Lusigny ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Allier in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes; sie gehört zum Arrondissement Moulins und zum Kantons Dompierre-sur-Besbre.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt in der Landschaft Sologne Bourbonnaise, etwa zwölf Kilometer östlich des Ballungsraumes von Moulins. Nachbargemeinden von Lusigny sind:
 Chevagnes im Nordosten und Osten,
 Thiel-sur-Acolin im Südosten,
 Montbeugny im Süden,
 Yzeure im Westen und
 Chézy im Nordwesten und Norden.
Der Ort liegt am rechten Ufer des Flusses Ozon, das Gemeindegebiet wird im Osten auch noch vom Fluss Huzarde durchquert, im westlichen Teil entspringt der Abron – alle Flüsse entwässern in den Acolin. Markant an der umgebenden Landschaft sind die vielen kleinen Teiche, zu denen die meisten Wasserläufe aufgestaut sind. Einer der Teiche liegt auch mitten im Ortsgebiet und heißt einfach l'Étang.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in Lusigny
 Schloss Pommay (Monument historique)

Partnergemeinden
 Gräfinau-Angstedt, Gemeinde Wolfsberg/Thüringen, Deutschland

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de l'Allier. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-84234-053-1, S. 138–139.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Notice Communale - EHESS
 Website über die Gemeinde

Ort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Gemeindegründung 1793

Lusigny


An Tillandsia heteromorpha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez. An Tillandsia heteromorpha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 T. h. heteromorpha
 T. h. rauhii

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia heteromorpha


Volta ao Algarve er et landevejsløb i cykling, et etapeløb, der afholdes hvert år i Algarve, Portugal. Siden 2020 er det blevet organiseret som et 2.Pro-løb i UCI ProSeries.

Vindere

Eksterne henvisninger

Volta ao Algarve


"Inndia" (stilizat ca "INNdiA") este un cântec înregistrat de cântăreața română Inna de-al treilea album de studio, Party Never Ends (2013). Acesta a fost lansat pe 11 octombrie 2012, prin Roton și este un feat. alături de trio-ul român  Play & Win. Piesa a fost scrisă de Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea, Marcel Botezan și Joddie Connor, în timp ce de producție s-a ocupat de primele trei sub numele de Play & Win. "Inndia" este un cântec cu influențe arabe și orientale care cuprinde acorduri de chitară și voci masculine care o completează cu Inna.

Criticii răspund amestecat la "Inndia", a fost amestecat, cu un critic de așteptare acceptabil, în timp ce altul a inclus-o în lista de cele mai bune melodii ale Innei. Pentru a promova piesa, piesa este însoțită de un clip video a fost regizat de către Edward Aninaru și a fost încărcat pe canalul de YouTube al Innei pe 19 septembrie 2012. Acesta o arată pe cântăreață care ajuta un stripper să scape de șeful ei agresiv dintr-un club. Mai multe recenzii remarcă includerea vizuală a lesbienei și apariția lascivă a Innei. Cântăreața a performat, de asemenea, "Inndia" cu diferite ocazii. Din punct de vedere comercial, a ajuns în top zece în România.

Fundal și lansare
"Inndia" a fost scris de Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea, Marcel Botezan și Joddie Connor, în timp ce de producție s-a ocupat de primi trei sub numele de Play & Win. Trio-ul a fost, de asemenea, creditat ca featuring artist pe piață. A fost făcut disponibil pentru download digital pe 11 octombrie 2012, prin Roton, cu șase remixuri alături de piesa originală.

Compoziția și recepție
Un editor de la un site italian a scris că "Inndia" este cântec ca Orientul, de remarcat faptul că titlul a coincis cu stilul său. El a mai subliniat că piesa prezentate elemente nu s-a apropiat de cântăreață din material anterior. În mod similar crezut că înregistrarea a fost de un nou stil în comparație cu Inna de muncă anterioare, menționând arabă influențe, acorduri de chitara și voce de sex masculin completarea cântăreață. Reagan Gavin Rasquinh de la The Times of India a scris, "în ciuda titlului, piesa nu are nimic de-a face cu subcontinentul, în caz că vă întrebați." Potrivit Urban.ro, "Inndia" se referă la numele femeii care este portretizată în videoclip.

La lansarea sa, criticii de muzică cunoscut "Inndia" cu recenzii mixte. Un editor de Pro FM enumerate înregistrarea în lista lor de "16 hit-uri cu care Inna a făcut istorie". The Times of India's Gavin Rasquinh găsit "Inndia", a fost "un alt acceptabil urmări cu bătaia cursă de sunet". Din punct de vedere comercial, piesa a ajuns pe locul zece în Romania este Airplay 100 21 ianuarie 2012, devenind al nouălea în top zece hit în țară.

