An electroshock weapon is an incapacitating weapon. It delivers an electric shock aimed at temporarily disrupting muscle functions and/or inflicting pain without usually causing significant injury.

Many types of these devices exist. Stun guns, batons (or prods), cattle prods, shock collars, and belts administer an electric shock by direct contact, whereas TASER conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) fire projectiles that administer the shock through thin flexible wires. Long-range electroshock projectiles, which can be fired from ordinary shotguns and do not need the wires, have also been developed.

Though the two terms are often used interchangeably, stun guns are actually direct contact weapons that work mainly through pain compliance by affecting the sensory nervous system. It can also cause some muscular disruption, but that generally requires 3–5 seconds of direct contact. In comparison, a TASER device is a long range weapon that incapacitates the target by disrupting voluntary muscular control through the motor nervous system.

History

In 1935, Ciril Diaz of Cuba designed an electroshock glove for use by the police. The glove delivered 1,500 volts of electricity (only 0.03% of the modern tasers voltage)

Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, began developing the Taser in 1969. By 1974, he had completed the device, which he named after his childhood hero Tom Swift ("Thomas A. Swift's electric rifle"). The Taser Public Defender product used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976.
Cover's patent was adapted by Nova Technologies in 1983 for the Nova XR-5000, their first non-projectile hand-held style stun gun. The XR-5000 design was widely copied as the source for the compact handheld stun gun used today.

Principle of operation
Electroshock weapon technology uses a temporary high-voltage, low-current electrical discharge to override the body's muscle-triggering mechanisms. Commonly referred to as a stun gun, electroshock weapons are a relative of cattle prods, which have been around for over 100 years and are the precursor of stun guns.  The recipient is immobilized via two metal probes connected via wires to the electroshock device. The recipient feels pain, and can be momentarily paralyzed while an electric current is being applied. Essential to the operation of electroshock, stun guns and cattle prods is sufficient current to allow the weapon to stun. Without current these weapons cannot stun and the degree to which the weapon is capable of stunning depends on its proper use of current. It is reported that applying electroshock devices to more sensitive parts of the body is even more painful. The maximum effective areas for stun gun usage are upper shoulder, below the rib cage, and the upper hip. High voltages are used, but because most devices use a less-lethal current, death does not usually occur from a single shock. The resulting "shock" is caused by muscles twitching uncontrollably, appearing as muscle spasms.

The internal circuits of most electroshock weapons are fairly simple, based on either an oscillator, resonant circuit (a power inverter), and step-up transformer or a diode-capacitor voltage multiplier to achieve an alternating high-voltage discharge or a continuous direct-current discharge. It may be powered by one or more batteries depending on manufacturer and model. The amount of current generated depends on what stunning capabilities are desired, but without proper current calculations, the cause and effect of high voltage is muted. Output voltage is claimed to be in the range of 100 V up to 6 kV; current intensity output is claimed to be in the range of 100 to 500 mA; individual impulse duration is claimed to be in the range of 10 to 100 μs (microseconds); frequency of impulse is claimed to be in the range of 2 to 40 Hz; electrical charge delivered is claimed to be in the range of 15 to 500 μC (microcoulombs); energy delivered is claimed to be in the range of 0.9 to 10 J.
 The output current upon contact with the target will depend on various factors such as target's resistance, skin type, moisture, bodily salinity, clothing, the electroshock weapon's internal circuitry, discharge waveform, and battery conditions.

The M-26 Taser models produce a peak current of 18 amperes  in pulses that last for around 10 microseconds.

Manufacturers' instructions and manuals shipped with the products state that a half-second shock duration will cause intense pain and muscle contractions, startling most people greatly. Two to three seconds will often cause the recipient to become dazed and drop to the ground, and over three seconds will usually completely disorient and drop the recipient for at least several seconds. Taser International warns law enforcement agencies that "prolonged or continuous exposure(s) to the TASER device's electrical charge" may lead to medical risks such as cumulative exhaustion and breathing impairment.

Because there was no automatic stop on older model Taser devices, many officers have used it repeatedly or for a prolonged period of time, thus potentially contributing to suspects' injuries or death. The current X26 model automatically stops five seconds after the trigger is depressed and then the trigger must be depressed again to send another shock. The trigger can be held down continuously for a longer shock or the device can be switched off before the full five seconds have elapsed. The devices have no protections against multiple police officers giving multiple shocks, cumulatively exceeding the recommended maximum levels.

Countermeasures
There is a fabric that purports to protect the wearer from Taser devices or other electroshock weapons.

Commercially available varieties

Compact stun guns

The compact handheld stun guns are about the size of a TV remote or calculator, and they must touch the subject when used. The original XR-5000 design in 1983 had the electrodes spread farther apart to make the noisy electric arc between the electrodes as a more visible warning. Some such devices are available disguised as other objects, such as umbrellas, mobile phones or pens.

Electric shock prods

The larger baton-style prods are similar in basic design to an electric cattle prod. It has a metal end split into two parts electrically insulated from each other, or two thin projecting metal electrodes about  apart, at an end of a shaft containing the batteries and mechanism. At the other end of the shaft are a handle and a switch. Both electrodes must touch the subject. In some types the sides of the baton can be electrified to stop the subject from grasping the baton above the electrodes.

Some models are built into long flashlights also designed to administer an electric shock with its lit end's metal surround (which is split into halves insulated from each other).

Stun belts

A stun belt is a belt that is fastened around the subject's waist, leg, or arm that carries a battery and control pack, and contains features to stop the subject from unfastening or removing it. A remote-control signal is sent to tell the control pack to give the subject an electric shock. Some models are activated by the subject's movement.

The United States uses these devices to control prisoners. One type is the REACT belt. Some stun belts can restrain the subject's hands and have a strap going under his groin to stop him from rotating the belt around his waist to reach its battery and control pack and trying to deactivate it. Stun belts are not generally available to the public.

Stun shields
Stun shields are shields with electrodes embedded into the face, originally marketed for animal control, that have been adopted for riot control.

TASER Conducted Energy Weapons

A taser conducted energy weapon (CEW) is a handheld weapon that fires two small dart-like electrodes which remain connected to the main unit by conductors.  It delivers electric current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles resulting in pain and broad "neuromuscular incapacitation".

Wireless long-range electric shock weapon

Taser International has developed a long-range wireless electro-shock projectile called XREP(eXtended Range Electro-Muscular Projectile), which can be fired from any 12-gauge shotgun. It contains a small high-voltage battery. Its range is currently , but the U.S. Department of Defense, which funded development for the technology, expected delivery of a  range projectile of this type from the company in 2007.

An XREP projectile was controversially used by British police during the 2010 Northumbria Police manhunt. It subsequently transpired that the XREP had never been officially approved for use in the United Kingdom and the weapon system was provided unrequested to the police at the scene directly by the civilian company which distributes Taser International's products in the UK. The company's license to provide Taser systems was afterwards revoked by the Home Secretary Theresa May.

Prototype designs
Due to increased interest in developing less-lethal weapons, mainly from the U.S. Military, a number of new types of electroshock weapon are being researched. They are designed to provide a "ranged" less-lethal weapon.

The electrolaser is a prototype weapon that uses a laser to create a conducting ionized channel through the air.

A shockround is a piezo-electric projectile that generates and releases electric charge on impact.

Weapons that administer electric shock through a stream of fluid

Prototype electroshock guns exist that replace the solid wire with a stream of conductive liquid (e.g., metallic solution, salt water), which offers an increase in the range of a Taser CEW (or better) and the possibility of multiple shots. According to the proponents of this technology, difficulties associated with this experimental design include:
"Non-continuous" discharge onto subject: liquid stream needs over  and over 5-second discharge
"Pooling" of conductive liquid at base of subject, making apprehension of subject difficult by observing officers
Need to carry a large tank of the liquid used, and a propellant canister, like a "water gun", to administer consecutive bursts of liquid over distances.

