Carl Hagens, auch Karl Hagens, seit 1910 von Hagens (* 16. Januar 1838 in Großglogau, Schlesien; † 18. September 1924 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Jurist. Von 1890 bis 1910 war er Präsident des Oberlandesgerichts Frankfurt am Main.

Leben und Beruf

Carl Hagens, Sohn eines Oberappellationsgerichts- und Justizrates, wurde bereits als Dreijähriger zusammen mit seinem drei Jahre älteren Bruder Franz Hagens eingeschult und bestand mit 15 Jahren in Paderborn das Abitur. Die Brüder studierten gemeinsam Rechtswissenschaften in Bonn, Göttingen – wo sie gemeinsam der Burschenschaft Hannovera beitraten – und Berlin. Mit nur 18 Jahren bestand Carl Hagens das Referendarexamen mit der Note "sehr gut". Als Dreiundzwanzigjähriger legte er, ebenfalls mit der Note "sehr gut", das zweite juristische Staatsexamen ab.

Nach der üblichen Zeit als Gerichtsassessor im Bezirk des Kammergerichts Berlin wurde er 1867 Stadt- und Kreisrichter in Magdeburg. Ein Jahr später erfolgte seine Versetzung an das Stadtgericht Berlin, wo er 1874 zum Stadtgerichtsrat ernannt wurde. Als 1875 beim Reichskanzleramt eine Abteilung "Justizwesen" errichtet wurde, schied Carl Hagens aus dem preußischen Justizdienst aus und wurde unter Ernennung zum Regierungsrat gemäß der damaligen Bezeichnung "ständiger Hülfsarbeiter." Damit oblag ihm die Mitwirkung an Entwürfen von Reichsgesetzen auf dem Gebiet des Privatrechts. Diese Aufgabe behielt er, nachdem es ab 1877 ein Reichsjustizamt gab, d. h. ein eigenständiges Reichsjustizministerium, und der Justizbereich aus dem Reichskanzleramt ausgegliedert worden war. Zum Geheimen Oberregierungsrat und vortragenden Rat aufgestiegen, leitete er eine Abteilung. Neben der ministeriellen Begleitung des ersten Entwurfs für ein Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, der 1888 veröffentlicht wurde, erarbeitete er insbesondere die Grundlagen für die Konkursordnung, die erst 1999 durch die Insolvenzordnung ersetzt wurde, sowie für Teilbereiche des Genossenschafts-, Aktien- und Patentrechts.

1890 wurde Carl Hagens zum Präsidenten des Oberlandesgerichts Frankfurt ernannt. Dank seiner vielfältigen Bemühungen gelang es im räumlich sehr zersplitterten OLG-Bezirk, dass viele Neuerungen in der Organisation des Justizwesens wie beispielsweise die Einführung des Grundbuches, die Errichtung von örtlichen Gerichten sowie die Einrichtung von Jugendgerichten ohne große Schwierigkeiten vonstattengingen. So fand im Januar 1908 in Frankfurt am Main die erste Sitzung eines Jugendgerichts in Deutschland statt.

Vor den Feierlichkeiten zu seinem fünfzigsten Amtsjubiläum bat er alle Gäste, von persönlichen Geschenken abzusehen und dafür einen Geldbetrag zu spenden, der als Grundstock für die noch heute bestehende Dr.-Carl-Hagens-Stiftung dienen sollte, deren Zweck die "Unterstützung mittlerer und unterer Justizbeamter sowie Rechtsanwaltsgehilfen und ihrer Witwen und Waisen im Falle einer besonderen Hilfsbedürftigkeit" sein sollte.

1907 wurde er Kronsyndikus und zugleich als Mitglied "Allerhöchsten Vertrauens" in das Preußische Herrenhaus berufen. 1909 wurde ihm der einfache erbliche Adelstitel (von Hagens) verliehen. Zum 1. Dezember 1910 gewährte man ihm die erbetene Entlassung. Er war – wie die Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung 1910, S. 1354 feststellte – nach über vierundfünfzigjähriger Amtstätigkeit noch nicht einmal 73 Jahre alt und dennoch der dienstälteste preußische OLG-Präsident.

Seinen Ruhestand verlebte er in Berlin-Nikolassee. 1913 wurde er Mitglied der Gesetzlosen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, einem 1809 gegründeten, heute noch bestehenden Herrenclub, der sich der Pflege von Tradition, Kultur und Wissenschaft verpflichtet fühlt. Im Preußischen Herrenhaus setzte er sich bald nach Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges für eine gesetzliche Regelung ein, wonach Jurastudenten und Rechtsreferendare, die Kriegsteilnehmer waren, nach Kriegsende eine besonders geförderte und dadurch verkürzte Ausbildung erhalten sollten.

Sein Sohn war Walter von Hagens.

Ehrungen
 1879: Dr. h. c. der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig
 1891: Vorsitzender der Juristischen Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main
 1891: Verleihung des Königliche Kronenordens II. Klasse mit dem Stern
 1894: Verleihung des Charakters als Wirklicher Geheimer Oberjustizrat mit dem Rang eines Rates erster Klasse
 1906: Ernennung zum Wirklichen Geheimen Rat mit dem Titel Exzellenz
 Festschrift der Juristischen Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main zur Feier des fünfzigjährigen Amtsjubiläums des Königlichen Oberlandesgerichtspräsidenten Dr. jur. h. c. Carl Hagens, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag der Alfred Neumannschen Buchhandlung, 1906.
 1909: Verleihung des Königlichen Kronenordens I. Klasse
 1910: Erhebung in den erblichen preußischen Adelsstand

Schriften
 Die Gesetze über Abkürzung des Vorbereitungsdienstes in der Justiz und in der Verwaltung für Kriegsteilnehmer. In: Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung. 22. Jahrgang (1917), Nr. 3/4, Sp. 166–170.
 Zur Justizreform. In: Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung. 22. Jahrgang (1917), Nr. 3/4, Sp. 451–457.

Literatur
 Veränderungen in den Präsidien der preußischen Oberlandesgerichte. In: Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung. XV. Jahrg. (1910) Nr. 22, Sp. 1341 f.
 R. Marsson: Carl v. Hagen †. In: Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung. 29. Jahrg. (1924) Nr. 19/20, Sp. 796 f.
 Rudolf Morsey: Die oberste Reichsverwaltung unter Bismarck 1867–1890. Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Münster Westfalen 1957, S. 75 f. und 164.
 Erhard Zimmer: Die Geschichte des Oberlandesgerichts in Frankfurt am Main. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1976, ISBN 3-7829-0174-6, S. 137 ff.
 Hans Schulte-Nölke: Das Reichsjustizamt und die Entstehung des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-465-02696-9.
 Helge Dvorak: Biographischen Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft. Band I: Politiker. Teilband 2: F–H. Universitätsverlag C. Winter, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8253-0809-X, S. 224 ff.

Einzelnachweise

Präsident (Oberlandesgericht)
Richter (Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am Main)
Burschenschafter (19. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses
Verwaltungsjurist
Kronsyndikus
Wirklicher Geheimer Rat
Richter (deutsche Geschichte)
Träger des Preußischen Königlichen Kronenordens 1. Klasse
Ehrendoktor der Universität Leipzig
Deutscher
Geboren 1838
Gestorben 1924
Mann

Carl Hagens


Deanna Haunsperger est une mathématicienne américaine et professeure de mathématiques au Carleton College. Elle a été présidente de la Mathematical Association of America pour le mandat 2017-2018. Elle a co-créé et co-organisé le Carleton College Summer Mathematics Program for Women, qui s'est déroulé chaque été de 1995 à 2014.

Formation
Haunsperger a obtenu son Bachelor of Arts en mathématiques et en informatique du Simpson College en 1986. Elle a obtenu sa maîtrise en mathématiques en 1989 et son doctorat. en mathématiques en 1991 de l'université Northwestern. Sa thèse était intitulée Projection and Aggregation Paradoxes in Nonparametrical Statistical Tests et son directeur était Donald Gene Saari.

Carrière
Haunsperger a été professeure adjointe de mathématiques au  de 1991 à 1994. Depuis 1994, elle est membre du corps professoral du département de mathématiques du Carleton College.

De 1995 à 2014, Haunsperger a dirigé le programme d'été de mathématiques pour les femmes du Carleton College. Ce programme visait à préparer les femmes de premier cycle à poursuivre un doctorat en mathématiques .

Récompenses et honneurs
De 1999 à 2003, Haunsperger a été co-rédactrice en chef de , un magazine destiné aux étudiants de premier cycle qui s'intéressent aux mathématiques.

Haunsperger a été le deuxième vice-président de la Mathematical Association of America (MAA) de 2006 à 2008. Elle a été élue présidente du MAA pour le mandat 2017-2018.

Haunsperger a remporté plusieurs prix de l'Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM). En 2012, elle a été sélectionnée pour le prix M. Gweneth Humphreys, qui récompense les professeurs de mathématiques qui ont fait preuve d'un mentorat exceptionnel. Elle a reçu le deuxième prix présidentiel annuel de l'AWM en 2017. En 2017, elle a été sélectionnée comme membre de l'AWM dans la classe inaugurale. Elle est la lauréate 2021 du prix Yueh-Gin Gung et du Dr Charles Y. Hu pour services distingués aux mathématiques de la Mathematical Association of America « pour son service prolifique aux mathématiques, y compris avec la Mathematical Association of America; pour son leadership influent des femmes en mathématiques ; pour sa longue focalisation sur l'inclusion et sur la création de communautés mathématiques inclusives ; et pour une carrière louable qui a été riche en recherche mathématique, en éducation mathématique et en exposition mathématique ».

Publications

Références

Liens externes

 Page de profil d'auteur de Deanna Haunsperger sur MathSciNet

Membre de l'Association for Women in Mathematics
Mathématicienne américaine
Lauréat du prix Humphreys

Deanna Haunsperger


A Estrela de Istar ou Estrela de Inana é um símbolo da antiga deusa suméria Inana e sua semítica oriental equivalente, Istar. A coruja foi um dos principais símbolos de Istar. A deusa é geralmente associada com o planeta Vênus, que também é conhecido como a estrela da manhã.

História

A Estrela de Inana geralmente tinha oito pontas, apesar do número exato variar. Estrelas de seis pontas também ocorriam de forma frequente, mas seu significado simbólico é desconhecido. Era o símbolo mais comum de Inana e, posteriormente, tornou-se o símbolo mais comum de Istar, semítica oriental equivalente de Inana. Também parece que originalmente possui-a uma associação geral com os céus, mas, no Período Paleobabilônico, passou a ser especificamente associada com o planeta Vênus, com o qual Istar era identificada. Começando no mesmo período, a Estrela de Istar era fechada dentro de um disco circular.

Posteriormente, os escravos que trabalhavam nos templos de Istar eram marcados com o selo da estrela de oito pontas. Em cudurrus e selos cilíndricos, a estrela de oito pontas geralmente é apresentada ao lado da Lua crescente, que era o símbolo de Sim, deus da Lua e um disco solar com raios, que era o símbolo de Samas, o deus do Sol.

A roseta era outro símbolo importante de Istar que originalmente pertenceu à Inana. Durante o Período Neoassírio, a roseta pode ter tomado o local da estrela de oito pontas como o símbolo principal de Istar. O templo de Istar na cidade de Assur era adornado com diversas rosetas.

