Pizza Hut američki je restoranski lanac osnovali su Dan i Frank Carney 1958. u mjestu . Prodaje pizze i druge talijansko-američke hrane, uključujući tjesteninu, priloge i slastice.
Po zadnjem popisu 31. prosinca 2019. ovaj restoranski lanac ima 18,703 restorana, što ga ćini najvećim svjetskim lancem pizze. Podružnica je Yum! Brand, Inc., jedne od najvećih svjetskih restoranskih kompanija.

Povijest
Pizza Hut osnovan je 15. lipnja 1958. godine, a osnovali su ga dva brata - Dan i Frank Carney. Bili su studenti Wichita Statea, te su imali jednu lokaciju u Wichiti, Kansasu. Nakon šest mjeseci otvorili su i drugi restoran, a u roku godinu dana imali su ukupno šest restorana. Braća su pokrenuli franšizu u 1959. Njihov ikonični stil gradnje dizajniran je u 1963.,a dizajnirao ga je arhitekt iz Chicaga George Lindstorm. Taj dizajn implementiran je 1969. PepsiCo kupio je Pizza Hut u studenom 1977. 20 godina kasnije, Pizza Hut (pored Taco Bella i Kentucky Fried Chickena - KFCa) odbacio je PepsiCo 30. svibnja 1997., i sva 3 restoranska lanca postali su dio nove kompanije Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. Kasnije, 22. svibnja 2002. godine ta kompanija mijenja ime u Yum! Brands.

Prije zatvaranja u 2015., najstariji funkcionalan restoran Pizza Huta bio je u saveznoj državi Kansas, u gradu Manhattan u provinciji znanoj pod imenom "Aggieville" blizu Kansas State Universitya. Prvi Pizza Hut restoran istočno od Jezera Mississipi otvoren je u Athens, Ohio u 1966. godini, a otvorili su ga Lawrence Berberick i Gary Meyers.

Meni

Pizze
 Meat Fest
 BBQ Americano
 Veggie Pepperphoni
 Pepperoni
 Supreme
 Virtuous Veg Flatbread
 Veggie
 Hawaiian
 Chicken Delight Flatbread
 The G.O.A.T.
 BBQ Steak 'n' Chicken Flatbread
 Chicken Supreme
 Margherita

Predjela i prilozi

 Southern Fried Nuggets
 Jalapeno Poppers
 Cheesy Triangles
 Mini Corn On The Cob
 Garlic Bread
 Onion Rings
 Chicken Wings
 Chicken Bites
 Fries

Deserti
 Triple Chocolate Cookie Dough
 Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough
 Raspberry Ice
 Hot Chocolate Brownie
 White Chocolate And Caramel Cookie Dough
 Sharing Cookie Dough

Američki restorani brze hrane

Pizza Hut


La Asociación Catalana de Municipios y Comarcas (), también conocido por sus siglas ACMC, es una entidad municipalista constituida en 3 de octubre de 1981 en la ciudad de Vich con el fin de poder defender los intereses de los municipios y de los ciudadanos de Cataluña.

Organización
Mediante procesos asamblearios, se crearon comisiones sectoriales para focalizar el trabajo sobre la enseñanza, los servicios sociales, sanidad y cultura. El Comité Ejecutivo designó a Ramon Montanyà, alcalde de Vich, como primer presidente de la ACMC el 3 de octubre de 1981 y a Jacinto Mateo como secretario general. Desde el año 1985, la sede está en la calle Valencia de Barcelona.

La Asamblea está formada por representantes de los entes locales asociados y es el máximo órgano de la ACMC. Se reúne en sesión ordinaria, al menos una vez cada cuatro años, aunque puede reunirse con carácter extraordinario cuando lo acuerde el Consejo por iniciativa propia o a petición de dos tercios de los entes locales asociados. Corresponde a la Asamblea, entre otras tareas, la elección del Consejo Nacional y del Presidente, así como la aprobación del plan de actuación general de la Asociación. Dentro de la Asamblea, cada ente asociado dispone de un voto, independientemente de sus condiciones demográficas o presupuestarias.

En el año 2002, la Asociación recibió la Creu de Sant Jordi

Presidentes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de la ACMC

Galardonados con la Creu de Sant Jordi


P/B Dubrovnik je bio hrvatski putničko-teretni parobrod velike obalne plovidbe. Među prvim je brodovima nabavljenim u Hrvatskoj pri organiziranju parobrodarstva.

Povijest
Kratko je trajao uzlet jedrenjačke pomorske trgovine u 19. stoljeću. Parni stroj pokazao se rentabilnijim od jedrenjaka. Dubrovački gospodarstvenici prvi su se u Hrvata uspješno organizirali u parobrodarstvu. 1880. godine nabavili nabavili su brod Dubrovnik i osnovali nekoliko dioničarskih parobrodarskih društava, koja su do Prvog svjetskog rata posjedovala 38 teretnih parobroda građenih domaćim kapitalom uglavnom u engleskim brodogradilištima.

U Prvome svjetskom ratu bio je vlasništvo Dubrovačke plovidbe i obavljao je malu obalnu plovidbu. Početkom svibnja 1916. godine dok je plovio od Splita ka Dubrovniku torpedirala ga je francuska podmornica kod Sućurja. Poginuli su svi putnici i članovi posade, 12 ili 18 ljudi, izvori se razlikuju.

Model broda je izložen u Pomorskom muzeju u Dubrovniku.

Zaštita
Ostatci potopljenog parobroda danas su kao arheološka baština zaštićeno kulturno dobro Republike Hrvatske.

Izvori

Brodovi
Zaštićene podvodne arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Sućuraj
Ostatci novovjekih brodoloma u Hrvatskoj

P/B Dubrovnik


La  est l'une des cinq circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Gifu au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La cinquième circonscription de la préfecture de Gifu regroupe les villes de Tajimi, Nakatsugawa, Mizunami, Ena et Toki.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Cinquième circonscription de la préfecture de Gifu


Rognes Station (Rognes stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Rørosbanen, der ligger ved bygden Rognes i Midtre Gauldal kommune i Norge. Stationen består af et spor og en perron med et læskur.

Stationen åbnede 4. januar 1876 sammen med banen mellem Singsås og Støren. Oprindeligt hed den Rognæs, men den skiftede navn til Rognes i 1894. Den blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. august 1958.

Den første stationsbygning blev opført til åbningen i 1876 efter tegninger af Peter Andreas Blix. 24. august 1940 blev hele stationsområdet og en stor del af sporet i Gauldalen ramt af oversvømmelse i Gaula som følge af langvarigt regnvejr. Oversvømmelsen medførte at hele stationsområdet faldt i elven. En ny stationsbygning ble opført ca. 400 meter længere mod syd efter tegninger af NSB Arkitektkontor i 1945.

I 1974 blev stationen flyttet yderligere ca. 200 meter mod syd. En helt fjerde station blev åbnet lige nord den gamle 20. november 2009. Stationsbygningen fra den anden station ejes i dag af private og benyttes til beboelse.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Rørosbanen
Etableret i 1876
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag

Rognes Station


Knjige Gospe Jelene Mikuličijke ili Treća rapska pjesmarica je pjesmarica iz 1676. godine čuva se u benediktinskom samostanu sv. Andrije. Ova rapska pjesmarica je jedno od najstarijih pučkih prikazanja. Sadrži Gospin plač. Muškarac čita prolog koji su početni stihovi Gospina plača. Poziva sudjelovati u tuzi Majke Isusove koja u tada nije samo Gospa nego i majka koja gubi svoga sina. Današnje procesije posljedice su takvih pučkih prikazanja.

Povezani članci

 Picićeva pjesmarica, rapska pjesmarica iz 1471.
 Druga rapska pjesmarica - iz 1563.

Izvori

Hrvatske crkvene pjesmarice
Rab

Knjige Gospe Jelene Mikuličijke


Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins.

The function of the immune system primarily depends on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells.

Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in mice.

History and name

The name "interleukin" was chosen in 1979, to replace the various different names used by different research groups to designate interleukin 1 (lymphocyte activating factor, mitogenic protein, T-cell replacing factor III, B-cell activating factor, B-cell differentiation factor, and "Heidikine") and interleukin 2 (TSF, etc.). This decision was taken during the Second International Lymphokine Workshop in Switzerland (27-31 May 1979 in Ermatingen).

The term interleukin derives from (inter-) "as a means of communication", and (-leukin) "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes". The name is something of a relic; it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The term was coined by Dr Vern Paetkau, University of Victoria.

Some interleukins are classified as lymphokines, lymphocyte-produced cytokines that mediate immune responses.

Common families

Interleukin 1

Interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta (IL1 alpha and IL1 beta) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis. Two types of IL-1 receptor, each with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, limited sequence similarity (28%) and different pharmacological characteristics have been cloned from mouse and human cell lines: these have been termed type I and type II receptors. The receptors both exist in transmembrane (TM) and soluble forms: the soluble IL-1 receptor is thought to be post-translationally derived from cleavage of the extracellular portion of the membrane receptors.

Both IL-1 receptors (CD121a/IL1R1, CD121b/IL1R2) appear to be well conserved in evolution, and map to the same chromosomal location. The receptors can both bind all three forms of IL-1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist).

The crystal structures of IL1A and IL1B have been solved, showing them to share the same 12-stranded beta-sheet structure as both the heparin binding growth factors and the Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitors. The beta-sheets are arranged in 4 similar lobes around a central axis, 8 strands forming an anti-parallel beta-barrel. Several regions, especially the loop between strands 4 and 5, have been implicated in receptor binding.

Molecular cloning of the Interleukin 1 Beta converting enzyme is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. A complementary DNA encoding protease that carries out this cleavage has been cloned. Recombinant expression enables cells to process precursor Interleukin 1 Beta to the mature form of the enzyme.

Interleukin 1 also plays a role in the central nervous system. Research indicates that mice with a genetic deletion of the type I IL-1 receptor display markedly impaired hippocampal-dependent memory functioning and long-term potentiation, although memories that do not depend on the integrity of the hippocampus seem to be spared.  However, when mice with this genetic deletion have wild-type neural precursor cells  injected into their hippocampus and these cells are allowed to mature into astrocytes containing the interleukin-1 receptors, the mice exhibit normal hippocampal-dependent memory function, and partial restoration of long-term potentiation.

Interleukin 2

T lymphocytes regulate the growth and differentiation of T cells and certain B cells through the release of secreted protein factors. These factors, which include interleukin 2 (IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T cells, and have various physiological effects. IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T cells. In addition, it acts on some B cells, via receptor-specific binding, as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. The protein is secreted as a single glycosylated polypeptide, and cleavage of a signal sequence is required for its activity. Solution NMR suggests that the structure of IL2 comprises a bundle of 4 helices (termed A-D), flanked by 2 shorter helices and several poorly defined loops. Residues in helix A, and in the loop region between helices A and B, are important for receptor binding. Secondary structure analysis has suggested similarity to IL4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF).

Interleukin 3

Interleukin 3 (IL3) is a cytokine that regulates hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T cells and mast cells, and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.

IL3 is produced by T lymphocytes and T-cell lymphomas only after stimulation with antigens, mitogens, or chemical activators such as phorbol esters. However, IL3 is constitutively expressed in the myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B. It is thought that the genetic change of the cell line to constitutive production of IL3 is the key event in development of this leukaemia.

Interleukin 4
Interleukin 4 (IL4) is produced by CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B cells to proliferate and to undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Th2 cells, through production of IL-4, have an important function in B-cell responses that involve class switch recombination to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes.

Interleukin 5
Interleukin 5 (IL5), also known as eosinophil differentiation factor (EDF), is a lineage-specific cytokine for eosinophilpoiesis. It regulates eosinophil growth and activation, and thus plays an important role in diseases associated with increased levels of eosinophils, including asthma. IL5 has a similar overall fold to other cytokines (e.g., IL2, IL4 and GCSF), but while these exist as monomeric structures, IL5 is a homodimer. The fold contains an anti-parallel 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left handed twist, connected by a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. The monomers are held together by 2 interchain disulphide bonds.

Interleukin 6

Interleukin 6 (IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions. It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells, as well as inducing myeloma/plasmacytoma growth, nerve cell differentiation, and, in hepatocytes, acute-phase reactants.

A number of other cytokines may be grouped with IL6 on the basis of sequence similarity. These include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF). GCSF acts in hematopoiesis by affecting the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell groups in the blood. MGF also acts in hematopoiesis, stimulating proliferation and colony formation of normal and transformed avian cells of the myeloid lineage.