Another design, announced by Rheinmetall W&M as a prototype in 2003, uses an aerosol as the conductive medium. The manufacturers called it a "Plasma Taser"; however, this is only a marketing name, and the weapon does not use plasma. According to the proponents of this technology, problems associated with this design include:
Poor electrical conductivity
Range of concept design is minimal (a gas cannot be propelled greater than  effectively)
The "gassing effect": all subjects in enclosed spaces are subjected to the same effects

The S5: A repeating cyclical stun pistol

Since 2001, Russian developer Oleg Nemtyshkin has sought to create a repeating stun pistol, after the Axon Taser CEW. This weapon, the first of its kind, uses tensioned, uninsulated wire and is capable of cycling multiple shots with the pull of a trigger. A video of the S5 pistol firing at targets was uploaded on YouTube.

Controversies

Because of the use of electricity and the claim of the weapon being non-lethal, controversy has sprouted over particular incidents involving the weapon and the use of the weapon in general. In essence, controversy has been centered on the justification of the use of the weapon in certain instances, and, in some cases, health issues that are claimed to be due to the use of the weapon.

Tests conducted by the Cleveland Clinic found that Taser CEWs did not interfere with pacemakers and implantable defibrillators.  A study conducted by emergency medicine physicians at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Medical Center showed no lasting effects of the Taser device on healthy test subjects. However, Taser International no longer claims the devices are "non-lethal", instead saying they "are more effective and safer than other use-of-force options".

Currently, Taser devices are programmed to be activated in automatic five second bursts, and the officer can stop the energy charge by engaging the safety switch. The charge can also be prolonged beyond five seconds if the trigger is held down continuously. The operator can also inflict repeated shock cycles with each pull of the trigger as long as both barbs remain attached to the subject. The only technical limit to the number or length of the electrical cycles is the life of the battery, which can be ten minutes or more.

Concerns about the use of conducted electrical weapons have arisen from cases that include the death of the Polish immigrant Robert Dziekanski in the Vancouver, BC airport where he died after the RCMP officer, in spite of his training, repeatedly stunned him with a TASER CEW. The report by forensic pathologist Charles Lee, of Vancouver General Hospital, listed the principal cause of death as "sudden death during restraint", with a contributory factor of "chronic alcoholism".

A similar incident occurred in Sydney, Australia, to Roberto Laudisio Curti, a 21-year-old tourist from Brazil. He died after repeated exposure to a Taser device even after being physically apprehended (by the weight of several police officers lying on top of him compressing his chest and making it hard to breathe. He was pepper sprayed at the same time). The Coroner was scathing of the "thuggish" behavior of the police. The repeated use of several Taser devices was considered excessive and unnecessary.

The study done by Pierre Savard, Ing., PhD., Ecole Polythechnique de Montréal, et al., for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), indicated that the threshold of energy needed to induce deadly ventricular fibrillation decreased dramatically with each successive burst of pulses; however, one pulse may provide enough energy to induce deadly ventricular fibrillation in some cases. The threshold for women may be less.

Although the Taser CEW is a programmable device, the controlling software does not limit the number of the bursts of pulses and the time between bursts while the trigger is held down continuously, or the number of times the shock cycles can be repeated.

Legal issues

Electroshock weapons have been made illegal in Germany by supplement 2 WaffG if they do not carry an official seal of approval demonstrating they do not constitute a health risk. As of July, 2011, no such seal has been issued to any device on the market. According to § 40 Abs. 4 WaffG, the German federal police may approve of exceptions. Such a special approval for purchase, ownership and carrying was in effect until 31 December 2010. As of 1 January 2011, only devices carrying the PTB's seal of approval are legal. Previous owners may keep their devices, but cannot carry or sell them. Electroshock weapons effective over a distance, like Taser CEWs, have been completely outlawed in Germany since 1 April 2008.

In the United Kingdom the possession and purchase of any weapon of whatever description designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious liquid, gas or other thing is prohibited.  This includes electroshock weapons.

Torture
The United Nations Committee against Torture reports that the use of Taser devices can be a form of torture, due to the acute pain they cause, and warns against the possibility of death in some cases.
 The use of stun belts has been condemned by Amnesty International as torture, not only for the physical pain the devices cause, but also for their heightened abuse potential, due to their perceived "harmlessness" in terms of causing initial injuries, like ordinary police batons do. Amnesty International has reported several alleged cases of excessive electroshock gun use that possibly amount to torture. They have also raised extensive concerns about the use of other electro-shock devices by American police and in American prisons, as they can be (and according to Amnesty International, sometimes are) used to inflict cruel pain on individuals.

Taser CEWs may also not leave the telltale markings that a conventional beating might. The American Civil Liberties Union has also raised concerns about their use, as has the British human rights organization Resist Cardiac Arrest.

Legality

Argentina
In 2010, one court ruled against the use of five imported Taser devices by the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police, to comply with a claim from the Human Rights Observatorium, that states that Taser CEWs are considered an instrument of torture by NGOs and the Committee against Torture of the UN.

Australia
Possession, ownership and use of a stun gun (including Taser CEWs) by civilians is considerably restricted, if not illegal in all States and Territories. The importation into Australia is restricted with permits being required.

Stun gun use in Australian law enforcement is as follows:

Australian Federal Police and Australian Capital Territory: used only by officers attached to the Specialist Response Group, qualified general duties (patrol) Sergeants within ACT Policing and Aviation portfolios, and qualified members of Specialist Support Teams in regional offices.
New South Wales: Used by general duties (patrol), supervisors/duty officers and specialist officers attached to the Tactical Operations Unit and Public Order and Riot Squad.
Northern Territory: Used by both general duties (patrol) and the Territory Response Group.
Queensland: Used by both general duties (patrol) and Special Emergency Response Team.
South Australia: Used by all front line Police, STAR Group and Country Members in limited capacity.
Tasmania: Used only by the Special Operations Group
Victoria: Used by the Critical Incident Response Team and Special Operations Group. A year long trial at Bendigo and Morwell stations is also underway by general duties police.
Western Australia: Used by both general duties (patrol) and the Tactical Response Group.

Austria
Austria allows police to use stun guns, including Taser CEWs. After using a Tasert CEW, police must immediately call for an ambulance. The victim must be medically checked directly at the place of the shooting, and only a medically trained person may remove the darts. From 2006 to 2012, Austrian police used Taser CEWs 133 times—127 against humans and six against dogs. About 1,000 police officers were permitted in 2012 to carry and use a Taser CEW.

Brazil
Use of the Taser device is legal for the police in Brazil. Its use is widespread mainly in the Guardas Municipais (Municipal Guards), who receive professional training in the use of electro-conductive pistols. Taser devices are also used by military police and specialized forces. There are laws allowing their use by private security companies, but such use is unusual because of the expense of maintaining a Taser CEW compared with a gun.

Canada
According to previous interpretation of the Firearms Act, 1995, Taser CEWs were considered "prohibited weapons" and could be used only by members of law-enforcement agencies after they were imported into the country under a special permit. The possession of restricted weapons must be licensed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Canadian Firearms Program unless exempted by law. A 2008 review of the Firearms Act, 1995 found that the act classifies "the TASER Public Defender and any variant or modified version of it" as "prohibited firearms". However, Canadian police forces typically treat TASER devices as "prohibited weapons", inconsistent with the restrictions on firearms.

The direct source for this information comes from an independent report produced by Compliance Strategy Group for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The report is called An Independent Review of the Adoption and Use of Conducted Energy Weapons by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In the report that is available through access to information, the authors argued that the CEW was, for several years after its adoption by the RCMP, erroneously characterized as a prohibited "weapon" under the Criminal Code, as opposed to a prohibited "firearm". This misunderstanding was subsequently incorporated into the RCMP's operational policies and procedures as well as those of other police services in Canada.

While the most recent RCMP operational manual, completed in 2007, correctly refers to the CEW as a prohibited firearm, a number of consequences of this error in classification remain to be dealt with, by both the RCMP and other Canadian police services. Consequently, it could be argued the police in Canada may not have had the proper authority under their provincial policing Acts and Regulation to use the CEW in the first place. The point of unauthorized use by the police was also raised by Dirk Ryneveld, British Columbia's Police Complaint Commissioner at the Braidwood inquiry on June 25, 2008. Taser device safety and issues have been extensively rehearsed and investigated after the Robert Dziekański Taser CEW incident at Vancouver International Airport.

China
Under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Firearms and Public Security Punishment Law, stun guns and tasers are prohibited for civilian ownership in China without an application for a state licence. A weapons permit is required to purchase and own a stun gun or taser.