Bandeira do Iraque
Em Árabe, o símbolo é conhecido como (). As estrelas de Istar e Samas foram apresentadas no brasão de armas do Reino do Iraque de 1932-1959.

Uma versão simplificada com raios vermelhos e um centro amarelo foi incorporada na bandeira do Iraque entre 1959-1963. Era também apresentada em combinação com o Sol de Samas no emblema nacional do Iraque entre 1959-1965.

Ver também
 Octograma
 Estrela de Lakshmi

Bibliografia

Mitologia mesopotâmica
Símbolos do Iraque
Símbolos religiosos
Cargas heráldicas
História da astrologia

Estrela de Istar


بلدية سان مارتين دي لا فيغا ديل ألبيرتشي (بالإسبانية: San Martín de la Vega del Alberche) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية سان مارتين دي لا فيغا ديل ألبيرتشي 198 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية سان مارتين دي لا فيغا ديل ألبيرتشي

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

سان مارتين دي لا فيغا ديل ألبيرتشي


Die Nachtlinie ist eine Fernsehsendung des Bayerischen Fernsehens. Sie wurde von 2007 bis 2016 wöchentlich montags von 23.00 Uhr bis 23.30 Uhr ausgestrahlt und nach einer Pause seit 2020 monatlich dienstags von 23.15 Uhr bis 23.45 Uhr. Die Nachtlinie ist als Straßenbahn (bzw. Trambahn) meist in München, manchmal auch in Augsburg, in Nürnberg, in Würzburg oder in anderen bayerischen Städten, mit einem Filmteam unterwegs. In dieser Straßenbahn begrüßt Moderator Andreas Bönte meist ein bis zwei Gäste aus Politik, Wissenschaft, Schauspielerei und vielen anderen Gesellschaftsbereichen, mit denen er sich 30 Minuten lang in der fahrenden Bahn über deren Leben und aktuelle Tätigkeiten sehr persönlich und offen unterhält. In der Sendung setzt Andreas Bönte eine persönliche, offene Gesprächskultur fort, wie sie zuvor von ihm in der Sendereihe "BR-Forum" entwickelt wurde. Die Nachtlinie wird, wie der Titel bereits aussagt, bei Dunkelheit produziert. Dabei befinden sich neben den Filmkameras in der Straßenbahn auch Kameras am Straßenrand, um die Nachtlinie auch von außen filmisch zu begleiten.

Im Zuge einer Programmreform des Bayerischen Fernsehens wurde die Nachtlinie im März 2016 eingestellt. Stattdessen gab es seit April 2016 das Nachfolgerformat nacht:sicht, in welchem Moderator Andreas Bönte jeweils einen oder mehrere Gesprächsgäste bei Dunkelheit in einem Restaurant im Münchner Lenbachhaus begrüßte. Ab Januar 2020 werden "auf vielfältigen Wunsch unserer Zuschauerinnen und Zuschauer" neue Folgen der Nachtlinie ausgestrahlt.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage der Nachtlinie

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehsendung (Deutschland)
BR Fernsehen
Fernsehsendung der 2000er Jahre
Fernsehsendung der 2010er Jahre
Fernsehsendung der 2020er Jahre

Nachtlinie (Fernsehsendung)


Lăpădat Cioflan (n. 1880, Ghighișeni, comitatul Bihor, Regatul Ungariei – d. 1935, Ghighișeni, Județul Bihor, Regatul României) a fost un economist,  delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Lăpădat Cioflan s-a născut în 1880 în satul Ghighișeni, comitatul Bihor, Regatul Ungariei. A avut patru clase primare și a decedat în anul 1935 în satul în care s-a născut.

Activitate politică
A luat parte la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 18 noiembrie/ 1 decembrie 1918, în calitate de reprezentant al cercului Beiuș-Vașcău, unde a votat Marea Unire.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1880
Decese în 1935
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Oameni din județul interbelic Bihor
Români din Austro-Ungaria

Lăpădat Cioflan


නේපාල පිරිමි ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම (  ) ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් වල නේපාල රට නියෝජනය කරන අතර එය පාලනය වන්නේ නේපාල ක්‍රිකට් සංගමය (CAN) විසිනි. ඔවුන් 1996 සිට ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ (ICC) සහකාර සාමාජිකයෙක් වෙයි. නේපාලයට 2014 ජුනි මාසයේදී ICC විසින් විස්සයි20 ජාත්‍යන්තර (වි20ජා) තත්ත්වය ප්‍රදානය කරන ලද්දේ 2015 ICC ලෝක විස්සයි20 සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ සහ 2018 සිට එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර (එදිජා) තත්ත්වය නිසායි. පෙරලිකාර ජයග්‍රහණ ලබා ගැනීමේ ප්‍රවණතාවය නිසා ඔවුන්ව "ගොර්කාලි", "ද හාර්ට් ඇටෑක්" යන අන්වර්ථ නාමයෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර නේපාල ක්‍රිකට් සංගමයේ ලාංඡනය ලෙස නේපාලය ජනප්‍රිය සත්වයකු වන එක් අං සහිත රයිනෝ අඩංගු වේ.

2014 ජූනි 28 දින, ICC විසින් 2014 ICC ලෝක විස්සයි20 තරඟාවලියට සහභාගී වූ සහ සුවිශේෂී දක්ෂතා දැක්වූ නේපාලයට වි20ජා තත්ත්වය ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදී. 2014 ICC ලෝක විස්සයි20 තරඟාවලියේ සියලුම තරඟ සඳහා වි20ජාතත්ත්වය හිමිවන බව ICC විසින් කලින් නිවේදනය කර තිබූ බැවින්, එම තත්ත්වය ලබා ගැනීමට පෙර නේපාලය වි20ජා තරඟ තුනක් ක්‍රීඩා කර තිබුණි.

නේපාලය ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම


NGC 6937 je prečkasta spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Indijancu.

Izvori

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6937

NGC 6937


Cissus javana, es  especie del género Cissus en la familia Vitaceae. Es una planta trepadora que se encuentra en Asia.

Descripción
Es una planta trepadora o liana, herbácea. Las ramillas longitudinalmente con 4 camellones, glabros o poco pubescentes, se bifurcan en zarcillos. Las hojas simples, ovales o estípulas ovado-elípticas, 3-5 ×  3 mm, herbáceas, glabras o escasamente pilosas, ápice obtuso; pecíolo de 2-4.5 cm, glabro o esparcidamente piloso, las láminas foliares ovadas o hastadas de 15.6 x 10.4 cm, superficies lisas el haz y adaxial de diferentes colores cuando las venas están secas. La inflorescencia umbeliforme, terminal o de hojas opuestas; con pedúnculo 0,6-4 cm, escasamente pubescente. El fruto es una baya de 6 x 5 mm. Tiene un número cromosomático de 2 n = 24.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los árboles o arbustos y matorrales, a una altitud de 600-2000 metros en Sichuan, Yunnan. India, Indonesia, Malasia, Birmania, Nepal, Tailandia y Vietnam.

Taxonomía
Cissus javana fue descrita por Augustin Pyrame de Candolle y publicado en Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 628, en el año 1824.
Etimología
Cissus: nombre genérico que deriva del griego κισσος ( kissos ), que significa "hiedra".

javana: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en la Isla de Java.
Sinonimia
Cissus discolor Blume
Cissus javana var. pubescens C.L.Li
Cissus sessilis Amshoff
Cissus sicyoides Klein ex Steud.
Vitis discolor (Blume) Dalzell

Referencias

Enlaces externos

javana

Cissus javana


الإبريق المكسور، مسلسل تراثي قديم عرض في 1978.

يتكلم عن لصوص يحاولون سرقة ذهب من عند أكبر تجار القماش وهذا الذهب يريد به التاجر معالجة إبنه الضرير.

فريق العمل

تمثيل

مسلسلات تلفزيونية كويتية بدأ عرضها في 1978

الإبريق المكسور (مسلسل)


El Instituto Santa Irene es un centro educativo de la ciudad de Vigo. Se encuentra en la plaza de América, lugar destacado de la ciudad y centro del barrio de las Traviesas, en el extremo de Coya. Fue una donación de Policarpo Sanz a la ciudad olívica, y recibió su nombre en memoria de su fallecida esposa, Irene de Ceballos.

El edificio construido en cantería de granito es obra de Antonio de Cominges y Tapias, es uno de los edificios más emblemáticos de la ciudad, tanto arquitectónicamente como por su significado estético y emotivo. Su reloj fue proyectado por Manuel de Cominges, y desde hace algunos años los vigueses festejan en ese lugar las campanadas de Nochevieja.

En la actualidad el instituto Santa Irene tiene un equipo de más de 70 profesores e imparte clase a cerca de mil alumnos distribuidos en 16 grupos de ESO y 16 grupos de Bachillerato en dos turnos de diurno y educación para adultos.

Fue nombrado Vigués Distinguido en el año 1997. Entre sus docentes estuvo el escritor Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín, que fue presidente de la Real Academia Gallega.

Historia

Precedentes

A comienzos del  el único instituto de enseñanzas medias de la provincia de Pontevedra estaba en la capital, a pesar de que la ciudad de Vigo, con sesenta mil habitantes, triplicaba la población de Pontevedra. Los alcaldes Adolfo Gregorio Espino y su sucesor Mauro Alonso Cuenca reivindicaron la construcción de un instituto, aprobada por el gobierno de Miguel Primo de Rivera en el consejo de ministros del 17 de junio de 1927.

El instituto de Vigo comenzó su camino en el curso 1927-28 con 189 alumnos, en un edificio propiedad de los maristas en la Areosa alquilado por el ayuntamiento a la espera de una sede definitiva. Tras la disolución de la orden de los jesuitas, en 1932 el instituto se instaló en su terreno de Bellavista, en donde se mantuvo hasta 1936. Tras el alzamiento del 18 de julio y el inicio de la guerra civil española, el centro fue desplazado por la autoridad militar, que prefirió instalar en aquellas dependencias un hospital para la evacuación de heridos de guerra. Sin sede apropiada, se improvisaron locales, como el de la Escuela de Artes y Oficios, que por resultar inadecuados obligaron al ayuntamiento a la búsqueda urgente de una solución definitiva.

El fallecimiento de Irene Ceballos en 1935 posibilitó que el legado de su marido Policarpo Sanz quedase disponible y se donasen los fondos necesarios para la construcción del edificio definitivo. En su testamento sé establecía un fondo de dos millones y medio de pesetas, que debía dedicarse, entre otras cuestiones, a la construcción de un:

 Edificio de cantería a propósito para establecer en él un Colegio o Institución para primero y segundo de enseñanzas medias, capacitado para doscientos o trescientos niños, o más, según sean las necesidades de la población de Vigo. … La educación en ese colegio debe ser completamente gratuita para todos los niños de familias pobres de la ciudad. ...

Además encarga expresamente que:

 En la parte superior de la entrada principal se pondrá en letras de bronce: "Instituto Santa Irene consagrado a la instrucción pública gratuita, fundado por José Policarpo Sanz e Irene Ceballos de Sanz"

Construcción
De esta manera, en marzo de 1941, acuerda la cesión de una parcela municipal para iniciar la construcción del instituto. El arquitecto Antonio Cominges Tapias redactó el proyecto y la casa Pérez Conde ejecutó las obras.

