الجية قرية فلسطينية دمرت في نكبة 1948م، تبعد عن غزة حوالي 20 كيلو متر، وتقع شرق طريق غزة وعسقلان. وكان يمر بأراضيها الغربية خط السكة الحديدية بين فلسطين ومصر.

الموقع والسكان
تقع القرية على ارتفاع 50 مترا عن سطح البحر، وتبلغ مساحة أراضيها حوالي 8500 دونم، ويحد أراضي الجية من الغرب نعليا ومن الجنوب والجنوب الغربي بربرة ومن الشرق والشمال الشرقي بيت طيما ومن الشمال الغربي المجدل.

بلغ عدد سكانها 1427 نسمة عام 1948م، أما عددهم الآن في الشتات فيقارب عشرة آلاف نسمة.

يخترق الجية واد كبير يمتلئ بالماء طوال فصل الشتاء يمنع الاتصال بين جزأيها الشمالي والجنوبي. يبدأ هذا الوادي رحلته من جبال الخليل ثم يسير متجهاً نحو الغرب إلى كوكبا وإلى بيت طيما ثم يخترق الجية من الشمال الشرقي وينحني فيها نحو الجنوب الغربي إلى أراضي بربرة الغربية ثم إلى بيت جرجا ثم إلى دير سنيد ليتحد مع وادي الحسي وهذان الواديان يلتقيان مع وادي الحليب المتوسط فيما يتجه الوادي من الجية غرباً لأرتفاع أراضي نعليا.

نبذة تاريخية عن الجية
قد تكون كلمة الجية مأخوذة من كلمة الجواء بمعنى البر الواسع. وقد يكون معناها «المكان البهيج اللطيف الممتلئ بالأزهار البرية في الربيع والصيف» وقد يكون المكان المنخفض الذي يحتوي على المستنقعات خاصة في الشتاء.
ولكن من شبه المؤكد أن التسمية جاءت بسبب خصوبة أرضها وانخفاض سطحها ولأن ترتبها طينية حمراء صلبة، ويتناقل الأحفاد عن الأجداد أن الجية كان اسمها الجهتين وأن شارعاً صغيراً كان يقسمها إلى شطرين أو جهتين تم رحل شطر منها أثر نزاع داخلي وسكنوا في حليقات وكوكبا.

الجية قرية قديمة أثرية بدليل وجود كثير من البقايا الأثرية والقطع المعمارية والأعمدة القديمة. ورد ذكرها في مذكرات الحروب الصليبية حيث دمرها الصليبيون عندما احتلوها.
وكانوا قد أطلقوا عليها اسم Algie وأعاد بناءها فيما بعد محمد أبو نبوت وهو قائد مملوكي تابع لوالي عكا أحمد الجزار والذي بنى فيها الجامع وبئر المياه بجانبه وأسكن فيها السكان من جديد. وكانت هذه المنطقة مع ما جاورها مسرحاً للمعارك: فقد خرب صلاح الدين عسقلان بعد تحريرهاً خوفاً من وقوعها في أيدي الصليبيين مرة أخرى- ودارت معركة كبيرة قرب هربيا انتصر فيها الصالح نجم الدين أيوب على الصليبيين والعرب الموالين لهم، ثم احتلها اليهود في 5/11/1948 بعد هزيمة الجيوش العربية في كوكبا وحليقات ودمروا بيوتها وأقاموا على أنقاضها قرية يهودية أطلقوا عليها اسم Geia سكانها جلبوهم من الأوروبيين عام 1949م ومن يهود الدول العربية خاصة من دول المغرب العربي وأطلقوا على هذه المستعمرة الزراعية فيما بعد «جية أ، ب».

ملكية أراضي القرية
مساحة أراض القرية متوسطة بالنسبة لغيرها من القرى التابعة لقضاء غزة فمساحة أرضها حوالي 8500 دونم منها 250 دونم للطرق والوادي والسكة الحديدية وغيرها و45 دونم مساحة بيوت القرية.
وكانت الزراعة تعتمد على مياه الأمطار (بعلية) عدا الأراضي المزروعة بالحمضيات وأشجار التين والجميز والعنب فتروى من مياه الآبار.
غير أن الأفندية من غزة وهم الإقطاعيون سيطروا على كثير من أراضي القرية بأساليب شتى: إما كسداد دين- أو عند حدوث مشكلة بين عائلتين ويلتجئ إليهم أحد الطرفين للوقوف بجانبه في الحكومة فيتنازل الفلاح عن جزء من أرضه أو عن طريق الشراء المباشر أو عند عجز الفلاح عن سداد الضريبة للحكومة وكان الأفندي الذي يسيطر على كثير من أراضي الجية هو أبو رمضان لذلك تخلى هؤلاء الإقطاعيون عن الأرض بسهولة 1948م.
لهذا كان كثير من الفلاحين يشتغلون في أراضي هؤلاء الأفندية بطريقة المشاركة أو العمالة وعندما يحل موسم الحصاد يأتي الأفندي إلى القرية وينصبون له خيمة كبيرة (صوان) ويذبحون له الذبائح ليشرف على قسمة الإنتاج هذا العام بينه وبين الفلاحين بحيث يتبع إنتاج قطع الأرض القليلة الإنتاج بقطع الأرض كثيرة الإنتاج (نظام التتبيع) مما يؤدي إلى حرمان الفلاحين من تعبهم ومؤونتهم طوال العام.

التعليم
تميزت الجية عن غيرها من القرى بالتعليم منذ أمد بعيد قبل التهجيرفقد تخرج من أبنائها عدد لا بأس به من العلماء من الأزهر الشريف بمصر.
وهؤلاء أسهموا في تعليم الكثير من المتعلمين والفقهاء من أهل القرية حيث كانوا يفتحون بيوتهم لتعليم أبناء القرية القرآن الكريم والحساب واللغة العربية وغيرها (كّتاب).
وبعد ذلك يذهب التلاميذ للدراسة في المدارس الحكومية في المجدل أو بربرة وغيرهما.
وفي السنوات الأخيرة قبل النكبة اتفق أهل الجية على إنشاء مدرسة بقريتهم إلا أن التهجيروالنكبة لم تمكنهم من ذلك وكان بعض هؤلاء العلماء يذهبون إلى القرى المجاورة أو إلى العربان لإتمام عقود الزواج أو للصلاة بالناس خاصة في شهر رمضان أو لتعريف الناس بأمور دينهم.
وبعد الهجرة تابع معظم الطلاب تعليمهم في المدارس والجامعات حتى تخرج من بينهم علماء وأطباء ومهندسون مشهورون توزعوا على الدول العربية: كالسعودية والإمارات وغيرهما ونال كثير منهم مراكز مرموقة.
وكل ذلك بسبب اهتمام أهل الجية بالتعليم قبل التهجيروأصبحت نسبة التعليم في القرية عالياً جداً تشمل مختلف التخصصات والعلوم.
وبرز الكثير كأساتذة ومحاضرين في كثير من الجامعات في الداخل والخارج كما تخرج الكثير من الأطباء والمهندسين والمدرسين والمحامين.

الاقتصاد
الزراعة هي أهم عمل للسكان وكانت أراضي القرية تحيط بها من جميع الجهات وتعتمد الزراعة على مياه الأمطار في الشتاء عدا الأراضي المزروعة بالحمضيات والأشجار المثمرة.
وكانت الأرض مقسمة إلى موارس طويلة وتزرع مرة واحدة أو أكثر في السنة، وكان الشعير والقمح والبقوليات والبامية والبندورة والخضار والذرة هي أهم المحاصيل.
وكان الشعير والقمح يحصد في أبريل ومايو أما الذرة فتزرع في فبراير وتحصد في يوليو.

الأدوات الزراعية التي كان الفلاح يستعملها في عمليات الزراعة المختلفة:
1-	المحراث أو الفرد.
2-	الطورية.
3-	الكريك.
4-	البلطة.
5-	القدوم.
6-	المنشار.
7-	لوح الدراس.
8-	الغربال.
9-	الطاحونة.
10-	المنجل.
11-	الشنشرة.
12-	البردعة.

2- الرعي وتربية الحيوانات:
	نظراً لوفرة الأمطار وكثرة الإنتاج الزراعي عمل أهالي الجية على تربية الحيوانات على نطاق واسع أهمها: الأغنام والأبقار والحمير والإبل مما أدى إلى توفر إنتاج الحليب والجبن والزبدة بكميات كبيرة حيث تباع في سوق المجدل.
إضافة إلى هذا فإنهم يستخدمون البقر والحمير والجمال في جميع عمليات الزراعة من حرث ونقل ودرس.
	وتربى هذه الحيوانات على الأعشاب في المناطق العشبية أو على مخلفات الإنتاج الزراعي.

