Johann Baptist "Hermann" Steinacker (* 20. November 1870 in Odenheim; † 14. April 1944 im KZ Mauthausen) war ein deutscher Anarchist und Widerstandskämpfer gegen das NS-Regime.

Kaiserreich und Weimarer Republik
Hermann Steinacker lernte den Beruf des Schneiders und schloss sich der SPD an; später wurde er Anarchist. Zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs saß er als "Kriegsgegner" mit acht weiteren Wuppertaler Anarchisten ohne Gerichtsverfahren in "Sicherheitshaft" und wurde erst im März 1916 entlassen, um als Soldat eingezogen zu werden.

In der Zeit der Weimarer Republik wurde Steinacker einer der wichtigsten Personen der Freien Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (FAUD), den sogenannten "Anarcho-Syndikalisten", die 1920 im Raum des heutigen Wuppertal 1200 Mitglieder hatte, allerdings bis 1933 auf 40 Mitglieder schrumpfte. Seine Bedeutung lag in der Stabilisierung der Bewegung nach innen. Sein Verständnis des Anarchismus war nicht auf den politischen Kampf beschränkt, sondern äußerte sich auch im Engagement gegen autoritäre Zustände an den Schulen, Prüderie und religiöse Indoktrination. Steinackers Werkstatt war ein informeller Treffpunkt: "Für zwei Generationen von Jugendlichen wurde er zum Lehrer im besten Sinne des Wortes, verkörperte durch seine Person in Wort und Tat die Prinzipien des antiautoritären Sozialismus." (Nelles)

Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Nach der "Machtergreifung" durch die Nationalsozialisten wurde Steinacker zur zentralen Gestalt des anarchosyndikalistischen Widerstands in Wuppertal. Vergeblich versuchte er, in persönlichen Gesprächen die Wuppertaler Partei- und Gewerkschaftsführer für einen Generalstreik zu gewinnen. Aufgrund seiner Erfahrungen während des Sozialistengesetzes im Deutschen Kaiserreich gab er den Rat, die FAUD und die Syndikalistisch-Anarchistische Jugend Deutschlands (SAJD) offiziell aufzulösen. Steinacker behielt aber die überregionalen Kontakte zu den FAUD-Genossen, die im Rheinland eine Fluchthilfeorganisation nach Holland aufgebaut hatten und von dort auch illegale Schriften bezogen. Durch Denunziation eines Arbeitskollegen kam die Gestapo im Oktober 1934 den Wuppertaler Anarchosyndikalisten auf die Spur. Steinacker wurde verhaftet und zu einem Jahr und neun Monaten Zuchthaus verurteilt, die er in Lüttringhausen absaß.

Am 6. Juli 1936 wurde Herman Steinacker aus der Haft entlassen. Kurz darauf begann er mit der Sammlung von Solidaritätsgeldern für die Genossen im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg. 1937 wurde er erneut festgenommen, in das Düsseldorfer Polizeigefängnis gebracht und schwer misshandelt. Im Januar 1938 fand vor dem Oberlandesgericht Hamm der Prozess gegen 88 rheinische Anarchosyndikalisten statt. Steinacker erhielt wegen "Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat" mit zehn Jahren eine der Höchststrafen.

Haft und Tod
Zunächst war Hermann Steinacker in der Justizvollzugsanstalt Münster inhaftiert. Ein Mithäftling berichtete später: "Fest und unbeirrbar glaubte unser Kamerad immer an den Zusammenbruch des Naziregimes. Ruhig, ja humorvoll ertrug er seine Haft im Zuchthaus zu Münster." (Nelles)

Im Konzentrationslager Mauthausen wurde Hermann Steinacker 1944 mit einer Spritze mit Kupfervitriol ermordet. Als einzige Hinterlassenschaft bekam seine Tochter eine blutverschmierte Brille zugesandt.

Weblinks
 Dieter Nelles: Ein Lehrer des Widerstands. Der Anarchosyndikalist Hermann Steinacker auf gedenkbuch-wuppertal.de

Person (Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus)
Opfer der NS-Justiz
Deutscher
Todesopfer im KZ Mauthausen
Person (Wuppertal)
Person des Anarchismus
FAUD-Funktionär
Geboren 1870
Gestorben 1944
Mann

Hermann Steinacker


"Deli" Halid Paşa veya Halid Karsıalan (1883 - 14 Şubat 1925), Türk asker ve siyasetçidir.

I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Kafkas Cephesi'nde başarılar göstermiş; Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın ilk yıllarında Doğu Cephesi'nde, Gümrü Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasından sonra ise Batı Cephesi'nde komutanlık yapmış bir askerdir.

İkinci Büyük Millet Meclisi'ne Ardahan Milletvekili olarak katıldı. Bir tartışma sonrasında Meclis koridorunda vurularak öldü. TBMM'de işlenen ilk cinayetin kurbanıdır.

Yaşamı
1883 yılında İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Babası Çerkes Ahmet Bey'dir.

1901 yılında Kuleli Askeri İdadisi'nden 1904 yılında Mekteb-i Harbiye'den Teğmen olarak mezun oldu. 1907 yılında Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi'ni Kurmay Yüzbaşı olarak bitirdi.  1908 yılında II. Meşrutiyet'in ilanından sonra Yemen'de görevlendirildi.

1910 yılının Haziran ayında Trablusgarp Savaşı'na katıldı. 3 ay süreyle görev yaptı. Bu dönemde aynı cephede görev yaptığı "Kel Ali" lakaplı subay ile (Ali Çetinkaya) anlaşamadığı için Mustafa Kemal Bey ve Enver Bey'in ortak kararı ile görev yerleri değiştirilmek zorunda kalmıştı.

Trablusgarp'taki görevinin ardından Balkan Savaşı'na katılmak üzere Çatalca'ya geçti. I. Dünya Savaşı'nın başlaması üzerine Kafkasya Cephesi'nde görev aldı. Görevi, Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında Ruslara bırakılmış olan Kars, Ardahan ve Sarıkamış'ı geri almaktı. Dokuz günlük bir savaştan sonra 23 Aralık 1915 tarihinde Ardahan'a girmeyi başardı. Bu başarısından sonra Binbaşı rütbesine, Çoruh Müfrezesi ile yaptığı hizmetlerden sonra Kaymakam rütbesine terfi etti.

10 Mayıs 1917 tarihinde Garbi Dersim Komutanlığına atandı; savaşın en önemli milis güçlerinden birisini kurdu; Dersimli süvari birlikleri ile Erzincan, Mamahatun ve Erzurum'u geri aldı. Kafkas İslam Ordusu'nun 3. Fırka Komutanı olarak Ahıska'yı kuşattı. Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması'nın imzalanması üzerine Ardahan, Kars ve Sarıkamış'ı tahliye ederek Tortum'a çekildi; İngilizlerin baskısı ile Fırka Komutanlığı'ndan alındı.

Ali Rıza Paşa Kabinesi kurulduğunda, 9. Kafkas Fırkası Komutanlığı'na atandı. Ermenistan üzerine yapılan harekâttaki başarısı nedeniyle Miralay rütbesine terfi etti.

Millî Mücadeleye Katkıları
Mondros Ateşkes Anlaşması'ndan sonra terhis edilmemiş olan ve Kâzım Karabekir Paşa komutasında bulunan 15. Kolordu'da görev yaptı. Bölgede Kafkas İslam Ordusu'ndan kalan kuvvetlerin bir savunma çekirdeği haline getirilmesini sağladı. Erzurum Kongresi'nde Trabzon delegelerinin Mustafa Kemal'e karşı çıkmalarını, aldığı yıldırma tedbirleriyle önledi. 1920 yılının sonlarında Kars ve Sarıkamış'ı, 1921'de de Ardahan'ı düşman işgallerinden kurtardı. Soyadı Kanunu çıktıktan sonra ailesi bu nedenle "Karsıalan" soyadını aldı.

Gümrü Antlaşması'ndan sonra Batı Cephesi'nde görev verildi. Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi'nde 12. Grup Komutanlığı yaptı. Bu sırada gösterdiği cesaretten ötürü "'Deli" lakabıyla anılmaya başlandı. Özellikle cephenin biraz gerisinde yüksekçe bir yere oturup tabancalarını dizlerine koyarak "Geri çekileni vururum" mesajı vermesi ve birkaç sefer geriye kaçan askerler üzerinde bunu bizzat uygulamasıyla ün yaptı. Büyük Taarruz'da Kocaeli Grubu Komutanlığı yaptı ve yaptığı mezalimi ile ünlü Yunan 11. Tümeni'ni, Tümen Komutanı Tümgeneral Nikolaos Kladas ile beraber esir aldı. Büyük Taarruz'da Mirliva rütbesine terfi etti ve Paşa oldu.