Promovarea
O însoțește videoclipul pentru "Inndia", a fost regizat de către Edward Aninaru, și a fost încărcat pe Inna oficial de YouTube canal pe 19 septembrie 2012. A fost precedată de un lyrics video a lansat pe 28 iunie 2012, pe aceeași platformă vizuale începe cu fotografii de o femeie de fumat și de sex feminin stripteuze dans la bară într-un club. Inna intră în clădire și se așează la bar, începe o conversație cu femeia barmanului. Ulterior, cântăreața este văzut pol de dans pentru un domn. Mai târziu în film, ea are grijă de o femeie stripteuză pe nume "Inndia", cu o cicatrice pe fata ei, care stă într-o cadă lângă ea. Inna, de asemenea, secret ceasuri cum Inndia este bătut de către șeful ei într-o altă scenă. Amândoi reușesc să scape de respecive cameră după Inna breakes un pahar peste cap de om. Ulterior, vor intra în club, unde cântăreața polul dansează în fața de o mulțime uriașă, împreună cu alte femei. "Inndia" este la scurt timp a văzut stând pe o canapea cu alte două femei, care scrie cuvintele "rock" și "petrecere" pe pielea ei cu dermatograf. Cut scene-show Inna poartă lenjerie negru pe un pat cu o femeie îmbrăcată în mod similar.

Comentatorii au fost în general pozitivă față de muzica video. Fabien Eckert de 20 de minute a scris că a fost atrăgătoare pentru publicul de sex masculin, în continuare remarcat Inna e lascive aspectul. Un editor de la Bnr Nedorite în mod similar spus că cântăreața a arătat "modelul ei fizic" în clip, și a crezut că "clipul va face cântăreața e [male] fanii fericit că publicul feminin pur și simplu puteți sări peste ea". Edi Urbane.ro constatat că "Inndia", a fost Inna este mai sexy și mai explicit vizuale, mai remarcat semi-nud dansatori și Inna e rolul unei lesbiene femeie. Reiterând acest gând, spaniolă Lesbiene tematice-portal Lesbicanarios enumerate la numărul trei pe lista lor de cele mai bune videoclipuri muzicale cu lesbiene.

Inna a interpretat piesa într-o versiune simplificată-jos în curte de casa bunicii ei pe 11 septembrie 2012, urmat de un aspect pe româna radio Kiss FM pe 27 noiembrie. De asemenea, cântăreața a avut o performanță live pe acoperișul unei clădiri din Istanbul, pe 7 decembrie, ca parte a singer "Rock the Roof", seria. Inna, de asemenea, a cântat piesa la festivalul Alba Fest a avut loc în Alba Iulia, România, și de la World Trade Center Mexico.

Track listing
 Download Digital
 "Inndia" (feat. Play & Win) [Radio Edit] – 3:37
 "Inndia" (feat. Play & Win) [Ciprian Robu Dubstep Remix] – 3:13
 "Inndia" (feat. Play & Win) [DJ Turtle Remix Radio Edit] – 3:52
 "Inndia" (feat. Play & Win) [DJ Turtle Remix] – 5:23
 "Inndia" (feat. Play & Win) [Fork ' n'Knife Remix] – 5:35
 "Inndia" (feat. Play & Win) [Salvatore Ganacci Remix] – 3:48
 "Inndia" (feat. Play & Win) [Tony Zampa Mix] – 5:00

Credite și a personalului
Credite adaptate la notele de linie de Party Never Ends.
 Inna – vocalist
 Sebastian Barac – compozitor, producător
 Radu Bolfea – compozitor, producător
 Marcel Botezan – compozitor, producător
 Joddie Connor – compozitor

Diagrame

Istoria de presă

Referințe

Discuri single din 2012
Cântece din 2012

Inndia


Sirodotia, rod crvenih algi iz porodice Batrachospermaceae, dio reda Batrachospermales. Postoji 13 priznatih vrsta a tipična je slatkovodna alga S. suecica.

Rod je 1912. opisan kao monotipičan. Novootkrivena vrsta S. assamica, otkrivena 2020. godine na dva lokaliteta u Assamu.

Vrste
 Sirodotia assamica O.Nechi Jr., Rossignolo, Yasmin, J.A.West & E.K.Ganesan
 Sirodotia cirrhosa Skuja ex M.S.Balakrishnan & B.B.Chaugule
 Sirodotia delicatula Skuja
 Sirodotia gardneri Skuja ex L.Flint
 Sirodotia huangshanensis Z.X.Shi & S.L.Xie
 Sirodotia huillensis (Welwitsch ex West & G.S.West) Skuja
 Sirodotia iyengarii M.Baluswami & M.Babu
 Sirodotia kennedyi A.L.Szinte, J.C.Taylor & M.L.Vis, 2020
 Sirodotia masoalensis Fischer, Killmann & Quandt, 2020
 Sirodotia polygama Skuja ex L.H.Flint
 Sirodotia segawae S.Kumano
 Sirodotia sinica C.-C.Jao
 Sirodotia suecica Kylin
 Sirodotia yutakae S.Kumano

Izvori

Batrachospermaceae

Sirodotia


Crotales (, ), sometimes called antique cymbals, are percussion instruments consisting of small, tuned bronze or brass disks. Each is about  in diameter with a flat top surface and a nipple on the base. They are commonly played by being struck with hard mallets. However, they may also be played by striking two disks together in the same manner as finger cymbals, or by bowing. Their sound is rather like a small tuned bell, only with a much brighter sound and a much longer resonance. Similar to tuned finger cymbals, crotales are thicker and larger; they also have slight grooves in them. The name comes from the Greek crotalon, for a castanet or rattle.

Modern crotales are arranged chromatically and have a range of up to two octaves. They are typically available in sets (commonly one octave) but may also be purchased individually. Crotales are treated as transposing instruments; music for crotales is written two octaves lower than the sounding pitch to minimize ledger lines.