3- الحرف والتجارة:
	كانت الحرف والتجارة بسيطة تعتمد على المقايضة فيشترون ما يشاءون من الدكاكين أو من الباعة المتجولين بكميات قليلة من القمح أو الشعير أو الذرة ولكن في السنوات الأخيرة بدأوا يشترون ويبيعون بالنقود.
	وكانت ثروة الفلاحين معظمها من الإنتاج الزراعي ومما يملكونه من الأغنام والأبقار على نطاق واسع.
وكانت الجية مشهورة بالحليب والجبنة حيث تباع في سوق المجدل. وكان في الجية جزارون هم:
شحادة الأخرس وحسن سلامة وأحمد حسين إبراهيم وعبد القادر شعبان عوض.
	وكان في القرية أربع محلات للبقالة (العبد شكير) وأحمد أبو شنب ومحمد أبو عواد وأحمد عوض.
	أما من يقوم بالحلاقة فهو محمود صالح أبو شنب.
وكان في القرية سيارة شحن واحدة يملكها حسن طه. وأعتقد أنه كان لأبناء العبد أبو شنب سيارة أخرى (المعروف بـ عبد رزة).
	أما بئر القرية فكان يعتمد على الحيوانات في استخراج الماء بالقواديس من البئر ولكن في السنوات الأخيرة تم تركيب ماتور لاستخراج الماء.

4- المأكولات:
	كان الناس يعتمدون في غذائهم على ما تنتجه أرضهم من المحاصيل كالحبوب والبقوليات والخضار بحيث يمكن أن يقال أنهم مكتفون ذاتياً إلا في بعض المواد الغذائية الأخرى.
	وكانت النساء تقوم بعملية الخبز في الطابون وكان الخبز يصنع من الذرة أو القمح أو الشعير.
	لذلك كان الناس يخزنون حبوبهم التي تنتجها أرضهم في المطامير ليكفيهم مؤونة السنة وبعض الناس لا يكفيهم فيضطرون إلى الاستدانة.
	أما المشروبات فهي في الغالب: القهوة السادة وصاروا يشربون الشاي في السنوات الأخيرة بالإضافة إلى الدخان العربي.

5- الصناعة:
	كانت الجية مشهورة ببعض الصناعات البسيطة التي تعتمد على الإنتاج الزراعي والحيواني مثل: الجبن والمفارش والبسط وبعض أدوات النجارة التي تستخدم في عمليات الزراعة المختلفة كالمحاريث الخشبية وغيرها وكان البعض يقوم بأعمال الخياطة أو الحلاقة أو الجزارة.

الجية في ثورة 1936
الظروف التاريخية والحروب والغزوات التي مرة بها فلسطين من سيطرة عثمانية واحتلال إنجليزي وغير ذلك أثرت على كل بقعة في فلسطين بعندما حل الخطر الصهيوني قبل النكبة بسنوات قام أهالي الجية بشراء الأسلحة من حر مالهم ومن حلي نسائهم للدفاع عن أنفسهم وأراضيهم شأنهم في ذلك شأن أهالي قرى ومدن فلسطين كلها.
وكون أهالي الجية ما يشبه بكتيبة مسلحة تدربت على حمل السلاح واستخدامه لأنهم كانوا يرون أن المعركة مع اليهود آتية لا ريب فيها خاصة بعد زيارة عبد القادر الحسيني للقرى الجنوبية والجية، واجتماعه مع الشيخ حمدان حيث طلب من الناس الاشتراك في الثورة وفعلا تم ذلك فاشتركوا في مجموعات العمل المسلح قيادتها في المجدل لمهاجمة الجنود الإنجليز واليهود وتم خلع السكة الحديدية في ثورة 1936م، ونصب الكمائن لقوافل اليهود فألحقوا بها خسائر فادحة وأهم المجاهدين: اسبيتان عوض الذي أسره اليهود ومحمد أحمد سالم الذي تولى القيادة بعد اسبيتان، وإبراهيم محجز، ومحمد عيسى، وأحمد عوض سليمان، وأحمد محمود صيام، ومحمود خليل صيام، وجميل ناجي، وجميل سويدان، وحسن ياسين حلوة، والأمير حمدان، ومحمود خليل ناجي، ونمر حسن سليمان، وإبراهيم محمد سليمان، وحلمي عابد، ومحمد عطية صباح، وشحادة الأخرس، ومحمد شحادة العبسي، ورجب عساف، وحسين محمود سالم، وأحمد محمد السحار.

الجية في حرب 1948
شارك أبناء القرية في حرب 1948 وتصدوا لحركة القوافل الصهيونية التي تتحرك من وإلى مستعمرة سمسم أو من الأسفلت الرئيسي الذي يصل غزة بالمجدل بالاشتراك مع المناضلين من القرى الأخرى المجاورة أو البعيدة نوعا، كما كانوا يشتركون في أي معركة تنشب حتى أنهم تمكنوا من الاستيلاء على دبابة ومدرعتين سليمتين في إحدى المعارك التي خاضوها بالاشتراك مع أهل بربرة والمجدل (قرب بربرة). دخلت القرية في نطاق سيطرة الجيش المصري وهجّر أهلها مع انسحاب الجيش المصري، وتوزعوا على مخيمات الاجئين والدول العربية المجاورة.

القرية اليوم
دمرت القرية بعد احتلالها عام 1948م وسويت بالأرض، ولم يبق المكان سوى بعض أشجار الجميز. أنشئ موشاف غيئا، ومستوطنة بيت شكما على أراضي القرية في سنتي 1949 و1950، ويستخدم سكانهما أراضي القرية في الزراعة.

المراجع

 أ. جميل عبد الرحيم السحار. «الجية... أرض الآباء والأجداد»، الطبعة الأولى، 1/1/2007.
 موسوعة بلادنا فلسطين: السيد مصطفى مراد الدباغ، طبعة 2002م، دار الهدى للطباعة والنشر، الجزء الأول.
 سجلات أهالي الجية.
 - أجندة فلسطين- مركز الدراسات الفلسطينية.
 فلسطين التاريخ المصور، د. طارق السويدان.

قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء غزة
مدن فلسطين

الجية


La résolution 1175 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies est l'une des résolutions adoptées par le Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies concernant l'invasion du Koweït par l'Irak, et les sanctions prises à l'encontre de l'Irak.

Elle est adoptée à l'unanimité le 19 juin 1998.

Résolution

Après avoir rappelé toutes les résolutions antérieures sur l'Irak, notamment les résolutions 986 (1995), 1111 (1997), 1129 (1997), 1143 (1997), 1153 (1998) et 1158 (1998) concernant le programme Pétrole contre nourriture, le Conseil a constaté que l'Irak n'était pas en mesure d'exporter du pétrole ou des produits pétroliers en quantité suffisante pour produire  de dollars américains de pétrole et a autorisé les pays à fournir à l'Irak des équipements lui permettant de faire face à cette somme.

Le Conseil de sécurité a noté que le groupe d'experts avait constaté que l'Irak n'était pas en mesure de produire des exportations à hauteur de la somme de  de dollars US autorisée par la résolution 1153. Il est resté convaincu de la nécessité d'un programme temporaire pour répondre aux besoins humanitaires du peuple irakien jusqu'à ce que le gouvernement irakien se conforme aux résolutions précédentes du Conseil de sécurité, notamment la résolution 687 (1991) qui a permis au Conseil de prendre de nouvelles mesures concernant les dispositions de la résolution 661 (1991).

Agissant en vertu du chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations unies, le Conseil a autorisé les États à exporter les pièces nécessaires à l'Irak pour permettre au pays d'augmenter ses exportations de pétrole. Les fonds du dépôt fiduciaire, jusqu'à un total de  de dollars américains, étaient destinés aux dépenses déterminées par le comité établi dans la résolution 661 et liées à l'exportation de ces équipements. Il a également été décidé que les dépenses directement liées aux exportations de pétrole pourraient être financées par des lettres de crédit tirées sur les ventes futures de pétrole, qui seraient déposées sur le compte séquestre.

Le plan de distribution approuvé par le Secrétaire général Kofi Annan resterait en vigueur pour chaque renouvellement du programme "Pétrole contre nourriture". Il a mis à disposition une liste de pièces et d'équipements présentée par le gouvernement irakien et a été invité par la suite à contrôler l'utilisation de ces pièces en Irak.

Articles connexes
 Politique étrangère de l'Irak
 Guerre du Golfe
 Invasion du Koweït
 Sanctions contre l'Irak

Références

1175

Résolution 1175 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies


Serdiana ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Metropolitanstadt Cagliari auf Sardinien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 18,5 Kilometer nordnordöstlich von Cagliari.