Se trata de un edificio con planta en forma de E, en la búsqueda de una buena iluminación y ventilación del interior. La fachada principal sigue un esquema ecléctico y la ornamentación se vertebra en el cuerpo central, con su poderosa torre que actúa como elemento emblemático y referencial. El edificio cuenta con magníficas instalaciones (laboratorios, gimnasio, biblioteca, capilla, cantina, paraninfo, etc.) y unos campos de recreo ajardinados que ocupan el terreno del Carmen.

Primeros años
El definitivo Santa Irene comenzó a funcionar en el curso 1945-46 bajo la dirección del profesor López Niño, siendo inaugurado de forma oficial en septiembre de 1946 por el ministro de educación, José Ibáñez Martín, con la presencia de la más alta jerarquía civil, militar, eclesiástica y académica.

En esta primera etapa la contribución del Instituto Santa Irene fue enorme para la vida cultural de la ciudad. La mejora, cuantitativa y cualitativa, de la escolarización fue manifiesta, ya que facilitó la incorporación de niños que en la práctica tenían vetado el bachillerato y también por el notable aumento del nivel científico y humanístico de la enseñanza impartida, gracias a la preparación del cuadro de catedráticos y catedráticas que se incorpora a la ciudad. Cabe destacar de esa primera etapa a Enrique López Niño, Anadón Frutos, Vicente Argomániz, Luís Curiel y Manuel Pazo, que fueron sus primeros directores, y, entre otros muchos, a Emilio Freijeiro, Manuel Copena Araujo "Nolete" (ambos profesores del aula preparatoria), Carmen Ambrog, Pilar Millán, Luís Ceruelo, Francisco Echarte, José Mercado, Cecilia Armendániz, Virgilio Trabazo, Posada Curros, Teresa Díez, Pilar Maestu, Ángeles Vázquez de Parga, Margarita Rodríguez Solano, Patricio Sánchez, Roberto Dopazo, Rufo e Cándido Pérez, José Bebiá, Vicente Casal, Pedro Núñez, Leónides de Carlos, Méndez Ferrín, etcétera.

A pesar de que buena parte del profesorado citado era de abierto talante liberal, se veía obligado a guardarlo celosamente dado que el ambiente general en el instituto estaba determinado por el fuerte control del nacional-catolicismo imperante.

Por otra parte, el instituto con su paraninfo y con sus extensos y bien cuidados campos de recreo fue un espacio dedicado a todo tipo de actos culturales y deportivos. Por esto fue enorme su proyección sobre Vigo y, muy especialmente, sobre el emergente barrio de las Traviesas, para el que significó un equipamiento cultural y de esparcimiento de primer orden.

Entre 1972 y 1975 el instituto se trasladó a Coya (al edificio que ocupa actualmente el Instituto de Educación Secundaria Alexandre Bóveda, en aquel momento de reciente construcción) para realizar una remodelación del edificio, por cierto bastante desafortunada, para que actualizase sus instalaciones. Es también la época en la que la corporación del alcalde Rafael Portanet, haciendo oídos sordos a la fuerte protesta del claustro de profesores y de otros sectores sociales, decide ocupar parte del terreno del Carmen para la construcción del actual centro deportivo y deja al instituto (y a las Traviesas) sin sus campos de recreo, siendo así el único centro educativo de Vigo que en la actualidad no cuenta con instalaciones deportivas ni zonas de esparcimiento para su alumnado.

Democracia
El regreso en el curso 1976-77 al edificio de la plaza de América, inicia la etapa democrática. Comienza con cierta inestabilidad por la sucesión de direcciones breves (Clementina González, Adrián Lobo y Manuel Fernández) hasta que en 1986 accede a la dirección Leónides de Carlos (que permanecerá en ella hasta su fallecimiento 16 anos después) asistido por Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín como vicedirector, Manuel Rosales como secretario, y Antonio García Caamaño, Guillermo Touza y Alfonso García Suárez como jefes de estudio. Esta larga etapa de estabilidad, con un claustro de profesores de gran valor y un equipo de personal administrativo y de servicios muy competente, ayuda a consolidar una forma de entender la enseñanza que permitió ofrecer un servicio público de calidad.

Premios y reconocimientos
 El centro fue galardonado con el premio vigueses distinguidos en 1997.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Ayuntamiento de Vigo y Fundación Vigueses Distinguidos: Vigueses distinguidos. 1985-2011, 2012, Vigo: Ir Indo. p.132. ISBN 9788476806906.

Enlaces externos

Arquitectura de España de 1946
Arquitectura de la provincia de Pontevedra
Edificios y estructuras de Vigo
Santa Irene, Instituto
Vigueses distinguidos

Instituto Santa Irene


Lebeckia, rod grmova od 12 priznatih vrsta iz porodice mahunarki. Područje im je ograničeno na Kapske provincije Južne Afrike.

Vrste
 Lebeckia brevicarpa M.M.le Roux & B.-E.van Wyk
 Lebeckia brevipes M.M.le Roux & B.-E.van Wyk
 Lebeckia contaminata Thunb.
 Lebeckia grandiflora Benth.
 Lebeckia longipes Bolus
 Lebeckia meyeriana Eckl. & Zeyh.
 Lebeckia pauciflora Eckl. & Zeyh.
 Lebeckia plukenetiana E.Mey.
 Lebeckia sepiaria Thunb.
 Lebeckia uniflora B.-E.van Wyk & M.M.le Roux
 Lebeckia wrightii (Harv.) Bolus
 Lebeckia zeyheri M.M.le Roux & B.-E.van Wyk

Sinonimi
 Acanthobotrya Eckl. & Zeyh.

Izvori

Crotalarieae

Lebeckia


'ගිනියා ජනරජය' යන්න ගිනියා රාජ්‍යයේ නිල නාමය වේ. මෙය බටහිර අප්‍රිකාවේ පිහිටි රටකි. කලින් 'ප්‍රංශ ගිනියා' නමින් හදුන්වනු ලැබූ මෙම රට වර්තමානයේ සමහර අවස්ථාවන් හිදී 'ගිනියා කොනක්‍රී' (Guinea conaky) නමින් ද  හදුන්වනු ලබයි. එසේ කෙරෙන්නේ අසල්වැසි ගිනි බිසවූ රාජ්‍යයෙන් වෙන්කර හඳුනාගැනීම පිණිසය. ගිනියා රාජ්‍යයේ අගනුවර වන 'කොනක්‍රී' ජාතික ආණ්ඩුවේ සුවිශේෂි ස්ථානයක් ගනී. එය මෙරටෙහි විශාලතම නගරය ද වන්නේ ය.

ගිනියා හි භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්‍ග කි.මී. 246,000 කි. (වර්‍ග සැතපුම් 94981) අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බටහිර දේශසීමාවෙන්, නැගෙනහිර ට සහ දකුණට වක් වෙමින් මෙම ර‍ට භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් චන්ද්‍රවංකයක  (අර්ධ කවාකාර) හැඩය ගනී. ගිනියාව, එහි උතුරු දිග දේශසීමාව  ගිනි බිසවු, සෙනෙගල් හා මාලි සමඟින් ද, දකුණු දිග සීමාව සියරා හා ලියොන්, ලයිබීරීයාව සහ අයිවරි කෝස්ට් යන රටවල් සමඟින් ද පොදුවේ පරිහරණය කරයි. නැගෙනහිර දෙසට ගලා බසින නයිජර්  ගංගාව ආරම්භ වන්නේ ගිනියාවෙනි.

ගිනියාව ජන වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් 24 කට නිවහන වේ. මේ අතරින් ඉතා කැපී පෙනෙන කණ්ඩායම් වන්නේ, ෆ්පුලා (Fulla) මැන්ඩින්කා  (Mandinka) සහ සුසු  (Susu) යන නම් වලින් හඳුන්වනු ලබන ජන වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් ය.

ගිනියා ජනරජය


Mazanki steht für:
 Mazanki (Streichinstrument), eine dreisaitige Fiedel in der historischen Region Großpolen in Polen
 Mazanki (Zalewo), ein Dorf in der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren im Nordosten Polens
 Mazanki (Kujawien-Pommern), ein Dorf in der Woiwodschaft Kujawien-Pommern im zentralen Norden Polens

Mazanki


Ta Keo (,  ) is a temple-mountain in Angkor (Cambodia), possibly the first to be built entirely of sandstone by the Khmer Empire.

The site

Ta Keo was the state temple of Jayavarman V, son of Rajendravarman, who had built Pre Rup. Like Pre Rup, it has five sanctuary towers arranged in a quincunx, built on the uppermost level of five-tier pyramid consisting of overlapping terraces  (a step pyramid), surrounded by moats, as a symbolic depiction of Mount Meru.

Its particularly massive appearance is due to the absence of external decorations, as carving had just begun when the work stopped, besides an elaborate use of perspective effects. It is considered an example of the so-called Khleang style.

The main axis of the temple is east-west and a 500 meters long causeway connects its eastern entrance to a landing stage on the East Baray, with which Ta Keo was in a tight relationship. The outer banks of the surrounding moats, now vanished, measured 255 m by 195 m.

The first terrace is 122 m by 106 m. Its wall of sandstone on laterite basis constitutes the outer enclosure. Along the east side there are two long galleries, whose roofs were made of wood and tiles. They were illuminated by balustrade windows.

The second terrace is 5.5 m higher. Each of the first two terraces has a gopura at the four cardinal points. Each gopura has three independent passages and a central tower with diminishing tiers.

A continuous gallery (1.4 m width) constitutes the inner enclosure of the second terrace. It has windows only towards the interior and measures 80 m by 75 m. It has no door and seems purely decorative. It is a first example of Khmer gallery (together with Phimeanakas). Before Ta Keo (e.g., in Pre Rup) there were long buildings that followed the length of enclosures with some discontinuity. However, it hasn't got a stone vault; its roof was possibly made of wood and tiles.

Along the eastern side of the second terrace in the corners there are two buildings that are the shorter version of the long galleries of the first terrace. More towards the central axis there are two little sandstone "libraries", opening to the west, with false windows on upper storeys.

The final pyramid rises 14 m in three narrow steps from the second terrace. Its base is 60 m square; the summit is 47 m square and stands 21.5 m above the ground. The four stairways that lead on the summit are continuous and very steep. At the foot of the eastern one there is a statue of a kneeling Nandi, which confirms that Ta Keo was a Shivaite temple. The absence of any decoration makes the final pyramid really massive. However, on the east face some damaged carvings of floral patterns are visible.

The four corner towers on the summit stand on 0.8 m high basements and open to the four cardinal points with protruding vestibules. In the central tower, which dominates the others from its basement 4 meters high, the vestibules are doubled. Fragments of lingas and several statues were found in the sanctuary chambers (some 4 meters wide) and around the towers. The central tower reaches a height of 45 meters.

History

Jayavarman V was ten years old when he succeeded his father, Rajendravarman, in 968. His early years of reign were turbulent and the court officials dominated the royal politics. When he was 17 (in 975), he began the construction of his own state temple, whose modern name is Ta Keo, that was dedicated some time around 1000. In contemporary inscriptions it is called Hemagiri or Hemasringagiri ("the mountain with golden summits").

