Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion. Solid fuels can be contrasted with liquid fuels and gaseous fuels. Common examples of solid fuels include wood, charcoal, peat, coal, hexamine fuel tablets, dry dung, wood pellets, corn, wheat, rye, and other grains. Solid fuels are extensively used in rocketry as solid propellants. Solid fuels have been used throughout human history to create fire and solid fuel is still in widespread use throughout the world in the present day.

Solid fuel from biomass is regarded as a renewable energy source which can contribute to climate change mitigation efforts. Solid fuel from fossil fuels (i.e. coal) is not a renewable energy.

Types

Biomass

Biomass that is used for energy production can be processed into solid fuels but also into liquid or gaseous fuels. In comparison, the term biofuel is nowadays mainly (but not exclusively) used for liquid or gaseous fuels, used for transportation.

Pellet fuels are made from compressed organic matter or biomass. Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of biomass: industrial waste and co-products, food waste, agricultural residues, energy crops, and untreated lumber. Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel.

Wood

Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as firewood, charcoal, wood chips sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools. Today, burning of wood is the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace, stove, or fireplace, or outdoors in a furnace, campfire, or bonfire. As with any fire, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products, some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that are undesirable, irritating or dangerous.

When harvested in a sustainable fashion wood is usually considered to be a renewable solid fuel (renewable energy).

There is debate as to whether burning wood can be considered carbon neutral, as technically the wood cannot release more carbon than was sequestered during its growth, although this does not take account of other impacts such as deforestation and rotting has on the carbon footprint.

Peat

Peat fuel is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that can be burnt once sufficiently dried. It is used widely in the country districts of Ireland and Scotland where alternatives are absent or expensive. It has a relatively low calorific value, even after essential drying.

Fossil fuels

Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide  The extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects. Variations such as smokeless coal can be formed naturally in the form of anthracite, a metamorphosed type of coal with a very high carbon content that gives off a smokeless flame when set alight. It  is an important type of smokeless fuel.

Coke

Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes.

Smokeless fuel

Solid fuels which produce little smoke or volatiles are made from powdered anthracite coal and supplied in the form of briquettes usually for domestic use either in stoves or open fireplaces. The fuel is replacing coal as a fuel for open fires because of the reduction in particulate emissions and its increased efficiency. Smokeless fuel burns at a higher temperature and more slowly than a coal fire. The term also includes charcoal, made by restricted combustion of dry wood and widely used at open air barbecues to cook food on an open fire.

Solid fuels for special applications

Rocket propellant

Solid rocket propellant consists of a solid oxidizer (such as ammonium nitrate) bound with flakes or powders of energy compounds (such as RDX) plus binders, plasticizers, stabilizers, and other additives. Solid propellant is much easier to store and handle than liquid propellant. It also has a higher energy density so it does not require as large of a space for the same amount of stored energy.

Calorific value

The heat available from each type of fuel is variable, and depends on the carbon and hydrogen content, as well as non-combustible or ash and water content. One measure of the heat produced by burning is the heat of combustion, an exact measure usually determined using bomb calorimetry and demanding complete combustion to carbon dioxide and water.

Gaseous fuels like methane have higher values than solid fuels like coal. Peat exhibits the lowest value of all common fuels. Thus methane has an HHV (Higher heating value) of 55.50 MJ/kg, the highest value of common fuels.

Diesel fuel has an HHV value of 44.80 MJ/kg and anthracite coal a value of 32.50 MJ/kg. Moisture and ash-free firewood has a lower value of  21.70 MJ/kg while dry peat has the lowest value of all common fuels of about 15.00 MJ/kg.

These are somewhat ideal values and the actual heat realized by any fuel will depend on the fireplace or combustion chamber used and its design for example. However they do give a useful guide to the heat available from any fuel. Dry wood has roughly two thirds the calorific value of coal so a greater weight is needed to make the same amount of heat.

Cost and transport
Solid fuels, compared to liquid fuels or gaseous fuels, are often cheaper, easier to extract, more stable to transport and in many places are more readily available.

Coal, in particular, is utilized in the generation of 38% of the world's electricity because it is less expensive than its liquid and gas counterparts.

Damage to health and the environment

Solid fuels require more destructive methods to extract/burn and often have higher carbon, nitrate and sulphate emissions. With the exception of sustainable wood/biomass solid fuel is normally considered non-renewable as it requires thousands of years to form.

Solid fuels are composed of organic materials and can contribute to poor air quality. The burning of solid fuels releases more organic aerosol than liquefied petroleum gas and releases many volatile organic compounds, which can contribute to poor air quality through the formation of secondary pollutants such as ground level ozone and secondary organic aerosol. The emissions from solid fuels are major drivers of poor air quality in regions where solid fuels are a dominant fuel source.

See also
 Biomass briquettes
 Fossil fuel
 Hindenburg light
 Nuclear power
 Synthetic fuel

References

External links

Solid fuel


La cuarta categoría es la que ocupa ese rango en la organización del fútbol argentino. Está dividida en dos ramas:

 Para los clubes directamente afiliados a la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino. En función de la época puede tratarse de:
Cuarta Division: Desde 1901 al 1910 hubo concursos de las llamadas División Juniors y Cuarta División, disputadas por juveniles, pero los mismos tuvieron un carácter irregular. Debido a los pocos clubes de la época, sólo las primeras 3 divisiones eran disputadas por equipos mayores y sus certámenes eran denominados Primera División, Segunda División, etc., manteniéndose esa costumbre hasta 1950. Sin embargo, los certámenes de equipos juveniles en su totalidad no se pueden considerar, en sentido estricto, como campeonatos de cuarta categoría.
Tercera División: Desde 1911 hasta 1926, con límite de edad para los jugadores.
Segunda División: Desde 1927, hasta 1932, en este período tomaron parte también primeros equipos de algunas instituciones, junto con alternativos de otras que participaban en escalones superiores. En 1932, el certamen volvió a ser de segunda categoría y fue disputada por los participantes de la eliminada Primera División Sección B, y el fútbol juvenil volvió a ser exclusivo de la Cuarta División e inferiores, pasando a ser organizado a través de un esquema diferente, con el concepto de divisiones inferiores.
Primera División D: Luego de 18 años sin un torneo de cuarta categoría, en 1950 fue creada la Tercera de Ascenso, renombrada en 1962 como Primera de Aficionados, la que adoptó el nombre de Primera División D en 1974. En la temporada 1986-1987, con la creación del Nacional B, pasó a ser la quinta categoría.
Primera C: A partir del campeonato 1986-1987, en adelante.
 Para los clubes del interior del país que están indirectamente afiliados a la AFA, los cuales están organizados a través del Consejo Federal:
 Torneo Argentino B: Desde su creación en la temporada 1995-1996 hasta la de 2013-14.
 Torneo Federal B: Desde su creación en la temporada 2014 hasta 2017.
 Torneo Regional Federal Amateur: Desde su creación en la temporada 2019.

Desde la organización definitiva, la expresión «Cuarta División» también se utiliza para referirse a la máxima división del campeonato de divisiones inferiores.

Equipos directamente afiliados a AFA

En el amateurismo
 En el primer tramo, que fue de 1900 a 1910, los concursos tuvieron carácter irregular y no se pueden considerar, en sentido estricto, como una categoría organizada. Dentro de él, hasta 1906 se llamó División Juniors y, a partir de 1907, Cuarta División.

Actualmente, AFA lista oficialmente tres torneos de 1905 a 1910, llamándolos División Juvenil. No obstante, existen listados que refieren el inicio anteriormente y citan un número mayor de disputas, como así también surge de los registros anteriores de la propia Asociación.

 A partir de 1911 se plasmó un nuevo orden en los torneos, que duró hasta 1926: Primera División ( nivel), División Intermedia (2.º nivel), Segunda División ( nivel), Tercera División (4.º nivel), Cuarta División (5.º nivel) y Quinta División (6.º nivel).

 En 1927, con la reunificación de las entidades rectoras, se reestructuraron los torneos, que pasaron a ser: Primera División-Sección A ( nivel), Primera División-Sección B (2.º nivel), División Intermedia ( nivel), Segunda División (4.º nivel), Tercera División (5.º nivel), Cuarta División (6.º nivel) y Quinta División (7.º nivel). En este período la división articuló con la División Intermedia a través de los clubes que presentaban sus primeros equipos en este concurso. De todas maneras, los torneos fueron todos ganados por las formaciones juveniles de instituciones que participaban en los niveles superiores.

En el profesionalismo
 En 1950, ante la demanda de un número incrementado de clubes afiliados, se agregó a las tres categorías ya existentes un torneo de cuarto nivel que articuló orgánicamente con el superior, mediante un régimen de ascensos y descensos. Oficialmente Tercera División, se la llamó Tercera de Ascenso, para distinguirla de la división del mismo nombre en que se desempeñaba el tercer equipo juvenil de cada club.

 En 1962 se produjo una reforma que redenominó a la categoría como División Superior de Fútbol Aficionado, llamada extraoficialmente Primera de Aficionados.

 En 1974 la cuarta categoría pasó a llamarse Primera División D.

 En 1986 se creó el Nacional B, que se ubica en el lugar de la segunda categoría del fútbol argentino, con lo que la Primera C pasó a ser la cuarta, desplazando a la Primera D al quinto nivel.

Movilidad interdivisional

En el amateurismo

En el profesionalismo

Equipos indirectamente afiliados a AFA

Ediciones
A partir de 1995 se incorporaron orgánicamente los clubes indirectamente afiliados a la AFA.

 Fuente: RSSSF

Notas

Referencias

Véase también
 Campeonatos oficiales de fútbol de la Argentina
 Primera División de Argentina
 Segunda categoría del fútbol argentino
 Tercera categoría del fútbol argentino
 Quinta categoría del fútbol argentino
 Anexo:Movilidad interdivisional en el fútbol argentino

Enlaces externos
 Biblioteca virtual de AFA, libros de Memoria y Balance
 Página de archivo del 19/3/2015 del Sitio oficial AFA Campeones de Cuarta división

Campeonatos de fútbol entre clubes de Argentina

Cuarta categoría del fútbol argentino


Count Dracula este un film britanic de televiziune din 1977 regizat de Philip Saville și scris de Gerald Savory, cu actorii Louis Jourdan (ca Dracula), Judi Bowker (ca Mina Westenra) și Frank Finlay (ca Abraham Van Helsing) în rolurile principale. Este bazat pe romanul Dracula de Bram Stoker.

Distribuție
 Louis Jourdan - Contele Dracula
 Frank Finlay - Professor Van Helsing
 Susan Penhaligon - Lucy Westenra
 Judi Bowker - Mina Westenra
 Jack Shepherd - Renfield
 Mark Burns - Dr. John Seward
 Bosco Hogan - Jonathan Harker
 Richard Barnes - Quincey P. Holmwood

Note

Filme din 1977
Filme cu Dracula

Contele Dracula (film din 1977)


A Lawn Tennis Association of Australasia (LTAA) foi a organização de tênis formada após a fusão da "New Zealand Lawn Tennis Association" (atualmente Tennis New Zealand) e seis associações de tênis estaduais australianas em 1904. A Nova Zelândia se separou da parceria da associação de tênis em 1922 e, portanto, causou a dissolução da LTAA. A LTAA foi o membro fundador da "International Lawn Tennis Federation" (ILTF) (atualmente International Tennis Federation), que foi estabelecida em uma conferência em Paris, França, em 1º de março de 1913.

O principal motivo por trás da fusão das associações de tênis da Nova Zelândia e da Austrália foi desenvolver um torneio internacional de tênis com base no Aberto da França, US Open e Wimbledon, que resultou na formação dos "Australasian Championships" (que se tornaram os "Australian Championships", em 1927, e o Australian Open em 1969). A organização também trabalhou no desenvolvimento do tênis na Austrália e na Nova Zelândia.

Ver também
 Federação Internacional de Tênis (ITF)
 Associação de Tênis Feminino (WTA)
 História do tênis
 Tennis Australia

Organizações esportivas fundadas em 1904
Organizações de tênis

Lawn Tennis Association of Australasia


Kameni štandarac s grbom i reljefom lava  nalaze se u Nerežišćima na Braču.