Verkehr
Serdiana liegt an der Strada Statale 387 del Gerrei von Cagliari nach San Vito. Von hier aus führt die Strada Statale 466 di Sibiola nach Monastir. Bei Serdiana befindet sich ein kleiner Flugplatz für Leichtflugzeuge.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort auf Sardinien

Serdiana


Arhivi zajednice (eng. community archive) su arhivi koje su stvorili ili akumulirali, opisali i/ili sačuvali pojedinci i grupe unutar zajednice koji žele dokumentirati svoju kulturnu baštinu na temelju zajedničkih iskustava, interesa i/ili identiteta, ponekad bez tradicionalne intervencije formalno obučenih arhivista, povjesničara i knjižničara. Temeljne aktivnosti pokrivaju dokumentiranje, snimanje i istraživanje nasljeđa zajednice, a u tome ključnu ulogu imaju angažirani članovi zajednice koji određuju opseg i sadržaj arhiva zajednice, često s fokusom na značajan zajednički događaj kao što su neredi u Fergusonu (2014. godine). Arhivi zajednica nastaju kao odgovor na potrebe koje definiraju sami članovi zajednice koji također mogu kontrolirati načine na koje se materijali koriste.

Arhivi zajednice i projekti kojima se bave predstavljaju novi pristup za informacijski rad koji je usredotočen na ključne koncepte koji se tiču skrbništva nad gradivom, razvoj zbirki, obradu, uređivanje i opise, organizaciju, predstavljanje, imenovanje, itd. Arhivi zajednica pokazuju koliko tradicionalni arhivi nisu uvijek objektivni i neutralni, što se očituje u njihovom informacijskom radu koji se bori protiv pravne i nezakonite diskriminacije, podređenosti, represije, marginalizacije te nepravda uzrokovanih povredom ljudskih prava. Objektivnost, između ostalog, polazi od neovisnosti određenog arhiva zajednice, što ovisi o tome jesu li dio javne knjižnice ili zavičajnog muzeja, inicijative za usmenu povijest, virtualne zajednice itd.

Iako su lokalne i regionalne organizacije, crkve i muzeji prikupljali zapise o određenim zajednicama generacijama, arhivi zajednica porasli su u broju i popularnosti tijekom 1970-ih i 1980-ih, za što Anne Gilliland i Andrew Flinn vjeruju da je djelomično posljedica povećanog interesa za usmenu povijest i predstavljanje zajednica koji su se javili kao odgovor na pojavu antiratnog pokreta, pokreta protiv establišmenta, pokreta za građanska prava i studentskog aktivizma 1960-ih.

Rad arhiva zajednice dobivao je malo priznanja od strane arhivskih znanstvenika sve do ranih 2000-ih, kada je nekoliko objavljenih studija istraživalo odnose između zajednica, arhiva i kolektivnog sjećanja. Owning Memory: How a Caribbean Community Lost Its Archives and Found His History Jeannette Bastian smatra se jednom od najznačajnijih publikacija tog tipa. Bastian govori o iskustvu naroda Američkih Djevičanskih otoka i njihovom nastojanju da ponovno izgrade svoju "kuću sjećanja" nakon što im je oduzeta lokalna kontrola nad gotovo svim vladinim dokumentima i zapisima od strane njihovih povijesnih i sadašnjih kolonijalnih vladara. Bastianin rad uvodi nekoliko ključnih pojmova, uključujući pojam "zajednice zapisa" koji potvrđuje da su zajednice entiteti koji stvaraju dokumente i čiji je doprinos potreban za kontekstualizaciju zapisa koje stvaraju.

Metode

Arhivi zajednice mogu se razvijati kroz participativne ili autonomne prakse te se mogu pojaviti u fizičkim i virtualnim prostorima, uključujući digitalizaciju raspršenih fizičkih materijala. Model participativnog arhiva definirao je Isto Huvila 2008. godine da bi raspravljao o tome kako pojedinci aktivno i svjesno sudjeluju u stvaranju zajedničke baštine. Oslanjajući se na ideju kulture sudjelovanja (za razliku od potrošačke kulture ), fokus zbirke sudjelovanja je stvaranje mogućnosti za građanski angažman i umjetničko izražavanje, potičući sudionike da dijele informacije i resurse sa zajednicom kako bi postigli zajednički cilj. Okosnice autonomnih arhiva uvele su 2010. Shauna Moore i Susan Pell kako bi opisale zbirke utemeljene u zajednici koje su konstituirane kao namjerni društveni i politički činovi od strane i za nove javnosti, koje često provode oni koji su tradicionalno bili isključeni iz dominantnog kulturnog diskursa.

Čin okupljanja raspršenih zapisa na mreži, koji se također naziva "virtualno ponovno ujedinjenje", može potaknuti cjelovitije razumijevanje povijesti zajednice i ojačati veze zajednice. Međutim, zajednice koje same ne mogu podržati te napore, ali žele ostati autonomne, mogu se suočiti s dodatnom složenošću zbog tehnološke infrastrukture potrebne da se osigura razvoj zbirki na platformi koja se može podržavati i održavati tijekom vremena.

Izazovi

Kako je izraz "arhiv zajednice" stekao popularnost, primjenjivao se na različite načine, uključujući i kao način označavanja sudjelovanja zajednice u stvaranju i očuvanju znanja na načine koji mogu dovesti u pitanje postojeće dominantne povijesne i političke narative. Međutim, dvosmislenost svojstvena definiranju pojmova " zajednice " i " arhiva " komplicira pokušaje rasprave i definiranja onoga što se podrazumijeva pod "arhivima zajednice". Stoga je dopuštanje ovim neovisnim subjektima da označe i definiraju svoje organizacije i misije jedan od važnih načina za podršku njihovim aktivnostima.

Bez obzira smatraju li arhivi zajednice svoja nastojanja političkim, vršenje kontrole nad dokumentacijom i pripovijedanjem zajednice inherentno skreće pozornost na pitanja moći koja se očituju u tradicionalnim pristupima stvaranju i održavanju arhiva. Kako interes i broj arhiva zajednice rastu na globalnoj razini, prilike za dokumentiranje i dijeljenje tih napora i materijala s javnošću mogu rezultirati napetostima između dionika arhiva zajednice i stručnjaka za baštinu koji su obučeni s naglaskom na pravnom, intelektualnom i fizičkom kontrolom zapisa.

Budući da se mnogi arhivi zajednice razvijaju kao neovisni društveni prostori često različiti od dominantnog narativa, njihovi organizacijski zastupnici mogu se oduprijeti arhivskim etiketama i/ili intervencijama obučenih stručnjaka iz zabrinutosti da bi zbirke mogle biti apsorbirane od strane formalnih institucija i učinjene nedostupnima njihovim zajednicama. Stoga su pitanja neovisnosti i autonomije u prvom planu arhivskih identiteta zajednice, čak i ako traže partnerstva ili dobrodošlu potporu institucija tradicionalne kulturne baštine.

Arhivi zajednice u Hrvatskoj
Na području Hrvatske, arhivi zajednice najviše postoje u sklopu nacionalnih manjina, a ponešto i u sklopu vjerskih zajednica.  U sklopu nacionalnih manjina postoji nekoliko manjinskih udruga: Savez mađarskih udruga, Srpsko narodno vijeće, Srpsko kulturno društvo "Prosvjeta", Unija zajednica Albanaca u RH, Zajednica Makedonaca u Republici Hrvatskoj, Bošnjačka nacionalna zajednica Hrvatske, Unija Roma Hrvatske, Koordinacija židovskih općina u Republici Hrvatskoj, Savez slovenskih društava u Republici Hrvatskoj, Nacionalna zajednica Crnogoraca Republike Hrvatske... Udruge se većinom bave digitalizacijom gradiva koje je nužno za njihov rad pa se tu nalaze financijska izvješća i zapisnici sjednica i skupština. Sukladno arhivu zajednice, sav posao unutar udruga obavljaju članovi udruga te ne postoji osoba koja se bavi samo arhivskim gradivom.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Arhivi

Arhiv zajednice


Viscount Blakenham, of Little Blakenham in the County of Suffolk, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1963 for the Conservative politician and former Secretary of State for War, John Hare. He was the third son of Richard Hare, 4th Earl of Listowel (see Earl of Listowel for earlier history of the family).  the title is held by his grandson, the third Viscount, a professor at MIT who succeeded his father, a former chairman of Pearson PLC, in that year. As a great-grandson of the fourth Earl of Listowel, he is also in remainder (as of 2018 second in line) to this peerage and its subsidiary titles.

Viscounts Blakenham (1963)
John Hugh Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham (1911–1982)
Michael John Hare, 2nd Viscount Blakenham (1938–2018)
Caspar John Hare, 3rd Viscount Blakenham (born 1972)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Hon. Inigo Hare.