It remained unfinished until the reign of Suryavarman I. Yogisvarapandita, a high priest who became minister of Suryavarman I and "received" the temple from him many years later, says in inscriptions that a lightning strike hit the unfinished building, an evil omen, so the work stopped. Maybe work stopped simply because of the death of Jayavarman V, as there was a struggle for succession. The temple worked continuously as a cult center until the 13th century, and even Yogisvarapandita worshiped the shrines at the first levels of the temple.

A term tightly linked to Hemasringagiri is Jayendranagari (which in Sanskrit means "capital of the victorious king"), the royal palace or maybe the new capital city of Jayavarman V. However, the remains of this large hypothesized ensemble are very scarce. Today only a tower in the southwest survives, similar to the corner towers of Ta Keo, with an unusual single door to the south.

Gallery

See also
Architecture of Cambodia

Notes

References

External links

 www.autoriteapsara.org on Ta Keo Temple
 Cambodiaonline.net on Ta Keo Temple

Hindu temples in Siem Reap Province
Angkorian sites in Siem Reap Province

Ta Keo


Stjepan Bačić zvani Štef (Oriovac, Slavonski Brod, 10. rujna 1945. – Zagreb, 21. kolovoza 2018.), hrvatski liječnik otorinolaringolog i političar, saborski zastupnik HDZ-a i jedan od utemeljitelja stranke.

Životopis

Rođen je 10. rujna 1945. u Oriovcu kod Slavonskog Broda. Završio studij medicine u Zagrebu. Specijalizirao je otorinolaringologiju. Stekao naslov primarijusa. Odbio je sve karijerne ponude jugoslavenskoga kompromitiranog režima. S povjerljivim kolegama diskutirao je na noćnim dežurstvima o hrvatstvu. Liberalizacije, pad komunizma 1990-tih donose Bačićev angažman na stranačkim političkim skupovima. Jedan od osnivača HDZ-a. Važio kao dobri duh stranke. Okupljao je ljude govorima, koji su i onda bili opasni, jer su bili pod primotrom naoko poraženih snaga. Bačić i kolege Andrija Hebrang i drugi na stotinama javnih tribina i govora širli su istinu, zagovarali jedinstvo svih Hrvata, iseljenih i u domovini, u borbi za obranu države, energično je pomagao bosanskohercegovačkim Hrvatima u borbi za opstanak. Bio je vrlo odlučan u obrani Hrvatske od velikosrpske agresije i bio je uvjeren u pobjedu hrvatske slobode i neovisnosti. Dragovoljno prišao obrani Hrvatske od srpsko-crnogorske agresije. S kolegama zajedno pošao u specijalnu policiju, pa zatim u sanitet. Nije se bojao raditi pod rizikom napada granatama i snajperima. Na teren je išao uvijek u potrebnim situacijama. Od 1990. do 1998. obnašao je dužnost ravnatelja Kliničke bolnice Merkur. Od 1998. do 2000. godine bio je zamjenik ministra zdravstva Republike Hrvatske. Od 2003. do 2008. bio je zastupnik u Hrvatskome državnom saboru. Višegodišnji dopredsjednik "Udruge hrvatskih liječnika dragovoljaca 1990 - 1991." te predsjednik Udruge "Macelj 1945." Mnogo pridoni borbi za za hrvatsku državnu nezavisnost i samostalnost 1990-ih. U sjećanju bh. Hrvata ostao je kao osoba koja im je dala potporu i razumila njihove političke probleme. Promicao je katoličke vrijednosti -bogoljublje, domoljublje i čovjekoljublje. Zadnje godine života posebno radio na promicanju memorije o stradanju hrvatskoga naroda od jugoslavenskih država i njihovih režima te cijeli niz organizacijskih pothvata: javnih tribina i tiskanje publikacija koje su otvoreno progovarale u sudbini hrvatskoga naroda te prikupljanju potpora za širenje istine o Hrvatskoj i hrvatskom narodu.

Kao predsjednik Udruge Macelj 1945. objavio je monografiju "Macelj 1945.", tiskanu povodom 70. obljetnice masovnoga stradanja hrvatskoga naroda na poratnim križnim putovima, osobito ističući masovna smaknuća u Maceljskoj šumi, za koju je isticao da je sramotno ostala nepoznato mjesto u hrvatskoj memoriji.

Izvori

Hrvatski liječnici
Hrvatski političari od 1989.
Životopisi, Zagreb

Stjepan Bačić


Şükrü Sunay Akın, (d. 12 Eylül 1962, Trabzon), Türk şair, yazar, gazeteci, araştırmacı ve tiyatro oyuncusu.

12 Eylül 1962 tarihinde Trabzon'un Ortahisar ilçesinde doğdu. Ailesi, onun daha iyi eğitim görebilmesi için, 10 yaşındayken İstanbul'a taşındı. Lise öğrenimini İstanbul Haydarpaşa Lisesinde tamamladı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Bölümü'nden mezun oldu.

İlk şiirini, kendi anlattığına göre yedi yaşında, anne ve babasının odasında bulunan elbise gardırobundaki boş duran tek askılığa yazar ve "Üşümüyor musun?" diye sorar ona. İlk şiir kitabı 1989'da "Makiler" adıyla yayımlanır. Adını Cemal Süreya'nın koyduğu bu kitabı "Antik Acılar", "Kaza Süsü", "62 Tavşanı" izler. Arkadaşlarıyla birlikte 1989'da Yeni Yaprak şiir dergisini, 1990'da Olmaz şiir dergisini çıkarır.

1987 yılında "Noktalı Virgül" adlı dosyasıyla Halil Kocagöz Şiir Ödülü'nü alır. 1990 yılında ise Orhon Murat Arıburnu Şiir Ödülü'nü  şiiri ile kazanır.

Anlık ilhamlara dayanan ve genellikle kısa olan şiirleri, Orhan Veli'nin şiirindeki bazı özellikleri günümüzde sürdüren bir yapıya sahiptir. Ayrıca, bu tür şiirlerde genellikle rastlanmayan, yumuşak, lirik bir tonu vardır. Şiirlerinde özellikle ince yergi ögelerini kullanmadaki rahatlığı ile dikkat çeker. Cemal Süreya'nın etkisinde sürdürdüğü şiirlerde, dil oyunlarına dayalı yoğun bir alaycılık ve şaşırtma; çocuklar ve hüzünle birlikte şairin ilgi ve duyarlılığını göstermektedir.

Marmara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesinde ders verdi. Müjdat Gezen Sanat Merkezinde 5 yıl boyunca hem ders verdi hem ders aldı. Bu deneyimin de yardımıyla, tek kişilik oyunlar hazırlayıp oynamaya başladı. Türkiye'nin çok sayıda merkezinde ve yurt dışında (Frankfurt, Nürnberg, Londra) sayısız kez tek kişilik oyunlarını sergiledi. Hâlâ İki Kitap Bir Heves adlı gösterisini sunmaya devam etmektedir.

23 Nisan 2005 tarihinde 11 yıldır dünyanın dört bir yanından topladığı oyuncaklarla, yıllardır hayalini kurduğu İstanbul Oyuncak Müzesini Göztepe, İstanbul'da ailesine ait dört katlı tarihî bir konakta açtı. Müze, Türkiye'de türünün ilk ve tek örneği olup, Avrupa Konseyi'ne bağlı Avrupa Müze Forumu (European Museum Forum) tarafından verilmekte olan Avrupa Yılın Müzesi Ödülü'ne 2010 yılı için aday olmuştur. 2015 yılında ODTÜ Genç Girişimciler Topluluğu tarafından düzenlenen 5. Kristal Ağaç Ödül Töreni'nde "Kültür Sanat Sektörü Yılın Girişimcisi" ödülünü almıştır.

TRT 2 ve CNN Türk'te "Stüdyo İstanbul", "İzler", "Akşama Doğru", "5N1K" gibi kültür sanat programları ve belgeseller hazırlayan ve bunlara katkıda bulunan Sunay Akın, TV8'de de "Gezgin Korkuluk" ve "Mahya Işıkları" adlı programları hazırlayıp sundu.

Yaşam Radyo, Radyo Kent ve Best FM'de radyo programları yaptı. Marmara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi ve Müjdat Gezen Sanat Merkezinde öğretim görevlisi olarak ders verdi. Atv'de Hıncal Uluç, Haşmet Babaoğlu ve Nebil Özgentürk ile birlikte "Yaşamdan Dakikalar"da yer aldı. Skyturk360'ta "Hayat Deyince" programını sunmuştur.

Yayımlanmış Kitapları
 Hayal Kahramanları (2015)
 Geyikli Park (2013)
 Bir Çift Ayakkabı (2011)
 Çorap Kaçığı (2010)
 Ay Hırsızı (2009)
 Tuncay Terzihanesi (2007)
 Kule Canbazı (2004)
 Kırdığımız Oyuncaklar (2003)
 Onlar Hep Oradaydı (2002)
 İstanbul'da Bir Zürafa (2001)
 Önce Çocuklar ve Kadınlar (2000)
 Ayçöreği ve Denizyıldızı (2000)
 Kız Kulesi'ndeki Kızılderili (2000)
 Antik Acılar (1999)
 Makiler (1999)
 62 Tavşanı (1998)
 Kırılan Canlar (1997)
 İstanbul'un Nazım Planı... (1996)
 Kaza Süsü (1996)
 Makiler (1996)
 Antik Acılar (1995)
 Küçük Asker...Küçük Asker... (1995)
 Veşaire...Veşaire (1994)
 Şairler Matinesi (1993)
 Şiir Cumhuriyeti (1993) - Safa Fersal ile birlikte
 Şiir Ülkesi (1993)
Şiirli Yastık (2021)

Şiirlerinden Bazıları
 Ayrılık
 Çukur
 Dudak Payı
 Beceriksiz
 Asansör
 Alacak
 Ama Ölüm
 Beyaz Adam
 62 Tavşanı
 Aile Boyu
 Barış
 Bulut
 Antik
 Böcek
 Bir Araya
 Ayna Oyunu
 Alfabe
 At Kokusu
 Beyazperde
 Beyaz
 Kova Kaleci (Sivas Katliamı anısına)

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İstanbul Oyuncak Müzesi web sitesi
 Sunay Akın resmi Twitter sayfası
 Milliyet Blog
 Biyografi.info

1962 doğumlular
Maçka doğumlular

Türk köşe yazarları
Türk televizyon sunucuları
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
Türk araştırmacılar
Yaşayan insanlar
Haydarpaşa Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Cumhuriyet (gazete) kişileri
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
21. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
Trabzon doğumlu gazeteciler
Trabzon doğumlu oyuncular
İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler

Sunay Akın


The HP 2100 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers that were produced by Hewlett-Packard (HP) from the mid-1960s to early 1990s. Tens of thousands of machines in the series were sold over its twenty-five year lifetime, making HP the fourth largest minicomputer vendor during the 1970s.

The design started at Data Systems Inc (DSI), and was originally known as the DSI-1000. HP purchased the company in 1964 and merged it into their Dymec division. The original model, the 2116A built using integrated circuits and magnetic-core memory, was released in 1966. Over the next four years, models A through C were released with different types of memory and expansion, as well as the cost-reduced  2115 and 2114 models. All of these models were replaced by the HP 2100 series in 1971, and then again as the 21MX series in 1974 when the magnetic-core memory was replaced with semiconductor memory.