Cytokines of the IL6/GCSF/MGF family are glycoproteins of about 170 to 180 amino acid residues that contain four conserved cysteine residues involved in two disulphide bonds. They have a compact, globular fold (similar to other interleukins), stabilised by the two disulphide bonds. One half of the structure is dominated by a 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left-handed twist; the helices are anti-parallel, with two overhand connections, which fall into a double-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. The fourth alpha-helix is important to the biological activity of the molecule.

Interleukin 7

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a cytokine that serves as a growth factor for early lymphoid cells of both B- and T-cell lineages.

Interleukin 8

Interleukin 8 is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.  Endothelial cells store IL-8 in their storage vesicles, the Weibel-Palade bodies.  In humans, the interleukin-8 protein is encoded by the CXCL8 gene. IL-8 is  initially produced as a precursor peptide of 99 amino acids which then undergoes cleavage to create several active IL-8 isoforms. In culture, a 72 amino acid peptide is the major form secreted by macrophages.

There are many receptors on the surface membrane capable of binding IL-8; the most frequently studied types are the G protein-coupled serpentine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Expression and affinity for IL-8 differs between the two receptors (CXCR1 > CXCR2). Through a chain of biochemical reactions, IL-8 is secreted and is an important mediator of the immune reaction in the innate immune system response.

Interleukin 9

Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine that supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T cells. Early studies had indicated that Interleukin 9 and 7 seem to be evolutionary related  and Pfam, InterPro and PROSITE entries exist for interleukin 7/interleukin 9 family. However, a recent  study  has shown that IL-9 is, in fact, much closer to both IL-2 and IL-15, than to IL-7.  Moreover, the study showed irreconcilable structural differences between IL-7 and all the remaining cytokines signalling through the γc receptor ( IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21).

Interleukin 10
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. In structure, IL-10 is a protein of about 160 amino acids that contains four conserved cysteines involved in disulphide bonds. IL-10 is highly similar to the Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus) BCRF1 protein, which inhibits the synthesis of gamma-interferon and to Equid herpesvirus 2 (Equine herpesvirus 2) protein E7. It is also similar, but to a lesser degree, with human protein mda-7. a protein that has antiproliferative properties in human melanoma cells. Mda-7 contains only two of the four cysteines of IL-10.

Interleukin 11
Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a secreted protein that stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis, initially thought to lead to an increased production of platelets (it has since been shown to be redundant to normal platelet formation), as well as activating osteoclasts, inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibiting macrophage mediator production. These functions may be particularly important in mediating the hematopoietic, osseous and mucosal protective effects of interleukin 11.

Interleukin 12

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a disulphide-bonded heterodimer consisting of a 35kDa alpha subunit and a 40kDa beta subunit. It is involved in the stimulation and maintenance of Th1 cellular immune responses, including the normal host defence against various intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Measles virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV). IL-12 also has an important role in enhancing the cytotoxic function of NK cells and role in pathological Th1 responses, such as in inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. Suppression of IL-12 activity in such diseases may have therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, administration of recombinant IL-12 may have therapeutic benefit in conditions associated with pathological Th2 responses.

Interleukin 13

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses. It inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and synergises with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. The sequences of IL-4 and IL-13 are distantly related.

Interleukin 15

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that possesses a variety of biological functions, including stimulation and maintenance of cellular immune responses. IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of T lymphocytes, which requires interaction of IL-15 with IL-15R alpha and components of IL-2R, including IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma (common gamma chain,  γc), but not IL-2R alpha.

Interleukin 17

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated memory T cells. This cytokine is characterized by its proinflammatory properties, role in recruiting neutrophils, and importance in innate and adaptive immunity. Not only does IL-17 play a key role in inflammation of many autoimmune diseases, such as RA, allergies, asthma, psoriasis, and more, but it also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, some studies have found that IL-17 plays a role in tumorigenesis (initial formation of a tumor) and transplant rejection. The IL-17 family is thought to represent a distinct signaling system that appears to have been highly conserved across vertebrate evolution.

In humans

International nonproprietary names for analogues and derivatives

References

External links

Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopedia

Cytokines

Interleukin


Busenwurth Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Dithmarschen iline bağlı bölge. 10,09 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2010 itibarıyla 298 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Hans Hermann Voß tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Busenwurth


Biyomedikal teknoloji ve biyoteknoloji, esas olarak tıpta teşhis ve tedavi amacıyla kullanılabilecek tüm madde, malzeme, aparat ve cihazların üretimi ile ilgilenen disiplinlerarası bir teknoloji dalıdır.

Sağlık sektöründe farklı amaçlar için kullanılan maddelerin (ilaçlar, aşılar, büyüme faktörleri, hormonlar, proteinler, oligopeptidler, oligonükleotidler vb.) özellikle modern biyoteknoloji teknikleri kullanılarak sentezi/üretimi, kısaca "Sağlık için Biyoteknoloji" günümüzde uluslararası düzeyde (özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde) en çok yatırım yapılan bilim ve teknoloji dalları arasında ön sırada yer almakta/hızla gelişmektedir ve "Biyomedikal Teknoloji" nin önemli bir bölümüyle örtüşmektedir. Biyomedikal Teknolojinin önemli bir dalı yine teşhis ve tedavi amacıyla malzeme üretimidir. Polimerler başta olmak üzere, metaller ve alaşımlar, özel seramikler, karbon ve bunların kompozitlerinden oluşan malzemeler ("Biyomateryaller") yapay organlar, sert ve yumuşak doku protezleri ve teşhis ve tedavi amaçlı aygıtların/cihazların yapımında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Sağlık sektöründe diğer bir alt grup ise, tanı kitleridir. Hastaneler, klinikler, üniversiteler, laboratuvarlar ve kişisel olarak kullanılan birçok tanı kiti geniş bir pazar oluşturmaktadır. Biyoçip teknolojisi çoklu tanının aynı anda yapılmasına olanak vermektedir ve Biyomedikal Teknolojinin çok hızla gelişen dalları Genomiks ve Proteomiks ile ilgili uygulamalarında önemli bir role sahip olacağı muhakkaktır. Biyomedikal Teknoloji ürünleri boyut ve kapasite olarak üretimleri az, dolayısıyla küçük fakat özel mekanlarda, özel koşullarda üretilen ürünlerdir, ancak olmazsa olmaz tanımına uyan bir pazara sahiptir ve fiyatları komodite ürünlere göre çok yüksektir. Biyoteknoloji/ Biyomedikal Teknoloji, birçok gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de öncelikli desteklenmesi gereken Bilim ve Teknoloji Dallarından bir olarak görülmekte ve çeşitli plan ve programlarda yer almaktadır. Tüm modern/yeni teknoloji dallarında olduğu gibi bu teknolojinin doğru ve hızlı gelişimi için sanayi-akademi ilişkisine gereksinim vardır.

Biyomedikal


55753 Raman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
55753 Raman este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen și Lutz Dieter Schmadel. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,72 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 9,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 55001-56000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi cu nume de oameni
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

55753 Raman


The Fool's Errand is a 1987 computer game by Cliff Johnson. It is a meta-puzzle game with storytelling, visual puzzles, and a cryptic treasure map. It is the tale of a wandering Fool who seeks his fortune in the Land of Tarot and braves the enchantments of the High Priestess. A sequel titled The Fool and His Money was released October 25, 2012.

Plot
The plot focuses on The Fool card of the tarot, who is portrayed as a silhouette of a young man wearing a peaked, feathered cap, curled-toed shoes, and carrying a knapsack on a stick. The Fool is the protagonist of the story, and he encounters various other cards from the tarot. In the beginning of the story, The Sun gives him a map, which has been scrambled, and directs him to find the "Lost 14 Treasures of the World." The Fool journeys through four kingdoms (each representing a suit from the minor arcana of the tarot), where he encounters other characters, who either give him more information or provide him with additional tasks. The High Priestess card of the tarot is set up as the villain of the story, and all the characters he meets are other cards from the tarot. Each character is drawn as a black silhouette, as is the background art.

Gameplay
The game is structured as a storybook divided into five parts, each containing a large number of different chapters; the storybook can be paged through and read as continuous prose on screen. However, not every chapter is available at the start of the game, and those chapters which are available are not consecutive. Many chapters have a puzzle (called an enchantment) associated with them; completing such a puzzle unlocks further chapter(s). Every chapter is named after a tarot card in either the Major Arcana or the Minor Arcana.

Frequently, the puzzles are designed in such a way that the result of the puzzle leads logically into the unlocked chapter; for example, the player may complete an acrostic puzzle which results in the phrase "No Ship", which then unlocks part of the story in which a watchman indeed reports that no ship has been sighted and deals with the consequences. Other puzzles feature pictures which portray parts of the story or even clues to other puzzles.

The first chapter, The Sun, features the puzzle The Sun's Map. This is a jigsaw puzzle with one piece for every chapter in the story; each puzzle piece appears only when the appropriate chapter is unlocked. Each piece contains a symbol representing the chapter from which it came, plus part of a continuous path which flows through all pieces in the order in which they are mentioned in the narrative.  Once the map is successfully completed, other designs on the map become active click targets and can be used as clues or processes to decipher the true final puzzle: The Book Of Thoth, hidden within the chapter The High Priestess, which requires the reader to peruse the entire story as continuous prose and identify a number of phrases hidden within the narrative.

Development
Cliff Johnson, who at that point had worked as a filmmaker, was inspired by films like Sleuth and The Last of Sheila which included puzzle-mysteries for the viewer to solve; he aimed to host "mystery" dinner parties where players would uncover clues to find the hidden secrets.

The 1979 work Masquerade by Kit Williams served as further inspiration. The final chapter of the picture book revealed that the protagonist bunny had lost his treasure, and dared the reader to uncover the clues throughout the book to work out where on Earth it is located; this book sold over 2 million copies and while Johnson was not personally enamoured by the work he felt the idea behind it was exciting.

Johnson decided to create a similar work which he would distribute to his friends as a 1984 Christmas present. The concept, a series of puzzles and a narrative that fit together into an overarching mystery like a jigsaw, was an early incarnation of what became The Fool's Errand. Having recently purchased his first PC, a Macintosh, Johnson began coding the game in 1985. He learned to program specifically to bring the idea to the interactive entertainment format. His goal was to "make the experience pleasant and solvable in a single afternoon." His initial approach to programming was guided by his experience making animated film, which involved "a very tedious frame-by-frame process", creating a blueprint and putting the pieces together to assemble the whole picture in a manner similar to a jigsaw puzzle.

Johnson took out a $50,000 loan to finance the project himself, and he had a nervous breakdown during development. By 1986 he had created over 30 individual data-driven programs, which he then had to convert into one application on ZBasic.

Release
The Fool's Errand was released in 1987 by Miles Publishing. The game saw slow sales initially, but, as positive reviews began to be published, more customers purchased the title. Electronic Arts took over the distribution, and it was ported to many other consoles. The game was also circulated illegally on file-sharing sites for many years.

Created with Microsoft BASIC and ZBasic for the Apple Macintosh, the game was ported to MS-DOS, Commodore Amiga and Atari ST. The ports add color, but in a lower resolution (320×200, as opposed to the original version's 512×342). In 2002 the game was released as shareware, available for download from Johnson's website Fools-errand.com.  The game is now offered free of charge.  Johnson advises PC-based players to download the Macintosh version and play using a Macintosh emulator. The non-Macintosh versions of the game were protected by a symbol-based code wheel. The free version currently offered by the author has this mechanism disabled: the challenge screen still appears, but any answer is accepted.

Reception
The Fool's Errand did not sell well at first, but after a very positive July 1988 review in MacUser it became very successful, causing Miles Computing to port the game to other platforms. 100,000 copies were sold by the end of 1989. The MacUser review gave the game five out of five mice, saying it "goes beyond being 'just' an excellent game" and "ventures into the realm of myth, into the prototypical lands of the epic legend, into the maelstrom of the Jungian archetype, and it returns to our world and offers us a way to extend ourselves beyond the boundaries of our normal existence." In December 1989, MacUser named The Fool's Errand one of the 27 best games available for the Macintosh.

Macworld reviewed the game positively, calling it a difficult and epic collection of diverse puzzles that demanded "considerable interaction and ingenuity." The review praised the attractive and unique presentation of the puzzles and the beautiful graphics of the animated prologue and finale. In a review for Cliff Johnson's next game, At the Carnival, Macworld called The Fool's Errand "a new kind of computer game that transcends traditional categories."