Czech Republic

Electroshock weapons that require direct contact are not regulated by Czech law. They may be purchased, owned and carried for personal protection without any limitations and are a popular choice for self-defense alongside pepper sprays by people who don't have a license to carry a concealed firearm.

Taser CEWs are considered class C-I firearms under Czech law, i.e. freely available over the counter, however the owner must be older than 18, have full legal capacity, place of residence in the Czech Republic, clean criminal record, full mental capacity and must register the taser with police.

Finland
In Finland possession of a Taser CEW is legal only for police officers. Police have been using Taser CEWs since 2005. Nowadays there is one in almost every patrol car.

France
Taser devices are used by the French National Police and Gendarmerie. In September 2008, they were made available to local police by a government decree, but in September 2009, the Council of State reversed the decision judging that the specificities of the weapon required a stricter regulation and control.
However, since the murder of a policewoman on duty, the Taser CEW has been in use again by local police forces since 2010.

Germany
The purchase, possession, and carrying of Taser devices in Germany has been prohibited since April 1, 2008 (gun control law: Anlage 2, Abschnitt 1, Nr. 1.3.6. WaffG). However Taser devices are in use by police SWAT teams, Spezialeinsatzkommando (SEK) and others, in 13 out of 16 German states.

Greece
The Greek police uses Taser CEWs. Greek Police special forces used a Taser CEW to end the hijacking of a Turkish Airlines A310 by a Turkish citizen at Athens International Airport in March 2003.

Hong Kong
Under Hong Kong laws, Chapter 238 Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance, "Any portable device which is designed or adapted to stun or disable a person by means of an electric shock applied either with or without direct contact with that person" is considered an "arm" and therefore, the importation, possession and exportation of Taser devices requires a license from the Hong Kong Police Force. They are otherwise illegal, and violation carries penalties up to a $100,000 fine and 14 years in jail.

Iceland
Use of Taser devices is generally prohibited in Iceland.

Ireland
Specialist units of Ireland's national police force (Garda Síochána) use the X26 model; Special Detective Unit, Emergency Response Unit and Armed Support Units. Issuing Taser CEWs to all members of the force (who are generally unarmed) was under consideration as of 2013. Use of Taser CEWs in Ireland by private individuals is prohibited.

Israel

The Israeli police have approved using Taser devices. As of 16 February 2009, the first Taser CEWs became available to police units.

Israeli Defense Force first usage

Taser devices were first used by the Israeli Defense Force by the former special counter-terror unit Force 100 in 2004. The unit was disbanded in 2006. Taser CEWs are expected to re-enter operational use by the Israeli Defense Forces in the near future.

As of August 18, 2013, the use of Taser devices by Israeli police was temporarily suspended by Police Chief Yohanan Danino; after such instruments were used repeatedly and excessively by police against a person who allegedly was unarmed and who was not resisting a warranted arrest. But two weeks later the Taser CEW was unsuspended.

Japan
Under the Swords and Firearms Control Law, import, carrying, purchase and use of stun guns or tasers is currently completely prohibited in Japan.

Kenya
Under Kenya's Firearms Act, a Taser device is considered a firearm, as per section 2 (a) (ii) of the Act. The section offers one of the descriptions for a firearm as "a lethal barrelled weapon of any description from which any shot, bullet or other missile can be discharged or which can be adapted for the discharge of any shot, bullet or other missile and includes ... an electrical charge which when it strikes any person or animal is of sufficient strength to stun and temporarily disable the person or animal struck (such weapon being commonly known as a 'stun gun' or 'electronic paralyser' ".

Malaysia
Royal Malaysia Police are set to become the second in Southeast Asia police force after Singapore Police Force to use the less-lethal Taser X26 CEW.  The Taser X26 CEW that Malaysian police bought comes with a holster and uses a non-rechargeable lithium battery able to deliver 195 cartridge shots. Policemen on rounds are issued four cartridges. The Taser devices were issued to policemen in Petaling Jaya, Dang Wangi in Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru.

New Zealand

A large-scale and generally well received trial by the New Zealand Police saw Taser devices presented almost 800 times and fired over 100 times, but firing was "ineffective" about a third of the time. The Taser device had been "unintentionally discharged" more often than they had been used properly in the line of duty.

In October 2012, police said the TASER device had been "very successful in de-escalating dangerous and potentially life-threatening situations". Since their introduction, TASER CEWs had been presented 1320 times but only fired 212 times, resulting in 13 injuries. In July 2015, the Police Commissioner announced that TASER CEWs would be routinely carried by all police officers.

Russia
Stun guns and tasers are made in Russia can be purchased for self-defense without special permission, however, under the Federal Law No. 150 "On Weapons" of the Russian Federation it's illegal to import and subsequent sale of any foreign stun devices or tasers into the country. The ban has been in place since the first version of the law was approved in 1996.

South Korea
Requires a permit to manufacture, distribute, purchase or carry an electroshock weapon. Any electroshock devices with a projectile (TASER devices) are completely banned for civilian use.

Sweden
Taser devices and other electronic control devices are considered firearms in Sweden and are banned for civilian use. The Swedish Police Authority had purchased a limited quantity of Taser CEWs, and was about to initiate field trials when these were cancelled in 2005 after an ethics commission found that the need for (and risks of) such devices was not firmly established. The purchased Taser CEWs were then donated to Finland, where field trials were initiated. Since January 1, 2018, the Swedish police have been conducting tests with electroshock weapons for a two-year period and during the trial period approximately 700 police officers are trained. The move has been welcomed by the country's union for law enforcement.

United Kingdom

TASER CEWs are considered "prohibited weapons" under the Firearms Act 1968 and possession or construction is an offence. The maximum sentence for possession is ten years in prison and an unlimited fine.  There is a minimum sentence of 5 years imprisonment if the TASER device is disguised as another object such as a torch or a mobile phone.

A related clause being considered for addition to "The Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act" would make electronic components, assemblies and other devices that can be adapted or assembled to build an improvized CEW, as well as the schematic diagrams for them illegal in the UK. This would include for example HV generator modules that generate over 2KV unloaded which would also cover items like CCFL driver modules, laptop backlight PCBs, car ionizers, TV cold cathode driver boards, photomultiplier drivers, night vision devices and plasma globes. The issue here is that such a far reaching Act would be detrimental to legitimate repair companies, scientists and hobbyists and do very little to deter criminals.

TASER CEWs are now used by some British police as a "less lethal" weapon. It was also announced in July 2007, that the deployment of TASER devices by specially trained police units who are not firearms officers, but who are facing similar threats of violence, would be trialled in ten police forces. The 12-month trial commenced on 1 September 2007, and took place in the following forces: Avon & Somerset, Devon & Cornwall, Gwent, Lincolnshire, Merseyside, Metropolitan Police, Northamptonshire, Northumbria, North Wales and West Yorkshire.

Following the completion of the trial, the Home Secretary agreed on 24 November 2008 to allow chief police officers of all forces in England and Wales, from 1 December 2008, to extend TASER CEW use to specially trained units in accordance with current Association of Chief Police Officers policy and guidance, which states that TASER CEWs can be used only where officers would be facing violence or threats of violence of such severity that they would need to use force to protect the public, themselves, and/or the subject(s).

Also, in Scotland Strathclyde Police agreed in February 2010 to arm 30 specially trained police officers using the TASER X26 CEW. The pilot would last three months and would be deployed in Glasgow City Centre and Rutherglen.

A fund for up to 10,000 additional TASER devices is being made available for individual chief police officers to bid for TASER devices based on their own operational requirements.

United States
Court cases in recent years have addressed the legality of TASER CEW use by police officers. In Bryan v. MacPherson, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a TASER CEW had been used in a way that constituted excessive force and hence a violation of the Fourth Amendment. In the latter case Mattos v. Agarano, the same Court of Appeals found that in two situations involving TASER CEW use, one in drive-stun and one in dart mode, officers had used excessive force. According to an article in Police Chief magazine, this decision implies guidelines for the use of TASER CEWs and other Electronic Control Devices in gaining compliance (in a setting where safety is not an issue), including that the officer must give warning before each application, and that the suspect must be capable of compliance, with enough time to consider a warning, and to recover from the extreme pain of any prior application of the TASER device; and that TASER devices must not be used on children, the elderly, and women who are visibly pregnant or inform the officer of their pregnancy.