All of these models were also packaged as the HP 2000 series, combining a 2100-series machine with optional components in order to run the BASIC programming language in a multi-user time sharing fashion. HP Time-Shared BASIC was popular in the 1970s, and many early BASIC programs were written on or for the platform, most notably the seminal Star Trek that was popular during the early home computer era. The People's Computer Company published their programs in HP 2000 format.

The introduction of the HP 3000 in 1974 provided high-end competition to the 2100 series; the entire line was renamed as the HP 1000 in 1977 and positioned as real-time computers. A greatly redesigned version was introduced in 1979 as the 1000 L-Series, using CMOS large scale integration chips and introducing a desk-side tower case model. This was the first version to break backward compatibility with previous 2100-series expansion cards. The final upgrade was the A-series, with new processors capable of more than 1 MIPS performance, with the final A990 released in 1990.

History

Origins
HP formed Dynac in 1956 to act as a development shop for projects the main company would not normally undertake. Their original logo was simply the HP logo turned upside down, forming something approximating "dy" and thus inspiring the name. Learning that Westinghouse owned a trademark on that name, in 1958 they changed it to Dymec. The company was brought in-house in 1959 to become the Dymec Division, and in November 1967 was renamed the Palo Alto Division.

Dymec originally made a variety of products for the HP family, but over time became primarily an integrator, building test equipment and similar systems that were used by HP. In 1964, Kay Magleby and Paul Stoft began experimenting with the use of PDP-5 and PDP-8 computers to act as controllers for their complex test systems, but they felt the machines would require changes to truly suit their needs. At the time, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) was still a small company and a takeover target. David Packard found Ken Olsen too difficult to deal with, and such plans went nowhere.

Looking for another design they could purchase, Packard was led to the five-person Data Systems, Inc. (DSI) of Detroit. DSI was owned by Union Carbide, and when Packard asked how it was that Union Carbide came to own a computer company, HP Labs manager Barney Oliver replied, "We didn't demand an answer to that question." Bill Hewlett initially refused to consider the development of a "minicomputer", but when Packard reframed it as an "instrument controller" the deal was approved.

DSI was purchased in 1964 and initially set up at Dymec with four of the original five employees of DSI and a number of other employees coming from HP's instrumentation divisions. The computer group later moved to its own offices in Cupertino, California, in a building purchased from Varian Associates, becoming the Cupertino Division.

First models

Led by Magleby, the new division completed the design as the 2116A, which was demonstrated 7–10 November 1966 at the Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco. It was one of the earliest 16-bit minis to hit the market, but at the time it was more notable as "an unusual new instrumentation computer" with a highly expandable design and real-time support. The system featured an oversized cabinet that held up to 16 expansion cards, or could be further expanded to 48 cards with an external expansion cage.

The system launched with 20 different instrumentation cards, including "counters, nuclear scalers, electronic thermometers, digital voltmeters, ac/ohms converters, data amplifiers, and input scanners." An additional set added input/output devices like tape drives, printers, punched cards and paper tape and other peripherals. Real-time service was provided by having each card slot be assigned a fixed interrupt vector that called the appropriate device driver.

As the machine entered the market, it quickly became clear it was selling much more rapidly into the business data processing market than the originally targeted instrumentation market. This led to the introduction of the 2115A in 1967, which removed much of the expansion capabilities to make a lower-cost offering for commercial users. A further simplified version shipped as the 2114A in 1968, which had only eight slots, leaving room for the power supply to be incorporated into the main chassis. The 2115 and 2114 also lacked the extensive DMA control of the 2116, removed some of the mathematical operations, and ran at slightly slower speeds.

These are the original models using core memory and a hardwired CPU.

2116A, 10 MHz clock, 1.6 microsecond (µs) cycle time. Normally supplied with 4k words, expandable to 8k internally or 16k with an external memory system. Chassis includes 16 I/O slots, also expandable. Weight . Introduced November 1966. It marked HP's first use of integrated circuits.
2116B, supported a new 32k memory expansion option. Weight as above. Introduced September 1968.
2116C, used smaller core so a full 32k could fit in the main chassis. Introduced October 1970.
2115A, short-lived cost-reduced version that removed the DMA and some math functions, had only 8 I/O slots, and ran at 8 MHz clock and a 2.0 µs cycle time. Weighed 65 pounds (29.5 kg), required a bulky external power supply — total weight: . Introduced November 1967.
2114A, further simplified 2115 with a new front panel and internal power supply. Non-mechanical touch switches on front panel. Weight 95 pounds (43.1 kg). Introduced October 1968.
2114B, 2114A with a single DMA channel and a new front panel with illuminated push-buttons. Introduced November 1969.
2114C, as 2114B with a maximum 16k memory. Introduced October 1970.

HP 2000
In November 1968 the company released the 2000A Timeshare System, later known as HP 2000/Access. This was based on the 2116B (a 2116A with an expanded 8k core memory) running HP Time-Shared BASIC and used a separate 2114 as a terminal server. T-S BASIC allowed multiple user accounts to be created with up to 16 users logged in at once.

Later models of the 2000, B through F, used newer versions of the underlying CPU as they were introduced. Some models used low-end versions of the same CPU as the terminal server; the 2000F, for instance, used a 2100S as the main CPU and primary storage controller, while a 2100A acted as the terminal server. The B, C & F models were dual-processor. In the last version, the 2000F, a 2100S and 2100A CPU were used, with the 2100A connected to up to 32 serial terminals via serial multiplexer interfaces.

In spite of its relatively high costs — the 2000F cost $105,000 in 1974, or about $ in  — it was the first minicomputer to offer time-shared BASIC, which made it very popular in the early-to-mid 1970s.

2100

Through the 1970s, the lineup was constantly improved with new models that remained compatible in software and expansion with the original 2116.

In early 1970, Fred Allard, formerly of Ampex's Memory Core Division, was asked to design a new magnetic-core memory system for the systems rather than continue purchasing them from Ampex. Using newer 18 mil cores, down from 22 mil, and using a single sense/inhibit line, they were able to fit an 8 kW memory onto a single expansion card. This was used starting in the 2116C models.

In 1971, the updated 2100A replaced the entire existing 211x lineup. The overall system was similar to the earlier models and continued to be based on core memory. Physically, it most resembled the 2114, as the power supply was built-in and it had limited internal expansion. However, the CPU was rebuilt with microcode that could be user-programmed, added hardware multiply and divide, and it added a simple memory protection system, which caused a high-priority interrupt when triggered. A two-channel DMA controller provided higher throughput. An optional floating-point unit was also available. Front panel buttons were illuminated by small incandescent lamps that burned out with use. The use of a switched-mode power supply allowed the chassis to be significantly smaller than the earlier models.

By 1972, HP had shipped 4,500 minis, making it one of the largest companies in the market. That year, they merged the Mountain View Division, which made magnetic tape drives, with the Cupertino Division to create the Data Systems Division (DSD). By this time, the HP 3000 project was in serious trouble, and in February 1973, Packard sent Paul Ely to take over the division. Sales of the 2100 series remained strong; the 6000th shipped in August 1973, the 8000th in February 1974, and its 10,000th in February 1975. They were declared obsolete in 1978.

2100A, normally with 4 kW but expandable to 32 kW, 14 I/O slots expandable to 45. Introduced in 1971.
2100S, a 2100A bundled with the floating-point option, a time base generator for interfacing with time-dependent hardware, and a teleprinter interface card. Introduced in 1973.

21MX
In 1972, the division decided to move to 4kbit SRAM memory chips in place of core. These were about twice as fast as contemporary low-cost core, and much smaller, allowing 32kword machines to be built in a 2114-like form factor. At the time they made this decision, 4kbit SRAMs were not actually available, so experimental machines using the core from a 2100 series were used initially, replaced by 1kbit SRAM. At first it appeared 4k parts would not be available by the time the rest of the machine had been upgraded, so the company canvassed various manufacturers and found that a few were aggressively developing 4k parts. In particular, Intel, Mostek, Motorola and Texas Instruments were all suggesting such parts would be available in quantity by late 1974.

Using such memories in an expansion chassis like the earlier systems meant there was room for much more memory, into the megaword range. However, the CPU's use of 15-bit addresses limited the size to 32kwords. To address the desire for larger systems, HP developed the "Dynamic Mapping System", or DMS. DMS expanded the address format from 15 to 20 bits, allowing a maximum of 1,048,576 words, a dramatic expansion of the original system.

These changes led to the 1974 introduction of the first of the 21MX series machines. This stood for the "21-M" processor and the "21-X" memory, as the memory control systems were separated from the CPU in order to provide flexibility in case the chosen 4k parts were changed during production. This proved useful in practice as the machines were shipped with memories using either Motorola or Texas Instruments parts, and they could be mixed in a single machine, while the higher density system based on 16-pin Mostek parts could be supported by replacing the normal 21-X/2 controller with the 21-X/1.

The entire 2100 series was replaced in 1974 with the first of these 21MX series machines. Using the highest-density parts, the new machines could support up to 1.2 MB in the largest models. When the CPU was further upgraded in 1976, the new models became the "21MX E-Series" and the original models retroactively became the "21MX M-Series". The main difference between the M and E was that the E used clever timing to improve the speed to about twice that of the M. A wider variety of machine styles were released as part of the 21MX series, including smaller systems with four slots and larger ones with 9 or 14 slots.

The 21MX series featured a memory management unit and semiconductor memory expandable to 1,048,576 words (one megaword). The bit displays on the front panel buttons used small red light-emitting diodes (LEDs), instead of the burnout-prone incandescent bulbs used in earlier versions.

M-series — 2105A, 2108A, 2112A (blue line on front panel)
E-series — 2109A, 2113A (yellow line on front panel; E for Extended)
F-series — 2111F, 2117F (red line on front panel; F for Floating point Processor in a separate 2U chassis)

The 21MX ran the HP RTE (Real Time) Operating System (OS). They started out as refrigerator-sized  19-inch rackmount systems with lights and switches on the front panels. The last models would use a 1-chip processor and fit under a desk using a console terminal rather than a front panel.

The new L and A series models had HP-IB interface ability, but as with all HP systems at that time, the blinking LED lights were removed from the front panel. Despite customer demands for a real-time ability and HP R&D's efforts using an installable real-time card, the RTE-A OS was not as good at real-time operations as RTE on a 21MX. This was an important reason this computer was hard to kill. Many companies use real-time operations to take a measurements and control processes — turn on or off a pump, heater, a valve, speed up or slow down a motor, etc.

1000 series

At the end of 1977, the entire line was renamed as the "HP 1000", becoming the "HP 1000 M-Series" and "HP 1000 E-Series". The next year the "HP 1000 F-Series" was introduced, which was an E-Series with an added floating point unit. By 1978, the success of the line had propelled HP to become the fourth largest manufacturer in the minicomputer space, trailing only DEC, IBM, and Data General.

In 1980, the "HP 1000 L-Series" was introduced. This used a new processor based on HP's large scale integration silicon on sapphire process. Additionally, the expansion cards were also equipped with their own processors that allowed them to access main memory and conduct input/output without bothering the CPU. Although this made the expansion cards incompatible with the earlier models for the first time, it also greatly improved overall performance. These models lacked the memory management unit.