Computer Gaming World praised the game, stating "You feel like you're matching wits with the author directly, instead of playing 'hunt the parser'"; the magazine's Scorpia described it as "one of the best games I've ever played". STarts reviewer confessed that he had come close to finishing The Fool's Errand but that "I felt like I'd run, and lost, a mental marathon".

The Games Machine awarded the PC version of The Fool's Errand its Golden Scroll and rated it 93%, calling it "fresh, original and addictive". Game Player's PC Strategy Guide reviewed the PC version positively, singling out the "great graphics", "consistent level of challenge", and above all the fact that the puzzles "play fair" with no obscurely hidden clues or tricks. .info magazine called the Amiga version of the game "a magnificent achievement in game design" but dropped the rating from five stars to three stars due to the poor quality of the port, with its unused right mouse button, "insufferable EGA" graphics and poor quality sounds. Amiga Format rated the game 70%, praising the "sheer number and variety of the puzzles" and calling it "an intelligent use of the machine" despite reservations about the graphics and sound quality.

Retrospective reviews
In 2004, Inside Mac Games selected The Fool's Errand as one of the 20 games that made the biggest impact on the Macintosh, calling the game "intriguing and visually-rich", with an "original and compelling" story that was "thick with mysticism, witchcraft, folklore, and hints on how to solve the game's final meta-puzzle". In 2007, Game Set Watch deemed it "one of the greatest puzzle games in personal-computing history". In a 2012 interview with Johnson, Wired crowned it "the greatest puzzle game of all time". In 2018, PC Gamer selected The Fool's Errand for its weekly best free PC games feature, saying the "whimsical fantasy" would challenge the player's brain.

GamesTM featured The Fool's Errand in its "Greatest Retro Game Ever" column, calling it "obscenely addictive" and "revered by nearly everyone" who played it. In a 2013 feature on the evolution of puzzle video games, Retro Gamer called The Fool's Errand an excellent strategy fantasy game with "a well-crafted narrative" that "arguably paved the way for games like the Professor Layton series, which now feature similar narrative puzzles to solve."

Awards
The Fool's Errand was inducted into the 1987 Macworld Game Hall of Fame as Best Brain-Teasing game. GAMES Magazine selected The Fool's Errand as one of the best computer games of 1988, saying "Some puzzles are easy, others tricky; all are charming and great fun to figure out."

VideoGames & Computer Entertainment named The Fool's Errand Best Computer Strategy Game of 1988, ahead of runners-up Prime Time, Rommel: Battles for North Africa, and Solitaire Royale. The magazine praised The Fool's Errand as "the most clever framework for an anthology of word games and puzzles ever devised."

The editors of Game Player's PC Strategy Guide presented the game with their 1990 "Best PC Puzzle Game" award. They wrote, "One of the best puzzle games ever produced — everything from mazes to cryptograms worked into an elaborate, witty narrative, and presented with exceptional graphic flair.

References

External links
Official site, with author's information page, including download options.
Archived original site

The Fool's Errand at Hardcore Gaming 101 (Snapshot from archive.org Oct 2016)
Hints and Answers from Balmoral Software.

1987 video games
Puzzle video games
Classic Mac OS games
DOS games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Cliff Johnson games
Freeware games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games
Miles Computing games

The Fool's Errand


زايكوفو  هي مدينة في مقاطعة سفيردلوفسك أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4693 نسمة.

مدن مقاطعة سفردلوفسك

زايكوفو (سفيردلوفسك)


فونتانا  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 25 يونيو، 1952، أسسها أزاريل بلانشارد ميلر في عام 1913 ،  وظلت ريفية بشكل أساسي حتى الحرب العالمية الثانية ، عندما قام رجل الأعمال هنري جون كايزر ببناء مصنع كبير للفولاذ في المنطقة. وهي الآن مركز إقليمي لصناعة ادوات النقل بالشاحنات، حيث يمر الطريق السريع 10 والطريق الحكومي 210 بالمدينة من الشرق إلى الغرب، ويمر الطريق السريع 15 قطريًا عبر الربع الشمالي الغربي.

وهي موطن لأكبر مكتبات نظام مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو، كا بوجد مسرح تاريخي تم تجديده، وحديقة بلدية، وطريق سباق السيارات Auto Club في موقع Kaiser Steel Mill. تستضيف فونتانا أيضًا مهرجان Fontana Days Half Marathon و سباق 5 K. وهو أسرع نصف دورة ماراثون في العالم.

التسمية
اسم فونتانا يعود لكلمة إيطالية يقصد بها النافورة أو مصدر المياه، تقع المدينة بالقرب من نهر سانتا آنا إلى الشرق.

الاقتصاد
يبرز اقتصاد فونتانا الحالي إلى حد كبير بالاستخدامات الصناعية، وخاصة الصناعات القائمة على النقل بالشاحنات. يساعد التمويل العام في الحد من التلوث المرتبط بالتأثيرات على المجتمع. تضم المدينة العديد من وكلاء الشاحنات ومراكز بيع المعدات الصناعية الأخرى، مثلها مثل جارتي أونتاريو ورانشو كوكامونجا، والعديد من مراكز توزيع المنتجات لشركات مثل تويوتا و تارغيت و مرسيدس بينز و غيرها. تعد المدينة أيضًا موطنًا للعديد من الشركات المصنعة الصغيرة لمواد البناء وغيرها من المنتجات المستخدمة محليًا، والعديد من وكلاء السيارات الصغيرة وساحات الإنقاذ.يوجد بالمدينة أيضًا العديد من مراكز التسوق المحلية. تضم المدينة أيضًا قطاعًا تجاريًا للتقسيم إلى جانب العديد من الطرق والشوارع الرئيسية.

تعداد السكان
قدّر مكتب إحصاء الولايات المتحدة عدد سكان فونتانا عام 2017 بـ 211,815 ، مما يجعلها ثاني أكبر مدينة من حيث عدد السكان في مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو و 19 في الولاية.  وأفاد تعداد الولايات المتحدة أن عدد سكان فونتانا بلغ 196.069 نسمة لعام 2010.

المناخ
كثيرا ما تتأثر المدينة برياح سانتا آنا القوية والساخنة والجافة وهي تهب عبر ممر كاجون القريب من جبال سان غابرييل من صحراء موهافي. يمكن أن يكون فونتانا حارًا جدًا في الصيف، أكثر من 100 درجة فهرنهايت.

أعلام

 توري إدواردس
 أل ويلسون
 جاي إيرا كورتني
 إليس بورتون
 شانون بوكس
 موريس إديو
 بيل فاجيرباك
 ترافيس باركر
 غريغ مور
 ماكسين ميتشيل

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1919
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1952
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو (كاليفورنيا)
تأسيسات سنة 1919 في كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1952 في كاليفورنيا
فونتانا (كاليفورنيا)
مدن في مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا

فونتانا (كاليفورنيا)


Lingua franca veya geçer dil, ortak bir dili veya lehçeyi paylaşmayan insanların birbiriyle iletişim kurmak için kullandığı ortak dildir. Lingua francalar insan tarihi boyunca, ticari, kültürel, dinî, yönetimsel veya diplomatik gereklilikler dolayısı ile gelişmiş, farklı milletlere mensup bilim insanları ve akademisyenler arasındaki iletişimi sağlamak için de kullanılmıştır.

Terimin ismi Orta Çağ'da denizciler ve tüccarlar tarafından 11. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyıla kadar konuşulmuş, Romen dili bazlı bir pidgin olan Akdeniz Lingua Francası'ndan (Sabir) almıştır ve lingua franca, İtalyancada Frenk dili anlamına gelmektedir. Eğer bir dil belli bir bölgede yaşayan farklı gruplar yerine tüm dünya çapında geçer dil statüsüne sahip ise dünya dili olarak adlandırılır.

Örnekler
Lingua francalar antik çağlardan beri var olmuştur. Latince ve Koini Yunancası, Roma İmparatorluğu ile Helen kültüründe geçer dil statüsünde konuşulmuştur. Akadca ve Aramice de Orta Doğu'da eski zamanlarda geçer dil olmuştur.

Birleşik Krallık'ın kolonicilik yolu ile dünyanın büyük bir kısmını kontrolü altına alması, bu bölgelerde İngilizcenin yönetimde kullanılmasına yol açmıştır. Bunun sonucunda kolonicilik dönemi bitmesine rağmen, pek çok yüksek etnik ve dilsel çeşitliliğe sahip eski koloni ülkesi İngilizceyi resmî dilleri olarak benimsemiştir. İngilizce aynı zamanda günümüzde bir dünya dilidir. Fransızca da benzer bir şekilde Fransız ve Belçika koloniciliği yolu ile günümüzde hâlâ Batı ve Orta Afrika ülkelerinde geçer dildir ve resmî statüye sahiptir.

Eskiden Rus İmparatorluğu veya Sovyetler Birliği'nin bir parçası olmuş veya etkisi altında kalmış Kafkaslar, Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ile Orta Asya gibi bölgelerde Rusça hâlâ bir lingua francadır.

Hindustânî (Hintçe-Urduca) ise Pakistan ve Kuzey Hindistan'da lingua francadır. Özellikle Arunaçel Pradeş gibi etnik açıdan yüksek çeşitlilik gösteren bölgelerde de Hintçe, toplumun %90'ı tarafından anadilleri olmamasına rağmen konuşulur. Malaycanın bir varyantı olan Endonezce, Cavacanın ülkede daha çok konuşanı bulunmasına rağmen Endonezya'nın tek resmî dilidir. Türkçe, Osmanlı idaresi boyunca Anadolu ve Balkanlar başta olmak üzere Osmanlı topraklarında lingua franca görevi görmüştür. Farsça ise İran'da bulunan çeşitli azınlıklar arasında iletişimin sağlanmasında rol oynar.

Svahili Doğu Afrika'daki Bantular arasında 18. yüzyıl civarında yayılmış, kolonicilerin bu dili yönetim dili seçmesi ile de güçlenerek bölgede geçer dil statüsünü korumuştur. Hausa dili de Batı Afrika ve Kuzey Nijerya'daki çeşitli farklı etnik gruplara mensup bireylerin birbirleri ile iletişimine olanak tanıdığı için bir lingua franca olarak nitelendirilebilir.

Kaynakça

Diller
İtalyanca deyişler

Lingua franca


Contrainsurgência (COIN) é "a totalidade das ações destinadas a derrotar as forças irregulares". O Oxford English Dictionary define "contrainsurgência" como qualquer "ação militar ou política tomada contra as atividades de guerrilheiros ou revolucionários" e pode ser considerada guerra de um Estado contra um adversário não estatal. Campanhas de insurgência e contrainsurgência têm sido travadas desde a história antiga. No entanto, o pensamento moderno sobre contrainsurgência foi desenvolvido durante a descolonização. Dentro das ciências militares, a contrainsurgência é uma das principais abordagens operacionais da guerra irregular.

Durante a insurgência e a contrainsurgência, a distinção entre civis e combatentes é muitas vezes confusa. A contrainsurgência pode envolver a tentativa de conquistar os corações e mentes das populações que apoiam a insurgência. Alternativamente, pode ser realizado na tentativa de intimidar ou eliminar populações civis suspeitas de lealdade à insurgência por meio de violência indiscriminada.

Ciência militar
Terminologia militar

Contrainsurgência


An Drake-brockmania somalensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Drake-brockmania somalensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Drake-brockmania, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Drake-brockmania

Drake-brockmania somalensis


سيدي بوزيد هي قرية ساحلية في المغرب على المحيط الأطلسي تقع جنوب مدينة الجديدة وتعرف بشوارعها النظيفة والفيلات والسياح الأجانب خاصة في فصل الصيف نظرا لشاطئها الجميل كما تعرف القرية كثافة تزامنا مع موسم جماعة مولاي عبد الله.

وصلات خارجية
  إحصائيات إقليم الجديدة على موقع World Gazetter

جهة دكالة عبدة
قرى المغرب
منتجعات ساحلية في المغرب

سيدي بوزيد (المغرب)


උඩුකුඹර පංසල
මනරම් තේ යායකින් වටවූ සුන්දරපෙදෙසක උඩුකුඹුර පංසල පිහිටා ඇත.මුලින් බෝධීන් වහන්සේ පමණක් පැවති අතර මෙ වනවිට සංවර්ධන කටයුතු අරබා ඇත.මෙම විහාරස්ථානයට ගම් 6 ක් පමන දායකත්වය සපයයි.

