manjoj mjeri te za sve ugljene s velikim sadržajem volatila, niskim sadržajem pepela i vlage.
Svojstvo eksplozivnosti ugljene prašine  objašnjava se izlaganjem ogromne površine oksidacijskom utjecaju kisika i sposobnošću adsorpcije kisika na izloženim površinama.
Ugljena prašina može se pod utjecajem otvorenog plamena ili iskre zapaliti pri čemu se plamen širi eksplozivnom brzinom s udarnim djelovanjem, no bez termičkih procesa. Kao rezultat izgaranja nastaju kore koksa na zidovima jamskih prostorija. Obično je proces izgaranja indukcija za slijedeći proces eksplozije s udarnim djelovanjem što ovisi od vrste prašine i njezine koncentracije.
Proces eksplozije odvija se po reakciji:
2C + O2 → 2 CO + 10 216 kJ/kg C
Plinovi poslije eksplozije ugljene prašine sadrže znatno više ugljik-monoksida nego poslije metanske eksplozije.
Kod katastrofalnih eksplozija u rudnicima, i to kod eksplozija koje nastaju uslijed eksplozije smjese zraka i metana i/ili ugljene  prašine, najčešći uzrok smrti
je trovanje ugljik-monoksidom.

Na eksplozivnost prašine znatno utječe sadržaj metana u bilo kojoj koncentraciji. Eksplozivnost i proces eksplozije ugljene prašine i metana međusobno se upotpunjuju. Inicirano paljenje metana ugljene prašine može izazvati eksploziju metana i obratno.

Ventilacija u uvjetima požara
Mogućnost izbijanja jamskih požara u rudnicima ugljena vrlo je velika.
Požari i eksplozije u rudnicima sa podzemnom eksploatacijom (unatoč mjerama zaštite) još uvijek su jedan od najčešćih uzroka nesreća čije su posljedice veliki broj žrtava i velika materijalna šteta. Posljedice požara ovise o intenzitetu i poziciji požara unutar vjetrene mreže. U požarima se razvijaju i vrlo otrovni plinovi (ugljik-monoksid).
Pod utjecajem požara u jamskoj ventilacijskoj mreži, može doći do okretanja pravaca zračne struje u nekim granama i time do destabilizacije zračnih tokova i pojave dimnih plinova na mjestima gdje se to ne bi očekivalo odn. opasnih poremećaja u ventilaciji rudnika. To dolazi uslijed nastanka požarne depresije koja je rezultat velikih temperaturnih razlika.
Intenzitet vatre ovisi od vrste i količine gorivog materijala (izdrobljen i sitan ugljen, drvena podgrada te drvena obloga iza čelične podgrade.

Otpori strujanja
Otpori strujanja zraka mogu biti:
1° Linearni otpori ovise o dužini, obodu i presjeku provodnika te o hrapavosti
2° Pojedinačni ili lokalni otpori koji nastaju:
- uslijed izmjene presjeka
- promjena pravca provodnika
- vjetrenim križištima (spojevi dva ili više provodnika)
- zbog raznih čeonih otporia u vidu lokalnih zauzetosti protočnog presjeka

Gubici zraka u rudnicima

Gubici zračne struje u ventilacijskim mrežama rudnika višestruko su negativni u
odnosu na stabilnost i sigurnost vjetrenog sustava:
- smanjuju efektivni volumenski protok usmjeren na radna mjesta i ostale potrošače
- pogoršavaju plinsko stanje i klimatske prilike
- pospješuju razvoj endogenih požara
- povećavaju troškove vjetrenja

Proračun ventilacije u rudničkim mrežama

Problem proračuna ventilacije u rudničkim mrežama javlja se kod projektiranja novih rudničkih okana gdje je potrebno odabrati otpore grana i ventilatore da bi se brzina strujanja zraka u svim granama kretala unutar dozvoljenog raspona. Za postojeća rudarska okna prikladno je unaprijed izvršiti proračune ventilacije za slučajeve požara ili zarušavanja da bi se u slučaju takve nesreće znalo adekvatno postupiti radi osiguranja potrebnog protoka zraka.

Mreža mora zadovoljavati Kirchhoffove zakone, što znači da je suma protoka u svakom čvoru nula i suma depresija u svakoj petlji jednaka nuli. Dobiveni sustav nelinearnih jednadžbi rješava se iterativno Hardy-Crossovim postupkom.

