The Joh for Canberra campaign, initially known as the Joh for PM campaign, was an attempt by Queensland National Party premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen to become Prime Minister of Australia. The campaign was announced in January 1987 and drew substantial support from Queensland businessmen and some conservative politicians. The campaign caused a split in the federal Coalition. It did not attract widespread support and collapsed in June 1987. The Australian Labor Party, led by Bob Hawke, went on to win the 1987 federal election with by an increased majority, gaining its highest-ever number of seats. Bjelke-Petersen came under increasing scrutiny as the Fitzgerald Inquiry gained traction, and was forced out of politics altogether in December 1987.

The lead-up to the campaign
Bjelke-Petersen became Premier of Queensland in 1968. Although he came close to being ousted from office in 1970, he went on to become the longest-serving premier in Queensland history, and was returned to office convincingly in several elections up to the early 1980s. In 1983 and 1984, he had communicated his interest in challenging what he saw as a dangerous push towards socialism within the Hawke Labor government.

Labor won power at the federal level under Bob Hawke at the 1983 election. Bjelke-Petersen and Queensland National Party president Sir Robert Sparkes spearheaded a conservative backlash against Hawke, based in Queensland. The aim of movement was to "dismantle Labor's 'socialist' legislation, including Medicare, to support Queensland-style free enterprise and to introduce a flat-tax system". After the state Liberal Party ended the Coalition in Queensland a few months before the 1983 Queensland state election (the National Party was traditionally the senior partner in the non-Labor Coalition in Queensland), Bjelke-Petersen played up fears of a Labor-Liberal coalition and led the Nationals to victory, claiming 41 seats in the 82-seat Legislative Assembly of Queensland—one short of a majority. He then persuaded two Liberals to cross the floor and join the Nationals, allowing them to govern in their own right for the first time. At the following election, in 1986, the Nationals won an outright majority for the only time, winning a record 55% of the seats in Queensland parliament.

The idea of Bjelke-Petersen becoming prime minister was first explicitly discussed with him by Gold Coast businessmen Brian Ray and Mike Gore, in autumn 1986, not long after his comprehensive state election victory. Gore later claimed that Bjelke-Petersen was reluctant to pursue a position in federal politics. However, according to Ray, Bjelke-Petersen expressed enthusiasm for the idea and had to convince Ray and Gore of its merit. The base of the "Joh for Canberra" campaign was a group of Queensland businessmen, nicknamed the "white shoe brigade", who had enjoyed substantial patronage from the Bjelke-Petersen government. Despite Bjelke-Petersen's insistence that his campaign was driven by popular enthusiasm, the base of support for the "Joh for Canberra" campaign was always quite narrow. In the 1984 federal election, the National Party had polled only 10.63% of the vote and won 21 seats, compared to 45 for the Liberal Party and 82 for Labor.

In 1987, John Howard and Ian Sinclair were poised to lead the Liberal and National parties respectively into the 1987 election against Bob Hawke. Bjelke-Petersen believed that Howard and Sinclair had drifted too far from their conservative principles and stood no chance of defeating the Labor government in the election. After his decisive victory in the 1986 state election, Bjelke-Petersen became the "superstar of non-Labor politics in Australia", though his support was concentrated in rural areas and on the far right of the political spectrum. That apparent momentum gave Bjelke-Petersen a feeling of invulnerability, and the mistaken belief that the dynamics of Queensland politics could be replicated at a federal level.

The campaign platform

Bjelke-Petersen's candidacy rested on his promotion of a 25% flat tax rate for all Australians, irrespective of income, a proposal that drew the support of Queensland businessmen and those on the right of politics. At one point, members of the "white shoe brigade" reportedly pledged millions of dollars to help the campaign, although the money never materialised. Despite the 25% flat tax rate being the basis of Bjelke-Petersen's campaign for prime minister, it was subsequently argued that he had "no idea of how such a tax would operate [and] still less of what was needed for responsible introduction". Other goals of his campaign, identified by Bjelke-Petersen, were restricting the power of unions, reversing Aboriginal land rights decisions and promoting states' rights.

The Nationals had a limited base of support and were unlikely to become Australia's major non-Labor party. The belief that Bjelke-Petersen could have defeated Bob Hawke in the 1987 election has been called "one of the greatest delusions ever entertained in Australian politics". Ironically, before Bjelke-Petersen began his ill-fated run for the office of prime minister, Bob Hawke and Labor stood a very serious chance of losing government, deflated by the ill-fated attempt to introduce the unpopular Australia Card, the failed "tax summit", designed to gain support for federal treasurer Paul Keating's proposed consumption tax, and the declining terms of trade.

Joh for PM
Bjelke-Petersen made his intention to run for prime minister explicit on 1 January 1987, generating a flurry of media activity. It was speculated that Bjelke-Petersen would run for a federal seat in Queensland, with Wide Bay and Fairfax being singled out as possibilities. The campaign identified thirteen marginal Labor seats and eight marginal Liberal seats that it believed were viable targets for Bjelke-Petersen and The Nationals.

Despite the extensive media coverage, the campaign drew criticism from the outset. The leader of the federal Liberal Party, John Howard, said that Bjelke-Petersen was "strong on incentive but short on reality". Melbourne's Arena magazine described Bjelke-Petersen as a "populist leader... without institutional backing", who would inevitably be defeated by the established federal parties of Labor, the Nationals and the Liberals. Prime Minister Hawke could barely contain his "delight" at the conservative infighting and welcomed a potential challenge by Bjelke-Petersen.

A peculiar irony of Bjelke-Petersen's run for federal office was that his appeal had always rested on his claim to represent Queensland's interests in the face of a hostile federal political system. His pro-Queensland and anti-Commonwealth "Canberra bashing" was the most consistent aspect of his tenure as Queensland premier. Despite the challenges he faced, Bjelke-Petersen remained outspoken about his chances of becoming prime minister, declaring that nobody else in Australian politics possessed "my experience in politics, my policies for Australia, and my determination to make them work".

Although he was outwardly confident, Bjelke-Petersen had few political allies in his campaign, even on the conservative side of politics. The most significant political figure to openly back Bjelke-Petersen's campaign was Tasmanian premier Robin Gray, who enjoyed a strong personal rapport with Bjelke-Petersen. Key Liberal Party figures, such as Andrew Peacock, also sympathised with Bjelke-Petersen's run for office, but failed to sever their ties with the federal Coalition. Joseph Siracusa, who served as Bjelke-Petersen's national security advisor in the campaign, later claimed that Peacock and fellow Liberal powerbroker Ian McLachlan played "important behind the scenes roles in the affair". Siracusa recalled a conversation with prominent Queensland National Party minister Russ Hinze, in which Hinze claimed that Andrew Peacock had secretly backed the "Joh for PM" campaign to destabilise John Howard's leadership of the Liberal Party. According to Siracusa, Bjelke-Petersen had intended on a partnership whereby Bjelke-Petersen would become prime minister with Peacock as his deputy, though the fine details and practical considerations of that plan were never considered. Brisbane's Courier Mail newspaper threw its support behind the campaign and insisted that a Bjelke-Petersen victory was possible, while acknowledging that any such victory would depend on the ability of Bjelke-Petersen to carry at least twenty of Queensland twenty-four seats in the House of Representatives.

Bjelke-Petersen held a rally in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, on 31 January 1987, warning that the Coalition could not win government in the upcoming election, and establishing himself as the "folksy alternative" to John Howard and the Liberal Party. A Newspoll recorded from 6–8 February 1987 found that 60% of voters believed a Bjelke-Petersen–Peacock ticket would be best placed to win the upcoming federal election, against only 22% in favour of Howard and Sinclair.

Split from Coalition
At the end of February 1987, the Queensland National Party decided to withdraw its twelve federal members of parliament from the Coalition, and demanded that federal National Party leader Ian Sinclair also withdraw because of "basic differences in taxation and other philosophies and policies" between the Liberal and National parties. Within the Queensland National Party, the party president, Sir Robert Sparkes, enforced support for Bjelke-Petersen, making practical opposition within the Queensland ranks unlikely. However, tensions persisted, even amongst Bjelke-Petersen's closest followers.

Although Sparkes had agreed to run the campaign, by then known as "Joh for PM", he took the post only reluctantly and had tried to dissuade Bjelke-Petersen from running for federal office. Privately, Bjelke-Petersen and Sparkes had come to detest one another, with "their hatred for each other overwhelming the courtly setting and polite manners". Bjelke-Petersen later claimed that Sparkes was responsible for the subsequent failure of the "Joh for PM" campaign. The formal notice approving Bjelke-Petersen's run for the prime ministership was passed by a Queensland National Party Central Council in February 1987. It read:
 That the National Party of Australia (Qld) fully supports the move by Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen to attain the Prime Ministership so that he can put in place an anti-socialist federal government equipped with appropriate policies and the will to implement those policies....

Despite their success in the Queensland branch, Bjelke-Petersen and his newly independent Nationals faction received a humiliating setback in the Northern Territory election on 2 March, with the National Party failing to achieve much success, despite Bjelke-Petersen's patronage and the Country Liberals continuing to dominate the territory. On 10 April, Queensland National MPs withdrew from the Coalition, leaving them in "the ridiculous position of being half in and half out of the federal National Party".

The perceived obstinacy of the Queensland National Party drew the ire of many senior Coalition members. Ian Sinclair refused to join Bjelke-Petersen's campaign and attempted to preserve the federal Coalition. On 29 April, as Hawke continued to capitalise on the Coalition's disunity, John Howard slammed the "real wreckers... Bjelke-Petersen and Sparkes, and the unilateral action of the Queensland branch [of the National Party] which set itself on a course of destruction with the Coalition". Although Howard was publicly critical of the "Joh for PM" campaign, it has been alleged that he was actually desperate to appease Bjelke-Petersen, at one point flying to Queensland to seek a compromise agreement.

The Coalition split in early May, with Sinclair looking increasingly impotent, unable to ensure the loyalty of all National Party members. At that point, Bob Sparkes reneged on his loyalty to Bjelke-Petersen and withdrew from the campaign. With his pool of supporters steadily decreasing, an effective challenge to the federal Coalition from Bjelke-Petersen began to look more and more unlikely.

Media
Newspapers owned by Rupert Murdoch, particularly The Australian, offered enthusiastic early support for the "Joh for Canberra" and "Joh for PM" campaigns. The Australian was edited by a pro Bjelke-Petersen editor, Lee Hollings, and vigorously advocated for Bjelke-Petersen's campaign, providing it with "much-needed momentum" in early January 1987. The stance taken by Murdoch, combined with sympathetic coverage in the Brisbane Courier Mail, meant that the campaign received a great deal of positive media coverage. Some commentators have argued that The Australian did much to contribute to the defeat of the conservatives in the 1987 federal election. Liberal politician, Ian Macphee, has argued that the promotion of the "Joh for Canberra" and "Joh for PM" campaigns in The Australian was a case of the paper going "out of its way to fan the flames of disunity", contributing to the Hawke government's eventual victory.

Local dissent against the Bjelke-Petersen media narrative came from smaller publications. The University of Queensland's Semper Floreat, and the independent magazine The Cane Toad Times, provided authentic voices of Queensland opposition to Joh Bjelke-Petersen's campaign. The Cane Toad Times only dealt with the campaign in reference to the Fitzgerald Inquiry that ousted Bjelke-Petersen in late 1987, stating that issues like the "Joh for Canberra" campaign, as with the Bjelke-Petersen government's aggressive support of the Springboks rugby tour of 1971, as well as the industrial disputes of 1984, had served to "keep the spotlight off the only real problem the National Party government had in Queensland [which was] corruption".

Semper Floreat was a persistent critic of the "Joh for Canberra" campaign. In its regular column, "Letters from Kingaroy", the publication repeatedly mocked Bjelke-Petersen and his attempt to be elected to federal office. What both Semper Floreat and The Cane Toad Times shared was a view of Bjelke-Petersen as a repressive and autocratic figure, trying to replicate a tradition of misgovernment on the federal stage. The Cane Toad Times satirically referred to Queensland as a "new Reich", while Semper claimed that "a lot of Queensland journalists have a sense of futility because of the immense control Joh Bjelke-Petersen holds in this state".

In Brisbane, the media had a degree of diversity that was largely absent from the rest of the state. Brisbane was also the area of Queensland where Bjelke-Petersen enjoyed the least amount of support. Outside the cosmopolitan south-east of Queensland, he and the Nationals "benefited from a less diverse and competitive mass media", which helped to ensure their continuing electoral success.

End of campaign

For all its fanfare, the "Joh for Canberra" campaign ended with a whimper rather than a bang. In May 1987, the expectations of Bjelke-Petersen's campaign were revised downwards to promoting Senate candidates such as John Stone, who ran under the New Nationals banner, and the slogan "Joh for PM" was scrapped in favour of "Joh for Canberra", When prime minister, Bob Hawke, called a double dissolution election on 27 May 1987, Bjelke-Petersen was in the United States, visiting Disneyland, and had not even nominated for a federal seat. His supporters at home rushed to find candidates for a pro-Bjelke-Petersen party, but were largely unsuccessful.