Crotal bells are a type of small bell, mostly medieval. A different form of crotal is found in Prehistoric Ireland. The National Museum of Ireland and British Museum have several examples on display dating from the late Bronze Age () which were found in the Dowris Hoard, alongside various brass wind instruments.  These are bronze cylinders in the rough shape of a bull's testicle, with a piece of baked clay or a pebble inside. It is presumed they functioned as a type of rattle.  The hoard had 48 of them in total, in two sizes. Only two other examples are known, both Irish.

Uses
One of the earliest uses of crotales in the orchestral repertoire is Hector Berlioz's Roméo et Juliette (1839). Other classical pieces featuring crotales include Claude Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, Maurice Ravel's orchestration of his Alborada del gracioso and Henri Dutilleux's Cello Concerto.

The contemporary American composer John Adams uses them in many of his more colorful orchestral pieces such as Short Ride in a Fast Machine. Composer Julia Wolfe uses crotales in her oratorio Fire in my mouth.

Crotales are also found in popular music, particularly in rock music. Neil Peart of Rush used them as part of his basic drum kit for several years, featuring them in the introduction to the instrumental "YYZ", and Alan White of Yes used them in the middle instrumental section of "Awaken" from Going for the One.

References

External links

Cymbals
Keyboard percussion instruments
Orchestral percussion instruments
Early musical instruments
Plaque percussion idiophones

Crotales


Ledian Memushaj (n. 7 decembrie 1986) este un jucător de fotbal profesionist albanez care joacă pe postul de mijlocaș central pentru clubul italian Pescara și echipa națională a Albaniei.

Clubul de carieră

Cariera timpurie
Memushaj a ajuns la ASD Sarzanese Calcio 1906 pe când avea 17 ani. El și-a ajutat echipa să termine pe locul doi în Eccellenza Liguria în 2006 și să obțină promovarea în Serie D. În vara anului 2008, s-a transferat la echipa de Serie D Valle d'Aosta, pentru care a jucat în 34 de meciuri și a marcat 3 goluri. La 10 septembrie 2009, el a semnat cu echipa Paganese din Divizia Lega Pro Prima după ce a dat probe pentru echipă.

Chievo și Portogruaro (împrumut)
La 21 iunie 2010, a semnat cu echipa de Serie A Chievo Verona din postura de jucător liber de contract. El a fost împrumutat la echipa de Serie B Portogruaro pe 29 ianuarie 2011.

Lecce
La 27 iulie 2012, Memushaj a părăsit-o pe Carpi și s-a mutat la Lecce din  Serie B, cu care a semnat un contract de trei ani. Cu toate acestea, înainte ca el să apuce să joace vreun minut pentru noua sa echipă, ea a fost retrogradată în Divizia Lega Pro Divisione, a treia ligă a Italiei, după ce a fost expulzată din Serie B pentru rolul ei în scandalul Calcio Scommesse.

Memushaj a marcat primul său gol pentru Lecce pe 3 septembrie 2012 într-o victorie cu 3-2 împotriva lui Cremonese. El a marcat golul 3 al echipei sale în minutul 31 cu o lovitură de la 20 de metri. Pe 23 septembrie 2012, a marcat al treilea gol al lui Lecce, în victoria cu 1-3 de la Treviso, care i-a dus pe primul loc în clasamentul din Lega Pro Prima Divisione 2012-2013.

Împrumutul la Carpi
La 27 iulie 2013, Carpi a anunțat că l-a adus pe Memushaj sub formă de împrumut de la Lecce pentru sezonul 2013-2014 al Seriei B. Acest transfer a avut loc la scurt timp după ce Carpi a semnat cu colegul său din echipa națională a Albaniei, Edgar Çani. A fost pentru a doua oară când Memushaj a semnat cu Carpi.

El a devenit un jucător-cheie pentru Carpi, înscriind constant. Primul său gol în acest împrumut la Carpi a venit în prelungirile victoriei scor 0-1 împotriva Regginei la 28 septembrie 2013. La 26 octombrie 2013, a marcat un gol din penalty împotriva Latinei la începutul celei de-a doua reprize, ajutându-și echipa să termine cu o remiză, scor 1-1. La 21 decembrie 2013, a marcat din penalty în minutul 72, ajutându-și echipa să câștige cu 1-0 împotriva lui Palermo. Această victorie a făcut-o pe Palermo să piardă primul loc în fața lui Empoli. La 26 decembrie 2013 a marcat golul egalizator cu Virtus Lanciano, iar coechipierii săi au mai marcat două goluri, care a făcut-o pe Carpi să se afle la trei puncte distanță de zona play-offului pentru promovarea în Serie A. A început anul 2014 cu un gol, continuându-și forma bună din tur. A marcat în minutul 20 din prima repriză împotriva Ternanei de acasă la 25 ianuarie 2014, dar acest lucru nu a fost suficient pentru a evita înfrângerea. Acesta a fost al cincilea gol al sezonului și, în urma acestei înfrângeri, echipa nu a reușit să se califice în play-offul pentru promovare, aflându-se la trei puncte de acesta.

În sezonul 2013-14, Memushaj a jucat în total în 33 de meciuri din Serie B în care a marcat 8 goluri. El a jucat, de asemenea, într-un singur meci din Coppa Italia 2013-2014.