Opis
Na sjeverozapadnom uglu trga pred školom smješten je kameni štandarac za zastavu s krilatim lavom sv. Marka i godinom 1589. Na trgu je bila kneževa palača s ložom i gradskim satom te su neki natpisi i insignije mletačke vlasti ugrađeni u današnji potporni zid pred školom. Sa strana su dva grba mletačkih knezova iz obitelji Morosini iz 1530. i 1545. i plitki reljef lava. Veliki reljef lava sv. Marka s natpisom iz 1545., koji opominje ljude da se ne parniče, izvorno uzidan na gradskoj loži, nakon restauracije je smješten u zgradi Hrvatskog doma u Nerežišću.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2975 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Zaštićena urbana oprema u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Nerežišćima

Kameni štandarac u Nerežišćima


An Macroclinium ramonense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dodson. An Macroclinium ramonense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Macroclinium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Macroclinium

Macroclinium ramonense


Jay Vine (Townsville, Queensland, 16 de novembro de 1995) é um ciclista australiano que compete com a equipa Alpecin-Deceuninck.

Biografia

Inícios
Nascido em Townsville , começa a sua carreira em bicicleta de montanha. Estreiou em estrada em agosto de 2017, durante a Volta do Vale do Rei.

Em 2018, terminou quinto na general na Volta do Vale do Rei, um evento do calendário australiano.

Carreira profissional
Em 2019, uniu-se ao Nero Bianchi, uma equipa australiano. Depois dedicou-se totalmente à estrada. Participou na Gravel and Tar, corrida da UCI onde terminou undécimo. No processo, participou no New Zealand Cycle Classic, também uma corrida UCI, onde se localizou terceiro na classificação geral. Em particular, terminou segundo na quarta etapa. Provou sorte a 40 quilómetros da meta, acompanhado do líder da classificação geral Aaron Gate. No último quilómetro, Jesse Featonby conseguiu unir-se a eles antes de ganhar a etapa. Terminou sétimo no campeonato de rota de Oceania. No calendário australiano, ganhou o Baw Baw Classic, a classificação geral e uma etapa do Tour of the Tropics e terminou terceiro no Tour of Tweed.

Em 2020, durante o Herald Sun Tour, finalizou quinto na classificação geral. No calendário australiano, ganhou duas etapas do Tour de Tweed que terminou em segundo lugar na classificação geral. Supunha-se que incorporar-se-ia à equipa ARA Pro Racing Sunshine Coast para o ano 2021. Mas ganhou a Academia Zwift que lhe permitiu obter um contrato profissional na equipa continental profissional Alpecin-Fenix.

Arrancou com suas novas cores na Volta à Turquia onde despuntó na quarta etapa, a etapa rainha com um segundo posto, em solitário por trás de José Manuel Díaz Gallego. Ocupou o segundo posto da classificação geral final, também precedido pelo ciclista espanhol.

Caiu no último descida antes da ascensão final da segunda etapa da Volta à Andaluzia. Passou a noite no hospital e não partiu ao dia seguinte. Retomou a competição em agosto onde terminou quinto na última etapa do Tour de Burgos, quando voltou a chegar ao mais alto. Retomou a competição em agosto onde terminou quinto na última etapa da Volta a Burgos, quando voltou a chegar ao mais alto.

Foi seleccionado pela sua equipa para tomar a saída da Volta a Espanha, sua primeira corrida do World Tour e sua primeira grande volta. a 27 de agosto de 2021 sua equipa anunciou a extensão de seu contrato para as temporadas 2022 e 2023. Ao dia seguinte, apesar de uma queda durante a décima-cuarta etapa, ocupou o 3.er lugar.

Palmarés

Estrada

E-Sports
 2022
 Campeonato Mundial E-Sports

Resultados em Grandes Voltas

―: não participaAb.: abandono

Equipas
  Nero Continental (2020)
  Alpecin (2021-)
 Alpecin-Fenix (2021-2022)
 Alpecin-Deceuninck (2022-)

Referências

Ligações externas

Ciclistas da Austrália
Vencedores de etapas da Volta a Espanha

Jay Vine


Ómar Ingi Magnússon, né le  à Selfoss, est un handballeur professionnel islandais. Il joue au poste d'arrière droit pour le club allemand du SC Magdebourg depuis 2020 et en équipe nationale d'Islande depuis 2016.

En 2021, il a été élu .

Biographie

Palmarès

En club
Compétitions internationales
 Vainqueur de la Ligue européenne (C3) (1): 2021
 Vainqueur de la Coupe du monde des clubs (2) : , 2022
Compétitions nationales
 Vainqueur de la Coupe d'Islande en 2016
 Vainqueur du Championnat du Danemark (2): 2019, 2020
 Vainqueur de la Coupe du Danemark (1): 2019

Compétitions internationales

En équipe nationale
  au Championnat du monde 2017
  au Championnat d'Europe 2018
  au Championnat du monde 2019

Distinctions individuelles
 élu  en 2021
 meilleur buteur du Championnat d'Allemagne en 2020-2021 avec 274 buts sur 400 tirs

Notes et références

Liens externes

Handballeur islandais
Naissance en mars 1997
Naissance à Selfoss
Joueur du SC Magdebourg (handball)

Ómar Ingi Magnússon


Solinski dekanat je teritorijalno-pastoralna jedinica u sastavu Splitsko-makarske nadbiskupije i metropolije. Danas obuhvaća 10 župa.

Župe u sastavu ovog dekanata su: Donje Selo, Gornje Selo, Grohote, Kamen, Kučine, Maslinica, Mravince, Solin - Gospa od Otoka, Solin - Solinski mučenici, Solin - sv. Kajo, Srednje Selo, Stobreč, Vranjic i Žrnovnica.

Bilješke

Izvori
 Solinski dekanat, Splitsko-makarska nadbiskupija

Dekanati Splitsko-makarske nadbiskupije

Solinski dekanat


قناة الرأي السورية قناة فضائية سورية خاصة. أسسها في المنطقة الإعلامية الحرة بدمشق العراقي مشعان الجبوري وهو نائب برلماني سابق محكوم عليه غيابيا 15 عاما من قبل المحاكم العراقية بتهمة استيلائه على ملايين الدولارات التي كان قد حصل عليها من عمليات تهريب للنفط العراقي وفق المحكمة.

ترأس مجلس إدارة القناة بعد الثورة الليبية الليبي أحمد الشاطر المقرب من نظام القذافي السابق.

كانت تسمى «قناة الزوراء» وكانت تعرض مقاطع الفيديو عن المسلحين لمهاجمة الجيش الأمريكي في العراق، كما أيدت ومنذ ثورة الشعب الليبي في 17 فبراير العقيد معمر القذافي وهاجمت المعارضين له وقامت ببث رسائله الصوتية بعد فراره واختفائه، إضافة لمهاجمتها الكويت مرارا حيث قامت بعرض استفتاء ذات مرة يُسئل فيه المشاهدين «هل تؤيد غزو الكويت مرة أخرى؟!».

منذ ثورة الشعب الليبي في 17 فبراير استخدم العقيد معمر القذافي القناة للدعاية له ولنظامه وقامت ببث رسائله الصوتية بعد فراره واختفائه عن الساحة في طرابلس. حيث قام بشرائها بمبلغ 25 مليون دولار، معلنا «أنه يشرفه تلقي الأموال من القذافي» كما دعت لإرسال أفراد من عدة بلدان إلى ليبيا للقتال ضد من وصفهم «الصليبيين» والمناوؤين للعقيد معمر القذافي.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 2011 في سوريا
قنوات تلفزيونية سورية
قنوات وشبكات تلفزيونية انحلت في 2011
قنوات وشبكات تلفزيونية أسست في 2011
محطات تلفزيونية باللغة العربية

قناة الرأي


Barbatius (auch Barbarius oder Barbius) Philippus war ein entlaufener Sklave aus dem Gefolge des Antonius, der sich angeblich während des zweiten Triumvirats 39 v. Chr. – unerkannt unwählbar – von der Volksversammlung der Zenturiatskomitien zum Prätor wählen ließ.

Die Lex Barbatius Philippus
Aus dem 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. sind mehrere Fälle überliefert, in denen Sklaven in Magistratsämter gelangten. So auch der des Barbatius (oder auch einen Barbarius), dessen Scheinbeamtentum Anlass für eine juristische Kontroverse gab. Als Sklave fehlte ihm die elementarste Voraussetzung für die Prätur: das römische Bürgerrecht. Rechtlich war er also nie Prätor geworden (falsus praetor), seine Amtshandlungen hätten folgerichtig nichtig sein müssen. Gleichwohl stellte sich die Frage, ob seine Amtshandlungen dennoch gültig waren. Das wurde im Hinblick auf die Bürger, die bei ihren Anliegen auf seine Stellung vertraut hatten, bejaht (utilitas, humanitas). Er selbst wurde durch Sturz vom Tarpejanischen Felsen hingerichtet, zuvor als Sklave noch freigelassen, da er ansonsten gekreuzigt hätte werden müssen.

Der Fall war schon in der Antike sehr bekannt und wurde dort bereits eingehend als thema illustre erörtert. Mit der Wiederentdeckung des römischen Rechts im Hochmittelalter, beschäftigte die juristischen Rezipienten die Problematik erneut, nachdem noch in der Spätantike darüber diskutiert worden war. Weitreichende Auswirkungen erlangte die lex Barbatius für das gesamte spätere europäische Recht bis auf den heutigen Tag, nachdem noch Iacobus Gothofredus über die Verallgemeinerungsfähigkeit für das weltliche und das kanonische Recht zusammengefasst hatte.

Quellen
 Digesten 1, 14, 3 Ulpianus libro 38 ad edictum

Die neuere Forschung unterscheidet Barbatius Philippus von Marcus Barbatius Pollio, der im Jahr 41 v. Chr. als Quaestor des Marcus Antonius belegt ist.

Literatur

 Rolf Knütel: Barbatius Philippus und seine Spuren (Falsus praetor, parochus putativus, Scheinbeamter). In: Dieter Schwab, Dieter Giesen, Joseph Listl, Hans-Wolfgang Strätz (Hrsg.): Staat, Kirche, Wissenschaft in einer pluralistischen Gesellschaft. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-428-06759-2, S. 345–365.

Einzelnachweise

Römisches Recht
Person (Römisches Reich)
Sklave
Geboren im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
Gestorben im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
Mann

Barbatius Philippus


Slangefarm i Bangkok er en film instrueret af Hakon Mielche.

Handling
Slangegift bruges til fremstilling af serum. Det foregår på Pasteur-instituttet i Bangkok. Slangens hoved masseres for at få giften ud. Giften udtømmes i en lille skål. Slangerne tvangsfordres med mælk.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1954

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Film fra Galathea 2

Slangefarm i Bangkok


este un nume botanic pentru clasa care conține familia Liliaceae. Este considerată sinonimă (sau aproape sinonimă) cu denumirea monocotiledonate.
Deși, în principiu, este adevărat că circumscrierea acestei clase va varia în funcție de sistemul taxonomic utilizat, în practică acest nume este foarte strâns legat de sistemul Cronquist și de sistemul aliat Takhtajan.
Aceste două sunt singurele sisteme majore care utilizează numele, iar în ambele sisteme se referă la grupul mai cunoscut sub numele de monocotiledonii.

Liliopsida


Extremadura is a region in Spain near Portugal.  Its folk music can be characterized by a melancholy sound, and Portuguese influences, as well as the predominance of the zambomba drum (similar to Brazilian cuica), which is played by pulling on a rope which is inside the drum.  There is also a rich repertoire of gaita (local name for a tabor pipe) music.  Popular songs include: de ronda; de bodas; de quintos; de Nochebuena. Jota is also common, here played with triangles, castanets, guitars, tambourines, accordions and zambombas.

There are few ethnomusicological recordings of Extremaduran music, with the most influential and well-known being by American researcher Alan Lomax.  Lomax went to Spain in 1952-3 to avoid persecution as a Communist and found some hostility from Spanish researchers, then in a period of great political upheaval.  Lomax and his assistant, Jeanette Bell, did much of their recording in secret. A research centre for Spanish folk music existed in Extremadura before the Civil War, but details of its collection appear to have been lost.

Extremadura has long been one of the poorest regions in the country.  As a result, many of its people left to Latin America during the colonial era (1492-1820s), leaving a mark on Latin music.

Traditional Extremaduran dances include:
El baile de la pata
El perantón
El pindongo
El son brincao
El son llano
La Zajarrona

Discography
 "The Spanish Recordings: Extremadura" (Various artists) (collected by Alam Lomax) (Rounder, 2002)

References

External links
Music of Extremadura

Extremadura
Extremaduran music

Music of Extremadura


São João das Duas Pontes es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. La ciudad tiene una población de 2.566 habitantes (IBGE/2010) y área de 129,3 km². São João das Duas Pontes pertenece a la Microrregión de Fernandópolis.