In 1991, an electroshock device supplied by Tasertron to the Los Angeles Police Department failed to subdue Rodney King—even after he was shocked twice with the device—causing officers to believe he was on PCP. Its lack of effectiveness was blamed on a possible battery problem.

Legality
TASER devices are considered the same as firearms by the United States government for the purposes of the Second Amendment protection, the right to keep and bear arms. They can be legally carried (concealed or openly) without a permit in almost every state. Their use in Connecticut, Illinois, and Wisconsin is legal with restrictions.

In March 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Caetano v. Massachusetts that the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court erred in its rationale in upholding a law that prohibited the possession of stun guns. Though the decision didn't explicitly rule that stun gun bans are unconstitutional, it created doubt in laws forbidding their possession which led to many legal challenges and subsequent legalization of stun gun possession in previously prohibitive jurisdictions.

, some local jurisdictions retain bans on stun guns.

Hawaii
Hawaii's 1976 ban on stun guns was challenged in at least two lawsuits. As a result, the legislature passed HB891, legalizing stun guns in Hawaii as of January 1, 2022. A permit is not required but sellers must perform background checks and provide safety training.

Massachusetts
Previously, the U.S. Supreme Court had overruled the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in the Caetano case. However, when the case was remanded, the state dismissed the charges, thus allowing it to retain its ban on stun guns at the time. The law remained in force but was challenged in a separate lawsuit. On April 17, 2018, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in Ramirez v. Commonwealth, ruled that the state's 2004 ban on stun guns is unconstitutional.

Michigan
In 2012, Michigan's ban on stun guns was ruled unconstitutional by the Michigan Court of Appeals.

New Jersey
On November 15, 2016, it was reported that New Jersey's Attorney General Christopher Porrino had conceded that the state's 1985 ban on stun guns is unconstitutional. On April 26, 2017, the lawsuit was settled by agreeing that the ban was unconstitutional and to promulgate regulations to allow for the possession of stun guns. The regulations allow for people over 18 to purchase stun guns, effective October 20, 2017.

New York
New York's ban on stun guns is being challenged by Matthew Avitabile. On March 22, 2019, the ban was ruled unconstitutional by the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. But it was ruled constitutional by a state court on October 15, 2019.

Rhode Island
Rhode Island's ban on stun guns was ruled unconstitutional in March 2022.

Washington D.C.
On September 29, 2016, Washington D.C. announced that it intends on repealing its ban on stun guns in response to a lawsuit. The new law regulating stun guns for persons 18 years or older took effect on May 19, 2017. Metropolitan Police Department issued a statement about the legality of stun guns.

Virgin Islands
The United States Virgin Islands repealed its stun gun ban in 2016.

Wisconsin
In legalizing concealed carry of firearms in 2011, Wisconsin also legalized stun gun possession for people with a license.

Localities within states

Chicago
Chicago bans the sale of stun guns within its limits and imposes an application requirement followed by a 120-day waiting period for attempting to purchase a stun gun from outside the city. Illinois law requires licensure prior to possessing a stun gun in addition to several other restrictions. On March 21, 2019, the Supreme Court of Illinois ruled unanimously that the ban on possession or carriage of stun guns in public is facially unconstitutional. It ruled that a section of law which prohibits the carrying or transportation of stun guns is unconstitutional because an exception against the prohibition (possessing a concealed carry permit) only covers handguns, thus there is no exception for stun guns, and therefore the ban is unconstitutional. This leaves stun gun carriage legal without a permit.

Delaware localities
Newark's 2012 ban on stun guns was repealed on February 24, 2020. New Castle County and Wilmington retain their bans.

Iowa localities
Crawford County and Denison city (which is within Crawford County) ban stun guns.

Maryland localities
Anne Arundel County lifted its ban on stun guns in 2013 and Harford County did so in 2014. Howard County, facing a lawsuit over its ban on stun guns, repealed its law on February 21, 2017; Annapolis voted to repeal its ban on February 27, 2017; Baltimore County repealed its local ordinance in April 2017; Baltimore city's ban, in response to a lawsuit, was repealed on May 15, 2017 but retains bans on possession in public schools and state or city public buildings; Ocean City retains its ban but exempts from the ban homeowners in their home or persons with a concealed weapons permit.

New Orleans
New Orleans' ban on stun guns was challenged in November 2016 and was eventually repealed on April 3, 2017.

Overland Park
Overland Park, Kansas repealed its stun gun ban in 2014.

Philadelphia
Philadelphia repealed its 1977 stun gun ban in late October 2017.

Washington localities
Bellingham repealed its ban on stun guns in 2016. Tacoma's ban was repealed on June 27, 2017. Ruston retains its ban.

See also
 Bug zapper
 Electric fence
 Electric flyswatter
 Graduated Electronic Decelerator

References

External links
 Electrical stun weapons: alternative to lethal force or a compliance tool?, University of Bradford, UK
 The Physical Effects of Electroshock Weapons
 Stun Gun Laws United States
 "Use of Force, Civil Litigation, and the Taser" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, March 2005 (pg. 24–30)
 How Stuff Works - Stun Guns

Patents
  - Electric whaling apparatus - 1852 patent by Albert Sonnenburg and Philipp Rechten
  - Electric weapon - 1957 patent by Thomas D. Ryan
  - Electrical stun guns and electrically conductive liquids - 1989 patent by Gregory Battochi

Non-lethal weapons

Electroshock weapon


Network Time Protocol (NTP) este un protocol de rețea pentru sincronizarea ceasului între computere prin comutare de pachete, cu o latență variabilă la nivelul rețelelor de date. Funcționează încă de dinainte de 1985, NTP fiind unul dintre cele mai vechi protocoale de Internet în funcțiune. NTP a fost proiectat de David L. Mills de la Universitatea din Delaware.

Note

Referințe

Protocoale de nivel aplicație
Standarde Internet

Network Time Protocol


بلدية إل لوسار ديل باركو (بالإسبانية: El Losar del Barco) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية إل لوسار ديل باركو 128 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية إل لوسار ديل باركو

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

إل لوسار ديل باركو


Özel efekt, (jargonda kısaca SPFX ya da SFX) film, televizyon, ve eğlence sektörlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan, normal yollarla yaratılması mümkün olmayan veya çok riskli olan olayları yaratma yoludur.

Büyük patlamalar ve uzaya yolculuk gibi çekimlerde sıkça kullanılır. Yapılan şeylerin hepsi hayal değildir, bazı nesneler yaratılır (örneğin: Star Wars). Bir sap yapılır, üstüne bir çubuk koyulur ve üstüne kılıç ne renkse onun selofanı yapıştırılır.

Sıkça görsel efekt ile karıştırılmaktadır. Ancak özel efektler, çekim ile yapılır, bilgisayarla yaratılan imajlara dayalı değildir. Patlayan bir şey gerçekten patlatılır ya da yıkılan bina, maket de olsa, gerçekten yıkılır. Oysa görsel efekt ile yapılan patlamalar, sentetik partikül sistemleridir, yıkılan binalarsa, 3 boyutlu modellenmiş objelerdir.

Yaşayan özel efektler, canlı izleyicilerin önünde kullanılan efektlerdir. Çoğunlukla spor olayları, konserler ve toplu gösterilerde kullanılırlar. Canlı efektlerin çoğu lazer ışıkları, sis sahneleri, fişekler, konfetiler ve baloncuklar veya kar gibi diğer atmosferik efektlerdir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Lucid SFX Development, LSD - Özel ve görsel efekt şirketi
 Gripallefect - Özel efekt şirketi
 SineFX - Sayısal görsel efekt sitesi
 Cgpark - Türkiye'deki görsel efekt okulu
 DECOL Academy: Türkiye'de görsel efekt ve 3D okulu

Özel efekt


Isis Taylor (San Francisco, California; 23 de octubre de 1989) es el nombre artístico de una actriz pornográfica estadounidense.