See also
Earl of Listowel

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1963
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Blakenham


بلدية تورناديثوس دي أفيلا (بالإسبانية: Tornadizos de Ávila) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية تورناديثوس دي أفيلا 424 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية تورناديثوس دي أفيلا

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

تورناديثوس دي أفيلا


ෆ්ලෑෂ් සජීවිකරණයක් හෝ ෆ්ලෑෂ් කාටුන් ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ, ඇඩොබ් ෆ්ලැෂ් සජීවිකරණ  (Adobe Flash Animation) මෘදුකාංගය මඟින් නිර්මාණය කරන සජීවිකරන චිත්‍රපටයකටයි. එය වැඩිපුර නිර්මාණය වන්නේ  "Swf" ගොනු ආකාරයටයි. එවැනි චිත්‍රපට  Swf ආකාරය ඇති වෙනත් මෘදුකාංග මඟින් ද නිර්මාණය කළ හැක. මෙම මෘදුකාංගයට ඊටම අදාල වූ ක්‍රම  හා කළාවක් ඇත. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එය සරළ හා ඔපවත් නොවූ  ලෙස පිළිගනු ලැබේ. ඒ කෙසේ වුවත් දුසිම් ගණන් වලින් ඇති ෆ්ලෑෂ් ටෙලි වෘතාන්ත හා ටෙලි වාණිජමය දැන්විම් මඟින් පිළිඹිඹු වනුයේ මෙහි යහපැවැත්ම හා පුනර්ජීවනයයි.

90 දශකයේ අවසාන භාගයේ බොහෝ ෆ්ලෑෂ් නිර්මාණ කෙටි හා කුඩා ධාරිතාවලින් යුක්ත විය. ඊට හේතු වුයේ අන්තර්ජාල කළාප පළල 56 kbit/s තරම් කුඩා වූ නිසාවෙනි. මෙය ගැටලුවක් නොකර කරගත් නිර්මාණකරුවෝ උසස් කෙටි නිර්මාණ 1mb ට අඩුවෙන් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදි. එවැනි නිර්මාණයක් වන ද ගොඩ්ඩෑමෑන්,  ජෝර්ජ් ලික්නර් ප්‍රෝගෑම්   (The Goddaman George Liqnor Program)  1999 දී නිකුත් වුනේ  628kb තරම් වූ කුඩා ධාරිතාවකිනි.

නියමාකාරයෙන් නිර්මාණය නොවූ ෆ්ලෑෂ් සජිවිකරණවල ලක්ෂණ වන්නේ අමුතු අමුතු චලන, ස්වංක්‍රීය චරිත චලන හා බලාපොරොත්තු නොවන ආකාරයේ මුහුණතෙහි වෙනස්වීම් ආදිය වේ. බිතුසිතුවම,  Raster – based චිත්‍ර හා වීඩියෝ ෆ්ලෑෂ් මඟින් නිර්මාණය කළ හැකි වුවත් බොහෝ නිර්මාණ දෛශික මත (Vector – based) මත පදනම්ව නිර්මාණය වන නිසා පිරිසිදු චිත්‍ර සටහන්ලැබේ.

සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆ්ලෑෂ් භාවිතා කරන බො‍හෝ අය දැකගත හැක්කේ අන්තර්ජාලයේ ය. ඒවා අන්තර්ජාල කාටුන්, අන්තර්ජාලය හා අඛන්ඩව සබැඳි කාටුන්  (Online cartoons),  හෝ ජාල කාටුන් චිත්‍රපට (Web toons)ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. මෙවැනි දේවල් භාවිතා කරන්නාට ද හැසිරවිය හැකි අතර මාලාවක් ලෙස පවතින අවස්ථාද ඇත. අන්තර්ජාල විකට චිත්‍රයක්, ෆ්ලෑෂ් සජිවිකරණයකින් වෙනස් වන්නේ ඒවා විකට තීරයක්  (comic –strip) ඔස්සේ නිර්මාණය වී අන්තර්ජාලය ඔස්සේ බෙදා හරින නිසාය.

වෘත්තීය මට්ටමේ චිත්‍රාගාර තුළ ෆ්ලෑෂ් සජීවීකරණ

ලොව වටා බොහොමයක් ප්‍රධාන සජීවීකරණ චිත්‍රාගාර තුළ ෆ්ලෑෂ්  සජීවීකරණ නිෂ්පාදන සැලකිය යුතු මට්ටමේ ජනප්‍රියත්වයක් අත්කර ගෙන ඇත. එයට හේතුවන්නේ සජීවීකරණ නිර්මාණකරුවන් විසින් පසුව නැවත භාවිතය සඳහා  විශාල වස්තු (චරිත, සිද්ධි , චලන වැනි ) ප්‍රමාණයක් සකස් කිරීම සඳහා මෘදුකාංගයේ වූ හැකියාවේ වාසිය ලබා ගැනීමය. ෆ්ලෑෂ් ගොණු වෙක්ටර් ගොණු ආකෘතියෙහි වන නිසා ඒවා රූප තත්වයේ කිසිදු බාල වීමකින් තොරව සජීවීකරණ 35 mm සේයාපට  සඳහා යැවීම‍ට භාවිතා කළ හැක. මෙම අංගය ෆිල් නිබලින්ක් ඇතුළුව ලොව පුරා ස්වාධීන සජීවීකරණ නිර්මාණකරුවන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු විසින් භාවිතා කර ඇත. ෆිල් නිබලින්ක්ස් යනු මිනිත්තු 77 වන Romeo and Juliet : sealed with a kiss යන චිත්‍රප‍ටයේ නිර්මාතෘවරයාය. ඩිස්නිලන්තයේ 50 වන මැජික් වසර සඳහා වූ ඩොනල්ඩ් ඩක් (Donald duck) සමග ස්ටීව් මාර්ටින් චරිත නිරූපණය කරන චිත්‍රපටියේ ඩොනල්ඩ් ඩක්ගේ අතින් අඳින ලද සජීවීකරණය පිරිසිදුකර වර්ණ ගන්වනු ලැබුයේ ෆ්ලෑෂ් මගිනි.

සටහන්

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ෆ්ලෑෂ් සජීවීකරණය (Flash Animation)


Parno est un scénariste de bande dessinée français, né le .

Biographie
Photographe, féru de littérature, Parno s'est lancé dans l'écriture de scénarios de bande dessinée à la suite d'une rencontre avec le dessinateur JiCé.

Œuvres

Bandes dessinées
 L'Âge des corbeaux , scénario de Parno, dessins et couleurs de JiCé, Vents d'Ouest, 2010
 Ecolomancho, scénario de Parno, dessins et couleurs de JiCé, Pat à Pan
 Ecolomancho, tome 1 : Éternelle banquise, 2013
 Ecolomancho, tome 2 : Pas de panique, 2014
 Nos vies prisonnières , avec Phil Castaza (dessin), Bamboo, coll. « Grand Angle », 2019

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1961
Scénariste français de bande dessinée

Parno


Flekkefjordbanen er en jernbane mellem Sira og Flekkefjord i Norge. Den er 17 km lang med 13 tunneler. Oprindeligt var den en forlængelse af Jærbanen fra Egersund til Flekkefjord, en strækning der åbnede 1. oktober 1904. I 1944 indgik strækningen mellem Egersund og Sira i Sørlandsbanen, mens strækningen mellem Sira og Flekkefjord blev en sidebane. I 1991 blev strækningen mellem Sira og Flekkefjord nedlagt efter en vedtagelse i Stortinget.

Historie
Arbejdet med den oprindeligt smalsporede Flekkefjordbanen begyndte i 1897. Det første ordinære tog fra Flekkefjord til Egersund kørte 1. oktober 1904.

På den nuværende strækning er det især stykket mellem Flekkefjord og Sirnes, der er krævende med stigninger på op til 19½ promille. Strækningen er 14,3 km lang, hvoraf 5,4 km (38 %) er i tunnel. Ravnejuvet tunnel, der med sine 1.174 m er strækningen, var de første to år også Norges længste tunnel, indtil Gravhalstunnelen på Bergensbanen stod færdig i 1906. Ravnejuvet blev udgravet med håndkraft.

Fra starten havde banen to stationer, Flekkefjord og Sirnes. Flikkeid, der ligger omtrent ved banens højeste punkt, blev opgraderet fra holdeplads til station i 1912. Der kom også vandtårn og kullager der. Godstrafikken fra Sire blev gennem lang tid kørt med damplokomotiver. Alle bygningerne langs banen blev tegnet af Paul Armin Due. Stationsbygningen i Flekkefjord blev revet ned i 1967, i Sirnes i 1977 og i Flikkeid i 1988.