උඩුකුඹුර පංසල


Base bleed or base burn (BB) is a system used on some artillery shells to increase range, typically by about 20–35%. It expels gas into the low pressure area behind the shell to reduce base drag (it does not produce thrust; if it did it would be a rocket-assisted projectile). Since it extends the range by a percentage, it is more useful on longer range artillery where an increase of approximately  can be achieved, and it also was found that the reduced turbulence gave the projectiles a more consistent trajectory, resulting in tighter grouping and efficient shelling more than 40 km away.

Base bleed technology was developed in Sweden in the mid-1960s but took some time to spread and find its niche between cheaper classical ordnance and even more expensive rocket-assisted projectiles. It is now a fairly common option.

Function
Most (50–60%) of the drag on an artillery shell comes from the nose of the shell, as it pushes the air out of its way at supersonic speeds, creating energy-consuming shock waves. Shaping the shell properly can reduce this drag.

However, another powerful source of drag is the low-pressure area left behind the shell due to its blunt base. Base bleed can reduce this drag without extending the base of the shell or profiling it as in sabot projectile. Instead, a small ring of metal extends just past the base, and the area in the rear of the shell is filled with a small gas generator. The gas generator provides little to no thrust but fills the vacuum in the area behind the shell with an inflow of gas, dramatically reducing drag.

The reduced drag means that a longer range can be achieved or that a smaller initial velocity of the shell is required to reach a given range; more of the kinetic energy of the shell can be allocated to its mass if deemed appropriate, potentially firing heavier shells. The cost is a little space to fit the gas generator in the casing.

History
The principles were developed in Sweden in the mid-1960s by the Försvarets forskningsanstalt (abbreviated FOA) and the Artillery bureau at the Kungliga Materielförvaltningen (later the Försvarets Materielverk (FMV)) while working on a rocket-assisted projectile called "reatil". Their goal was to increase the range of coastal artillery. By 1966, it had been concluded that a small slow-burning charge at the base of the projectile would alleviate the low pressure behind the shell, hence increasing the range by lessening the difference between the pressure due to aerodynamic drag on the nose of the shell and the low pressure behind the base. The first full-scale tests took place in 1969 with modified 10.5 cm steel shells, with excellent results, and the Swedish patent was granted to FOA in 1971 although both application and patent were classified. Since the development was done, the patent was transferred to FMV for procurement to the armed forces of Sweden.

The concept was quickly implemented into the 7.5 cm sjömålsgranat m/66 (7.5 cm anti-ship shell m/66) used in the 7.5 cm tornpjäs m/57 fixed coastal artillery gun, and then rapidly into all anti-ship shells in the Swedish military.

Since FMV was to contract a company in the US to manufacture the gas generator for the 12 cm sjömålsgranat m/70 (12 cm anti-ship shell m/70), used in the 12 cm TAP m/70 fixed coastal artillery gun, the classification secret was removed from the patent. Shortly thereafter the international rights were sold, eventually ending up with the Space Research Corporation (SRC), then owned by aeronautical engineer Gerald Bull.

By the end of the 20th century, the technology was generally available world-wide.

See also

 Rocket-assisted projectile (RAP)

References

Bibliography

External links
 Army researchers add power, range to artillery Picatinny Arsenal

Artillery ammunition
Swedish inventions

Base bleed


An Chlorospatha antioquiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat ngan L.P.Hannon. An Chlorospatha antioquiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chlorospatha, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chlorospatha

Chlorospatha antioquiensis


Talog voćnog vina je istaloženi ostatak u posudama s voćnim vinom nakon fermentacije, za vrijeme odležavanja i dozrijevanja voćnog vina i dopuštenih postupaka bistrenja i taloženja, kao i ostatak dobiven filtriranjem ili centrifugiranjem voćnog vina. Talog voćnog vina je i ostatak nakon bistrenja i taloženja voćnog mošta kao i ostatak dobiven filtriranjem i centrifugiranjem voćnog mošta. Zabranjena je proizvodnja voćnog vina od komine ili taloga.

Izvori

Voćarstvo
Enologija

Talog voćnog vina


An Carlephyton glaucophyllum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Josef Bogner. An Carlephyton glaucophyllum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carlephyton, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carlephyton

Carlephyton glaucophyllum


Binaural je šesti studijski album američkog alternativnog rock sastava Pearl Jam. Diskografska kuća Epic Records objavila ga je 16. svibnja 2000. godine. Nakon velike promidžbene turneje za prethodni album Yield (iz 1998.) članovi Pearl Jama otišli su na kraću pauzu koja je trajala do kraja 1999., kad su počeli raditi na novome albumu. Tijekom produkcije albuma skupina je naišla na poteškoće; pjevač Eddie Vedder patio je od nedostatka nadahnuća, dok je gitarist Mike McCready otišao na rehabilitaciju zbog ovisnosti o lijekovima. Prvi je album Pearl Jama na kojem je bubnjeve svirao bivši Soundgardenov bubnjar Matt Cameron, koji se pridružio grupi tijekom turneje Yield Tour 1998. godine kako bi zamijenio Jacka Ironsa.

Glazba na albumu ističe se eksperimentalnim zvukom, koji je očit na pjesmama nastalih tehnikom binauralnog snimanja. Atmosferične skladbe, čiji su tekstovi uglavnom tmurni i kritiziraju društvo, natjerale su sastav da na omotu albuma takve tematike prikaže slikama nebula. Binaural je dobio pozitivne kritike i debitirao je na drugom mjestu ljestvice Billboard 200. Iako je postigao zlatnu nakladu u SAD-u, postao je prvi studijski album skupine koji ondje nije stekao platinasti status. Promidžbena turneja 2000. godine dovela je do nastanka velikog broja službenih bootleg izdanja.

Snimanje
Članovi sastava zasebno su radili na pjesmama prije nego što su ih zajedno počeli snimati, što je slično načinu na koji su radili na albumu Yield. Pjevač Eddie Vedder opisao je stvaranje albuma kao "građevinski posao". Binaural je bio prvi uradak od debitantskog albuma na kojem producent nije bio Brendan O'Brien. Gossard je izjavio da je grupa "smatrala da je vrijeme da iskuša nove stvari" i da je "bila spremna za promjenu".
Umjesto njega sastav je unajmio producenta Tchada Blakea, poznatog po služenju tehnikom binauralnog snimanja. Tehnika binauralnog snimanja odnosi se na korištenje dvama mikrofonima radi stvaranja trodimenzionalnog stereofonskog zvuka; grupa se njome okoristila na nekolicini pjesama, među kojima je i akustična "Of the Girl". Gossard je o Blakeu komentirao: "Cijelo nam je vrijeme bio na usluzi i želio je da oblikujemo različite atmosfere." Bio je to prvi studijski album Pearl Jama nakon odlaska bubnjara Jacka Ironsa; na njemu svira bubnjar Matt Cameron iz Soundgardena, koji je prethodno svirao bubnjeve na američkoj turneji Yield Tour.

Binaural je bio snimljen krajem 1999. i početkom 2000. u Seattleu, Washingtonu u studiju Litho, čiji je vlasnik gitarist Stone Gossard. Grupa i Blake izvorno su ga miksali u Sunset Sound Factoryju u Los Angelesu, Kaliforniji; međutim, skupina na koncu nije bila zadovoljna konačnim miksevima. Prema McCreadyju Blakeov je rad bio prikladan za sporije skladbe kao što je "Nothing as It Seems", ali nije na ostalim pjesmama koje su trebale biti žešće. Za te potonje pjesme sastav je angažirao bivšeg producenta O'Briena, koji ih je remiksao u studiju Southern Tracks u Atlanti, Georgiji. S O'Brienom je skupina sekvencirala uradak.

Dok je skladao i snimao pjesme za album, sastav je naišao na nekoliko poteškoća. Vedder je rekao da je tijekom rada na uratku patio od autorske blokade, zbog čega nije mogao pisati stihove. Takva je situacija nadahnula skrivenu skladbu "Writer's Block", koja se sastoji od zvukova pisaćeg stroja i koja se pojavljuje nakon šest minuta i 50 sekundi posljednje pjesme, "Parting Ways". Vedder je skladao glazbu za nekolicinu pjesama, među kojima su "Insignificance" i "Grievance", ali problem mu je predstavljalo pisanje stihova. Odlučio je prestati skladati glazbu i usredotočiti se isključivo na pisanje tekstova; čak se suzdržavao od sviranja gitare. Izjavio je da je jednom prilikom ugledao ukulele, pomislio "to nije gitara" i koristeći se ukuleleom napisao pjesmu "Soon Forget". Gitarist Mike McCready otišao je na rehabilitaciju zbog ovisnosti o lijekovima. Gossard je izjavio da zbog McCreadyjeva odsustva i upoznavanja s Cameronom "nisu svi bili na istoj valnoj duljini".

Tri instrumentala koja su se pojavila na DVD-u Touring Band 2000 ("Thunderclap", "Foldback" i "Harmony") nastali su na početku snimanja Binaurala. Nekoliko pjesama koje su bile izbačene s albuma na koncu su se pojavile na kompilaciji rijetkih pjesama Lost Dogs iz 2003. godine. Među njima su "Sad", "Hitchhiker", "In the Moonlight", "Education", "Fatal" i "Sweet Lew". "Sad", čije je izvorno ime bilo "Letter to the Dead", Ament je nazvao "odličnom pop pjesmom", ali je rekao da se ne bi uklopila s ostalima na albumu jer grupa "baš i ne [sklada] mnogo pop albuma". "Sweet Lew", koja govori o Kareemu Abdul-Jabbaru, bila je odbačena s uratka jer se prema Amentovim riječima također nije uklapala s ostalim skladbama. Od pjesama koje su nastale u to vrijeme, "Fatal" je producentu Tchadu Blakeu najdraža. "Strangest Tribe" i "Drifting" također su bile snimljene u vrijeme rada na albumu i obje skladbe pojavile su se na božićnom singlu za klub obožavatelja 1999. godine, kao i na Lost Dogsu.

Glazba i tekstovi

Binaural započinje trima brzim skladbama, a potom pjesme postaju raznolikije. Vedder je objasnio: "Radije bismo izazvali svoje obožavatelje i natjerali ih da slušaju naše pjesme nego im dali nešto što je lako progutati. U svijetu ima mnogo pjesama koje je lako progutati, ali mi nikad nismo htjeli biti dio toga." Glazbeni kritičar Jon Pareles u recenziji za Rolling Stone izjavio je da se Pearl Jam odmaknuo od grungea koji ga je učinio slavnim i "da se počeo baviti drugim stvarima: nervoznim post-punkom i tmurnim meditacijama, napetim folk rockom i turbulentnim neopsihodeličnim rock pjesmama koje zvuče kao da su nastale improviziranim sviranjem."

Nekoliko pjesama na uratku pokazuje utjecaj klasičnog rocka. Uvod u prvu skladbu "Breakerfall" sadrži gitaristički rif sličan onome u pjesmi "I Can See for Miles" grupe The Who (s albuma The Who Sell Out iz 1967. godine). K tome, "Soon Forget", na kojoj Vedder svira ukulele, nadahnuta je pjesmom "Blue, Red and Grey" istog sastava (s albuma The Who by Numbers iz 1975. godine); Vedder ju je opisao kao "30 sekundi plagiranja" i u knjižici albuma zahvalio je Peteu Townshendu. Pjesma "Nothing as It Seems" stilistički je slična radu skupine Pink Floyd.

Basist Jeff Ament napisao je stihove za dvije pjesme ("Gods' Dice" i "Nothing as It Seems"), dok je Gossard napisao tekst za njih tri ("Thin Air," "Of the Girl" i "Rival"). S tekstualnog je gledišta album mračniji od prethodnika Yield; Gossard je izjavio da su tekstovi "prilično tmurni". Vedder je o kritici društva sadržanoj u tekstovima pjesama na albumu izjavio: "Mislim da svi tragaju za slobodom...To je jedna od stvari zbog koje se ugodno osjećate. Znam da mi je smetalo kad su mi ljudi govorili što trebam učiniti, kao i kad su me određene stvari mentalno i fizički ograničavale. Cijelo čovječanstvo traga za slobodom i smatram da je važno znati kad je se domognete." Ament je komentirao da "Gods' Dice" govori o "osuđivanju bilo koga tko vjeruje u nešto, bez obzira na to vjeruje li u Boga ili ne", a da "Nothing as It Seems" govori o njegovu djetinjstvu u seoskom području sjeverne Montane. Vedder je opisao "Evacuation" "pjesmom o promjeni" i u intervjuu je izjavio da je pouka skladbe "Insignificance" "neučinkovitost političkih bitaka". Dok je pisao "Grievance", Veddera su nadahnuli protesti protiv WTO-a u Seattleu 1999.; rekao je da pjesma govori o opasnosti tehnologije. Gossard je izjavio da je pjesma "Rival" njegov osvrt na masakr u Columbineu iz 1999. godine.