La 6 mai 2014, Memushaj a suferit o ruptură a ligamentului genunchiului drept într-un meci împotriva lui Pescara care a necesitat o intervenție chirurgicală. Nu a putut juca timp de 6 luni.

Întoarcerea la Lecce
Carpi nu a acceptat propunerea lui Lecce de a-l cumpăra pe Memushaj pentru 400.000 de euro, așa că s-a întors la Lecce.

Pescara
La 1 septembrie 2014, Memushaj a semnat cu echipa de Serie B Pescara un contract pe 1 an.

Din cauza accidentării pe care a suferit-o în mai 2014, a ratat primele 7 meciuri ale sezonului de Serie B 2014-2015. El și-a făcut debutul pentru Pescara la data de 12 octombrie 2014, intrând din postura de rezervă în locul lui Gabriel Appelt Pires în minutul 87 împotriva lui Crotone; Pescara a câștigat meciul cu 4-1 în deplasare. El a fost o rezervă neutilizată pentru meciul de săptămâna viitoare din 17 octombrie 2014 împotriva lui Vicenza (1-1), dar o săptămână mai târziu, Memushaj a jucat în meciul cu fosta sa echipă, Carpi, care s-a terminat cu o înfrângere grea, scor 0-5. O săptămână mai târziu, Memushaj a marcat primul său gol pentru Pescara într-o remiză scor 1-1 cu Bari. La 27 decembrie 2015, Memushaj a marcat golul victoriei în meciul cu US Latina Calcio, dar ulterior a fost eliminat din teren după ce a șutat într-un microfon de pe margine, ca parte a sărbătorii golului.

Benevento
La 28 august 2017, Memushaj a fost împrumutat la clubul Benevento din Serie A până la sfârșitul sezonului 2017-2018, cu o opțiune de cumpărare la sfârșitul împrumutului.

Cariera la națională
Memushaj a fost chemat pentru prima dată la echipa națională a Albaniei în noiembrie 2010 de către selecționerul Josip Kuže, pentru un amical împotriva Macedoniei. El și-a făcut debutul la națională în meciul jucat pe stadionul Qemal Stafa, înlocuindu-l pe Klodian Duro în a doua repriză, care s-a încheiat cu o remiză fără goluri. S-a întors la echipă pe 9 februarie 2011 pentru următorul lor meci amical împotriva Sloveniei trecându-și a doua selecție în propria statistică, intrând din nou din postura de rezervă, cu Albania fiind învinsă cu 1-2.

În noiembrie 2013, după o lungă absență, Memushaj s-a întors la echipă cu De Biasi în calitate de selecționer pentru meciul amical cu Belarus, care a avut loc după încheierea meciurilor din grupele de calificare la Campionatul Mondial din 2014. El a fost din nou folosit din nou din postura de rezervă, intrând în locul lui Valdet Rama într-o altă remiză fără goluri.

Campania de calificare la Campionatul European din 2016
Memushaj a ratat primele două meciuri de calificare la UEFA Euro 2016 împotriva Portugaliei și Danemarcei din cauza unei accidentări suferite în mai 2014, o accidentare care l-a ținut pe tușă timp de 6 luni. A ratat, de asemenea, meciul controversat cu Serbia din octombrie 2014. De îndată ce a fost declarat apt de joc, el a fost chemat pentru amicale împotriva Franței și Italiei din noiembrie 2014. El a jucat primul său meci ca titular la națională împotriva Franței, cu Albania reușind o remiză istorică scor 1-1 pe Roazhon Park. El a jucat, de asemenea, ca titular în primul meci jucat de Albania împotriva Italiei, ratând o oportunitate de gol în prima repriză, în timp ce Albania a fost învinsă cu 1-0.

Memushaj a continuat să joace pentru Albania în campania istorică de calificare la Campionatul European din 2016. În meciul final decisiv împotriva Armeniei, a dat o pasă de gol dintr-o lovitură liberă, cu Albania câștigând cu 3-0 și obținând astfel un loc la Campionatul European din 2016, fiind pentru prima dată când Albania reușește să se califice la un turneu final. La 21 mai 2016, el a fost numit în lotul lărgit al Albaniei de 27 de jucători pentru UEFA Euro 2016 și în lotul definitiv de 23 de jucători pe 31 mai.

În turneu, el nu a jucat în primul meci al Albaniei din grupa A împotriva Elveției, care s-a terminat cu o înfrângere scor 0-1. Cu toate acestea, el a revenit în formație în al doilea meci împotriva gazdei Franței, lovind bara, cu Albania luând două goluri în ultimele minute. În ultimul meci din grupe împotriva Romaniei, el i-a dat o pasă de gol lui Armando Sadiku pentru singurul gol al meciului ajutându-și echipa să obțină primei victorie la un turneu de fotbal masculin major și reușind totodată să o învingă pe România pentru prima data din 1948 încoace. Albania a fost eliminată din turneu după ce a terminat a treia în grupa cu trei puncte și un golaveraj de -2, clasându-se pe ultimul loc în printre echipele clasate pe locul trei.

Calificările la Campionatul Mondial din 2018
Memushaj a marcat primul său gol la națională pe 11 iunie 2017 în meciul de calificare la Campionatul Mondial din 2018 împotriva Israelului, marcând al treilea gol în victoria din deplasare scor 3-0.