Despite the media furore created by the campaign, Bjelke-Petersen's bid for federal government lacked a "solid organisational basis and significant nationwide support". The bid collapsed and Bjelke-Petersen withdrew from his attempt to win a seat in federal parliament. Nonetheless, the effects of Bjelke-Petersen's grab for power were felt nationwide. With the National Party fractured, different campaigns all ran simultaneously, including "the Joh campaign, the Sinclair campaign [and] independent Joh campaigns", leading to confusion among voters.

In the federal election, Labor performed exceptionally well in Queensland, gaining four seats to bring their Queensland tally to 13 of 24 seats. Although Bjelke-Petersen had withdrawn from the nationwide contest, the National Party still ran against the Liberals in many seats, and ran independent Senate tickets in every state except New South Wales. The federal National Party suffered a net loss of two seats, failing to expand upon its traditional rural base and hampered by disunity within its ranks.

In addition to a large number of three-cornered contests, many of the practices that had worked so well for Bjelke-Petersen over the previous 19 years backfired on him. Many swinging voters outside of Queensland, alarmed at the prospect of Bjelke-Petersen holding the balance of power, opted to vote Labor in order to ensure that the Coalition would be defeated. Queensland ALP secretary Peter Beattie remarked that "we couldn't have done it without Joh".

However, Bjelke-Petersen remained unrepentant. In an interview recorded in the aftermath of the election loss, Bjelke-Petersen insisted that he did not bear any of the blame for the result, and that the only thing he had to apologise for was withdrawing from the contest. He later tried to shift the blame to Robert Sparkes' attitude to the campaign, saying that "if Sparkes hadn't gummed it up, then it would've worked". Nonetheless, Sparkes' profile continued to grow in Queensland, and he was comfortably re-elected as head of the Queensland National Party in late 1987. Bjelke-Petersen went on to state that his internal polling suggested that, had he remained in the race, he would have been very competitive.

Bjelke-Petersen was always unapologetic about his bid for federal leadership, repeatedly characterising it in his memoir as the "Joh Crusade", and insisting that he "did not want to be prime minister.... I only wanted to go to Canberra to clean up a mess and put government there back on the right path".

Bjelke-Petersen's downfall
As it turned out, the "Joh for Canberra" campaign was the last hurrah for Bjelke-Petersen and the Queensland Nationals. The campaign unnerved many, even with the Queensland National Party, with Bjelke-Petersen's actions "perceived by many senior people without his party [as those] of a person who was convinced he was greater than his party".

The Fitzgerald Inquiry into corruption in Queensland began on 26 May 1987 and quickly implicated several high-ranking members of the National Party. The charges moved steadily up the ranks of the National Party and soon came to implicate Bjelke-Petersen, who was accused of systemic corruption and, later, narrowly avoided a conviction for perjury. Bjelke-Petersen's attempts to maintain his stranglehold on the National Party came to nothing, with senior ministers soon manoeuvring to remove him from office.

On 27 November 1987, the culmination of the revolt saw Bjelke-Petersen deposed as National Party leader in favour of Mike Ahern. Bjelke-Petersen tried to stay on as premier for four more days before announcing his resignation on 1 December. A Morgan Gallup poll released three days later put Bjelke-Petersen's approval rating at a record low of 22%. In less than a year, he had gone from the apex of his political success to ruin—a surprisingly rapid decline given his long dominance of Queensland politics.

The Queensland Nationals never recovered from the revelations of rampant corruption in the Bjelke-Petersen government, and were resoundingly defeated by the ALP in the 1989 state election, suffering the worst defeat of a sitting government in Queensland history up to that time.

The appeal of Sir Joh

Many commentators have written about Bjelke-Petersen and the "Joh for Canberra" campaign in scathing terms. Historian Raymond Evans has claimed that it was waged "somewhat like Napoleon's ill-fated march on Moscow" while Rae Wear has likened Bjelke-Petersen to Mao Zedong. Much has been made of the sense of grandeur and self-delusion that seemed to pervade Bjelke-Petersen's attempt to run for federal office, and the role that Bjelke-Petersen's personality played in shaping the campaign. Wear has cited the "Joh for Canberra" campaign as an example of "the old-age immortality project, whereby narcissistic and self-made politicians defy death by erecting lasting monuments to themselves". At the time of the campaign, Bjelke-Petersen was 75 and was eager to make a permanent mark on Australian politics before his retirement from public life.

Journalist Paul Kelly concurs, noting that hubris was an important factor in Bjelke-Petersen's campaign. He quotes Bjelke-Petersen as saying "even if [the Nationals] don't win more seats than the Liberals I'll be prime minister", a statement that appears to confirm Bjelke-Petersen's self-delusion and ignorance of political realities. The widespread popularity that Bjelke-Petersen enjoyed in Queensland could not be transposed to the political atmosphere of federal politics.

While many historians have been damning about Bjelke-Petersen and his legacy, they have also acknowledged the appeal he held in his home state. His popularity essentially rested on a belief in Queensland exceptionalism. As premier, he cultivated his identification with the "ordinary, decent Queenslander and traded on small business and rural fears of rapid social change". Queensland premiers have often gained support by emphasising "rural agrarianism and mobilisation of the 'common people' against a vilifed elite," a tactic that Bjelke-Petersen mastered in his nineteen years as premier. In Queensland, Bjelke-Petersen had successfully built a coalition of religious conservatives, rural voters and business interests that could be relied upon for support. However, during the "Joh for Canberra" push, he found that his appeal did not extend nationwide and that the dynamics of Queensland politics did not apply to the nation as a whole.

References

Further reading
 Bjelke-Petersen, Joh. Johspeak: a last hurrah of barbs, homilies and humbug from Joh Bjelke-Petersen. Melbourne: Macmillan, 1988.
 Lunn, Hugh. Johannes Bjelke-Petersen: A Political Biography. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1984.
 Wear, Rae. Johannes Bjelke-Petersen: The Lord's Premier. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 2002.

Bibliography

1987 in Australia
National Party of Australia

Joh for Canberra


Boudh (en oriya: ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଜିଲ୍ଲା) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Orissa. Código ISO: IN.OR.BD.

Comprende una superficie de 3098 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Boudh.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 439 917 habitantes, de los cuales 220 993 eran mujeres y 218 924 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Boudh

Distrito de Boudh


Dennis Stevens (født 30. november 1933, død 20. december 2012) var en engelsk fodboldspiller (angriber).

Gennem sin 15 år lange karriere spillede Stevens for henholdsvis Bolton Wanderers, Everton, Oldham Athletic og Tranmere Rovers. Hos Everton var han i 1963 med til at vinde det engelske mesterskab, mens han hos Bolton vandt FA Cuppen i 1958 efter finalesejr over Manchester United.

Stevens var fætter til Manchester United-legenden Duncan Edwards, der døde i München-ulykken i 1958.

Titler
Engelsk mesterskab
 1963 med Everton

FA Cup
 1958 med Bolton Wanderers

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra Everton F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Oldham Athletic A.F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Tranmere Rovers F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Bolton Wanderers F.C.
Personer fra Dudley

Dennis Stevens


كلمة قشطة قد يقصد بها:

 قشطة: نبات
 قشطة شائكة
 قشطة دندروم
 قشطة صدفية
 قشطة وعسل: مسلسل
 قشطة يابا: فيلم

قشطة (توضيح)


Crkva Gospe od Sniga zavjetna je crkva izgrađena nasuprot mosta koji povezuje Pašman i Ugljan na prolazu u uvali Ždrelac na otoku Ugljanu.

Opis
Legenda kaže da je 5. kolovoza na dan Gospe Snježne pao snijeg i "kvadar" doplivao - slika majke Isusove.   U unutrašnjosti je glavni oltar posvećen Gospi Sniježnoj na četiri mramorna stupa u kojem je i svetište, te još četiri oltara posvećena Sv. Asunti, Sv. Nikoli, Rođenju blažene Djevice Marije i Sv. Andriji.

Crkva datira iz 1514. godine, a izgrađena je baroknim stilom i odaje kao spomenik je kulture u Ždrelcu, zbog čega je stavljena pod zaštitu kulturnih spomenika regionalnog zavoda u Splitu 1982. godine,

Kukljica slavi Gospu Snježnu kao svoj blagdan 5. kolovoza te se kip prevozi brodom do mjesne crkve Sv. Pavla. Procesije se prevozi brodicama do župne crkve.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zadarska županija

Crkva Gospe od Sniga u Kukljici


Tremarctos floridanus ist eine ausgestorbene Raubtierart aus der Familie der Bären (Ursidae). Er ist ein Vertreter der Kurzschnauzenbären (Tremarctinae), die mit Ausnahme des in Südamerika lebenden Brillenbären (Tremarctos ornatus) ausgestorben sind. Tremarctos floridanus lebte in Nordamerika und ernährte sich wie der Brillenbär und der europäische Höhlenbär wahrscheinlich vor allem vegetarisch von Früchten und anderen Pflanzenteilen.

Merkmale
Tremarctos floridanus war deutlich größer als der Brillenbär, sein Körper war zudem massiger und schwerer gebaut. Er besaß längere Beine, einen tonnenförmigen Körper und einen verlängerten Hals sowie einen großen Kopf.

Der Bär wies das für die Gattung Tremarctos typische Gebiss auf, das sich gegenüber dem anderer Tremarctinae durch relativ kleine Zähne auszeichnet. Der Unterkiefer besitzt eine deutliche Grube vor dem Ansatz des Musculus masseter, die in dieser Form nur bei den Tremarctinae zu finden ist. Im Vergleich zum Brillenbären besaß Tremarctos floridanus verkleinerte Vormahlzähne und verlängerte Mahlzähne.

Verbreitung
Überreste von Tremarctos floridanus wurden in Nordamerika in verschiedenen Teilen der heutigen Vereinigten Staaten und Nordmexikos gefunden. Die ältesten Funde, datiert auf das Blancan, stammen aus Idaho und Südkalifornien. Die meisten Funde kommen aus Florida, wo der Bär für das Irvingtonian und Rancholabrean nachgewiesen werden konnte. Weitere Funde aus dem Rancholabrean fanden sich in Texas, New Mexico, Kentucky, Tennessee und Georgia sowie aus dem mexikanischen Bundesstaat Nuevo León.

Lebensweise
Tremarctos floridanus lebte terrestrisch und ernährte sich wahrscheinlich fast ausschließlich von Pflanzen. Er ähnelte in dieser Beziehung seinem Verwandten, dem Brillenbären, sowie dem in Europa heimischen Höhlenbären (Ursus spelaeus). Er wies zum Höhlenbären verschiedene konvergent entwickelte Merkmale auf, darunter das auf vegetarische Kost spezialisierte Gebiss, die Kaumuskulatur sowie den kompakten Körperbau.

In seinem Lebensraum kam Tremarctos floridanus häufig gemeinsam mit dem Amerikanischen Schwarzbären (Ursus americanus) vor, der sich zu einem deutlich größeren Anteil von erjagten Tieren ernährt.

Evolution und Systematik

Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung von Tremarctos floridanus erfolgte 1928 durch J.W. Gidley. Er ordnete die Art als Arctodus floridanus der damals bereits bekannten Gattung der Kurznasenbären (Arctodus) mit dem Kurznasenbären (Arctodus simus) zu. Der finnische Paläontologe Björn Kurtén stellte die Art 1963 erstmals in die Gattung Tremarctos, der neben dieser Art nur der heute noch lebende Brillenbär (Tremarctos ornatus) zugeordnet wird. Die Gattung Tremarctos trat mit Tremarctos floridanus im späten Miozän bis frühen Pliozän vor 7,3 bis 4,3 Millionen Jahren erstmals auf, wo sich die Gattungen der Tremarctinae auftrennten. In Florida lebte diese Art wahrscheinlich bis vor 8.000 Jahren und kam damit auch noch im Holozän vor. Eine Aufspaltung der beiden bekannten Tremarctos-Arten fand jedoch erst im späten Pleistozän bis frühen Holozän vor etwa 0,13 Millionen Jahren statt. Dadurch gilt der Brillenbär als evolutiv jüngste Art aller rezenten Bären.

Innerhalb der Bären wird die Gattung als Unterfamilie der Kurzschnauzenbären (Tremarctinae) geführt, die zudem mehrere ausgestorbene Arten wie den bis zum Ende des Pleistozäns vor etwa 11.000 Jahren in Nordamerika heimischen Kurznasenbären (Arctodus simus) enthält. Die Tremarctinae werden den Eigentlichen Bären (Ursinae) gegenübergestellt.

Belege

Literatur
 Björn Kurtén, Elaine Anderson: Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York 1980; S. 178–180 (Google Books)

Bären
Ausgestorbener Bär
Ursidae

Tremarctos floridanus


عايز حقي فيلم مصري كوميدي من إنتاج عام 2003 بطولة هاني رمزي وهند صبري وعصام كاريكا وحجاج عبد العظيم ولطفي لبيب. وقد ظهر عبد المنعم مدبولي في مشهد واحد كضيف شرف وكان هذا هو الظهور قبل الأخير له على شاشة السينما قبل وفاته عام 2006 (حيث كان الظهور الأخير في فيلم أريد خلعاً بطولة أشرف عبد الباقي وحلا شيحا عام 2005).

ويتحدث عن قضية بيع القطاع العام ويدعم الحفاظ على البلد وعدم التفكير في ذلك.