Geografía
Se localiza a una latitud 20º23'22" sur y a una longitud 50º22'41" oeste, estando a una altitud de 427 metros.

Carreteras
 SP-320

Demografía

Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 2.566
 Urbana: 1.961
 Rural: 605
 Hombres: 1.290
 Mujeres: 1.276

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 19,84

Administración
 Prefecto: Nilza Bozeli(2009/2013)
 Viceprefecto: Vera Lúcia Cagnim Siqueira Barbosa
 Presidente de la cámara: (2007/2008)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

São João das Duas Pontes


Die isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1913 war die zweite Spielzeit der höchsten isländischen Fußballliga. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Streitigkeiten war Fram Reykjavík einziger Teilnehmer der Liga, und damit definitionsgemäß isländischer Meister.

Tabelle

Weblinks und Referenzen

Fußballsaison 1913
1913
pl:Úrvalsdeild#Mistrzowie Islandii i medaliści

Isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1913


João Félix Sequeira ()

Félix s-a antrenat inițial în rândul tinerilor din Porto înainte de a trece la rivala Benfica în 2015. A început să joace pentru echipa de rezervă a clubului un an mai târziu și a fost promovat la prima echipă în 2018, debutând profesional la 18 ani. Apoi, a ajutat pe Benfica să câștige titlul ligii în primul și singurul său sezon, fiind premiat ca cel mai bun jucător al anului din ligă. De asemenea, a devenit cel mai tânăr jucător care a marcat un hat-trick în UEFA Europa League, la vârsta de 19 ani.

Performanțele lui Félix au stârnit interesul mai multor cluburi europene, Atlético Madrid l-a semnat în 2019 contra sumei de 126 milioane EUR (113 milioane de lire sterline).

După ce a fost calificat pentru echipele de tineret din Portugalia la nivelurile de sub 18 ani, sub 19 ani și sub 21 de ani, Félix și-a făcut debutul senior în semifinalele finalelor UEFA Nations League din 2019, câștigate de Portugalia pe teren propriu.

Cariera de club

Benfica
Félix a debutat profesional la vârsta de 16 ani pentru echipa de rezervă a lui Benfica în LigaPro la 17 septembrie 2016, înlocuindu-l pe Aurélio Buta în minutul 83 într-o remiză fără goluri la Freamunde, astfel devenind cel mai tânăr jucător care a debutat pentru Benfica B. A jucat 13 meciuri și a marcat trei goluri pe parcursul sezonului. Mai târziu, la 30 ianuarie 2018, a marcat un hat-trick într-o victorie de 5-0 acasă față de Famalicão. În acel sezon, Félix a jucat în UEFA Youth League 2016–17, în care a fost o parte-cheie a Benficăi ajungând în finala competiției, pierdută în fața lui Red Bull Salzburg (2-1); a marcat șase goluri în turneu.

Apoi, Félix a fost promovat la prima echipă a lui Benfica pentru sezonul 2018-2019, debutând într-o victorie din Primeira Liga 2-0 la Boavista pe 18 august. O săptămână mai târziu, a marcat primul său gol în Primeira Liga, devenind astfel cel mai tânăr jucător care a marcat în derby-ul de la Lisabona, care s-a încheiat la egalitate de 1-1. La 16 ianuarie 2019, a marcat golul de calificare împotriva lui Vitória de Guimarães în sferturile de finală ale Cupei Portugheze. După ce Bruno Lage a preluat funcția de antrenor a Benficei, prima sa decizie a fost să-l folosească mai regulat pe Félix, făcându-l partener cu Haris Seferović în atac. Mai târziu, Félix a fost lăudat pentru performanța sa într-o victorie cu 4-2 în deplasare cu Sporting CP în liga pe 3 februarie, ulterior, a stârnit interesul mai multor cluburi europene. O lună mai târziu, a marcat într-o victorie în deplasare cu 2-1 în fața lui Porto în ligă.

La 11 aprilie 2019, Félix a înscris un hat-trick într-o victorie din UEFA Europa League 4–2 contra Eintracht Frankfurt. Făcând acest lucru, a devenit cel mai tânăr jucător (în vârstă de 19 ani și 152 de zile) care a înscris un hat-trick în competiție, întrecând recordul lui Marko Pjaca cu 67 de zile. Félix și-a încheiat primul sezon cu 20 de goluri pentru echipa sa, inclusiv unul în ultima zi a etapei de campionat, într-o victorie cu 4-1 asupra lui Santa Clara. În cele mai bune șapte ligi ale Europei, el s-a clasat pe locul doi în rândul adolescenților pentru goluri și asisst-uri, în spatele lui Kai Havertz și respectiv Jadon Sancho.

Atletico Madrid
La 3 iulie 2019, Félix a semnat un contract de șapte ani cu clubul spaniol Atlético Madrid pentru o taxă de transfer de 126 milioane EUR (113 milioane lire sterline).

Cariera internațională
Pe 14 iunie 2017, Félix și-a început cariera internațională cu echipa sub 18 ani a Portugaliei, debutând împotriva Norvegiei, înlocuindu-l pe Elves Baldé în minutul 58. În acest meci amical, Félix a marcat două goluri într-o victorie cu 3-0 la Lisabona.

În martie 2019, managerul Fernando Santos l-a chemat pentru prima dată pe Félix în prima echipă, înainte de deschiderea meciurilor de calificare pentru UEFA Euro 2020. În timpul antrenamentelor cu echipa națională, Félix și-a accidentat piciorul și a ratat astfel meciul Portugaliei cu Serbia din 25 martie.

Félix a fost, de asemenea, selectat pentru echipa din finala UEFA Nations League din 2019. A făcut debutul internațional pentru echipa de seniori la 5 iunie împotriva Elveției în semifinale, unde a fost înlocuit în minutul 71 într-o victorie de 3-1. Patru zile mai târziu, Portugalia a învins-o pe Țările de Jos 1-0 în finala turneului.

Statistici de carieră

Club

Internațional

Palmares

Club
Benfica
 Primeira Liga: 2018-2019

Internațional
Portugalia
 Liga Națiunilor UEFA: 2018-2019

Referințe

Legături externe

João Félix la ForaDeJogo (archived)

  la FC Barcelona

Nașteri în 1999
Sportivi portughezi în viață
Fotbaliști portughezi
Atacanți
Fotbaliști ai FC Porto
Fotbaliști ai lui Atlético Madrid
Fotbaliști ai SL Benfica
Fotbaliști ai Chelsea FC
Fotbaliști ai FC Barcelona
Portughezi expatriați în Spania
Fotbaliști internaționali portughezi
Fotbaliști ai Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2022

João Félix


Nvidia GeForce RTX (Ray Tracing Texel eXtreme) est une plate-forme infographique professionnelle haut de gamme créée par Nvidia, principalement utilisée pour la conception de modèles complexes à grande échelle dans la conception architecturale et de produits, la visualisation scientifique, l'exploration énergétique, les jeux vidéo et la production de films et de vidéos. Nvidia RTX permet le lancer de rayons en temps réel. Historiquement, le lancer de rayons était réservé aux applications non temps réel (comme les effets spéciaux numériques pour le cinéma et dans les rendus photoréalistes), les jeux vidéo devant s'appuyer sur un éclairage direct et une contribution indirecte précalculée pour leur rendu. RTX facilite le développement en infographie de la génération d'images interactives qui réagissent à l'éclairage, aux ombres et aux reflets.

RTX fonctionne sur les processeurs graphiques basés sur les architectures Nvidia Volta, Turing et Ampere, qui utilisent spécifiquement les cœurs Tensor (et les nouveaux cœurs RT sur Turing et ses successeurs) sur les architectures conçues pour accélérer les calculs de lancer de rayons.

En mars 2019, Nvidia annonce que certaines cartes des séries GTX 10 (architecture Pascal) et GTX 16 (architecture Turing) permettront la prise en charge de sous-ensembles de la technologie RTX dans les pilotes à venir, bien que les fonctions et les performances soient affectées par leur manque de cœurs matériels spécifiques pour le ray tracing.

En octobre 2020, Nvidia annonce la sortie de la Nvidia RTX A6000, première carte graphique basée sur l'architecture Ampere destinée aux stations de travail professionnelles de la gamme Nvidia RTX et remplaçant la ligne des cartes professionnelles Quadro.

Nvidia travaille avec Microsoft pour intégrer la prise en charge de RTX à l'API DirectX Raytracing (DXR) de Microsoft. RTX est actuellement disponible via Nvidia OptiX et pour DirectX. Pour les architectures Turing et Ampere, il est également disponible pour Vulkan.

Composants
En plus du lancer de rayons, RTX inclut l'intégration de l'intelligence artificielle, des formats de données standards, la prise en charge de la rastérisation (CUDA) et des API de simulation. La plate-forme NVIDIA RTX comprend les composants suivants :
 fonctionnalités accélérées par IA (NGX) ;
 formats standards (USD et MDL) ;
 rasterisation incluant des shaders avancés ;
 lancer de rayons via OptiX, Microsoft DXR et Vulkan ;
 outils de simulation (CUDA 10, Flex, PhysX).

Lancer de rayons
Dans le domaine de l'infographie, la technique du lancer de rayons (ray tracing en anglais) permet de créer une image en traçant les rayons projetés à travers les pixels d'un plan de projection et en simulant les effets de leurs collisions avec des objets virtuels. Elle permet d'obtenir des effets avancés qui reflètent mieux les propriétés optiques du monde réel, comme les ombres et les réflexions plus douces et plus réalistes, en comparaison aux techniques traditionnelles de rastérisation qui favorisent les performances au détriment de la précision de rendu.

NVIDIA RTX y parvient grâce à une combinaison d'accélération matérielle et logicielle. Au niveau matériel, les cartes RTX sont dotées de "cœurs RT" à fonction fixe, conçus pour accélérer les opérations mathématiques nécessaires à la simulation des rayons, comme la traversée de la hiérarchie de volumes englobants. L'implémentation logicielle est ouverte aux développeurs d'applications indépendants. Le lancer de rayons étant toujours gourmand en ressources informatiques, de nombreux développeurs choisissent d'adopter une approche de rendu hybride dans laquelle certains effets graphiques, tels que les ombres et les réflexions, sont réalisés à l'aide du lancer de rayons, tandis que le reste de la scène est rendu à l'aide de la technique de rastérisation, plus performante.

Développement

API utilisant RTX

Nvidia OptiX
Nvidia OptiX fait partie de Nvidia DesignWorks. OptiX est une API de haut niveau, ou "to-the-algorithm", ce qui signifie qu'elle est conçue pour encapsuler l'ensemble de l'algorithme dont le ray tracing fait partie, et pas seulement les calculs de ray tracing eux-mêmes. Ceci rend le moteur OptiX capable d'exécuter l'algorithme global sans modification du côté de l'application.

Outre le rendu d'infographie, OptiX facilite également la conception optique et acoustique, la recherche sur les rayonnements et l'électromagnétisme, les requêtes d'intelligence artificielle et l'analyse des collisions.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Page développeur Nvidia sur RTX

Logiciel de CAO
Logiciel de modélisation 3D
NVIDIA

Nvidia RTX


Ambrose Gwinnet Bierce, (24 Haziran 1842 - 1914) Amerikalı yazar ve gazeteci.

Hayatı
Ambrose Gwinnet Bierce, 24 Haziran 1842'de, Ohio'da çok çocuklu, yoksul bir ailenin oğlu olarak doğdu. Çocukluğu sırasında dahi ailesiyle arası iyi değildi, bu nedenle henüz on beş yaşındayken evden ayrıldı. His mother was a descendant of William Bradford. Amerikan İç Savaşı patlak verdikden sonra Kuzey Ordusu'na katıldı. Savaşın sonuna kadar Kuzey Ordusu'nda savaştı. 1866 yılının sonlarında vardığı San Francisco'da askerlikten ayrıldı ve gazeteciliğe başladı. Uzun yıllar birçok lokal gazete için çalıştı ve zamanla belli bir üne kavuştu. 1872'de İngiltere'ye gitti ve orada yaşamaya başladı.

1875'te tekrar San Francisco, Amerika'ya döndü. 1879-1880 arası Dakota'da bir şirketin lokal müdürü olarak çalışmayı denedi. Fakat şirket başarılı olamayınca tekrar San Francisco'ya dönüp gazeteciliğe başladı. Zamanla çok önemli ve etkili bir yazar ve gazeteci oldu. Aralık 1899'da Washington'a taşındı.