Milletvekilliği ve ölümü
İkinci Büyük Millet Meclisi'ne Ardahan Milletvekili olarak katıldı. 9 Şubat 1925 tarihinde Meclis koridorunda, sırtından tabancayla vurularak yaralandı ve 14 Şubat 1925 tarihinde öldü. Öldürülmesi, TBMM'de gerçekleşen ilk cinayettir.

Halit Paşa, Milletvekili Ali Çetinkaya ile bir arbede sırasında patlayan bir silahla vuruldu. Paşayı kimin vurduğu kesin olarak anlaşılamadı. Paşa, yaralı halde 5 gün Millet Meclisi'nde tutuldu, hastaneye kaldırılmadı. Durumu giderek kötüleşen paşa, 14 Şubat'ta öldü. Öte yandan, Ankara Savcılığı, Halit Paşa'yı Ali Çetinkaya'nın vurduğu kanaatine vardı; bir nefs-i müdafaa halinde olduğunu kabul ederek bu olaydan dolayı kovuşturma yapılmaması kararı verdi.

Cenazesi, İstanbul'un Eyüp semtinde defnedildi. Mezarı, 1988 yılında Ankara'daki Devlet Mezarlığı'na taşındı.

Kaynakça

1883 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu siyasetçiler
Türk generaller
Trablusgarp Savaşı'nda Osmanlı askerleri
Balkan Savaşları'nda Osmanlı askerleri
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı askerleri
Ermeni Kırımı ile suçlananlar
Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndaki Türk askerler
Kırmızı şeritli İstiklâl Madalyası sahipleri
TBMM 2. dönem Ardahan milletvekilleri
Çerkes asıllı Türkler
20. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Türk cinayet kurbanları
Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa
1925 yılında ölenler
Ankara'da ölenler
Türkiye'de ateşli silahtan ölenler
Devlet Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Kuleli Askerî Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Mekteb-i Harbiye'de öğrenim görenler
Piyade subaylar

Deli Halid Paşa


La diadochita o destinezita es un mineral fosfato-sulfato de hierro, por lo tanto de la clase 8 de los minerales fosfatos. Se reserva el término diadochita para la más común variedad amorfa, mientras que se denomina destinezita a la más rara variedad que cristaliza en sistema triclínico.

Identificado originalmente en Bélgica en 1831, se ha encontrado en muchos lugares del mundo. Fue nombrada en 1837 del griego διάδοχος, que se traduce por "sucesor", en alusión a que es un mineral que suele aparecer como secundario.

Hábito
Encontrado formando nódulos o en costras masivas.

Lustre mate en materiales terrosos, aunque puede tomar lustre céreo a sub-vítreo cuando se encuentra en masas granulares. Color entre amarillo y amarillo-verdoso o marrón, verde brillante, amarillo brillante, amarillo pálido a marrón-amarillento bajo luz transmitida.

Formación y yacimientos
Es un mineral secundario que se forma en los depósitos de carbón como consecuencia de soluciones enriquecidas en sulfatos con fosfatos anteriores; común en los depósitos de fosfato secundarios en rocas pegmatíticas graníticas. También en depósitos de cuevas o como subproductos posteriores a la actividad minera.

Otros minerales a los que aparece con frecuencia asociado: vivianita, fosfosiderita, melanterita, limonita, leucofosfita, beraunita, etc.

Referencias

 Diadochita, mindat.org.
 Diadochita, webmineral.com.
 Manual de diadochita, Mineral Data Publishing.

Minerales fosfatos
Minerales sulfatos
Minerales de hierro
Sistema triclínico
Ciencia y tecnología de Bélgica
Minerales descubiertos en 1831

Diadochita


Ikjefjordbroen , på norsk Ikjefjordbrua er en betonbjælkebro på fylkesvej 8 i Høyanger kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Broen krydser Ikjefjorden mellem Fureneset og Storeholmen, og er 340 meter lang med et hovedspænd på 52,5 meter. Gennemsejlingshøjden er 18 meter, og broen har i alt 11 spænd. Bygningen af Ikjefjordbrua begynte i oktober 1974, og den blev åbnet i 1977.

Kilder
 Johan Brun: Våre bruer. Damm 2003.
 Kristin Ese: På god veg – Veghistorie i Sogn og Fjordane. Selja Forlag, Førde 2007.

Bjælkebroer
Broer i Vestland
Høyanger

Ikjefjordbroen


An Pleurothallis blepharopetala in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Pleurothallis blepharopetala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis blepharopetala


El golfo de Baréin (, es un brazo de mar del golfo Pérsico, delimitado por Arabia Saudita, al oeste y al sur, y por Catar, al este. Baréin, un estado insular que consta de varias islas como la propia isla de Baréin, se encuentra en medio de su entrada por el norte.  Su extremo meridional forma la bahía de Salwa.  El noroeste del golfo está atravesado por la  calzada del Rey Fahd, una sucesión de puentes que conectan la parte continental de Arabia Saudita con las islas de Baréin.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Barein
Barein
Barein
Geografía de Baréin
Geografía de Catar
Frontera Baréin-Catar
Frontera Arabia Saudita-Baréin
Frontera Arabia Saudita-Catar

Golfo de Baréin


Yoon Suk-yeol (en coréen : , ), né le  à Séoul (Corée du Sud), est un avocat et homme d'État sud-coréen, président de la république de Corée depuis le .

Procureur général de Corée du Sud de 2019 à 2021 lors du mandat du président Moon Jae-in, il joue un rôle clé dans la condamnation de l'ancienne présidente Park Geun-hye.

En 2022, Yoon est nommé candidat du parti Pouvoir au peuple, alors principal parti d'opposition et figure du conservatisme en Corée du Sud, dans le cadre de l'élection présidentielle de 2022, élection qu'il remporte avec une courte avance, et ramène le parti conservateur au pouvoir.

Jeunesse et études

Yoon naît à Séoul le , d'un père académicien membre de l'Académie des sciences de la République de Corée, et d'une mère conférencière à l'université pour femmes Ewha, poste qu'elle abandonne après son mariage.

Il étudie le droit à l'université nationale de Séoul, lors du soulèvement de Gwangju. Il profère alors de vives critiques à l'égard du président Chun Doo-hwan. À la suite de cela, il fuit vers la province de Gangwon pour éviter des répercussions. Il passe le barreau en 1991 après plusieurs tentatives ratées.

Carrière juridique

Avocat puis procureur
Il est nommé procureur en 1994. Après plusieurs années de carrière spécialisées dans les affaires anti-corruption, notamment plusieurs concernant le président Lee Myung-bak, il accède à une renommée nationale en 2016, alors qu'il prend la tête de l'enquête concernant le scandale Choi Soon-sil impliquant cette dernière, la présidente Park Geun-hye et le président du groupe Samsung Lee Jae-yong, qui conduit à la destitution de la présidente Park en décembre 2016. En 2017, le président nouvellement élu Moon Jae-in le nomme à la tête du bureau du procureur de Séoul, vantant notamment le fait que Yoon ait mis en examen deux anciens présidents, ainsi que de nombreux autres personnalités officielles durant sa carrière.

Procureur général de Corée du Sud
En 2019, il est nommé procureur général de Corée du Sud, une nomination saluée par le parti démocrate au pouvoir, mais critiqué par le parti d'opposition Parti de la liberté de Corée. Parmi ses premières occupations, il enquête sur le ministre de la Justice au pouvoir , pris dans différents scandales. L'opinion publique s'inverse alors, et il devient soutenu par le parti de la liberté de la Corée, mais critiqué par le parti démocrate.

La remplaçante de Kuk, Choo Mi-ae, dissout alors l'équipe de procureurs travaillant avec Yoon, prétextant une incapacité de ce dernier à effectuer une réorganisation dans son service. Cette action est vue par les Coréens comme une punition envers Yoon pour avoir mis Kuk en examen. Le , il est suspendu de ses fonctions par la ministre de la Justice en place, pour cause de violations éthiques et d'abus de pouvoir. Ayant fait appel, il suspend cette décision, et reste à son poste.