Omot albuma
Naslovnica albuma prikazuje prilagođenu Hubbleovu fotografiju planetarne maglice MyCn 18, poznatije kao Pješčani sat. Hubbleove fotografije maglica NGC 7293 i Orao poimence su se pojavile na unutrašnjoj naslovnici i knjižici albuma. NASA je dopustila korištenje fotografija. O ilustracijama Ament je rekao: "Razlog zbog kojeg smo se odlučili na rad s Tchadom [Blakeom] jest taj što pjesmama daje odličnu atmosferu....Htjeli smo da ilustracije to prikažu....Jedna od ideja kojom smo se bavili jest shvaćanje da je u velikom poretku stvari sve majušno, čak i glazba koju zajedno stvaramo, bez obzira na to koliko je snažna. Cijela ta tematika svemira povezana je s proporcijama. Primjerice, pogledate te fotografije [i shvatite da] je trinaest svjetlosnih godina sažeto u deset centimetara."

Naziv albuma aludira na tehniku binauralnog snimanja korištenog na nekolicini skladbi. Pridjev 'binauralno' doslovno znači "ono što ima dvije uši" ili "ono što se odnosi na dvije uši". O nazivu uratka Gossard je rekao: "Kad smo istražili što znači riječ 'binauralno', pisalo je da znači slušati objema ušima. Činilo se kao prikladan naslov za album."

Objava i recenzije

Komercijalni uspjeh
Binaural je u prvom tjednu objave u SAD-u bio prodan u 226.000 primjeraka i debitirao je na drugom mjestu ljestvice Billboard 200. Prvo je mjesto tad zauzeo album Oops!... I Did It Again Britney Spears. Binaural je postao prvi studijski album Pearl Jama koji nije postigao platinastu nakladu. Binaural je postigao zlatnu nakladu i prema Nielsen SoundScanu do 2013. je godine bio prodan u 850.000 primjeraka u SAD-u. Uradak se našao na prvom mjestu ljestvica u Novom Zelandu, gdje je postigao zlatnu nakladu, i Australiji, gdje je stekao platinasti status i postao trideset i šesti najprodavaniji album godine.

Dva singla bila su objavljena s Binaurala. Glavni singl "Nothing as It Seems" bio je objavljen 11. travnja; pojavio se na 49. mjestu ljestvice Billboard Hot 100 i trećem mjestu ljestvice Mainstream Rock. Drugi singl s albuma, "Light Years", nije ušao na ljestvicu Hot 100, ali se zato pojavio u ljestvicama Mainstream Rock i Modern Rock.

Recenzije
Prema Metacriticu Binaural je dobio uglavnom pozitivne kritike; na toj je stranici prosječna ocjena albuma 69/100 na temelju 16 recenzija. NME je albumu dao devet od deset bodova; u recenziji ga je nazvao "kipućim, bijesnim albumom; to je svečani iskaz protiv cinizma i pasivnosti i uobičajenih nepravdi u svakidašnjem životu" i dodao je da "čak i kad sastav uspori tempo, pjesme se ističu srčanom intenzivnošću". AllMusicov recenzent Stephen Thomas Erlewine dao mu je četiri od pet zvjezdica i izjavio: "Pjesme su oštrije, produkcija je slojevita, a izvedbe su osjećajne kao i uvijek, zbog čega je to najbolji album od Vitalogyja." Timeov recenzent Christopher John Farley istaknuo je da je album "strpljiviji i manje bijesan od većine ranijeg rada Pearl Jama". Dodao je i da "Pearl Jam potiho stvara dugogodišnju karijeru kojom će postati jednaka legendama rocka iz prošlosti". Jim Farber iz Entertainment Weeklyja dao mu je ocjenu 4+ (B+), izjavio da "teže teme daju osvježavajuću kvalitetu Pearl Jamovim introspektivnim stihovima i čvrstom rocku" i dodao: "Čak i da je PJ davno prestao pratiti duh vremena, barem se njegovi članovi i dalje bave onime što im je blisko srcu". Kritičar Robert Christgau opisao je album kao "rock kao unutarnja bitka koja se vječno prikazuje izvana".

Spin je uratku dao sedam od deset zvjezdica i napisao: "Sve što vam srce želi i dalje je tu—šaljiva eksperimentalnost, bjesnilo gitara, Eddiejevo samookrivljujuće zavijanje. Sve je sad samo čvršće i jasnije." Q mu je dao tri od pet zvjezdica i komentirao: "Grunge je možda umro, ali čini se da Pearl Jam nikad neće biti ubijen." Rolling Stoneov recenzent Jon Pareles uratku je dao tri i pol od pet zvjezdica i izjavio da "se doima kao dio produženog razgovora između petorice članova skupine...i dovoljno posvećenih obožavatelja koji provjeravaju najnovije Pearl Jamove stavove o ljubavi, smrti i društvenoj odgovornosti". The Guardian je albumu dao tri od pet zvjezdica, dodao da je Pearl Jam "otmjen, glazben, iskren... i malčice dosadnjikav" i istaknuo da se "Vedderovo dirljivo tjeskobno pjevanje utapa u moru pesimističkih rifova". Recenzent je zaključio da je Binaural "takav kakav je; na njemu ima pjesama koje su zarazne, kojima je potrebno neko vrijeme da postanu upečatljive i neke skladbe koje su potpuno bezvezne". Na dodjeli nagrada Grammy 2001. godine skladba "Grievance" bila je nominirana za nagradu u kategoriji najbolje hard rock izvedbe. Ament je o Binauralu rekao da "danas mislimo da na taj album nismo stavili najbolje pjesme" i dodao: "Nekoliko je lijepih stvari proizašlo iz tog uratka, ali nikad ga nećemo pamtiti kao jednog od najboljih."

Turneja

Pearl Jam podržao je album turnejama u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi. Turneja je počela 23. svibnja 2000. godine nastupom u Lisabonu, Portugalu. Europska turneja sastojala se od 26 nastupa. Posljednji koncert na europskoj turneji završio je tragedijom; na festivalu Roskilde u Danskoj 30. je lipnja gomila ljudi pojurila prema naprijed, devetero je obožavatelja bilo pregaženo te su se ugušili. Zbog toga su dva koncerta koja su se trebala održati u srpnju bila otkazana. Mjesec dana nakon završetka europske turneje sastav je otišao na dvodijelnu sjevernoameričku turneju koja je započela nastupom u Virginia Beachu, Virginiji 3. kolovoza. Prvi dio turneje odvijao se na istočnoj obali SAD-a, dok se na drugom dijelu turneje grupa usredotočila na srednji zapad i zapadnu obalu. Skupina je razmišljala o razilaženju nakon tragedije na Roskildeu, no Vedder je izjavio da joj je "sviranje, gledanje u gomilu i zajedništvo" tijekom sjevernoameričke turneje "omogućilo da nastavi dalje".

Sastav je 22. listopada 2000. održao koncert u MGM Grand Garden Areni u Las Vegasu, Nevadi, i njime proslavio desetu obljetnicu svojeg prvog nastupa. Vedder je iskoristio priliku i zahvalio mnogim ljudima koji su pomogli sastavu da se okupi i doživi deset godina postojanja. Dodao je: "Ne bismo ovo činili da primamo Grammy ili nešto takvo." Posljednji koncert turneje održao se 6. studenog 2000. u KeyAreni u Seattleu, Washingtonu, gdje je skupina svirala više od tri sata. Europska i sjevernoamerička turneja bile su popraćene dugačkim serijalom službenih bootlegova, koji su bili dostupni u prodavaonicama albuma, ali i članovima obožavateljskog kluba sastava. Grupa je 2000. i 2001. objavila 72 koncertna albuma i tako postavila rekord za najviše albuma koji su istovremeno debitirali na ljestvici Billboard 200. Nakon završetka turneje iz 2000. godine skupina je objavila Touring Band 2000, DVD koji sadrži određene nastupe sa sjevernoameričke turneje.

Pearl Jam odsvirao je cijeli Binaural 10. svibnja 2016. godine na svojem koncertu u Air Canada Centreu u Torontu tijekom prvog seta duljeg nastupa.

Popis pjesama

I "Parting Ways" sadrži skrivenu skladbu "Writer's Block" koja počinje nakon 6 minuta i 49 sekundi.

* Asterisci označuju pjesme koje su snimljene tehnikom binauralnog snimanja.

Izvorni popis pjesama
Kad je prvi put bio objavljen popis pjesama za Binaural koncem ožujka 2000. godine, podosta se razlikovao od konačne inačice. Neke pjesme koje su se prvotno nalazile na albumu bile su odbačene i nisu bile objavljene sve do 2003., kad su se pojavile na kompilaciji rijetkih pjesama Lost Dogs. K tome, konačnoj je verziji albuma pridodana pjesma "Gods' Dice". Izvorni popis izgledao je ovako:

"Breakerfall"
"Insignificance"
"Evacuation"
"Letter to the Dead"
Kasnije preimenovana u "Sad"
"Rival"
"Grievance"
"Light Years"
"Of the Girl"
"Thin Air"
"Nothing as It Seems"
"Fatal"
"Sleight of Hand"
"Soon Forget"
"In the Moonlight"
"Parting Ways"
"Education"

Osoblje

Pearl Jam
Eddie Vedder – vokali, gitara; ukulele (na pjesmi "Soon Forget")
Stone Gossard – gitara
Jeff Ament – bas-gitara, kontrabas, fotografija
Mike McCready – gitara
Matt Cameron – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
April Cameron – viola
Justine Foy – violončelo
Mitchell Froom – klavijature, harmonij
Pete Thomas – udaraljke
Wendy Melvoin – udaraljke
Dakota – pseći glas

Ostalo osoblje
Tchad Blake – produkcija; miksanje (pjesama 5, 8, 10, 11 i 12); portreti
Brendan O'Brien – miksanje (pjesama 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 i 13)
Matt Bayles – tonska obrada
Adam Samuels – dodatna tonska obrada
Ashley Stubbert – dodatna tonska obrada
R. Sahai – naslovnica
J. Trauger – naslovnica
Znanstveni tim WFPC2 – naslovnica
NASA – naslovnica, unutarnja naslovnica, naslovnica knjižice albuma
K. P. Handron – unutarnja naslovnica
R. O'Dell – unutarnja naslovnica
J. Hester – naslovnica knjižice albuma
P. Scowen – naslovnica knjižice albuma
Jerome Turner – umjetnički direktor
Ames Design – omot albuma

Ljestvice

Izvori

Albumi iz 2000.
Američki glazbeni albumi

Binaural


Japji Sahib
(, pronunciation: ) is the Sikh thesis, that appears at the beginning of the Guru Granth Sahib – the scripture of the Sikhs. It was composed by Guru Angad, and is mostly the writings of Guru Nanak. It begins with Mool Mantra and then follow 38 paudis (stanzas) and completed with a final Salok by Guru Angad at the end of this composition. The 38 stanzas are in different poetic meters.

Japji Sahib is the first composition of Guru Nanak, and is considered the comprehensive essence of Sikhism.  Expansion and elaboration of Japji Sahib is the entire Guru Granth Sahib. It is first Bani in Nitnem. Notable is Nanak's discourse on 'what is true worship' and what is the nature of God'. According to Christopher Shackle, it is designed for "individual meditative recitation" and as the first item of daily devotional prayer for the devout. It is a chant found in the morning and evening prayers in Sikh gurdwaras. It is also chanted in the Sikh tradition at the Khalsa initiation ceremony and during the cremation ceremony.

Related to Japji Sahib is the Jaap Sahib (), the latter is found at the start of Dasam Granth and was composed by Guru Gobind Singh.

Etymology
Japa (Sanskrit: जप) means the recitation of a mantra. The Sanskrit word japa is derived from the root jap-, meaning "to utter in a low voice, repeat internally, mutter".

Following are some accepted meanings of Jap:
 A conventional meaning for Jap(u) is to recite, to repeat, or to chant.
 Jap also means to understand. Gurbani cites Aisa Giaan Japo Man Mere, Hovo Chakar Sache Kere, where the word Jap means to understand wisdom.

Content

The Japji Sahib's first stanza or pauri states that one cannot be cleaned or stay clean by repeatedly taking bath at holy sites as the thoughts are not clean, by silence alone one cannot find peace as the thoughts come one after another in our mind, by food and all material gains alone one cannot satisfy one's hunger, to be purified one must abide in love of the divine. Hymn 2 asserts that by God's command the ups and downs in life happen, it is He who causes suffering and happiness, it is He whose command brings release from rebirth, and it is His command by which one lives in perpetual cycles of rebirth from karma.