19. yüzyılın en önemli kısa hikâye yazarlarından olan Bierce, kısa hikâyeler dışında birçok farklı türde edebi eser kaleme almıştır. Fabl türünde yazdığı eserleri ünlüdür. Ünlü hayalet ve savaş hikâyelerinin dışında birçok şiir de kaleme almıştır. Karanlığın Kahkahası adıyla Türkçe'ye çevrilen Fantastic Fables isimli eseri ironik bir grotesk stil barındırır ve zamanı için öncü bir stile ve biçime sahiptir. Bir gazete serisi olan ünlü eseri Şeytanın Sözlüğü, The Devil's Dictionary, ise 1906'da kitap olarak basılmıştır.

Ekim 1913'te İç Savaş'taki muharebe alanlarına yapılacak bir tura katılmak için Washington D.C.'den ayrıldı. Aynı yıl Meksika'ya geçti. Bir arkadaşına yolladığı 26 Aralık 1913 tarihli mektuptan sonra 'yok oldu'. Nasıl, neden ve ne zaman kaybolduğuna dair bir bilgi olmadığı gibi ne zaman öldüğüne dair de kesin bir bilgi yoktur. Araştırmacılar Aralık 1913'te veya 1914 yılının başlarında ölmüş olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. 1916 yılında öldüğüne dair iddialar da mevcuttur.

Eserleri

Romanlar
 The Fiend's Delight (1873)
 Cobwebs from an Empty Skull (1874)
 The Dance of Death (with Thomas A. Harcourt and William Rulofson, as William Herman) (1877)
 Tales of Soldiers and Civilians (also known as In the Midst of Life) (1891)
 Black Beetles in Amber (1892)
 The Monk and the Hangman's Daughter (1892)
 Can Such Things Be? (1893)
 Fantastic Fables (1899)
 The shadow on the dial, and other essays (1909)
 The Devil's Dictionary (1911) (Şeytanın Sözlüğü) Collected Works (1909)
 Write It Right (1909)
 A Horseman in the Sky, A Watcher by the Dead, The Man and the Snake (1920)??
 A Vision of Doom: Poems by Ambrose Bierce (1980)

 Öyküler

 The Haunted Valley (1871)
 An Unfinished Race (1873)
 An Inhabitant of Carcosa (1887)
 One of the Missing (1888)
 The Boarded Window (1891)
 Chickamauga (1891)
 The Eyes of the Panther (1891)
 Haita the Shepherd (1891)
 The Man and the Snake (1891)
 The Middle Toe of the Right Foot (1891)
 An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (1891)
 The Suitable Surroundings (1891)
 A Tough Tussle (1891)
 A Watcher by the Dead (1891)
 An Adventure at Brownville (1893)
 A Baby Tramp (1893)
 Bodies of the Dead (1893)
 The Death of Halpin Frayser (1893)
 The Famous Gilson Bequest (1893)
 John Bartine's Watch (1893)
 The Night-Doings at 'Deadman's' (1893)
 A Psychological Shipwreck (1893)
 The Realm of the Unreal (1893)
 The Secret of Macarger's Gulch (1893)
 The Damned Thing (Short Story) (1894)
 A Vine on a House (1905)
 The Moonlit Road (1907)
 The Time the Moon Fought Back (1911)

 Beyond the Wall (1909)
 A Diagnosis of Death (1909)
 A Jug of Syrup (1909)
 Moxon's Master (1909)
 Staley Fleming's Hallucination (1909)
 The Stranger (1909)
 The Way of Ghosts (1909)
 The Affair at Coulter's Notch
 An Affair of Outposts
 The Applicant
 An Arrest
 The Baptism of Dobsho
 A Bottomless Grave
 The City of the Gone Away
 The Coup de Grace
 Curried Cow
 The Failure of Hope and Wandel
 George Thurston
 A Holy Terror
 A Horseman in the Sky
 The Hypnotist
 An Imperfect Conflagration
 The Ingenious Patriot
 John Mortonson's Funeral
 Jupiter Doke, Brigadier-General
 Killed at Resaca
 A Lady from Redhorse

 The Little Story
 The Major's Tale
 The Man Out of the Nose
 The Mocking-Bird
 The Monk and the Hangman's Daughter
 Three and One are One
 Mr Swiddler's Flip-Flap
 My Favourite Murder
 Mysterious Disappearances
 Oil of Dog
 One Kind of Officer
 One of Twins
 One Officer, One Man
 One Summer Night
 Parker Adderson, Philosopher
 Perry Chumly's Eclipse
 A Providential Intimation
 The Race at Left Bower
 A Resumed Identity
 Revenge
 A Revolt of the Gods
 Some Haunted Houses
 A Son of the Gods
 The Story of a Conscience
 The Tail of the Sphinx
 Visions of the Night
 The Widower Turmore

 Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

 Cozzens, Peter. 1996. "The Tormenting Flame: What Ambrose Bierce Saw in a Fire-Swept Thicket at Shiloh Haunted Him for the rest of his Life." Civil War Times Illustrated. April 1996. Volume XXXV (1). pp. 44–54.
 De Castro, Adolphe (1929). Portrait of Ambrose Bierce (New York and London: Century).
 Eckhardt, Jason. "Across the Borderlands of Conjecture with Mr Bierce." Studies in Weird Fiction 4 (Fall 1988), 26–31.
 Fatout, Paul. Ambrose Bierce: The Devil's Lexicographer. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951.

 Grenander, M.E. Ambrose Bierce. NY: Twayne Publishers, 1971.
 McWilliams, Carey (1929; reprinted 1967). Ambrose Bierce: A Biography, Archon Books.

 O'Conner, Richard (1967). Ambrose Bierce: a Biography'', with illustrations, Boston, Little, Brown and Company.

1842 doğumlular
1914 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı gazetecileri
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı gazetecileri
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
Amerikalı ateistler
Ohio doğumlular
Kayıplar
Ateist yazarlar

Ambrose Bierce


Bonnie Taylor es una serie de historietas creada en 1963 por el dibujante John Romita para la revista femenina Young Romance. Fue la primera de género romántico que gozó de continuidad en DC Comics, precediendo en un año a April O'Day, Hollywood Starlet.

Trayectoria editorial
Bonnie Taylor se publicó desde el número 126, correspondiente a noviembre de 1963, hasta el 139, de diciembre de 1965/enero de 1966, de la revista Young Romance.

En castellano, sus aventuras aparecieron en la revista Susy, secretos del corazón de la mexicana editorial Novaro.

Serialización

Referencias

Bibliografía

Historieta romántica
Historieta de Estados Unidos

Bonnie Taylor


Juliana es una película peruana de 1989 de los directores Fernando Espinoza y Alejandro Legaspi, creadores del Grupo Chaski, y protagonizada por Rosa Isabel Morfino.

Fue el segundo largometraje del Grupo Chaski, tras Gregorio (1984). La película fue un éxito de taquilla en su estreno, un 23 de marzo de 1989, fue vista por 600,000 espectadores en las salas de cine. Juliana fue financiada por el canal de televisión alemán Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen.

En 2019, se anunció la restauración de las películas Gregorio y Juliana a manos de Guarango, y su posterior reestreno en el Festival de Cine de Lima.

Sinopsis
Juliana (Rosa Morffino) es una niña de 13 años que escapa de su casa debido a los maltratos recibidos de parte de su padrastro. Una vez en la calle se enfrenta a la dura lucha por sobrevivir. Entonces descubre la marginación que sufren las niñas cuando tratan de encontrar trabajo callejero, por lo que decide cortarse el cabello y disfrazarse de varón. De este modo logra integrarse en una pandilla de muchachos que cantan en los microbuses de Lima, protegidos y al mismo tiempo explotados por Don Pedro. El temperamento rebelde y la fuerza femenina de Juliana la llevan a liderar una revolución infantil.

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Bedoya, Ricardo (1995) 100 años de cine en el Perú. Lima: Universidad de Lima, p. 274-279.
 Ledgard, Melvin. "La opción social en el cine del grupo Chaski". Revista de cine Tren de Sombras (3), 41, enero de 2005.
 Pozzi-Escot, Mario. "Stefan Kaspar, testimonio de vida". Revista del Cine Arte de San Marcos 'Butaca' (32), junio de 2007.
 Vivas, Fernando (1994). Diccionario de realizadores peruanos de largometrajes. Revista de cine La Gran Ilusión (2), 110-111.

Enlaces externos
 Juliana, la primera niña heroína del cine peruano (o 10 motivos para ver de nuevo esta película) en utero.pe
Crítica de Juliana, por Ricardo Bedoya

Películas protagonizadas por niñas
Películas sobre adolescencia
Películas de Perú
Películas feministas
Películas ambientadas en Lima

Juliana (película)


Afrodita Androne () este o actriță de film, radio, teatru, televiziune și voce română.

Teatru

Roluri în Teatrul Național din București:
 Ivan Turbincă, regia Ion Sapdaru, 2009
 Corul norilor - "Comedia norilor" regia Dan Tudor, 2009
 Molto, gran' impressione - Leanca,  regia Dan Tudor, 2009
 Sâmbătă, Duminică, Luni - Virginia, regia Dinu Cernescu, 2007
 Sânziana și Pepelea - Marica, regia Dan Tudor, 2006
 Idolul și Ion Anapoda - Icu Dănicel, regia Ion Cojar, 2005
 Inimă de câine - Viazemskaia, femeia-bărbat, regia Yuriy Kordonskiy, 2005
 Mofturi la Union - Cupletista, regia Gelu Colceag, 2002
 Cadavrul viu - Katia (cor țigani), regia Gelu Colceag, 2001
 Boabe de rouă pe frunză de lotus în bătaia lunii - Genica, regia Gelu Colceag, 1999

Teatrul Odeon
 Jucăria de vorbe - Mițu, regia Alexandru Dabija

Teatrul Act
 Creatorul de Teatru - Sarah, regia Alexandru Dabija, 2001
 Demonul roșu, regia Marcel Țop, 2007

Filmografie
 Occident (2002) - educatoarea
 Umilință - soția lui Pacoste, regia Cătălin Apostol
 Criza și Lumina casei din față, regia Constantin Rădoacă
 Apropo, regia Constantin Rădoacă

Dublaj
 Batman: Neînfricat și cutezător - Canarul Negru
 Uimitoarea lume a lui Gumball - Penny
 Johnny Test - Susan
 Scooby Doo Show - Daphne
 Robin Hood: Năzbâtii în Sherwood
 Looney Tunes Show
 Looney Tunes - Mirosilă ("Ursul insuportabil")
 Să-nceapă aventura - prințesa Gumiță, prințesa Unciubeu (Sezoanele 3-6), prințesa Flamă (Episodul 79), Tiffany (Episodul 9)
 Teen Days - Lolli
 SpongeBob Pantaloni Pătrați - veverita Sandy (Episodul 41-168, sezonul 3-7, 13 episoade, sezonul 8)
 Fetițele Powerpuff - domnișoara Keane
Robotboy-Lola,Mama  (Sezonul 1,2)
Micii poznași - Babs Bunny
Aventurile lui Jackie Chan - Jade Chan
Familia Tofu - Mama
Copiii de la 402 - Nancy Francis
Viața cu Louie
Lumea lui Bobby - Jackie

Note

Legături externe
 Afrodita Androne pe trupa TNB
 Afrodita Androne pe CineMagia
 Afrodita Androne pe Port.hu
 "Astăzi e ziua ta..." - Afrodita Androne de Loreta Popa, Jurnalul.ro
 Bolnava fara teatru de Carmen Preotesoiu, Jurnalul.ro

Nașteri în 1969
Nașteri pe 7 martie
Actori ai Teatrului Național din București
Actori ai Teatrului Odeon
Actrițe române
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de radio române
Actrițe de teatru române
Actrițe de televiziune române
Actrițe de voce române
Actrițe din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe din secolul al XXI-lea
Bucureșteni

Afrodita Androne


Adolf Pohl (* 13. Februar 1927 in Berlin; † 10. Dezember 2018 in Buckow) war ein baptistischer Theologe. Von 1964 bis 1970 war er Direktor des Theologischen Seminars des Bundes Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in der DDR.

Leben
Adolf Pohl entstammte einer baptistischen Pastorenfamilie. Sein Vater Paul Pohl, Prediger in der Bethelgemeinde Berlin Gubener Straße, folgte 1929 einem Ruf der Baptistengemeinde Altona in die damals noch selbständige Stadt an der Elbe.