Il démissionne néanmoins de son poste en mars 2021, en signe de protestation.

Élection présidentielle de 2022
Le , Yoon Suk-yeol annonce officiellement sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle de 2022. Il rejoint en juillet le principal parti d'opposition Pouvoir au peuple et participe à la primaire du parti pour déterminer le candidat qui le représentera.

Le , il remporte la primaire avec 47,85 % des votes exprimés en sa faveur, contre 41,50 % pour son adversaire principal Hong Joon-pyo. Il devient donc officiellement le candidat du parti conservateur lors de la campagne électorale.

Le , il remporte l'élection présidentielle, devançant le candidat progressiste Lee Jae-myung d'une courte tête (48,5 % des voix contre 47,8 % pour son rival) et devenant ainsi le nouveau président sud-coréen, succédant à Moon Jae-in. La campagne a été plus marquée par les invectives que par les débats de fond.

Président de la République
Il est officiellement investi le . Dans son discours d'investiture, il appelle à une « dénucléarisation complète » de la Corée du Nord, dénonçant le danger pour la sécurité mondiale que constitue l'arsenal nucléaire nord-coréen.

Il décide également d'ouvrir au public coréen, une première, et ce dès le jour de son investiture, la Maison-Bleue, siège de la présidence à Séoul. Considérant le lieu comme , il décide de  le bureau présidentiel et fait déménager la présidence dans l'enceinte du ministère de la Défense.

Début mai, l'équipe de transition du nouveau président annonce 110 tâches auxquelles l'administration prévoit de s'attaquer, dont la privatisation et la restructuration des institutions et des systèmes publics.

Politique économique
Compte tenu de la forte activité économique, Yoon Suk-yeol assure que le maintien de la limite à 52 heures de la semaine de travail est « irréaliste ». Une réforme vise à allonger à 69 heures par semaine la durée maximale du travail. Cette perspective satisfait le patronat mais est contestée par les syndicats de travailleurs.

Il annonce vouloir engager un vaste programme de privatisation pour renforcer la concurrence, réduire la taille de l'État et lutter contre le déficit des finances publiques. Un appel d'offres pour la vente de Hyundai Merchant Marine (HMM), la plus grande entreprise publique de transport maritime par conteneurs du pays, est officiellement annoncé durant l'été 2023. Il s'agit de la deuxième grande privatisation dans le secteur du transport maritime depuis la vente majoritaire de Hanwha Ocean Company en septembre 2022. Les activités ont été acquises par le groupe Hanwha, la septième plus grande entreprise de Corée du Sud. Le gouvernement s'apprête également à privatiser Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI). De fortes réductions d'impôts sont également prévues, notamment en ce qui concerne l'impôt sur le revenu des sociétés.

Gestion des conflits sociaux
En novembre 2022, des dizaines de milliers camionneurs se mettent en grève pour obtenir de meilleures conditions de travail. Après quelques jours, invoquant les conséquences négatives de la grève pour l'économie et affirmant que les grévistes « prennent le pays en otage », le gouvernement ordonne la reprise du travail. Ceux qui refusent risquent de la prison ferme et des dizaines de milliers d'euros d'amende.

En janvier 2023, les locaux de la Confédération coréenne des syndicats (KCTU) sont perquisitionnés par le Service national de renseignement sur l'accusation de « liens avec la Corée du Nord ». La KCTU accuse le gouvernement de « comploter » contre elle. L'accusation de « liens avec la Corée du Nord » est fréquente en Corée du Sud pour réprimer les organisations syndicales ou politiques de gauche.

Le président Yoon a plusieurs fois affirmé son hostilité au mouvement ouvrier, allant jusqu'à affirmer que « les gens qui font grève sont aussi dangereux que les ogives nucléaires nord-coréennes ».

Grâces présidentielles
Il offre une grâce présidentielle au milliardaire Lee Jae-yong, le patron du Groupe Samsung condamné pour corruption et détournement de fonds en janvier 2021. Trois autres hommes d'affaires sont aussi graciés, dont le président du groupe Lotte, Shin Dong-bi. Fin 2022, il gracie également son prédécesseur Lee Myung-bak, condamné en 2020 à 17 ans de prison pour diverses affaires de corruption, et plusieurs autres personnalités proches des milieux conservateurs comme Won Sei-hoon, l'ancien chef des services secrets qui avait mobilisé ses services pour une campagne en ligne au profit du camp conservateur à l'approche de l'élection présidentielle de 2012, et des collaborateurs de l'ex-présidente Park Geun-hye, elle-même graciée en 2021.

Espionnage par les États-Unis
En avril 2023, la fuite de documents confidentiels américains semble indiquer que les États-Unis ont espionné des conseillers du président Yoon Seok-youl en matière de sécurité nationale afin de garantir des livraisons d'armes à l'Ukraine. L'annonce de cette fuite a suscité des critiques en Corée du Sud au sujet de la vulnérabilité des communications au sein des administrations-clés du pays, comme la présidence. Des opposants politiques ont accusé le gouvernement de tenter de minimiser l'incident et d'apaiser les relations avec l'allié américain, avant la visite de Yoon Seok-youl à Washington le même mois. Ils ont exhorté celui-ci à enquêter sur ces allégations d'écoutes.

Popularité
Sa cote de popularité s'écroule à 19 % d'opinions favorables après seulement quelques mois d'exercice du pouvoir.

Prises de positions
Considéré comme conservateur, Yoon fait également campagne en 2022 en se démarquant par ses positions antiféministes assumées, estimant que c'est à cause des féministes que le taux de natalité de la Corée du Sud est en baisse et ajoutant que s'il est élu, il supprimera le ministère de l'Égalité des sexes et de la Famille. Il propose également d'augmenter les peines pour dénonciation calomnieuse de viol ou d'agression sexuelle.

Il se dit disposé à reprendre les négociations avec la Corée du Nord à condition que celle-ci renonce à l'arme nucléaire. Il a toutefois appelé à renforcer la dissuasion militaire, notamment en resserrant les liens avec les États-Unis, et a également affirmé que des frappes préventives contre la Corée du Nord pourraient être nécessaires en cas de risque d'attaque imminente.

Il estime également nécessaire le déploiement de missiles américains en Corée du Sud et veut acheter un système de missiles THAAD supplémentaire. Il souhaite aussi rejoindre le « Quad », une alliance militaire perçue comme anti-chinoise qui réunit les États-Unis, l'Australie, le Japon et l'Inde.

Yoon s'oppose à l'intervention de l'État dans l'économie. Il cite l'économiste Milton Friedman et son livre Free to Choose : A Personal Statement comme une influence majeure sur sa croyance dans le libéralisme économique.

Sur le point de vue économique, il annonce vouloir abolir la semaine de 52 heures s'il est élu et ne pas fixer de limite maximale au temps de travail, tout en supprimant le salaire minimal sud-coréen. Il estime ainsi pensant sa campagne présidentielle que « les employés devraient pouvoir travailler cent vingt heures par semaine, quitte à se reposer après ».

Il fait polémique en octobre 2021 après avoir tenu des propos élogieux au sujet de l'ancien dictateur Chun Doo-Hwan. Il présente ensuite ses regrets. Le 7 novembre 2021, Yoon déclare que s'il était élu président, il gracierait les anciens présidents Lee Myung-bak et Park Geun-hye, tous deux condamnés pour corruption (Park Geun-hye a ensuite été graciée par le président Moon Jae-in le 24 décembre de la même année).

Le 18 août 2023, il participe à une réunion avec les chefs d'états américains et japonais pour discuter de la question des menaces chinoises et nord-coréennes .

Vie privée
Yoon est marié depuis 2012 à Kim Keon-hee, la présidente d'une compagnie de galeries d'art.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Cabinet Moon
 Élection présidentielle sud-coréenne de 2022

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1960
Naissance à Séoul
Avocat sud-coréen du XXe siècle
Avocat sud-coréen du XXIe siècle
Président de la Corée du Sud
Étudiant de l'université nationale de Séoul

Yoon Suk-yeol


උතුරු ඇමෙරිකාවේ භාෂා යන්නට එම මහද්වීපයේ ස්වදේශික ජනයාගේ භාෂා පමණක් නොව, යුරෝපීය ජනපදකරණය මගින් හඳුන්වාදුන් භාෂා ද අයත් වේ. උතුරු ඇමෙරිකාවේ බහුලව භාවිතාවන භාෂා අතර ප්‍රධාන වන්නේ, ඉංග්‍රීසි, ස්පාඥ්ඥ, සහ ප්‍රමාණාත්මකව තරමක් සුළු වශයෙන් ප්‍රංශ වේ.

