Yapraklı kara yosunları (Bryopsida), Bryophyta bölümünün bir sınıfı.

Özellikleri
Çok hücreli, fotosentetik bitkilerdir. Yapraklı kara yosunlarının iletim sistemleri ve gerçek kök, yaprak ve gövdeleri yoktur. Çoğu yapraklı olan küçük yapılı türler içerirler. Kök yerine bir ya da çok hücreden oluşan "rizoid"ler (köksü yapılar) bulunur.

Kara yosunlarında sporofit ve gametofit evre olmak üzere 2 farklı yaşam evresi vardır.

Çoğalmaları

Çimlenen sporun alge benzeyen ipliksi dallanmış bir yapı oluşturmasıyla başlar. Bu ipliksi sistemin bir bölümü renksiz, diğer kısmı ise yeşildir. Renksiz olan kısma "rizoid" denir. Rizoidler, toprağa tutunmayı sağlayan kökümsü yapılardır. Yeşil olan kısma ise, "Kloronema" denir. Kloronema, fotosentez yapan kısımdır. Bütün bu ipliksi sistemin her ikisine birden "Protonema" denir. Protonema uzun süre bağımsız yaşadıktan sonra kloronema üzerinde tomurcuklar belirmeye başlar. Tomurcuklardaki hücrelerin apikal bölümlerinde üç sıralı bir eksen otaya çıkar. Gençken yaprak sıraları düz olan bu yapı, gametofit nesli oluşturur. Yaşlandıkça yaprak sıraları sarmal bir durum alır. Bazı türlerin stomalarında mnium tip stomalar görülebilir.

Gametofit bazı türler monoik, bazıları da dioik tip bitkilerdir. Monoik bazı türlerde erkek ve dişi organlar aynı bitkilerde fakat, farklı düzeylerde ya da yan yana veya uçta bulunabilirler. Sporofit döl, gametofitlerin üzerinde oldukça küçülmüş olarak bulunur. Bir kara yosununda gözle görülen kısımlar gametofit nesildir. Ciğer otlarından farklı olarak, arkaspor denilen verimli dokuyu oluşturan hücrelerin tümünün mayoz ile sporları oluşturması ve elater bulunması belirtlilebilir. Dış kısımları bir hücre tabakalı steril bir kılıfla çevrili ve çok hücreli gametogoniyumlara sahiptir. Spermleri iki kamçılı ve hareketlidir. Yaşam döngülerinde gametofit evre baskındır.

Yetiştirme

Yosun genellikle çimenlerde bir ot olarak kabul edilir ancak Japon bahçesi ile örneklenen estetik ilkeler altında büyümeye bilerek teşvik edilir. Eski tapınak bahçelerinde yosun, bir orman manzarasını kaplayabilir. Kara yosunun bahçe manzarasına sakinlik, yaş ve dinginlik duygusu kattığı düşünülür. Yosun ayrıca bonsai'de toprağı örtmek ve yaşlılık izlenimini arttırmak için kullanılır. Yetiştirme kuralları yaygın olarak belirlenmemiştir. Yosun koleksiyonları, genellikle su tutucu bir torbada vahşi doğadan nakledilen örnekler kullanılarak başlatılır. Bazı yosun türlerinin benzersiz ışık, nem, yüzey kimyası, rüzgardan korunma vb. bileşimi gereksinimi nedeniyle doğal alanlarından uzak tutulması çok zor olabilir.

Sporlardan büyüyen yosun daha da az kontrollüdür. Yosun sporları açıkta kalan yüzeylere sürekli yağmur halinde düşer; belirli bir yosun türü için uygun olan yüzeyler rüzgar ve yağmura maruz kaldıktan sonraki birkaç yıl içinde genelde bu yosun tarafından kolonize edilecektir. Tuğla, ahşap ve bazı kaba beton karışımları gibi gözenekli ve nem tutan malzemeler yosunlara karşı elverişlidir. Yüzeyler ayrıca ayran, yoğurt, idrar dahil olmak üzere asidik maddelerle ve yosun örnekleri, su ve ericaceous kompost'un hassaslıkla saflaştırılmış karışımlarıyla hazırlanabilir.

Serin, nemli, bulutlu Pasifik Kuzeybatısı'nda yosunlar bazen biçme, gübreleme veya sulamaya çok az gerek duyan veya hiç gerektirmeyen yosun çimi olarak doğal olarak büyümeye bırakılır. Bu durumda, çim ot olarak kabul edilir. Seattle bölgesindeki peyzajcılar bazen bahçelere ve peyzajlara yerleştirmek için yosun yetiştiren kayalar ve devrilmiş kütükler toplar. Dünyanın birçok yerindeki ormanlık bahçelerin, doğal yosunlardan oluşan bir halısı olabilir. Washington Eyaleti, Bainbridge Adası'ndaki Bloedel Koruma Alanı yosun bahçesiyle ünlüdür. Yosun bahçesi, ağaçsı çalıları ve otsu yer örtücüleri kaldırarak, ağaçları incelterek ve yosunların doğal olarak dolmasına izin vererek oluşturulmuştur.

Yeşil çatılar ve duvarlar
Yosunlar bazen yeşil çatı'larda kullanılır. Yosunların yeşil çatılardaki yüksek bitkilere göre avantajları arasında ağırlık yüklerinin azaltılması, artan su emilimi, gübre gereksinimi olmaması ve yüksek kuraklık toleransı sayılabilir. Yosunların gerçek kökleri olmadığından, geniş kök sistemlerine sahip yüksek bitkilere göre daha az ekim ortamına ihtiyaç duyarlar. Yerel iklim için uygun tür seçimi ile, yeşil çatılardaki yosunlar kurulduktan sonra sulama gerektirmez ve az bakım gerektirir. Kara yosunları yeşil duvar'larda da kullanılır.

Yosun
19. yüzyılın sonlarında yosun toplamaya yönelik geçici bir heves, birçok İngiliz ve Amerikan bahçesinde yosunlukların yapılmasına yol açtı. Yosunluk genelde latalı ahşaptan inşa edilir, düz bir çatı ile kuzey tarafına açılır (gölgeyi korur). Ahşap çıtalar arasındaki çatlaklara yosun örnekleri yerleştirildi. Tüm yosun daha sonra büyümeyi sürdürmek için düzenli olarak nemlendirilecekti.

Su peyzajı
Aquascaping birçok su yosunu kullanır. Düşük besin, ışık ve ısı seviyelerinde en iyisini yapar ve oldukça kolay yayılır. Akvaryum balıkları için uygun su kimyasının korunmasına yardımcı olur. They grow more slowly than many aquarium plants, and are fairly hardy.

Büyümenin engellenmesi
Yosun, konteynerli fidanlık işlerinde ve seralarda sorunlu bir yabancı ot olabilir. Güçlü yosun gelişimi, fidelerin çıkmasını ve su ve gübrenin bitki köklerine nüfuz etmesini engelleyebilir

Yosun büyümesi bir dizi yöntemle engellenebilir:
 Drenaj yoluyla su kullanılabilirliğinin azaltmak.
 Doğrudan gelen güneş ışığını arttırmak.
 Çimen gibi rakip bitkilerin sayısını ve kaynaklarını artırmak.
 Kireç ekleyerek toprak pH'ını arttırmak.
 Yoğun trafik veya tırmıkla yosun yatağını elle bozmak
 Demir sülfat (ör. çimenlerde) veya ağartıcı (ör. katı yüzeylerde) gibi kimyasalları uygulamak.
 Konteynerli fidanlık işlerinde yosun oluşumunu önlemek için bitki kaplarında hızlı suyu boşaltan üst uygulama olarak kum, çakıl ve kaya parçaları gibi kaba mineral malzemeleri kullanmak.

Demirli sülfat veya demir amonyum sülfat içeren ürünlerin uygulanması yosunları öldürür; bu bileşenler genellikle ticari yosun kontrol ürünlerinde ve gübrelerde bulunur. Kükürt ve demir, otlar gibi bazı rakip bitkiler için temel besin'lerdir. Yosunu öldürmek büyümeleri için uygun koşullar değiştirilmedikçe yeniden büyümeyi engellemez.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kara yosunları
 Boynuz otları
 Ciğer otları

Dış bağlantılar
 Bryophyta hakkında
 Bryophyta
 Karayosunları yetiştiriciliği
 İngiliz Bryophyta Derneği

Kaynakça

to:Limuʻuta

Yapraklı kara yosunları


Kim Carnes (; born July 20, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter born and raised in Los Angeles. She began her career as a songwriter in the 1960s, writing for other artists while performing in local clubs and working as a session background singer with the famed Water Sisters (featured in the documentary 20 Feet from Stardom). After she signed her first publishing deal with Jimmy Bowen, she released her debut album Rest on Me in 1971. Carnes' self-titled second album primarily contained self-penned songs, including her first charting single "You're a Part of Me", which reached No. 35 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in 1975. In the following year, Carnes released Sailin', which featured "Love Comes from Unexpected Places". The song won the American Song Festival and the award for Best Composition at the Tokyo Song Festival in 1976.

In her breakthrough year, 1980, Carnes was commissioned by Kenny Rogers to co-write the songs for his concept album Gideon (1980), and their duet "Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer" hit No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, and earned the duo a Grammy Award nomination. Later that year, her cover of Smokey Robinson's "More Love", from her fifth album Romance Dance (1980), hit No. 10. The following year, Carnes released Mistaken Identity, which featured the worldwide hit, "Bette Davis Eyes". It became the best-selling single of the year in the United States, spending nine weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, going Gold, and won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Mistaken Identity reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200, was certified Platinum, and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year.

Carnes also had success with the singles "Draw of the Cards" (No. 28), "Does It Make You Remember" (No. 36), "Crazy in the Night (Barking at Airplanes)" (No. 15), "Make No Mistake, He's Mine" (No. 51), with Barbra Streisand, "What About Me?" (No. 15), with Kenny Rogers and James Ingram, "I'll Be Here Where the Heart Is", from the Flashdance soundtrack, and the Grammy Award nominated singles "Voyeur" (No. 29) and "Invisible Hands" (No. 40). Her other successes as a songwriter include co-writing the No. 1 duet "The Heart Won't Lie" with Donna Weiss (who had co-written "Bette Davis Eyes" with Jackie DeShannon); it was recorded by Vince Gill and Reba McEntire, and released on McEntire's 1993 album It's Your Call.

Her distinctive, raspy vocal style has drawn comparisons to Rod Stewart. Her most recent studio album is Chasin' Wild Trains (2004). As of 2017, Carnes was residing in Nashville and continues to write music.

Early life
Kim Carnes was born on July 20, 1945, in Los Angeles. Her father, James Raymond Carnes, was an attorney and her mother was a hospital administrator. Kim Carnes knew she would be a singer and songwriter from the age of three, despite the fact that she was not born into a musical family. "My mother didn't get my career, and my father, who was an attorney, didn't think singing and writing was even a job." As a four-year-old, Carnes "married" her next-door neighbor musician David Lindley. She grew up in Pasadena, California and graduated from San Marino High School in 1963.

Career

1962–1974: Early career and first studio album
Kim Carnes was a songwriter and performer from an early age. After writing songs for many years, Carnes signed her first publishing deal in 1962 with producer Jimmy Bowen. During this period, she shared demo-recording time with Bowen's other writers, including Don Henley, Glenn Frey, and J. D. Souther. Carnes also sang "Nobody Knows", written by Mike Settle, which was featured in the end credits of the 1971 film Vanishing Point. The film also featured Carnes' first cut as a songwriter, "Sing Out for Jesus", which was recorded by Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton.

Also in 1971, she and Mike Settle again worked with Bowen to create the bubblegum pop studio group The Sugar Bears. The album Presenting the Sugar Bears and three singles were released with the song "You Are the One", reaching No. 83 on the Billboard charts.

In the early 1970s, Carnes and husband Dave Ellingson co-wrote several songs with David Cassidy who was then at the peak of his career as an international idol. Carnes toured the world with Cassidy as an opening act with her husband. Cassidy's albums Rock Me Baby, Dreams are Nuthin' More than Wishes, and Cassidy Live! include several songs penned by Carnes along with Ellingson and Cassidy. Carnes also provided backing vocals for these albums.

After signing with Amos Records, her first solo album Rest on Me was released in 1971. It was produced by Jimmy Bowen.

1975–1979: Early chart successes
In 1975, Carnes released her self-titled second album, which contained her first charted hit, "You're A Part Of Me", which reached No. 32 on the US Adult Contemporary charts. Carnes re-recorded this track with Gene Cotton three years later. The majority of tracks on this second album were written by Carnes and Ellingson.

Her third album Sailin' was produced by Jerry Wexler and released in 1976. One track, "Love Comes from Unexpected Places", won Grand Prize at the 1976 American Song Festival. The song also earned the award for Best Composition at the Tokyo Song Festival. It gained additional notice after it was recorded by Barbra Streisand on her 1977 album Superman. Streisand also recorded Carnes's "Stay Away" on her 1978 album Songbird. In spite of Streisand's endorsement of her material, Carnes's own Top 40 breakthrough did not occur until 1978 when Gene Cotton recruited her to record a duet version of "You're a Part of Me", which reached No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In 1979, she recorded a single using the pseudonym Connie con Carne titled "She Dances with Meat", written by herself and Dave Ellingson.