قصة الفيلم
يقرأ السائق صابر الطيب نص الدستور المصري الذي يقر أن من حق أي مواطن جزءًا من الملكية العامة، فيرفع قضية مطالبا بحقه في المال العام، وأن يحصل على شقة يتزوج فيها، يتم القبض عليه بتهمة تحريض الجماهير، يحصل على الحكم بالبراءة من القضية كي ينادى ببيع الوطن، عن طريق التوكيلات التي يرسلها المواطنون إليه بأحقيته في بيع حقهم في الوطن. تعرض أحد المحطات الفضائية طلبا على صابر أن يمنحهم تفويضا بمتابعة القضية وترسله مع زوجته وفاء إلى شرم الشيخ، بينما تتهافت المؤسسات العالمية على شراء حق المواطنين المصريين في بيع حقهم في الوطن، تنفصل وفاء عن زوجها الذي يلتقى برجل عجوز يحدثه عن عواد الذي باع أرضه، وفقدها إلى الأبد، ويقرر صابر أن يعود عن مشروعه بينما يحدث انقسام بين الناس حول بيع حقوقهم من عدمه.

بطولة

 هاني رمزي : صابر الطيب
 هند صبري : وفاء
 عصام كاريكا : أبو الشوق كاديلاك
 حجاج عبد العظيم : المحامي حسين
 لطفي لبيب : أبو وفاء
 عبد الله مشرف : المعلم فلفل
 عبد المنعم مدبولي : أبو حسن الصياد
 وحيد سيف : رئيس الوزراء
 أنعام سالوسة : والدة صابر
 حمدي هيكل : النائب العام
 حنان الطويل : موظفة في مكتب الشهر العقارى
 سامح حسين : سيحة القهوجي
 نادية العراقية : ضيف شرف
 حسن الديب : مدير الشهر العقاري
 فؤاد خليل : صاحب التاكسيات
 خيري حسن : مذيع نشرة الأخبار
 محمد محمد : مشجع صابر الطيب
 حازم وهبة : ضابط الشرطة
 شريف الجمل : ضابط أمن الدولة
 دعاء طعيمة : محامية
 حسن كفتة : خال صابر
بالإضافة إلى : يوسف العسال - هاني الصباغ - فلك نور - سميرة الهوارى - هدى الصيفي - نعمات عبد الناصر - على الباجورى - اشرف محمد - عمرو المصري - محمد أبو عيسى - عمرو أبو النصر - جمال فرج - مجدي شاكر - الياس حنا - إسلام وافي - محمد كمال - محمد مرزوق - فتحي سعد - ولاء الأمير - هناء حامد - بوسي إكرام - رغدة - خالد الطاهر - عماد إمام - محمد روشه - زينب الفيومي - أحمد حسن - وليد عاشور
 الأطفال:إسلام ممدوح - عصام محمود يوسف - أحمد مراد محمد - فريد محمد:طفل

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أفلام سامح حسين
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام لطفي لبيب
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2003
أفلام هاني رمزي
أفلام هند صبري
أفلام عبد المنعم مدبولي
أفلام إنعام سالوسة
أفلام أخرجها أحمد نادر جلال

عايز حقي (فيلم)


One party may refer to:

One-party state
The ONE Party, a political party in New Zealand
In law, a party to a legal action or contract

See also
Party

One party


Petrovice este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Bytča din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.578 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna .

Istoric
Localitatea Petrovice este atestată documentar din 1312.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Petrovice, Bytča


Cassinijev identitet je jednakost u elementarnoj teoriji brojeva koja povezuje uzastopnu trojku Fibonaccijevog niza.

Identitet je 1680. otkrio poznati talijanski matematičar Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1635. – 1712.), a dokazao ga je škotski matematičar Robert Simson (1687.  – 1768.) i to 1753. godine.

Podsjetimo se da Fibonaccijev niz glasi 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ... U tom je nizu svaki član, počevši od trećeg, suma svoja dva neposredna prethodnika. Dakle, vrijedi

Cassinijev identitet tvrdi:

Ono što se uočava prvo je da vrijedi  pa vidimo da Cassinijev identitet opisuje svojevrsnu "ravnotežu" među ova dva umnoška. Ipak, nije odmah očito da se  razlikuju točno za 1 pa ćemo ovaj teorem ispod i dokazati.

Dokaz
Ovaj se identitet lako može dokazati metodom matematičke indukcije pa ćemo to na ovom mjestu i učiniti.

Vidimo da, u ovisnosti o parnosti broja , izraz  u formuli redom varira:

Provjerimo sada identitet za prvu trojku  Zaista, vrijedi  Prema tome,
 (1) vrijedi za barem jedan broj,

Sada prijeđimo na iduću trojku te konstruirajmo dva umnoška,
 te  dokazat ćemo da su jednaka.

Slijedi niz jednostavnih jednakosti (transformacija):  Sada koristimo (1):  i konačno dobivamo  odnosno  što upravo daje

Za sada smo dokazali Cassinijev identitet polovično, a barem za dvije trojke:  te  Dakle, nije očito da iz  u  opet ciklički slijedi  Ako to dokažemo, postupak će se ciklički ponavljati i bit ćemo gotovi.

Zato uzmimo iduću trojku  Slično kao i prije, konstruirajmo dva umnoška  Opet, slijedi niz jednakosti:  Sada dobivamo  pa je konačno  što je i trebalo pokazati.

Izvori

Matematika

Cassinijev identitet


An Cyrtochilum tricostatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Cyrtochilum tricostatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtochilum

Cyrtochilum tricostatum


José Ignacio Francisco Gómez Menéndez, más conocido como Ignacio Gómez (Metapán, El Salvador; 31 de julio de 1813-Guatemala; 5 de junio de 1879), escritor, diplomático, jurista, traductor e historiador salvadoreño, hijo del jurista Mariano Francisco Gómez Flores. Padre del historiador guatemalteco Agustín Gómez Carrillo y abuelo del periodista y escritor guatemalteco Enrique Gómez Carrillo.

Biografía
Era hijo de Felipa Josefa Menéndez, hermana del sacerdote y doctor en leyes Isidro Menéndez, y del guatemalteco Mariano Francisco Gómez Flores. Huérfano de padre, fue su tío materno quien lo llevó consigo a Guatemala y dirigió su educación, enviándolo interno a los doce años de edad a un colegio en la ciudad de Nueva York. Concluyó la secundaria en Francia; así llegó a dominar perfectamente el inglés, el francés, el italiano y el alemán, además del latín y el griego. Volvió a El Salvador y, a consecuencia de la guerra intestina de los estados de El Salvador y Guatemala dentro de las Provincias Unidas de Centroamérica, fue encarcelado en Guatemala. Al salir se matriculó en la Academia de Ciencias de Guatemala y se doctoró en Jurisprudencia y Notariado (1836); en esa misma universidad enseñó y llegó a ser Decano de la Facultad de Leyes. Además fue catedrático de inglés en la Academia de Estudios creada en 1832 por el gobierno de Mariano Gálvez. En el estado federado de Guatemala fue primero subsecretario del Ministerio de Gobernación y luego auditor de guerra, jefe de sección del Ministerio General (1837), diputado (1838), juez de primera instancia, presidente de la Sociedad de Inmigración, miembro de las comisiones encargadas de redactar los proyectos de la Constitución y el Código Administrativo, magistrado fiscal de la Corte de Justicia y, finalmente, fiscal general de Hacienda (1853), ya segregada Guatemala de las Provincias Unidas de Centroamérica y durante el gobierno del general Rafael Carrera. Pero también ejerció diversas funciones en el gobierno de El Salvador, donde fue oficial mayor del Consejo Consultivo de Gobierno (1832); miembro de las delegaciones diplomáticas salvadoreñas ante la Santa Sede (1847), Estados Unidos (1849), Italia, España, e Inglaterra; ministro de Hacienda y Guerra (1852); ministro del Interior y de Relaciones Exteriores (1853-54); secretario de Estado (1855); ministro de Gobernación; encargado del Despacho; presidente de la Asamblea Nacional y de su Cámara legislativa; gobernador suplente del departamento de La Paz; y, en último término, diputado por dicho departamento (1857-1859). Se casó con la guatemalteca Carmen Carrillo de Albornoz y Nájera el 13 de mayo de 1837, de la quien tuvo al jurista e historiador Agustín Gómez Carrillo.

De ideas liberales, se opuso al intervencionismo extranjero en los gobiernos de los generales Gerardo Barrios y Rafael Carrera, lo que le valió ser exiliado por este último, primero a México y luego a Lima (Perú) y a Santiago de Chile; en esos países se aprovecharon de sus habilidades diplomáticas siendo empleado por sus gobiernos como ministro plenipotenciario de Honduras, Nicaragua, Perú y Chile en Estados Unidos y diferentes ciudades europeas. En 1864 falleció inmerso en la locura su hermano Mariano, eminente médico y cirujano carcelario en Antigua (Guatemala); en 1877 murió su hijo Salvador. Por entonces había vuelto ya Guatemala, donde el general Justo Rufino Barrios lo comisionó para que redactara el Código mercantil. Redactó entonces el Boletín Municipal de Santa Ana y el diario El Pensamiento de Guatemala. Muy enfermo del cuerpo y de la mente, se retiró a Guatemala, donde murió el 5 de junio de 1879.

Como periodista cultivó el cuadro de costumbres y fundó junto a Francisco Dueñas y Enrique Hoyos El Amigo del Pueblo (1842); con Gregorio Arbizú el diario El Cometa (1854); y con Valero Pujol La Civilización (1876). Fue además corresponsal del semanario norteamericano El Compilador de Nueva Orleáns y en El Salvadorredactó la Gaceta Oficial del gobierno (1857-58).

Como jurista dirigió en Guatemala las ediciones de la Recopilación de las leyes patrias (1855-56) y el Código de procedimientos judiciales (1857) e impulsó un proyecto de recopilación de información municipal de seis departamentos salvadoreños para confeccionar la Estadística general de la República de El Salvador, obra publicada entre 1858 y 1861, reimpresa parcialmente en 1926 y en 1974, y editada de manera definitiva por la Academia Salvadoreña de la Historia en 1992.

Como escritor estuvo vinculado a la estética del Neoclasicismo; destaca su faceta de poeta satírico y llegó a ser nombrado miembro de la famosa Academia de los Arcades de Roma bajo el seudónimo de "Clitauro Itacense" en 1848; miembro del Instituto Americano de Nueva York; presidente honorario del Instituto de África en París; caballero de la Orden Pontificia de San Gregorio Magno; y miembro de la Logia Masónica del Vínculo Fraternal (Guatemala, 1877).

En su faceta de traductor se le deben versiones del inglés, del italiano, del francés y del alemán: "La despedida", de Pietro Metastasio, "Elegía en un cementerio campestre" de Thomas Gray, "Medora" y otros versos de Byron, y obras de Goethe y Lamartine.  Rubén Darío le considera "traductor excelentísimo" y considera su traducción de Gray superior a la de Vedia, y una de las mejores a nuestro idioma.

Obras
 A la memoria de don Francisco Gallardo: ensayo biográfico Guatemala: Impr. de la Aurora, 1847.
 Biografía del ilustre centro-americano Licenc. don Miguel Larreynaga Guatemala: Impr. de la Aurora, 1847.
 A la memoria del licenciado d. Felipe Prado Mención Necrológica, etc. por Ignacio Gómez Cojutepequ, El Triuneo, 1857.
 La filosofía de mala ley, juzgada para la América Española Guatemala: Luna, 1861.
 Historia contemporánea de Centro América
 Biografía del General Francisco Morazán
 Tratado de lógica elemental
 El patronato
 Los partidos Liberal y Conservador.

Información adicional
 Enemigo acérrimo de la poetisa y periodista María Josefa García Granados quien, irónicamente, fue sepultada en la tumba contigua a la suya.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Carlos Cañas-Dinarte, Diccionario escolar de autores salvadoreños. San Salvador: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y el Arte (Dirección de Publicaciones e Impresos), 1998.
 Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo, "Historia de la poesía hispano-Americana I", en los vol. 27-28 de la Edición nacional de las Obras completas Madrid, Aldus, 1958.
 WorldCat

Notas

Juristas de El Salvador
Escritores de El Salvador
Escritores en español del siglo XIX
Poetas de El Salvador
Diplomáticos de El Salvador
Diplomáticos de Guatemala
Periodistas de El Salvador
Periodistas de Guatemala
Traductores de Guatemala
Traductores de El Salvador
Historiadores de El Salvador
Alumnado de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
Caballeros de la Orden de San Gregorio Magno

Ignacio Gómez Menéndez


APRS este un sistem de comunicație digitală în timp real creat și utilizat de către radioamatori. Datele transmise pot include coordonate GPS, datele telemetrice, meteorologice, mesaje text sau de altă natură. Aceste date sunt afișate pe o hartă care prezintă stațiile corespondente, obiectele de interes aflate în mișcare sau staționare, stații meteo. Comunicația radio se face de regulă pe o singură frecventă comună (în funcție de țară, regiune, continent) și sunt preluate și retransmise de relee radio dedicate (digipeatere). Pe lângă aceasta, datele APRS transmise prin radio între stațiile corespondente sunt introduse în sistemul APRS-IS conectat la internet prin intermediul unor receptoare radio (iGate) și distribuite global pentru accesul facil al tuturor utilizatorilor.