ස්වදේශික භාෂා

හඳුන්වාදුන් භාෂා

ආශ්‍රිත

Anglo-America
Canadian French
Caribbean Spanish
Caribbean Hindustani
Central American Spanish
French language in the United States
German in North America
Languages of the Caribbean
List of extinct languages of North America
List of unclassified languages of North America
Mexican Spanish
North American English
Spanish language in the United States
Latin America

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි
Languages of the Americas at Ethnologue

උතුරු ඇමෙරිකාවේ භාෂා


Zhou Yuelong () este un jucător chinez de snooker.

A disputat o semifinală a Mastersului European în 2017 la Lommel. A realizat breakul maxim de două ori, la Openul Indian din 2019 și la Openul Scoțian din 2020.

Se antrenează alături de Yan Bingtao și Zhao Xintong la Sheffield în Anglia.

Finalele carierei

Finale în turnee de clasament: 3

Finale în turnee invitaționale: 1

Finale Pro-am: 2 (1 titlu)

Finale pe echipe: 4 (2 titluri)

Finale la amatori: 2 (1 titlu)

Note

Legături externe

Zhou Yuelong la worldsnooker.com

Nașteri în 1998
Nașteri pe 24 ianuarie
Jucători de snooker
Oameni în viață
Sportivi chinezi

Zhou Yuelong


LARC Intrépido (pennant number : S-21) était un sous-marin colombien des années 1970, le premier sous-marin de la marine nationale colombienne. Il était l'un des deux sous-marins de poche italiens de type Cosmos SX 506 achetés par la Colombie. Il a été construit au chantier naval Cosmos à Livourne et mis en service le . Il a été rayé de la liste de la marine le  à Carthagène.

Conception
L'ARC Intrépido était un sous-marin miniature d'une longueur totale de , d'une largeur de 2 mètres et d'un tirant d'eau de 4 mètres. Son déplacement était de  en surface, et de  en immersion. Le navire était propulsé, à la surface et en immersion, par un moteur Diesel alimentant un générateur électrique Cummins d'une puissance de 300 ch. Le système de propulsion à hélice unique permettait d'atteindre une vitesse de  en surface et de  en immersion. Le rayon d'action était de 1200 milles à une vitesse de  en surface.

L'équipage du navire était composé de 5 personnes. Le navire était armé de mines marines MK21. De plus, le navire pouvait transporter deux sous-marins transportant huit plongeurs avec des explosifs pesant jusqu'à 2050 kg.

Historique
L'ARC Intrépido (en français : intrépide) a été commandé par la marine colombienne au chantier naval Cosmos de Livourne. Le , il est arrivé en Colombie à bord d'un cargo. La cérémonie de mise en service du premier sous-marin de l'histoire de la Colombie a eu lieu le , en présence du président Misael Pastrana et du chef d'état-major de la Marine, l'amiral Jaime Parra Ramirez. Le premier commandant du navire était le capitaine Rafael Diaz Rusi. Le , il a fait la première immersion historique dans les eaux de la mer des Caraïbes, à une profondeur de .

Après avoir navigué pendant plus de , l'ARC Intrépido a été officiellement retiré du service le  à Carthagène. La cérémonie de désarmement a eu lieu à la base navale ARC Bolivar. Après son retrait du service, le nom d'ARC Intrépido a été donné à un sous-marin de type 206 acheté d'occasion après avoir servi dans la marine allemande .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .

Voir aussi

Liens internes

 Liste des sous-marins de la Colombie

Sous-marin de la Marine colombienne
Navire construit à Livourne
Bateau lancé en 1972
Nom de bateau

ARC Intrépido (S-21)


Hidrometre sıvıların yoğunluğunu ölçmeye yarayan alete verilen isimdir. Hidrometre genellikle camdan yapılan ampulden çıkan bir silindirik gövdeye sahiptir. Bu ampule cıva ya da kursunla ağırlık kazandırılır. Test edilecek sıvı yavaşça ve serbestçe yüzecek seviyeye gelene kadar silindirin içine boşaltılır. Sıvının yüzeyinin ulaştığı nokta not edilir. Genellikle kökün içinde bir ölçek vardır. Yani direkt olarak yoğunluğu okuyabiliriz. Ölçtüğümüz sıvıya bağlı olarak ölçek çeşitleri vardır. Hidrometre, sütün yoğunluğunu, su ile şeker karışımının yoğunluğunu ölçmek ya da alkolün yüksek seviyelerinin ölçülmesi gibi farklı kullanımlar için kalibre edilebilir.

Prensibi
Hidrometrenin çalışma mekanizması, bir sıvı içindeki katı cismin, taşırdığı sıvının ağırlığına eşit bir batmazlık kuvveti ile yukarıya itildiğini açıklayan Arşimet Prensibine dayanır.

Tarihçe
Hidrometrenin ilk kez, Cyrene'li (Afrika'da bir şehir) Synesius'dan, İskenderiyeli yunan bilgin Hypatia'ya gönderilen mektupta açıklanmıştır. Synesius'un 15. mektubunda, Hyptia'dan kendi için bir hidrometre yapmasını istemiştir. Hypatia'ya hidrometreyi icat etmesi için maddi destek verilir.

Aralıklar

Düşük yoğunluktaki sıvılar için daha derin hidrometreler kullanılmalıdır. Yüksek yoğunluktaki sıvılar içinse çok derin olmaması gerekir. Aslında, bu aleti ikiye ayırabiliriz; biri ağır sıvılar için, diğeri ise hafif sıvılar için.

Ölçekler
Modern hidrometrelerde genellikle yoğunluk ölçülmektedir ama hala bulunan başka ölçekler de mevcuttu.
Örnekler: Amerikan petrol enstitüsü (API) kütleçekimi, evrensel olarak petrol sanayiinde kullanılıyor.
	Baume ölçeği, kimyada kullanılıyor.
	Brix ölçeği, şeker ve meyve suyu yapımında kullanılıyor.
	Plato ölçeği, bira yapımında kullanılıyor.

Sınıflandırma

Laktometre
Laktometre, sütün saflığını ölçmek için kullanılır. Süt sudan daha ağır ya da daha hafif olan maddeler içerdiği için sütün yoğunluğu, süt hakkında kesin bir bilgi veremez. Yağ içeriği için ek olarak testler yapılması gerekir. Süt içine dökülür ve krem oluşana kadar bekletilir ve ölçülür. Ölçülen derece olarak krem yatağının derinliği sütün kalitesini belirler.

Alkolmetre

Alkolmetre bir sıvının alkol gücünü ölçmek için kullanılır. Alkolmetre önceden hazırlanmış alkol yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak "potansiyel alkol" hacim yüzdesini gösterir. "potansiyel alkol" arttıkça, daha büyük bir yoğunluk olacaktır yani karışımın alkol oranı artacaktır.

Sakarimetre

Sakarimetre, Thomas Thomson tarafından icat edilen ve bir çözelti içinde bulunan şeker miktarını ölçmeye yarayan alettir. Eskiden bira ve şarap üreticileri tarafından kullanılırdı. Ayrıca dondurma yapımında da kullanılır.
Sakarimetre camdan yapılmış ve yukarıya doğru uzanan ince bir gövdeye bağlı ağırlıklı bir ampul oluşur. Şeker seviyesi sıvının yüzeyinin ulaştığı noktayı okuyarak tespit edilir. Bu alette yüzdürme prensibi ile çalışır.

Termohidrometre
Petrol ürünlerinin yoğunluğunu ölçmek için kullanılır. Hafif yağlar genellikle 15 C0  bulunan kılıfa yerleştirilir. Daha düşük yoğunluğa sahip olan yağlar içerdiği maddelerden dolayı değişken hacime sahip oldukları için pistonlu bir sistemde incelenirler.

Ürinometre
Ürinometre, idrar analizi için tasarlanmış bir hidrometredir. İdrar yoğunluğu suda çözünen atıklarla belirlenir. Hastanın genel düzeyini belirlemek için kullanılır.