1980–1981: Collaboration with Kenny Rogers and "Bette Davis Eyes"
In 1980, her duet with Kenny Rogers "Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer" became a major hit on the Pop (No. 4), Country (No. 3) and Adult Contemporary (No. 2) charts. The song was culled from Rogers' concept album Gideon, written entirely by Carnes and her husband Dave Ellingson. Later that year, her cover version of the Smokey Robinson & The Miracles song "More Love" became her first solo top 10 hit (number 10 in the pop charts and number six in the Adult Contemporary charts). Robinson was, indeed, so impressed with Carnes's recording and success with the song that he later wrote and composed "Being with You" for her. However Robinson's then producer George Tobin insisted instead that he record and release the song himself. "The record that went number one for me is a demo for Kim," Robinson told The Huffington Post. In 1981, Carnes provided backing vocals on Dionne Warwick's No Night So Long album.

In 1981, Carnes recorded the Jackie DeShannon and Donna Weiss song "Bette Davis Eyes", originally written and composed in 1974. As the first single released from the album Mistaken Identity, it spent nine weeks at number one on the U.S. singles charts and became a worldwide hit. The song's success propelled the album to number one on the Billboard 200 for four weeks. The single became the biggest hit of the entire year for 1981, and is second only to Olivia Newton-John's "Physical" as the biggest hit of the 1980s in the U.S., according to Billboard. The song earned both the Record of the Year and Song of the Year awards at the 1982 Grammy Awards. Carnes was nominated for Best Pop Female, and Mistaken Identity also earned a nomination for Album of the Year. Two follow-up singles were released from the album, the title track and "Draw of the Cards", which also charted in the UK and Australia.

Carnes and her band rehearsed "Bette Davis Eyes" in the studio for three days to take the melody and overall sound of the record to a darker, more haunting place. Keyboard player Bill Cuomo came up with the signature instrumental lick and together with the band and producer Val Garay created a completely new arrangement of the song, recorded the next day with no overdubs.

Bette Davis admitted to being a fan of the song and approached Carnes and the songwriters to thank them. Davis wrote to Carnes after the song was released, saying she loved the song. "It was a thrill to become a part of the rock generation," she said in her memoir This 'N That. Davis' grandson Ashley told the screen legend she had "finally made it". Carnes and Davis struck up a special friendship, with the singer visiting her at her home several times before Davis' death in 1989. In what she considers a career highlight, Carnes performed the song live for Davis at a tribute to the legendary actress held just before her death. More recently, the song was used in a 2008 Clairol Nice 'n Easy TV commercial in the United Kingdom, and the ad featuring the song expanded into South Africa and other territories around the world. In 2008, the song was featured in the opening scene of the documentary film Valentino: The Last Emperor and continues to be licensed for film and TV use. In November 2015, the song was the set piece for the back-story of Liz Taylor in the TV anthology American Horror Story: Hotel.

Also on 19 December 1981, Kim Carnes performed with Rod Stewart and Tina Turner at the L. A. Forum in Inglewood, California. Dick Clark hosted a television special version of the concert.

1982–1985: Voyeur and further releases
Carnes' later hits included two more singles that just missed the pop top 10: "Crazy in the Night" (from Barking at Airplanes) and "What About Me?" with Kenny Rogers and James Ingram. Kim also reached the Adult Contemporary Top 10 four times after "Bette Davis Eyes"–with "I Pretend" (No. 9), "What About Me?" (No. 1), "Make No Mistake, He's Mine" with Barbra Streisand (No. 8) (co-produced by Carnes with Bill Cuomo) and "Crazy in Love" (No. 10). On January 19, 1985, Carnes had the distinction of being on the Billboard Hot 100 with three singles simultaneously, "What About Me", "Make No Mistake, He's Mine", and "Invitation to Dance" from the soundtrack to the film That's Dancing! It meant she was on the chart as a solo artist in addition to being part of a duo and a trio.

Carnes was nominated for additional Grammy Awards–including Best Rock Vocal Performance Female for Voyeur, in 1983 and Best Rock Vocal Performance Female for "Invisible Hands" in 1984. In 1983, Carne's song "I'll Be Here Where the Heart Is" was included on the Flashdance soundtrack which received a Grammy for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture. Carnes was also one of the singers invited to perform on USA for Africa's 1985 famine relief fundraising single "We Are the World" and can be seen in the music video and heard singing the last line of the song's bridge with Huey Lewis and Cyndi Lauper ("While we stand together as one"). In 1987, she sang the song "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own" in a duet with Jeffrey Osborne for the soundtrack to the movie Spaceballs. In the same year, Carnes recorded "The Heart Must Have a Home" for the American film Summer Heat.

1988–1993: Return to Nashville and Japanese releases
Carnes reunited with producer Jimmy Bowen for her eleventh album View from the House, released in July 1988. It peaked at no. 36 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart. Featuring session musicians including Vince Gill and Lyle Lovett, the album was described as a return to the country and folk influences of her early albums. "Crazy in Love" was released as the album's lead single, peaking at no. 13 on Billboard'''s Adult Contemporary chart.

In the early 1990s, Carnes released a series of tracks exclusively in Japan, including "Shiny Day" for a compilation album titled Re-Import, and "Hold Me" for a tribute album to the Japanese singer Seiko Matsuda. Carnes' twelfth studio album Checkin' Out the Ghosts was released exclusively in Japan in March 1991. Carnes recorded a cover of the Everly Brothers' song "Love Hurts" for the soundtrack to the Japanese film Private Lessons II.

Later in 1991, Carnes recorded the single "Hooked on the Memory of You" as a duet with Neil Diamond for his album Lovescape. A second track titled "Hard Times for Lovers" was released as a bonus track. In 1992, Diamond released a compilation album titled The Greatest Hits: 1966–1992 which featured a third duet with Carnes, a cover of "Heartbreak Hotel".

In 1993, Carnes released Gypsy Honeymoon: The Best of Kim Carnes. The title track peaked at No. 65 in Germany.

In 1997, Carnes co-wrote "Just One Little Kiss" with Greg Barnhill for Lila McCann's debut album Lila.

 1994–present: Further songwriting success and Chasin' Wild Trains
In 1994, Carnes permanently moved from Los Angeles to Nashville. Throughout the 90s, she continued to write songs for other artists. "The Heart Won't Lie" became a US Country no. 1 hit for Reba McEntire and Vince Gill, and was nominated for Single of the Year at the TNN Music City News Country Awards in 1994.

In 1997, Carnes recorded a cover of "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" for a tribute album to Jim Croce. Numerous country artists recorded Carnes' songs in the late 90s and early 2000s, including Smokie's version of "When the Walls Come Down" for Wild Horses – The Nashville Album (1998), Tim McGraw's version of "You Don't Love Me Anymore" for A Place in the Sun (1999), and Collin Raye's version of "Gypsy Honeymoon" for Can't Back Down (2001). Carnes provided backing vocals on the latter two recordings.

In June 2004, Carnes released her thirteenth and latest studio album, Chasin' Wild Trains, featuring songs co-written with Angelo Petraglia, Matraca Berg, Kim Richey, Al Anderson, Jeffrey Steele, Marc Jordan, Anders Osborne, and Chuck Prophet. The album was noted for its Americana and alt-country influences; it was compared to the musical styles of Stevie Nicks, Lucinda Williams and Melissa Etheridge. In the same year, Carnes provided backing vocals for two tracks on Tim McGraw's album Live Like You Were Dying.

Throughout the 2000s Carnes continued to write and record songs for movie soundtracks, including "Ring of Fire" with Jeff Bridges for The Contender (2000), "The Silver Cord" for Loggerheads (2005), and "It's a Mighty Hand" for Chances: The Women of Magdalene (2006).

In 2007, Carnes recorded "It's Clear Sky Again Today" for a tribute album to the Japanese singer-songwriter Noriyuki Makihara, and a cover of the Rolling Stones' song "Tumbling Dice" with Jill Johnson for her album Music Row. Subsequent songwriting credits include "Enough" for Dana Cooper on his album The Conjurer (2010), "Live to Tell" for Alyssa Reid's album The Game (2011), and three tracks for the Australian country duo O'Shea.

In October 2012, American label Culture Factory reissued Carnes' Mistaken Identity, Voyeur and Cafe Racers albums. Light House and Barking at Airplanes followed in August 2013. In 2013, Carnes featured in an episode of the LMN series The Haunting of....

In 2015, Carnes recorded "Under My Thumb" by The Rolling Stones for 80s Re:Covered, a conceptual compilation album featuring 80s-influenced covers of songs from the 1970s. In the following year, Carnes featured on the track "To Be with You Again" from Frankie Miller's duets album, Double Take.

In 2021, Carnes performed at the Rheneypalooza Jam, an online concert and auction to raise funds for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis.

Artistry

Musical and vocal style
Carnes' voice has been described as "distinctively raspy" and "throaty", leading to comparisons to the voices of Rod Stewart and Bonnie Tyler. In 1993, Keith Tuber of Orange Coast magazine referred to Carnes as "The Queen of Rasp 'n' Roll" in one of his articles.

Personal life
Carnes resides in Nashville with husband Dave Ellingson (1967–present). They have two sons, Collin and Ry.

Ry, who is named after musician Ry Cooder, accompanies her vocally on the song "Rough Edges" from her album Barking at Airplanes. Collin is featured on this album at the beginning of the song "Crazy in the Night". Collin co-wrote, with his mother, the songs "Divided Hearts", "Gypsy Honeymoon", "Don't Cry Now", and "River of Memories".

Awards

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by The Recording Academy of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry. Often considered the highest music honour, the awards were established in 1958. Carnes has won two awards, from eight nominations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center"| Grammy Awards
|-
! Year
! style="width:375px;" | Work
! style="width:525px;" | Award
! width="65" | Result
! width="20" | Ref
|-
| 1981
| "Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer" (with Kenny Rogers)
| Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus
|
| align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1982
| Mistaken Identity
| Album of the Year
|
| rowspan="3" align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="2"| "Bette Davis Eyes"
| Record of the Year
|
|-
| Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female
|
|-
| 1983
| Voyeur
| Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female
|
| align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1984
| rowspan="2"| Flashdance: Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture
| Album of the Year
|
| rowspan="3" align="center"|
|-
| Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special
|
|-
| "Invisible Hands"
| Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female
|
|-

 "Bette Davis Eyes" also won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. This win is credited to songwriters Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon.
 "What About Me?" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices in 1984. The nomination is credited to arranger David Foster.
 Carnes was one of the various artists featured on the single "We Are the World", which won four Grammy Awards in 1986, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year.

Other awards

Discography

 Rest on Me (1971)
 Kim Carnes (1975)
 Sailin' (1976)
 St. Vincent's Court (1979)
 Romance Dance (1980)
 Mistaken Identity (1981)
 Voyeur (1982)
 Café Racers (1983)
 Barking at Airplanes (1985)
 Light House (1986)
 View from the House (1988)
 Checkin' Out the Ghosts (1991)
 Chasin' Wild Trains (2004)

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
American women country singers
American women singer-songwriters
American women rock singers
American country singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American pop rock singers
American soft rock musicians
Singers from Los Angeles
Grammy Award winners
Singer-songwriters from California
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Country musicians from California
The New Christy Minstrels members

Kim Carnes


عقد 1300 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1300 و31 ديسمبر 1309 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1290 ولحقه عقد 1310.

أحداث

 معركة بافيوس (1302)
 معركة أمروها (1305)
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 قائمة قرارات مجلس أمن الأمم المتحدة من 1301 إلى 1400 (1301)

مواليد

 كاثرين الثانية، إمبراطورة اللاتينية (1301)
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 محمد شاه (1301)
 بايزيد باشا (1301)
 ضياء الدين النخشبي (1301)
 المتوكل على الله الأول (1301)
 تغلق خان (1301)
 نظام الدين عبيد زاكاني (1301)
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وفيات

 العادل زين الدين كتبغا (1303)
 دانييل ألكسندروفيتش (1303)
 ابن دقيق العيد (1302)
 بطرس بسكوال (1300)
 تشيمابو (1302)
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 زاهد الجيلاني (1301)
 بلانش من أرتوا (1302)
 أرنولفو دي كامبيو (1302)
 فيولانتي من أراغون (1301)
 الحاكم بأمر الله الأول (1302)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1300 ابتداءً من

عقد 1300


Jennifer O'Neill (n. 20 februarie 1948 în Rio de Janeiro, Brazilia) este o actriță, americană, născută în Brazilia. Printre cele mai cunoscute filme în care a jucat se numără Rio Lobo, Oameni respectabili, Inocentul.