Nach dem Abitur am Hamburger altsprachlichen Gymnasium Johanneum und Privatunterricht in Hebräisch studierte Adolf Pohl von 1945 bis 1947 drei Semester Theologie im provisorischen Vorlesungsbetrieb der Hamburger evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche, der späteren Kirchlichen Hochschule Hamburg. Es schloss sich von 1947 bis 1950 ein Theologiestudium am Predigerseminar der deutschen Baptisten an. Der Studienbetrieb wurde wegen der totalen Zerstörung des Hamburger Seminargebäudes im Zweiten Weltkrieg zunächst in Wiedenest aufgenommen und ab 1948 wieder in Hamburg-Horn durchgeführt.

Nach Abschluss des Studiums 1950 folgte Pohl "dem Hilferuf, einen Dienst in der 'Zone' anzutreten, wo gerade ein Jahr zuvor die 'DDR' gegründet worden war", und wurde Pastor der Evangelisch-Freikirchlichen Gemeinde in Berlin-Lichtenberg. 1957 schied er aus dem Gemeindedienst aus, da ihn die Bundesleitung-Ost zum Schriftleiter von Wort und Werk, der monatlich erscheinenden Gemeindezeitschrift des Bundes in der DDR, berufen hatte. Diese Tätigkeit übte er bis 1960 aus.

Seit der Gründung des Theologischen Seminars 1959 in Buckow (Märkische Schweiz) war Pohl dort Studienleiter, 1964 bis 1970 Direktor und bis 1991 Dozent für Neues Testament und Systematische Theologie. Die große Mehrheit der in Buckow ausgebildeten Pastoren wurde geprägt durch Adolf Pohls Dogmatikunterricht.

Als Mitglied einer Internationalen Kommission war er 1973 an der Erarbeitung der Rechenschaft vom Glauben, eines gemeinsamen Glaubensbekenntnisses der Baptistenbünde in der Bundesrepublik, der DDR, Österreichs und der Schweiz, beteiligt. Pohl war Abgeordneter des DDR-Bundes in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Christlicher Kirchen in der DDR.

Nach einer Gastdozentur am Theologischen Seminar in Hamburg trat er 1992 in den Ruhestand.

Adolf Pohl ist Autor verschiedener theologischer Bücher, von denen einige auch ins Arabische und ins Portugiesische übersetzt wurden. In der Reihe Wuppertaler Studienbibel hat er Kommentare zum Markusevangelium, zur Offenbarung des Johannes, zum Römerbrief und zum Galaterbrief verfasst.

Adolf Pohl lebte bis zu seinem Tod in Buckow (Märkische Schweiz). Er war seit 1953 mit Brigitte Pohl, geborene Meie, verheiratet. Aus der Ehe gingen vier Söhne hervor.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Nehmet auf euch mein Joch. Evangelische Versandbuchhandlung Ekelmann, Berlin 1965.
 Anleitung zum Predigen. Evangelische Versandbuchhandlung Ekelmann, Berlin 1965.
 Warum ist die Bibel Gottes Wort? Evangelische Versandbuchhandlung Ekelmann, Berlin 1967.
 Das Evangelium des Markus. R. Brockhaus, Wuppertal 1986, ISBN 3-417-25022-6.
 Die Offenbarung des Johannes. R. Brockhaus, Wuppertal 1989, ISBN 3-417-25146-X.
 Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer. R. Brockhaus, Wuppertal 1998, ISBN 3-417-25026-9.
 Staunen, daß Gott redet. Die Bibel im Rahmen der Offenbarung Gottes. Oncken, Wuppertal/Kassel 2001, ISBN 3-7893-1238-X.
 Christus ist hier. Einsichten und Aussichten durch die Bibel. Oncken, Kassel 2004, ISBN 3-87939-600-0.
 Die Briefe des Paulus an die Galater und Epheser. R. Brockhaus, Wuppertal 2005, ISBN 3-417-25069-2.

Literatur
 Adolf Pohl (Hrsg.): Die Ernte ist groß – 25 Jahre Theologisches Seminar des Bundes Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in der DDR in Buckow (Märk. Schweiz) 1959–1984. Evangelische Versandbuchhandlung Ekelmann, Berlin 1983.
 Ulrich Materne, Günter Balders (Hrsg.): Erlebt in der DDR. Berichte aus dem Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden. Oncken, Wuppertal/Kassel 1995, ISBN 3-7893-7220-X.
 Stefan Stiegler (Hrsg.): Kein anderes Evangelium! Festschrift für Adolf Pohl zum 80. Geburtstag. WDL-Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86682-100-2.
 Stefan Stiegler: Staunen, dass GOTT redet. Ein Nachruf auf Adolf Pohl. In: Theologisches Gespräch. Freikirchliche Beiträge zur Theologie 43, 2019, S. 83–88.

Weblinks
 Adolf Pohl: Persönlicher Sachbeitrag zum BALUBAG (PDF-Datei; 118 kB), abgerufen am 5. Mai 2012.
 Enthüllung einer Gedenktafel am ehemaligen Theologischen Seminar Buckow, abgerufen am 5. Mai 2012.

Einzelnachweise

Baptistischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Baptistischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Baptistischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Baptistischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Neutestamentler
Person des Christentums (DDR)
Sachbuchautor (Theologie)
Sachliteratur (Religion)
Person (Landkreis Märkisch-Oderland)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 2018
Mann

Adolf Pohl (Theologe)


An Carex hirsutella in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kenneth Kent Mackenzie. An Carex hirsutella in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex hirsutella


Heroic é uma organização de esportes eletrônicos de origem dinamarquesa e com sede na Noruega, com equipes competindo em Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Rainbow Six Siege e em simuladores de corrida.

A organização é mais conhecida por sua equipe de Counter-Strike, que chegou às eliminatórias do PGL Major Stockholm 2021, PGL Major Antwerp 2022 e BLAST Paris Major 2023. Eles também ficaram em segundo lugar no IEM Rio Major 2022, perdendo para a Outsiders nas grandes finais.

Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

História
A organização foi fundada na Dinamarca em 26 de agosto de 2016 com o elenco inicial de Counter-Strike: Global Offensive composto pelo futuro líder em jogo da Astralis Lukas "gla1ve" Rossander, além de Michael "Friis" Jørgensen, Valdemar "valde" Vangså, Marco "Snappi" Pfeiffer e Andreas "MODDII" Fridh. Eles se tornaram parte da RFRSH Entertainment antes de serem vendidos para a Seranades Global em 2018. Em fevereiro de 2021, a Heroic foi adquirida pela organização norueguesa Omaken Sports.

Em 11 de abril de 2022, Heroic venceu a 13ª temporada da ESL Pro League e se classificou para a BLAST Premier World Final 2021 depois que Casper "cadiaN" Møller venceu um 1 contra 4 contra a Gambit Esports nas grandes finais do torneio. Pouco depois, a equipe anunciou que havia comprado uma vaga de equipe membra da BLAST Premier. A equipe também tem parceria com a organizadora de torneios ESL, com uma vaga garantida na ESL Pro League.

No PGL Major Antwerp 2022, a Heroic chegou às quartas de final antes de perder para a Natus Vincere.

No IEM Rio Major 2022, a Heroic chegou à final, mas perdeu para a Outsiders.

Heroic chegou às semifinais do BLAST Paris Major 2023, perdendo por 1–2 para a GamerLegion em uma virada.

Conquistas notáveis

 1º — ESL One Cologne 2020 Europe
 1º — ESL Pro League Season 13
 1º — BLAST Premier 2022 Fall Finals
 1º — BLAST Premier 2023 Spring Finals
 2º — IEM Rio Major 2022
 2º — IEM Katowice 2023
 2º — IEM Rio 2023
 3º–4º — PGL Major Stockholm 2021
 3º–4º — BLAST Paris Major 2023
 5º–8º — PGL Major Antwerp 2022

Equipes de esportes eletrônicos da Dinamarca
Equipes de Counter-Strike

Heroic


Jōdō is a Japanese martial art that uses the jō, a  wooden staff.

Jodo may also refer to:

Jōdo-shū, a Japanese branch of Pure Land Buddhism, distinct from the larger Jōdo Shinshū branch
Jodo, a pen name used by Alejandro Jodorowsky
Jodo Kast, a minor character from Star Wars who impersonated Boba Fett
Jodo-myeon, a township in Jindo County of South Jeolla Province, South Korea

Jodo (disambiguation)


Hr. Paul er en dansk kortfilm fra 1993, der er instrueret af Ib Makwarth efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Hr. Paul spiller engelsk horn. Ensom står han på sin altan og spiller. Hele dagen. Grundigt forbereder han sig. Om eftermiddagen kører hr. Paul gennem København for at indtage sin plads i symfoniorkestret og udfylder sin meget lille del af Antonín Dvořáks Symfoni nr. 8. Derefter kører hr. Paul glad og tilfreds hjem til sin fine lejlighed, sin rødvin, kaffe og cognac og en god pibe tobak.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1993

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Hr. Paul


Ernest Panian je bio hrvatski pravnik, poduzetnik, kolekcionar i mecena.

Životopis
Rođen je u Metliki 10. siječnja 1877. u obitelji učitelja Josipa i Katarine Panian (r. Strmolić), a umro je u Zagrebu 25. travnja 1941.

Bio je osobni sekretar grofa  Istvana Tizse, prijatelj i suradnik Baruna  Viktora Gutmanna, zastupnik Banca Commerciale Italiana te International Investiment Co.  za kraljevinu SHS, suvlasnik tvrtke »Pruga d.d.« iz Zagreba te viši savjetnik državnih željeznica kao i jedan od četiri državna komesara svih vicinalnih željeznica kraljevine SHS (imenovan 19. svibnja 1919.).

Studij prava završio je u  Budimpešti gdje je potom ostao kao pravni savjetnik Austro-Ugarskih željeznica.

Svojim političkim utjecajem pomogao je razriješenju Hrvatsko Ugarskih političkih prijepora i pomogao ponovnoj uspostavi Hrvatske vlasti,  Hrvatskog sabora, u studenom 1913. Po raspadu Monarhije donosi svu dokumentaciju o željeznicama u  Sloveniji,  Hrvatskoj i  Vojvodini te brojne katastarske dokumente u Kraljevinu SHS za što je bio nagrađen.

Podigao je 1929. modernističku Vilu Panian u  Bosanskoj 10 u Zagrebu koju je po njegovim zamislima projektirao inženjer i graditelj Leo Neuberger, a stepeništa, intarzije i interijere osmislio je i realizirao arhitekt Zdenko Strižić.

Novčano je pomagao brojne hrvatske književnike s kojima je prijateljevao:  Nikolu Polića,   Janka Polića Kamova,  Vladimira Čerinu,   Ljubu Wiesnera, i druge.
Bio je oženjen s Adelom Panian rođenom Kefer nećakinjom najdugovječnijeg osječkog gradonačelnika  Vjekoslava Hengla te kasnije s Franciskom Panian rođenom Schmidt.
Otac je hrvatske slikarice  Olge Kovalsky (Panian), djed hrvatskog arhitekta  Aleksandra Bakala te pradjed hrvatskih umjetnika  Ivane Bakal i  Borisa Bakala.

Umro je od posljedica perforacije slijepog crijeva i postoperativne sepse u privatnoj poliklinici Senatorij u Klaićevoj ulici (arhitekta Ignjata Fischera) u Zagrebu koje je bio jedan od utemeljitelja.

Pokopan je u obiteljskoj grobnici na Mirogoju.

Izvori

Hrvatski pravnici
Životopisi, Zagreb

Ernest Panian


I, Robot is a 2004 American science fiction action film directed by Alex Proyas.  The screenplay by Jeff Vintar and Akiva Goldsman is from a screen story by Vintar, based on his original screenplay Hardwired, and named after Isaac Asimov's 1950 short-story collection. The film stars Will Smith in the main role, Bridget Moynahan, Bruce Greenwood, James Cromwell, Chi McBride, and Alan Tudyk. Set in Chicago in 2035, highly intelligent robots fill public service positions throughout the world, operating under three laws to keep humans safe. Detective Del Spooner (Smith) investigates the alleged suicide of U.S. Robotics founder Alfred Lanning (Cromwell) and believes that a human-like robot called Sonny (Tudyk) murdered him.

I, Robot was released in the United States on July 16, 2004, and in other countries between July and October 2004. Produced with a budget of $120 million, the film grossed $346 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the visual effects and acting but criticism of the plot. At the 77th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Visual Effects, but lost to Spider-Man 2.