Akü Hidrometresi
Şarj halindeki kurşun-asit bataryasında elektrolit olarak kullanılan sülfürik asit çözeltisinin yoğunluğunu tahmin etmekte kullanılır. 60 F0 suyun yoğunluğunu referans alınarak kalibre edilmiş bir hidrometre otomobil aküleri için standarttır.

Antifriz test edici
Otomotiv sektöründe hidrometrenin bir kullanım alanı da antifriz çözeltisinin kalitesini belirlemektir. Dondurmayı koruyucu derecesi, yoğunluğu ile ilişkilidir.

Ölçü aletleri
Subilim
Bira yapımı
Toprak testleri
Laboratuvar donanımları

Hidrometre


Ponomarev (nume) poate să se refere la:

 Boris Nikolaevici Ponomarev (1905-1995) - secretar al CC al PCUS
 Ponomarev, Leond Ivanovici (n. 1937) - fizcian, profesor, membru al Academiei de științe din Rusia
 Ponomarev, Lev Aleksandrovici (n. 1941) - doctor în științe fizico-matematice, partizan al lui A.D. Saharov, activist politic din Rusia
 Ponomarev, Vladimir Nikolaevici (n. 1946) - doctor științe fizico-matematice, profesor, director adjunct al Institutului de devoltare pașnică a energeticii nucleare (Moscova)
 Ponomarev, Il'ya Vladimirovici(1975) - activist politic din Rusia

Nume de familie

Ponomarev (nume)


භෞතික විද්‍යාවෙහි, ප්‍රත්‍යාස්ථතාව  යනු,  ඒවා විකෘත කිරීමෙන් පසුව මුල් හැඩයට යළි පැමිණීමට ඝන ද්‍රව්‍යයන් සතුව පවතින ප්‍රවණතාව වෙයි. ඒවා මත බලයන් යෙදූ විට, ඝන වස්තූන් විරූපණයට භාජනය විය හැක.
භෞතික විද්‍යාව

ප්‍රත්‍යාස්ථතාව (භෞතික විද්‍යාව)


Ileana Cristina Dumitrache () este un om politic român. Ileana Cristina Dumitrache a fost aleasă ca deputat în legislaturile 2008-2012, 2012-2016 și 2016-2020, din partea Partidului Social Democrat.

Ileana Cristina Dumitrache este fiica omului de afaceri și consilierului județean PSD Ion Dumitrache și căsătorită cu fostul consul al României la Ancona George Teseleanu (48 ani) având ca naș pe Valeriu Zgonea .

A votat (2013) pentru  modificarea Codului penal pentru schimbarea definiției conflictului de interese, pentru scoaterea parlamentarilor din randul funcționarilor publici și, implicit, acordarea de imunitate de facto pentru infracțiunile de serviciu, inclusiv de corupție, și pentru micșorarea termenului de prescripție specială.

Note

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2012-2016 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Deputați români 2012-2016
Deputați români 2008-2012
Politicieni români în viață
Deputați români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat
Deputați români 2020-2024

Ileana Cristina Dumitrache


Duane Capizzi é um escritor e produtor de televisão americano. Ele é conhecido por seu extenso trabalho em séries animadas para a televisão, incluindo Transformers: Prime, ganhador do Emmy, do qual foi co-produtor executivo e redator principal, e co-desenvolveu seu sucessor Transformers: Robots in Disguise. Para a Warner Bros. Animation, ele foi roteirista / produtor da série animada The Batman, bem como seu spin-off, The Batman vs. Dracula. Ele escreveu o primeiro longa de animação do DC Universe, Superman: Doomsday (baseado na saga The Death of Superman e dirigido por Bruce Timm). Outros créditos de produção / escrita de séries animadas incluem Jackie Chan Adventures, Big Guy e Rusty the Boy Robot, Men in Black: The Series e o desenvolvimento da série Roughnecks: The Starship Troopers Chronicles para a Sony Pictures Television. Ele escreveu e editou a história para dois spin-offs animados dos filmes de Jim Carrey: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective e The Mask. Ele também escreveu e editou histórias para várias séries de TV da Disney Afternoon, incluindo Darkwing Duck, Aladdin, TaleSpin e Bonkers. Ele começou sua carreira escrevendo roteiros de animação para Robotech II: The Sentinels for Harmony Gold. A série nunca foi produzida, mas levou à redação e edição da história em ALF: The Animated Series.

De 2019-2021, Capizzi atuou como showrunner para a adaptação da série de animação para TV de Carmen Sandiego.

Ver também

Escritores dos Estados Unidos

Duane Capizzi


Halimede /ha.li'me.de/, sau Neptun IX, este un satelit retrograd neregulat al lui Neptun. A fost descoperit de Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Tommy Grav, Wesley C. Fraser și Dan Milisavljevic pe 14 august 2002.

Nume

Halimede, ca mulți dintre sateliții exteriori ai lui Neptun, poartă numele uneia dintre Nereide, cele cincizeci de fiice ale lui Nereus și Doris. Înainte de anunțarea numelui său pe 3 februarie 2007 (IAUC 8802), Halimede era cunoscut sub denumirea provizorie S/2002 N 1.

Orbită

Halimede are a doua cea mai excentrică și a treia cea mai înclinată orbită în jurul lui Neptun. Acest lucru este ilustrat pe diagramă în relație cu alți sateliți neregulați ai lui Neptun. Sateliții de deasupra axei orizontale sunt prograzi, sateliții de sub ea sunt retrograzi. Segmentele galbene se extind de la pericentru la apocentru, arătând excentricitatea. De asemenea, merită menționat faptul că Sao și Laomedeia sunt similari cu Halimede, dar ambii au orbite prograde spre deosebire de Halimede care are o orbită retrogradă.

Caracteristici fizice
Halimede are un diametru de aproximativ 62 de kilometri (presupunând un albedo de 0,04) și apare neutru (gri) în lumina vizibilă. Având în vedere culoarea foarte asemănătoare a satelitului cu cea a lui Nereid împreună cu probabilitatea mare (41%) de coliziuni în perioada de viață trecută a Sistemului Solar, s-a sugerat că satelitul ar putea fi un fragment al lui Nereid.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Pagina lui Neptun a lui Matthew Holman
 paginile lui David Jewitt
 Sateliții cunoscuți ai lui Neptun (de Scott S. Sheppard)
 MPC: Serviciul de efemeride prin sateliti naturali
 Parametrii orbitali medii de la JPL

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Sateliții lui Neptun

Halimede (satelit)


Scara Scoville măsoară în unități Scoville (în engleză, Scoville Heat Units- SHU) cât de iute/ de picant este un ardei iute, sau orice alt fel de aliment condimentat în funcție de concentrația de capsaicină. Capsaicina este una dintre numeroasele substanțe chimice denumite generic capsaicinoizi. Scara este numită așa după creatorul său, farmacistul american Wilbur Scoville. Metoda lui, concepută în 1912, este cunoscută ca Testul organoleptic Scoville

Spre deosebire de metodele bazate pe cromatografie lichidă de înaltă performanță (HPLC), scara Scoville este o metodă de măsurare subiectivă, depinzând de sensibilitatea voluntarilor la capsaicină și deci nu este o metodă precisă de a măsura concentrația de capsaicinoid.

Testul organoleptic Scoville

După metoda lui Scoville, o cantitate precisă de ardei iute uscat se dizolvă în alcool etilic pentru a extrage compușii cei conferă iuțimea (capsaicinoizii), această soluție fiind mai apoi diluată cu un amestec de apă cu zahăr. Soluțiile finale, fiecare având concentrații diferite de capaicinoizi, sunt oferite unui grup de cinci degustători antrenați, până când o majoritate (cel puțin trei) nu mai poate detecta iuțimea din respectivul amestec. Nivelul iuțimii se va baza pe această soluție, evaluat în multipli de 100 de SHU.O slăbiciune a Testului organoleptic Scoville este imprecizia lui din cauza subiectivității umane, în funcție de palatul gurii degustătorului și de numărul receptorilor de gust iute din gura acestuia, care variază foarte mult de la o persoană la alta. Un alt punct slab al acestui test este oboseala senzorială: palatul este rapid desensibilizat de către capsaicine după degustarea câtorva mostre într-o perioadă scurtă de timp. Rezultatele variază foarte mult (până la ± 50 %) între centrele de testare.