Biografie

Filmografie selectivă
 1968 For Love of Ivy, regia Daniel Mann
 1969 Some Kind of a Nut, regia Garson Kanin
 1970 Rio Lobo, regia Howard Hawks
 1971 Summer of '42, regia Robert Mulligan
 1971 Such Good Friends
 1972 Glass Houses, regia Alexander Singer
 1972 The Carey Treatment, regia Blake Edwards
 1973 Lady Ice, regia Tom Gries
 1975 The Reincarnation of Peter Proud
 1975 Whiffs, regia Ted Post
 1975 Oameni respectabili (Gente di rispetto), regia: Luigi Zampa
 1976 Inocentul (L'innocente), regia Luchino Visconti
 1976 Call Girl: La vida privada de una señorita bien
 1977 Sette note in nero, regia Lucio Fulci
 1978 Caravans
 1979 Love's Savage Fury, film TV
 1979 A Force of One
 1979 Steel
 1980 Cloud Dancer
 1981 Scanners
 1981 The Other Victim, film TV
 1983 Bare Essence, serial TV 11 episoade
 1984-1985 (Cover Up), serial TV 14 episoade
 1985 A.D., miniserie cinci episoade
 1985 Chase, film TV
 1986 Perry Mason: The Case of the Shooting Star, film TV
 1987 I Love N.Y., regia Gianni Bozzacchi
 1988 The Red Spider, film TV
 1988 Glory Days, film TV
 1989 Full Exposure: The Sex Tapes Scandal, film TV
 1990 Personals, film TV
 1991 Committed
 1992 Wild Angel
 1992 Perfect Family, film TV
 1993 he Cover Girl Murders, film TV
 1994 Jonathan Stone: Threat of Innocence, film TV
 1994 Diskretion garantiert (Discretion Assured)
 1994 The Visual Bible: Acts
 1995 Silver Strand, film TV
 1996 Voyeur II
 1996 Poltergeist: The Legacy, film TV
 1997 The Corporate Ladder
 1997 Raney
 1997 Nash Bridges film TV
 1997 The Ride
 1999 The Prince and the Surfer
 2000 On Music Row film TV
 2002 Time Changer
 2008 Billy: The Early Years
 2012 Last Ounce of Courage
 2013 Doonby

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1948
Actrițe braziliene
Actrițe americane
Fotomodele

Jennifer O'Neill


Kerberos (eski Yunanca: Κέρϐερος / Kérberos, Latince: Cerberus), Yunan mitolojisinde Hades'in yönettiği ölülerin bulunduğu yeraltının kapısında bekçilik yapan üç başlı bir köpek  (Hesiode'a göre 50, Horace'a göre ise 100 başı vardı). Kuyruğu bir yılan olan ve sırtında sayısız yılanbaşı bulunan, ısırıkları zehirli olan bu köpek Herakles'in 12 görevi arasında yer alır. Kerberos Yunanca 'çukur (çok derinlerdeki, şeytani çukur) iblisi' demektir. Yarı kadın yarı yılan Ekhidna ile dev Typhon'un oğlu olan Kerberos'un kardeşi Orthros 'tur. Dev zincirlerle bağlı olan bu köpeğin görevi yer altına giren ölülerin tekrar yeryüzüne çıkmalarını önlemektir. Sadece beş kere yenilmiştir:
 Son görevi Kerberos'u yakalamak olan Herakles tarafından yakalanarak,
 Müzik yeteneğini kullanan Orpheus tarafından uyutularak,
 Lethe ırmağındaki su yardımıyla Hermes tarafından uyutularak,
 Roma mitolojisinde, ilaçlı keklerle Aineias tarafından uyutularak,
 Yine bir Roma masalında, ilaçlı keklerle Psykhe tarafından uyutularak.

Kerberos özellikle kapıların, eşiklerin ve sınırların bekçisi olmanın arketipi olmuştur. Orta Çağdan günümüze kurgu yapıtlarda sıkça bu özelliğiyle yer almıştır (Dante'nin İlahi Komedya'sında ve Fluffy olarak J. K. Rowling'in Harry Potter ve Felsefe Taşı adlı kitabında.) Ayrıca günümüzde güvenlik ve savaş alanında da kullanılmaktadır. (MIT tarafından geliştirilen Kerberos protokolü gibi.)

Herkül'ün On İkinci Görevi

Herkül'ün on ikinci ve son görevi, Hades'in krallığını yaptığı ölüler diyarının bekçi köpeği olan Kerberus'u Atina'ya getirmekti. Görevi aldıktan sonra diğer tarafa geçmek için Eleusis'tan yardım ve bilgi alan Herakles, Tanareum bölgesinde ölüler diyarına geçiş yapabileceği girişi bulur. Athena ve Hermes'in yardımı ile girişten geçen ve Charon'u da yine Hermes'in yardımı ile geride bırakan Herakles, Kerberus ararken ölüler diyarında Hades tarafından zincirlenen Thesus'u sihirli kelepçelerinden güç de olsa kurtarır.

Hades ve Persephone'nin karşısına çıkıp durumunu anlatan Herkül, onların onayını alarak Kerberus'u geri getirmek üzere izin alır. Kerberus'un karşısına çıkıp, güreşte onu yenmeyi başaran Herkül, Kerberus'u yeraltı dünyasından çıkararak Atina'ya; Eurystheus'un karşısına çıkarır. Korkudan nereye saklanacağını bilemeyen Eurystheus, yakınında bulunan büyük bir amforanın içerisine saklanır. Herkül'ün Kerberus'u yeryüzüne çıkardıktan sonra, etrafa saçılan zehirli salyasından dünya üzerindeki ilk zehirli bitkiler oluşmuş ve buradan yayılarak diğer ülke ve topraklarda da yetişmeye başlamıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kıtmir

Kaynakça

Roma mitolojisi
Yunan mitolojisi canavarları
Efsanevi köpekler
Mitolojik melezler
Herkül'ün 12 görevi
Efsanevi çok başlı yaratıklar

Kerberos


Ranu Homniam, est une joueuse de pétanque norvégienne.

Biographie

Clubs

Palmarès

Séniors

Championnats du Monde
 Troisième
 Tir de précision 2021 :  Équipe de Norvège

Championnats d'Europe
 Troisième
 Tir de précision 2014 :  Équipe de Norvège

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse norvégienne de pétanque
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Article à illustrer Pétanque

Ranu Homniam


Elvira Dones (nascida em 1960) é uma romancista albanesa, roteirista e produtora de documentários.

Vida pessoal
Nascida na cidade costeira de Durrës Dones formou-se na Universidade Estadual de Tirana . Em 1988, ela foi contratada pela Albanian State Television e, nessa qualidade, viajou para a Suíça, onde desertou.

Julgada por traição na Albânia ( à revelia ), ela foi condenada à prisão e teve acesso negado a seu filho até o colapso do comunismo na Albânia em 1992. De 1988 a 2004, Dones morou na Suíça, onde trabalhou como escritora e jornalista de televisão, além de escrever, dirigir e produzir vários documentários. Desde 2004 ela mora nos Estados Unidos.

A maior parte de sua escrita é em italiano ou albanês, mas vários de seus documentários foram legendados em inglês. Vários desses filmes ganharam ou foram indicados para vários prêmios. Seu documentário mais recente, Virgem Jurada, conta a história de mulheres no norte da Albânia que juram castidade perpétua na adolescência e se tornam homens em sua sociedade - não mulheres agindo como homens ou mulheres que mudaram de sexo, mas simplesmente mulheres que agora são homens . Este filme foi eleito o melhor documentário no Festival de Cinema Feminino de Baltimore em 2007.

Filmografia

 Brunilda (2003)
 Eu ngujuar (Nailed) (2004)
 Virgem Jurada (2015)

Referências

Escritoras do século XX
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1960
Mulheres roteiristas
Ateus da Albânia
Roteiristas da Albânia

Elvira Donés


Jean Charles Louis de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (en allemand : Carl Johann Ludwig Pfalzgraf von Zweibrucken-Birkenfeld zu Gelnhausen) (né à Gelnhausen  et mort à Mannheim ) est un comte palatin de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen de 1780 à 1789.

Biographie
Né à Gelnhausen le , Jean Charles Louis est le fils aîné et le premier des huit enfants de Jean de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen et de Sophie-Charlotte de Salm-Dhaun. À sa naissance, il est comte palatin de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen. Dès 1756, il est promu à Tübingen général major dans l'armée impériale du Saint-Empire romain et connu sous les prénoms de « Johann Carl ».

Lorsque son père meurt, le , Jean Charles Louis lui succède comme comte palatin de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen. Il demeure célibataire et meurt à l'âge de , à Mannheim le . Il est inhumé dans l'église évangélique luthérienne de Mannheim.
Son frère cadet Guillaume lui succède et deviendra duc en Bavière en 1799.

Titulature
  —  : Son Altesse Sérénissime le comte palatin Jean Charles Louis de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen ;
  —  : Son Altesse Sérénissime le comte palatin de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1745
Naissance à Gelnhausen
Naissance dans le landgraviat de Hesse-Cassel
Décès en mars 1789
Décès à Mannheim
Décès dans le comté palatin du Rhin
Décès à 43 ans


Various non-human animal species exhibit behavior that can be interpreted as homosexual or bisexual. This may include same-sex sexual activity, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting among same-sex animal pairs. Various forms of this are found in every major geographic region and every major animal group. The sexual behavior of non-human animals takes many different forms, even within the same species, though homosexual behavior is best known from social species.

Scientists perceive homosexual behavior in animals to different degrees. A 2019 paper states that same-sex sexual behavior has been observed in over 1,500 species. A previous 1999 book by Canadian biologist Bruce Bagemihl states same-sex behavior (comprising courtship, sexual, pair-bonding, and parental activities) has been documented in over 450 species of animals worldwide. Although same-sex interactions involving genital contact have been reported in hundreds of animal species, they are routinely manifested in only a few, including humans. Simon LeVay stated that "[a]lthough homosexual behavior is very common in the animal world, it seems to be very uncommon that individual animals have a long-lasting predisposition to engage in such behavior to the exclusion of heterosexual activities. Thus, a homosexual orientation, if one can speak of such thing in animals, seems to be a rarity." The motivations for and implications of these behaviors are lensed through anthropocentric thinking; Bagemihl notes that any hypothesis is "necessarily an account of human interpretations of these phenomena".

One species in which exclusive homosexual orientation occurs is the domesticated sheep (Ovis aries). "About 10% of rams (males), refuse to mate with ewes (females) but do readily mate with other rams."

In October 2023, biologists reported  studies of animals (over 1,500 different species) that found same-sex behavior (not necessarily related to human orientation) may help improve social stability by reducing conflict within the groups studied.

In relation to humans

Applying the term homosexual to animals

The term homosexual was coined by the Hungarian writer and campaigner Karl Maria Kertbeny in 1868 to describe same-sex sexual attraction and sexual behavior in humans. Its use in animal studies has been controversial for two main reasons: animal sexuality and motivating factors have been and remain poorly understood, and the term has strong cultural implications in western society that are irrelevant for species other than humans.  Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years.  According to Bruce Bagemihl, when describing animals, the term homosexual is preferred over gay, lesbian, and other terms currently in use, as these are seen as even more bound to human homosexuality.

Bailey et al. says:Homosexual: in animals, this has been used to refer to same-sex behavior that is not sexual in character (e.g. 'homosexual tandem running' in termites), same-sex courtship or copulatory behavior occurring over a short period of time (e.g. 'homosexual mounting' in cockroaches and rams) or long-term pair bonds between same-sex partners that might involve any combination of courting, copulating, parenting and affectional behaviors (e.g. 'homosexual pair bonds' in gulls). In humans, the term is used to describe individual sexual behaviors as well as long-term relationships, but in some usages connotes a gay or lesbian social identity. Scientific writing would benefit from reserving this anthropomorphic term for humans and not using it to describe behavior in other animals, because of its deeply rooted context in human society.Animal preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. In wild animals, researchers will as a rule not be able to map the entire life of an individual, and must infer from frequency of single observations of behavior. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual behavior or even same-sex sexual behavior; however, this article conforms to the usage by modern research, applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex. In most instances, it is presumed that the homosexual behavior is but part of the animal's overall sexual behavioral repertoire, making the animal "bisexual" rather than "homosexual" as the terms are commonly understood in humans.

Nature
The observation of homosexual behavior in animals can be seen as both an argument for and against the acceptance of homosexuality in humans, and has been used especially against the claim that it is a peccatum contra naturam ("sin against nature"). For instance, homosexuality in animals was cited by the American Psychological Association and other groups in their amici curiae brief to the United States Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas, which ultimately struck down the sodomy laws of 14 states.

Research
A majority of the research available concerning homosexual behavior in animals lacks specification between animals that exclusively exhibit same-sex tendencies and those that participate in heterosexual and homosexual mating activities interchangeably. This lack of distinction has led to differing opinions and conflicting interpretations of collected data amongst scientists and researchers. For instance, Bruce Bagemihl, author of the book Biological Exuberence: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, emphasizes that there are no anatomical or endocrinological differences between exclusively homosexual and exclusively heterosexual animal pairs. However, if the definition of "homosexual behavior" is made to include animals that participate in both same-sex and opposite-sex mating activities, hormonal differences have been documented among key sex hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol, when compared to those who participate solely in heterosexual mating.