Sistemul APRS a fost dezvoltat încă din anii 1980 de către Bob Bruninga (indicativ WB4APR), inginer cercetător al Academiei Navale a Statelor Unite ale Americii, care încă menține și supraveghează website-ul APRS. Inițialele APRS provin din indicativul său.

Istoric
Bob Bruninga (WB4APR) a început primele teste ale unei versiuni incipiente APRS pe un calculator Apple II în anul 1982, versiune folosită inițial pentru a localiza rapoartele de poziționare transmise de către marina americană prin intermediul undelor scurte. Prima utilizare APRS a avut loc în anul 1984 când Bruninga a dezvoltat o versiune avansată pe un sistem de calcul Commodore VIC-20 pentru a localiza poziția căilor pe timpul curselor de anduranță de .

În următorii doi ani, Bruninga continuă dezvoltarea sistemului denumit acum CETS (sistem trafic de urgență fără conexiune) . La începutul anilor '90, CETS cunoscut ca Sistem Automat de Raportare a Poziției, continuă să evolueze spre forma actuală.

Odată cu răspândirea tehnologiei GPS, termenul "poziție" a fost înlocuit cu "pachet" pentru o mai bună descrie a posibilelor capabilități ale sistemului, dincolo de simpla raportare a poziției.

Topologia rețelei
APRS este un protocol de comunicație digitală pentru schimbul de informații în cadrul unui număr mare de stații componente, acoperind un teritoriu vast. Ca rețea de date multi-utilizator este diferită de clasică rețea radiopachet: în locul utilizării unor fluxuri de date permanente între stații conectate reciproc iar pachetele sunt confirmate și retransmise în cazul apariției erorilor, APRS funcționează într-o manieră "deconectată" folosind pachete AX-25 nenumerotate.

Pachetele APRS sunt transmise către toate stațiile din raza de acțiune, pentru a fi recepționate și prelucrate. Repetoarele-pachet denumite digipeatere formează magistrala de date a sistemului APRS, folosind tehnica stocării și retransmiterii pachetelor. Toate stațiile funcționează pe aceiași frecventa radio iar pachetele de date circulă în rețea din digipeater in digipeater propagându-se omnidirecțional în raport cu punctul de origine. Toate stațiile din raza digipeater-ului recepționează același pachet de date. La fiecare digipeater, calea pe care o va urma pachetul mai departe va fi modificată. Un pachet va fi repetat doar printr-un anumit număr de digipeatere - denumite "hop"-uri - în funcție de valoarea unui parametru foarte important, "PATH" ("cale").

Digipeaterele contorizează pachetele retransmise pentru o perioadă de timp , astfel prevenind apariția pachetelor duplicate. Acest mecanism previne traficarea aceluiași pachet în bucla pentru o perioadă infinită e timp. În final majoritatea lor vor fi recepționate de către "poarta APRS către Internet" (APRS Internet gateway) denumită generic iGate, iar pachetele vor fi direcționate prin internet către nucleul sistemului APRS (unde pachetele duplicate de către alte iGate-uri vor fi anulate), pentru a fi afișate și prelucrate de utilizatorii conectați la unul dintre serverele APRS-IS sau un site web dedicat acestor scopuri.

Deși datorită modului nepermanent și neindexat în care sunt transmise pachetele, comunicația poate părea în ansamblu neeficace prin pierderea pachetelor, acestea fiind transmise către toți utilizatorii și multiplicate prin fiecare digipeater, în realitate acestea sunt multiplicate mai mult decât sunt pierdute sau transmise cu erori, așa încât datele sunt recepționate de multe ori la distanțe mari față de stația de origine, zeci sau sute de kilometri, în funcție de înălțimea și raza de acțiune a digipeaterelor. Când un pachet este transmis, acesta urmează toate căile disponibile simultan, până este atins numărul de "hop"-uri (salturi) prevăzut de parametrul PATH.

Poziții / obiecte
APRS conține câteva tipuri de pachete, inclusiv obiecte, poziții, altitudini, mesaje, date meteo și telemetrice. Pachetele de tip obiect/poziție conțin latitudinea și longitudinea obiectului precum și un simbol prestabilit pentru afișarea pe hartă, dar și informații opționale privind altitudine, curs, viteză, putere emisie, înălțimea antenei sau câștigul acesteia, dar și frecvențele de comunicație vocală în cazul unui repetor complex. Pozițiile stațiilor fixe sunt preconfigurate din software-ul APRS. Stațiile mobile obțin și transmit informațiile de la un receptor GPS conectat la echipamentul APRS. Harta afișată folosește aceste informații pentru a facilita comunicația între utilizatori atât pe timpul utilizării normale cât și în situații de urgență. Orice obiect poate folosi unul din cele câteva sute de simboluri, date meteorologice sau simboluri standard specifice stării meteo. Fiecare simbol de pe harta APRS poate afișa mai multe atribute diferențiate fie prin culoare fie prin alte metode. Aceste atribute ar putea fi:
 fix sau în mișcare
 "dezafectat" sau vechi
 capabil de mesagerie text sau nu
 stație sau obiect
 obiect propriu sau al altui utilizator
 urgentă, prioritate sau special

Stare/mesaje
Pachetul "stare" are un format liber care permite fiecare stații să își declare misiunea/operațiunea/aplicația curentă, informații de contact sau orice alte informații necesare. Pachetul "mesaj" poate fi folosit pentru mesagerie punct la punct, comunicate, anunțuri sau chiar e-mail. Anunțurile și comunicatele sunt tratate într-un mod special pentru a fi percepute în aceiași manieră de către toți participanții și pentru ca aceștia să poată adăuga note, menținând anunțul actualizat permanent pentru utilizatori.

Toate mesajele APRS sunt livrate instantaneu către utilizatorii conectați, nu sunt stocate și retransmise ci se reîncearcă transmiterea pentru o perioadă limitată de timp. Un tip special de mesaj poate fi trimis către mecanismul E-mail WU2Z al sistemului APRS-IS și retransmis către o adresă de e-mail obișnuită.

Capabilitați

Informații tehnice

În cea mai comuna forma, APRS folosește protocolul AX.25 modulația Bell 202 AFSK și 1200 biți /secundă, pe frecvențe din bandă de 2m pentru radioamatori.

Frecvente uzuale APRS:
  - Europa, Rusia, Africa de Sud
  - Australia
  - Japonia
  - America de Nord, Columbia, Chile, Indonezia, Malaezia
  - Stația Spațială Internațională

Anumiți sateliți pe orbite joase dar și stația spațială internațională sunt capabili să retransmită date APRS.

Configurații echipamente

Cale recomandată

Cale veche (old path)

Cale nouă (new path)

Echipamente disponibile

Sisteme similare
Protocolul APRS a fost adaptat și extins pentru proiecte diferite de scopul inițial. Relevante între acestea sunt FireNET și PropNET.

FireNET
este un sistem bazat pe internet, utilizează protocolul APRS și mare parte din același software-ul client pentru a sprijini prevenirea și combaterea incendiilor, cutremurelor, informații meteo cu un volum mult mai mare de date decât poate transporta sistemul APRS clasic. http://info.aprs.net/index.php?title=FireNet

PropNET
folosește protocolul APRS prin AX.25 și PSK31 pentru studiul propagării comunicațiilor radio. Stațiile baliza PropNET transmit periodic pe diferite frecvente informații privind poziția, puterea de emisie, înălțimea, câștigul antenei, permițând stațiilor receptoare să detecteze schimbări în condițiile de propagare. Este bazat pe ACDS, un program client special pentru Microsoft Windows.  http://propnet.org

Software

Windows

Linux

Mac

Android

iOS

Symbian

winCE

Note

Legături externe
 http://www.xpander.ro
 http://www.aprs.org
 http://www.aprs.fi
 http://www.aprs.ro

Vezi și
 Radioamatorism

Radioamatorism

APRS


Filistin Kurtuluş Cephesi (FKC) (جبهة التحرير الفلسطينية) Filistinli askerî grup.

Kanada , Avrupa Birliği  ve ABD tarafından terörist organizasyon olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Halihazırdaki lideri Ebu Nidal al-Aşkar'dır.

Kaynakça

Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü
Filistin militanların grupları

Filistin Kurtuluş Cephesi


The 99th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1985, to January 3, 1987, during the fifth and sixth years of Ronald Reagan's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1980 United States census.

The Republicans maintained control of the Senate, while the Democrats maintained control of the House of Representatives – albeit with both majorities slightly reduced from the 98th Congress.

This is the most recent Congress to feature a Republican senator from Maryland, Charles Mathias, who retired at the end of the Congress.

This is also the most recent Congress in which no Democratic women Senators served and the most recent Congress in which more Republican women Senators served than Democratic women Senators.

This was the most recent session of Congress prior to the 116th to feature a Republican Senate/Democratic House split and had a third-party House member.

Major events

January 20, 1985: Ronald Reagan was privately sworn in for a second term as president (publicly sworn in, January 21).
January 28, 1986: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster: Destruction of the shuttle and death of the crew shortly after lift-off.
April 15, 1986: Operation El Dorado Canyon: At least 15 people die after United States planes bomb targets in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, and the Benghazi region.
June 2, 1986: First regular television broadcast of Senate proceedings on C-SPAN2.
October 21, 1986: The Marshall Islands achieved independence from U.S.-administered UN Trusteeship and became an associated state under the Compact of Free Association.
November 3, 1986: The Federated States of Micronesia achieved independence from U.S.-administered UN Trusteeship  and became an associated state under the Compact of Free Association.
November 3, 1986: Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reported that the United States has been selling weapons to Iran in secret to secure the release of American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.
 November 4, 1986: 1986 United States elections; Congressional Democrats regained (+8) their Senate majority (55-45), and slightly increased (+5) their House majority (258-177).

Major legislation

 December 12, 1985: Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act)  (title II)
 December 17, 1985: Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985,
 April 7, 1986: Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA)  (including Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act)
 May 19, 1986: Firearm Owners Protection Act,
 October 1, 1986: Goldwater–Nichols Act (Defense Reorganization),
 October 2, 1986: Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act,
 October 17, 1986: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act,  (title III)
 October 21, 1986: Electronic Communications Privacy Act,
 October 22, 1986: Tax Reform Act of 1986,
 October 27, 1986: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986,
 October 31, 1986: Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1986,
 November 6, 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act), ,
 November 17, 1986: Water Resources Development Act of 1986,

Party summary

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Senate

 President: George H. W. Bush (R)
 President pro tempore: Strom Thurmond (R)

Majority (Republican) leadership

 Majority Leader: Bob Dole
 Majority Whip: Alan Simpson
 Republican Conference Chairman: John Chafee
 Republican Conference Secretary: Thad Cochran
 National Senatorial Committee Chair: John Heinz
 Policy Committee Chairman: William L. Armstrong

Minority (Democratic) leadership

 Minority Leader: Robert Byrd
 Minority Whip: Alan Cranston
 Democratic Caucus Secretary: Daniel Inouye
 Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: George J. Mitchell

House of Representatives

 Speaker: Tip O'Neill (D)

Majority (Democratic) leadership

 Majority Leader: Jim Wright
 Majority Whip: Tom Foley
 Chief Deputy Majority Whip: William Vollie Alexander Jr.
Democratic Caucus Chairman: Dick Gephardt
 Democratic Caucus Secretary: Mary Rose Oakar
 Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Tony Coelho

Minority (Republican) leadership

 Minority Leader: Robert H. Michel
 Minority Whip: Trent Lott
 Chief Deputy Whip: Tom Loeffler
 Republican Conference Chairman: Jack Kemp
 Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Lynn Morley Martin
 Republican Conference Secretary: Robert J. Lagomarsino
 Policy Committee Chairman: Dick Cheney
 Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Guy Vander Jagt

Caucuses
 Congressional Arts Caucus
 Congressional Automotive Caucus
 Congressional Black Caucus
 Congressional Friends of Ireland Caucus
 Congressional Hispanic Caucus
 Congressional Pediatric & Adult Hydrocephalus Caucus
 Congressional Travel & Tourism Caucus
 Congresswomen's Caucus
 House Democratic Caucus
 Senate Democratic Caucus

Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Senate
Senators are popularly elected statewide every six years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1986; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1988; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1990.