Tilslutning til Sørlandsbanen
I 1940 begyndte arbejdet med at forbinde Flekkefjordbanen med Sørlandsbanen. Strækningen fra Sirnes til Sira (3,2 km) måtte omlægges til en ny tracé. Samtidig blev banen ombygget til normalspor. Fra 1941 til 1944 kørte der tog med begge sporvidder. Tog mellem Flekkefjord og Egersund kørte på smalspor, mens anlægstogene mellem Flekkefjord og Sira kørte på normalspor. Fra 1944 blev Flekkefjordbanen en sidebane til Sørlandsbanen, og der blev nu udelukkende benyttet normalspor.

Tunnellerne på Flekkefjordbanen beholdt deres profil fra smalsporstiden og blev altså ikke udvidet. Kun Bakkekleivi tunell mellem Sira og Sirnes fik normaltsporet profil. For at kunne køre med normaltsporet materiel i tunnellerne blev sporet sænket ved, at tykkelsen på ballastlaget blev reduceret. Der var også restriktioner på længden af det materiel, der kunne benyttes. Personvogne, der blev benyttet på banen, havde sidevinduer, der ikke kunne åbnes, men i stedet små udluftningsklapper.

I 1946 blev den gamle jernbanetracé mellem Sirnes og Moi taget i brug som vejtracé for hovedvejen mellem Kristiansand og Stavanger som erstatning for tracéen over Tronåsen og Bakke bro fra  1844.

Nedlæggelse og fredning
I 1990 ophørte den daglige drift på banen. Efter 1990 har banen været benyttet af turister til kørsel med skinnecykler. Banen er desuden kommer med i en fredningsplan for jernbanens kulturminder og bliver som følge deraf vedligeholdt og sat i stand. I 2009 var broerne blevet efterset og repareret, så strækningen mellem Drangeid og Sira igen kunne trafikeres af tungere materiel. I 2015 blev banen fredet af Riksantikvaren. I 2016 var hele banen atter farbar for tog. I praksis består trafikken dog af skinnecykler mellem Flekkefjord og Bakkekleivi. Skinnecyklerne udlejes af Flekkefjordbanen AS.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Flekkefjordbanen.com (officiel hjemmeside)
 Flekkefjordbanen på openstreetmap.org
 Flekkefjordbanen på Jernbane.Net

Nedlagte jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1904
Ophørt i 1991

Flekkefjordbanen


Martori dispăruți este un film românesc din 1988 regizat de Dan Mironescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Marga Barbu, Șerban Ionescu, Szabolcs (Szobi) Cseh.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.871.047 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1988 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1988
Filme dramatice românești
Filme regizate de Dan Mironescu

Martori dispăruți


Dola es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Shahdol, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 568  a 613 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 11 689 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Dola (India)


Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo (* 25. März 1958; † 17. März 2020 in Lissabon) war ein Politiker aus Guinea-Bissau. Er war stellvertretender Präsident der Volksversammlung und von Mai 2012 bis Juni 2014 Übergangspräsident seines Landes.

Nhamadjo war bis 2012 Mitglied des Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), danach wurde er unabhängig. Als Abgeordneter war er 2009 und erneut 2012 kurzzeitig amtierender Parlamentspräsident.

Er galt als Vertrauter des früheren Staatspräsidenten Malam Bacai Sanhá. Bei der ersten Runde der Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 am 18. März 2012 erhielt er als unabhängiger Kandidat 15,7 Prozent der Stimmen und schaffte es damit als Drittplatzierter nicht in die für den 29. April geplante Stichwahl, zu der es wegen eines Militärputsches am 12. April 2012 nie kam. Nach dem Putsch einigten sich die Junta und die Opposition am 19. April auf Nhamadjo als Übergangspräsident für eine zweijährige Übergangszeit bis zur Abhaltung von Wahlen. Nhamadjo verweigerte jedoch die Übernahme des Amtes, und die Afrikanische Union und die Westafrikanische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (ECOWAS) lehnten die Vereinbarung als Versuch einer Legitimierung des Putsches ab und verweigerten Nhamadjo die Anerkennung. Am 11. Mai 2012 einigten sich die Junta und die ECOWAS aber doch auf Nhamadjo, der nun der Übernahme des Amtes zustimmte.

Weblinks
 Übergangspräsident in Guinea-Bissau ernannt
 Nachruf

Präsident (Guinea-Bissau)
Abgeordneter (Guinea-Bissau)
Guinea-Bissauer
Geboren 1958
Gestorben 2020
Mann

Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo


Rogata paprat (lat. Platycerium), biljni rod iz porodice osladovki smješten u potporodicu Platycerioideae. Postoji desetak vrsta raširenih po Africi, jugoistočnoj Aziji, i dijelovima Europe, Sjeverne i Južne Amerike i Australije.

Rastu kao epifiti

Vrste

 Platycerium alcicorne Desv.
 Platycerium andinum Baker
 Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr.
 Platycerium coronarium (Konig) Desv.
 Platycerium × elemaria Hoshiz. & M.G.Price
 Platycerium elephantotis Schweinf.
 Platycerium ellisii Baker
 Platycerium grande (A.Cunn.) J.Sm.
 Platycerium hillii T.Moore
 Platycerium holttumii Joncheere & Hennipman
 Platycerium madagascariense Baker
 Platycerium quadridichotomum (Bonap.) Tardieu
 Platycerium ridleyi Christ
 Platycerium stemaria (Beauv.) Desv.
 Platycerium superbum Joncheere & Hennipman
 Platycerium veitchii (Underw.) C.Chr.
 Platycerium wallichii Hook.
 Platycerium wandae Racib.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Osladovke

Rogata paprat


Portul Maritim Poti este un port maritim major pe coasta estică a Mării Negre, la gura râului Rioni, în Poti, Georgia. Codul său UN/LOCODE este GEPTI.

Portul este un nod de legătură a Coridorului Transcaucazian/TRACECA, un proiect multinațional care conectează portul românesc Constanța și portul bulgar Varna cu țările fără ieșire la mare din regiunea caspică și Asia Centrală.

Istorie

Ideea unui port la Poti a apărut la puțin timp după 1828, atunci când Imperiul Rus a cucerit orașul din mâinile Imperiului Otoman, în componența căruia s-a aflat timp de mai multe secole după destrămarea Regatului Georgiei. În 1858 Poti a primit statutul de oraș portuar, după care s-au depus unele eforturi pentru construcția unui bazin intern și în general a portului. În anii 1867-1872 s-a construit linia de cale ferată Poti-Tbilisi, ceea ce a permis transportarea diferitor mărfuri precum vin, lemn, mangan și produse agricole spre port pentru a fi exportate peste hotare.

În 1899 sub patronajul primarului orașului, Niko Nikoladze, a început reconstrucția și extinderea acestuia, lucrări terminate în 1907. De atunci acesta a fost reconstruit de mai multe ori, ultima dată cu sponsorizarea guvernului olandez și a Uniunii Europene.

Caracteristici

Portul dispune de 15 dane cu o lungime totală de 2.900 m.

În 2007 a avut o capacitate de 7,7 milioane tone și a procesat un volum de containere egal cu 185.000 TEU. În 2014 cifra aceasta s-a ridicat la 384.992 TEU.

Privatizare și proprietarii actuali

În aprilie 2008 Georgia a vândut cota sa de 51% din portul Poti companiei Ras Al Khaimah Investment Authority (RAKIA), deținută de Emiratul Ras al-Khaimah (unul dintre Emiratele Arabe Unite). RAKIA a primit astfel responsabilitatea de a administra noul terminal portuar și prin intermediul companiei sale subsidiare din Georgia, RAKIA Georgia Free Industrial Zone LLC, de a dezvolta o Zonă Industrială Liberă (ZIL) în cadrul unei concesiuni de 49 de ani. Președintele Georgiei de atunci, Miheil Saakașvili, a inaugurat oficial noul ZIL la 15 aprilie 2008. În 2009 RAKIA a achiziționat celelalte 49% din port, dar în urma Crizei datoriilor din Dubai (2009) Saud bin Saqr al Qasimi a decis în octombrie 2010 să vândă majoritatea activelor sale de peste hotare. Această reorientare spre politica internă a fost determinată de moartea tatălui său, șeihul Saqr Bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, și disputa asupra succesorului acestuia. Saud bin Saqr al Qasimi a avut nevoie de finanțe pentru a-și întări pretenția la tron. Astfel, 80% din acțiunile portului au fost vândute în aprilie 2011 companiei APM Terminals, o subdiviziune a conglomeratului danez A.P. Moller–Maersk Group. La 8 septembrie 2011 RAKIA Georgia Free Industrial Zone LLC a decis să înstrăineze 15% din acțiunile sale în favoarea afaceristului georgian Gela ("Zaza") Mikadze în semn de recunoștință pentru managementul său, acesta devenind astfel un acționar minoritar al Zonei Industriale Libere. Mikadze deține aceste acțiuni prin intermediul companiei britanice Manline Projects LLP, la rândul ei deținută de mai multe companii offshore ale acestuia.