Viața personală
El și familia sa au migrat în Italia în 1997 din cauza războiului civil din Albania.

Statistici privind cariera

Club

 Până pe 31 martie 2019

Meciuri la națională

 Până pe 13 noiembrie 2017

Referințe

Legături externe

 Profilul lui Memushaj Ledian  la FSHF.org

Fotbaliști internaționali albanezi
Valle d'Aosta
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști albanezi
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1986

Ledian Memushaj


An Juncus rigidus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni René Louiche Desfontaines. An Juncus rigidus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Juncus

Juncus rigidus


Rosoșeni este o rezervație naturală silvică în raionul Briceni, Republica Moldova. Are o suprafață de 149 ha.

Este o suprafață reprezentativă de pădure de stejar cu cireș din nordul Moldovei, valoroasă din punct de vedere floristic și peisagistic. Diversitatea floristică este asigurată de un total de 330 de specii de plante, dintre care 11 sunt rare. Dintre arbori, domină stejarul pedunculat, iar dintre arbuști socul.

Acest masiv de pădure este unul dintre puținele locuri din Republica Moldova în care s-au păstrat comunități de stejar cu mesteacăn, dar acestea se află în declin. Într-o vâlcea din mijlocul rezervației a fost descoperită o diversitate floristică bogată, iar într-o văgăună umedă cresc răchitișuri cu ierburi mari.

Amplasare
Rezervația este amplasată la nord-vest de orașul Briceni. Se întinde pe o suprafață de 149 ha, conform Legii ariilor protejate din 1998, sau 147,5 ha conform amenajamentului forestier. Teritoriul are un relief uniform la altitudinea de 255-270 m, cu versanți puțin înclinați (3-7°) de expoziție atât estică cât și vestică. Rezervația este administrată de Întreprinderea Silvică Edineț, în cadrul parcelelor 14/A, 18, 19 și 20 din Ocolul Silvic Briceni.

Rezervația naturală silvică Rosoșeni se învecinează cu rezervația naturală de plante medicinale Rosoșeni, care se extinde spre nord.

Diversitate floristică
Aria protejată este atribuită la categoria ecosisteme forestiere de stejar pedunculat (Quercus robur) și cireș din nordul Moldovei, Vegetația de arbori este completată de o suprafață de răchitiș alternând cu ierburi înalt productive și de o poiană.

În total, au fost documentate 330 de specii de plante vasculare, dintre care 26 specii de arbori, 19 specii de arbuști și 285 de specii de plante ierboase.

Arbori
Au fost identificate 26 de specii de arbori. Cea mai răspândită este Quercus robur. Lista de specii spontane este completată de Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. tataricum, Betula oycoviensis, B. pendula, B. platyphylloides, Carpinus betulus, Cerasus avium, Fraxinus excelsior, Malus sylvestris, Pyrus pyraster, Populus nigra, P. tremula, Salix alba, Tilia cordata, Ulmus carpinifolia și U. laevis. Încă 8 specii au fost introduse prin crearea arboreturilor  cultivate: Acer negundo, A. pseudoplatanus, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Juglans nigra, J. regia, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies și Robinia pseudacacia.

Speciile de salcie și plop cresc în vâlceaua din mijlocul rezervației. Acer negundo și Elaeagnus angustifolia au fost înregistrate doar la marginea pădurii.

După criteriul provenienței, în aria protejată Rosoșeni au fost identificate 3 categorii de arboreturi: natural fundamentale (7), derivate (2) și cultivate (27). După productivitate, acestea acoperă tot spectrul: de la productivitate superioară până la inferioară.

Arboreturi natural fundamentale
Arboreturile natural fundamentale ocupă o suprafață de 99,5 ha, adică două treimi din suprafața totală a rezervației. Arborii de această categorie au răsărit în primele două decenii ale secolului al XX-lea.

Stejarii au o înălțime de 21-24 m și un diametru al tulpinii de 30-44 cm. Volumul masei lemnoase de stejar constituie 212-315 m3/ha, cu o valoare maximă de 351 m3/ha pe o suprafață din sudul rezervației.

Se întâlnesc și exemplare de cireș (Cerasus avius), mesteacăn (Betula pendula, B. oicoviensis, B. platyphilloides), plop (Populus tremula), mai rar frasin (Fraxinus excelsior), carpen (Carpinus betulus), jugastru (Acer campestre), păr (Pyrus pyraster), ulm (Ulmus carpinifolia) și măr pădureț (Malus sylvestris).

La rândul lor arboreturile natural fundamentale pot fi clasificate în două subcategorii.

Cele 5 arboreturi natural fundamentale de stejar cu cireș se întind pe o suprafață de 71 ha, pe platouri la altitudinea de 250-270 m și pe versanți cu expoziție sud-vestică, sudică, nordică și nord-estică. Predomină stejarii pedunculați, răsăriți la începutul sec. al XX-lea (90% din lăstari și 10% din semințe), de productivitate mijlocie (212-313 m3/ha). Mai este frecvent cireșul, iar în cantități mai mici cresc părul, carpenul, frasinul, paltinul de câmp și jugastrul.