Alabama
 2. Howell Heflin (D)
 3. Jeremiah Denton (R)

Alaska
 2. Ted Stevens (R)
 3. Frank Murkowski (R)

Arizona
 1. Dennis DeConcini (D)
 3. Barry Goldwater (R)

Arkansas
 2. David Pryor (D)
 3. Dale Bumpers (D)

California
 1. Pete Wilson (R)
 3. Alan Cranston (D)

Colorado
 2. William L. Armstrong (R)
 3. Gary Hart (D)

Connecticut
 1. Lowell Weicker (R)
 3. Chris Dodd (D)

Delaware
 1. William Roth (R)
 2. Joe Biden (D)

Florida
 1. Lawton Chiles (D)
 3. Paula Hawkins (R)

Georgia
 2. Sam Nunn (D)
 3. Mack Mattingly (R)

Hawaii
 1. Spark Matsunaga (D)
 3. Daniel Inouye (D)

Idaho
 2. James A. McClure (R)
 3. Steve Symms (R)

Illinois
 2. Paul Simon (D)
 3. Alan J. Dixon (D)

Indiana
 1. Richard Lugar (R)
 3. Dan Quayle (R)

Iowa
 2. Tom Harkin (D)
 3. Chuck Grassley (R)

Kansas
 2. Nancy Kassebaum (R)
 3. Bob Dole (R)

Kentucky
 2. Mitch McConnell (R)
 3. Wendell Ford (D)

Louisiana
 2. J. Bennett Johnston (D)
 3. Russell B. Long (D)

Maine
 1. George J. Mitchell (D)
 2. William Cohen (R)

Maryland
 1. Paul Sarbanes (D)
 3. Charles Mathias (R)

Massachusetts
 1. Ted Kennedy (D)
 2. John Kerry (D)

Michigan
 1. Donald Riegle (D)
 2. Carl Levin (D)

Minnesota
 1. David Durenberger (R)
 2. Rudy Boschwitz (R)

Mississippi
 1. John C. Stennis (D)
 2. Thad Cochran (R)

Missouri
 1. John Danforth (R)
 3. Thomas Eagleton (D)

Montana
 1. John Melcher (D)
 2. Max Baucus (D)

Nebraska
 1. Edward Zorinsky (D)
 2. J. James Exon (D)

Nevada
 1. Chic Hecht (R)
 3. Paul Laxalt (R)

New Hampshire
 2. Gordon J. Humphrey (R)
 3. Warren Rudman (R)

New Jersey
 1. Frank Lautenberg (D)
 2. Bill Bradley (D)

New Mexico
 1. Jeff Bingaman (D)
 2. Pete Domenici (R)

New York
 1. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D)
 3. Al D'Amato (R)

North Carolina
 2. Jesse Helms (R)
 3. John Porter East (R), until June 29, 1986
 Jim Broyhill (R), from July 14 to November 4, 1986
 Terry Sanford (D), from November 5, 1986

North Dakota
 1. Quentin Burdick (D-NPL)
 3. Mark Andrews (R)

Ohio
 1. Howard Metzenbaum (D)
 3. John Glenn (D)

Oklahoma
 2. David Boren (D)
 3. Don Nickles (R)

Oregon
 2. Mark Hatfield (R)
 3. Bob Packwood (R)

Pennsylvania
 1. John Heinz (R)
 3. Arlen Specter (R)

Rhode Island
 1. John Chafee (R)
 2. Claiborne Pell (D)

South Carolina
 2. Strom Thurmond (R)
 3. Fritz Hollings (D)

South Dakota
 2. Larry Pressler (R)
 3. James Abdnor (R)

Tennessee
 1. Jim Sasser (D)
 2. Al Gore (D)

Texas
 1. Lloyd Bentsen (D)
 2. Phil Gramm (R)

Utah
 1. Orrin Hatch (R)
 3. Jake Garn (R)

Vermont
 1. Robert Stafford (R)
 3. Patrick Leahy (D)

Virginia
 1. Paul Trible (R)
 2. John Warner (R)

Washington
 1. Daniel J. Evans (R)
 3. Slade Gorton (R)

West Virginia
 1. Robert Byrd (D)
 2. Jay Rockefeller (D), from January 15, 1985

Wisconsin
 1. William Proxmire (D)
 3. Bob Kasten (R)

Wyoming
 1. Malcolm Wallop (R)
 2. Alan Simpson (R)

House of Representatives

Alabama
 . Sonny Callahan (R)
 . William Louis Dickinson (R)
 . Bill Nichols (D)
 . Tom Bevill (D)
 . Ronnie Flippo (D)
 . Ben Erdreich (D)
 . Dick Shelby (D)

Alaska
 . Don Young (R)

Arizona
 . John McCain (R)
 . Mo Udall (D)
 . Bob Stump (R)
 . Eldon Rudd (R)
 . Jim Kolbe (R)

Arkansas
 . William Vollie Alexander Jr. (D)
 . Tommy F. Robinson (D)
 . John Paul Hammerschmidt (R)
 . Beryl Anthony Jr. (D)

California
 . Douglas H. Bosco (D)
 . Eugene A. Chappie (R)
 . Bob Matsui (D)
 . Vic Fazio (D)
 . Sala Burton (D)
 . Barbara Boxer (D)
 . George Miller (D)
 . Ron Dellums (D)
 . Pete Stark (D)
 . Don Edwards (D)
 . Tom Lantos (D)
 . Ed Zschau (R)
 . Norman Mineta (D)
 . Norman D. Shumway (R)
 . Tony Coelho (D)
 . Leon Panetta (D)
 . Chip Pashayan (R)
 . Richard H. Lehman (D)
 . Robert J. Lagomarsino (R)
 . Bill Thomas (R)
 . Bobbi Fiedler (R)
 . Carlos Moorhead (R)
 . Anthony Beilenson (D)
 . Henry Waxman (D)
 . Edward R. Roybal (D)
 . Howard Berman (D)
 . Mel Levine (D)
 . Julian Dixon (D)
 . Augustus Hawkins (D)
 . Matthew G. Martínez (D)
 . Mervyn Dymally (D)
 . Glenn M. Anderson (D)
 . David Dreier (R)
 . Esteban Edward Torres (D)
 . Jerry Lewis (R)
 . George Brown Jr. (D)
 . Al McCandless (R)
 . Bob Dornan (R)
 . William E. Dannemeyer (R)
 . Robert Badham (R)
 . Bill Lowery (R)
 . Dan Lungren (R)
 . Ron Packard (R)
 . Jim Bates (D)
 . Duncan L. Hunter (R)

Colorado
 . Pat Schroeder (D)
 . Tim Wirth (D)
 . Michael L. Strang (R)
 . Hank Brown (R)
 . Ken Kramer (R)
 . Dan Schaefer (R)

Connecticut
 . Barbara B. Kennelly (D)
 . Sam Gejdenson (D)
 . Bruce Morrison (D)
 . Stewart McKinney (R)
 . John G. Rowland (R)
 . Nancy Johnson (R)

Delaware
 . Tom Carper (D)

Florida
 . Earl Hutto (D)
 . Don Fuqua (D)
 . Charles E. Bennett (D)
 . Bill Chappell (D)
 . Bill McCollum (R)
 . Buddy MacKay (D)
 . Sam Gibbons (D)
 . Bill Young (R)
 . Michael Bilirakis (R)
 . Andy Ireland (R)
 . Bill Nelson (D)
 . Tom Lewis (R)
 . Connie Mack III (R)
 . Dan Mica (D)
 . Clay Shaw (R)
 . Lawrence J. Smith (D)
 . William Lehman (D)
 . Claude Pepper (D)
 . Dante Fascell (D)

Georgia
 . Lindsay Thomas (D)
 . Charles Floyd Hatcher (D)
 . Richard Ray (D)
 . Pat Swindall (R)
 . Wyche Fowler (D)
 . Newt Gingrich (R)
 . George Darden (D)
 . J. Roy Rowland (D)
 . Ed Jenkins (D)
 . Doug Barnard Jr. (D)

Hawaii
 . Cecil Heftel (D), until July 11, 1986
 . Neil Abercrombie (D), from September 20, 1986
 . Daniel Akaka (D)

Idaho
 . Larry Craig (R)
 . Richard H. Stallings (D)

Illinois
 . Charles Hayes (D)
 . Gus Savage (D)
 . Marty Russo (D)
 . George M. O'Brien (R), until July 17, 1986
 . Bill Lipinski (D)
 . Henry Hyde (R)
 . Cardiss Collins (D)
 . Dan Rostenkowski (D)
 . Sidney R. Yates (D)
 . John Porter (R)
 . Frank Annunzio (D)
 . Phil Crane (R)
 . Harris Fawell (R)
 . John E. Grotberg (R), until November 15, 1986
 . Edward Rell Madigan (R)
 . Lynn Morley Martin (R)
 . Lane Evans (D)
 . Robert H. Michel (R)
 . Terry L. Bruce (D)
 . Dick Durbin (D)
 . Melvin Price (D)
 . Kenneth J. Gray (D)

Indiana
 . Pete Visclosky (D)
 . Philip Sharp (D)
 . John P. Hiler (R)
 . Dan Coats (R)
 . Elwood Hillis (R)
 . Dan Burton (R)
 . John T. Myers (R)
 . Frank McCloskey (D), from May 1, 1985
 . Lee Hamilton (D)
 . Andrew Jacobs Jr. (D)

Iowa
 . Jim Leach (R)
 . Tom Tauke (R)
 . T. Cooper Evans (R)
 . Neal Smith (D)
 . Jim Ross Lightfoot (R)
 . Berkley Bedell (D)

Kansas
 . Pat Roberts (R)
 . Jim Slattery (D)
 . Jan Meyers (R)
 . Dan Glickman (D)
 . Bob Whittaker (R)

Kentucky
 . Carroll Hubbard (D)
 . William Natcher (D)
 . Romano Mazzoli (D)
 . Gene Snyder (R)
 . Hal Rogers (R)
 . Larry J. Hopkins (R)
 . Chris Perkins (D)

Louisiana
 . Bob Livingston (R)
 . Lindy Boggs (D)
 . Billy Tauzin (D)
 . Buddy Roemer (D)
 . Jerry Huckaby (D)
 . Henson Moore (R)
 . John Breaux (D)
 . Gillis William Long (D), until January 20, 1985
 Catherine Small Long (D), from March 30, 1985

Maine
 . John R. McKernan Jr. (R)
 . Olympia Snowe (R)

Maryland
 . Roy Dyson (D)
 . Helen Delich Bentley (R)
 . Barbara Mikulski (D)
 . Marjorie Holt (R)
 . Steny Hoyer (D)
 . Beverly Byron (D)
 . Parren Mitchell (D)
 . Michael D. Barnes (D)

Massachusetts
 . Silvio O. Conte (R)
 . Edward Boland (D)
 . Joseph D. Early (D)
 . Barney Frank (D)
 . Chester G. Atkins (D)
 . Nicholas Mavroules (D)
 . Ed Markey (D)
 . Tip O'Neill (D)
 . Joe Moakley (D)
 . Gerry Studds (D)
 . Brian J. Donnelly (D)

Michigan
 . John Conyers (D)
 . Carl Pursell (R)
 . Howard Wolpe (D)
 . Mark D. Siljander (R)
 . Paul B. Henry (R)
 . Milton Robert Carr (D)
 . Dale Kildee (D)
 . Bob Traxler (D)
 . Guy Vander Jagt (R)
 . Bill Schuette (R)
 . Robert William Davis (R)
 . David Bonior (D)
 . George Crockett Jr. (D)
 . Dennis Hertel (D)
 . William D. Ford (D)
 . John Dingell (D)
 . Sander Levin (D)
 . William Broomfield (R)

Minnesota
 . Tim Penny (DFL)
 . Vin Weber (R)
 . Bill Frenzel (R)
 . Bruce Vento (DFL)
 . Martin Olav Sabo (DFL)
 . Gerry Sikorski (DFL)
 . Arlan Stangeland (R)
 . Jim Oberstar (DFL)

Mississippi
 . Jamie Whitten (D)
 . Webb Franklin (R)
 . Sonny Montgomery (D)
 . Wayne Dowdy (D)
 . Trent Lott (R)

Missouri
 . Bill Clay (D)
 . Robert A. Young (D)
 . Dick Gephardt (D)
 . Ike Skelton (D)
 . Alan Wheat (D)
 . Tom Coleman (R)
 . Gene Taylor (R)
 . Bill Emerson (R)
 . Harold Volkmer (D)

Montana
 . Pat Williams (D)
 . Ron Marlenee (R)

Nebraska
 . Doug Bereuter (R)
 . Hal Daub (R)
 . Virginia D. Smith (R)

Nevada
 . Harry Reid (D)
 . Barbara Vucanovich (R)

New Hampshire
 . Bob Smith (R)
 . Judd Gregg (R)

New Jersey
 . James Florio (D)
 . William J. Hughes (D)
 . James J. Howard (D)
 . Chris Smith (R)
 . Marge Roukema (R)
 . Bernard J. Dwyer (D)
 . Matthew John Rinaldo (R)
 . Robert A. Roe (D)
 . Robert Torricelli (D)
 . Peter W. Rodino (D)
 . Dean Gallo (R)
 . Jim Courter (R)
 . Jim Saxton (R)
 . Frank Joseph Guarini (D)

New Mexico
 . Manuel Lujan Jr. (R)
 . Joe Skeen (R)
 . Bill Richardson (D)

New York
 . William Carney (C; changed to R on October 7, 1985)
 . Thomas Downey (D)
 . Robert J. Mrazek (D)
 . Norman F. Lent (R)
 . Raymond J. McGrath (R)
 . Joseph P. Addabbo (D), until April 10, 1986
 Alton Waldon (D), from June 10, 1986
 . Gary Ackerman (D)
 . James H. Scheuer (D)
 . Thomas J. Manton (D)
 . Chuck Schumer (D)
 . Edolphus Towns (D)
 . Major Owens (D)
 . Stephen Solarz (D)
 . Guy Molinari (R)
 . Bill Green (R)
 . Charles Rangel (D)
 . Ted Weiss (D)
 . Robert Garcia (D)
 . Mario Biaggi (D)
 . Joe DioGuardi (R)
 . Hamilton Fish IV (R)
 . Benjamin Gilman (R)
 . Samuel S. Stratton (D)
 . Gerald Solomon (R)
 . Sherwood Boehlert (R)
 . David O'Brien Martin (R)
 . George C. Wortley (R)
 . Matthew F. McHugh (D)
 . Frank Horton (R)
 . Fred J. Eckert (R)
 . Jack Kemp (R)
 . John LaFalce (D)
 . Henry J. Nowak (D)
 . Stan Lundine (D), until December 31, 1986