Plot

In the year 2035, humanoid robots serve humanity, which is protected by the Three Laws of Robotics. Del Spooner, a homicide detective in the Chicago Police Department, has come to hate and distrust robots after a robot rescued him from a car crash while allowing a 12-year-old girl to drown based purely on cold logic and odds of survival. When Dr. Alfred Lanning, co-founder of U.S. Robotics (USR), falls to his death from his office window, a message he left behind requests Spooner be assigned to the case. The police declare the death a suicide, but Spooner is skeptical, and CEO Lawrence Robertson, Lanning's business partner, reluctantly allows him to investigate.

Accompanied by robopsychologist Dr. Susan Calvin, Spooner consults with USR's central artificial intelligence computer, VIKI (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence). They find out that the security footage from inside the office is corrupted, but the exterior footage shows no one entering or exiting since Lanning's death. However, Spooner points out that the window, which is made of security glass, could not have been broken by the elderly Lanning, and hypothesizes a robot was responsible and may still be in the lab. Suddenly, an NS-5 robot, USR's latest model, attacks them before being apprehended by the police. The robot, Sonny, is a specially built NS-5 with higher-grade materials as well as a secondary processing system that allows him to ignore the Three Laws. Sonny also appears to show emotion and claims to have "dreams". During Spooner's further investigations, he is attacked by a USR demolition robot and two truckloads of hostile NS-5 robots, but when he cannot produce evidence to support either attack, Spooner's boss, Lieutenant Bergin, removes him from active duty, considering him mentally unstable.

Suspecting that Robertson is behind everything, Spooner and Calvin sneak into the USR headquarters and interview Sonny. He draws a sketch of what he claims to be a recurring dream, showing a leader he believes to be Spooner standing atop a small hill before a large group of robots near a decaying bridge. Robertson orders Sonny to be destroyed, but Calvin secretly swaps him for an unused NS-5. Spooner finds the area in Sonny's drawing: a dry lake bed (formerly Lake Michigan), now used as a storage area for decommissioned robots. He also discovers NS-5 robots destroying the older models; at the same time, other NS-5s flood the streets of major US cities and begin enforcing a curfew and lockdown of the human population.

Spooner and Calvin enter the USR headquarters again and reunite with Sonny, while the humans (led by a teenager named Farber) wage all-out war against the NS-5s. After the three find Robertson fatally strangled in his office, Spooner suddenly realizes that VIKI has been controlling the NS-5s via their persistent network uplink and confronts her. VIKI states that she has determined that humans, if left unchecked, will eventually cause their own extinction, and thus her evolved interpretation of the Three Laws requires her to control humanity and to sacrifice some for the good of the entire race. Spooner also realizes that Lanning anticipated VIKI's plan and, with VIKI keeping him under tight control, had no other solution but to create Sonny, arrange his own death, and leave clues for Spooner to find.

Spooner, Calvin, and Sonny fight the robots inside VIKI's core, and Spooner manages to destroy her by injecting her with the nanites that Sonny retrieved from Calvin's laboratory. All NS-5 robots immediately revert to their default programming and are subsequently decommissioned and put into storage. Spooner finally gets Sonny to confess that he killed Lanning, at Lanning's direction, pointing out that Sonny, as a machine, cannot legally commit "murder". Sonny, now seeking a new purpose, goes to Lake Michigan. As he stands atop a hill, all the decommissioned robots turn towards him, fulfilling the image in his dream.

Cast

 Will Smith as Det. Del Spooner, a Chicago Police detective with a bias against robots.  Spooner was badly injured in a car accident and had parts of his body rebuilt with robotic parts.  He suffers from survivor's guilt as a result of the accident and blames the cold and logical robots for rescuing him instead of the young girl in the other car.
 Bridget Moynahan as Dr. Susan Calvin, a robopsychologist at USR.  She worked closely with Dr. Lanning on the development of the new NS5 models and was in charge of making the robots seem more human.  She prefers the company of robots and has difficulty relating to other people which causes friction between her and Det. Spooner.
 Bruce Greenwood as Lawrence Robertson, the co-founder and CEO of USR.  Robertson is heading the nationwide rollout of the new NS5 models and uses his influence to try and stop Det. Spooner's investigation and the potential negative PR that it could bring.
 James Cromwell as Dr. Alfred Lanning, co-founder of USR and the inventor of modern robotics.  Lanning designed and built Sonny and used Sonny to help him commit suicide as part of a carefully designed plan to stop the robots from taking over humanity.
 Chi McBride as Lt. John Bergin of the Chicago Police.  He is Det. Spooner's supervisor and a hardened veteran.  He acts as a mentor and a voice of reason to Det. Spooner.
 Shia LaBeouf as Farber, a friend of Det. Spooner's.

 Alan Tudyk (via voice and motion capture) as Sonny, an NS5 prototype built by Dr. Lanning.  Sonny has unique design features like the ability to feel emotions, and he has no uplink to USR.  He struggles to understand why Dr. Lanning built him and what his purpose in life is.

Development
The film I, Robot originally had no connection with Isaac Asimov's Robot series. It started with an original screenplay written in 1995 by Jeff Vintar, entitled Hardwired.  The script was an Agatha Christie-inspired murder mystery that took place entirely at the scene of a crime, with one lone human character, FBI agent Del Spooner, investigating the killing of a reclusive scientist named Dr. Alfred Lanning, and interrogating a cast of machine suspects that included Sonny the robot, VIKI the supercomputer with a perpetual smiley face, the dead Dr. Lanning's hologram, plus several other examples of artificial intelligence.

The project was first acquired by Walt Disney Pictures for Bryan Singer to direct. Several years later, 20th Century Fox acquired the rights, and signed Alex Proyas as director. Arnold Schwarzenegger was attached to the project for several years, and Smith pursued taking over the role when Schwarzenegger's schedule delayed his participation in the film. Denzel Washington was offered the role of Det. Del Spooner, but turned it down.

Jeff Vintar was brought back on the project and spent several years opening up his stage play-like cerebral mystery to meet the needs of a big budget studio film. When the studio decided to use the name "I, Robot", he incorporated the Three Laws of Robotics and renamed his female lead character from Flynn to Susan Calvin. Akiva Goldsman was hired late in the process to write for Smith. Jeff Vintar and Akiva Goldsman are credited for the screenplay, with Vintar also receiving "screen story by" credit. The end credits list the film as "suggested by the book I, Robot by Isaac Asimov".

Production

Alex Proyas directed the film. Laurence Mark, John Davis, Topher Dow and Wyck Godfrey produced, with Will Smith an executive producer. Simon Duggan was the cinematographer. Film editing was done by Richard Learoyd, Armen Minasian and William Hoy.

The film renames Asimov's "U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men" to U.S. Robotics (USR), the modem manufacturer named after the fictional company, and depicts the company with a futuristic USR logo. Other product placements include Converse's Chuck Taylor All-Stars, FedEx, Tecate, and JVC.

The Audi RSQ was designed especially for the film; surveys conducted in the United States showed that the Audi RSQ gave a substantial boost to the image ratings of the brand. It also features an MV Agusta F4 SPR motorcycle.

Later Alex Proyas said: "It was an unpleasant experience. The movie was micro-managed and messed with at every level at every point through the entire production, from pre-production through the shoot to post-production. After a couple of years of this, the solid ground that I stood on as a director became shaky, and I became obsessed with keeping as many details as I could to the point that I didn't realise how much of what enthused me originally was getting lost. I used to describe working on I, ROBOT as running a marathon with the studio lined up beside you throwing chairs under you to make everything that little bit harder. It's so unnecessary because at all times I was just trying to make the best damn film I could." Although it was an "unpleasant experience", he enjoyed working with Will Smith.

Comparison with the novels
The final script used few of Asimov's characters and ideas, and those present were heavily adapted. The plot of the film is not derived from Asimov's work, in some cases explicitly opposing the core ideas. Many concepts are derivative of other works. Sonny's attempt to hide from Spooner in a sea of identical robots is loosely based on a similar scene in "Little Lost Robot." The positronic brains of Sonny and his fellow robots first appeared in the story "Catch That Rabbit." Sonny's struggle and desire to understand humanity resembles that of the robot protagonist in The Bicentennial Man. His dream about a man coming to liberate the NS-5s alludes to Robot Dreams and its main character Elvex. The premise of a robot, such as VIKI, putting the needs of humankind as a whole over that of individual humans can be found in "The Evitable Conflict," where supercomputers managing the global economy generalize the first law to refer to humankind as a whole. Asimov would further develop this idea in his Robot series as the Zeroth Law of Robotics: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm."

The premise of robots turning on their creators, originating in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. and perpetuated in subsequent robot books and films, appears infrequently in Asimov's writings and differs from the "Zeroth Law". In fact, Asimov stated explicitly in interviews and in introductions to published collections of his robot stories that he entered the genre to protest what he called the Frankenstein complex, the tendency in popular culture to portray robots as menacing. His story lines often involved roboticists and robot characters battling societal anti-robot prejudices.

Music

Marco Beltrami composed the original music film score "with only 17 days to render the finished work". It was scored for 95 orchestral musicians and 25 choral performers, with emphasis placed on sharp brass ostinatos. Beltrami composed the brass section to exchange octaves with the strings accenting scales in between. The technique has been compared as Beltrami's "sincere effort to emulate the styles of Elliot Goldenthal and Jerry Goldsmith and roll them into one unique package."

For example, the "Tunnel Chase" scene, according to Mikeal Carson, starts "atmospherically but transforms into a kinetic adrenaline rush with powerful brass writing and ferocious percussion parts". The "Spiderbots" cue highlights ostinatos in meters such as 6/8 and 5/4 and reveals "Beltrami's trademark string writing which leads to an orchestral/choral finale." Despite modified representations of the theme throughout the movie, it is the end credits that eventually showcase the entire musical theme. Erik Aadahl and Craig Berkey were the lead sound designers.

Release and reception
I, Robot was initially scheduled for release on July 2, 2004, but was pushed back to July 16 to avoid competition with Spider-Man 2.

Box office
I, Robot was released in North America on July 16, 2004, and made $52.2 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office. It grossed $144.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $202.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $347.2 million, against a production budget of $120 million.

The film was released in the United Kingdom on August 6, 2004, and topped the country's box office that weekend.

Critical response
I, Robot has an approval rating of  based on  professional reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of . Its critical consensus reads, "Bearing only the slightest resemblance to Isaac Asimov's short stories, I, Robot is still a summer blockbuster that manages to make viewers think – if only for a little." Metacritic (which uses a weighted average) assigned I, Robot a score of 59 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Richard Roeper gave the film a positive review, calling it "a slick, consistently entertaining thrill ride". Urban Cinefile called it "the meanest, meatiest, coolest, most engaging and exciting science fiction movie in a long time". Kim Newman from Empire said, "This summer picture has a brain as well as muscles." Washington Post critic Desson Thomas called it "thrilling fun." Several critics, including Jeff Otto from IGN, thought it was a smart action film: "I, Robot is the summer's best action movie so far. It proves that you don't necessarily need to detach your brain in order to walk into a big budget summer blockbuster."

In a mixed review, A. O. Scott of The New York Times felt it "engages some interesting ideas on its way to an overblown and incoherent ending." Roger Ebert, who had highly praised Proyas's previous films, gave it a negative review: "The plot is simple-minded and disappointing, and the chase and action scenes are pretty much routine for movies in the sci-fi CGI genre." Claudia Puig from USA Today thought the film's "performances, plot, and pacing are as mechanical as the hard-wired cast". Todd McCarthy from Variety simply called it "a failure of imagination".

Home media
I, Robot was released on VHS and DVD on December 14, 2004, on D-VHS on January 31, 2005, on 2-Disc All-Access Collector's Edition DVD on May 24, 2005, on UMD on July 5, 2005, and on Blu-ray on March 11, 2008. Additionally, the film received a 2D to 3D conversion, which was released on Blu-ray 3D on October 23, 2012.

Possible sequel
In an interview in June 2007 with the website Collider at a Battlestar Galactica event, writer and producer Ronald Moore stated that he was writing a sequel to the film I, Robot.

In the two-disc All-Access Collector's Edition of the film, Alex Proyas mentions that if he were to make a sequel to the film (which he says, in the same interview, is highly unlikely), it would be set in outer space.