Vida y carrera
Taylor entró en la industria del cine para adultos en 2008 a la edad de 19. En noviembre del año siguiente, ella fue una Hustler Honey. En septiembre de 2010, ella fue la Pet of the Month de Penthouse.

Premios

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en San Francisco
Actrices pornográficas de Estados Unidos
Modelos eróticas de Estados Unidos
Penthouse Pets

Isis Taylor


Frederick getur átt við eftirfarandi:
 Frederick Winslow Taylor
 Frederick Bartlett
 Frederick Ahl
 Frederick Douglass
 Frederick Cook
 Frederick North

Sjá einnig
 Friedrich
Ættarnöfn
Mannanöfn

Frederick


Necho may refer to:

 Necho I (died 664 BC), Egyptian pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty
 Necho II (died 595 BC), Egyptian pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty
 Necho (crater), a crater on the Moon

See also
Neco (1895–1977), Brazilian footballer
Neco (name), including a list of people
Necco, a candy manufacturer
Northern Essex Community College, or NECCO
Neko (disambiguation)

Necho


Lúcio, ου ο Burro (em grego: Λούκιος ἢ Ὄνος; Loukios ē Onos) é uma sátira que conta sobre um homem que se transforma em burro e suas experiências como animal. Tendo chegado até nós entre as obras de Luciano, é agora considerado apócrifo; seu autor é, portanto, muitas vezes referido como "Pseudo-Luciano".

História
A obra é frequentemente atribuída a Luciano, mas sua autenticidade também foi questionada. A versão preservada pode ser uma versão abreviada do texto original de Luciano escrito por outra pessoa. A mesma história aparece em um enredo mais longo e detalhado, parcialmente diferente, na obra O asno de ouro de Apuleio, contemporâneo de Luciano, que se baseia em um texto grego.

Conteúdo
A obra de Luciano consiste em 56 capítulos relativamente curtos. A história se passa na Grécia e o personagem principal da obra é Lúcio, que está viajando em Ipata, na Tessália, atraído pela fama mágica da cidade. Aqui ele é hospedado pelo avarento Hiparco e sua esposa, que é uma poderosa feiticeira, dedicada a práticas ocultas.

Lúcio, muito interessado nas artes mágicas, pede a criada da casa, Palaistra, que o deixe presenciar uma magia de sua senhora. Ele testemunhará, portanto, uma prática particular: a transmigração da alma de um corpo para outro. Depois de alguns dias, Palaistra informa a Lúcio que sua senhora vai se transformar em um pássaro. Escondido atrás da porta, Lúcio presencia a magia que se inicia com a incineração de dois grãos de incenso, procedimento este acompanhado de uma fórmula e, a seguir, Lúcio vê a feiticeira tirando um óleo de um baú com o qual cobre completamente seu corpo nu, então começa a transformação em um corvo. A essa altura ele também sente vontade de voar no corpo de um pássaro, Lúcio pede a Palaistra a mesma substância milagrosa que a bruxa usou, mas Palaistra involuntariamente faz Lúcio borrifar a substância errada, fazendo-o se transformar em burro, mantendo a sensibilidade e os pensamentos humanos. Palaistra diz que o antídoto para retornar à forma humana é comer rosas.

Impossibilitado de ser reconhecido, Lúcio é sequestrado junto com outro burro e seu próprio cavalo por um grupo de ladrões que invadem a casa. Ele tenta escapar junto com uma mulher capturada, mas a tentativa falha. No final, porém, Lúcio e a mulher são soltos. Lúcio é recompensado sendo um burro livre na companhia de éguas. Logo, porém, ele tem que trabalhar no moinho, continuar carregando cargas pesadas e sofrer as artimanhas do burro. Ele também corre o risco de ser castrado.

Em seguida, Lúcio é vendido aos catamitas, e ele tem que carregar uma estátua de uma deusa síria nas costas. Os praticantes do culto são revelados como fraudes e são pegos roubando. Em seguida, Lúcio é vendido a um padeiro. Ele entra na fábrica novamente e é um valentão.

O próximo proprietário é um servo de um homem rico. Lúcio finalmente consegue comer a comida das pessoas, pois consegue roubar guloseimas para si mesmo. Ele é pego fazendo isso, mas os donos apenas riem do fato de Lúcio comer alimentos que os burros normalmente não comem e até beber vinho. Então ele acaba sendo exibido como um animal treinado por uma taxa. Ao mesmo tempo, uma mulher rica e bonita se apaixona por ele e o alugará para passar a noite.

No anfiteatro, seu mestre organiza um espetáculo no teatro que demonstrará a performance sexual do burro, nessa ocasião Lúcio finalmente consegue rosas para comer e voltando assim a sua forma humana e decepcionando o público. No entanto, ele ainda quer conhecer a mulher com quem passou a noite — porém, a mulher não está mais interessada em Lúcio depois de vê-lo nu, porque ela não amava Lúcio tanto quanto sua virilidade de burro.

Links externos

 Λούκιος ἢ ὄνος Bibliotheca Augustana

Poemas épicos em grego

Lúcio, ou o Burro


Filip Forejtek, né le  à Plzeň, est un skieur alpin tchèque.

Biographie
Son frère Jonáš est un joueur de tennis professionnel et son arrière grand père Pavel Macenauer a participé aux Jeux olympiques de 1924 en tennis.

Membre du ST Svaty Petr-LO, le Tchèque commence sa carrière lors de la saison 2013-2014. Aux Championnats du monde junior, il totalise quatre participations entre 2015 et 2018, pour un meilleur résultat de cinquième obtenu à la descente à Davos en 2018. En 2018, il remporte d'ailleurs son premier titre national sur le combiné alpin.

Il fait ses débuts en Coupe du monde en  à Chamonix et obtient son meilleur résultat en  Wengen ( du combiné). Il est sélectionné pour les Championnats du monde de Saint-Moritz, où il court trois épreuves, pour se classer au mieux  du combiné alpin.

Aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018, à Pyeongchang, il est présent sur toutes les courses, terminant trois fois dans le top 40, dont  au slalom géant.

À partir de 2019, il étudie l'informatique à l'Université du Colorado aux États-Unis et devient trois fois All American.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques d'hiver

Championnats du monde

Coupe du monde
Meilleur résultat : .

Championnats de République tchèque
Champion sur le combiné alpin en 2018.

Références

Liens externes

Skieur alpin tchèque
Skieur alpin aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018
Naissance en novembre 1997
Naissance à Plzeň
Étudiant de l'université du Colorado

Filip Forejtek


පිදුරංගල යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ දඹුල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශයට අයත් කිඹිස්ස  ග්‍රාමය ආශ්‍රිතව පිහිටා ඇතිි ශේෂ කන්දකි. මෙහි මුදුන මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට මීටර 340ක් පමණ උසකින් පිහිටා ඇත.

මානව ක්‍රියා
මෙහි පිදුරංගල විහාරය පිහිටා ඇතවිකිපීඩියා.

පිදුරංගල


Mathilde Gøhler Jensen (født 21. juli 1992 i Hjørring) er en dansk model.

Karriere
Mathilde Gøhler har siden sin handelseksamen i Aarhus arbejdet professionelt som model. Hun har arbejdet for bl.a Magasin og Gina Tricot samt andre brands som Dior

Privat
Hun har siden 2014 dannet par med musikeren Remee, og sammen har de datteren Kenya, som blev født i 2015. Den 19 oktober 2021 fik forældrene deres andet barn, datteren Lelou.

Remee og Mathilde gik fra hinanden i 2022.

Referencer

Eksterne hevisninger
 Instagram

Personer fra Hjørring
Modeller fra Danmark
Danskere i 2000-tallet
Fotomodeller fra Danmark

Mathilde Gøhler


Palača Bajamonti-Dešković u Splitu, Hrvatska, na adresi Trg dr. Franje Tuđmana 3 i Ban Mladenova 2, zaštićeno je kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Sagrađena je 1858. godine u doba klasicizma i napravljena je po uzoru na renesansu što je čini neorenesansnom graďevinom. Izgrađena je oko 1858. kao dom splitskog načelnika dr. Antonija Bajamontija, na mjestu porušenog jugozapadnog baroknog bastiona Šperun. Od 1900. je u vlasništvu obitelji Dešković. U salonima na prvom katu stropove je alegorijskim prikazima oslikao Antonio Zuccaro 1858. godine. Iznad krovnog vijenca na glavnom pročelju četiri su monumentalna kamena kipa, alegorije Vrlina, porijeklom iz Venecije iz 18. st. Krajem 19. i u prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća u potkrovlju palače nalazili su se ateljei istaknutih splitskih fotografa i slikara. Najreprezentativniji je primjer stambene arhitekture Splita 19. stoljeća, izrazitih stilskih i urbanističkih vrijednosti.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5616 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao profana graditeljska baština, javne građevine.