Note

Poti

Portul Maritim Poti


The Washington Navy Yard (WNY) is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore establishment of the U.S. Navy.

The Yard currently serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations, and is headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Reactors, Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command, Naval History and Heritage Command, the National Museum of the United States Navy, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Marine Corps Institute,  the United States Navy Band, and other more classified facilities.

In 1998, the yard was listed as a Superfund site due to  environmental contamination.

History
The history of the yard can be divided into its military history and cultural and scientific history.

Military

The land was purchased under an Act of Congress on July 23, 1799. The Washington Navy Yard was established on October 2, 1799, the date the property was transferred to the Navy. It is the oldest shore establishment of the U.S. Navy.  The Yard was built under the direction of Benjamin Stoddert, the first Secretary of the Navy, under the supervision of the Yard's first commandant, Commodore Thomas Tingey, who served in that capacity for 29 years.

The original boundaries that were established in 1800, along 9th and M Street SE, are still marked by a white brick wall that surrounds the Yard on the north and east sides. The following year, two additional lots were purchased. The north wall of the Yard was built in 1809 along with a guardhouse, now known as the Latrobe Gate. After the Burning of Washington in 1814, Tingey recommended that the height of the eastern wall be increased to ten feet (3 m) because of the fire and subsequent looting.

The southern boundary of the Yard was formed by the Anacostia River (then called the "Eastern Branch" of the Potomac River). The west side was undeveloped marsh. The land located along the Anacostia was added to by landfill over the years as it became necessary to increase the size of the Yard.

From its first years, the Washington Navy Yard became the navy's largest shipbuilding and shipfitting facility, with 22 vessels constructed there, ranging from small 70-foot (21 m) gunboats to the 246-foot (75 m) steam frigate USS Minnesota. The USS Constitution came to the Yard in 1812 to refit and prepare for combat action.

During the War of 1812, the Navy Yard was important not only as a support facility but also as a vital strategic link in defense of the capital city. Sailors of Navy Yard were part of the hastily assembled American army, which, at Bladensburg, Maryland, opposed the British forces marching on Washington.

An independent volunteer militia rifle company of civilian workers in the Washington Navy Yard was organized by the United States naval architect William Doughty in 1813, and they regularly drilled after working hours. In 1814, Captain Doughty's volunteers were designated the Navy Yard Rifles and assigned to serve under the overall command of Major Robert Brent of the 2nd Regiment of the District of Columbia Militia who was the first mayor of Washington, D.C. In late August, they were ordered to assemble at Bladensburg, Maryland, to form the first line of defense in protecting the United States' capital city along with the majority of the American forces was ordered to retreat. The Chesapeake Bay Flotilla of Joshua Barney joined the combined forces of Navy Yard sailors, and the U.S. Marines of the nearby Marine Barracks of Washington, D.C., and were positioned to be the third and final line of the American defenses. Together, they effectively used devastating artillery and fought in hand-to-hand combat with cutlasses and pikes against the British regulars before being overwhelmed. Benjamin King (1764-1840), a navy yard civilian master blacksmith, fought at Bladensburg. King accompanied Captain Miller's Marines into battle. King took charge of a disabled gun and was instrumental in bringing that gun into action. Captain Miller remembered King's gun "cut down sixteen of the enemy."

As the British marched into Washington, holding the Yard became impossible. Seeing the smoke from the burning Capitol, Tingey ordered the Yard burned to prevent its capture by the enemy.  Both structures are now individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On August 30, 1814, Mary Stockton Hunter, an eyewitness to the vast conflagration, wrote her sister: "No pen can describe the appalling sound that our ears heard and the sight our eyes saw. We could see everything from the upper part of our house as plainly as if we had been in the Yard. All the vessels of war on fire-the immense quantity of dry timber, together with the houses and stores in flames produced an almost meridian brightness. You never saw a drawing room so brilliantly lighted as the whole city was that night."Among the vessels that were burned at the Yard were two warships under construction and nearing completion: the original Columbia, a 44-gun frigate, and the Argus, an 18-gun brig being built to replace an earlier Argus, which had been captured by the British a year earlier following a fierce engagement off the coast of Wales.

Civilian employment

From its beginning, the navy yard had one of the biggest payrolls in town, with the number of civilian mechanics and laborers and contractors expanding with the seasons and the naval Congressional appropriation.

Before the passage of the Pendleton Act on 16 January 1883, applications for employment at the navy yard were informal, mainly based on connections, patronage, and personal influence. An example from 1806 is the employment of Winthrop and Samuel Shriggins, two ship carpenters who  were hired at $2.06 per diem,  based on the approval of Secretary of the Navy, Robert Smith (cabinet member), 12 March 1806. While a former seaman Adam Keizer, was hired because he "was with Captain William Bainbridge at Tripoli." On occasion, a dearth of applicants required a public announcement; the first such documented advertisement was by Commodore Thomas Tingey on 15 May 1815 "To Blacksmiths, Eight or Ten good strikers capable of working on large anchors, and other heavy ship work, will find constant employ and liberal wages, by application at the navy yard, Washington"  Following the War of 1812, the Washington Navy Yard never regained its prominence as a shipbuilding facility. The waters of the Anacostia River were too shallow to accommodate larger vessels, and the Yard was deemed too inaccessible to the open sea. Thus came a shift to what was to be the character of the yard for more than a century: ordnance and technology. During the next decade, the Navy Yard grew to become by 1819 the largest employer in Washington, D.C., with a total number of approximately 345 workers.

In 1826 noted writer Anne Royall, toured the navy yard. She wrote,

"The navy yard is a complete work-shop, where every naval article is manufactured: it contains twenty-two forges, five furnaces, and a steam-engine. The shops are large and convenient; they are built of brick and covered with copper to secure them from fire. Steel is prepared here with great facility. The numbers of hands employed vary; at present there are about 200. A ship-wright has $2,50 per day, out of which he maintains his wife and family if he have any. Generally wages are very low for all manner of work; a common laborer gets but 75 cents per day, and finds himself. The whole interior of the yard exhibits one continual thundering of hammers, axes, saws, and bellows, sending forth such a variety of sounds and smells, from the profusion of coal burnt in the furnaces, that it requires the strongest nerves to sustain the annoyance."In 1819, Betsey Howard became the first female worker documented at the navy yard (and perhaps in the federal service), followed shortly after by Ann Spieden.  Both Howard and Spieden were employed as horse cart drivers, "and like their male counterparts employed per diem, at $1.54 a day, working whole or part days as required."

In 1832 the Washington Navy Yard Hospital, hired Eleanor Cassidy O'Donnell to work as a nurse. During the Civil War the navy hired about two dozen women as seamstresses in the Ordnance Department, Laboratory Division. The Department produced naval shells and gunpowder. The women sewed canvas bags that were used to charge ordnance aboard naval vessels. They also sewed flags for naval vessels. Most of these workers were paid about $1.00 per day. Their work was dangerous, for there was always the risk of a single errant spark igniting nearby gunpowder or pyrotechnics with catastrophic results, such as the explosion and fire on 17 June 1864 that killed 21 young women working at the U.S. Army Arsenal Washington D.C.

During World War II, the Washington Navy Yard at its peak employed over 20,000 civilian workers, including 1,400 female ordnance workers.

The Yard was also a leader in technology as it possessed one of the earliest steam engines in the United States. The steam engine was the high-tech marvel of the early District and often commented on by authors and visitors. Samuel Batley Ellis, an English immigrant, was the first steam engine operator, and in 1810 was paid the high wage of $2.00 per day. The steam engine ran the sawmill and manufactured anchors, chain, and steam engines for vessels of war. Because of its proximity to the nation's Capitol, the Washington Navy Yard Commandant, was routinely was tasked requests from the Secretary of the Navy and the members of Congress. For example on 2 July 1811, Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton (politician) ordered Commodore Tingey to provide a "4th of July 18 gun salute, commencing at Sunrise and another commencing at 12 o'clock and yet another commencing at Sunset. Hamilton then added a note that "Rockets are to be displayed on common before the North front of the President's house and could not the USS Wasp be brought West of the bridge  or near the bridge, dressed in colors!"
The 1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike was the first labor strike of federal civilian employees. The unsuccessful strike was from 29 July to 15 August 1835. The strike was over working conditions and in support of a ten-hour day.