HP1000L silicon on sapphire (SOS) CPU and I/O processors

The L-Series was, in turn, replaced in 1982 with the "HP 1000 A-Series", which included a new "Lightning" CPU design that reached 1 MIPS, and the even faster "Magic" CPU at 3 MIPS. A wide variety of different models was produced, including desk-side towers, and a variety of different size rack-mount systems. A low-end A400 model was introduced in 1986, and the final high-end A990 released in 1990. Each addressable up to 32 MB of RAM.

1981:
A600 — based on Am2900 bit-slice processor, 1 MIPS, 53kFLOPS Codename: LIGHTNING
A600+ — based on Am2900 bit-slice processor, supports code and data separation, optional ECC (error correcting) memory.
1982??:
A700 — based on AMD AM2903 bit-slice processor, optional hardware floating point processor, 1MIPS, 204kFLOPS, microprogramming, optional ECC memory. Codename: PHOENIX
1984:
A900 — Provides pipelined data path, 3MIPS, 500kFLOPS, ECC memory. Codename MAGIC
1986:
A400 — first single-board CPU including 4 serial lines; CPU fabricated by VLSI Technology with their CMOS-40 process, 512 KB RAM on board. Codename Yellowstone
1992:
A990 — CPU implemented with two 208-pin CMOS application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), 298 instructions, supports up to 512 MB of memory.

Legacy
The HP 2000 series was introduced in 1969, sold until June 1978, and was supported until 1985.

Versions of many seminal BASIC games were written on, or ported to, the platform. Notable among these was Mike Mayfield's Star Trek of 1971. Its popularity made its dialect of BASIC a lingua franca and many BASIC listings were normally provided in that format; the People's Computer Company published their programs in HP 2000 format. HP systems were also used for teaching statistics, regression analysis and economics.

21st century
The 2000 and 2100 designations have been reused:
 HP 2000 refers to a laptop computer
 HP 2100 refers to a LaserJet printer

Architecture

Memory organization
The HP 2100 was designed in an era when RAM in the form of magnetic core memory was falling from dollars to pennies per bit, while implementing processor registers using transistors or small-scale integration remained very expensive. This favored designs with few registers and most storage in RAM, which in turn influenced the instruction set architecture (ISA) to use a memory-memory or memory-accumulator design. This basic concept was first widely introduced in the seminal 12-bit PDP-8, which spawned many similar designs like the 2100.

In the 2100, addresses are 15-bits long, allowing a total of 32k 16-bit words of memory (64 KB in modern terms). The smallest addressable unit of memory is a 16-bit word, there are no instructions that fetch a single 8-bit byte. The address is broken into two parts, the 5 most significant bits refer to one of 32 "pages", while the 10 least significant bits are the "displacement" pointing to a single word within the 1,024-word page. With the DMS system in the 21MX series, the upper 5 bits are instead used to select one of 32 registers, each of which holds 12 bits. The least significant 10 bits of the register are then placed in front of the original 10-bit displacement to produce a 20-bit address. The two most significant bits are used to implement memory protection.

Most processing is handled in the two A and B registers, each 16 bits wide. The registers are also accessible at memory locations 0 and 1, respectively. This means that one can load a value into an accumulator using the normal register-save operation, for instance, LDA 1 will LoaD the value of the A register into memory location 1, thereby copying the value of A into B.

In addition to the A and B registers, the CPU also includes the M register which holds the current memory address, and the T register which holds the value at that address. The P register is used as the program counter and automatically incremented with every instruction, but it is also used as the base address for some memory accesses (see below) that are calculated and placed in M. There are also two one-bit registers, Overflow and Extend, in modern terms, these bits would be considered the status register. Additionally, there is the 16-bit S/D (Switch/Display) register, which is used for input and output from the front panel.

Certain areas of memory are reserved for special purposes, like locations 0 and 1 used by the accumulators. Additional words in the lowest 64-locations in memory are used for direct memory access (DMA), and vectored interrupts (see below). In later models, the highest 64 words of available memory are reserved for the boot loader.

Instructions
The original instruction set contained 68 or 70 instructions.

 Arithmetic — Add, Increment, And, Or, Exclusive or
 Program Control — Skip, Jump, Jump to Subroutine
 Shift and Rotate — Arithmetic and Logical Shifts, 16- and 17-bit Rotates
 Optional — Multiply, Divide, 32-bit Load and Store, 32-bit Shifts

All 68 instructions in the standard instruction set are 16 bits long. Most execute in one memory cycle, or 16 clock cycles, although indirect addressing and the ISZ can use up to 36 cycles. Conditional branching is done with a conditional skip-over-one instruction, that one instruction normally being a jump instruction. There is no stack for subroutines; instead, the first memory location of the routine is reserved, and the return address written to that location by the JSB instruction. This means there is no internal support for re-entrant code; support for this has to be added via a user implemented stack.

There are three basic styles of instructions in the ISA; memory references, register references, and input/output. Certain models extended the ISA with add-on hardware, adding, for instance, floating point instructions or additional integer math and memory instructions, but these would fall into the same three basic categories.

Memory instructions use four bits for the instruction, and two more for special flags, for a total of six bits of the 16-bit word. This leaves room for a 10-bit address in the instruction, stored in the least significant bits (LSBs), 0 to 9. If bit 15 is set, this indicates "indirect" addressing instead of "direct". In Direct mode, the address in the instruction is the address of the operand, while in Indirect mode, the address was a pointer to another memory location that contained the address of the operand. One could set bit 15 on that location as well, allowing the indirection to be of any required depth, ending when one of the locations has a 0 in bit 15.

In addition to the Direct/Indirect mode, bit 10 of the instruction controls the Z/C flag. When set to 0, this means the address's upper five bits were zero while the lower 10 were the value in the instruction. This allows fast access to the Z(ero) page, the first 1,024 words of memory. When set to 1, the address is constructed by combining the 10 bits in the instruction to the top 5 bits of the P register, the C(urrent) page of memory, allowing memory to be accessed as 32 pages of 1024 words. Thus 2,048 words can be addressed at any given time; 1,024 of them within page zero and another 1,024 within the same page as the instruction performing the reference.

Register instructions do not require an address, and thus have more free bits to work with. This is used to pack up four or eight instructions into a single memory word, which, used properly, can significantly speed operations. A total of 39 register operations are included, which are broken down into shift-and-rotate instructions, and the alter-and-skip instructions, indicated by bit 10, while bit 11 indicates whether this is being applied to register A or B.

There are two general classes of register instructions, the shift-and-rotate group and the alter-and-skip. The first is used for basic bitwise manipulation of the values in a register and can have up to four instructions per word, although the two instructions in the middle are always a CLE,SLA/B (clear E, skip if A/B is zero). The second group has eight instructions that perform increments on the registers and then a conditional branch. These are normally used to implement loops.

I/O and interrupts
Input/Output instructions normally communicate through the accumulators. The instruction format starts with the bits "1000" in the most significant bits, followed by a single bit indicating which register to use (A=0, B=1), followed by a "1", the H/C flag bit, and then three bits for the instruction and the remaining six bits for the I/O device ID, or channel, allowing up to 64 devices. Some device numbers are used by the system itself.

I/O is initiated by clearing the Flag bit with STF and then setting the C bit using STC. The hardware notices this pattern and begins its operation. When the operation is complete, the device sets the Flag bit and then the program loads the resulting data from the card using the LI* instruction, or sends it to the card with OT*.

The actual data transfer is normally accomplished using the interrupt system. Memory locations 4 through 63 (decimal) hold the addresses of routines to jump to when an interrupt is fired, providing 60 interrupt levels. Location 4 through 7 are hard-wired to power failures, parity check errors, and in later models memory protection errors. Locations 8 and up are user-accessible interrupt vectors, mapped to an I/O channel and arranged in priority order. So if I/O device 13 produced an interrupt, the CPU jumps to the location in memory location 13, but only if it is not masked out by a higher-priority interrupt, 1 to 12.

Another key feature of the 2100 series is a separate direct memory access controller that uses cycle stealing to access memory when the CPU is not using it, during the times when it is performing internal calculations for instance. Using this feature, lengthy I/O processes can be completed while the CPU works on other problems. The system is set up by sending an instruction to the DMA controller using the I/O commands; the DMA controller is channel 6, and is initially sent an instruction containing the number of the I/O device that wants to use DMA, whether it is an input (write to memory from device) or output (read from memory to device), the starting location in memory for the data, and the number of words. This setup code is often installed into one of the interrupt vectors, automating the process. The DMS has separate tables for the CPU and DMA system, so DMA can load data into separate parts of extended memory.

Programming
HP supplied a three-pass assembler for the machine, using a column-delimited format. The first area, on the left of the line of code, is the label, which has to start in column 1 if present. Next comes the instruction mnemonic, then the parameters. The rest of the line can be used for a comment. The assembler allows basic mathematical expressions to be written directly, instead of using mnemonics, and also includes a number of pseudo-instructions like ORG to set the base address of the program.

In addition to the assembler and associated linker, the machines initially shipped with a FORTRAN 66 compiler, the operating system, and I/O drivers. Over time, additional languages were added including BASIC, ALGOL, FORTRAN IV and FORTRAN 77.

HP ported implementations of AGL to the platform, which added commands to their BASIC to produce graphics on their graphics terminals and plotters. A similar expansion in their FORTRAN was called GRAPHICS/1000.

Operating systems
The 2100s were normally used with the "Real Time Executive" operating system, or RTE for short. Several versions of RTE were released for the different versions of the machine; RTE-II for the 2114-2116, RTE-III for the 2100s, RTE-IV for the 21MX series, and RTE-A for the "A" series.

The operating system shell, even in the late 1970s, was very primitive, with a single-level file system, File Manager, or FMGR. For example, the command to run a FORTRAN compiler would be as follows:

 ru, f77, &test,'test,%test

meaning run the f77 program, using special characters to distinguish between source file, object, and executable files.

The HP 1000 also was one of the few minicomputers that restricted file names to only five characters, rather than the six common at the time, which made porting and even writing programs a challenge. The later RTE-A for HP 1000 provided conventional directory structure with 16.4 file names, and made the ru command optional.

TODS (Test Oriented Disk System) was developed by a technician at the HP board repair center to improve turn-around time in the center. It was used to load diagnostics from a central repository as opposed to loading individual paper tapes. TODS was also used on HP 2116 thru 21MX-F series for test systems for missiles such as Phoenix (9206B), Harpoon (9500D-354), Tomahawk and many others. Early test sets were the 9500A, evolving to the 9500D, followed by the ATS (Automated Test System); specific HP test systems, such as the 9500D-A46 Minuteman launch component test set and ATS-E35 Peacekeeper/Minuteman launch component test set; the HP 8580/8542 Microwave ANA/ASA (Automatic Network Analyzer / Automated Spectrum Analyzer) ran on TODS; and the TDRSS microwave transponder test set used TODS and was a very large system.

There was also MTOS (Magnetic Tape Operating System) similar to TODS.