Izvori

Bajamonti-Dešković
Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Palača Bajamonti-Dešković


237187 Zhonglihe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
237187 Zhonglihe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Lulin de Hsiao Xiang-Yao și Ye Quan-Zhi. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,73 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 4,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 237001-238000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

237187 Zhonglihe


NGC 5714 est une galaxie spirale vue par la tranche et située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5714 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en 1787.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5714 est III-IV et elle présente une large raie HI.

À ce jour, 16 mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble. Notons cependant que c'est avec la valeur moyenne des mesures indépendantes, lorsqu'elles existent, que la base de données NASA/IPAC calcule le diamètre d'une galaxie et qu'en conséquence le diamètre de NGC 5714 pourrait être d' si on utilisait la distance de Hubble pour le calculer.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5714 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5714
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Objet céleste découvert en 1787
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 5714


Salome mit dem Haupt Johannes des Täufers ist der Name eines Gemäldes von Bartolomeo Veneto. Es befindet sich in der Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden.

Bildbeschreibung

Dieser Eintrag in Karl Woermanns Galeriekatalog von 1887 beschreibt es als Gemälde der Schule Leonardo da Vincis, eine Zuordnung, die später geändert wurde.

Dargestellt ist Salome, die Tochter der Herodias, die in ihren Händen eine Schüssel mit dem Kopf Johannes des Täufers hält. Diese Figur aus einer Legende des Neuen Testaments ist in der damaligen bildenden Kunst oft verwendet worden. Salome wurde meist als hübsche junge Frau mit erotischer Ausstrahlung gezeigt, die triumphierend die Schüssel mit dem Haupt des Täufers wie eine Trophäe emporhält. Als Beispiel sollen hierfür die Gemälde von Carlo Dolci, Tizian und Lucas Cranach dem Älteren dienen:

Die hier dargestellte Salome hingegen trägt keine triumphierende Geste zur Schau, die Haltung des Kopfes und die bleiche Haut Salomes implizieren eher den Typus einer Sünderin, die sich der Schändlichkeit ihrer Tat im Nachhinein bewusst wird und dadurch erbleicht und erstarrt. Dieser Eindruck wurde auch vom Kunsthistoriker und Mäzen Johann Gottlob von Quandt wiedergegeben:

Benennung, Zuschreibung und Provenienz

Das Bild wurde 1749 zusammen mit 68 weiteren Gemälden aus der kaiserlichen Galerie in Prag erworben. Für das ganze Konvolut, zu dem auch die Bilder "Eine Wildschweinjagd" von Rubens (Gal.-Nr. 962) und Tintorettos "Ehebrecherin" (Gal.-Nr. 270 A) gehörten, wurden 50.000 Taler bezahlt.

Neben der Zuschreibung hat auch der Name des Gemäldes und damit der Dargestellten Änderungen erfahren. So wird das Gemälde als Herodias mit dem Haupt Johannis des Täufers von Leonardo da Vinci oder der Schule des Leonardo da Vinci bezeichnet.

Quandt bezeichnet in seinem Werk von 1856 das Gemälde mit Die Tochter der Herodias vom Leonardo-Schüler Marco d'Oggiono.

Karl Woermann bezeichnet im Galeriekatalog von 1887 das Gemälde wiederum, wie bereits erwähnt, als: Die Tochter der Herodias von der Schule des Leonardo da Vinci.

Die heute gültige Zuschreibung des Gemäldes als Werk des Malers Bartolomeo Veneto erfolgte 1891 durch den italienischen Kunsthistoriker Giovanni Morelli, der die unter dem Pseudonym Ivan Lermolieff publizierte Erkenntnis auf Basis von Vergleichen mit anderen Werken Bartolomeo Venetos fand. Dabei waren die Gemälde Idealbildnis einer Kurtisane als Flora aus dem Städel in Frankfurt am Main und die sogenannte Donna Ebrea aus der Sammlung des Herzogs von Melzi vor allem aufgrund der Lockenpracht der Frauenköpfe ausschlaggebend.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Gemälde (15. Jahrhundert)
Historiengemälde (Neues Testament)
Gemälde der Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
Werk über Johannes der Täufer
Salome (Tochter der Herodias)
Frauendarstellung (Gemälde)
Italienische Renaissance (Malerei)

Salome mit dem Haupt Johannes des Täufers (Veneto)


A Primeira Batalha de Lyman foi um confronto militar durante a invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022, parte da batalha de Donbas da ofensiva mais ampla no leste da Ucrânia. A batalha começou em 23 de maio e terminou em 27 de maio de 2022.

Contexto
Um mês após o início da invasão, a Rússia alegou controlar 93% do Oblast de Lugansk, com Severodonetsk e Lysychansk sendo redutos ucranianos estrategicamente importantes na área. Os planos russos para capturar Severodonetsk dependiam de seus sucessos nas cidades vizinhas de Rubizhne, ao norte, e Popasna, ao sul. Em 6 de abril, as forças russas haviam capturado 60% de Rubizhne, e a artilharia russa destruía Severodonetsk em "intervalos regulares e constantes". No dia seguinte, forças ucranianas conduziram uma ofensiva que supostamente afastou as forças russas de 6 a 10 quilômetros da outra cidade vizinha de Kreminna. As forças russas teriam capturado Rubizhne e a cidade vizinha de Voevodivka em 12 de maio de 2022.

Ao sul de Lyman, ocorrera a batalha de Donets, com a Ucrânia repelindo várias tentativas russas de cruzar o rio. Cerca de 400 a 485 russos morreram durante as tentativas frustradas.

A batalha
As forças russas intensificaram as ofensivas em torno de Lyman e obtiveram ganhos significativos em 23 de maio. Os russos lançaram um ataque na parte norte de Lyman e assumiram o controle parcial da cidade. As forças russas também intensificaram os ataques de artilharia contra Avdiivka e aproveitaram a captura anterior de Novoselivka para avançar em Avdiivka e obter acesso rodoviário em direção a Slovyansk. Os russos intensificaram seus ataques em direção ao centro da cidade no dia seguinte, iniciando disputas rua por rua. Com o apoio da artilharia e da aviação, no dia 25 de maio, as forças russas continuaram a ofensiva rumo ao assentamento de Lyman, capturando cerca de 70% do território da cidade. As forças ucranianas se retiraram para os assentamentos ao sul da cidade, oferecendo resistência, enquanto alguns soldados se renderam durante o cerco.

Depois de conduzir uma evacuação final de civis e deixar suprimentos para aqueles que decidiram ficar, com as últimas forças ucranianas evacuando Lyman na tarde de 26 de maio, destruindo a última ponte restante atrás deles. O conselheiro presidencial ucraniano, Oleksiy Arestovych, disse mais tarde que a cidade foi capturada pelas forças russas, uma declaração confirmada pelo Instituto para o Estudo da Guerra.

No dia seguinte, no entanto, o Ministério da Defesa da Ucrânia afirmou que a batalha pelo controle da cidade ainda estava em andamento, afirmando que suas forças continuavam a controlar os distritos do sudoeste e nordeste, enquanto outras autoridades ucranianas reconheceram que a maior parte de Lyman, incluindo o centro da cidade, estava sob controle russo. Além disso, o Reino Unido também avaliou que a maior parte da cidade ficou sob controle russo em 27 de maio. Tanto as forças separatistas apoiadas pela Rússia quanto os militares russos fizeram reivindicações de vitória em 27 e 28 de maio. No início de 30 de maio, os militares ucranianos reconheceram que as forças russas haviam se consolidado em Lyman e estavam se preparando para um ataque contra Sloviansk.