O suprafață de 27,9 ha (la marginea arealului de sud-est) este populată de două arboreturi natural fundamentale de stejar cu mesteacăn. Vârsta mesteacănului era estimată la 100 de ani în 2009. Un studiu din 1972 a identificat trei specii de mesteacăn în masivul de pădure Rosoșeni: Betula pendula, B. oicoviensis și B. platyphilloides. Aria protejată Rosoșeni este unul din puținele locuri din Republica Moldova în care s-au păstrat comunități de stejar cu mesteacăn. Totuși, în ultimele decenii a fost înregistrată o scădere a numărului de exemplare de mesteacăn; dacă tendința va rămâne neschimbată, este prognozată dispariția mesteacănului de la Rosoșeni.

Arboreturi derivate
Singurul arboret derivat de stejar pedunculat cu salcâm este amplasat în subparcela 19K, pe o suprafață de 2,3 ha. Copacii aveau în 2009 o vârstă de aprox. 100 de ani. Are o productivitate mai joasă decât arboreturile natural fundamentale.

În parcela 19F este amplasat un arboret total derivat de paltin. Acesta ocupă o suprafață de 0,8 ha.

Arboreturi cultivate
Pe parcursul a aproape un secol, au fost plantate 27 de arboreturi, specialiștii experimentând 15 tipuri de combinare a arborilor: stejar pedunculat cu salcâm și invers, stejar cu frasin și vice-versa etc. Arboreturile cultivate sunt descrise în detaliu în tabelul de urmează.

VML = volumul masei lemnoase

Majoritatea arboreturilor cultivate cu stejar au fost plantate în 1965-1980. Creșterea anuală constituie 8-8,15 m3/ha. Au o diversitate mai mică decât coloniile spontane, dar mai mare decât arboreturile de salcâm, jugastru, plop ș.a. Salcâmul are o creștere anuală de 5-6,6 m3/ha.

Sectorul cultivat cu jugastru și frasin are o consistență mare, de aceea ierburile și arbuștii sunt slab dezvoltați aici. Același lucru se întâmplă în arboreturile de salcâm. Etajele inferioare sunt mai productive în stejăriș.

Arbuști
Stratul de arbuști este compus din exemplare ale următoarelor 19 specii:

Amorpha fruticosa
Aronia melanocarpa
Cornus mas
Corylus avellana
Crataegus monogyna
Euonymus europaea
Frangula alnus
Lonicera xylosteum
Prunus spinosa
Rosa canina
Rhamnus cathartica
Rhamnus tinctoria
Salix caprea
Salix cinerea
Salix viminalis
Sambucus nigra
Swida sanguinea
Viburnum lantana
Viburun opulus

Cel mai răspândit arbust este socul (Sambucus nigra). Salix caprea, S. cinerea, S. viminalis și Viburnum opulus se întâlnesc preponderent în locurile umede din vâlcea.

Ierburi
Învelișul ierbos este bine dezvoltat, cu un grad de acoperire de 60-90% în arboreturile natural fundamentale, până la 10% în coloniile de jugastru. Sinuzia efemeroizilor este slabă.

Cele 285 de specii din stratul de ierburi sunt enumerate în ordine alfabetică în cele ce urmează (cele mai răspândite sunt evidențiate cu caractere aldine):