Descendants and variants

The HP 9810, 9820 and 9830 desktop computers use a slow, serialized TTL version of the 2116 CPU, although they did not ultimately use any of the operating system or application software, instead relying on user-friendly ROM-based interpreters, such as BASIC, which work when powered up and integrated keyboards and displays rather than disks or standard terminals. In 1975, HP introduced the BPC, one of the world's first 16-bit microprocessors, using HP's NMOS-II process. The BPC was usually packaged in a ceramic hybrid module with the EMC and IOC chips, which added extended math and I/O instructions. The hybrid was developed as the heart of the new 9825 desktop computer. The later 9845 workstation added an MMU chip. These were the forerunners of personal computers and technical workstations.

The major differences between the original 2116 architecture and the BPC microprocessor are a completely redesigned I/O structure, the removal of multiple levels of indirect addressing, and the provision of a stack register for subroutine call and return. The elimination of multiple indirection made an additional bit available in a memory word containing an indirect address, allowing the maximum memory capacity to be increased from 32K 16-bit words to 64K. The BPC also added an input allowing the "current page" to be relative to the location of the current instruction, rather than a power-of-two aligned page.

The BPC was used in a wide range of HP computers, peripherals, and test equipment, until it was discontinued in the late 1980s.

Poland manufactured an HP 2114B clone since 1973. The Polish clones were called MKJ-28 (prototype, 1973), SMC-3 (pilot production, 17 machines, 1975-1977) and PRS-4 (production in series over 150 machines, 1978-1987).

Czechoslovakia produced its own HP 1000 compatible clones, designated ADT4000 (4300, 4500, 4700, 4900). More than 1000 units were delivered by the vendors Aritma Prague (development), ZPA Čakovice and ZPA Trutnov between 1973 and 1990. Those computers served in power plants, including nuclear ones, other industry, military, at universities, etc., for their high reliability and real-time features. Operating systems were DOS/ADT (several versions) and Unix. The oldest hybrid ADT7000 (1974) was composed of digital ADT4000 and analog ADT3000 parts, but only the digital part was interesting for customers. ADT4316 (1976) had 16K words of ferrite core memory, the ADT4500 (1978) up to 4M words of semiconductor RAM. The ADT 4900 was designed as a single-board computer, but its mass production did not start. Czechoslovak People's Army used ADT based MOMI 1 and MOMI 2 mobile minicomputers, built into a container carried by the Tatra 148 truck.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

The Hewlett Packard Company. HP1000/RTE Home page.

External links
Jeff Moffat's HP2100 Archive, software and manuals
Simulator, with executable binaries and source in C
1972 HP 2100 Brochure
rack mounted HP2100 system Guilherme Bittencourt's site image showing from top to bottom, left: a 21MX E-series computer, 2100A computer, 2100 power supply (PS), 7905 disc drive, 13037 drive controller; right: paper tape reader, paper tape punch, 7900 disk drive, 7900 PS.
HP Computer Museum: 1000-L & A Series
Computer History Museum: The HP Way, HP 2116, Year 1966.

Minicomputers
2100
16-bit computers
Computer-related introductions in 1966
Computers using bit-slice designs

HP 2100


මුස්ලිම් නේසන් (, , "මුස්ලිම් මිතුරා") නමින් හැඳින්වුනේ, 1882 සිට 1889 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුර,  ලංකාවේ,   කොළඹදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරුණු, අරාබි දෙමළ (අර්වි) සහ ඉංග්‍රීසි -භාෂා සතිපතා පුවත්පතකි.

මුස්ලිම් නේසන්


Dealurile Cernăuțiului sunt un lanț deluros striat, care se întinde în partea centrală a interfluviului dintre Prut și Siret, în cadrul regiunii Cernăuți din Ucraina.

Dealurile se întind de la nord la sud pe o lungime de 25 km. Înălțimea maximă este de peste 500 m (dealul Țețina 538 m, dealul Poenița 505 m). Lanțul este alcătuit din roci sedimentare de acoperire paleozoică (calcar, nisipuri, argile). Mari porțiuni ale podișului sunt ocupate de păduri de molid, fag, stejar și carpen. Se întâlnesc, de asemenea, stepe de luncă, pajiști montane și păduri rare.

Structural, peisajul este dominat de dealuri striate, văi înguste care formează linii orografice și dealuri ondulate tubular. Terasele podișului se extind abrupt de-a lungul malului drept al Prutului.

Bibliografie
Географічна енциклопедія України : у 3 т. / редколегія: О. М. Маринич (відпов. ред.) та ін. — К. : «Українська радянська енциклопедія» ім. М. П. Бажана, 1989.

Podișuri din Ucraina
Geografia regiunii Cernăuți

Dealurile Cernăuțiului


Castle of Evil este un film de groază american din 1966 regizat de Francis D. Lyon și scris de Charles A. Wallace. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Scott Brady, Virginia Mayo, David Brian, Lisa Gaye, Hugh Marlowe și William Thourlby. Este primul film produs de United Pictures Corporation. A fost lansat de World Entertainment Corp în noiembrie 1966.

Prezentare

Rudele unui om decedat de curând, pe nume Kovac, se adună în conacul înfiorător al acestuia pentru citirea testamentului lui. Înainte ca testamentul să poată fi citit, rudele încep să fie ucise una câte una.

Distribuție
Scott Brady ca Matt Granger
Virginia Mayo ca Mary Theresa 'Sable' Pulaski
David Brian ca Robert Hawley
Lisa Gaye - Carrol Harris
Hugh Marlowe ca 'Doc' Corozal
William Thourlby - Kovic
Ernest Sarracino ca Tunki
Natividad Vacío ca Muchado
Shelley Morrison ca Lupe Tekal d'Esperanza

Producție
În 1966, United Pictures Corporation (UPC) a fost creată pentru a produce filme de lung metraj pentru a fi transmise în principal în rețelele de televiziune, compania a fost finanțată inițial de firme petroliere canadiene.

Primele filme Castle of Evil și Destination Inner Space au fost filmate în paisprezece zile în 1966, iar regizorul Francis D. Lyon a declarat: "Nu recomand această abordare în grabă ca o practică, pentru că va avea de suferit calitatea".

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme americane din 1966

Filme din 1966
Filme de groază din anii 1960
Filme United Pictures Corporation
Filme independente
Filme americane
Filme regizate de Francis D. Lyon

Castle of Evil


Butterton es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Staffordshire Moorlands, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Butterton tiene una superficie de 6,88 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Butterton tenía 213 habitantes (50,23% varones, 49,77% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 30,96 hab/km². El 13,15% eran menores de 16 años, el 75,12% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 11,74% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 43,75 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 20% estaban solteros, el 66,49% casados, y el 13,51% divorciados o viudos.

El 97,65% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido y 2,35% de cualquier otro lugar salvo del resto de países europeos. Todos los habitantes eran blancos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 78,6% y el sijismo por el 1,4%, mientras que el 8,84% no eran religiosos y el 11,16% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 87 hogares con residentes, 4 vacíos, y 9 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Butterton


Der Master of Business Research – kurz: MBR oder M.B.R. ist ein akademischer Grad, der zur Promotion berechtigt. Dieser konsekutive Master wird nach erfolgreichem Abschluss eines postgradualen Studiums in betriebswirtschaftlicher Forschung verliehen. Derartige Studiengänge sollen Studierende auf eine spätere Promotion vorbereiten. Die Regelstudienzeit eines MBR-Studiums beträgt meist vier Semester.

Der Grad wird hinter dem Nachnamen geführt. Bei ausländischen akademischen Graden, die nicht in der Europäischen Union oder im Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum verliehen wurden, ist in Deutschland die Angabe der verleihenden Universität vorgeschrieben.

Ähnliche Grade
Der Master of Business Research hat aufgrund seiner unterschiedlichen Vertiefungsrichtungen und Studiengänge teilweise abgewandelte Bezeichnungen; so werden unter anderem auch folgende akademische Grade vergeben:
 Master of Science by Research
 Master of Science in Business Research
 Master of Marketing Research
 Master of Business – Research
 Master of Research

MBR in Deutschland

MBR in Australien

MBR in den Niederlanden

Weblinks
 www.wiwi-treff.de

Einzelnachweise

Betriebswirtschaftlicher Abschluss
Akademischer Grad

Master of Business Research


Osman Necmi Gürmen (d. 1927, Siverek - 29 Haziran 2015, Paris), Türk romancı.

İki dilde eser veren ender yazarlardan birisi olan Osman Necmi Gürmen, kitaplarını Türkçe ve Fransızca dillerinde yazmaktaydı. Râna adlı romanı Türkiye'de çok satanlar listesine girmiştir.

Yaşamı
Osman Necmi Gürmen, 1927 yılında doğdu. Siverekli Hacı'an (Bucak) aşiretinin reisi Osman Paşa'nın torunudur. İlkokulu Göztepe Taş Mektebi'nde okudu. 1946 yılında Saint Joseph Fransız Lisesi'ni bitirdikten sonra öğrenimine devam etmek için Fransa'ya gitti.

1952 yılında Türkiye'ye döndü ve 1966'ya kadar Siverek'te yaşadı. Aşiretin iki kolu arasındaki kan davası nedeniyle zor seneler geçirdi. Siyasete girerek Adalet Partisi'nin Siverek ilçe başkanı oldu. Kan davasını sonlandırmak için alınan karar gereği Siverek'i terk etti. Fransa'ya giderek Hürriyet gazetesinin Paris muhabiri oldu, sekiz yıl kadar muhabirlik yaptı. Bodrum'a yerleşti, bir otel kurdu ve 10 yıl otel işletti. 1976'da Bodrum'dan ayrılıp Fransa'ya yerleşti ve romanlarını yayımlamaya başladı.

Fransızca kaleme aldığı ilk roman L'echarpe d'iris 1976 yılında Paris'te Gallimard tarafından basıldı. 1977 yılında Hürriyet Yayınları tarafından Ebem Kuşağı adıyla yayımlandı. 2003 yılında Menler Yayınları, eseri Delibozuklar Çiftliği adıyla yeniden yayımladı.

Gürmen ikinci kitabını Türkçe olarak ele aldı. Kılıç Uykuda Vurulur adlı roman, 1978'de Hürriyet Yayınları tarafından basıldı. 1979'da eser, Fransızcaya çevrilip L'espadon adıyla Gallimard tarafından yayımladı. 1981'de Norveççeye çevrilerek Oslo'daki Aschehoug Yayınevi tarafından Sverdfisken adıyla basıldı. Engin Cezzar, bu kitabı filme çekme girişiminde bulundu ancak proje gerçekleşmedi. 2003 yılında Menler Yayınları Kılıç Uykuda Vurulur'un yeni baskısını yaptı.

Osman Necmi Gürmen, ikinci romanından sonra yazmaya uzun süre ara verdi. Doksanlı yılların başında Fransızca olarak yeni bir roman yazmaya girişti. 16. yüzyıldaki Akdeniz'i konu edinen bir roman yazdı. Ancak bu romanı önce Türkçe yayımlamaya karar verdi. Kitabın çevirisi sürerken 2006 yılında annesinin hayatını anlattığı Râna adlı romanı yayımlayarak edebiyat dünyasına döndü. Bu roman, "Çok Satanlar" listesine girdi. 16. yüzyıl Akdenizi'nin romanı Mühtedi ise Mart 2007'de yayımlandı. Yazar, 2008 yılında Kılıç Uykuda Vurulur romanını yeniden kaleme alarak Ah Vre Sevda adıyla yayımladı.