Foi relatado que durante os combates, um batalhão da 79ª Brigada de Assalto Aéreo da Ucrânia sofreu mais de 100 mortes, enquanto entre 200 e 300 soldados foram capturados.

Consequências
A Rússia ganhou um centro ferroviário estratégico e indiretamente acelerou a Batalha de Severodonetsk, empurrando as forças ucranianas para a margem direita do rio Siverskyi Donets até o início de setembro.

A segunda batalha começou em 10 de setembro durante a contraofensiva de Carcóvia. Em 30 de setembro, as forças ucranianas cercaram a cidade e cortaram a única estrada que restava para abastecer as forças de ocupação.

Referências

2022 na Ucrânia
Batalhas envolvendo a Ucrânia
Batalhas envolvendo a Rússia
Ofensiva do leste da Ucrânia
Contraofensiva de Carcóvia

Primeira Batalha de Lyman


أحمد عصمان (1930 وجدة) سياسي مغربي، مؤسس حزب التجمع الوطني للأحرار، تولى رئاسة الوزراء أطول مدة في تاريخ المغرب الحديث.

حياته

ينحدر من أسرة جزائرية حيث قدم والده، وكان حينها جنديا في الجيش الفرنسي، إلى وجدة سنة 1907، وهي بداية تاريخ احتلال المغرب.

درس أحمد عصمان الابتدائية، واشترك في الدراسة مع الملك الحسن الثاني حيث كانا معا في المعهد المولوي بالرباط في المرحلة الثانوية، وصاهره بعد ذلك. وانتقل إلى فرنسا للدراسة الجامعية فنال شهادة الدكتوراه في القانون عام 1955. صاهر الملك بتزوجه الأميرة للا نزهة بنت محمد الخامس وشقيقة الحسن الثاني عام 1964.

مسيرته السياسية

أسس أحمد عصمان حزب التجمع الوطني للأحرار في أكتوبر 1978 وهو حزب ليبرالي من يمين الوسط موال للقصر، وقد استقطب الطبقة البرجوازية حيث أن 15 عضوا من أعضاء مكتبه السياسي البالغ عددهم 25 رجال أعمال. جمع الحزب عند تأسيسه مجموعة من النواب أفرزتها انتخابات 76 و77 وكانت تشكل أغلبية البرلمان يومها وقد بلغت 141 نائبا.

يعتبر أحمد عصمان ذا توجه ملكي ليبرالي، وقد أسس حزبه عام 1978 تحت مقولة «المغرب الجديد» الذي يعبر -حسب عصمان- عن المسيرة الخضراء «رمز توحيد التراب المغربي» وعن عودة النظام التعددي إلى المغرب. فتوجه أحمد عصمان توجه وطني ديمقراطي يعتبر نفسه بعيدا عن أية أيدولوجية بل هو تنظيم مغربي في هويته ونشأته وأهدافه حسب خطاب الحزب السياسي.

رغم أن جل التيارات والهيئات السياسية، اليوم، تطالب بضرورة إجراء تعديل دستوري ينسجم وتطور المرحلة السياسية التي يجتازها المغرب، فإن أحمد عصمان أصبح خارج هذا الإجماع الوطني، فهو يعارض فكرة تعديل الدستور باتجاه تخويل الوزير الأول والبرلمان اختصاصات أوسع. حسب رأيه، الدستورفي مستوى عال" ولا يوافق على الرأي القائل بتعديل الدستور الحالي، لأنه يعتبره دستورا جيدا ومثاليا حتى بمقارنته مع دساتير دول وديمقراطيات عريقة. وللإشارة فقد كان عصمان من المساهمين في تهييئه، سواء دستور 1972، حينما كان ضمن لجنة سداسية هيأت نص الدستور، وضمت اللجنة زعماء أحزاب سياسية. كما شارك في تهيئة دستور 1992، الذي انبثق عنه الدستور الحالي (1996)، وقد تمت التهيئة لدستور 1992 من طرف لجنة ثلاثية كان عضوا بها (أيام كان رئيسا للبرلمان).

صفقة الطائرات

تورط أحمد عصمان في قضية صفقة الطائرات الشهيرة، التي كلف بشأنها من طرف الملك الحسن الثاني، لتعزيز الترسانة العسكرية للمغرب في بداية السبعينات، حيت تم بيع طائرات مستعملة على أنها جديدة، وذلك بصباغتها، وقد وجهت إليه اتهامات عديدة باستغلال علاقته بالعائلة الملكية للأغراض الشخصية. وكان ادريس البصري، وزير الداخلية الأسبق، واحدا ممن كشفوا هذه الحقيقة، رغم أن جهات تورطه أيضا في العملية.

مناصب
عين عضوا في الديوان الملكي مكلفا الشؤون الخارجية عام 1956 بعد عودة محمد الخامس من المنفى. في سنة 1957 التحق بوزارة الخارجية. وعين كوكيل وزارة الدفاع سنة 1959. عين كسفير للمغرب في ألمانيا الغربية سنة 1961.سفير بالولايات المتحدة الأميركية سنة 1967. وفي 1970 أصبح وزير الشؤون الإدارية في وزارة القصر.
من 2 نوفمبر 1972 إلى 22 مارس 1979 رئيس الوزراء، وهي أطول مدة قضاها رئيس وزراء مغربي.

في أكتوبر 1978 ترأس المكتب التنفيذي لحزب التجمع الوطني للأحرار. في 1983 عين وزير دولة في حكومة محمد كريم العمراني بوصفه زعيم حزب الأغلبية البرلمانية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مواليد 1930
مواليد 1348 هـ
أشخاص من وجدة
خريجو المدرسة المولوية
خريجو جامعات فرنسية
سفراء المغرب
سفراء المغرب لدى ألمانيا
مغاربة
سفراء لدى ألمانيا الغربية
سفراء المغرب لدى الولايات المتحدة
سفراء لدى الولايات المتحدة
سفراء لدى كندا
سفراء لدى المكسيك
سياسيو التجمع الوطني للأحرار
سياسيو حزب التجمع الوطني للأحرار
سياسيون مغاربة
أعضاء برلمان المغرب
أشخاص مغاربة في القرن 20
سياسيون مغاربة في القرن 20
رؤساء وزراء مغاربة
رؤساء مجلس النواب المغربي
وزراء حكومة المغرب
حائزو رتبة الإمبراطورية البريطانية من طبقة فارس
برلمانيون
سياسيون مغاربة في القرن 21
حاصلون على وسام عرش
أشخاص على قيد الحياة

أحمد عصمان


පූර්වාදීත යුගයේදී චීනය, ග‍්‍රීසිය, රෝමය, පර්සියාව, මායා ආදී වූ සංස්කෘතීන්හි විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක සෙරමික් කලාව විශාල වශයෙන් පැතිර තිබුණි

යුරෝපීය

මධ්‍යදරණී

ගී‍්‍රක දූපතක් වන සැන්ටෝරිනි වෙතින් සොයාගනු ලැබු සෙරමික් නිර්මාණයන් කි‍්‍ර. පූ. 3 වන සහශ‍්‍රකය තරම් පැරණිය. කැණිම් කරනු ලැබූ සමහර නිවාසයන්ගෙන් අතිවිශාල සෙරමික් ජෝගු හමුවී ඇත. පුරාතන යුරේසියානු සහ ග‍්‍රීක සෙරමික් නිර්මාණ අලංකාර සිතුවම් වලින් සරසා තිබිණ.