Achillea pannonica
Achillea setacea
Achyrophorus maculatus
Adonis aestivalis
Agrimonia euparotia
Agrimonia procera
Agrostis canina
Agrostis gigantea
Agrostis tenuis
Ajuga genevensis
Ajuga reptans
Allium oleraceum
Allium rotundum
Allium scordoprasum
Alopecurus pratensis
Amaranthus retroflexus
Anagallis arvensis
Angelica sylvestris
Anisantha sterilisi
Anthemis subtinctoria
Anthericum ramosum
Anthriscus sylvestris
Apera spilavent
Arctium lappa
Arctium tomentosum
Arrhenatherum elatius
Asparagus tenuifolius
Asperula cynanchica
Astragalus glycyphyllos
Ballota nigra
Bellis perennis
Berteroa incana
Berula erecta
Betonica officinalis
Bidens tripartita
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Briza media
Bromopsis inermis
Bromus japonicus
Bromus mollis
Bromus secalinus
Bupleurum falcatum
Calamagrostis arundinacea
Calamagrostis epigeios
Caltha palustris
Campanula bononiensis
Campanula cervicaria
Campanula macrostachya
Campanula patula
Campanula persicifolia
Campanula rapunculoides
Campanula rapunculus
Campanula trachelium
Capsella bursapastoris
Carduus acanthoides
Carex brizoides
Carex pilosa
Carex riparia
Centaurea cyanus
Centaurea jacea
Centaurea pseudophrygia
Centaurium erythraea
Chaerophyllum bulbosum
Chamaecytisus blockianus
Chelidonium majus
Cichorium intybus
Circaea lutetiana
Cirsium vulgare
Clematis integrifolia
Clematis recta
Clinopodium vulgare
Consolida arvensis
Convallaria majalis
Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulus cantabrica
Coronaria flos-cuculi
Coronilla varia
Crepis praemorsa
Crepis setosa
Cruciata glabra
Cucubalus bacife
Cynoglossum officinale
Dactylis glomerata
Daucus carota
Dianthus capitatus
Dianthus carthusianarum
Dianthus membranaceus
Digitalis grandiflora
Doronicum hungaricum
Dryopteris filix-mas
Equisetum pratense
Elytrigia repens
Epilobium montanum
Epipactis helleborine
Erigeron annuus
Erigeron podolicus
Euphorbia amygdaloides
Euphorbia cyparissias
Euphorbia villosa
Festuca orientalis
Festuca prateniss
Festuca valesiaca
Filago arvensis
Filipendula ulmaria
Filipendula vulgaris
Fragaria vesca
Fragaria viridis
Galeobdolon luteum
Galeopsis ladanum
Galium aparine
Galium odoratum
Galium mollugo
Galium verum
Galium wirtgeni
Geranium palustre
Geranium robertianum
Geum urbanum
Gladiolus imbricatus
Glechoma hederacea
Glechoma hirsutat
Glyceria maxima
Gypsophila muralis
Heracleum sibiricum
Hieracium piloselloides
Humulus lupulus
Hypericum hirsutum
Hypericum perforatum
Inula britanica
Inula helenium
Inula salicina
Iris graminea
Iris pseudacorus
Knautia arvensis
Lactuca stricta
Lamium album
Lamium purpureum
Lapsana communis
Laser trilobum
Lathraea squamaria
Lathyrus niger
Lathyrus pallescens
Lathyrus pannonicus
Lathyrus pratensis
Lathyrus tuberosus
Lavatera thuringiaca
Leontodon hispidus
Leonurus cardiaca
Leonurus quinquellobatus
Leopoldia comosa
Lilium martagon
Linaria genistifolia
Linaria ruthenica
Linaria vulgaris
Listera ovata
Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum
Lolium perenne
Lotus corniculatus
Luzula campestris
Lycopus europaeus
Lyrhrum virgatum
Lysimachia nummularia
Lysimachia vulgaris
Medicago falcata
Medicago lupulina
Medicago romanica
Melampyrum cristatum
Melampyrum nemorosum
Melica nutans
Melilotus officinalis
Mentha pulegium
Milium effusum
Mycelis muralis
Myosotis arvensis
Myosotis palustre
Neottia nidusavis
Nepeta cataria
Origanum vulgare
Paris quadrifolia
Peucedanum cervaria
Phacelia tanacetifolia
Physalis alkekengi
Phleum phleoides
Phleum pratense
Pimpinella saxifraga
Plantago lanceolata
Plantago stepposa
Platanthera bifolia
Platanthera chlorantha
Poa angustifolia
Poa nemoralis
Poa pratensis
Polygala comosa
Polygonatum latifolium
Polygonatum multiflorum.
Polygonatum odoratum
Polygonum amphibium
Polygonum scabrum
Potentilla alba
Potentilla argentea
Potentilla impolita
Potentilla obscura
Primula veris
Prunella grandiflora
Prunella vulgaris
Pulmonaria mollis
Pyrethrum corymbosum
Ranunculus cassubicus
Ranunculus nemorosus
Ranunculus polyanthemos
Ranunculus pseudobulbosus
Ranunculus repens
Ranunculus steveni.
Rorippa sylvestris
Rumex acetosa
Rumex euxinus
Rubus caesius
Rubus idaeus
Salvia dumetorum
Salvia illuminata
Salvia pratensis
Sambucus ebulus
Sanicula europaea
Scrophularia nodosa
Scutellaria altissima
Scutellaria galericulata
Sedum maximum
Senecio erucifolius
Senecio jacobaea
Serratula radiata
Setaria viridis
Silene nutans
Silene vulgaris
Sinapis alba
Solanum dulcamara
Solidago virgaurea
Sonchus arvensis
Sonchus asper
Stachys germanica
Stachys recta
Stachys sylvatica
Stellaria graminea
Stellaria holostea
Stellaria media
Symphytum oficinale
Tanacetum vulgare
Taraxacum officinale
Teucrium chamaedrys
Thalictrum aquilegifolium
Thalictrum lucidum
Thalictrum minus
Thymus dimorphus
Thymus latifolius
Thymus moldavicus
Tragopogon tesquicola
Trifolium arvense
Trifolium campestre
Trifolium montanum
Trifolium pratense
Trifolium repens
Turritis glabra
Tussilago farfara
Typha angustifolia
Urtica dioica
Valeriana officinalis
Veratrum nigrum
Verbascum austriacum
Verbascum nigrum
Verbascum phlamoides
Veronica agrestis
Veronica chamaedrys
Veronica dentata
Veronica persica
Vicia angustifolia
Vicia dumetorum
Vicia hirsuta
Vicia pisifomis
Vicia tenuifolia
Vicia villosa
Vinca herbacea
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria
Viola arvensis
Viola elatior
Viola mirabilis
Viola reichenbachiana
Viola tricolor
Viscaria vulgaris

Exemplarele de Scilla bifolia, Corydalis solida, C. cava, Anemonoides ranunculoides și Isopyrum thalictroides sunt întâlnite foarte rar în rezervație.