Many of the animals used in laboratory-based studies of homosexuality do not appear to spontaneously exhibit these tendencies often in the wild. Such behavior is often elicited and exaggerated by the researcher during experimentation through the destruction of a portion of brain tissue, or by exposing the animal to high levels of steroid hormones prenatally. Information gathered from these studies is limited when applied to spontaneously occurring same-sex behavior in animals outside of the laboratory.

Homosexual behaviour in animals has been discussed since classical antiquity. The earliest written mention of animal homosexuality appears to date back to 2,300 years ago, when Aristotle (384–322 BC) described copulation between pigeons, partridges and quails of the same sex. The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo, written in the 4th century AD by the Egyptian writer Horapollo, mentions "hermaphroditism" in hyenas and homosexuality in partridges. The first review of animal homosexuality was written by the zoologist Ferdinand Karsch-Haack in 1900.

Academic research into the ubiquity of same-sex sexual behavior was not carried out on a large scale, possibly due to observer bias caused by social attitudes to same-sex sexual behavior, innocent confusion, lack of interest, distaste, scientists fearing loss of their grants or even from a fear of "being ridiculed by their colleagues". Georgetown University biologist Janet Mann states "Scientists who study the topic are often accused of trying to forward an agenda, and their work can come under greater scrutiny than that of their colleagues who study other topics." They also noted "Not every sexual act has a reproductive function ... that's true of humans and non-humans." Studies have demonstrated homosexual behavior in a number of species, but the true extent of homosexuality in animals is not known.

Some researchers believe this behavior to have its origin in male social organization and social dominance, similar to the dominance traits shown in prison sexuality. Others, particularly Bagemihl, Joan Roughgarden, Thierry Lodé and Paul Vasey suggest the social function of sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) is not necessarily connected to dominance, but serves to strengthen alliances and social ties within a flock. While reports on many such mating scenarios are still only anecdotal, a growing body of scientific work confirms that permanent homosexuality occurs not only in species with permanent pair bonds, but also in non-monogamous species like sheep. One report on sheep found that 8% of rams exhibited homosexual preferences—that is, even when given a choice, they chose male over female partners. In fact, apparent homosexual individuals are known from all of the traditional domestic species, from sheep, cattle and horses to cats, dogs and budgerigars.

Basis
Sexual behaviors often require a significant energy investment. When sexual behaviors produce offspring, there is an obvious benefit for the animal. However, the benefit from performing homosexual behaviors (which cannot result in the production of offspring) is less obvious, and some scientists have called it a "Darwinian paradox" because it is non-reproductive. A number of non-exclusive different explanations for the emergence of such traits have been put forward.

Physiological basis
A definite physiological explanation or reason for homosexual activity in animal species has not been agreed upon by researchers in the field. Numerous scholars are of the opinion that varying levels (either higher or lower) of the sex hormones in the animal, in addition to the size of the animal's gonads, play a direct role in the sexual behavior and preference exhibited by that animal. Others firmly argue no evidence to support these claims exists when comparing animals of a specific species exhibiting homosexual behavior exclusively and those that do not. Ultimately, empirical support from comprehensive endocrinological studies exist for both interpretations. Researchers found no evidence of differences in the measurements of the gonads, or the levels of the sex hormones of exclusively homosexual western gulls and ring-billed gulls.

Additional studies pertaining to hormone involvement in homosexual behavior indicate that when administering treatments of testosterone and estradiol to female heterosexual animals, the elevated hormone levels increase the likelihood of homosexual behavior. Additionally, boosting the levels of sex hormones during an animal's pregnancy appears to increase the likelihood of it birthing a homosexual offspring.

Genetic basis
Researchers found that disabling the fucose mutarotase (FucM) gene in laboratory mice – which influences the levels of estrogen to which the brain is exposed – caused the female mice to behave as if they were male as they grew up. "The mutant female mouse underwent a slightly altered developmental programme in the brain to resemble the male brain in terms of sexual preference" said professor Chankyu Park of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in Daejon, South Korea, who led the research. His findings were published in the BMC Genetics journal on July 7, 2010. Another study found that by manipulating a gene in fruit flies (Drosophila), homosexual behavior appeared to have been induced. However, in addition to homosexual behavior, several abnormal behaviors were also exhibited apparently due to this mutation.

Neurobiological basis
In March 2011, research showed that serotonin is involved in the mechanism of sexual orientation of mice. A study conducted on fruit flies found that inhibiting the dopamine neurotransmitter inhibited lab-induced homosexual behavior.

Other hypotheses

One proposal for the adaptive function of homosexual behavior is the formation of alliances and mutual social benefit to the animals. Studies support this in specific species, such as black swans, where a quarter of mate pairs consist of two males, who mate with a female and chase her away once she lays the egg, then raise it themselves. These M-M pairs have great success in defending their territory and resources, and keep their young alive until fledgling 80% of the time, compared to 30% for M-F pairs.

Studies done on homosexual behavior in birds showed a negative correlation between relative parental investment and F-F homosexual behaviors, i.e. females that invested more time and care into their young relative to males had less homosexual encounters. Similarly, there was a negative correlation between relative parental investment and M-M homosexual behaviors. This meant that species exhibiting a high degree of polygamy (where females often are the exclusive caretakers of the young) F-F sexual behaviors were very rare, whereas in a socially monogamous species (in which a M-F pair works together to care for young) they were much more common. The trend was opposite for males, in polygamous species M-M sexual behaviors were quite common and in socially monogamous species they were rare. The study argues that release from parental care, a very energy intensive investment, allows the opportunities for homosexual behaviors to be exhibited, and higher parental care prevents homosexual behaviors from occurring because of the energy cost of the behaviors.

A 2019 paper hypothesized that when sex first began to evolve, there was no distinction between homosexuality and heterosexuality, and animals mated with other members of their species indiscriminately. This is a contrast to most perspectives, which try to find explanations for the evolution of homosexual behaviors and separate it completely from the evolution of heterosexual behaviors. The study states that it is unlikely that sexual behaviors evolved simultaneously to the evolution of traits necessary to recognize a compatible sexual mate, such as size, shape, odor, and color. As those secondary sex characteristics evolved, sexuality would have become more discriminatory, leading to less homosexuality, but homosexual behaviors would rarely have had enough cost to be selected against and removed entirely from a population. Additionally, the cost of homosexual behavior would be offset by the cost of mate recognition, which requires psychological adaptations, and excessive discrimination in mate choice can lead to missing out of mating opportunities. With indiscriminate mating, these factors are irrelevant. The paper notes that in some species, especially where survival is very difficult and each energy-related decision could mean the animal's death, homosexual behavior would be strongly selected against, leading strictly heterosexual species.

Some select species and groups

Birds

Black swans

An estimated one-quarter of all black swan pairings are of males. They steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. The males spent time in each other's society, guarded the common territory, performed greeting ceremonies before each other, and (in the reproductive period) pre-marital rituals, and if one of the birds tried to sit on the other, an intense fight began. More of their cygnets survive to adulthood than those of different-sex pairs, possibly due to their superior ability to defend large portions of land. The same reasoning has been applied to male flamingo pairs raising chicks.

Albatrosses
Female Laysan albatrosses, on the north-western tip of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, form pairs for co-growing offspring. On the observed island, the number of females considerably exceeds the number of males (59% N=102/172), so 31% of females, after mating with males, create partnerships for hatching and feeding chicks. Compared to male-female couples, female partnerships have a lower hatching rate (41% vs 87%) and lower overall reproductive success (31% vs. 67%).

Warming waters from climate change have led to increased foraging times and thus increased mortality among female black-browed albatrosses on the Antipodes Islands in New Zealand. The skewed gender imbalance has led to many male albatrosses forming homosexual relationships. Male-male pairs now comprise between 2–5% of the albatross population on the islands.

Blue ducks
In 2009, a UK-based captive breeding program for blue ducks (involving two males and one female) was derailed when the two males paired with each other instead of with the female that they were assigned to mate with.

Ibises

Research has shown that the environmental pollutant methylmercury can increase the prevalence of homosexual behavior in male American white ibis. The study involved exposing chicks in varying dosages to the chemical and measuring the degree of homosexual behavior in adulthood. The results discovered was that as the dosage was increased the likelihood of homosexual behavior also increased. The endocrine blocking feature of mercury has been suggested as a possible cause of sexual disruption in other bird species.

Mallards

Mallards form male-female pairs only until the female lays eggs, at which time the male leaves the female. Mallards have rates of male-male sexual activity that are unusually high for birds, in some cases, as high as 19% of all pairs in a population. Kees Moeliker of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam has observed one male mallard engage in homosexual necrophilia.

Penguins

Penguins have been observed to engage in homosexual behaviour since at least as early as 1911. George Murray Levick, who documented this behaviour in Adélie penguins at Cape Adare, described it as "depraved". The report was considered too shocking for public release at the time, and was suppressed. The only copies that were made available privately to researchers had the English text partly written in Greek letters, to prevent this knowledge becoming more widely known. The report was unearthed only a century later, and published in Polar Record in June 2012.

In early February 2004, The New York Times reported that Roy and Silo, a male pair of chinstrap penguins in the Central Park Zoo in New York City, had successfully hatched and fostered a female chick from a fertile egg they had been given to incubate. Other penguins in New York zoos have also been reported to have formed same-sex pairs.

In Odense Zoo in Denmark, a pair of male king penguins adopted an egg that had been abandoned by a female, proceeding to incubate it and raise the chick.
Zoos in Japan and Germany have also documented homosexual male penguin couples. The couples have been shown to build nests together and use a stone as a substitute for an egg. Researchers at Rikkyo University in Tokyo found 20 homosexual pairs at 16 major aquariums and zoos in Japan.

The Bremerhaven Zoo in Germany attempted to encourage reproduction of endangered Humboldt penguins by importing females from Sweden and separating three male pairs, but this was unsuccessful. The zoo's director said that the relationships were "too strong" between the homosexual pairs. German gay groups protested at this attempt to break up the male-male pairs but the zoo's director was reported as saying "We don't know whether the three male pairs are really homosexual or whether they have just bonded because of a shortage of females ... nobody here wants to forcibly separate homosexual couples."

A pair of male Magellanic penguins who had shared a burrow for six years at the San Francisco Zoo and raised a surrogate chick, split when the male of a pair in the next burrow died and the female sought a new mate.

Buddy and Pedro, a pair of male African penguins, were separated by the Toronto Zoo to mate with female penguins. Buddy has since paired off with a female.

Suki and Chupchikoni are two female African penguins that pair bonded at the Ramat Gan Safari in Israel. Chupchikoni was assumed to be male until her blood was tested.

In 2014 Jumbs and Hurricane, two Humboldt penguins at Wingham Wildlife Park became the center of international media attention as two male penguins who had pair bonded a number of years earlier and then successfully hatched and reared an egg given to them as surrogate parents after the mother abandoned it halfway through incubation.

As of 2018, two female King penguins at Kelly Tarltons in Auckland, New Zealand, called Thelma and Louise (named after the 1991 film) have been in a relationship for eight years, when most of the other eligible penguins switch partners each mating season, regardless of their orientation. The two penguins were both taking care of an egg that Thelma hatched, but is unknown whether it was fertilized.

Vultures
In 1998, two male griffon vultures named Dashik and Yehuda, at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, engaged in "open and energetic sex" and built a nest. The keepers provided the couple with an artificial egg, which the two parents took turns incubating, and 45 days later, the zoo replaced the egg with a baby vulture. The two male vultures raised the chick together. A few years later, however, Yehuda became interested in a female vulture that was brought into the aviary. Dashik became depressed, and was eventually moved to the zoological research garden at Tel Aviv University where he too set up a nest with a female vulture.

Two male vultures at the Allwetter Zoo in Muenster built a nest together, although they were picked on and their nest materials were often stolen by other vultures. They were eventually separated to try to promote breeding by placing one of them with female vultures, despite the protests of German homosexual groups.

Pigeons

Both male and female pigeons sometimes exhibit homosexual behavior. In addition to sexual behavior, same-sex pigeon pairs will build nests, and hens will lay (infertile) eggs and attempt to incubate them.

Mammals

Amazon dolphins
The Amazon river dolphin or boto has been reported to form up in bands of 3–5 individuals engaging in sexual activity. The groups usually comprise young males and sometimes one or two females. Sex is often performed in non-reproductive ways, using snout, flippers and genital rubbing, without regard to gender. In captivity, they have been observed to sometimes perform homosexual and heterosexual penetration of the blowhole, a hole homologous with the nostril of other mammals, making this the only known example of nasal sex in the animal kingdom. The males will sometimes also perform sex with males from the tucuxi species, a type of small porpoise.