Ručno obavljanje proračuna ventilacijske mreže rudnika mukotrpan je, a za složenije mreže praktički neizvediv zadatak. Zato da bi se olakšao proračun ventilacije rudnika koristi se prikladna programska podrška.

Ventilacija tunela

Osnovna zadaća ventilacije (vjetrenja) tunela je razređivanje otrovnih plinova ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih koncentracija. U cestovnom prometu prevladavaju vozila sa benzinskim motorima, pa je dominantni otrovni plin ugljik-monoksid CO. Dizelski motori ispuštaju više dušičnih oksida (NOx), pa se zahtjeva intenzivnije zračenje uslijed smanjene vidljivosti.

U ventilaciji tunela razlikujemo:
- separatnu ventilaciju za vrijeme izgradnje (probijanje, iskop i izrada tunela)
- ventilacija tunela za vrijeme eksploatacije (nakon završene izgradnje)

Ventilacija tunela u izgradnji

Provodi se do probijanja tunela (separatna ventilacija), odnosno spoja tunela sa atmosferom. Ono treba osigurati povoljne atmosferske uvjete za boravak i rad ljudi u tunelu (temperatura, vlaga i brzina zraka).

Tri osnovna sustava separatnog vjetrenja su: tlačno, usisno i kombinirano.

Osnovni nedostak tlačnog vjetrenja je polagano vraćanje onečišćene zračne struje po profilu tunela. Oplakivanje radilišta svježom zračnom strujom je dobro.
Pri usisnom vjetrenju svježi zrak malom brzinom ulazi u prostoriju, dok istrošeni zrak velikom brzinom izlazi u atmosferu. Oplakivanje radilišta svježim zrakom je slabo.
Kombiniranim vjetrenjem otklanjaju se nedostaci tlačnog i usisnog vjetrenja.
Udaljenost ventilatora od portala tunela mora onemogućiti miješanje ulaznog i izlaznog zraka, što ovisi o ruži vjetrova.

Ventilacija cestovnih tunela u eksploataciji

Velik broj vrlo štetnih i opasnih plinova koji se pojavljuju u tunelskim prostorima
posljedica je rada benzinskih i dizel-motora. Najčešći su: ugljik-monoksid, ugljik-dioksid, dušični oksidi, metan, sumporovodik, aldehidi i dr. Ugljik-monoksid je najkritičniji za cestovne tunele i prema njemu se računa potrebna količina svježeg zraka u tunelu.

Ventilacija tunela tijekom eksploatacije bitno se razlikuje za cestovne tunele u odnosu na željezničke i tunele podzemne željeznice.

Potrebna količina zraka za ventilaciju tunela treba:
-smanjiti koncentracije štetnih i opasnih plinova ispod maksimalno dopuštenih   koncentracija
-osigurati traženu vidljivost u tunelu

Pri ventilaciji cestovnih tunela tijekom njihove eksploatacije razlikujemo vjetrenje prema izvoru depresije, tj. obzirom na izvor energije za pokretanje zraka te prema pravcu strujanja zraka.

Sustavi ventilacije tunela obzirom na pogon:
-1° Prirodna ventilacija
-2° Ventilacija izazvana prometom
-3° Ventilacija sa primjenom ventilatora

1° Prirodna ventilacija tunela uzrokovana je klimatskim faktorima: tlak, temperatura, vjetar, gustoća zraka. Ovisno o zemljopisnom položaju tunela tlak i temperatura zraka znatno se razlikuju na portalima tunela. Na temperaturu zraka na portalima tunela može utjecati zagrijavanje Sunca što potiče visinsko strujanje zraka i promjene tlakova. Temperatura tunelskog zraka razlikuje se od atmosferskog zraka, pa kod tunela pod nagibom stvara znatne razlike pritisaka i strujanje zraka (efekt dimnjaka).
Dinamička sila vjetra, ovisno o podudaranju smjera puhanja sa smjerom tunela, može
uzrokovati strujanje zraka u tunelu.

2° Ventilacija izazvana prometom koje je izazvano kretanjem vozila kroz tunel (efekt klipa) dovodi do stvaranja razlike tlakova, ako se brzina vozila razlikuje od brzine zraka. Pri tome naročiti značaj ima brzina i oblik vozila, odnos površine poprečnog presjeka vozila i tunela te gustoća i smjer prometa. Pri jednosmjernom prometu u tunelima znatne duljine, uslijed ovog efekta postiže se dobro vjetrenje. Pri dvosmjernom prometu vozila u tunelu ovaj efekt je znatno manji.
3° Ventilacija tunela primjenom ventilatora uvodi se kad prirodno vjetrenje i vjetrenje uzrokovano prometom vozila ne daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Pri tome, promet vozila u tunelu i prirodno vjetrenje imaju utjecaja na parametre ventilacije tunela.