කුඩා වීනස් ප‍්‍රතිමා

චෙක් ජනරජයෙන් හමුවී ඇති සෙරමික් ප‍්‍රතිමාවන් දැනට සොයාගෙන ඇති මිනිස් රූපාකාරයෙන් නිමවූ ප‍්‍රථම කලාකෘති වෙයි. එවැනි එක් ප‍්‍රතිමාවකි Dolní Věstonice හි වීනස් පිලිමය. එය නිර්මාණයකොට ඇත්තේ මීට වසර 27,000 කටත් 31,000 කටත් අතර කාළයකය. මෙහි 'වීනස්' යන්න පිළිමයේ නිරුවත් කාන්තා රූපය හේතුවෙන් එසේ හැඳින්වීම හැරෙන්නට එය සාම්ප‍්‍රදායික ආදරයේ දෙවඟන ලෙස සැලකෙන වීනස් දෙව්දුව සමඟ සම්බන්ධයක් නොමැත. මෙය නිර්මාණයකොට ඇත්තේ මැටි සහ කුඩු කරන ලද ඇටකටු මිශ‍්‍රණයකින් අඹා පසුව පිලිස්සීමෙනි. දැනට සොයාගෙන ඇති මානව ආකෘතිය සහිතව නිර්මාණය කරනු ලැබ ඇති පැරණිම නිර්මාණය මෙයයි. එය නිර්මාණයකොට ඇත්තේ ලලිත කලා කෘතියක් ලෙසද, ආගමික සංකේතයක් ලෙසද, වෙනත් අරමුණකින්ද යන්න පිලිබඳ ශාස්ත‍්‍රඥයෝ අදහසක් ප‍්‍රකාශ කිරීමට අසමත් වෙති. එනම් එය අදාල සංස්කෘතියට කුමණ අර්ථයක් ගෙන දුන්නේද යන්න නොදන්නා කරුණකි. යුරේසියාව පුරා සොයාගෙන ඇති මීට සමාන ප‍්‍රතිමාවන් සියල්ලම වීනස් ප‍්‍රතිමා ලෙස හඳනුවනු ලබන අතර ස්තී‍්‍ර රූපාකාරය සෞන්දර්යාත්මක කුසලතාවයකින් යුතුව නිර්මාණය කොට ඇති ආකාරය මේවායින් විද්‍යාමාන වෙයි. ඒ පිලිබඳ ලියවී ඇති අදහස් කිහිපයක් පහතින් දැක්වේ.
කුඩා වීනස් ප‍්‍රතිමාවන් වූ කලි වසර 30,000 ත් 15,000 ත් අතර කාලයක, එනම් ඉහල පැලියෝලිතික යුගයේදී මුල්වරට නිර්මාණය වූ විශ්වීය කලාත්මක ආදර්ශයන්ට ලබාදී ඇති නමය.
	යුරෝපයේ ඉහල පැලියෝලිතික යුගයේදී පුරාවිද්‍යා විෂය පථය තුල මානව රූපය මතුවූ පසු ලෝකයේ පැරණීතම කලාත්මක නිර්මාණයන් වන්නේ මේවාය.

ආසියානු

ලෝකයේ සොයාගෙන ඇති පැරණිතම සෙරමික් නිර්මාණ චෙක් ජනරජයෙන් සොයාගනු ලැබූ වීනස් පිළිම වන අතර ඒවා මීට වසර 29,000 - 25,000 අතර කාළයකට පෙර යුගයට අයත් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබේ. ආසියාවේ පැරණිතම සෙරමික් භාණ්ඩ ජපාන්‍ය ආශි‍්‍රතව ජීවත්වූ ජනයා විසින් මීට ක‍්‍රි. පූ. 10500 දී පමණ නිර්මාණය කල මැටි බඳුන් බව සැලකේ. චීන පෝසිලේන් නිර්මාණය වන්නේ ආසියාවේ හන් යුගය (කි‍්‍ර. ව. 100 -200)  රාජධානි ති‍්‍රත්වයේ යුගය (කි‍්‍ර. ව. 220-280) රාජවංශ හයේ යුගය (කි‍්‍ර. ව. 220-589) සහ ටැංග් රාජවංශික යුගය (කි‍්‍ර. ව. 618-906) යන කාළයන් තුලය.

ඇමරිකානු

මායාවරු සෙරමික් කලාවට පසුකාලීනව ප‍්‍රවේශවූ පිරිසක් වූ නමුත් සම්භාව්‍ය මායා ශිෂ්ඨාචාර යුගයේදී එනම් කි‍්‍ර. ව. 2 වන සහ 10 වන සියවස් අතර කාළයේදී එය ඉතාම උසස් තලකට පත්ව පැවතින. බ‍්‍රසීලයේ දකුණුදිග ප‍්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති එක් කැනීම් බිමකින් මහා පරිමාණයෙන් නිපදවනු ලැබූ මැටි බඳුන් හමුවී ඇත . හොන්ඩූරාස් සහ ග්වාතමාලා යන රටවල ඇති මායා ශිෂ්ඨාචාර කැනීම් බිමි වලින්ද මෙවැනිම නිර්මාණයන් හමුවී ඇත . වර්තමානයේ මායාවරුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නෝ මෙම නිර්මාණයන්ගේ පිටපත් නිපදවීම සිදු කරති.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramics_%28art%29#Ancient_history

සෙරමික් ලලිත කලාව - ඈත අතීතය


Paterna del Río, İspanya'nın on yedi otonom bölgesinden en kalabalık ikinci bölge olan Endülüs'e bağlı; İspanya'nın güneyinde bulunan Almería eyaletine bağlı belediye. 2009 yılındaki nüfusu; 872 kişidir. Belediye, 45 km²'lik bir alanı kaplamaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynak: INE (Spain)

Dış bağlantılar
  Paterna del Río - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
  Paterna del Río - Diputación Provincial de Almería

Paterna del Río


An Chlorospatha castula in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Michael T. Madison, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Michael T. Madison. An Chlorospatha castula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chlorospatha, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chlorospatha

Chlorospatha castula


John Erzuah Cofie (* 21. Januar 1993 in Aboso, Ghana) ist ein ghanaisch-deutsch-englischer Fußballspieler. Er spielt im Sturm vorrangig als Mittelstürmer. Seit 2013 steht er beim FC Barnsley unter Vertrag.

Karriere

Verein
John Cofie begann seine Karriere in der Jugend des FC Burnley. Im November des Jahres 2007 wechselte der von vielen Spitzenklubs wie z. B. FC Liverpool gejagte Cofie in die Jugend von Manchester United und unterschrieb für sechs Jahre. In der Saison 2009/10 kam er schon im Alter von siebzehn Jahren, drei Monaten und acht Tagen unter Trainer Ole Gunnar Solskjær zum Debüt in der Premier Reserve League, als er im Auswärtsspiel gegen die Reserve seines Ex-Klubs FC Burnley (1:0) in der 63. Minute für Etzaz Hussain eingewechselt wurde. In der Saison 2010/11 kam er aufgrund einer langwierigen Knieverletzung größtenteils nicht zum Einsatz. Er kehrte erst zum Ende der Saison zurück und konnte dann am 24. Mai 2011 mit ManU den FA Youth Cup gewinnen. In der Hinrunde der Saison 2011/12 spielte er wieder in der Premier Reserve League, bevor er im Januar 2012 für ein halbes Jahr zum belgischen Zweitligisten Royal Antwerpen ausgeliehen wurde. Dort kam er schon am 14. Januar 2012, dem 20. Spieltag der Zweitligasaison, zu seinem Debüt im Profifußball. Cofie stand überraschend im Heimspiel gegen CS Visé (3:1) in der Startelf und bereitete das Tor zum 3:1-Endstand durch Kevin Oris vor. Sein erstes Tor im Profifußball erzielte er drei Spieltage später am 29. Januar 2012 im Auswärtsspiel gegen F.C.V. Dender E.H. (1:1). Am Ende der Saison kehrte er nach Manchester zurück. Im Juli 2012 wurde er für eine Spielzeit an den englischen Drittligisten Sheffield United ausgeliehen. Cofie kehrte jedoch schon im Januar 2013 nach Manchester zurück. Anfang Februar 2013 wurde Cofie für einen Monat an den Drittligisten Notts County verliehen. Dort kam er in sieben Partien zum Einsatz und erzielte ein Tor.

Nationalmannschaft
Im Februar 2009 entschied sich der auch für ghanaische und deutsche Juniorennationalmannschaften spielberechtigte Cofie für die englische U-16. Im November 2010 kam er erstmals in der englischen U-18 zum Einsatz.

Erfolge
 FA Youth Cup: 2011

Weblinks

 Profil von John Cofie bei manutd.com

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Manchester United)
Fußballspieler (Royal Antwerpen)
Fußballspieler (Sheffield United)
Fußballspieler (Notts County)
Fußballspieler (FC Barnsley)
Brite
Engländer
Deutscher
Ghanaer
Geboren 1993
Mann

John Cofie