With good karmas in past life and his grace is the gate to mukti (liberation); in him is everything, states verse 4. The verse 5 states that He has endless virtues, so one must sing His name, listen, and keep the love for Him in one's heart. The Guru's shabda (word) is the protecting sound and wisdom of the Vedas, the Guru is Shiva, Vishnu (Gorakh) and Brahma, and the Guru is mother Parvati and Lakshmi. All living beings abide in Him. Verse 6 to 15 describe the value of listening to the word and having faith, for it is the faith that liberates. God is formless and indescribable, state verses 16 to 19. It is remembering His name that cleanses, liberates states Hymn 20. Hymns 21 through 27 revere the nature and name of God, stating that man's life is like a river that does not know the vastness of ocean it journeys to join, that all literature from Vedas to Puranas speak of Him, Brahma speaks, Siddhas speak, Yogi speaks, Shiva speaks, the silent sages speak, the Buddha speaks, the Krishna speaks, the humble Sewadars speak, yet one cannot describe Him completely with all the words in the world.

Verse 30 states that He watches all, but none can see Him. God is the primal one, the pure light, without beginning, without end, the never changing constant, states Hymn 31.

Japji Sahib and Jaap Sahib

The Guru Granth Sahib starts with Japji Sahib, while Dasam Granth starts with Jaap Sahib. Guru Nanak is credited with the former, while Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the latter. Jaap Sahib is structured as a stotra that are commonly found in 1st millennium CE Hindu literature. The Jaap Sahib, unlike the Japji Sahib, is composed predominantly in Braj-Hindi and the Sanskrit language, with a few Arabic and Persian words, and with 199 stanzas making it longer than Japji Sahib. The Jaap Sahib is, like Japji Sahib, in praise of God as the unchanging, loving, unborn, ultimate power and includes within it 950 names of God, starting with Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu and moving on to over 900 names and avatars of gods and goddesses found in Hindu traditions, with the assertion that these are all manifestations of the One, the limitless eternal creator. This is similar to Sahasranama texts of India, and for this reason this part is also called as Akal Sahasranama. The text includes Arabic and Persian words for God such as Khuda and Allah. The Japu Sahib includes a mention of God as wielder of weapons, consistent with the martial spirit of Dasam Granth.

Gallery

References

Adi Granth
Sikh scripture
Guru Nanak Dev

Japji Sahib


(26639) Murgaš, denumire internațională (26639) Murgas, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26639 Murgaš este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Peter Kušnirák. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,36 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 4,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

26639 Murgaš


කොමීඩියා ඩෙල්ආටේ (ඉතාලි බසින් "වෘත්තීය කළමණාකරුවන්ගේ නාට්‍ය"යන 16 වන ශත වර්ෂයේදී ඉතාලියේ ආරම්භ වූ ක්ෂණිකව සකස් කර ගන්නා රඟමඩලකින් සමන්විත වූ නාට්‍ය ක්‍රමයකි. එය අදටත් පැවතියත් එය ජනප්‍රියත්වයේ හිනිපෙත්තටම නැං‍ඟේ 18 වන ශත වර්ෂයේය. මෙම රඟ දැක්වීම තිර රචන වලින් තොර වූ අතර එළිමහනේ පැවැත්වීය. මේවායේ දෙබස් ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇතුලත් වූ අතර ඇතුළුවීම නොමිලයේ බැවින් ලැබෙන ආධාර වලින් පවත්වා ගෙන යන ලදී. මෙවැනි නාට්‍ය කණ්ඩායමක දස දෙනෙකු වූ අතර එවුන් පිරිමි 8 කින් හා ගැහැණු දෙදෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත විය. මෙම ක්‍රමය ඉතාලියෙන් පිට ලෝකයේදී 'ඉතාලියානු නාඩගම්' ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

කොමීඩියා ඩෙල්ආටේ නිර්මාණ ගතානුගතික කතා වස්තූන්ගේ සංගීත සමූහ ලෙස වයස්ගත වීම, ඊර්ෂ්‍යාව, වයස්ගත කාලය සහ ආදරය වැනි මාතෘකා සම්බන්ධව ලියැවිණි. මෙවැනි කතා වස්තූන්ගේ මූලිකාංග රෝම ප්ලේටස් හා ටෙරන්ස්ගේ විකට නාට්‍ය අනුසාරයෙන් නිමවිය. සමහරක් ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 4 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ වූ නැතිවී ග්‍රීක විකට නාට්‍යවල පරිවර්තනය විය. නාට්‍යකරුවන් හොඳින් පුරුදු වූ විහිළු හා ලැසි හා කොන්සෙට්ටි ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රකට කායික මුකවාඩම් මෙන්ම එම ස්ථානයේම ක්ෂණිකව සකස්කරගත් පිළිවෙළවල් යොදා ගනී. මේවායේ නිෂ්පාදනය එවලේම සිදුවන නිසා මේවායේම දෙබස් හා ක්‍රියාදාම පහසුවෙන්ම ප්‍රාදේශීය අපචාර, කාලීන සිද්ධි උපහාසයට ලක්කිරීමට මෙන්ම එම ප්‍රදේශයේ ස්වභාවය අනුව වෙනස් විය හැකිය. ඒවි එසේ වන්නේ නාට්‍යට ඇතුලත් පරණ විහිළු හා කතාවම අනුවර්තනය කරමින්ම වේ. මේවායේ චරිත ඇඳුමින් වෙස් මුහුණින් හෝ දෙබස් වලින් පවා අඳුනාගත හැකිය. උදා. ලෙස නිලය හඟවන යෂ්ඨියක් මතින් පවා චරිත හඳුනාගත හැකිය. මේවායේ චරිත නූතන විකට චරිත වන හරිලෙකුන් (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින් අර්ලෙච්චිගෝ) හා සන්නි වැනි චරිතවල ආදි මුතුන් මිත්තන් වේ.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික හා ගතානුගතික කතා වස්තුව වන්නේ ඉනමොරාටි (Innamorati) ආදරයෙන් වෙළී සිටින අතර විවාහ වීමට අපේක්ෂාවෙන් සිටී. නමුත් එක් වැඩිහිටියෙක් (වෙචියෝ) හෝ වැඩිහිටියන් කිහිපදෙනෙකු (වෙචි) මෙය සිදුවීම නවතයි. එමඟින් ආදරවන්තයන්ට සන්නි (විකාර සේවකයින්) කෙනෙකුගෙන් හෝ කිහිපදෙනෙකු‍ෙග් ආධාර පැතීමට සිදුවේ. නියමානුකූලව කතාව අවසන් වන්නේ සුභදායකවය. එනම් ඉනමොරාටි‍ෙග් විවාහය සිදුවී වැරදිවලට සමාව ලැබීමෙනි. මෙවැනි කතාවලට ගණනය කල නොහැකි තරම් විචල්‍යතා පවතී. මේවායේ පවතින විචල්‍යතා වලට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම කතාවෙන් පිටපැනීම්ද ඇතුලත් වේ. උදා. ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ කතාවක් වන අර්ලෙන්ච්නෝගේ කතාවක අර්ලෙන්ච්නෝ අද්භූත ලෙස ගර්භනී වීම හෝ "පහර හා ජූඩි" සිද්ධිය දැක්විය හැකිය.

කැරල් ඩජර්ඩිනිස්ගේ රෝමයේ උත්කෘෂ්ට නටඹුන් ආශ්‍රිතව සංචාරක නාට්‍ය කණ්ඩායමද පිරිමැසුම් සහගත රඟමඩල සකස් කිරීම ගැන කල සමීප නිරීක්ෂණ මත සකස් කරන ලදී.

දිනය: 1657 (ලුවර් කෞතුකාගාරය)

නාට්‍ය කලාව

කොමීඩියා ඩෙල් ආටේ


Níkol Vovají Pasjínjan (armenska: Նիկոլ Վովայի Փաշինյան; f. 1. júní 1975) er armenskur stjórnmálamaður og blaðamaður sem hefur verið forsætisráðherra Armeníu frá 8. maí 2018. Hann komst til valda eftir armensku "flauelsbyltinguna" árið 2018. Stjórnartíð Pasjínjans hefur einkum einkennst af áframhaldandi átökum Armeníu við nágrannaríkið Aserbaísjan. Ríkin tvö háðu stríð sín á milli árið 2020 um umdeilt landsvæði í Nagornó-Karabak sem endaði með ósigri Armena.

Æviágrip
Árið 2008 vakti Pasjínjan þjóðarathygli þegar hann leiddi fjöldamótmæli á móti kjöri Sersj Sargsjans á forsetastól Armeníu. Ofbeldi braust út í mótmælunum sem kostuðu tíu manns lífið. Í kjölfarið fór Pasjínjan í felur í eitt ár en gaf sig síðan fram og var ákærður fyrir morð. Árið 2011 var honum veitt friðhelgi. Hann hélt í kjölfarið áfram að leiða mótmælahreyfingar gegn spillingu og gölluðu lýðræði í Armeníu og var kjörinn á armenska þingið árið 2011.

Við upphaf ferils síns í stjórnmálum hafði Pasjínjan verið stuðningsmaður Levons Ter-Petrosjan, fyrsta forseta Armeníu, en hann snerist síðar gegn honum og stofnaði eigin stjórnmálaflokk, Borgarasambandið. Pasjínjan varð leiðtogi Yelk-bandalagsins, bandalags stjórnarandstöðuflokka sem hlaut níu þingsæti af 105 eftir þingkosningar árið 2017.

Í apríl árið 2018 brutust út mótmæli á ný þegar Sersj Sargsjan, sem hafði þá gegnt tveimur kjörtímabilum sem forseti, gerðist forsætisráðherra til þess að halda völdum. Árið 2015 hafði stjórnarskrá Armeníu verið breytt til að færa mestallt framkvæmdavaldið frá forseta til forsætisráðherra og þings. Sargsjan hafði lofað því að með þessum breytingum væri hann ekki að leggja grunn að lengdri valdasetu sinni og því vakti það mikla reiði almennings þegar hann var tilnefndur forsætisráðherra.

Mótmælin 2018 urðu sú fjölmennustu í Armeníu frá árinu 1988 og Pasjínjan steig fram sem sýnilegasti leiðtogi og helsti skipuleggjandi þeirra. Mótælin, sem hlutu nafnið "flauelsbyltingin", leiddu til þess að Sargsjan neyddist til að segja af sér og flokkur hans, Lýðveldisflokkurinn, var nauðbeygður til að tilnefna Pasjínjan nýjan forsætisráðherra þrátt fyrir að flokkur hans hefði ekki mörg sæti á þinginu. Þegar armenska þingið greiddi atkvæði um tilnefningu Pasjínjans í embætti forsætisráðherra þann 1. maí var honum hafnað, sem reitti mótmælendur mjög til reiði. Þegar þingið kaus aftur um tilnefningu Pasjínjans þann 8. maí var hún samþykkt með 59 atkvæðum gegn 42 og Pasjínjan varð þannig forsætisráðherra Armeníu.

Eftir að Pasjínjan tók við stjórnartaumunum boðaði hann til kosninga til að styrkja stöðu sína á þinginu. Í kosningunum, sem fóru fram í desember 2018, vann flokkur Pasjínjans stórsigur og hlaut ríflega 70 prósent atkvæða. Lýðveldisflokkur Sargsjans féll hins vegar út af þingi.

Í september árið 2020 brutust út hernaðarátök milli Armeníu og nágrannaríkisins Aserbaísjan um héraðið Nagornó-Karabak, sem er innan alþjóðlega viðurkenndra landamæra Aserbaísjans en er byggt Armenum sem stjórna sér sjálfir í hinu óviðurkennda Artsak-lýðveldi. Stríðið stóð í um sex vikur og kostaði alls um 6.000 mannslíf, bæði Armena og Asera, hermanna og óbreyttra borgara. Armenum gekk ekki vel í hernaðinum gegn Aserum og því neyddist Pasjínjan í nóvember til að undirrita samning um vopnahlé með milligöngu Rússa þar sem Armenar urðu að láta af hendi talsvert af landi til Asera.

Samþykkt Pasjínjans á vopnahléinu olli verulegri ólgu í Armeníu og margir Armenar úthrópuðu Pasjínjan sem "svikara" fyrir að láta undan kröfum Asera. Í febrúar 2021 gagnrýndu æðstu yfirmenn armenska hersins Pasjínjan fyrir að skella skuldinni af ósigrinum alfarið á herinn og hvöttu Pasjínjan til að segja af sér. Pasjínjan neitaði að verða við þeirri kröfu, sakaði herinn um að reyna að fremja valdarán gegn sér og vék Oník Gasparjan, yfirmanni hersins, úr embætti.