Literatura
1. "Rudnička ventilacija" - Ermin Teply, Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu,
Zagreb 1990.
2. "Ventilacija rudnika" - Doc. dr. Mirko Ivković, dipl. ing. rud., Odabrana poglavlja za predavanja,
2007.
3. "Tehnička enciklopedija, svezak XI" - J. Hrastnik, članak "Rudarstvo, Vjetrenje
rudnika" JLZ M. Krleža, Zagreb 1988.
4. "Vjetrenje tunela i podzemnih prostorija"  D. Vrkljan, Rudarsko-geološko-naftni
fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Zagreb 2001.

Rudarstvo

Ventilacija rudnika


Sacha Emanoël Nacht () a fost un psihiatru și psihanalist francez, evreu originar din România.
A îndeplinit funcția de președinte al Societății psihanalitice din Paris.

Biografie

Copilăria și tinerețea în România
Sacha sau Sașa Emanoel Nacht s-a născut în anul 1901 la Răcăciuni, în Județul Bacău, în Regatul României, ca fiu al lui Samuel Nacht și Cecilia Nacht, născută Bril. Mama sa iubea literatura franceză și spera ca fiul ei să devina medic. Încă bunicul din partea tatălui se convertise la creștinism, dar familia, inclusiv Sacha Nacht, devenit ulterior ateu, și-a păstrat conștiința identitătii evreiești. Tatăl s-a ruinat economic după ce un incendiu i-a distrus fabrica de cherestea. Familia s-a mutat in cele din urmă în periferia Bucureștiului. După studii liceale, Nacht s-a înscris la studii de medicină la Universitatea din București, dar a întrerupt după un an, din cauza dificultăților făcute evreilor de a învăța acolo în acea perioadă. În cele din urmă la 18 ani în 1919 a emigrat în Franța.

Studiile și perfecționarea în Franta și Austria
Acolo și-a reluat studiile, terminându-le cu o teză în domeniul neurologiei - "Contributions à l'étude de l'anatomie pathologique des myelites syphilitiques en général et de leurs formes progressives en particulier" (Contribuții la studiul  anatomiei patologice a mielitelor sifilitice în general și a formelor lor progresive în particular),(1926) sub îndrumarea profesorului Charles Foix.
În 1926 el a reușit la concursul de internat pentru "azilele psihiatrice" și a fost primit ca intern la Spitalul psihiatric Sainte Anne din Paris, în secția profesorului Henri Claude. În această clinică i-a fost trezit interesul și pentru psihanaliză. Se spune ca a fost impresionat în mod deosebit în vremea aceea și de piesa dramaturgului simbolist  Henri-René Lenormand "Le Mangeur de rêves" (Mâncătorul de vise) inspirată de psihanaliză și care s-a bucurat de mare succes la Paris în anul 1922.
A fost analizat vreme de aproape trei ani de Rudolf Löwenstein. Apoi a plecat la Viena unde a fost analizat în iulie-septembrie 1926 de către Freud, la recomandarea lui Marie Bonaparte. Se pare că din cauza dificultății de înțelege germana lui Nacht, Freud l-a trimis să-și continue analiza la Heinz Hartmann, mai întâi la Viena, și apoi la Paris, după stabilirea lui Hartmann în Franța.

Psihanalist
În 1927 Nacht a fost invitat la o conferință de psihanaliști despre schizofrenie, iar la 17 ianuarie 1928 a fost primit ca membru în Societatea psihanalitică din Paris, devenind membru deplin la 21 octombrie1929.
În acea vreme numarul membrilor Societății psihanalitice franceze era foarte mic: în 1926 erau 11 - Eugénie Sokolnicka, René Laforgue, Édouard Pichon, René Allendi, poetul Frédéric Parcheminier, Adrien Borel, Angelo Hesnard, apoi Rudolf Loewinstein, Marie Bonaparte și elvețienii Raymond de Saussure și Charles Odier.
Din anul 1931 a lucrat la Laboratorul de psihoterapie și psihanaliză din cadrul serviciului lui Henri Claude, și va deveni mai târziu directorul acestui laborator.În anul 1933 a promovat concursul de "medici de aziluri", fără ca să ocupe vreodată un post de șef de sectie spitalicească.
În 1938 Nacht a prezentat la al IV-lea Congres al psihanaliștilor francofoni raportul care l-a făcut cunoscut despre masochism:Le Masochisme. Étude historique, clinique, psychogénique et thérapeutique.