American bisons

Courtship, mounting, and full anal penetration between bulls has been noted to occur among American bison. The Mandan nation Okipa festival concludes with a ceremonial enactment of this behavior, to "ensure the return of the buffalo in the coming season". Also, mounting of one female by another (known as "bulling") is extremely common among cattle. The behaviour is hormone driven and synchronizes with the emergence of estrus (heat), particularly in the presence of a bull.

Bats

More than 20 species of bat have been documented to engage in homosexual behavior. Bat species that have been observed engaging in homosexual behavior in the wild include:

Bat species that have been observed engaging in homosexual behavior in captivity include the Comoro flying fox (Pteropus livingstonii), the Rodrigues flying fox (Pteropus rodricensis) and the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus).

Homosexual behavior in bats has been categorized into 6 groups: mutual homosexual grooming and licking, homosexual masturbation, homosexual play, homosexual mounting, coercive sex, and cross-species homosexual sex.

In the wild, the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) engages in allogrooming wherein one partner licks and gently bites the chest and wing membrane of the other partner. Both sexes display this form of mutual homosexual grooming and it is more common in males. Males often have erect penises while they are mutually grooming each other. Like opposite-sex grooming partners, same-sex grooming partners continuously utter a "pre-copulation call", which is described as a "pulsed grating call", while engaged in this activity.

In wild Bonin flying foxes (Pteropus pselaphon), males perform fellatio or 'male-male genital licking' on other males. Male–male genital licking events occur repeatedly several times in the same pair, and reciprocal genital licking also occurs. The male-male genital licking in these bats is considered a sexual behavior. Allogrooming in Bonin flying foxes has never been observed, hence the male-male genital licking in this species does not seem to be a byproduct of allogrooming, but rather a behavior of directly licking the male genital area, independent of allogrooming. In captivity, same-sex genital licking has been observed among males of the Comoro flying fox (Pteropus livingstonii) as well as among males of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus).

In wild Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus), males often mount one another, with erections and thrusting, while play-wrestling. Males of the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii) have been observed in the same position of male-female mounting, with one gripping the back of the other's fur. A similar behavior was also observed in the common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii).

In wild little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), males often mount other males (and females) during late autumn and winter, when many of the mounted individuals are torpid. 35% of matings during this period are homosexual. These coercive copulations usually include ejaculation and the mounted bat often makes a typical copulation call consisting of a long squawk. Similarly, in hibernacula of the common noctule (Nyctalus noctula), active males were observed to wake up from lethargy on a warm day and engage in mating with lethargic males and (active or lethargic) females. The lethargic males, like females, called out loudly and presented their buccal glands with opened mouth during copulation.

Vesey-Fitzgerald (1949) observed homosexual behaviours in all 12 British bat species known at the time: "Homosexuality is common in the spring in all species, and, since the males are in full possession of their powers, I suspect throughout the summer...I have even seen homosexuality between Natterer's and Daubenton's bats (Myotis nattereri and M. daubentonii)."

Bottlenose dolphins

Dolphins of several species engage in homosexual acts, though it is best studied in the bottlenose dolphins. Sexual encounters between females take the shape of "beak-genital propulsion", where one female inserts her beak in the genital opening of the other while swimming gently forward. Between males, homosexual behaviour includes rubbing of genitals against each other, which sometimes leads to the males swimming belly to belly, inserting the penis in the other's genital slit and sometimes anus.

Janet Mann, Georgetown University professor of biology and psychology, argues that the strong personal behavior among male dolphin calves is about bond formation and benefits the species in an evolutionary context. She cites studies showing that these dolphins later in life as adults are in a sense bisexual, and the male bonds forged earlier in life work together for protection as well as locating females to reproduce with. Confrontations between flocks of bottlenose dolphins and the related species Atlantic spotted dolphin will sometimes lead to cross-species homosexual behaviour between the males rather than combat.

Elephants

African and Asian male elephants will engage in same-sex bonding and mounting. Such encounters are often associated with affectionate interactions, such as kissing, trunk intertwining, and placing trunks in each other's mouths. Male elephants, who often live apart from the general herd, often form "companionships", consisting of an older individual and one or sometimes two younger males with sexual behavior being an important part of the social dynamic. Unlike heterosexual relations, which are always of a fleeting nature, the relationships between males may last for years. The encounters are analogous to heterosexual bouts, one male often extending his trunk along the other's back and pushing forward with his tusks to signify his intention to mount. Same-sex relations are common and frequent in both sexes, with Asiatic elephants in captivity devoting roughly 45% of sexual encounters to same-sex activity.

Giraffes

Male giraffes have been observed to engage in remarkably high frequencies of homosexual behavior. After aggressive "necking", it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other, leading up to mounting and climax. Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling. In one study, up to 94% of observed mounting incidents took place between two males. The proportion of same sex activities varied between 30 and 75%, and at any given time one in twenty males were engaged in non-combative necking behavior with another male. Only 1% of same-sex mounting incidents occurred between females.

Marmots

Homosexual behavior is quite common in wild marmots. In Olympic marmots (Marmota olympus) and hoary marmots (Marmota caligata), females often mount other females as well as engage in other affectionate and sexual behaviors with females of the same species. They display a high frequency of these behaviors especially when they are in heat. A homosexual encounter often begins with a greeting interaction in which one female nuzzles her nose on the other female's cheek or mouth, or both females touch noses or mouths. Additionally, a female may gently chew on the ear or neck of her partner, who responds by raising her tail. The first female may sniff the other's genital region or nuzzle that region with her mouth. She may then proceed to mount the other female, during which the mounting female gently grasps the mounted female's dorsal neck fur in her jaws while thrusting. The mounted female arches her back and holds her tail to one side to facilitate their sexual interaction.

Lions

Both male and female lions have been seen to interact homosexually. Male lions pair-bond for a number of days and initiate homosexual activity with affectionate nuzzling and caressing, leading to mounting and thrusting. About 8% of mountings have been observed to occur with other males. Pairings between females are held to be fairly common in captivity but have not been observed in the wild.

Polecats
European polecats (Mustela putorius) were found to engage homosexually with non-sibling animals. Exclusive homosexuality with mounting and anal penetration in this solitary species serves no apparent adaptive function.

Primates

Bonobos

Bonobos form a matriarchal society, unusual among apes. They are fully bisexual: both males and females engage in hetero- and homosexual behavior, being noted for female–female sex in particular, including between juveniles and adults. Roughly 60% of all bonobo sexual activity occurs between two or more females. While the homosexual bonding system in bonobos represents the highest frequency of homosexuality known in any primate species, homosexuality has been reported for all great apes, as well as a number of other primate species.

Dutch primatologist Frans de Waal, who extensively observed and filmed bonobos, believed that sexual activity is the bonobo's way of avoiding conflict. Anything that arouses the interest of more than one bonobo at a time, not just food, tends to result in sexual contact. If two bonobos approach a cardboard box thrown into their enclosure, they will briefly mount each other before playing with the box. Such situations lead to squabbles in most other species. But bonobos are quite tolerant, perhaps because they use sex to divert attention and to defuse tension.

Bonobo sex often occurs in aggressive contexts totally unrelated to food. A jealous male might chase another away from a female, after which the two males reunite and engage in scrotal rubbing. Or after a female hits a juvenile, the latter's mother may lunge at the aggressor, an action that is immediately followed by genital rubbing between the two adults.

Gorillas

Homosexual behavior among male gorillas has been studied. This behavior occurs more often in all-male bachelor packs in the wild and it is believed to play a role in social bonding. Homosexual behavior among female mountain gorillas has also been documented.

Japanese macaques

With the Japanese macaque, also known as the "snow monkey", same-sex relations are frequent, though rates vary between troops. Females will form "consortships" characterized by affectionate social and sexual activities. In some troops up to one quarter of the females form such bonds, which vary in duration from a few days to a few weeks. Often, strong and lasting friendships result from such pairings. Males also have same-sex relations, typically with multiple partners of the same age. Affectionate and playful activities are associated with such relations.

Orangutans
Homosexual behavior forms part of the natural repertoire of sexual or sociosexual behavior of orangutans. Male homosexual behavior occurs both in the wild and in captivity, and it occurs in both adolescent and mature individuals. Homosexual behavior in orangutans is not an artifact of captivity or contact with humans.

Monkeys
Among monkeys, Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox conducted a study on how Depo-Provera contraceptives lead to decreased male attraction to females.

Sheep

Ovis aries, the common domesticated sheep, has attracted much attention due to the fact that around 8–10% of rams have an exclusive homosexual orientation. Such rams prefer to court and mount other rams only, even in the presence of estrous ewes. Moreover, around 18–22% of rams are bisexual.

Several observations indicate that male–male sexual preference in rams is sexually motivated. Rams routinely perform the same courtship behaviors (including foreleg kicks, nudges, vocalizations, anogenital sniffs and flehmen) prior to mounting other males as observed when other rams court and mount estrous females. Furthermore, pelvic thrusting and ejaculation often accompany same-sex mounts by rams.

Spotted hyenas

The family structure of the spotted hyena is matriarchal, and dominance relationships with strong sexual elements are routinely observed between related females. Due largely to the female spotted hyena's unique urogenital system, which looks more like a penis rather than a vagina, early naturalists thought hyenas were hermaphroditic males who commonly practiced homosexuality. Early writings such as Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Physiologus suggested that the hyena continually changed its sex and nature from male to female and back again. In Paedagogus, Clement of Alexandria noted that the hyena (along with the hare) was "quite obsessed with sexual intercourse". Many Europeans associated the hyena with sexual deformity, prostitution, deviant sexual behavior, and even witchcraft.

The reality behind the confusing reports is the sexually aggressive behavior between the females, including mounting between females. Research has shown that "in contrast to most other female mammals, female Crocuta are male-like in appearance, larger than males, and substantially more aggressive," and they have "been masculinized without being defeminized".

Study of this unique genitalia and aggressive behavior in the female hyena has led to the understanding that more aggressive females are better able to compete for resources, including food and mating partners. Research has shown that "elevated levels of testosterone in utero" contribute to extra aggressiveness; both males and females mount members of both the same and opposite sex, who in turn are possibly acting more submissive because of lower levels of testosterone in utero.

Reptiles

Lizards

Several species of whiptail lizard (especially in the genus Aspidoscelis) consist only of females that have the ability to reproduce through parthenogenesis. Females engage in sexual behavior to stimulate ovulation, with their behavior following their hormonal cycles; during low levels of estrogen, these (female) lizards engage in "masculine" sexual roles. Those animals with currently high estrogen levels assume "feminine" sexual roles. Some parthenogenetic lizards that perform the courtship ritual have greater fertility than those kept in isolation due to an increase in hormones triggered by the sexual behaviors. So, even though asexual whiptail lizards populations lack males, sexual stimuli still increase reproductive success. From an evolutionary standpoint, these females are passing their full genetic code to all of their offspring (rather than the 50% of genes that would be passed in sexual reproduction). Certain species of gecko also reproduce by parthenogenesis.

Some species of sexually reproducing geckos have also been found to display homosexual behavior, e.g. the day geckos Phelsuma laticauda and Phelsuma cepediana.

Tortoises
Jonathan, the world's oldest tortoise (an Aldabra giant tortoise), had been mating with another tortoise named Frederica since 1991.  In 2017, it was discovered that Frederica was actually probably male all along, and was renamed Frederic.

Insects and arachnids
There is evidence of same-sex sexual behavior in at least 110 species of insects and arachnids. Scharf et al. says: "Males are more frequently involved in same-sex sexual (SSS)  behavior in the laboratory than in the field, and isolation, high density, and exposure to female pheromones increase its prevalence. SSS behavior is often shorter than the equivalent heterosexual behavior. Most cases can be explained via mistaken identification by the active (courting/mounting) male. Passive males often resist courting/mating attempts".

Scharf et al. continues: "SSS behavior has been reported in most insect orders, and Bagemihl (1999) provides a list of ~100 species of insects demonstrating such behavior. Yet, this list lacks detailed descriptions, and a more comprehensive summary of its prevalence in invertebrates, as well as ethology, causes, implications, and evolution of this behavior, remains lacking".

Dragonflies

Male homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies (the order Odonata). The cloacal pinchers of male damselflies and dragonflies inflict characteristic head damage to females during sex. A survey of 11 species of damsel and dragonflies has revealed such mating damages in 20 to 80% of the males too, indicating a fairly high occurrence of sexual coupling between males.

Fruit flies
Male Drosophila melanogaster flies bearing two copies of a mutant allele in the fruitless gene court and attempt to mate exclusively with other males. The genetic basis of animal homosexuality has been studied in the fly D. melanogaster. Here, multiple genes have been identified that can cause homosexual courtship and mating. These genes are thought to control behavior through pheromones as well as altering the structure of the animal's brains. These studies have also investigated the influence of environment on the likelihood of flies displaying homosexual behavior.