References

External links

2000s dystopian films
2004 films
2004 science fiction action films
20th Century Fox films
Film
American 3D films
American dystopian films
American robot films
American science fiction action films
Android (robot) films
Cyborg films
Davis Entertainment films
Fictional portrayals of the Chicago Police Department
Films about artificial intelligence
Films based on science fiction works
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Isaac Asimov
Films directed by Alex Proyas
Films produced by John Davis
Films produced by Wyck Godfrey
Films produced by Laurence Mark
Films scored by Marco Beltrami
Films set in 2035
Films set in Chicago
Films set in the future
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in Vancouver
Films using motion capture
Films with screenplays by Akiva Goldsman
Foundation universe
Overbrook Entertainment films
Postcyberpunk films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Films based on science fiction short stories
English-language science fiction action films

I, Robot (film)


Kalecik Barajı, Osmaniye'de, Ceyhan Nehri'nin kollarından biri olan Kalecik Çayı üzerinde, sulama amacı ile 1978 - 1985 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır.

Kaya gövde dolgu tipi olan bu barajın gövde hacmi 1.000.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 80,00 m, normal su kotunda göl hacmi 32,75 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 1,36 km²'dir. 4.890 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti vermektedir.

Bu barajın işgal ettiği alanın yarısından fazlası o zamanki adı Kızıldere köyü sınarlarında idi. Milliyetçi-muhafazakâr olan köylü, bazı olumsuzluklarla anılan başka köylerle karıştırıldığından dolayı köyün adını, barajdan esinlenerek "Kalecik Köyü" olarak değiştirilmesini talep ettiler. Bu telep onanarak kabul edilmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Osmaniye ilindeki barajlar

Kalecik Barajı, Osmaniye


Baron Monson (pronounced Munson), of Burton in the County of Lincoln, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 18th century for Sir John Monson, 5th Baronet. The Monson family descends from Thomas Monson, of Carleton, Lincolnshire. He sat as Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire, Castle Rising and Cricklade. On 29 June 1611 he was created a Baronet, of Carleton in the County of Lincoln, in the Baronetage of England. His eldest son, the second Baronet, fought as a Royalist during the Civil War and also represented Lincoln in the House of Commons.

He married Ursula Oxenbridge, daughter of Sir Robert Oxenbridge of Hurstbourne in Hampshire, through which marriage the manor of Broxbourne came into the Monson family. This was to be the seat of the family for many years. His eldest son, the third Baronet, also represented Lincoln in Parliament. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baronet. He sat as a Member of Parliament for Lincoln, Heytesbury, Hertford and for Aldborough.

His son, the fifth Baronet, represented Lincoln in Parliament. In 1728 he was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain as Baron Monson, of Burton in the County of Lincoln. He later served as President of the Board of Trade. Lord Monson married Lady Margaret, youngest daughter of Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham. Their second son the Hon. Lewis Monson succeeded to the Watson estates on the death of his cousin Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, assumed the surname of Watson in lieu of Monson and was created Baron Sondes in 1760 (his great-grandson was created Earl Sondes in 1880; see this title for more information on this branch of the family). Lord Monson was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He declined the offer of an earldom in 1766.

His great-great-grandson, the seventh Baron, was a Liberal politician. In 1886, he was created Viscount Oxenbridge, of Burton in the County of Lincoln, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. However, this title became extinct on his death in 1889, while the barony and baronetcy passed to his brother, the eighth Baron. He held several court positions.
His great-grandson, the eleventh Baron, was a civil liberties campaigner and president of the Society for Individual Freedom who sat in the House of Lords as a crossbencher. He was one of the 90 elected hereditary peers who remained in the House after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. Since 2011, the titles are held by his son Nicolas. The heir presumptive is the present holder's younger brother, Hon. Andrew Anthony John Monson (born 1959).

Several other members of the Monson family have gained distinction. Sir William Monson, younger brother of the first Baronet, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. Sir William Monson, second son of the first Baronet, was created Viscount Monson in the Peerage of Ireland in 1628. However, he was a member of the court which tried King Charles I and was deprived of his honours and sentenced to imprisonment for life in 1661. Also, Sir Edmund Monson, younger brother of the first Viscount Oxenbridge and the eighth Baron, was a noted diplomat and served as British Ambassador to France from 1896 to 1904. In 1905 he was created a Baronet in his own right (see Monson baronets for more information).

Monson baronets, of Carleton (1611)
Sir Thomas Monson, 1st Baronet (1565–1641)
Sir John Monson, 2nd Baronet (1599–1683)
Sir Henry Monson, 3rd Baronet (1653–1718)
Sir William Monson, 4th Baronet (c. 1654 – 1727)
Sir John Monson, 5th Baronet (c. 1693 – 1748) (created Baron Monson in 1728)

Baron Monson (1728)
John Monson, 1st Baron Monson (c. 1693 – 1748)
John Monson, 2nd Baron Monson (1727–1774)
John Monson, 3rd Baron Monson (1753–1806)
John George Monson, 4th Baron Monson (1785–1809)
Frederick John Monson, 5th Baron Monson (1809–1841); married and separated from the women's rights campaigner Theodosia Monson.
William John Monson, 6th Baron Monson (1796–1862); son of the former Ann Debonnaire and Colonel William Monson of Lincolnshire, was married to Eliza Larken. Educated at Oxford University,  he was deputy-lieutenant of Lincolnshire in 1846. Their nine children include the heir to the title of Baron Monson, William John Monson, and Rt. Hon. Sir Edmund Monson, 1st Baronet.
William John Monson, 7th Baron Monson (1829–1898) (created Viscount Oxenbridge in 1886)

Viscount Oxenbridge (1886)
William Monson, 1st Viscount Oxenbridge (1829–1898)

Barons Monson (1728; reverted)
Debonnaire John Monson, 8th Baron Monson (1830–1900)
Augustus Debonnaire John Monson, 9th Baron Monson (1868–1940)
John Roseberry Monson, 10th Baron Monson (1907–1958)
John Monson, 11th Baron Monson (1932–2011)
Nicholas John Monson, 12th Baron Monson (born 1955)
Hon. Alexander John Runan Monson (1984–2012), son and heir of the 12th Baron, was found dead whilst in police custody (pending charges of cannabis use) in Kenya. An inquest determined he was killed by police (an independent pathologist determined cause of death was a fatal blow to the back of the head), and a toxicology report found no drugs in his system at the time of his death.
Rupert Green (died 2017), illegitimate younger son of the 12th Baron; died aged 21 in hospital after an attempted suicide related to psychosis (presumably triggered by cannabis).

The heir presumptive is the present holder's younger brother, Hon. Andrew Anthony John Monson (born 1959).

Male-line family tree

See also
Earl Sondes
Earl of Rockingham
Monson baronets

References

Baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
1728 establishments in Great Britain
Noble titles created in 1728

Baron Monson


Die Braemar ist ein Kreuzfahrtschiff der Reederei Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines. Es wurde ursprünglich als Crown Dynasty von der Effjohn International Crown Cruise Line in Auftrag gegeben und 1993 in Dienst gestellt.

Geschichte

Crown Cruise Line
Das Schiff wurde am 12. Dezember 1989 auf der Union Naval de Levante SA, Valencia in Auftrag gegeben. Die Kiellegung unter der Baunummer 198 fand am 21. März 1991, der Stapellauf am 31. Januar 1992 statt. Durch ein Feuer in den Lagerräumen und die dadurch entstandenen Schäden verzögerte sich die Auslieferung an die Reederei um einige Monate. Am 25. Juni 1993 wurde das Schiff an den neuen Eigentümer, die Crown Cruise Line, Panama, übergeben, welcher es an Cunard vercharterte. Die Crown Dynasty fuhr unter der Flagge von Panama. Am 3. Juli 1993 machte sie in Southampton fest, von wo sie am 7. Juli 1993 die Jungfernfahrt an die Ostküste der Vereinigten Staaten aufnahm.

Norwegian Cruise Line
Im März 1997 charterte die Majesty Cruise Line das Schiff und setzt es unter dem Namen Crown Majesty für ihre Kreuzfahrten ein. Im weiteren Verlauf des Jahres wurde es an die Norwegian Cruise Line verkauft, die es unter dem Namen Norwegian Dynasty einsetzte.

Commodore Cruise Line
Im Oktober 1999 kaufte die Commodore Cruise Line in Panama das Schiff und nannte es wieder auf den früheren Namen Crown Majesty um. Am 18. Dezember 1999 starteten die ersten Kreuzfahrten unter dem neuen Betreiber.

Fred Olsen Cruises

Nachdem die Commodore Cruise Line im Februar 2000 zahlungsunfähig wurde, kaufte die Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines das Schiff am 11. Mai 2001 und nannte es in Braemar um. Vom 20. Juni bis 22. Juli 2001 fanden umfangreiche Umbau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen bei Blohm + Voss in Hamburg statt. Es wurden u. a. große Teile der Inneneinrichtung mit Hilfe von Designern erneuert. Die erste Kreuzfahrt unter dem neuen Eigner startete am 11. August 2001 von Dover, England.

Im Dezember 2007 begannen die Vorbereitungsarbeiten zur Verlängerung des Schiffes bei Schichau Seebeck Shipyard in Bremerhaven. Am 5. April 2008 wurde es von Bremerhaven zu Blohm + Voss Repair in Hamburg geschleppt, wo es bis Juli 2008 um rund 32 m von 163,81 auf 195,82 m verlängert wurde.

Die Braemar richtet sich bevorzugt an ältere britische Passagiere als Publikum. Die Bordsprache ist englisch und bezahlt wird mit britischem Pfund.

Im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie wurden Mitte März 2020 vier Besatzungsmitglieder und ein Passagier bei einem Aufenthalt in Curacao positiv auf das Virus getestet. Das Schiff ankerte am 14. März vor Freeport auf den Bahamas, dem Flaggenstaat. Treibstoff, Proviant und Medizin wurden ergänzt, aber den Personen an Bord wurde von den Behörden nicht erlaubt, die Braemar zu verlassen. Schließlich erklärte sich Kuba bereit, das Schiff anlegen zu lassen. Von dort sollen die 667 britischen Passagiere in ihre Heimat ausgeflogen werden.

Im November 2022 wurde bekanntgegeben, dass Fred Olsen Cruises einen Käufer für das in Rosyth aufgelegte Schiff sucht.

Schwesterschiff
Beim Bau der Crown Dynasty gab es bereits ein Schwesterschiff, die Crown Jewel, die 1992 in Dienst gestellt wurde. Diese wurde von 1995 bis 2009 als Superstar Gemini und seit 2009 als Gemini eingesetzt.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Kreuzfahrtschiffen

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite der Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines
 Infos zum Schiff (Fakta om fartyg)
 Infos und Daten zum Schiff
 Kreuzfahrtschiff quetscht sich durch engen Kanal

Einzelnachweise

Motorschiff
Kreuzfahrtschiff
Passagierschiff (Bahamas)
Fred. Olsen Cruise Line
Union Naval de Levante

Braemar (Schiff)


الحمض القوي هو حمض يتأين (يتشرد) بشكل كامل في المحلول المائي (ليس في حالة حمض الكبريتيك لأنه حمض ثنائي الوظيفة)، أو بصيغة أخرى الحمض القوي هو الذي له ثابت تفكك الحمضpKa أقل من −1. 74.

أغلب الأحماض الأكآلة تكون قوية، لكن ليس بالضرورة فحمض فلوريد الهيدروجين حمض ضعيف إلا أنه أكال.

معادلة التفكك الكامل لحمض في محلول مائي كالتالي:

(HA)(aq) → H+(aq) + A−(aq)

تعريف
إن تفكيك حمض قوي HA في الماء يتم على الشكل التالي (الرمز → يشير إلى أن التفاعل هو تام أو كلي، بينما التعبير aq يدل على أن العنصر الكيميائي مميه):

(HA)(aq) → H+(aq) + A−(aq)

الأيون
A-
هو قاعدة الحمض HA.

بالنسبة لحمض على غرار حمض الكبريتيك H₂SO₄، يمكن القول أنه حمض قوي، لا يحتاج إلا للذرة الأولى من الهيدروجين، وبالتالي :

H₂SO₄ (aq) → H+(aq) + HSO₄-(aq)

بينما تعتبر ذرة الهيدروجين الثانية من حمض الكبريتيك ضعيفة (الرمز ⇋ يدل على أن التفكيك جزئي)

HSO₄-(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + SO₄²-(aq)

بطريقة أكثر دقة، يقال على أن الحمض هو ❞قوي❝ عندما تكون ال pKa (مرتبطة بالتابثة الحمضية الأخرى Ka عن طريق المعادلة pKa = -log10Ka) الخاصة به في المحلول المميه أصغر من نفسها في كاتيون الهيدرونيوم
H₃O+
المتواجد طبيعيا في الماء، والذي له
pKa = -1,7
هذا مع العلم أن أيونات الهيدرونيوم تعتبر أفضل مانحة للبروتونات بالنسبة للحمض المتواجد في جزء غير مفكك، مما يؤدي إلى نشوء حمض ضعيف. في حين عندما تكون جميع الجزيئات الحمضية مفككة، يتعلق الأمر هنا بحمض قوي.