Enslaved Labor

For the first thirty years of the 19th century, the Navy Yard was the District's principal employer of enslaved and some free African Americans. Their numbers rose rapidly, and by 1808, the enslaved made up one-third of the workforce. The number of enslaved workers gradually declined during the next thirty years. However, free and some enslaved African Americans remained a vital presence. One such person was former slave, later freeman, Michael Shiner 1805-1880 whose diary chronicled his life and work at the navy yard for over half a century  There is the documentation for enslaved labor euphemistically called "servants" still working in the blacksmith shop as late as August 1861.

Civil War Era

During the American Civil War, the Yard once again became an integral part of the defense of Washington. Commandant Franklin Buchanan resigned his commission to join the Confederacy, leaving the Yard to Commander John A. Dahlgren. President Abraham Lincoln, who held Dahlgren in the highest esteem, was a frequent visitor. The famous ironclad USS Monitor was repaired at the Yard after her historic battle with the CSS Virginia. The Lincoln assassination conspirators were brought to the Yard following their capture. The body of John Wilkes Booth was examined and identified on the monitor USS Montauk, moored at the Yard.

Following the war, the Yard continued to be the scene of technological advances. In 1886, the Yard was designated the manufacturing center for all ordnance in the Navy. Commander Theodore F. Jewell was Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory from January 1893 to February 1896.

1900s

Ordnance production continued as the Yard manufactured armament for the Great White Fleet and the World War I navy. The  naval railway guns used in France during World War I were manufactured at the Yard.

By World War II, the Yard was the largest naval ordnance plant in the world. The weapons designed and built there were used in every war in which the United States fought until the 1960s. At its peak, the Yard consisted of 188 buildings on 126 acres (0.5 km2) of land and employed nearly 25,000 people. Small components for optical systems, parts of Little Boy, and enormous 16-inch (406mm) battleship guns were all manufactured here. In December 1945, the Yard was renamed the U.S. Naval Gun Factory. Ordnance work continued for some years after World War II until finally phased out in 1961. Three years later, on July 1, 1964, the activity was re-designated the Washington Navy Yard. The deserted factory buildings began to be converted to office use. In 1963, ownership of  55 acres of the Washington Navy Yard Annex (western side of Yard including Building 170) was transferred to the General Services Administration.  The Yards at the Southeast Federal Center are part of this former property and now includes the headquarters for the United States Department of Transportation.

The Washington Navy Yard was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and designated a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.  It is part of the Capitol Riverfront Business Improvement District. It is also part of the Navy Yard, also known as Near Southeast, neighborhood. It is served by the Navy Yard – Ballpark Metro station on the Green Line.

2000s

The Marine Corps Museum was located on the first floor of the Marine Corps Historical Society in Building 58. The museum closed on July 1, 2005, during the establishment of the National Museum of the Marine Corps near Marine Corps Base Quantico. The Yard was headquarters to the Marine Corps Historical Center. That moved in 2006 to Quantico.

Cultural and scientific
The Washington Navy Yard was the scene of many scientific developments. In 1804 at the request of President Thomas Jefferson, navy yard blacksmith Benjamin King built the first White House water closet/toilet. For which Architect Benjamin Latrobe reminded King, " How shall I get the president of the United States into good humor with you about his Water Closet, & his side roof which you were to make? He complains bitterly of you using the privilege of a Man of Genius against him, - that is of being a little forgetful. – I so well know the goodness of your disposition, that I am determined, if possible, to want his quarreling with you at all events about so dirty a business as a Water Closet." King in 1805 again at Jefferson's behest built the first fire engine for the White House°. In December 1807 Robert Fulton approached Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy and requested that a test of his new torpedo, be authorized at the Washington Navy Yard. Fulton specifically asked that the Navy fabricate copper harpoon torpedoes and provide small boats manned with gunner's mates and boat crews. He envisioned a limited trial on the feasibility of sinking a small sloop. The trial was never funded and a perplexed and exasperated Fulton complained to Jefferson about the naval establishment.

On 4 May 1810 Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton (politician), notified Commodore Thomas Tingey, Navy had "conditionally consented" to testing Fulton's Torpedo system and that he was enclosing a copy of Mr. Fulton's "Torpedo War". Hamilton  also added "You will prepare and transmit to Mr. Fulton at New York your objections to his system..."  In September 1810 the  Secretary Hamilton agreed to test Fulton's torpedo, and Commodore Thomas Tingey  was directed to transport via stage coach two torpedo harpoon guns from Washington Navy Yard to New York "for Mr. Fulton". To Fulton's chagrin, after a number of attempts the torpedo test ended in failure.  In 1822, Commodore John Rodgers built the country's first marine railway for the overhaul of large vessels. John A. Dahlgren developed his distinctive bottle-shaped cannon that became the mainstay of naval ordnance before the Civil War. In 1898, David W. Taylor developed a ship model testing basin, which was used by the Navy and private shipbuilders to test the effect of water on new hull designs. The first shipboard aircraft catapult was tested in the Anacostia River in 1912, and a wind tunnel was completed at the Yard in 1916. The giant gears for the Panama Canal locks were cast at the Yard. Navy Yard technicians applied their efforts to medical designs for prosthetic hands and molds for artificial eyes and teeth.

Navy Yard was Washington's earliest industrial neighborhood. One of the earliest industrial buildings nearby was the eight-story brick Sugar House, built in Square 744 at the foot of New Jersey Avenue, SE, as a sugar refinery in 1797–98. In 1805, it became the Washington Brewery, which produced beer until it closed in 1836. The brewery site was just west of the Washington City Canal in what is now Parking Lot H/I in the block between Nationals Park and the historic DC Water pumping station.

The Washington Navy Yard often functions as a ceremonial gateway to the nation's capital. From early on, due to its proximity to the White House, the navy yard was the site of recurrent presidential visits. The Washington Navy Yard station log confirms many of these visits, for example, those of John Tyler 5 July 1841, James K. Polk 4 March 1845, Franklin Pierce 14 December 1853, and Abraham Lincoln,18 May 1861 and 25 July 1861. There are also entries for foreign delegations and celebrities, e.g., 7 September 1825  for General Lafayette and 15 May 1860 for the visit of the first Japanese Embassy. The body of World War I's Unknown Soldier was received here. Charles A. Lindbergh returned to the Navy Yard in 1927 after his famous transatlantic flight.

During the Civil War, a small number of women worked at the Navy Yard as flag makers and seamstresses, sewing canvas bags for gunpowder. Women again entered the workforce in the 20th century in significant numbers during WWII, where they worked at the Naval Gun Factory making munitions. Following the war, most were discharged. In the modern era, women working at the Yard have increased their presence in executive, managerial, administrative, technical, and clerical positions.

From 1984 to 2015, the decommissioned destroyer  was a museum ship at the Washington Navy Yard as "Display Ship Barry" (DS Barry). Barry was frequently used for change of command ceremonies for naval commands in the area. Due to declining visitors to the ship, the expensive renovations she required, and the District's plans to build a new bridge that would trap her in the Anacostia River, Barry was towed away during the winter of 2015-2016 for scrapping. The U.S. Navy held an official departure ceremony for the ship on 17 October 2015.

Today, the Navy Yard houses a variety of activities. It serves as headquarters, Naval District Washington, and houses numerous support activities for the fleet and aviation communities. The Navy Museum welcomes visitors to the Navy Art Collection and its displays of naval art and artifacts, which trace the Navy's history from the Revolutionary War to the present day. The Naval History and Heritage Command is housed in a complex of buildings known as the Dudley Knox Center for Naval History. Leutze Park is the scene of colorful ceremonies.

2013 shooting

On September 16, 2013, a shooting took place at the Yard. Shots were fired at the headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command Headquarters building #197. Fifteen people, including 13 civilians, one D.C. police officer, and one base officer, were shot. Twelve fatalities were confirmed by the United States Navy and D.C. Police. Officials said the gunman, Aaron Alexis, a 34-year-old civilian contractor from Queens, New York, was killed during a gunfight with police.

Operations
The Yard serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations. It is headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Reactors, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps,  the United States Navy Band, the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command and numerous other naval commands.  Several Officers' Quarters are located at the facility.

Building 126
Building 126 is located by the Anacostia River, on the northeast corner of 11th and SE O Streets.  The one-story building, built between 1925 and 1938, was recently renovated to be a net-zero energy building as part of the Washington Navy Yard Energy Demonstration Project.  Features include two wind turbines, five geothermal wells, a battery energy storage system, one-hundred thirty-two 235 kW solar photovoltaic panels, and windows of electrochromic smart glass.

Although inventoried and determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, it is currently not part of an existing district.  Until 1950, Building 126 functioned as the receiving station laundry.  Afterward, it served as the site of the Washington Navy Yard Police Station.  Currently, it acts as the Visitor Center for the Yard.