Bed bugs

Male bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are sexually attracted to any newly fed individual and this results in homosexual mounting. This occurs in heterosexual mounting by the traumatic insemination in which the male pierces the female abdomen with his needle-like penis. In homosexual mating this risks abdominal injuries as males lack the female counteradaptive spermalege structure. Males produce alarm pheromones to reduce such homosexual mating.

See also

References

External links

National Geographic
Homosexual Behaviour in Animals An Evolutionary Perspective
Driscoll, E. V. (2008), Bisexual Species, Scientific American Mind, 19(3), pp. 68–73.
Nature or nurture? Innate social behaviors in the mouse brain

Sexual orientation and science
Ethology
Animal sexuality
Articles containing video clips
Homosexuality
LGBT studies

Homosexual behavior in animals


Filthy Christians war eine schwedische Grindcore-Band aus Falun. Sie gehörte zu den ersten Bands dieses Genres in Skandinavien und war zugleich die erste schwedische Musikgruppe, die von Earache Records unter Vertrag genommen wurde.

Geschichte
Gegründet wurde die Band 1985 im schwedischen Falun. Auf einer Zugreise durch Europa lernte die Band 1986 Digby Pearson von Earache Records kennen. 1987, während einer Tournee durch Großbritannien, bot er den Filthy Christians einen Plattenvertrag an. Voraussetzung war, dass die Gruppe ihm ein Demo schickt. Nachdem das dritte Demo 1988 fertiggestellt war, erhielt die Band den Vertrag und das Debütalbum Mean erschien 1990. Einem breiten Publikum wurde die Band anlässlich eines Auftritts in der schwedischen Fernsehsendung Svepet 1989 bekannt. Nach einigen Wechseln in der Besetzung Anfang der 1990er Jahre änderte Filthy Christians die musikalische Ausrichtung hin zum Death Metal und nahm 1992 im Sunlight Studio von Tomas Skogsberg ein weiteres Demo auf. 1994 erschien bei We Bite Records die EP Nailed. Mitte der 1990er Jahre löste die Band sich auf.

Diskografie
 G-Anx / Filthy Christians (Split-Single, Gore Core, 1989)
 Mean (Earache, 1990)
 Nailed (EP, We Bite, 1994)

Literatur

Schwedische Band
Grindcore-Band

Filthy Christians


De genfødte er en dansk kortfilm fra 2010, der er instrueret af Henrik Bjerregaard Clausen efter manuskript af Mads Zaar Riisberg.

Handling
En kristen familie er overbevist om at der snart vil komme en syndflod, og har derfor anskaffet sig en båd.

Medvirkende
 Iben Hayduk - Bibi
 Jan Tjerrild - Markus
 Lauge Wittus Johnsen - Christoffer
 Lærke Søe Christensen - Rebekka
 Mads Dahl - Patrick
 Hanna Bernhardson - Nabo

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010
Kortfilm fra Danmark

De genfødte


සාම්ප්‍රදායික සිංහල විවාහ මංගල්‍යය අනෙක් සෑම මංගල අවස්ථාවකට ම වඩා වෙනස් හෙළ කුල සිරිතට අනුව ඉෂ්ට සිද්ධ වන්නා වූ උත්සවයකි. එහි ඉටු කරන චාරිත්‍ර අතුරින් මංගල පෝරුවට හිමි වන්නෙ සුවිශේෂි ස්ථානයකි.

නැකැත් පත්‍රය

මනාලයාගේ පාර්ශවය විසින් මංගල දිනයට ප්‍රථමව මනාලියගේ පාර්ශවය වෙත මංගල දින‍යේදී සිදු කරනු ලබන සියලු චාරිත්‍ර ඇතුළත් ලියවිල්ලක් රැගෙන යනු ලබයි.එය නැකැත් පත්‍රයයි.

ආරාධනා කිරීම

නැකැත් දීමෙන් විවාහය ගිවිස ගත් පසු උත්සවයට සතියකට දෙකකට පමණ කලින් දෙපාර්ශවයේ අය තම නෑයන්ගේ ගෙවල්වලට ගොස් මඟුල් කෑමට එන ලෙසට වැඩිහිටියෙකු ලවා ආරාධනය කෙරේ. පිත්තල හෙප්පුවක හෝ රිදී බන්දේසියක බුලත් තබා සුදු ලේන්සු‍වකින් වසා බුලත් දීම, බුලත් හුරුලු දීම, හසුන් පත් යැවීම ආදී වශයෙන් ආරාධනා කිරීම උඩරට හා පහතරට සිරිතය.

මංගල පෝරුව

පෝරුව හා බැඳුණු පැරණි මත

පෝරුවේ උපත කවදා කොතැනක දී සිදු වීද යන්නට පැහැදිලි සාක්ෂි නොමැති හෙයින් ඒ පිළිබඳ විවිධ මත පළ වී ඇත. මහ සම්මත රජ දවස සි‍ට පෝරුව පැවත එන බවත් මහ සම්මත රජු සහා මැණික්පාල කුමරිය නොහොත් මුතුකෙලී කුමරියගේ විවාහ මංගල්‍යය සඳහා චන්දගිරි පර්වතයේ වෙසෙන විස්කම් දිව්‍යරාජෝත්තමයන් නරලොවට පැමිණ ප්‍රථම මංගල පෝරුව නිර්මාණය කළ බව සඳහන් වන අතර නෙළුම් පත්මයක ඕපපාතිකව උපන් පත්මාවති කුමරිය බරණැස් රජුට සරණ පාවා දුන් තැන් සිට පෝරුව පැවත එන බවත් පත පොතේ  සඳහන් වේ.

සිද්ධාර්ථ - යශෝධරා කුමරියගේ විවාහ මංගල්‍යයේ පටන් පෝරුව පැවත එන බවට ද මතයක් පවතී. පෝරුව යුවතිපති දෙපළට සෙත් ශාන්තියක් උදා කරන තැනකි. පොළවට මඳක් ඉහළින් සකස් කරන ලද පුවරුව පෝරුව යන්නෙන් හඳුන්වන අතර මල් ලියකම්වලින් එය අලංකාර කර ඇත. පුරාණයේ නම් කිරිබත්, කැවුම්, කෙසෙල්, තැඹිලි ආදිය පෝරුව මත තැන්පත් කරන ලද බව සඳහන් වන අතර වත්කමේ හැටියට රන්, රිදි, මුතු, මැණික්, පස්ලො කාසි ඒ මත ඇතිරූ බවට ද කියැවේ.

මංගල පෝරුව චාරිත්‍ර සඳහා අවශ්‍ය දව්‍ය
සුදු රෙදි යාර 3
සුදු හාල් කිලෝ 1
ලදපස් මල් පැකට් 1
පඬුරු 21
බුලත් අත් 7
පිරිත් නූල් කැබැල්ලක්
කෙන්ඩියක් හෝ සංඛයක්
පැන් වැඩිමට භාජනයක්
පොල් මල් 4
පොල් ගෙඩියක්
මැ‍ටි පහන් 4
පහන් තිර පැකට් 1
පොල් තෙල් බෝතල් 1/2
කැත්තක්

මනාලයා විසින් ගෙන ආ යුතු කළමනා
හඟල හුරැලු සඳහා බුලත්
කච්චි හේලය (මනාලියගෙ මෑණියන්ට පිදිමට)
මංගල මුදු
තැල්ල
පිළි 	(දෙවැනි ගමන සඳහා )

පෝරුවේ චාරිත්‍ර
ප්‍රථමයෙන් සුභ මූර්ති චාරිත්‍රයන් උදෙසා නව ජයම්පතින්  පෝරු මස්තකාරූඪ කරනු ලැබේ.

1.සතර වරම් දෙවියන් උදෙසා පහන් දැල්වීම
පෝරුව සිව් කොනෙහි ධෘතරාෂ්ට, විරෑඬ, විරෑපාක්ෂ, වෛශ්‍රවණ යන සතර වරම් දිව්‍යරාජෝත්තමයන් උදෙසා පුන් කලස් මත පහන් දැල්වීම.

2.ත්‍රිවිධ රත්න නමස්කාරය
ත්‍රිවිධ රත්න නමස්කාර‍යෙන් සහ සර්වදේව අවසරයෙන් පසුව හෙළ සංස්කෘතික පෞඨත්වය විදහාපාමින් මංගල බෙරසක් හඬ මැද දකුණු පාදය පෙරට තබා  නව ජයම්පතින්  පෝරු මස්තකාරූඪ කරනු ලැබේ.

3.දළු මුර පිදීම
බුලත් හුරැල්ලක් මත පඬුරක් තබා යුවළගේ අතට දී ත්‍රිවිධ රත්නයේ ආශිර්වාදයත් දිව්‍යරාජෝත්තමයන් වහන්සේලාගේ ආශිර්වාදයත් ලබා ගනි. බුලත් කොළ 40කින් සමන්විත වේ.

4.භූම දිව්‍යරාජෝත්තමයන්ගෙන් අවසර ලබා ගැනීම
බුලත් හුරැල්ලක් යුවළගේ අතට දී දිව්‍ය රාජෝත්තමයන්ගෙන් ආශිර්වාද  ලබා ගැනීමේ ස්තෝත්‍ර ගායනා කිරීමත් සමඟ බුලත් හුරැල්ල පෝරුව මත පතිත කළ යුතු ය.

5.තැල්ල හා පිළි ඇන්දවීම

6.අත් කවුතුක බැඳීම
යුවළගේ දකුණු අතේ දෙසුළැඟිලි පිරිත් නූල් කැබැල්ලකින් බන්ධන කරනු ලැබේ.

7.පැන් වැඩිම
පිරිත් නූල් කැබැල්ලකින් බන්ධන කරනු ලැබු යුවළගේ දකුණු අතේ දෙසුළැඟිලි පියාණන් අතින් පැන් වැඩිම සිදු කරයි. තමන්ට අයිති වස්තුවක්අන් අයෙකුට පවරා දීමේ දී මෙසේ  පැන් වඩා භාර දුන් බව ඉතිහාසය සාක්ෂි දරයි.

8.ජය මංගල ගී ගායනය
විවාපත් යුවලට ආශිර්වාද පිණිස නව යොවුන් තරුණියක් (හෝ පිරිසක්) විසින් [[ජයමංගල
ගාථාා]] ගායනා කෙරේ.

9.හඟල හුරුළු පිදීම
හත්මුතු පරම්පරාවක් සිහිපත් කිරීම උදෙසා බුලත් හුරැළු 7ක් පෝරුව මත පතිත කිරීම කරනු ලැබේ.

10.බුලත් හුරැළු ගෙන නව ජයම්පතින්ට සුභ පැතීම

11.කිරිකඩ හේලය පිදීම
මේ කිරිකඩ හේලය හෙවත් කච්චි හේලය හෙවත් කච්චි කිරිකඩ මනාලියගෙ මෑණියන්ට පෝරුවේ දී පිදීම ඉතා ගෞරවනීය ලෙස ඉටු කළ චාරිත්‍රයකි. සිය මනාලියට මනාලියගෙ මෑණියන් පෙවූ කිරිවල පව් අරවා ගන්නට මනාලයා විසින් කිරිකඩ හේලය පිදු බව කියැවේ. මෙයට ඇතැම් පළාත්වල කිරිකඩ කච්චිය හෝ ගෙටදෙන සේළය යැයි ද කියති. ඇතැම් පළාතක කච්චි කිරිකඩක් සමග ගිරයක් හා හුණු කිල්ලෝටයක් ද දෙනු ලැබේ.

12.දෑවැද්ද දීම
මනාලියගේ පියා විසින් මනාලයාට තෑගි දෙන ක්‍රමයක් ද තිබේ. කැත්තක්, උදැල්ලක්, රිදී හවඩියක් ද මේ තෑගි අතරට අයත් ය.

13.පෝරුවෙන් බැස්සවීම

මෙම ලිපිත් බලන්න
 පොරොන්දම්
 සිංහල විවාහය
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විවාහ නීතිය

මූලාශ්‍ර

සිරිකත පුවත් පත   2006 ජනවාරි 12

චාරිත්‍ර - සිංහල
විවාහ මංගල්‍ය

සාම්ප්‍රදායික සිංහල විවාහයේ චාරිත්‍ර


Vermaseren ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bernard Antoon Vermaseren (1912–1989), niederländischer Historiker
 Maarten Jozef Vermaseren (1918–1985), niederländischer Religionshistoriker

Vermaseren


المستشار محمد أمين العباسي المهدي  هو القاضي الدولي وأحد أبرز القانونيين المصريين المعاصرين، ترأس مجلس الدولة المصري والمحكمة الإدارية العليا في الفترة من أول أكتوبر 2000 وحتى نهاية سبتمبر 2001، وتميّزت أحكامه بالجرأة والقوة الفنية وإحكام الصياغة، اختير بعدها عضوا بالمحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليوغسلافيا السابقة. وشغل منصب عضو اللجنة الاستشارية العليا لمركز القاهرة الإقليمي للتحكيم التجاري الدولي CRCICA. بالإضافة إلى عضوية اللجنة القومية للتحقيق وتقصّي الحقائق في شأن أحداث ثورة 25 من يناير 2011، كما صدر قرار رئيس مجلس الوزراء بتعيينه عضوا المجلس القومي لحقوق الإنسان. ويشغل حاليا منصب وزير شئون مجلس النواب والعدالة الانتقالية.