Vegna spennu og óvissu í kjölfar ósigursins gegn Aserbaísjan boðaði Pasjínjan til nýrra kosninga þann 20. júní 2021. Þegar kosningarnar voru haldnar náði ríkisstjórn Pasjínjans að halda meirihluta sínum á þingi, en kosningaþátttaka var mjög dræm.

Mannskæð átök brutust aftur út milli Armeníu og Aserbaísjans í september 2022 og Pasjínjan sakaði Asera um að hafa hernumið hluta landsins eftir umfangsmiklar og mannskæðar árásir. Pasjínjan biðlaði jafnframt til Sameiginlegu öryggissáttmálastofnunarinnar, varnarbandalags fyrrum sovétlýðvelda, að hjálpa til við að tryggja fullveldi Armeníu og reka Asera á brott. Pasjínjan gagnrýndi Rússa vegna skorts á stuðningi þeirra við Armeníu í maí 2023 og sagði að til greina kæmi að Armenía segði sig úr Sameiginlegu öryggissáttmálastofnuninni.

Tilvísanir

Forsætisráðherrar Armeníu

Níkol Pasjínjan


Maigret zögert (französisch: Maigret hésite) ist ein Kriminalroman des belgischen Schriftstellers Georges Simenon. Er ist der 68. Roman einer Reihe von insgesamt 75 Romanen und 28 Erzählungen um den Kriminalkommissar Maigret. Der Roman entstand vom 24. bis 30. Januar 1968 in Epalinges und erschien im gleichen Jahr beim Verlag Presses de la Cité. Die erste deutsche Übersetzung von Hansjürgen Wille und Barbara Klau publizierte 1970 Kiepenheuer & Witsch im Sammelband mit Maigret und der Mörder sowie Maigret und sein Jugendfreund. 1982 veröffentlichte der Diogenes Verlag eine Neuübersetzung von Annerose Melter.

Per anonymem Brief wird Kommissar Maigret ein Mord angekündigt. Schnell führt ihn das Briefpapier in das herrschaftliche Haus eines Anwalts. Maigret befragt Familie und Angestellte, doch ohne konkrete Anhaltspunkte zögert der Kommissar, jemanden zu verdächtigen. Er postiert seine Inspektoren vor dem Gebäude, obwohl er fürchtet, dass diese den Mord nicht werden verhindern können.

Inhalt

Es ist der 4. März, und in Paris ist erstmals der Frühling zu spüren. Am Quai des Orfèvres trifft ein anonymer Brief ein, der verkündet: "Ein Mord wird demnächst begangen werden, wahrscheinlich schon in den nächsten Tagen. Vielleicht von jemandem, den ich kenne, vielleicht vor mir selbst." Weitere Briefe mit Details werden angekündigt, doch obwohl der Briefkopf abgetrennt ist, führt Maigret das gleichermaßen teure wie seltene Briefpapier schnell in ein Haus in der  Avenue Marigny. Es ist das Haus des ehemaligen Präsidenten des Kassationsgerichts Gastin de Beaulieu. Nach seiner Pensionierung leben hier seine Tochter und ihr Ehemann Émile Parendon, ein auf Seerecht spezialisierter Rechtsanwalt.

Der 46-jährige Parendon, der auf Maigret den Eindruck eines intelligenten Gnoms macht, zeigt sich wenig beeindruckt von dem anonymen Brief. Viel lieber möchte er mit Maigret über sein Steckenpferd reden, den Artikel 64, der im französischen Strafrecht die Schuldunfähigkeit regelt. Parendons Auffassung nach ist kein Mensch jemals völlig verantwortlich für seine Taten. Einen ganz anderen Eindruck als ihr verschrobener Ehemann macht Madame Parendon, eine attraktive, weltgewandte Gesellschaftsdame. Die Ehepartner haben sich einander entfremdet. Émile kapselt sich von den geselligen Aktivitäten seiner Frau ab, diese hält ihn für geistesgestört. Das Paar hat zwei Kinder, 18 und 15 Jahre alt, die Bambi und Gus genannt werden. Neben den Hausangestellten arbeiten in Parendons häuslicher Kanzlei noch der ehrgeizige Referendar René Tortu, der Schweizer Julien Baud, der sich in Paris als Bürogehilfe durchschlägt, und die junge Sekretärin Antoinette Vague. Diese war einst mit Tortu liiert, gibt aber nun offen zu, die Geliebte Parendons zu sein, den sie, ungeachtet seiner wenig eindrucksvollen Erscheinung, bewundert.

Maigret ist sich unschlüssig, was er von dem angekündigten Verbrechen halten soll und ob nicht alles bloß ein Scherz ist. Doch es treffen weitere Briefe ein, die sein Vorpreschen rügen und im Ton dringlicher gehalten sind. So lässt Maigret das Haus durch seine Inspektoren Lapointe und Janvier bewachen, ohne rechten Glauben, damit mögliche Geschehnisse im Innern aufhalten zu können. Und tatsächlich gibt es am nächsten Morgen eine Tote: Antoinette Vague wurde mit einem Radiermesser die Kehle durchgeschnitten. Bei den anschließenden Befragungen entlarvt Maigret zuerst Gus als Autor der anonymen Briefe. Der Junge wusste um die Spannungen zwischen seinen Eltern und hatte Angst um seinen Vater, den er zu schwach wähnte, sich ohne Hilfe zu verteidigen. Durch Aussagen von Nachbarn wird Madame Parendon des Mordes überführt. Sie plante eigentlich, ihren Mann umzubringen, tötete im letzten Moment aber statt seiner die junge Geliebte im Wissen, ihn damit noch stärker zu treffen. Nun ist es sie, die mit Schrecken der Untersuchung ihrer geistigen Zurechnungsfähigkeit entgegen sieht.

Interpretation

Ähnlich wie in Maigret hat Skrupel handelt es sich auch bei Maigret zögert um einen ungewöhnlichen Kriminalroman, bei dem die Ermittlungen der eigentlichen Tat vorausgehen. Als Maigret den Mord dennoch nicht verhindern kann, mischt sich seine Sympathie für die junge Sekretärin mit Gewissensbissen, die so weit gehen, dass der Kommissar aus Kummer seinen Pfeifenstiel zerbeißt. Der Fall führt den Kommissar in das Milieu des Hochbürgertums. Doch sowohl Milieu als auch die Studie einer Person, die ihre eigenen psychischen Störungen auf andere überträgt, treten laut Michel Lemoine im Roman in den Hintergrund gegenüber dem Hauptthema: der Erörterung des Artikels 64.

Der Artikel 64 wird im Roman zitiert als: "Ein Verbrechen oder ein Vergehen liegt nicht vor, wenn der Angeklagte zum Zeitpunkt der Tat im Zustand der Geistesgestörtheit war oder wenn ihn eine Kraft dazu trieb, der er sich nicht widersetzen konnte." Parendon möchte diesen Artikel reformieren, denn er glaubt nicht, "dass ein menschliches Wesen jemals völlig verantwortlich ist." Daraus resultiert seine Weigerung, andere Menschen zu hassen, an der er auch festhält, als er von der Tat seiner Frau erfährt. In Parendons Erklärung, nichts gegen die Bedrohung durch seine Frau unternommen zu haben, weil er eines Tages entschied, alle Konsequenzen seiner Heirat und Lebensweise zu tragen, entdeckt der Kommissar allerdings einen Widerspruch zu seinen Überzeugungen: Offensichtlich habe Parendon für sein Leben ja eine eigenverantwortliche Entscheidung getroffen. Maigrets Haltung zur Frage der Verantwortlichkeit bleibt offen. Erst am Ende des Romans lässt ihn die Tatsache, dass es nun an den Psychiatern ist, über Madame Parendon zu urteilen, den Abbruch seines Medizinstudiums nicht länger bedauern. Denn so trägt er nicht die Bürde der Ärzte, am Ende des Falles zu entscheiden. Bereits bei ihrer ersten Begegnung hatte er Parendon gestanden: "Ich bin froh, kein Richter zu sein. So brauche ich nicht zu urteilen…"

Die Frage nach der Verantwortung des Menschen hat Simenon in seinem Werk wiederholt aufgeworfen, so etwa in Maigret hat Skrupel und Maigret und der Messerstecher. Die Diskussion zwischen Maigret und Parendon über den Artikel 64 setzt ähnliche Unterhaltungen zwischen Maigret und seinem Freund, dem Doktor Pardon, in Maigret stellt eine Falle und Maigrets Geständnis fort. Stanley G. Eskin weist darauf hin, dass der Anwalt in Maigret zögert nicht zufällig Par(en)don heißt. Die intensive Auseinandersetzung mit dem Artikel 64 spiegelt sich auch in Simenons Befragung durch fünf Psychiater, die im Band Simenon auf der Couch veröffentlicht wurde.  Dort verkündete der Autor: "Seit dreißig Jahren kämpfe ich für diesen berüchtigten Artikel 64, in dem es darum geht, festzustellen, ob ein Mensch tatsächlich verantwortlich ist oder nicht." Und später prophezeite er: "In einigen Jahren werden nicht mehr die Richter und die Geschworenen über das Schicksal des Verbrechers entscheiden, sondern Ausschüsse, die sich aus Ärzten, Psychiatern und Psychologen zusammensetzen."

Rezeption

Die Zeitschrift Best Sellers urteilte 1970, Maigret zögert sei "möglicherweise nicht ganz so packend wie einige der früheren Abenteuer des Inspektors, aber es ist dennoch höchst faszinierend". Murielle Wenger lobte an dem Roman die faszinierende Galerie seiner Figuren ebenso wie den Detailreichtum, der von Maigrets Erinnerungen, seinen Eindrücken und Wahrnehmungen bis zu Beschreibungen seiner Methode reiche. Der Roman schreie regelrecht nach einer Verfilmung, und es sei wenig überraschend, dass die Episode Maigret chez les riches zur erfolgreichsten in der Maigret-Serie mit Bruno Cremer geworden sei.

Die Romanvorlage wurde dreimal verfilmt: im Rahmen der Fernsehserien Les Enquêtes du commissaire Maigret mit Jean Richard (1975), Boris Tenin (1981) und der erwähnten Serie mit Bruno Cremer (2000). Im Jahr 1989 produzierte der WDR ein Hörspielumsetzung unter der Regie von Dieter Carls. Neben Charles Brauer als Maigret sprachen unter anderem Charles Wirths, Karin Anselm und Herbert Bötticher. Im Jahr 2018 erschien beim Audio Verlag eine Hörbuchlesung von Walter Kreye.

Ausgaben

 Georges Simenon: Maigret hésite. Presses de la Cité, Paris 1968 (Erstausgabe).
 Georges Simenon: Maigret und der Mörder. Maigret und sein Jugendfreund. Maigret zögert. Übersetzung: Hansjürgen Wille, Barbara Klau. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 1970.
 Georges Simenon: Maigret zögert. Übersetzung: Hansjürgen Wille, Barbara Klau. Heyne, München 1971.
 Georges Simenon: Maigret zögert. Übersetzung: Annerose Melter. Diogenes, Zürich 1982, ISBN 3-257-20757-3.
 Georges Simenon: Maigret zögert. Sämtliche Maigret-Romane in 75 Bänden, Band 68. Übersetzung: Annerose Melter. Diogenes, Zürich 2009, ISBN 978-3-257-23868-6.
 Georges Simenon: Maigret zögert. Übersetzung: Hansjürgen Wille, Barbara Klau. Kampa, Zürich 2018, ISBN 978-3-311-13068-0.

Weblinks

 Maigret zögert auf maigret.de.
 Tilman Spreckelsen: Maigret-Marathon 68: Maigret zögert. Auf FAZ.net vom 28. August 2009.
 Maigret of the Month: Maigret hésite (Maigret Hesitates)  auf der Maigret-Seite von Steve Trussel. (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Maigret
Werk von Georges Simenon
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Französisch)
Literatur (Paris)
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Belgien)
Kriminalliteratur

Maigret zögert


Sanne: et portræt af hele Danmarks rock-mama er en film instrueret af Ulrik Wivel.

Handling
En portrætfilm om sangerinden Sanne Salomonsen. Der indgår koncertoptagelser fra Vega, København 2003.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Portrætfilm fra Danmark


Torpedostationen ved Bramsnæsvig eller Søminestationen er en tidligere flådestation og testanlæg for torpedoer der ligger ved vestsiden af Isefjorden i Dragerup Skov, 5 km øst for Holbæk.