Aprecierea unităților Scoville

Considerații
Deoarece aprecierea unităților Scoville  se face pe unitatea de masă uscată, compararea între produse cu un conținut de apă diferit poate fi înșelătoare.De exemplu, ardeiul iute proaspăt are un conținut de apă de aproximativ 90 %, în timp ce sosul Tabasco are un conținut de apă de 95 %.Ardeii iuți cu cel mai mare grad pe scara Scoville depășesc un milion de unități: printre aceștia se numără speciile de naga jolokia sau bhut jolokia și cultivarul său, "ghost chilli", care nu are statut oficial.

Compușii organici
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SHU
! Exemple
|-
| style="color:white; background:#000; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 16,000,000,000 || style="background:#eee;"| Resiniferatoxin
|-
| style="color:white; background:#000; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 5,300,000,000 || style="background:#eee;"| Tinyatoxin
|-
| style="color:white; background:#000; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 16,000,000 || style="background:#eee;"| Capsaicin
|-
| style="color:white; background:#000; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 15,000,000 || style="background:#eee;"| Dihydrocapsaicin
|-
| style="color:white; background:#300; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 9,200,000 || style="background:#eee;"| Nonivamide
|-
| style="color:white; background:#300; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 9,100,000 || style="background:#eee;"| Nordihydrocapsaicin
|-
| style="color:white; background:#300; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 8,600,000 || style="background:#eee;"| Homocapsaicin, Homodihydrocapsaicin
|-
| style="color:white; background:#d00; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 160,000 || Shogaol
|-
| style="color:white; background:#ff1515; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 100,000 || Piperine
|-
| style="color:white; background:#ff1515; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 60,000 || Gingerol
|-
| style="color:black; background:#ff6d6d; text-align:right; padding-right:8px;"| 16,000 || Capsiate

Unitățile de tărie/iuțeală ASTA

Începând din anii 1980, iuțeala ardeilor a fost mai precis măsurată printr-o metoda care utilizează cromatografia lichidă de înaltă performanță (HPLC). Aceasta identifică și măsoară concentrația de iuțeală produsă de substanțele chimice iuți. Măsurătorile sunt utilizate într-o formulă matematică, în funcție de capacitatea lor de a produce o senzație de căldură. Această metodă dă rezultate, nu în unități Scoville, ci în unități de tărie/iuțeală ASTA (American Spice Trade Association).

Referințe

Condimente
Unități de măsură

Scara Scoville


Anger management is a psycho-therapeutic program for anger prevention and control. It has been described as deploying anger successfully. Anger is frequently a result of frustration, or of feeling blocked or thwarted from something the subject feels is important. Anger can also be a defensive response to underlying fear or feelings of vulnerability or powerlessness. Anger management programs consider anger to be a motivation caused by an identifiable reason which can be logically analyzed and addressed.

Overview

The ideal goal of anger management is to control and regulate anger so that it does not result in problems. Anger is an active emotion that calls a person feeling it to respond. People get into anger issues because both the instigator and instigated lack interpersonal and social skills to maintain self-control. Research on affect and self-regulation shows that
it occurs because negative emotional states often impairs impulse control. They can train to respond to their anger as unwanted and unpleasant rather than react to its need. Turning a blind eye or forgiveness is a tool to turn anger off. Getting enough sleep, exercise and good diet are tools which can assist in preventing anger. Professionals who deal with those who have trouble managing anger include occupational therapists, mental health counselors, drug and alcohol counselors, social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists.

History

The negative effects of anger have been observed throughout history. Advice for countering seemingly uncontrollable rage has been offered by ancient philosophers, pious men, and modern psychologists. In de Ira, Seneca the Younger (4 BC – 65 AD) advised for pre-emptively guarding against confrontational situations, perspective taking, and not inciting anger in anger-prone individuals. Other philosophers echoed Seneca with Galen recommending seeking out a mentor for aid in anger reduction. In the Middle Ages, the people would serve as both examples of self-control and mediators of anger-induced disputes. Examples of intercession for the common people from the wrath of local rulers abound in hagiographies. The story of St. Francis of Assisi and the metaphorical Wolf of Gubbio is one famous instance.

In modern times, the concept of controlling anger has translated into anger management programs based on the research of psychologists. Classical psychotherapy based anger management interventions originated in the 1970s. Success in treating anxiety with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions developed by Meichebaum inspired Novaco to modify the stress inoculation training to be suitable for anger management. Stress and anger are sufficiently similar that such a modification was able to create a successful branch of treatment. Both stress and anger are caused by external stimuli, mediated by internal processing, and expressed in either adaptive or maladaptive forms. Meichebaum, and later Novaco, used each aspect of experiencing the relevant emotion as an opportunity for improvement to the patient's overall well-being.

Potential causes for development of problems

Medical causes
Drug addiction, alcoholism, a mental disability, biochemical changes and PTSD can all lead to a person committing an aggressive act against another person. Not having sufficient skills on how to handle oneself when faced with aggression can lead to very undesirable outcomes. These factors are typically associated with a heightened chance of anger, but there are other, less-known factors that can lead to people acting in a negative way. Prolonged or intense anger and frustration contributes to physical conditions such as headaches, digestive problems, high blood pressure and heart disease. Problems dealing with angry feelings may be linked to psychological disorders such as anxiety or depression. Angry outbursts can be a way of trying to cope with unhappiness or depression.

Migraines: Frequent migraine can be associated with levels of aggression and the need for anger management. A 2013 study examined migraines and its association with anger problems in young children (m = 11.2 years of age). The patients in the study were split into low migraine attack frequency (AF), intermediate AF, high frequency, and chronic migraine AF. The tendency for a participant to inhibit his anger and not lash out was found more in children with higher AF. Children that qualified for low migraine AF actually had more anger expression.

Psychological causes
Psychological factors such as stress, abuse, poor social or familial situations, and poverty can be linked to anger problems. Without proper anger management, individuals may be more prone to violence. They also may have increased stress levels, which can have both mental and physical symptoms if not taken care of sooner rather than later. Thankfully, there are many different methods of treatment that can help an individual control and cope with their anger.

Trauma
A history of trauma can result in increased anger. Anger is not associated with aggression in all individuals with symptoms of PTSD. Sexual trauma is particularly correlated with anger, as well as childhood trauma since more often than not, they either didn't know what was going on and/or didn't have any control over what was going on. It is important to recognize and validate trauma, rather than ignoring it and having their symptoms worsen.

Types of treatment

Some effective anger management techniques include relaxation techniques, monitored breathing exercises, cognitive restructuring and imagery (e.g. Stosny's Healing imagery Explain oneself emphatically what and why it makes you respond angrily Apply kindness and compassion to self Love oneself Solving the co-morbid problems phases), problem solving, improving communication strategies and interpersonal skills (DEAR MAN & GIVE). Below are specific types of anger management treatment approaches supported by empirical studies. Several of the studies examined used self-report, which some psychologists feel could be a limitation for results. People do not want others to think of them as angry individuals, so their answers could be changed to fit how society wants them to behave.

Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program

The Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) is a program that was used in a study consisting of Air Force families. The families were assigned to either a traditional multi-couple group format or a self-directed book version focusing on relationship satisfaction and anger management skills. There was a significant main effect for time related to both relationship satisfaction (pretest M = 49.8, SD = 17.6; post-test M = 53.8, SD = 17.6, F(1, 76) = 6.91, p < .01), and anger management skills, (pretest M = 32.2, SD = 4.2; post-test M = 34.6, SD = 4.0, F(1, 74) = 31.79, p < .001).

The self-directed book version did not show as positive of results. Improving a couple's anger management skills can be a vital step in ensuring there are no violent outbreaks throughout the relationship.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

The use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is frequent in anger management treatment. By trying to get patients to open up about their emotions and feelings and being driven to accomplish a specific task (in this case controlling anger), a person is cognitively motivated to use positive skills towards their behavior.

Studies show using a mix of CBT as well as other therapies on the participants/clients increased the effective usage of the anger management techniques and that they also felt more in control of their own anger. Personal changes like these can lead to less aggression and fewer violent acts. The use of play therapy with this is also found efficient in tackling anger issues among children.

Positive mentalization and personal development

This is a style that is commonly used in elementary schools for students expressing anger outbursts. Researchers who have looked into the reason for young student anger have found that one common reason could be the inability to adjust socially. Students that were selected for this study received a daily one-hour session throughout one week of school. The researchers of the mentalization program educated children through group therapy in positive psychology and tried to do activities that put the child in a happy mood while interacting. At the end of the week, research showed that there was a negative correlation between anger and social adjustment. This process lowered the overall anger levels of the students involved in social adjustment deficits.