În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial , a fost îndepărtat, ca evreu, din clinică și viața sa a fost pusă în primejdie.
Începând din noiembrie 1942 s-a alăturat rețelei Brick din mișcarea de rezistență, în cadrul "Forțelor franceze combatante."  Aflat în permanentă amenințare din partea "Miliției franceze" pro-naziste, s-a refugiat în departamentul Var. În timpul campaniei de eliberare a Franței de sub naziști  a primit gradul de medic-căpitan.

În 1947 Nacht i-a urmat lui John Leuba la conducerea Societății psihanalitice din Paris. El a colaborat cu Jacques Lacan, care a fost al doilea raportor la a XI-a conferință a psihanaliștilor francofoni de la Bruxelles în anul 1948 și unde el însuși a prezentat textul intitulat "Manifestările clinice ale agresivității și rolul lor în tratamentul psihanalitic". A mai colaborat în anul 1955 cu Serge Lebovici cu care a prezentat lucrarea  "Indicațiile și contra-indicațiile curei psihanalitice",  în 1956 cu René Diatkine și Jean Favreau, la textul "Eul în relația perversă", în 1958 cu Paul-Claude Racamier -la raportul "Teorie psihanalitică a delirelor", iar în 1960, cu René Held la lucrarea "Boli sau bolnav psihosomatic?"
In anii 1957-1969 Sacha Nacht a fost vicepreședintele Asociației internaționale psihanalitice. După crearea Institutului de psihanaliză din Paris la 1 iunie 1954 și-a radicalizat poziția care îl opunea lui Daniel Lagache și lui Lacan, până la sciziunea în cadrul ședinței din 16 iunie 1953. La inaugurarea Institutului, Nacht  a preluat conducerea acestuia până ce în anul 1952 a fost înlocuit cu Serge Lebovici.  Conflictele din cadrul societății psihanalitice au izbucnit atunci când Nacht a căutat să impună Institutului un model mai medical contrar spiritului multidisciplinar imprimat de Lacan și Lagache. Sub conducerea lui Nacht a fost creat Centrul de diagnostic si tratament  (1954) și Seminarul de perfecționare (1958)
Nacht a fost mentorul unei mari părți din generația următoare de psihanaliști francezi, inclusiv Serge Lebovici, Bela Grunberger, René Diatkine, Julian de Ajuriaguerra, Maurice Bouvet etc.

Nacht a murit la Paris in 1977 la vârsta de 75 ani.
El a fost căsătorit de două ori. Din prima căsătorie i s-a născut în 1935 un fiu, Marc Nacht. La cea de-a doua căsătorie, în 1952, i-au fost martori Jacques Lacan și Sylvia Bataille.

Scrieri
 Le masochisme, 1938
 De la pratique à la théorie psychanalytique, 1950
 (ed.) La psychanalyse d'aujourd'hui, 1956. Translated as Psychoanalysis of today, 1959.
 La présence du psychanalyste, 1963
 Guérir avec Freud, 1971

Lectură suplimentară
 Denise Saada Sacha Nacht.Payot, Paris, 1972
 René Major, Marc Nacht « Nacht Sacha - (1901-1977) », in 'Encyclopaedia Universalis.
 Julia Borossa et al - The New Klein-Lacan Dialogues Karnak Books, London 2015

Legături externe
Alain de Mijolla (ed) International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Thomson Gale 2005 pe saitul Encyclopedia.com
traducere din originalul francez - « Nacht, Sacha Emanoel », în Alain de Mijolla (dir.), Dictionnaire international de la psychanalyse'',T.2  , Calmann-Lévy, 2002 ISBN|2-7021-2530-1 p.1075-1977
nota biografica (pe saitul aejcpp)
René Major, Marc Nacht - art. Sacha Nacht - Encyclopedia Universalis

Referințe

Psihiatri francezi
Psihanaliști francezi
Psihiatri evrei
Psihanaliști evrei
Evrei români
Evrei francezi

Sacha Nacht