Gallery

See also
 Arsenal Point
 Building 170
 List of National Historic Landmarks in the District of Columbia
 1835 Washington Navy Yard labor strike

References

External links

 Washington Navy Yard history
 "The United States Naval Gun Factory" by Commander Theodore F. Jewell, Harper's Magazine, Vol. 89, Issue 530, July 1894, pp. 251–261.
 Washington Navy Yard Walking Tour C-SPAN3, Thomas Frezza, May 2017
 U.S. Naval Gun Factory Washington, D.C. 1940s U.S. Navy Artillery & Gun Design Movie 26444

1799 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Navy Yard
Colonial Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.
Historic districts in Washington, D.C.
Navy Yard
Navy Yard
Military Superfund sites
Navy Yard
Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United States
Superfund sites in Washington, D.C.
United States Navy shipyards
Victorian architecture in Washington, D.C.
Shipyards on the National Register of Historic Places
Washington Navy Yard

Washington Navy Yard


دارين هي مغنية وكاتبة أغاني لبنانية - سويدية. مع وجود ألبومين في الحساب ، كانت أول أغنيتها المنفردة هي «أيوة» في ألبومها Ma Rulez. في عام 2006، أصدرت ألبومها الثاني بعنوان My Compliments.

حياتها
ولدت دارين في طرابلس بلبنان عام 1983 لأب لبناني وأم رومانية.

حياة مهنية
تم إصدار أغنية دارين «أيوة» في صيف 2004، من إنتاج EMI music Arabia و PRO Music. بعد ذلك، أطلقت دارين ألبومها Ma Rulez الذي تضمن نسختين من أغنية «أيوة» إلى جانب 18 أغنية جديدة. تضمن الألبوم «جا ليلي» (تنطق «يا ليلي»). كانت هذه ثاني أغنية دارين. أعيد إصدار الألبوم للمنطقة الأوروبية والذي كان له غلاف مختلف تضمن المزيد من الأغاني الإنجليزية. أصدرت دارين ألبومًا ثانيًا في عام 2006 بعنوان My Compliments مرة أخرى تحت EMI، وكان الألبوم يحتوي على 17 أغنية باللغتين الإنجليزية والعربية. أول أغنية من هذا الألبوم كانت تسمى «ما في الا أنت» وحصل الألبوم بشكل عام على تقييمات جيدة.

كانت دارين تمر بتغييرات إدارية وغيرت تسمية الإدارة الخاصة بها ولم تستمر في الترويج لألبومها الثاني. منذ ذلك الحين، تغيبت دارين عن الساحة الفنية وصناعة الموسيقى  وقامت بتسجيل بعض الأغاني بشكل مستقل وكانت تهدف إلى العودة. حاليا دارين تعيش في السويد ولا تعمل مع أي شركة أنتاج في الوقت الحالي.

تخطط دارين لإطلاق (ألبوم قصير) في صيف 2022، حيث يحتوي على أغاني تجريبية قديمة لم يسمع بها أحد من قبل إلى جانب أغنيتين جديدتين.

ألبومات

 Ma Rulez (قواعدي) 2004
 My Compliments (تحياتي) 2006

روابط خارجية
دارين على الأنستاغرام

دارين على سبوتيفاي

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من طرابلس (لبنان)
سويديون من أصل روماني
سويديون من أصل لبناني
لبنانيون من أصل روماني
مغنون سويديون في القرن 21
مغنيات سويديات في القرن 21
مغنيات لبنانيات في القرن 21
مواليد 1984
مواليد في طرابلس (لبنان)

دارين (مغنية)


Transpoziția Claisen este o reacție organică de transpoziție, de formare de noi legături carbon-carbon, și a fost descoperită de către Rainer Ludwig Claisen în anul 1912. Încălzirea unui alil-vinil eter va conduce la inițierea unei transpoziții [3,3]-sigmatropice, ceea ce duce la formarea unui compus carbonilic γ,δ-nesaturat.

Reacția a fost primul exemplu de reacție de transpoziție [3,3]-sigmatropică descoperită. Au fost publicate unele revizuiri ale reacției.

Mecanism

Variante

Vezi și
 Condensare Claisen
 Transpoziție Cope

Referințe

C
Claisen

Transpoziție Claisen


بلدية البينديا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قونكة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط البلاد، والمائلة لجهة الشرق من إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 168 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات قونكة

البينديا


Patronyme

 Devin Ebanks (né en 1989), joueur américain de basket-ball ;
 Ethan Ebanks-Landell (né en 1992), footballeur anglais ;
 Mark Ebanks (né en 1990), footballeur caïmanais ;
 Raymond Ebanks (né en 1970), rappeur finlandais ;
 Selita Ebanks (née en 1983), mannequin, originaire des Îles Caïmans ;
 Sylvan Ebanks-Blake (né en 1986), footballeur anglais.

Ebanks


La croix de carrefour de La Frédière est un croix de carrefour située à La Frédière (Saint-Hilaire-de-Villefranche), dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

Le calvaire est inscrit au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté de .

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime

Liens externes

Monument historique inscrit en 2008
Monument historique en Charente-Maritime
Calvaire monument historique en France
Croix en Charente-Maritime
Via Turonensis

Croix de carrefour de La Frédière


Raymond Scott Hudson (born 1959) is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Washington State University. Hudson was educated at Caltech, where he received his bachelor's degree in engineering and applied science in 1985, his master's degree in electrical engineering in  1986, and his PhD in electrical engineering in 1990. His research interests include radar imaging, optical signal processing, and radar astronomy.

From August 19 to 22 of 1989, Hudson and Steven Ostro observed 4769 Castalia from the Arecibo Observatory, producing the first direct image of an asteroid.

The main-belt asteroid 5723 Hudson, discovered by Edward Bowell at Lowell Observatory in 1986, was named in his honour. The official naming citation was published on 9 September 1995 ().

References

External links
 Profile of Scott Hudson
 Scott Hudson's web page at WSU

1959 births
Living people
American astronomers
American electrical engineers
California Institute of Technology alumni
Washington State University faculty

Scott Hudson (electrical engineer)


James Clugnet, né le  à Grenoble, est un fondeur britannique.

Biographie
Né d'un père français et d'une mère britannique, il est élevé à dans les Alpes et commence la compétition en ski de fond à l'âge de neuf ans. Il fait ses débuts internationaux lors de la saison 2012-2013 représentant la Grande-Bretagne, prenant part au Festival olympique de la jeunesse européenne. Entre 2014 et 2016, il cumule trois participations aux Championnats du monde junior, puis passe au niveau espoir en 2016-2017, avec des débuts en Coupe OPA et une sélection aux Championnats du monde des moins de 23 ans dans l'Utah, où il figure parmi les derniers. Surtout, en 2017, il connaît sa première expérience parmi l'élite du sport, concourant aux Championnats du monde à Lahti, avec comme résultats  du quinze kilomètres et  du sprint.

Lors de la saison 2017-2018, commençant à recevoir un support financier national, il est appelé pour la première fois pour participer à la Coupe du monde à l'occasion du Ruka Triple. Cet hiver, il enregistre son meilleur résultat dans cette compétition avec une  au sprint de Dresde, tandis qu'il prend la  place au sprint des Championnats du monde des moins de 23 ans à Goms.

En décembre 2018, il inscrit ses premiers points pour le classement de la Coupe du monde avec le  rang au sprint libre de Davos. Cet hiver, il contribue au meilleur résultat britannique dans une compétition collective avec le sixième rang au sprint par équipes à Dresde avec Andrew Young. Clugnet franchit aussi la barre du top 20, occupant notamment la  place du sprint aux Finales de Québec. En 2019, aux Championnats du monde à Seefeld, il atteint la phase finale du sprint libre () et se classe onzième du sprint par équipes.

En 2020, il devient demi-finaliste dans la discipline du sprint à deux reprises en Coupe du monde, dont à Åre, où il obtient son premier top dix, terminant neuvième. Au début de la saison suivante, il améliore d'une position ce résultat à l'occasion du sprint libre de Davos. Sélectionné pour les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin, il se montre ambitieux et rêve du podium.

Toujours attaché à ses racines chartrousines, il réside désormais à Oslo, en Norvège.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques

Légende :
  : pas d'épreuve
 — : non disputée par Clugnet

Championnats du monde

Légende :
  : pas d'épreuve
 — : non disputée par Clugnet

Coupe du monde
 Meilleur classement général :  en 2021.
 Meilleur résultat individuel : .

Classements en Coupe du monde

Références

Liens externes

Fondeur britannique
Naissance à Grenoble
Naissance en décembre 1996
Fondeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Étudiant de l'université de Grenoble

James Clugnet


An Lockhartia triangulabia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth. An Lockhartia triangulabia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lockhartia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lockhartia

Lockhartia triangulabia