Use of personal development (PD) led to higher views of themselves and more positive self-esteem. Aggression has been shown to be a result of poor self-worth as well as thinking that those around us do not care or support us, so this PD is vital in helping change a person's self-perception.

Anger journaling

Understanding one's own emotions can be a crucial piece of learning how to deal with anger. Children who wrote down their negative emotions in an "anger diary" actually ended up improving their emotional understanding, which in turn led to less aggression. When it comes to dealing with their emotions, children show the ability to learn best by seeing direct examples of instances that led to certain levels of anger. By seeing the reasons why they got angry, they can in the future try to avoid those actions or be prepared for the feeling they experience if they do find themselves doing something that typically results in them being angry.

Simply logging episodes of anger could also be beneficial. Middle school students with emotional disorders who completed regular "anger logs" showed pronounced improvement of anger management. According to Keller, Bry and Salvador, students who used anger logs "were observed to exhibit significantly more prosocial behaviors toward their teachers and showed a trend toward exhibiting fewer negative behaviors toward peers".

Reflecting on feelings of anger in writing can be a type of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CBI), or a self-strategy used to combat negative thoughts.

Other evidence-based approaches

Anger management interventions are based in cognitive behavioral techniques and follow in a three-step process. First, the client learns to identify situations that can potentially trigger the feeling of anger. A situation that elicits anger is often referred to as an anger cue. If a potential trigger can be avoided, the individual can not only avoid unwanted outbursts, but also avoid internal conflict. Often anger occurs through automatic thought and irrational beliefs, these pose a problem for treatment because the patient may respond too quickly to change the thought or behavior. Wright, Day, & Howells referred to this phenomenon as the "hijacking of the cognitive system by the emotional system".  Second, relaxation techniques are taught as appropriate responses to the identified situations. Common techniques include regulating breathing and physically removing themselves from the situation. Finally, role-play is used to practice the application of the learned techniques for future encounters with anger-inducing situations in the individual's life. The result of repetition is an automatic response of learned beneficial techniques. Modifications of each general step result in distinctive programs. Additionally, different fields of psychology will change aspects of the above three-step process, which is primarily based in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Group, family, and relaxation only therapies each contribute to the wider range of available anger management programs.

Relaxation therapy can reduce cognition and motivations to act out, and through relaxation, clients gain coping skills to better manage their anger. This therapy addresses various aspects of anger such as physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and social. These aspects combined are what make relaxation an effective treatment for anger. Mindfulness attempts to teach clients acceptance of bodily sensations and emotions. Mindfulness originated in Eastern spiritual traditions that are practiced through meditation. A two-prong component of mindfulness includes: self-regulation and orientation toward the present moment. The center of this therapy technique is experiencing the present moment in a non-judgmental manner that is reflective of meditation. In practice, clients observe breathing, sitting and walking during meditations. The goal is for clients to understand that his or her thoughts of anger are merely thoughts rather than reality. Mindfulness is also a technique used in the relaxation approach because the technique halts physiological arousal. An example of this is Meditation on the Soles of the Feet (SoF) which has been shown to help persons with mild intellectual disability decrease aggressive behavior by mindfully focusing on the soles of their feet.

Rational emotive behavior therapy explains anger through the client's beliefs and emotion, rather than the event itself. The concept involves clients interpreting events in a rational manner in order to avoid irrational thoughts that lead to anger. Delayed reaction technique is when clients attempt to uncover what is making them angry before acting out on their anger. This allows them to have time to change what is making them angry and increase time before their response; this encourages thought on a more rational level. In addition, clients are also encouraged to avoid demands in an anti-oppressive order to avoid anger. An example of a demand placed on a client may be that, "I have to have this done by my standards". Research is starting to show that the better individuals understand what anger management is and how it can help them personally and in relationships, aggressive actions are less likely to occur.

Anger treatments' success rates can be difficult to estimate because excessive, severe anger is not a recognized disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This manual is used as a reference for mental health professionals. Some research does exist on comparing various treatments for anger, but they also describe methodological difficulties in making accurate comparisons. The best practice for anger treatment is to use multiple techniques rather than a single technique. The relaxation approach had the highest success rate as a standalone treatment. The effectiveness of the CBT-based anger management therapies has been evaluated by a number of meta-analyses. In a 1998 meta-analysis with 50 studies and 1640 individuals, measures of anger and aggression were used to compare the effects of the anger management intervention with no treatment. A significant effect for anger management was found with a 67% chance of improvement for individuals having received the anger management as compared to the individuals without the therapy. In addition, a 2009 meta-analysis compared psychological treatments for anger across 96 studies. After an average of 8 sessions, a significant improvement in anger reduction resulted. Overall, the completion of an anger management program is likely to result in long-lasting positive changes in behavior. Successful interventions can result in not only a reduction of the outward display of aggression, but also a decrease in the internal level of anger.

Medication
As anger is a psychological concern, treating with medication is a secondary line of approach. However, if there is a medical reason for an anger response certain psychotropic medications are prescribed by doctors to complement the psychotherapy intervention. Medications include Antidepressants, Anti-psychotics, Anti-seizure and Beta blockers. These drugs specifically do not target anger directly, but they have a calming outcome that can support control of rage and negative feeling.

Antidepressants may have a particular role when anger is a manifestation of depression. Anger attacks are found in 40% of those with major depressive disorder with 64–71% of cases responding to an SSRI such as fluoxetine.

Valerian roots and saffron threads are herbal supplements that supposedly help in lowering stress and promotes calm feelings. Passionflower and chamomile are generally consumed in tea for supporting mood by reducing anxiety.

Affected populations

Adults
One motivation for seeking anger management can be career-related. As both a preventative and corrective tool, anger management is available to help individuals cope with potentially anger-inducing aspects of their jobs. One such situation applies to caretakers of individuals with mental illness. The daily stress combined with slow or no progress with the people under their care can create a high level of frustration. Skills training for caretakers of relatives with dementia has been developed to help cope with these feelings of frustration in a positive manner.

Anger management is also beneficial in law enforcement. The role of police officers is to protect civilians, however, conflicts between the police and the general public can develop. The goal of anger management would be to reduce such occurrences like police brutality from negatively impacting the relationship between law enforcement and citizens. Anger management programs tailored towards this goal could orient themselves towards these means by focusing on conflict resolution and including specific law enforcement scenarios in the training. This need was noticed by Novaco, who originally designed an intervention for anger management based on cognitive behavioral therapy, resulting in a specialized skills training program for law enforcement.

Couples also in the brink of dissolution of their marriage need to understand what to do about intimate partner violence, and the more knowledgeable the individuals are on how to manage their anger, the better prepared they are when confronted with a problem with another person.

Children and adolescents
The ability for young children to understand their emotions and how to react in certain situations can greatly increase their chance of expressing themselves in an appropriate manner. A 2010 study from the Journal of Applied School Psychology looked at four 4th grade boys who took part in different activities with the school psychologist, ranging from how to deal with emotions to practicing anger reduction strategies. They found a positive correlation between partaking in these meetings and less anger expressing in a multitude of locations (school, home, etc.).

Anger management programs with a cognitive-behavioral basis have been modified for children and adolescents. There are three common types of CBT aimed at the youth. First, life skills development (communication, empathy, assertiveness, etc.) uses modeling to teach appropriate reactions to anger. Second, effective education focuses on identifying the feelings of anger and relaxation. Finally, problem solving conveys a view of cause and effect for situations as an alternative to anger. A wide range of methods can be used to convey these three components, with both age and severity being important factors. For younger children, involvement can be increased by presenting anger management in more of a fun format with educational games and activities being available. For adolescents, group therapy can be an effective form given the resemblance to the individual's natural social environment. The severity of expressed anger issues often relates to the intensity of the subsequent anger management program. A few violent outbursts in a classroom setting could result in several sessions with the school's counselor. However, more severe juvenile delinquency could result in court-mandated anger management sessions in a juvenile correctional facility.

The effectiveness of anger management has been studied in children and adolescents for the purpose of evaluating existing programs and designing more effective programs. In a meta-analyses of 40 studies, an overall effect size of 0.67 was found for CBT anger management treatment, suggesting anger management as a legitimate approach to problematic levels of anger. Skills development (0.79) and problem solving (0.67) both had a higher impact than affective education (0.36). This was believed to be due to behavioral aspects being more easily conveyed than cognitive for children. The true value from early interventions aimed at youths comes from the preventative aspect. Curbing negative behaviors early in life could lead to a more positive outlook as an adult.