Bibliyografya

 L'echarpe d'iris (Gallimard) (1976)
 Ebem Kuşağı (Delibozuklar Çiftliği) (1977, 2003)
 Kılıç Uykuda Vurulur (Hürriyet Kitap, Menler) (1978, 2003)
 L'espadon (Gallimard) (1979)
 Sverdfisken (Aschehoug) (1981)
 Delibozuklar Çiftliği (Menler) (1981)
 Râna (Kanat Kitap) (2006, 2007)
 Mühtedi (Kanat Kitap) (2007)
 Ah Vre Sevda (Kanat Kitap) (2008)
 Saint-Michel'in Develeri (Kanat Kitap) (2009)
 Neydi Suçun Zeliha (Everest Yayınları) (2010)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kanat Kitap
 Saint Joseph
 "Râna" - Bianet Bağımsız İletişim Ağı
 "Mühtedi" - Bianet Bağımsız İletişim Ağı
 Ayşe Arman ile röportaj

1927 doğumlular
Siverek doğumlular
2015 yılında ölenler
Paris'te ölenler
Paris'te defnedilenler
Saint Joseph Fransız Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
Türk agnostikler

Osman Necmi Gürmen


Federico Delbonis (Azul, Argentina, 5. listopada 1990.) je argentinski tenisač i član nacionalne Davis Cup reprezentacije. Na ATP Touru se natječe od 2007. Svoj najbolji plasman karijere ostvario je 9. svibnja 2016. kada je bio 33. tenisač svijeta.

Karijera

Teniska karijera
Delbonis se 2013. godine kvalificirao na njemački German Open u Hamburgu. Ondje je iznenađujuće pobjeđivao Robreda, Tursunova i Verdasca dok je u polufinalu slavio protiv Rogera Federera sa 7-6, 7-6. Ipak, u finalnom dvoboju, bolji od njega bio je Fabio Fognini. Talijanu je to bio drugi osvojeni turnir u svega tjedan dana, nakon trijumfa u Stuttgartu. Sam Delbonis kao senzacija turnira dobio je prvi set, dok je u drugom vodio 4-1 i imao tri meč lopte u tie-breaku, međutim, u konačnici je ispustio pobjedu.

Tenisač je početkom ožujka 2014. u São Paulu osvojio svoj prvi ATP turnir. Ondje je bio bolji od Paola Lorenzija a to je ujedno bio i njihov prvi međusobni ogled. Do kraja godine, Delbonis je igrao svoje treće finale u Nici gdje ga je u malo više od sat i pol igre pobijedio Latvijac Gulbis.

Na Australian Openu igranom 2016. godine stigao je do trećeg kola što mu je ujedno najbolji rezultat na Grand Slam turnirima uopće. Veliko iznenađenje priredio je i na Indian Wellsu gdje je pobijedio Andyja Murrayja. Tamo je treći set otišao u tie-break a u njemu su viđena čak četiri breaka, po dva s obje strane. Murray je u tie-breaku poveo 2-0, a onda se suočio s Delbonisovom serijom od 7-1 te gubitkom meča.

Kao četvrti nositelj nastupio je na turniru u Marakešu. Mladi hrvatski tenisač Borna Ćorić nije uspio svladati argentinskog protivnika koji je slavio sa 6-2, 6-4 nakon sat i pol igre.

Reprezentativna karijera
Kao član argentinske teniske reprezentacije, Debonis je s nacionalnom selekcijom 2016. osvojio Davis Cup, pobijedivši u Zagrebu na gostovanju Hrvatsku. Upravo je Delbonis bio ključan tenisač koji je u petom i odlučujućem dvoboju pobijedio Ivu Karlovića i time svojoj domovini donio povijesni naslov pobjednika Davis Cupa.

Privatni život
Delbonis je počeo trenirati tenis u dobi od sedam godina. Teniski uzori iz djetinjstva bili su mu sunarodnjak Guillermo Vilas te Björn Borg. Najdraže podloge su mu zemlja i dvoranski beton a najdraži turnir Roland Garros.

Osim u rodnom Azulu, Federico trenira i u Barceloni.

ATP finali

Pojedinačno (2:2)

Davis Cup (1:0)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Profil tenisača na ATP World Tour.com

Argentinski tenisači

Federico Delbonis


Ludmilla Dudarova (n. ?, Samsun, Turcia - d. ?) a fost o actriță de film română de origine turcă, cunoscută pentru activitatea sa în Italia.

Filmografie
 Prințul vulpilor (1949)
 Magie neagră (1949)
 Fabiola (1949)
 Tatăl Dilemmei (1950)
 Il caimano del Piave (1951)
 Evacuare gratuită (1951)
 Cântec de primăvară (1951)
 Locotenent George (1952)
 Papa ti ricordo (1952)
 Nero și incendierea Romei (1953)
 Valiza viselor (1953)
 Ulise (1954)
 Scrisoarea Kremlinului (1970)<ref>https://en.notrecinema.com/communaute/stars/stars.php3?staridx=146637<ref>

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Verdone, Luca. I film di Alessandro Blasetti. Gremese Editore, 1989.

Legături externe
 Ludmilla Dudarova la Internet Movie Database

Cioturi Biografii Români
Nașteri cu dată necunoscută
Decese cu dată necunoscută
Actrițe de film române
Români de origine turcă
Români expatriați în Italia
Oameni din secolul al XX-lea

Ludmilla Dudarova


Merhaba, Gülben Ergen'in 1997 yılında çıkardığı ilk müzik albümü. Toplam 20.000 satış rakamına ulaştı.

Şarkı listesi
 "Sensiz Mutlu Olamam" (söz: Ahmet Duyar, müzik: Rasim Gezmiş)
 "Yaramaz" (söz: Aşkın Tuna, müzik: Lütfü Bayülken)
 "Boşvere Boşvere" (söz-müzik: Selami Şahin)
 "Hatıran Oldu" (söz: Aşkın Tuna, müzik: Atilla Alp Sakarya)
 "Aşka Park Ettim" (söz: Hakkı Yalçın, müzik: Tamer Demiralp)
 "Öpmeden Gitmem" (söz: Hakkı Yalçın, müzik: Tamer Demiralp)
 "Aşkta Kural Tanımam" (söz: Aşkın Tuna, müzik: Feyyaz Kuruş)
 "Sana Sana" (söz-müzik: Selami Şahin)
 "Unutamazsın" (söz: Ali Tekintüre, müzik: Kemal Taşçeşme)
 "Yar Aman" (söz: Aşkın Tuna, müzik: Adem Demir)
 "Bu Akşam İçimden" (söz: Aşkın Tuna, müzik: Aydın Sarman)
 "Biri Vardı" (söz: Ali Tekintüre, müzik: İhsan Kısaç)
 "İnleyen Nağmeler" (söz-müzik: Zeynettin Maraş)

Künye
 Prodüktör: Atilla Alpsakarya
 Yapımcı: Elenor - Muhteşem Candan
 Müzik Direktörü:  Iskender Şancemal
 Aranjör: Tarık Ağansoy

Klip Şarkıları
 Yaramaz
 Sana Sana
 Aşkta Kural Tanımam
 Boşvere Boşvere
 Sensiz Mutlu Olamam

Gülben Ergen albümleri
1997 albümleri
Türkçe albümler
Pop albümleri
Çıkış albümleri

Merhaba (Gülben Ergen albümü)


Stenomesson, rod lukovičastih trajnica iz porodice zvanikovki. Postoje 17 priznatih vrsta autohtonih u Boliviji, sjevernom Čileu, Peruu i Ekvadoru

Rod je opisan 1821.

Vrste
 Stenomesson aurantiacum (Kunth) Herb.
 Stenomesson breviflorum Herb.
 Stenomesson campanulatum Meerow
 Stenomesson chilense Ravenna
 Stenomesson chloranthum Meerow & van der Werff
 Stenomesson ecuadorense Meerow, Oleas & L.Jost
 Stenomesson flavum (Ruiz & Pav.) Herb.
 Stenomesson gasteroides Ravenna
 Stenomesson leucanthum (Ravenna) Meerow & van der Werff
 Stenomesson miniatum (Herb.) Ravenna
 Stenomesson moldenkei Traub
 Stenomesson parvulum Ravenna
 Stenomesson pauciflorum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Herb.
 Stenomesson pearcei Baker
 Stenomesson rupense Ravenna
 Stenomesson vitellinum Lindl.
 Stenomesson weberbaueri (Vargas) Ravenna

Izvori

Zvanikovke

Stenomesson


අපේ සූර්යයා ( තරුවක් ) සහ එය වටා ඇති සියලුම ග්‍රහලෝක ක්ෂීරපථ මන්දාකිණිය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන මන්දාකිණියේ කොටසකි. මන්දාකිණියක් යනු ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණයෙන් එකට බැඳී ඇති තාරකා, වායුව සහ දූවිලි විශාල සමූහයකි . ඒවා විවිධ හැඩයන්ගෙන් සහ ප්‍රමාණවලින් පැමිණේ. ක්ෂීරපථය යනු විශාල බාධක සහිත සර්පිලාකාර මන්දාකිණියකි. රාත්‍රී අහසේ අපට පෙනෙන තාරකා සියල්ලම ඇත්තේ අපේම ක්ෂීරපථ මන්දාකිණියේ ය. අපේ මන්දාකිනිය ක්ෂීරපථය ලෙස හඳුන්වන්නේ එය අඳුරු ප්‍රදේශයක දුටු විට එය අහසේ කිරි ආලෝක පටියක් ලෙස පෙනෙන බැවිනි.

ක්ෂීරපථ තැටියේ තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් තරුණ, දීප්තිමත් තාරකා සහ අයනීකෘත හයිඩ්‍රජන් වලාකුළු සිතියම් ගත කිරීමේදී තවත් හෝඩුවාවක් ලැබේ. එච්අයිඅයි කලාප ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන මෙම වලාකුළු තරුණ, උණුසුම් තාරකා වලින් අයනීකරණය වී ඇති අතර ඒවා මූලික වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රෝටෝන සහ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන වේ. මේ දෙකම අප දකින අනෙකුත් සර්පිලාකාර මන්දාකිණි වල සර්පිලාකාර ආයුධ වල වැදගත් සලකුණු වන බැවින් ඒවා අපේම මන්දාකිණියේ සිතියම් ගත කිරීමෙන් ක්ෂීරපථයේ සර්පිලාකාර ස්වභාවය පිළිබඳ හෝඩුවාවක් ලබා ගත හැකිය. අපේ මන්දාකිනියේ කේන්ද්‍රයේ කලාපය බාධා කරන ස්ථාන හැර අපේ මන්දාකිණියේ තැටිය හරහා ඒවා දැක ගත හැකි තරම් දීප්තිමත් ඒවා තිබේ.

ක්ෂීරපථයට සර්පිලාකාර අත් දෙකක් හෝ හතරක් තිබේද යන්න පිළිබඳව වසර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ යම් විවාදයක් පැවතුනි. පහත දැක්වෙන කලාකරුවාගේ නිදර්ශනයේ දැක්වෙන පරිදි එයට අත් හතරක් ඇති බව නවතම දත්ත වලින් පෙනේ.

කිරි සයුර