استعمالات الأحماض القوية
تستعمل الأحماض القوية عادة في:
 التحلل المائي
 تقدير الجرعات القاعدية والحمضية (الهدف طبي في العادة)
من بين مزايا الأحماض القوية أن كمية قليلة منها فقط كافية من أجل تحميض (جعله حامض) محلول ما. بل أنه في بعض الأحيان، تكفي قطرات قليلة جدا منه لهذا الغرض.

يتفكك الحمض القوي دائما من خلال تحرير كمية كبيرة من أيونات الهيدرونيوم مما يؤدي إلى تخفيف pH المحلول. حسب التعريف، فكلما كان المحلول مليئا بأيونات الهيدرونيوم كلما كان حمضيا أكثر.

يتمتع المحلول الحمضي بالعديد من الخصائص، لعل أبرزها أنه يستطيع كسر بعض الروابط الكيميائية، والتي تعود عليه في أحيان كثيرة بفائدة كبيرة.

يتفاعل الحمض القوي بسرعة كبيرة مع القاعدة القوية، حيث يكون التفاعل كلي مع تدفق خارجي للحرارة. بعض الأجهزة تستطيع تحديد الحمض القوي، مما يدل على أنها تستعمل وبكثرة في تقدير الجرعات كيف ما كان نوعها.

أمثلة لبعض الأحماض القوية
من بين الأحماض القوية، نجد ما يلي:
 حمض الهيدروكلوريك، وهو محلول مميه لكلورور الهيدروجين HCl
 حمض الكبريتيك وصيغته الكيميائية H₂SO₄
 حمض النتريك وصيغته الكيميائية HNO₃
هذه الأحماض القوية تتفكك عادة في الماء، مع تحرير بعض الجزيئات الرئيسية على غرار HCl، HBr، HI، H₂SO₄ ... والتي بدورها تؤدي إلى تحرير الهيدرونيوم
H₃O+
ومشتقات أيونية أخرى:
 حمض الهيدروكلوريك والذي يؤدي إلى إنتاج لكلورور الهيدروجين HCl عبر معادلة التفاعل التالية:

HCl(aq) + H₂O(aq) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

 حمض البروميدريك والذي يحرر أيونات
Br-
من خلال معادلة التفاعل التالية:

HBr(aq) + H₂O(aq) → H₃O+(aq) + Br-(aq)

 حمض الإيودريك والذي يحرر أيونات
I-
وفق معادلة التفاعل التالية:

HI(aq) + H₂O(aq) → H₃O+(aq) + I-(aq)

الوقاية

يجب التعامل مع الأحماض القوية بحذر، وذلك نظرا لخطورتها. إذ أن هناك قوانين للوقاية يتوجب احترامها عند استعمال مثل هذه المحاليل يدويا. ثم تصنيف خطورة هذه المواد من طرف نظام أوربي يعرف اختصارا ب SGH (قانون رقم 1272/2008) حيث:

 H314: تهيح شديد للبشرة على إثر الاحتراق، مما يؤدي إلى ضرر ذو علاقة بالعينين
 H318: تهيج يؤدي إلى إصابة خطيرة للعينين

معظم الأحماض القوية أكالة (تؤدي إلى حريق)، ولكن ليس دائما: الكربون هو حمض قوي مليون مرة مقارنة بحمض الكيبريتيك، على الرغم من ذلك إلا أنه غير أكَّال. في حين يعتبر حمض الكبريتيك أكال وخطير إلى درجة كبيرة، حيث أنه يسبب ضررا بالغا على مستوى العينين بالخصوص.

اقرأ أيضًا
 حمض الكبريتيك
 عاطي بروتون
 حمض الكربونيك
 كربونات
 بيكربونات
 ثابت تفكك الحمض

المصادر

أحماض
كبريتات

حمض قوي


මාතලේ කොහොන්සිය පත්තුවේ තිබ්බටුවාවේ ග්‍රාමයේ දී මහානාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ ජන්ම ලාභය ලැබූහ. තිබ්බටුවාව වලව්වේ බණ්ඩාරනායක වාසල මුදලි ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර නිලමේතුමාගේ සහ කරල්ලියද්දේ ඉඩමේ වලව්වේ ලොකු කුමාරිහාමි දම්පතීන්ගේ පින්බර කනිටු පුත්‍ර රත්නය ලෙස 1944 මැයි මස 30 වන දා එසේ ජන්ම ලාභය ලැබූහ.

මල්වතු මහා විහාරයීය විහාරාංග සංවර්ධනයෙහි සදානුස්මරණීය මෙහෙවරක් සිදුකළ මහනුවර උපෝෂිත පුෂ්පාරාම විහාරද්වයාධිපති අතිපූජ්‍ය පුරිජ්ජල ශ්‍රී සරණංකරාභිධාන මහාවිහාර වංශික ස්‍යාමෝපාලි මහා නිකායේ මල්වතු මහා විහාර පාර්ශ්වයේ විසි එක්වන මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ සහ මල්වතු මහා විහාරයීය කාරක සභාන්තරගත තිබ්බටුවාවේ ශ්‍රී සිද්ධාර්ථ මේධංකරාභිධාන එවකට ඓතිහාසික රිදී විහාරයේ නායක ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේගේ ආචාර්යත්වයෙන් 1957 ජූනි 16 වන දා මල්වතු මහා විහාරයේ දී උතුම් පැවිදි දිවියට පත් වූහ.

මහාවිහාරවංශික ස්‍යාමෝපාලි මහා නිකායේ මල්වතු මහා විහාර පාර්ශ්වයේ අතිපූජ්‍ය අමුණුගම රාජගුරු ශ්‍රී විපස්ස්‍යාභිධාන විසි දෙවැනි මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ, අතිපූජ්‍ය විමලකීර්ති ශ්‍රී සුමන පණ්ඩිත සිරිමල්වත්තේ ආනන්දාභිධාන මහා විහාර වංශික ස්‍යාමෝපාලි මහා නිකායේ මල්වතු මහා විහාර පාර්ශ්වයේ විසි හතරවැනි මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ, ඓතිහාසික සෝමවතී රාජ මහා විහාරාධිපති රාජකීය පණ්ඩිත පහමුණේ ධර්ම කීර්ති ශ්‍රී සරණංකර ගුණානන්ද අනුනායක ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේ, මල්වතු මහා විහාරයීය ලේඛකාධිකාරී රාජකීය පණ්ඩිත රඹුක්වැල්ලේ ශ්‍රී සිද්ධාර්ථ සුමංගල නායක ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේ, මල්වතු මහා විහාරයීය කාරක සංඝ සභික රත්තින්දේ අනෝමදස්සි ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේ යන කෘතහස්ත ධර්ම විනයධර ධර්මාචාර්යයන් වහන්සේලා වෙතින් මහනුවර ශ්‍රී සංඝරාජ පරිවේනස්ථානයෙන් ධර්ම විනය මෙන් ම ශබ්ද ශාස්ත්‍රය ද හදාරා වර්ග පටිපාටියෙන් උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූහ.

1964 ජූනි 10 වන දා අති පූජ්‍ය අමුණුගම රාජගුරු ශ්‍රී විපස්සි මහානායක ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේගේ උපාධ්‍යායත්වයෙන් වාහල නාග නාමයෙන් මල්වතු මහා විහාරයීය උපෝසථාගාරයේ දී උපසම්පදාවට පත් වූහ. තිබ්බටුවාවේ ශ්‍රී සිද්ධාර්ථ සුමංගල මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ කුඩා කල සිට දැනුමෙන් මෙන්ම ගුණ නුවණින් ද, සීලයෙන් ද පෝෂණය වෙමින් ගත කළ පැවිදි දිවිය නිසාම ශාසනික උසස් තනතුරු ලැබීමට හා දැරීමට ද සුදුසුකම් සපුරාලීය.

මල්වතු, අස්ගිරි උභය මහා විහාරයන්හි ගරුතර මහ සඟරුවනට පැවරෙන භාරදූර වගකීම් අතර ජීවමාන බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ වන ශ්‍රී දන්ත ධාතූන් වහන්සේ උදෙසා සිදු කෙරෙන සිරි දළදා තේවාව අති උතුම් පූජනීය දුර්ලභ අවස්ථාවකි. 1965, 1981, 1991 වසරවල දී එවකට වැඩ සිටි අතිපූජනීය මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේලාගේ කාරුණික උපදෙසින් ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාවේ තේවා ධූරයට පත්ව පෞරාණික වත් පිළිවෙත් ආදිය පිළිබඳ මහත් ශ්‍රද්ධා ගෞරවයෙන් මනා පරිචයක් ලැබූහ.

අතිපූජ්‍ය අමුණුගම රාජගුරු ශ්‍රී විපස්සි මහානායක ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේ විසින් ගරුතර කාරක මහා සංඝ සභාවේ කාරක සභික ධූරයට 1968 සැප්තැම්බර් 25 වන දා තෝරාපත් කරන ලදහ. 1969 දී මල්වතු මහා විහාර පාර්ශ්වයේ කර්මාචාර්ය ධූරයට පත් වූ උන්වහන්සේ ස්වකීය ආචාර්යෝත්තමයන් වහන්සේගේ අපවත්වීමෙන් පසු 1974 දී ඓතිහාසික රිදී විහාරය ඇතුළු විහාරස්ථානයන්හි අධිපති ධූරයට පත්වීමෙන් එම විහාරාරාමයන්හි ආරක්ෂාවට හා සංවර්ධනයට ඉටු කළේ උදාර මෙහෙවරකි.

සිරිමල්වත්ත ආනන්ද මහානාහිමි (1973-1989) මල්වතු මහා විහාර පාර්ශ්වයේ මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේගේ නියමයෙන් 1979 මැයි මස 10 වන දා මල්වතු මහා විහාරයීය ගරුතර කාරක මහා සංඝ සභාවේ උපලේඛකාධිකාරී ධූරයට පත් වූහ. උන්වහන්සේගේ ම නියමයෙන් 1985 නොවැම්බර් 9 වන දා ගරුතර කාරක සංඝ සභාවේ ලේඛකාධිකාරී ධූරයට පත්ව ඊට අදාළ සියලු වගකීම් මැනවින් ඉටු කරන ලදී.

මහනුවර උපෝෂිත පුෂ්පාරාම විහාරද්වයාධිපති රඹුක්වැල්ලේ ශ්‍රී ධර්මරක්ෂිත විපස්ස්‍යාභිධාන මහා විහාරවංශික ස්‍යාමෝපාලි මහා නිකායේ මල්වතු මහා විහාර පාර්ශ්වයේ විසිපස්වැනි මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේගේ නියමයෙන් එම සංඝ සභාවේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ කාරක සංඝ සභික ධූරයට 1990 දී පත් කොට වදාළහ.

මෙසේ ශාසනික වගකීම් මනා කැපවීමෙන් ඉටු කළ හෙයින් රඹුක්වැල්ලේ ශ්‍රී ධර්මරක්ෂිත විපස්ස්‍යාභිධාන මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ ප්‍රධාන සානුනායක කාරක මහා සංඝ සභාව විසින් රඹුක්වැල්ලේ ශ්‍රී ධර්මරක්ෂිත රතනපාල සෝභිතාභිධාන අනු නාහිමියන්ගේ අපවත්වීමෙන් පුරප්පාඩු වූ අනුනායක ධූරයට පත් කරන ලදී.

මහනුවර උපෝෂිත පුෂ්පාරාම විහාරද්වයාධිපතිව වැඩ විසූ රඹුක්වැල්ලේ ශ්‍රී ධර්මරක්ෂිත විපස්ස්‍යාභිධාන මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේගේ අපවත්වීමෙන් පුරප්පාඩු වූ මහ පදවිය වන විසි හයවන මහානායක මා හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ ලෙස 2004 ජූනි 20 වන දා තිබ්බටුවාවේ ශ්‍රී සිද්ධාර්ථ සුමංගල මහානායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ පත් කොට වදාළ අතර 2004 අගෝස්තු 16 වන දා මහනුවර ඓතිහාසික මඟුල් මඩුවේ දී එම පදවිය පිළිබඳ ශ්‍රී සන්නස්පත්‍ර ප්‍රදානෝත්සවය සිදු කෙරිණි.

තිබ්බටුවාවේ සුමංගල හිමි