Individuals with intellectual disabilities

Individuals with intellectual disabilities can struggle with managing anger. When faced with aggression from individuals with an intellectual disability, caretakers often employ a combination of four different strategies. Depending on both the setting and individual, the following strategies for aggression minimization present in different ways.

 Reactive strategies – Aim to minimize impact of overtly aggressive behavior by using established protocols. Ex. Enforced isolation after the start of a violent outburst.
 Ecological interventions – Attempt to reduce aggression level by changing an aspect of the environment for a more calming effect. Ex. Reducing ambient noise to lower irritation.
 Contingency management – Focuses on modifying behavior through a combination of reinforcement and punishment. Ex. Using a token economy to enforce rules concerning behavior.
 Positive programming – Teaches positive reaction skills as an alternative to aggression. Ex. Anger management with a CBT background.

The need for anger management is also evident in situations where individuals with intellectual disabilities are prescribed psychotropic medication as the result of aggressive or self-injurious behavior. The medication's role as a chemical restraint does not help modify the underlying cause of aggression. Sedation is best used as an emergency measure with skills training as a long-term solution to decreasing the overall rate of violent incidents. In a meta-analysis reviewing 80 studies, behavioral-based interventions were found to be generally effective in modifying behavior. Additionally, cognitive behavioral therapy as administered by lay therapists was found to be effective, which supports the feasibility of such anger management programs.

This is a group that a majority of the population might not associate with having AM problems, but research shows over half of the population of Americans with intellectual disabilities displays violent and aggressive actions somewhat regularly. People with a learning disability tend to express anger and aggression to even those who help them on a daily basis. Adults with intellectual disabilities are at high risk of acting aggressive and being sent to clinics due to their actions.

The "theory of the mind" approach states that people with anger management problems tend to be unsteady mentally and are not able to internalize any blame for their actions. One of the main reasons for anger outbursts is externalizing blame and having a quick impulse to lash out. These individuals need to have a better understanding of what their actions mean and that they should understand that blaming themselves for problems can sometimes be the right thing to do.

Violent criminals

One study found that offenders who were currently in high-security hospitals that went through a self-report 20 class training program had positive results. Results of the self-report showed a decrease in aggression and a lack of responding when angry. There were two issues to keep in mind though; a hospital setting and a setting in which the researchers did not want to provoke much anger due to the instability of the patients.

In one meta-analysis study composed of studies completed from 1979 to 2010, school-aged children who were identified as having aggressive personalities were given several different anger management classes. Overall, results showed slightly positive results for children receiving the classes (less aggression). The courses aimed at reducing negative emotions in the children and trying to help them with self-control. While no overarching conclusions could be made, researchers state that children going through anger management courses are more prepared to combat their anger internally and less likely to act out.

Substance abusers

There is no statistical information that shows people who substance abuse also have high rates of aggressive actions. However, researchers believe this is a group of people that should be studied due to their questionable decision-making and typically unstable mental health. Substance abusers could benefit from anger management to prevent potential aggression.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) individuals

This group can benefit from extended CBT dealing with anger management issues. One study dealing with n= 86 war veterans found that during the 12 sessions of training, anger traits slightly dropped as well as small reductions in expressing anger. Research also indicates that their antisocial personality traits upon return can put them behind in society, so finding the right anger management courses is of vital importance. There were not significant enough findings from this study to definitely recommend veterans with PTSD to use CBT anger management courses.

People with traumatic brain injuries

People with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) can display impulsive, aggressive and dangerous actions. A study in the Brain Injury showed that one way to prevent such actions is a community-based treatment of people with TBI. Results indicated that the need to lash out diminished after the 12-week program, and a series of post-treatment testing showed a decline in self-reported frequency of angry actions. Other specific results included: significant decreases in the frequency of experiencing angry feelings and the frequency of outward expression of anger as well as significant increases in the frequency of controlling feelings of anger.

Associated scholars

Seneca

One of the first people to study anger and the control of anger was the Roman philosopher Seneca. He studied anger during his lifetime, c. 4 BC – AD 65, and from his experiences and observations, he formulated ways to control anger. This could be considered an early form of anger management. Seneca noted the importance of how to avoid becoming angry, quitting being angry, and dealing with anger in other people.
Before him, Athenodorus Cananites (74 BC – 7 AD) counseled Octavian to recite the alphabet before acting in anger.

Another theorist who came after Seneca was Galen, a Roman era philosopher, who built on the work of Seneca to formulate new ideas in the area of anger management. Galen stresses the importance of a mentor to help deal with excess anger.

Peter Stearns

Sir Peter Stearns played an important part in researching the differences in anger between genders. Stearns concluded that there are similarities between male and females experience of anger. June Crawford came up with an opposing idea about how the two genders deal with anger. Her research concluded that men and women deal with anger by different means.

Raymond Novaco
Works from Raymond Novaco in the 1970s have contributed to many of the recent ideas on the management of anger. These ideas have led to the implementation of different anger management programs. Novaco stressed the importance of looking at the situations that led up to the anger in order to have control over the anger. He stated that anger is an emotional response to situations, and that anger occurs in three modalities, either cognitive, somaticaffective or behavioral. After discovering the anger, there should be discussion and self-examination in order to relieve the anger. This process was thought to help the client identify the situations that lead to anger and deal with the anger depending on the step that the anger is occurring in. The client is able to use different relaxation skills to reduce their anger before it advances.

Benefits
The benefits of undergoing anger management brings around the successful reduction in anger and violent outbursts. Personal relationships that have been previously strained by a high level of aggression may undergo improvement. Professionally, workplace relationships have a similar outcome that are beneficial to an individual's career and personal sense of satisfaction. Legally, continued attendance to anger management programs, mandated or not, can be seen as a sign of good faith. For incarcerated individuals, an earlier parole time can be the result of good behavior learned from anger management classes. From an emotional standpoint, reducing the internal level of anger results in a decrease in stress and an increase in overall happiness as a result.

From a medical standpoint, physical illnesses also improve from positive emotional and behavioral changes. Anger management style and overall level of anger has been associated with both acute and chronic pain sensitivity. Blood pressure is another physiological aspect affected by anger, with increased levels of anger being correlated with higher blood pressure. The implications of an effect on blood pressure for overall health is made evident by the link between high blood pressure and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. An increase in the immune system's efficacy has also been observed as a result of the increased level of relaxation. Successful anger management could also lead to an overall longer life span due to the decrease in reckless behavior and violent altercations.

Impediments
There are a number of factors that can lower the probability of a successful anger management intervention. One such obstacle is the level of the individual's motivation. Overall low readiness is an impediment to the effectiveness of anger management due to the lower attendance rates and negative effect on the therapeutic alliance. Involuntary assignment to an anger management program, for example court mandated sessions, will result in a lower average motivation level than voluntary admission. In one study with incarcerated inmates, there was a correlation found between individual readiness and improvement.

Additionally, given the component of anger as a social construct, difficulty with communication between cultures can serve as another impediment. What is deemed an appropriate expression of anger is culturally dependent. Therefore, a mismatch between client and therapist could result in a misunderstanding as to the end goal of the program. For example, a client could only wish to decrease physical violence, while the therapist aims to decrease both verbal and physical outbursts. Gender-dependent expectations of anger expression can contribute as well to societal standards. The same violent outburst for a man and woman is subject to different interpretations due to anger being seen as more permissible in males.

The cost of taking anger management could also be a significant obstacle if the person does not have health insurance. The time required for anger management depends on the program. Weekly one-hour sessions with eight to 12 sessions per program are common, but a single intensive all-day session variety exists as well. The monetary cost can amount to $90–$120 per session for general therapy, or much higher fees for specialized coaching. The availability of anger management programs locally can be problematic for more isolated areas, creating an additional cost for travel. However, online options can follow the same structure as an in-person intervention with similar outcomes.

See also

References

External links
 American Psychological Association – Anger
 Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) Tips
 Psychological Self Help
 Anger Management Villanova University, Pennsylvania
 Anger Management Techniques
 Anger management counseling

Psychotherapies
Mindfulness (psychology)

Anger management


Onthophagus subrugosus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1905.

Referências

Ligações externas

subrugosus
Coleópteros descritos em 1905

Onthophagus subrugosus