النشأة والتعليم
ولد المستشار محمد أمين المهدي بمنيل الروضة بالقاهرة في 24 نوفمبر عام 1936، وكان والده عضوا بمجلس الشيوخ المصري عن حزب الوفد قبل ثورة يوليو 1952. وهو حفيد الشيخ المهدي العباسي شيخ الجامع الازهر وأول من جمع بين منصب مفتي الديار المصرية ومشيخة الأزهر والذي استمر بالإفتاء مدة أربعين سنة وصاحب كتاب الفتاوى المهدية في الوقائع المصرية في الفقه الحنفي.

تخرج المستشار المهدي من كلية الحقوق جامعة القاهرة عام 1956 وكان من أوائل دفعته بتقدير جيد جدا، ثم حصل على دبلومي القانون العام والعلوم السياسية من ذات الجامعة عام 1958، وفي عام 1967 حصل على شهادة مدرسة الإدارة الوطنية الفرنسية ÉNA من باريس. يجيد استخدام اللغتين الإنجليزية والفرنسية إجادة تامة. وهو متزوج وله ولد هو أحمد أمين المهدي، ويقيم بمنطقة الزمالك بالقاهرة.

أهم المناصب القضائية
عُيّن المهدي بمجلس الدولة فور تخرجه عام 1956 وكان عمره تسعة عشر عامًا، وتدرّج في المناصب القضائية به وانتدب إلى عدة أماكن. انتدب في بداية حياته الوظيفية إلى المكتب الفني لرئيس الجمهورية وكان وقتها جمال عبد الناصر رئيسا للجمهورية، كما اتندب مستشارا لكل من وزير المالية ووزير العدل، وفي عام 1994 وحتى عام 1997 عمل خبيرا دستوريا لأمير دولة الكويت الشيخ جابر الأحمد الصباح.

في عام 1998 تولى رئاسة اللجنة الثالثة فاللجنة الثانية من لجان قسم الفتوى بمجلس الدولة المصري. وكان من أشهر العقود التي اعتمدها من الناحية القانونية (عقد الخط الأول لمترو الأنفاق مع الجانب الفرنسي) وكانت النسخة المعتمدة النسخة الإنجليزية. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى رئاسة قسم التشريع بمجلس الدولة في عام 1999. وكان من أشهر مشروعات القوانين التي راجعها مشروع تقنين تنظيم أوضاع إجراءات التقاضي في مسائل الأحوال الشخصية والذي صدر لاحقًا برقم 1 لسنة 2000. ترأس المهدي الدائرة الأولى بمحكمة القضاء الإداري حتى تاريخ توليه رئاسة مجلس الدولة، وكانت له العديد من الأحكام الهامة من أبرزها الحكم الخاص بوقف تنفيذ وإلغاء القرار الصادر من وزارة الثقافة بوضع هريم من الذهب الخالص فوق هرم خوفو إبان الاحتفالات المقامة بمناسبة الألفية الثالثة. وترأّس الدائرة الأولى بالمحكمة الإدارية العليا، وكان من أشهر أحكامه تلك الصادرة بشأن شروط الترشح لعضوية المجلس التشريعي (مجلس الشعب) وكان لهذه الأحكام مردود إيجابي لدى السلطة التنفيذية لمراجعة معايير اختيار المرشحين الممثلين للحزب الحكم آنذاك (الحزب الوطني).

محطات قانونية هامة
 تمثيل جمهورية مصر في هيئة تحكيم هضبة الأهرام (تحكيم هضبة الأهرام):
 عضوية اللجنة القومية للدفاع عن طابا (تحكيم طابا):

عند تطبيق معاهدة السلام المصرية الإسرائيلية حدث خلاف على تعيين مكان بعض علامات الحدود التي تلاشت عند منطقة طابا، وحاول الإسرائيليون تحريك بعض هذه العلامات داخل الأرض المصرية للاستيلاء على طابا لذلك اتفق الطرفان مصر وإسرائيل على حسم الخلاف بطريق التحكيم. وقد تم الاتفاق على مشارطة التحكيم وتشكيل لجنة قومية لتمثيل مصر أمام هيئة التحكيم من خيرة العناصر المصرية،

ضم فريق الدفاع عناصر وخبراء في القانون والجغرافيا والتاريخ والمساحة العسكرية، وقد كان المهدي واحدا من عناصر الفريق من القانونيين، إذ اختير هو من القضاء الإداري، واختير المستشار فتحي نجيب من القضاء العادي، واستمر عمل اللجنة والتجهيز لهذه المهمة مدة سنتين. في 29 سبتمبر 1988 أصدرت هيئة التحكيم التي انعقدت في جنيف حكمها لصالح الرأي المصري لتعيين موقع علامة الحدود، وفي 15 مارس 1989 تسلّمت مصر منطقة طابا وعادت إلى سيادتها.

وبتاريخ 20 مارس 2014 صدر قرار رئيس الجمهورية بمنح وسام الجمهورية من الطبقة الأولى لأعضاء وفد المفاوضات وفريق التحكيم المصري وهم: اسم المستشار محمد فتحي نجيب، الدكتور نبيل محمد عبد الله العربي، والمستشار محمد أمين العباسي المهدي، واسم السفير أحمد ماهر محمود السيد، والدكتور مفيد محمود محمود شهاب.

فيما حصل وسام الاستحقاق من الطبقة الأولى كل من، السفير مهاب مقبل مصطفي مقبل، والسفير أحمد أمين أحمد فتح الله، والسفير وجيه سعيد مصطفى حنفي، والسفير محمود أحمد سمير سامي.

بالإضافة إلي حصول كل من، اللواء أ.ح متقاعد أحمد خيري عبد الرحمن حسن الشماع، واسم اللواء مهندس محمد كامل عبد الناصر الشناوي، اسم الدكتور أحمد صادق القشيري، الدكتور جورج ميشيل جورج أبي صعب، واسم الدكتور صلاح الدين محمود فوزي عامر، اسم الدكتور يونان لبيب رزق، والسيد الوزير المفوض محمد محمود السيد جمعة، واسم الدكتور سميح أحمد فؤاد صادق، على وسام الجمهورية من الطبقة الثانية.

المهدي رئيسا لمجلس الدولة
خلال المدة التي أمضاها المستشار أمين المهدي رئيسا لمجلس الدولة ورئيسا للدائرة الأولى للمحكمة الإدارية العليا ورئيسا لدائرة الأحزاب السياسية، فقد أصدر العديد من الأحكام القضائية الهامة التي أثارت ردود افعال واسعة في الأوساط السياسية والقانونية المصرية. كان من أهم تلك الأحكام عدم أحقّية مزدوجي الجنسية في الترشح لعضوية مجلس الشعب المصري، وكذلك عدم أحقية المتهرّبين من أداء الخدمة العسكرية في الترشح لعضوية مجلس الشعب.

 مزدوجو الجنسية وعضوية مجلس الشعب:
صدر عن الدائرة الأولى بالمحكمة الإدارية العليا في الفترة التي تولّى فيها المستشار المهدي عدة أحكام هامة أرسَت مبدأً جديداً مفاده عدم أحقّية مزدوجي الجنسية في عضوية البرلمان، وقد شيدت المحكمة قضاءها المشار اليه على فهمها لرابطة الجنسية كرابطة قانونية بين الفرد ووطنه لا تقبل التجزئة أو الانقسام، بل على العكس تفترض التفرد والولاء الكامل، فجاء بحيثات أحكامها في هذا الخصوص أن «المحكمة ترى لزاما عليها، وهي تنزل حكم الدستور المصري، التأكيد على أن بيان الحكم الدستوري المستمد من عبارات القسم الذي على عضو مجلس الشعب أن يقسمه قبل تولى شئون العضوية، إنما هو استخلاص موضوعي مجرد يتأبى على التخصيص بالنسبة لما قد يقوم من حالات في التطبيق. فالولاء المتفرد المتطلب دستوراً يسمو، في تجرده، على الحالات الواقعية في التطبيق، وهو بعد الولاء بالمعنى القانوني المستمد، على ما سبق البيان، من التكييف القانوني لرابطة الجنسية. ومفاد ذلك، أن هذه المحكمة لا تتعرض، ولا شأن لها في ذلك، للولاء الفعلي لما يعرض أمامها من حالات؛ لأن الأمر لا يتعلق بإثبات الولاء الفعلي في كل حالة على حده. وإنما الأمر مردّه إلى حكم موضوعي قائم من مفاد أحكام الدستور يجد له سنداً من التكييف القانوني المجرد لرابطة الجنسية؛ فالجنسية الأجنبية تفترض، قانونا، ولاء وانتماء هو الذي ينتج تصادما مع متطلبات الحكم الدستوري، دون إمكان التحدي في كل حالة على حده بقيام الدلائل التي تفيد غير ذلك، أو أنه ليس ثمة ولاء أصلا لتلك الجنسية الأجنبية، إذ الأمر على ما سلف، يتصل بالتكييف القانوني لرابطة الجنسية، وهذا التكييف القانوني المجرد يتأبى على التخصيص».

 الهاربون من التجنيد وعضوية مجلس الشعب:

المهدي قاضيا بالمحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليوغسلافيا السابقة

شغل المهدي عضوية المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليوغوسلافيا السابقة بناء على ترشيح جمهورية مصر العربية له، وشغل هذا المنصب اعتبارا من 17 نوفمبر 2001 ولمدة أربع سنوات، وأصدر خلالها العديد من الأحكام الهامة التي ساهمت في إرساء قواعد المسئولية الفردية الجنائية الدولية.

المهدي والمحكمة الدولية الخاصة بلبنان

بمناسبة صدور قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 1646 الذي أنشأ المحكمة الدولية الخاصة بلبنان لمحاكمة المتورطين في اغتيال رئيس الوزراء اللبناني رفيق الحريري، وبموجب اتفاق مبرم بين الأمم المتحدة ولبنان، قام بان كي مون سكرتير عام الأمم المتحدة في أكتوبر 2007 باختيار المستشار المهدي عضوا في لجنة اختيار قضاة المحكمة الخاصة ذات الصفة الدولية لمحاكمة المتورطين في جريمة اغتيال رئيس الوزراء الأسبق رفيق الحريري المشكلة، وقد تشكّلت هذه اللجنة من كل من القاضي محمد أمين المهدي (مصري) والقاضي أريك موز (نرويجي) إضافة إلى المستشار القانوني للأمم المتحدة نيكولا ميشال.

المهدي وتعيين المرأة في مجلس الدولة
عبّر المستشار المهدي عن رأيه في أزمة تعيين المرأة في مجلس الدولة في حوار صحفي أجرته معه جريدة الدستور اليومية جاء فيه:
رفض المستشار محمد أمين المهدي ـ رئيس مجلس الدولة الأسبق والقاضي بالمحكمة الجنائية الدولية ـ الحملة الضارية التي يتعرّض لها مجلس الدولة في الفترة الأخيرة بسبب إجماع أغلبية مستشاريه على إرجاء تعيين المرأة قاضية بالمجلس لمزيد من البحث والدراسة، قائلا «لا يمكن أن يظل عرض مجلس الدولة مستباحا بسبب قرار أجمعت عليه غالبية مستشاريه».

وأضاف المهدي أنه ليس من اللائق أن يقال عن مجلس الدولة إنه ضد المرأة لأن المجلس هو الجهة القضائية الوحيدة التي أوقفت تنفيذ قرار وزير الداخلية بضرورة موافقة الزوج على سفر الزوجة، وأن المجلس أول من أعطى الولاية التعليمية للمرأة الحاضنة، وهو الذي أعد وراجع قانون الخُلع الذي يعطي للمرأة قدراً كبيراً من التساوي مع الرجل، مؤكدا أن قضاء مجلس الدولة هو قضاء الشرعية والملائمة ودائما ما يكون الملاذ والمصير للمواطن وتكون أحكامه نبراسا ودليلا على ضرورة المساواة بين جميع المواطنين وعدم التمييز بينهم على أي أساس. ولفت المهدي إلى أنه من سنوات طويلة عرض أمر تعيين الإناث في مجلس الدولة على محكمة القضاء الإداري والمحكمة وقتها قضت بأنه لا مانع دينياً ولا شرعياً ولا أخلاقياً يمنع المرأة من تولّي القضاء، وإنما ينبغي تأجيل الأمر لاعتبارات تتعلق بالملائمة..