North Carolina
 . Walter B. Jones Sr. (D)
 . Tim Valentine (D)
 . Charles Orville Whitley (D), until December 31, 1986
 . Bill Cobey (R)
 . Stephen L. Neal (D)
 . Howard Coble (R)
 . Charlie Rose (D)
 . Bill Hefner (D)
 . Alex McMillan (R)
 . Jim Broyhill (R), until July 14, 1986
 Cass Ballenger (R), from November 4, 1986
 . Bill Hendon (R)

North Dakota
 . Byron Dorgan (D-NPL)

Ohio
 . Tom Luken (D)
 . Bill Gradison (R)
 . Tony P. Hall (D)
 . Mike Oxley (R)
 . Del Latta (R)
 . Bob McEwen (R)
 . Mike DeWine (R)
 . Tom Kindness (R)
 . Marcy Kaptur (D)
 . Clarence E. Miller (R)
 . Dennis E. Eckart (D)
 . John Kasich (R)
 . Don Pease (D)
 . John F. Seiberling (D)
 . Chalmers Wylie (R)
 . Ralph Regula (R)
 . Jim Traficant (D)
 . Douglas Applegate (D)
 . Ed Feighan (D)
 . Mary Rose Oakar (D)
 . Louis Stokes (D)

Oklahoma
 . James R. Jones (D)
 . Mike Synar (D)
 . Wes Watkins (D)
 . Dave McCurdy (D)
 . Mickey Edwards (R)
 . Glenn English (D)

Oregon
 . Les AuCoin (D)
 . Bob Smith (R)
 . Ron Wyden (D)
 . Jim Weaver (D)
 . Denny Smith (R)

Pennsylvania
 . Thomas M. Foglietta (D)
 . William H. Gray III (D)
 . Robert A. Borski Jr. (D)
 . Joseph P. Kolter (D)
 . Richard T. Schulze (R)
 . Gus Yatron (D)
 . Robert W. Edgar (D)
 . Peter H. Kostmayer (D)
 . Bud Shuster (R)
 . Joseph M. McDade (R)
 . Paul Kanjorski (D)
 . John Murtha (D)
 . Lawrence Coughlin (R)
 . William J. Coyne (D)
 . Donald L. Ritter (R)
 . Bob Walker (R)
 . George Gekas (R)
 . Doug Walgren (D)
 . Bill Goodling (R)
 . Joseph M. Gaydos (D)
 . Tom Ridge (R)
 . Austin Murphy (D)
 . William Clinger (R)

Rhode Island
 . Fernand St. Germain (D)
 . Claudine Schneider (R)

South Carolina
 . Thomas F. Hartnett (R)
 . Floyd Spence (R)
 . Butler Derrick (D)
 . Carroll A. Campbell Jr. (R)
 . John Spratt (D)
 . Robin Tallon (D)

South Dakota
 . Tom Daschle (D)

Tennessee
 . Jimmy Quillen (R)
 . John Duncan Sr. (R)
 . Marilyn Lloyd (D)
 . Jim Cooper (D)
 . Bill Boner (D)
 . Bart Gordon (D)
 . Don Sundquist (R)
 . Ed Jones (D)
 . Harold Ford Sr. (D)

Texas
 . Sam B. Hall Jr. (D), until May 27, 1985
 Jim Chapman (D), from August 3, 1985
 . Charlie Wilson (D)
 . Steve Bartlett (R)
 . Ralph Hall (D)
 . John Bryant (D)
 . Joe Barton (R)
 . Bill Archer (R)
 . Jack Fields (R)
 . Jack Brooks (D)
 . J. J. Pickle (D)
 . Marvin Leath (D)
 . Jim Wright (D)
 . Beau Boulter (R)
 . Mac Sweeney (R)
 . Kika de la Garza (D)
 . Ron Coleman (D)
 . Charles Stenholm (D)
 . Mickey Leland (D)
 . Larry Combest (R)
 . Henry B. González (D)
 . Tom Loeffler (R)
 . Tom DeLay (R)
 . Albert Bustamante (D)
 . Martin Frost (D)
 . Michael A. Andrews (D)
 . Dick Armey (R)
 . Solomon P. Ortiz (D)

Utah
 . Jim Hansen (R)
 . David Smith Monson (R)
 . Howard C. Nielson (R)

Vermont
 . Jim Jeffords (R)

Virginia
 . Herbert H. Bateman (R)
 . G. William Whitehurst (R)
 . Thomas J. Bliley Jr. (R)
 . Norman Sisisky (D)
 . Dan Daniel (D)
 . Jim Olin (D)
 . D. French Slaughter Jr. (R)
 . Stanford Parris (R)
 . Rick Boucher (D)
 . Frank Wolf (R)

Washington
 . John Miller (R)
 . Al Swift (D)
 . Don Bonker (D)
 . Sid Morrison (R)
 . Tom Foley (D)
 . Norm Dicks (D)
 . Mike Lowry (D)
 . Rod Chandler (R)

West Virginia
 . Alan Mollohan (D)
 . Harley O. Staggers Jr. (D)
 . Bob Wise (D)
 . Nick Rahall (D)

Wisconsin
 . Les Aspin (D)
 . Robert Kastenmeier (D)
 . Steve Gunderson (R)
 . Jerry Kleczka (D)
 . Jim Moody (D)
 . Tom Petri (R)
 . Dave Obey (D)
 . Toby Roth (R)
 . Jim Sensenbrenner (R)

Wyoming
 . Dick Cheney (R)

Non-voting members
 . Fofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia (D)
 . Walter Fauntroy (D)
 . Vicente T. Blaz (R)
 . Jaime Fuster (PPD)
 . Ron de Lugo (D)

Changes in membership

Senate

|-
| West Virginia(2)
| Vacant
| Senator-elect chose to wait until finishing term as Governor of West Virginia.
| nowrap  | Jay Rockefeller (D)
| January 15, 1985

|-
| North Carolina(3)
| nowrap  | John Porter East (R)
| Died June 29, 1986.Successor appointed to continue the term.
| nowrap  | Jim Broyhill (R)
| July 14, 1986

|-
| North Carolina(3)
| nowrap  | Jim Broyhill (R)
| Interim appointee lost special election.Successor elected to finish the term.
| nowrap  | Terry Sanford (D)
| November 5, 1986

|}

House of Representatives

|-
| Indiana's 8th
| Disputed
| House declared McCloskey the winner after auditors from the US General Accounting Office conducted a recount and Republican floor votes were rejected.
|  | Frank McCloskey (D)
| May 1, 1985

|-
| Louisiana's 8th
|  | Gillis William Long (D)
| Died January 20, 1985.
|  | Catherine Small Long (D)
| March 30, 1985

|-
| Texas's 1st
|  | Sam B. Hall Jr. (D)
| Resigned May 27, 1985, to become judge for the US District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.
|  | Jim Chapman (D)
| August 3, 1985

|-
| New York's 1st
|  | William Carney (C)
| Changed parties October 7, 1985.
|  | William Carney (R)
| October 7, 1985

|-
| New York's 6th
|  | Joseph P. Addabbo (D)
| Died April 10, 1986.
|  | Alton Waldon (D)
| June 10, 1986

|-
| Hawaii's 1st
|  | Cecil Heftel (D)
| Resigned July 11, 1986.
|  | Neil Abercrombie (D)
| September 20, 1986

|-
| North Carolina's 10th
|  | Jim Broyhill (R)
| Resigned July 14, 1986, to become U.S. Senator.
|  | Cass Ballenger (R)
| November 4, 1986

|-
| Illinois's 4th
|  | George M. O'Brien (R)
| Died July 17, 1986.
| rowspan=4 |Vacant
| rowspan=4 |Not filled this term

|-
| Illinois's 14th
|  | John E. Grotberg (R)
| Died November 15, 1986.

|-
| New York's 34th
|  | Stan Lundine (D)
| Resigned December 31, 1986.

|-
| North Carolina's 3rd
|  | Charles Orville Whitley (D)
| Resigned December 31, 1986.
|}