Tilbage i 1875 fik Danmark licensen til at afprøve og indskyde torpedoer for Danmark, Norge og Sverige. Man skulle finde et egnet sted til disse afprøvninger. En placering ved Præstø blev undersøgt, men man endte med, at finde placeringen ved Dragerup velegnet. Der er en vanddybde på 6-7 meter og det gjorde det muligt, at torpedoerne kunne skydes af 5 -7 km op mod Orø.

Stedet kaldes nu lokalt for Søminestationen, men det er lidt af en tilsnigelse. Det oprindelig navn var "Torpedostationen ved Bramsnæsvig". Funktionen på stedet har været, at indskyde, dels såkaldte aktive miner ("cigarerne") og dels passive miner (dem med "horn"). Det var kun i sommermånederne, at der blev afprøvet torpedoer og stedet var bemandet. Udover de 2 ovennævnte typer har man også i 30'erne haft afprøvet torpedokast fra fly. I alt er afprøvet 70.000 miner fra stedet. Kun en enkelt af disse er forsvundet.

Bygning C (den der ligger parallelt med kystlinien) blev opført 1883 og fungerede som værkstedsbygning. Hele underetagen var dengang et stort rum beregnet til at håndtere torpedoerne. På første sal kan man i dag stadig bemærke sig, at der er parketgulv i det ene rum. Årsagen til det er, at her holdt kommandanten oprindeligt til.

Nogle år efter i 1887 kommer bygning A til (den der ligger med gavlen mod vandet).

Ser man stedet i dag, kan man stadig se resterne af brohovedet hvor torpedoerne blev ført frem med trykluft. Ude i vandet ses rester fra en ydereliggende bro, ligesom der blev opført 5 "isbryder øer" ude i fjorden der skulle beskytte selve broen mod isens hærgen...

2. verdenskrig
1. september 1943 indtog tyskerne stedet. I perioden 43-45 holdt Hitler Jugend til på stedet. Der findes næsten ingen spor fra denne tid. Kun en enkelt "Nihalet kat", der kan iagttages på Holbæk Museum.

Efter krigen erkendte man, at torpedoerne nu havde fået en størrelse der nødvendiggjorde, at man måtte undersøge andre placeringer til afprøvning. Det blev Kongsøre, som jo ikke ligger langt herfra. Herfra uddannes stadig i dag frømænd, så som vores kronprins Frederik er blevet det.

Da den oprindelige funktion for torpedostationen forsvandt, overgik Torpedostationen til at fungere som nødkaserne for Holbæk Kaserne. På det tidspunkt var der store årgange værnepligtige, som krævede deres plads. Mange værnepligtige tog turen fra torpedostationen til Holbæk for en fornøjelig tur i byen.

Efterkrigstiden

Fra slutningen af 50'erne stod bygningerne tomme og uopvarmede, dog stadig overvåget af kasernens folk.

Holbækkere har i tidligere tider i stor stil cyklet ud til "badebroen" ved "Søminen" for at bade.

Herefter begynder der en ny æra i stedets historie. I 1980'erne var der en aktiv biolog fra Københavns Universitet Erik Rasmussen. der fostrede tanken om, at bruge stedet som et feltlaboratorium. Han har sammen med andre, lavet meget forskning i området, hvorfor det nu fremstår som et af de bedst udforskede fjordområder.

I perioden 1995 til indvielsen i maj 1997 arbejdes der på en restaurering og ombygning af stedet. Dette blev gjort bl.a. i samarbejde med et, på daværende tidspunkt eksisterende beskæftigelsesprojekt "Sidesporet". En af de opgaver de havde, var at nedtage alle vinduer og afrense dem. Det betyder, at de vinduer der i dag er i bygningerne, er de oprindelige fra 1880'erne.

Nuværende funktion

I dag fungerer stedet dels som forskningscenter for Roskilde Universitetscenter og dels som kursussted.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 soeminestationen.dk
 Interview med lokalhistoriker Flemming Sylvest, HolbækHis

Militære anlæg i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Holbæk Kommune
Isefjorden

Torpedostationen ved Bramsnæsvig


An Micropera draco in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Takasi Tuyama, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Phillip James Cribb och Paul Ormerod. An Micropera draco in nahilalakip ha genus nga Micropera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Micropera

Micropera draco


O estilo e título do soberano canadense é o modo formal de tratamento do monarca do Canadá derivado das tradições de titulação monárquica da Coroa britânica e do Reino de França, anteriormente vigentes nas suas respectivas colônias americanas.

Os territórios canadenses estiveram sob a soberania de britânicos e franceses alternadamente até a formação da Confederação do Canadá em 1867, quando a monarquia canadense passou a figurar de forma autônoma. O estilo real empregado atualmente é uma combinação de um estilo que se origina no início do século XVII e um título estabelecido pela lei canadense em 1953.

Estilo atual

Em 1953, um ano após a ascensão de Isabel II ao trono, o Parlamento do Canadá aprovou o "Ato de Títulos e Tratamentos Reais", estabelecendo o consentimento parlamentar para a emissão de uma proclamação real que alterava o título do monarca sendo então utilizado. A proclamação real relevante foi emitida em 28 de maio, poucos dias antes de sua coroação. A partir da ascensão de Carlos III em 2022, o estilo e os títulos do soberano no Canadá são:

O estilo e os títulos foram compostos durante o reinado de Isabel II para mencionar distintamente o Canadá, de modo a destacar que o soberano é compartilhado por este e outros domínios, sendo monarca do Canadá e do Reino Unido separadamente, bem como dos então seis (atualmente 13) outros Reinos da Commonwealth. Quando aprovado para Isabel II em 1953, esse tratamento era similar aos títulos da monarca em seus outros reinos. Apenas o Canadá mantém este título; todos os outros, exceto o próprio Reino Unido, removeram a referência ao Reino Unido.

O monarca é normalmente tratado pelo título de "Rei do Canadá" e espera-se que se refira a si mesmo como "Rei do Canadá" quando estiver ou agir no exterior em nome do país. Por exemplo, Isabel II afirmou em 1973: "é como Rainha do Canadá que estou aqui, Rainha do Canadá e de todos os canadenses, não apenas de uma ou duas linhagens ancestrais." Desde que o título foi adotado, o governo federal canadense promoveu seu uso como um símbolo da soberania e independência do Canadá. Em 1957, o Primeiro-ministro John Diefenbaker afirmou que "'Rainha do Canadá' é um termo que gostamos de utilizar porque representa totalmente o seu papel nesta ocasião."

O título também está incluído no Juramento de Fidelidade e no Juramento de Cidadania como ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA CANADA (forma latina para "Isabel II, pela Graça de Deus Rainha, do Canadá". Esta variação figura no reverso de várias medalhas no sistema de honras canadense.

Forma de tratamento
O uso das formas de tratamento "Alteza" e "Majestade" remonta aos costumes de tratamento britânicos do século XII. Durante o reinado de Jaime VI da Escócia, no entanto, "Majestade" tornou-se o tratamento oficial do Soberano britânico em detrimento de todos os outros e o costume foi trazido para as colônias britânicas da América do Norte. Após a formação da Confederação do Canadá em 1867 e o subsequente processo constitucional que encerrou a soberania da Coroa britânica na região, o uso do tratamento foi mantido em referência ao monarca canadense. Ao contrário do Reino Unido, onde o soberano é referido nos tratados e nos passaportes britânicos como "Sua Majestade Britânica" (His  Britannic Majesty), o soberano no Canadá é referido simplesmente como "Sua Majestade" (Sa Majesté ou His Majesty).

História
Após a Confederação Canadense em 1867, o Primeiro-ministro John A. Macdonald referiu-se repetidamente à Rainha Vitória como "Rainha do Canadá" mesmo após o país não ser autorizado a utilizar a nomenclatura "Reino do Canadá". Seguindo esta tradição política, o Primeiro-ministro Wilfrid Laurier defendeu que o título fosse incluído na proclamação de coroação de Eduardo VII em 1902. Este desejo não foi atentido, no entanto, e o Canadá herdou o título britânico completo quando o país conquistou a independência legislativa do Reino Unido em 1931.

Em 1945, o membro liberal do Parlamento Eugène Marquis apresentou uma moção na Câmara dos Comuns do Canadá propondo que uma mudança no título real fosse debatida na próxima Conferência de Primeiros-Ministros da Commonwealth. Marquis sugeriu que o título incluísse cada um dos domínios reais, dando-lhe a designação de "Rei do Canadá". A moção não foi aprovada e, apenas em 1948, a forma de tratamento foi modificada pelo Ato de Títulos e Estilo Real que também removeu o termo "Imperador da Índia" do título do soberano canadense. Em 1949, o governo canadense sugeriu sem sucesso que o título régio fosse alterado para "Jorge VI, pela graça de Deus, do Canadá e das outras Nações da Comunidade Britânica, Rei". Na época, Robert Gordon Robertson, então membro do Secretariado do Gabinete, opinou que os canadenses não gostariam do título de "Rei do Canadá", já que "a maioria dos canadenses não se percebiam como cidadãos de uma monarquia ou nem de uma república". De toda a forma, em 1950, quando William Ferdinand Alphonse Turgeon foi enviado à Irlanda como Embaixador do Canadá, o Gabinete desejou que Jorge VI fosse referido nas cartas credenciais como "Rei do Canadá". Os secretários do rei se opuseram fortemente, alegando que o monarca tinha apenas um título legal e as cartas de Turgeon acabaram usando o título régio integral de Jorge VI, que se referia a ele como "Rei da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda".

As proclamações da ascensão de Isabel II em fevereiro de 1952 diferiram entre o Canadá e o Reino Unido; neste último, a nova monarca foi referida de forma não convencional como "Rainha Isabel II pela Graça de Deus, Rainha deste Reino e de Seus outros Reinos e Territórios", enquanto o Conselho Privado Canadense seguiu a formalidade da lei proclamando-a como "Isabel II, pela Graça de Deus, da Grã-Bretanha, Irlanda e dos Domínios Britânicos de Além-Mar". As divergências entre os reinos independentes levaram a discussões entre os primeiros-ministros da Commonwealth antes de uma reunião em Londres em dezembro de 1952. O então Primeiro-ministro canadense Louis St. Laurent afirmou que era importante que uma nova composição para o título real fosse acordada por todos os reinos para "enfatizar o fato de que a rainha é a Rainha do Canadá, independentemente de sua soberania sobre outras nações". O formato sugerido pelo Canadá seria: "Isabel II, pela Graça de Deus, Rainha do Canadá e de Seus outros Reinos e Territórios, Chefe da Comunidade Britânica, Defensora da Fé".

Títulos dos soberanos canadenses

Ver também
 Estilo do Soberano britânico

Política do Canadá
História política do Canadá

Estilo do Soberano canadense


Prodidomus dalmasi est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du comté de Nairobi au Kenya. Elle se rencontre vers Nairobi.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

Le mâle décrit par Cooke en 1964 mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Berland en 1920.

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Raymond de Dalmas.

Publication originale
 Berland, 1920 : « Diagnoses préliminaires d'araignées d'Afrique orientale. Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel (). » Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Kenya

Prodidomus dalmasi


La ville de Kaniere est une localité du District du Westland dans la région de la West Coast située dans l'Île du Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
La ville de Hokitika siège au nord-ouest, et le fleuve Hokitika s'écoule au-delà vers le sud-ouest  .

Population
La population du secteur était de  en 2006 lors du recensement de 2006 en Nouvelle-Zélande, en augmentation de  par rapport à celui de 2001.

Histoire
La localité commença à se développer en 1865 comme l'un des principaux centres de champs aurifères alluviaux de la «West Coast» lors de la ruée vers l'or de la West Coast   .

Accès
La ligne du  construite avec des rails en bois, fut établie à partir de la ville d'Hokitika vers1868, avec des voitures tirées par des chevaux .
Une route fut construite ensuite sur ce trajet en 1873.

Éducation
L'école «Kaniere School»  est une école mixte, contribuant au primaire, allant de l'année 1 à 6 avec un taux de décile de 7 et un effectif de  .

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
District de Westland
West Coast

Kaniere


Lucas Vinicius Gonçalves Silva (født 14. september 1991) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Lucas Vinicius Gonçalves Silva


Onthophagus macrocephalus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1818 por Kirby.

Referências

Ligações externas

macrocephalus
Coleópteros descritos em 1818

Onthophagus macrocephalus