وتساءل المهدي: هل قضاة مجلس الدولة الحريصون على ضرورة أن يحصل كل مواطن على حقوقه السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية غير مسموح لهم بالتحاور فيما بينهم في أمر يخصهم؟!.. فمن حقهم أن يؤجلوا تعيين المرأة بقضاء مجلس الدولة لحين الاستقرار على الكيفية التي من المفضل أن تدخل المرأة من خلالها قضاء مجلس الدولة مضيفاً: «هل تلتحق بأدنى الوظائف القضائية وتتدرج في المناصب أم تلتحق بقمة الوظائف القضائية مباشرة كما حدث مع المستشارة تهاني الجبالي في الدستورية العليا؟!.. هل يتم تعيين خريجات كليات الحقوق أم تعيين أستاذة جامعية تربي جيلاً من القاضيات داخل المجلس؟!.. وما العدد المناسب المفترض أن يبدأ المجلس في تعيينه من الفتيات؟!..»، وكلها أمور يجب أن يتدارسها مستشارو مجلس الدولة قبل اتخاذ القرار، لافتا إلى أن القضاة داخل المجلس تعودوا على نظام المداولة في جميع القرارات التي يتخذونها ولا يتخذ إلا رأي الأغلبية.

مؤلفــاته
ليس للمستشار المهدي الكثير من المؤلفات، فلقد أمضى معظم وقته متفرغا لصياغة أحكامه، فوضع في تلك الأحكام فلسفته وأفكاره، إلّا أنه يقوم أحيانا بكتابة بعض المقالات وإلقاء المحاضرات. ومنها:

 المدخل لدراسة القانون الدولي الجنائي:
 منهج القاضي الإداري:
في ديسمبر 2007 قام المستشار المهدي بناء على دعوة من معهدالكويت للدراسات القضائية والقانونية بإلقاء عدة محاضرات على قضاة الدوائر الإدارية والاستئنافية، وقد جاءت هذه المحاضرات بعنوان الاتجاهات الحديثة في القضاء الإداري، طبعت في كتاب سُمّي منهج القاضي الإداري مكوّن من ثلاث مقالات وبعض الملاحق. والمقالات هي: دور القاضي الإداري في النظم السياسية المعاصرة، ودور القاضي الإداري في رقابة الانحراف التشريعي في تنظيم الحقوق والحريات، وتأملات في أحكام القانون رقم 20 لسنة 1980 بإنشاء دائرة بالمحكمة الكلية لنظر المنازعات الإدارية بالكويت، وقد قوبلت المحاضرات باهتمام واضح مما دفع معهد الدراسات القضائية والقانونية إلى طبعها ليكون أحد إصدارات المعهد، والكتاب مُتاح على موقع المعهد المذكور

المهدي وزيراً للعدالة الانتقالية والمصالحة الوطنية
في يوليو 2013 تم تشكيل وزارة الدكتور حازم الببلاوي، وضمت في تشكيلها حقيبة جديدة للعدالة الانتقالية والمصالحة الوطنية، وتم اختيار المستشار المهدي وزيرا لها، وتولى المهدي هذا المنصب في ظل انقسام يعاني منه المجتمع المصري وموجات من العنف تسود الشارع، وأسفرت جهود المستشار المهدي في المرحلة الأولى عن وضع نص دستوري في الدستور المصري في باب الاحكام الانتقالية ينظم مسار العدالة الانتقالية في مصر، إذ بغير هذا النص الدستوري لم يكن يتصور وجود آليات للعدالة الانتقالية.
حيث تنص المادة (242) من الدستور المصري العدل في 2014 على أن: يلتزم مجلس النواب في أول دور انعقاد له بعد نفاذ هذا الدستور بإصدار قانون للعدالة الانتقالية يكفل كشف الحقيقة، والمحاسبة، واقتراح أُطُر المصالحة الوطنية، وتعويض الضحايا، وذلك وفقاً للمعايير الدولية.

المراجع

1.سيرة ذاتية من موقع المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليوغسلافيا السابقة (بالإنجليزية)

2.مقال بجريدة الجمهورية المصرية بتاريخ 2/4/2009 بعنوان «توثيق ملاحمنا الوطنية قبل فوات الاوان».

3.مقال بجريدة الشرق الأوسط بتاريخ 12/10/ 2007 (العدد 10545) بعنوان «بان كي مون يعين فريق اختيار قضاة المحكمة الدولية الخاصة بلبنان».

4.حوار بجريدة الدستور المصرية بتاريخ 28/2/2010 (العدد 917) بعنوان «من حقنا دراسة الطريقة التي ستدخل المرأة من خلالها مجلس الدولة».

التكريم
 وسام الجمهورية (2014).

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
قضاة مصريون
مصريون حائزون على وسام الجمهورية
مواليد 1355 هـ
مواليد 1936

محمد أمين المهدي


An Lycida mathiasiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni George Clayton Kennedy, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Henry Francis Oakeley. An Lycida mathiasiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lycida, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lycida

Lycida mathiasiae


Henri Baruk
 Stella Baruk (1932-), chercheuse française en pédagogie des mathématiques, auteur d'ouvrages consacrés à l'enseignement de cette discipline.

Homonymie de patronyme
Patronyme juif

Baruk


This is a list of physical and mathematical constants named after people.
Eponymous constants and their influence on scientific citations have been discussed in the literature.

 Apéry's constant – Roger Apéry
 Archimedes' constant (, pi) – Archimedes
 Avogadro constant – Amedeo Avogadro
 Balmer's constant – Johann Jakob Balmer
 Belphegor's prime – Belphegor (demon)
 Bohr magneton – Niels Bohr
 Bohr radius – Niels Bohr
 Boltzmann constant – Ludwig Boltzmann
 Brun's constant – Viggo Brun
 Cabibbo angle – Nicola Cabibbo
 Chaitin's constant – Gregory Chaitin
 Champernowne constant – D. G. Champernowne
 Chandrasekhar limit – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
 Copeland–Erdős constant – Paul Erdős and Peter Borwein
 Coulomb constant (electric force constant, electrostatic constant, ) – Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
 Eddington number – Arthur Stanley Eddington
 Dunbar's number – Robin Dunbar
 Embree–Trefethen constant
 Erdős–Borwein constant
 Euler–Mascheroni constant () – Leonhard Euler and Lorenzo Mascheroni
 Euler's number () – Leonhard Euler
 Faraday constant – Michael Faraday
 Feigenbaum constants – Mitchell Feigenbaum
 Fermi coupling constant – Enrico Fermi
 Gauss's constant – Carl Friedrich Gauss
 Graham's number – Ronald Graham
 Hartree energy – Douglas Hartree
 Hubble constant – Edwin Hubble
 Josephson constant – Brian David Josephson
 Kaprekar's constant – D. R. Kaprekar
 Kerr constant – John Kerr
 Khinchin's constant – Aleksandr Khinchin
 Landau–Ramanujan constant – Edmund Landau and Srinivasa Ramanujan
 Legendre's constant (one, 1) – Adrien-Marie Legendre
 Loschmidt constant – Johann Josef Loschmidt
 Ludolphsche Zahl – Ludolph van Ceulen
 Mean of Phidias (golden ratio, , phi) – Phidias
 Meissel–Mertens constant
 Moser's number
 Newtonian constant of gravitation (gravitational constant, ) – Sir Isaac Newton
 Planck constant () – Max Planck
 Reduced Planck constant or Dirac constant (-bar, ) – Max Planck, Paul Dirac
 Ramanujan–Soldner constant – Srinivasa Ramanujan and Johann Georg von Soldner
 Richardson constant – Owen Willans Richardson
 Rayo's number – Agustin Rayo
 Rydberg constant – Johannes Rydberg
 Sommerfeld constant – Arnold Sommerfeld
Sagan's number – Carl Sagan
 Sackur–Tetrode constant – Otto Sackur and Hugo Tetrode
 Sierpiński's constant – Wacław Sierpiński
 Skewes' number – Stanley Skewes
 Stefan–Boltzmann constant – Jožef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann
 Theodorus' constant ( ≅ ±1.732050807568877...) – Theodorus of Cyrene
 Tupper's number – Jeff Tupper
 Viswanath's constant – Divakar Viswanath
 von Klitzing constant – Klaus von Klitzing
 Wien displacement law constant – Wilhelm Wien

See also
List of eponymous laws, for a list of laws named after people
List of scientific laws named after people
List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants

Notes and references

Constants

Constants named after people

List of scientific constants named after people


Nadbiskupijska klasična gimnazija Don Frane Bulić s pravom javnosti hrvatska je katolička srednja škola u Splitu.

Povijest
Splitski nadbiskup Stjepan Cosmi 25. ožujka 1700. godine osnovao je sjemenište u sklopu kojeg je počelo djelovati i studij filozofije i gimnazija otvorenog tipa. Austrijske vlasti 1817. godine sjemenišnu gimnaziju pretvorile su u državnu, koju od tada pohađaju i sjemeništarci. Godine 1821. obustavile su i sjemenišni bogoslovni studij. U sjemeništu je ostao samo dvogodišnji filozofski studij potreban gimnazijalcima za nastavak daljnjeg studija. Taj je sjemenišni studij 1849. godine pretvoren je u dva najviša razreda gimnazije, nakon kojih je slijedio ispit zrelosti. Prva je matura održana je u sjemeništu 1850. godine. Nakon što je splitska državna gimnazija upotpunjena s dva najviša razreda, sjemenište je zbog financijskih i drugih teškoća obustavilo nastavu, a ušteđenim sredstvima podignuta je nova sjemenišna zgrada. Sjemeništarci su do 1906. godine pohađali državnu gimnaziju, a zavod je vršio svoju glavnu zadaću, odgajajući svećeničke kandidate Splitsko-makarske i susjednih biskupija.

Nastojanjem biskupa Filipa Frane Nakića 1906. godine u sjemeništu su otvorena dva najviša gimnazijska razreda, a potom g. 1908. još dva. Nakon što je školi 1925. godine priznato pravo javnosti, do 1928. godine otvoreno je svih osam razreda. Zgrada je istovremeno dograđivana i posuvremenjivana i broj sjemeništaraca je porastao. Značajni djelatnici gimnazije bili su dugogodišnji ravnatelj don Vicko Fulgosi i sjemenišni duhovnik don Grgo Bučić. Biskupska klasična gimnazija uspješno djeluje do 1942. godine, kad pod pritiskom talijanskih vlasti i ratnih neprilika prisiljena obustaviti djelovanje.

Nakon završetka rata biskup Kvirin Klement Bonefačić pobrinuo se, unatoč teškim poratnim prilikama i protuvjerskoj i protucrkvenoj vlasti, da 1945. sjemenišna gimnazija ponovno počne djelovati. U dio sjemenišnog kompleksa bila je smještena vojna bolnica, pa je u preostali dio smjestio učenike i školu. Bila je to osmorazredna gimnazija koja je djelovala do 1952. godine, kad je odlukom vlasti ostala bez nižih razreda i djelovala je kao Srednja vjerska škola za spremanje svećenika.

Nakon demokratskih promjena u Republici Hrvatskoj sjemeništu je vraćena zgrada. Gimnaziji je vraćeno i staro ime te je 1991. godine opet dobila pravo javnosti. U obnovljenu i preuređenu staru sjemenišnu zgradu škola je premještena 1999. godine., a u svom nazivu škola nosi ime don Frane Bulića, hrvatskog katoličkog svećenika, arheologa i povjesničara.

Ustroj

Odgojno-obrazovni rad
Gimnazija ostvaruje plan i program klasične gimnazije u trajanju od četiri godine. Ima 8 odjeljenja, 4 kabineta, zbornicu, višenamjensku dvoranu s 400 sjedišta, kapelu, sjemenišni smještaj za 60 osoba i knjižnicu »Ivan Paštrić« osnovanu 1706. godine. Dan škole se slavi na Blagovijest 25. ožujka.

Izvannastavne aktivnosti
U školi djeluju dramska skupina, mješoviti zbor, povjesničari, volonterska grupa, školski športski klub, tamburaški orkestar i debatni klub.

Knjižnica Ivan Paštrić
Knjižnica Ivan Paštrić (Bibliotheca Pastritia) utemeljena je 1706. godine donacijom umirovljenog splitskog svećenika, teologa i polihistora Ivana Paštrića. Sadrži bogati fundus knjiga i inkunabula.

Izvori
 Povijest škole, www.nkg-split.hr, arhivirano 22. prosinca 2020., pristupljeno 6. prosinca 2021.
 Upoznajmo katoličke škole u Republici Hrvatskoj – Nadbiskupijska klasična gimnazija don Frane Bulić s pravom javnosti, Split, 24. prosinca 2020., pristupljeno 6. prosinca 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Nadbiskupijska klasična gimnazija Don Frane Bulić, službeno mrežno mjesto

Crkveno školstvo u HrvatskojSrednje škole u HrvatskojSplitsko-makarska nadbiskupija

Nadbiskupijska klasična gimnazija Don Frane Bulić u Splitu


සාක්ෂරතාවය යනු- යම් කිසි බසක් ලිව්මට ,කියව්මට හා තේරුම් ගෑනීමට ඈති හෑකියාව.
දකුණූ ආසියානු කලාපයේ   රටවල් අතරින් 2 වන  ස්තානය හිම් කරගෙන ඈත.

ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ සාක්ෂරතාව