Committees

Senate
 Aging (Special) (Chair: H. John Heinz III)
 Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry (Chair: Jesse Helms; Ranking Member: Edward Zorinsky)
 Appropriations (Chair: Mark Hatfield; Ranking Member: John C. Stennis)
 Agriculture and Related Agencies (Chair: Thad Cochran; Ranking Member: Quentin N. Burdick)
 Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary (Chair: Paul Laxalt; Ranking Member: Ernest F. Hollings)
 Defense (Chair: Ted Stevens; Ranking Member: John C. Stennis)
 District of Columbia (Chair: Arlen Specter; Ranking Member: Frank Lautenberg)
 Energy and Water Development (Chair: Ted Stevens; Ranking Member: J. Bennett Johnston)
 Foreign Operations (Chair: Bob Kasten; Ranking Member: Daniel K. Inouye)
 HUD-Independent Agencies (Chair: Jake Garn; Ranking Member: Patrick Leahy)
 Interior (Chair: James A. McClure; Ranking Member: Robert C. Byrd)
 Labor-Health, Education and Welfare (Chair: Lowell P. Weicker; Ranking Member: William Proxmire)
 Legislative Branch (Chair: Al D'Amato; Ranking Member: Dale Bumpers)
 Military Construction (Chair: Mack Mattingly; Ranking Member: Jim Sasser)
 Transportation (Chair: Mark Andrews; Ranking Member: Lawton Chiles)
 Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (Chair: James Abdnor; Ranking Member: Dennis DeConcini)
 Armed Services (Chair: Barry Goldwater; Ranking Member: Sam Nunn)
 Military Construction (Chair: Strom Thurmond; Ranking Member: Jeff Bingaman)
 Strategic and Theater Nuclear Forces (Chair: John W. Warner; Ranking Member: John W. Warner)
 Preparedness (Chair: Gordon J. Humphrey; Ranking Member: Alan J. Dixon)
 Sea Power and Force Projection (Chair: William S. Cohen; Ranking Member: J. James Exon)
 Manpower and Personnel (Chair: Pete Wilson; Ranking Member: John Glenn)
 Defense Acquisition Policy (Chair: Dan Quayle; Ranking Member: Carl Levin)
 Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs (Chair: Jake Garn; Ranking Member: William Proxmire)
 Housing and Urban Affairs (Chair: Chic Hecht; Ranking Member: Donald W. Riegle Jr.)
 International Finance and Monetary Policy (Chair: H. John Heinz III; Ranking Member: William Proxmire)
 Financial Institutions and Consumer Affairs (Chair: Slade Gorton; Ranking Member: Paul Sarbanes)
 Securities (Chair: Al D'Amato; Ranking Member: Alan Cranston)
 Economic Policy (Chair: Mack Mattingly; Ranking Member: Chris Dodd)
 Budget (Chair: Pete Domenici; Ranking Member: Lawton Chiles)
 Commerce, Science and Transportation (Chair: John Danforth; Ranking Member: Ernest F. Hollings)
 Aviation (Chair: Nancy Kassebaum; Ranking Member: J. James Exon)
 Business, Trade and Tourism (Chair: Larry Pressler; Ranking Member: Al Gore)
 Communications (Chair: Barry Goldwater; Ranking Member: Ernest F. Hollings)
 Consumer (Chair: Bob Kasten; Ranking Member: Wendell Ford)
 Merchant Marine (Chair: Ted Stevens; Ranking Member: Daniel K. Inouye)
 Science, Technology and Space (Chair: Slade Gorton; Ranking Member: Donald W. Riegle Jr.)
 Surface Transportation (Chair: Bob Packwood; Ranking Member: Russell B. Long)
 National Ocean Policy Study (Chair: John Danforth; Ranking Member: Ernest F. Hollings)
 Energy and Natural Resources (Chair: James A. McClure; Ranking Member: J. Bennett Johnston)
 Energy Regulation and Conservation (Chair: Don Nickles; Ranking Member: Howard M. Metzenbaum)
 Natural Resources Development and Production (Chair: John Warner; Ranking Member: John Melcher)
 Energy Research and Development (Chair: Pete Domenici; Ranking Member: Bill Bradley)
 Water and Power (Chair: Frank Murkowski; Ranking Member: Dale Bumpers)
 Public Lands, Reserved Water and Resource Conservation (Chair: Malcolm Wallop; Ranking Member: Dale Bumpers)
 Environment and Public Works (Chair: Robert Stafford; Ranking Member: Lloyd Bentsen)
 Environmental Pollution (Chair: John Chafee; Ranking Member: George J. Mitchell)
 Nuclear Regulation (Chair: Alan K. Simpson; Ranking Member: Gary Hart)
 Water Resources (Chair: James Abdnor; Ranking Member: Daniel Moynihan)
 Transportation (Chair: Steve Symms; Ranking Member: Quentin N. Burdick)
 Regional and Community Development (Chair: Gordon J. Humphrey; Ranking Member: Frank R. Lautenberg)
 Toxic Substances and Environmental Oversight (Chair: David Durenberger; Ranking Member: Max Baucus)
 Ethics (Select) (Chair: Warren Rudman; Vice Chair: Howell Heflin)
 Finance (Chair: Bob Packwood; Ranking Member: Russell B. Long)
 Taxation and Debt Management (Chair: John H. Chafee; Ranking Member: Spark Matsunaga)
 International Trade (Chair: John C. Danforth; Ranking Member: Lloyd Bentsen)
 Savings, Pensions and Investment Policy (Chair: H. John Heinz III; Ranking Member: George J. Mitchell)
 Energy and Agricultural Taxation (Chair: Malcolm Wallop; Ranking Member: Bill Bradley)
 Health (Chair: David Durenberger; Ranking Member: Max Baucus)
 Social Security and Income Maintenance Programs (Chair: William L. Armstrong; Ranking Member: Daniel Moynihan)
 Estate and Gift Taxation (Chair: Steve Symms; Ranking Member: Bill Bradley)
 Oversight of the Internal Revenue Service (Chair: Bob Dole; Ranking Member: David Pryor)
 Foreign Relations (Chair: Richard Lugar; Ranking Member: Claiborne Pell)
 Western Hemisphere Affairs (Chair: Jesse Helms; Ranking Member: Edward Zorinsky)
 International Economic Policy, Oceans and Environment (Chair: Charles Mathias; Ranking Member: Chris Dodd)
 African Affairs (Chair: Nancy Kassebaum; Ranking Member: John Kerry)
 Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Chair: Rudy Boschwitz; Ranking Member: Paul Sarbanes)
 European Affairs (Chair: Larry Pressler; Ranking Member: Joe Biden)
 East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chair: Frank Murkowski; Ranking Member: Alan Cranston)
 Governmental Affairs (Chair: Bill Roth; Ranking Member: Thomas F. Eagleton)
 Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (Chair: Bill Roth; Ranking Member: Sam Nunn)
 Governmental Efficiency and the District of Columbia (Chair: Charles Mathias; Ranking Member: Thomas F. Eagleton)
 Energy, Nuclear Proliferation and Federal Services (Chair: Thad Cochran; Ranking Member: John Glenn)
 Intergovernmental Relations (Chair: David Durenberger; Ranking Member: Lawton Chiles)
 Civil Service, Post Office and General Services (Chair: Ted Stevens; Ranking Member: Al Gore)
 Oversight of Government Management (Chair: William S. Cohen; Ranking Member: Carl Levin)
 Impeachment of Harry E. Claiborne (Select) (Chair: Charles Mathias; Ranking Member: )
 Indian Affairs (Select) (Chair: Mark Andrews)
 Judiciary (Chair: Strom Thurmond; Ranking Member: Joe Biden)
 Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks (Chair: Charles Mathias; Ranking Member: Patrick Leahy)
 Criminal Law (Chair: Paul Laxalt; Ranking Member: Joe Biden)
 Constitution (Chair: Orrin Hatch; Ranking Member: Dennis DeConcini)
 Immigration and Refugee Policy (Chair: Alan K. Simpson; Ranking Member: Ted Kennedy)
 Courts (Chair: John P. East; Ranking Member: Howell Heflin)
 Administration Practice and Procedure (Chair: Chuck Grassley; Ranking Member: Howard M. Metzenbaum)
 Security and Terrorism (Chair: Jeremiah Denton; Ranking Member: Patrick Leahy)
 Juvenile Justice (Chair: Arlen Specter; Ranking Member: Paul Simon)
 Intelligence (Select) (Chair: David Durenberger; Vice Chairman: Patrick Leahy)
 Labor and Human Resources (Chair: Orrin Hatch; Ranking Member: Ted Kennedy)
 Labor (Chair: Don Nickles; Ranking Member: Howard M. Metzenbaum)
 Education, Arts and Humanities (Chair: Robert Stafford; Ranking Member: Claiborne Pell)
 Employment and Productivity (Chair: Dan Quayle; Ranking Member: Paul Simon)
 Handicapped (Chair: Lowell P. Weicker; Ranking Member: John Kerry)
 Children, Family, Drugs and Alcoholism (Chair: Paula Hawkins; Ranking Member: Chris Dodd)
 Aging (Chair: Chuck Grassley; Ranking Member: Spark Matsunaga)
 Nutrition and Human Needs (Select) (Chair: )
 Rules and Administration (Chair: Charles Mathias; Ranking Member: Wendell H. Ford)
 Security and Cooperation in Europe (Special) (Chair: )
 Small Business (Chair: Lowell P. Weicker Jr.; Ranking Member: Dale Bumpers)
 Urban and Rural Economic Development (Chair: Al D'Amato; Ranking Member: Alan J. Dixon)
 Government Procurement (Chair: Don Nickles; Ranking Member: Carl Levin)
 Productivity and Competition (Chair: Slade Gorton; Ranking Member: Dale Bumpers)
 Innovation and Technology (Chair: Warren Rudman; Ranking Member: David L. Boren)
 Export Promotion and Market Development (Chair: Rudy Boschwitz; Ranking Member: Max Baucus)
 Small Business Family Farm (Chair: Larry Pressler; Ranking Member: Sam Nunn)
 Entrepreneurship and Special Problems Facing Small Business (Chair: Bob Kasten; Ranking Member: Jim Sasser)
 Veterans' Affairs (Chair: Frank Murkowski; Ranking Member: Alan Cranston)
 Whole

House of Representatives

 Aging (Select) (Chair: Edward Roybal)
 Agriculture (Chair: Kika de la Garza; Ranking Member: Edward Madigan)
 Cotton, Rice and Sugar (Chair: Jerry Huckaby; Ranking Member: Arlan Stangeland)
 Livestock, Dairy and Poultry (Chair: Tony Coelho; Ranking Member: Jim Jeffords)
 Tobacco and Peanuts (Chair: Charlie Rose; Ranking Member: Larry J. Hopkins)
 Wheat, Soybeans and Feed Grains (Chair: Tom Foley; Ranking Member: Ron Marlenee)
 Conservation Credit and Rural Development (Chair: Ed Jones; Ranking Member: E. Thomas Coleman)
 Department Operations Research and Foreign Agriculture (Chair: Berkley Bedell; Ranking Member: Pat Roberts)
 Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations and Nutrition (Chair: Leon Panetta; Ranking Member: Bill Emerson)
 Forests, Family Farms and Energy (Chair: Charles Whitley)
 Appropriations (Chair: Jamie L. Whitten; Ranking Member: Sid Morrison)
 Agriculture, Rural Development and Related Agencies (Chair: Jamie Whitten; Ranking Member: Silvio O. Conte)
 Commerce, Justice, State and the Judiciary (Chair: Neal Edward Smith; Ranking Member: Virginia Smith)
 Defense (Chair: Joseph P. Addabbo; Ranking Member: George M. O'Brien)
 District of Columbia (Chair: Julian C. Dixon; Ranking Member: Joseph M. McDade)
 Energy and Water Development (Chair: Tom Bevill; Ranking Member: Lawrence Coughlin)
 Foreign Operations (Chair: David Obey; Ranking Member: John T. Myers)
 HUD-Independent Agencies (Chair: Edward P. Boland; Ranking Member: Bill Green)
 Interior (Chair: Sidney Yates; Ranking Member: Ralph Regula)
 Labor-Health and Human Services (Chair: William H. Natcher; Ranking Member: Silvio O. Conte)
 Legislative (Chair: Victor Fazio; Ranking Member: Jerry Lewis)
 Military Construction (Chair: Bill Hefner; Ranking Member: Mickey Edwards)
 Transportation (Chair: William Lehman; Ranking Member: Lawrence Coughlin)
 Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (Chair: Edward Roybal; Ranking Member: Joe Skeen)
 Armed Services (Chair: Les Aspin; Ranking Member: William L. Dickinson)
 Military Personnel and Compensation (Chair: Edward Roybal; Ranking Member: Elwood Hillis)
 Research and Development (Chair: Charles Melvin Price; Ranking Member: William L. Dickinson)
 Seapower, Strategic and Critical Materials (Chair: Charles Edward Bennett; Ranking Member: Floyd Spence)
 Procurement and Military Nuclear Systems (Chair: Samuel S. Stratton; Ranking Member: Marjorie S. Holt)
 Investigations (Chair: Bill Nichols; Ranking Member: Larry J. Hopkins)
 Readiness (Chair: Dan Daniel; Ranking Member: G. William Whitehurst)
 Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR) Panel (Chair: Dan Daniel; Ranking Member: G. William Whitehurst)
 Military Installations and Facilities (Chair: Ron Dellums; Ranking Member: Ken Kramer)
 Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs (Chair: Fernand St. Germain; Ranking Member: Chalmers P. Wylie)
 Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation and Insurance (Chair: Fernand St. Germain; Ranking Member: Chalmers P. Wylie)
 Housing and Community Development (Chair: Henry B. Gonzalez; Ranking Member: Stewart B. McKinney)
 Consumer Affairs and Coinage (Chair: Frank Annunzio; Ranking Member: John P. Hiler)
 Domestic Monetary Policy (Chair: Walter E. Fauntroy; Ranking Member: Bill McCollum)
 International Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy (Chair: Stephen L. Neal; Ranking Member: Jim Leach)
 General Oversight and Renegotiation (Chair: Carroll Hubbard; Ranking Member: Stanford Parris)
 Economic Stabilization (Chair: John J. LaFalce; Ranking Member: Norman D. Shumway)
 International Development Institutions and Finance (Chair: Stan Lundine; Ranking Member: Doug Bereuter)
 Budget (Chair: William H. Gray; Ranking Member: Del Latta)
 Defense and International Affairs (Chair: Thomas J. Downey; Ranking Member: Bobbi Fiedler)
 Economic Policy (Chair: Mike Lowry; Ranking Member: Jack Kemp)
 Budget Process (Chair: Butler Derrick; Ranking Member: Lynn Morley Martin)
 State and Local Government (Chair: George Miller; Ranking Member: Connie Mack III)
 Human Resources (Chair: Pat Williams; Ranking Member: Bill Goodling)
 Community and Natural Resources (Chair: Howard Wolpe; Ranking Member: Tom Loeffler)
 Health (Chair: Martin Frost; Ranking Member: Willis D. Gradison Jr.)
 Income Security (Chair: Victor H. Fazio; Ranking Member: W. Henson Moore)
 Children, Youth and Families (Select) (Chair: George Miller)
 District of Columbia (Chair: Ron Dellums; Ranking Member: Stewart B. McKinney)
 Fiscal Affairs and Health (Chair: Walter E. Fauntroy; Ranking Member: Stewart McKinney)
 Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs (Chair: Michael D. Barnes; Ranking Member: Stanford Parris)
 Judiciary and Education (Chair: Mervyn M. Dymally; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Bliley Jr.)
 Education and Labor (Chair: Augustus F. Hawkins; Ranking Member: Jim Jeffords)
 Elementary, Secondary and Vocational Education (Chair: Augustus F. Hawkins; Ranking Member: William F. Goodling)
 Postsecondary Education (Chair: William D. Ford; Ranking Member: E. Thomas Coleman)
 Health and Safety (Chair: Joseph M. Gaydos; Ranking Member: Rod Chandler)
 Labor-Management Relations (Chair: Bill Clay; Ranking Member: Tom Petri)
 Labor Standards (Chair: Austin J. Murphy; Ranking Member: Tom Petri)
 Human Resources (Chair: Dale E. Kildee; Ranking Member: Tom Tauke)
 Select Education (Chair: Pat Williams; Ranking Member: Steve Bartlett)
 Employment Opportunities (Chair: Matthew G. Martinez; Ranking Member: Steve Gunderson)
 Energy and Commerce (Chair: John Dingell; Ranking Member: Jim Broyhill)
 Oversight and Investigations (Chair: John Dingell; Ranking Member: Jim Broyhill)
 Health and the Environment (Chair: Henry Waxman; Ranking Member: Edward Madigan)
 Telecommunications, Consumer Protection and Finance (Chair: Timothy Wirth; Ranking Member: Matthew J. Rinaldo)
 Fossil and Synthetic Fuels (Chair: Phil Sharp; Ranking Member: William E. Dannemeyer)
 Commerce, Transportation and Tourism (Chair: James J. Florio; Ranking Member: Norman F. Lent)
 Energy Conservation and Power (Chair: Ed Markey; Ranking Member: Carlos J. Moorhead)
 Foreign Affairs (Chair: Dante Fascell; Ranking Member: William S. Broomfield)
 Arms Control, International Security and Science (Chair: Dante Fascell; Ranking Member: William S. Broomfield)
 Europe and the Middle East (Chair: Lee H. Hamilton; Ranking Member: Benjamin A. Gilman)
 Human Rights and International Organizations (Chair: Gus Yatron; Ranking Member: Gerald B.H. Solomon)
 International Economic Policy and Trade (Chair: Stephen J. Solarz; Ranking Member: Toby Roth)
 Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chair: Don Bonker; Ranking Member: Jim Leach)
 International Operations (Chair: Dan Mica; Ranking Member: Olympia J. Snowe)
 Western Hemisphere Affairs (Chair: Michael D. Barnes; Ranking Member: Robert J. Lagomarsino)
 Africa (Chair: Howard Wolpe; Ranking Member: Mark Siljander)
 Government Operations (Chair: Jack Brooks; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
 Legislation and National Security (Chair: Jack Brooks; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
 Government Activities and Transportation (Chair: Cardiss Collins; Ranking Member: Al McCandless)
 Government Information and Individual Rights (Chair: Glenn English; Ranking Member: Thomas N. Kindness)
 Ingovernmental Relations and Human Resources (Chair: Ted Weiss; Ranking Member: Robert S. Walker)
 Environment, Energy and Natural Resources (Chair: Mike Synar; Ranking Member: William F. Clinger Jr.)
 Commerce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs (Chair: Doug Barnard; Ranking Member: Larry E. Craig)
 Employment and Housing (Chair: Barney Frank; Ranking Member: Howard C. Nielson)
 House Administration (Chair: Frank Annunzio; Ranking Member: Bill Frenzel)
 Accounts (Chair: Joseph Gaydos; Ranking Member: Robert E. Badham)
 Services (Chair: Ed Jones; Ranking Member: William L. Dickinson)
 Office Systems (Chair: Charlie Rose; Ranking Member: Bill Thomas)
 Personnel and Police (Chair: Leon Panetta; Ranking Member: Pat Roberts)
 Elections (Chair: Al Swift; Ranking Member: Bill Thomas)
 Procurement and Printing (Chair: Tom Foley; Ranking Member: Newt Gingrich)
 Hunger (Select) (Chair: Mickey Leland)
 Interior and Insular Affairs (Chair: Mo Udall; Ranking Member: Don Young)
 Energy and the Environment (Chair: Mo Udall; Ranking Member: Manuel Lujan Jr.)
 Public Lands (Chair: John F. Seiberling; Ranking Member: Ron Marlenee)
 General Oversight, Northwest Power and Forest Management (Chair: Jim Weaver; Ranking Member: Chip Pashayan)
 Water and Power Resources (Chair: George Miller; Ranking Member: Dick Cheney)
 Mining and Natural Resources (Chair: Nick Rahall; Ranking Member: Larry E. Craig)
 National Parks and Recreation (Chair: Bruce Vento; Ranking Member: Robert J. Lagomarsino)
 Judiciary (Chair: Peter W. Rodino; Ranking Member: Hamilton Fish IV)
 Immigration, Refugees and International Law (Chair: Romano L. Mazzoli; Ranking Member: Dan Lungren)
 Administrative Law and Governmental Relations (Chair: Sam B. Hall Jr.; Ranking Member: Thomas N. Kindness)
 Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice (Chair: Robert W. Kastenmeier; Ranking Member: Carlos J. Moorhead)
 Civil and Constitutional Rights (Chair: Don Edwards; Ranking Member: Jim Sensenbrenner)
 Monopolies and Commercial Law (Chair: Peter W. Rodino; Ranking Member: Hamilton Fish IV)
 Crime (Chair: William J. Hughes; Ranking Member: Bill McCollum)
 Criminal Justice (Chair: John Conyers; Ranking Member: George W. Gekas)
 Merchant Marine and Fisheries (Chair: Walter B. Jones Sr.; Ranking Member: Norman F. Lent)
 Merchant Marine (Chair: Mario Biaggi; Ranking Member: Gene Snyder)
 Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation and the Environment (Chair: John Breaux; Ranking Member: Don Young)
 Oceangraphy (Chair: Barbara Mikulski; Ranking Member: Norman D. Shumway)
 Panama Canal and Outer Continental Stuff (Chair: Mike Lowry; Ranking Member: Jack Fields)
 Coast Guard and Navigation (Chair: Gerry Studds; Ranking Member: Robert W. Davis)
 Oversight and Investigations (Chair: Walter B. Jones Sr.; Ranking Member: William Carney)
 Narcotics Abuse and Control (Select) (Chair: Charles B. Rangel)
 Post Office and Civil Service (Chair: Jack Brooks; Ranking Member: Gene Taylor)
 Civil Service (Chair: Patricia Schroeder; Ranking Member: Chip Pashayan)
 Census and Population (Chair: Robert Garcia; Ranking Member: James V. Hansen)
 Postal Operations and Services (Chair: Mickey Leland; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
 Compensation and Employee Benefits (Chair: Mary Rose Oakar; Ranking Member: John T. Myers)
 Human Resources (Chair: Gary Ackerman; Ranking Member: Dan Burton)
 Investigations (Chair: Gerry Sikorski; Ranking Member: Gene Taylor)
 Postal Personnel and Modernization (Chair: Mervyn M. Dymally; Ranking Member: Dan Burton)
 Public Works and Transportation (Chair: James J. Howard; Ranking Member: Gene Snyder)
 Aviation (Chair: Norman Y. Mineta; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
 Economic Development (Chair: Henry J. Nowak; Ranking Member: William F. Clinger Jr.)
 Investigations and Oversight (Chair: Jim Oberstar; Ranking Member: Newt Gingrich)
 Public Buildings and Grounds (Chair: Robert A. Young; Ranking Member: E. Clay Shaw Jr.)
 Surface Transportation (Chair: Glenn M. Anderson; Ranking Member: Bud Shuster)
 Water Resources (Chair: Robert A. Roe; Ranking Member: Arlan Stangeland)
 Rules (Chair: Claude Pepper; Ranking Member: Jimmy Quillen)
 The Legislative Process (Chair: Butler Derrick; Ranking Member: Trent Lott)
 Rules of the House (Chair: Joe Moakley; Ranking Member: Gene Taylor)
 Science and Technology (Chair: Don Fuqua; Ranking Member: Manuel Lujan Jr.)
 Energy Development and Applications (Chair: Don Fuqua; Ranking Member: Jim Sensenbrenner)
 Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment (Chair: James H. Scheuer; Ranking Member: Claudine Schneider)
 Energy Research and Production (Chair: Marilyn Lloyd; Ranking Member: Sid Morrison)
 Science, Research and Technology (Chair: Doug Walgren; Ranking Member: Sherwood Boehlert)
 Transportation, Aviation and Materials (Chair: Dan Glickman; Ranking Member: Tom Lewis)
 Investigations and Oversight (Chair: Harold Volkmer; Ranking Member: Ron Packard)
 Space Science and Applications (Chair: Bill Nelson; Ranking Member: Robert S. Walker)
 Small Business (Chair: Parren Mitchell; Ranking Member: Joseph M. McDade)
 SBA and SBIC Authority, Minority Enterprise and General Small Business Problems (Chair: Parren Mitchell; Ranking Member: Joseph M. McDade)
 General Oversight and the Economy (Chair: Nicholas Mavroules; Ranking Member: Silvio O. Conte)
 Antitrust and Restraint of Trade Activities affecting Small Business (Chair: Charles Floyd Hatcher; Ranking Member: Vin Weber)
 Energy, Environment and Safety Issues affecting Small Business (Chair: Charles W. Stenholm; Ranking Member: William S. Broomfield)
 Tax, Access to Equity Capital and Business Opportunities (Chair: Tom Luken; Ranking Member: John P. Hiler)
 Export Opportunities and Special Small Business Problems (Chair: Ike Skelton; Ranking Member: Andy Ireland)
 Standards of Official Conduct (Chair: Julian C. Dixon; Ranking Member: Floyd Spence)
 Veterans' Affairs (Chair: Gillespie V. Montgomery; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
 Oversight and Investigations (Chair: Sonny Montgomery; Ranking Member: Elwood Hillis)
 Hospitals and Health Care (Chair: Bob Edgar; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
 Education, Training and Employment (Chair: Tom Daschle; Ranking Member: Bob McEwen)
 Compensation, Pension and Insurance (Chair: Douglas Applegate; Ranking Member: Gerald B.H. Solomon)
 Housing and Memorial Affairs (Chair: Richard Shelby; Ranking Member: Chris Smith)
 Ways and Means (Chair: Dan Rostenkowski; Ranking Member: John J. Duncan)
 Trade (Chair: Sam Gibbons; Ranking Member: Phil Crane)
 Oversight (Chair: J.J. Pickle; Ranking Member: Richard T. Schulze)
 Select Revenue Measures (Chair: Charles Rangel; Ranking Member: Guy Vander Jagt)
 Health (Chair: Pete Stark; Ranking Member: Bill Gradison)
 Social Security (Chair: James Robert Jones; Ranking Member: Bill Archer)
 Public Assistance and Unemployment Compensation (Chair: Harold Ford Sr.; Ranking Member: Carroll A. Campbell Jr.)
 Whole

Joint committees

 Economic (Chair: Rep. David Obey; Vice Chair: Sen. James Abdnor)
 Taxation (Chair: Rep. Dan Rostenkowski; Vice Chair: Sen. Bob Packwood)
 The Library (Chair: Rep. Frank Annunzio; Vice Chair: Sen. Charles Mathias)
 Printing (Chair: Sen. Charles Mathias; Vice Chair: Rep. Frank Annunzio)

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors
 Architect of the Capitol: George M. White
 Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Freeman H. Cary, until 1986
 William Narva, from 1986
 Comptroller General of the United States: Charles A. Bowsher
 Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Rudolph G. Penner
 Librarian of Congress: Daniel J. Boorstin
 Public Printer of the United States: Ralph E. Kennickell Jr.

Senate
 Chaplain: Richard C. Halverson (Presbyterian)
 Curator: James R. Ketchum
 Historian: Richard A. Baker
 Parliamentarian: Bob Dove
 Secretary: Jo-Anne L. Coe
 Librarian: Roger K. Haley
 Secretary for the Majority: Howard O. Greene Jr.
 Secretary for the Minority: David Pratt
 Sergeant at Arms: Larry E. Smith, until June 3, 1985
 Ernest E. Garcia, from June 3, 1985

House of Representatives
 Chaplain: James David Ford (Lutheran)
 Clerk: Benjamin J. Guthrie
 Doorkeeper: James T. Molloy
 Historian: Ray Smock
 Reading Clerks: Meg Goetz (D) and Bob Berry (R)
 Parliamentarian: William H. Brown
 Postmaster: Robert V. Rota
 Sergeant at Arms: Jack Russ

See also
 List of new members of the 99th United States Congress
 1984 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
 1984 United States presidential election
 1984 United States Senate elections
 1984 United States House of Representatives elections
 1986 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
 1986 United States Senate elections
 1986 United States House of Representatives elections
 Related articles on a diagram

Notes

References

External links
 Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
 U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
 U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists

99th United States Congress


Svijet

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 11. siječnja  Franka Bačić,  hrvatska kazališna, televizijska i filmska glumica († 1989.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kazalište u 1914.


Erik Petersen (født 23. september 1939) er en dansk tidligere roer, der var en del af den båd, der vandt guld ved OL 1964 i firer uden styrmand.

Erik Petersen roede for Roforeningen Kvik, og han kom i 1963 i båd som toer med John Ørsted (etter), Kurt Helmudt (treer) og Bjørn Hasløv (stroke), efter at en otter var blevet splittet op; båden blev trænet af Poul Danning.

Båden viste sig første gang på den internationale scene, da den deltog i EM 1963 på hjemmebanen på Bagsværd Sø. Her lå båden i finalen i en klar vinderposition, men så knækkede Petersens åregaffel, og holdet måtte nøjes med en femteplads. Året efter var båden også på vinderkurs under EM i Amsterdam, men denne gang var Ørsted uheldig at fange en 'ugle', så båden gik kortvarigt i stå, hvorpå holdet måtte se Vesttyskland gå forbi og vinde guld; danskerne fik dog sølv ved denne lejlighed.

Ved OL i Tokyo vandt den danske båd sit indledende heat og var derfor direkte kvalificeret til finalen. Her lå båden i første del af løbet på en andenplads efter en hollandsk båd. Denne båd kunne dog ikke holde tempoet, hvorpå danskerne kom i spidsen. De var mod slutningen dog truet af den britiske og den amerikanske båd, men da danskerne satte spurten ind mod slutningen, holdt de briterne bag sig med en halv bådlængde og vandt i tiden 6:59,30 mod briternes 7:00:47 og amerikanernes 7:01:37. Ørsted, Helmudt, Hasløv og Petersen vandt dermed en af de to guldmedaljer, som Danmark vandt ved disse lege. Bådens præstation indbragte den hæder, idet Ekstra Bladet og B.T. begge ved årets afslutning udnævnte præstationen til årets bedste i dansk idræt.

Fireren holdt derpå pause i 1965, men vendte kortvarigt tilbage til eliten i 1966, inden Hasløv og Ørsted helligede sig deres civile karrierer. Petersen og Helmudt fortsatte med nye makkere, og var kvalificeret til OL 1968 i firer med styrmand sammen med Tom Hinsby, Poul Nielsen og Jørgen Tornbo. Båden kom imidlertid aldrig til at stille op, idet Hinsby var uheldig at pådrage sig en hjernerystelse i OL-landsbyen.. I 1970 sikrede fire af disse roere (uden styrmanden Tornbo) sig bronze ved VM.

I det civile liv var Erik Petersen rørlægger. Han fortsatte med at ro i Kvik i mange år og var i 2014 fortsat aktiv.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra København
Roere fra Danmark
Olympiske mestre fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1964

Erik Petersen (roer)