Specii rare
În aria protejată Rosoșeni au fost identificate 11 specii de specii de plante rare. Trei dintre ele – Doronicum hungaricum, Gladiolus imbricatus și Rhamnus tinctoria – sunt incluse în Cartea Roșie a Republicii Moldova. Săbiuța (Gladiolus imbricatus) este considerată o specie dispărută, ultima oară ea fiind înregistrată în această pădure în anul 1990 (șase exemplare). Asparagus tenuifolius, Briza media, Caltha palustris, Platanthera bifolia și P. chlorantha sunt specii periclitate (EN), care cel mai probabil vor dispărea dacă factorii care le afectează nu vor fi înlăturați. Specia Dryopteris filix-mas este vulnerabilă (VU). Doronicum hungaricum, Lilium martagon, Listera ovata și Rhamnus tinctoria sunt specii cu risc scăzut (LC) – ele nu sunt amenințate cu dispariția, dar se află sub risc.

Alte clasificări
Speciile de plante identificate în rezervația silvică Rosoșeni sunt atribuite la 6 categorii de bioforme (sistemul Raunkiaer–Braun–Blanquest): hemicriptofite (54,2%), terofite (13,3%), fanerofite (12,7%), geofite (9,7%), camefite (1,8%) și hidrofite (0,3%).

După adaptabilitatea la umiditatea solului, 33,6% din speciile de plante sunt mezofite, 27% xeromezofite, 6,7% mezohigrofite, restul categoriilor având o importanță redusă. După preferințele legate de temperatura aerului, majoritatea speciilor (50,3%) sunt micromezoterme. Ca geoelemente, predomină speciile eurasiatice (47,3%), urmate de cele europene (22,7%), pontice (5,5%), circumpolare (5,5%) și mediteraneene (0,3%).

Comunitățile de plante au fost atribuite asociațiilor Betuleto (pendulae) Querceto (roboris) caricosum (brizoides) și Betuleto (pendulae) Querceto (roboris) poosum (angustifoliae). De asemenea, au fost evidențiate două tipuri de fitocenoze: Quercetum robori – Rhamneto tinctoriae (parcelele 18A, 19A, 20E, 19E și 19K) și Quercetum robori – Betuletum pendulae (parcelele 14A și 19M).

Vâlceaua din mijlocul rezervației găzduiește comunități de plante atribuite la as. Salici-Populetum Meijer-Dres, 1936, dominate de plop negru, soc și ierburi caracteristice locurilor umede. Într-o văgăună umedă, pe o suprafață de 3,1 ha, cresc răchitișuri cu ierburi mari, atribuite as. Glycerietum maximae Hueck, 1931. Aici au fost înregistrate exemplare solitare de salcie (Salix alba), grupuri de răchită (Salix cinerea, S. viminalis) și – sporadic – crușin (Frangula alnus), soc (Sambucus nigra) și porumbar (Prunus spinosa), cel din urmă apărând doar pe marginile văgăunii și aparținând as. Pruno spinosae-crataegetum Hueck, 1931. Gradul de acoperire cu ierburi este de 100%; coada văgăunii este dominată de urzică.

Statut de protecție
Rezervația Rosoșeni este o suprafață reprezentativă de pădure de stejar cu cireș din nordul Moldovei, valoroasă din punct de vedere al compoziției floristice și peisagistice. Genofondul include un total de 330 de specii de plante, dintre care 11 sunt rare. Unul dintre arbori are caracteristici remarcabile.

Suprafața de 149 ha a fost luată sub protecția statului prin Hotărîrea Sovietului de miniștri al RSS Moldovenești nr. 5 din 8 ianuarie 1975, fiind atribuită la categoria "arii protejate de păduri valoroase", în scopul protecției pădurilor de stejar pedunculat cu mesteacăn și a elementelor floristice și faunistice caracteristice pădurilor zonale din nordul Moldovei. Statutul de protecție a fost reconfirmat prin Legea nr. 1538 din 25 februarie 1998 privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat. În anexele legii, aria protejată este atribuită administrativ Gospodăriei Silvice de Stat Edineț, între timp reorganizată în Întreprinderea Silvică Edineț.

În rezervație se înregistrează declinul populației de mesteacăn, cele trei specii riscând să dispară dacă nu vor fi întreprinse măsuri. Au fost create 27 de arboreturi cultivate, inclusiv cu experimentarea diferitor tipuri de combinare a speciilor de arbori. S-a constatat, însă, că majoritatea au o structură și compoziție nepotrivită stațiunii în care sunt amplasate.

Pentru optimizarea conservării diversității plantelor, sunt recomandate înlocuirea arboreturilor de salcâm, jugastru, pin și nuc cu plantații de stejar și conservarea răchitișului cu ierburi mari din mijlocul rezervației. Pentru salvarea mestecenilor este necesară efectuarea unor investigații ecologice, urmate de aplicarea unei metode de regenerare. Vâlceaua care găzduiește multe specii de plante rare necesită atenție specială. Mai este recomandată și reglementarea aflării vizitatorilor în zona protejată. Dat fiind faptul că rezervația naturală silvică Rosoșeni se învecinează cu rezervația naturală de plante medicinale Rosoșeni, cele două arii protejate ar putea fi încadrate în una singură.

Note

Bibliografie

Rosoșeni, silvică
Raionul Briceni

Rezervația naturală silvică Rosoșeni


is a sports car and grand tourer manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation beginning in 1978. The name "supra" is derived from the Latin prefix, meaning "above", "to surpass" or "go beyond".

The initial four generations of the Supra were produced from 1978 to 2002. The fifth generation has been produced since March 2019 and went on sale in May 2019. The styling of the original Supra was derived from the Toyota Celica, but it was both longer and wider. Starting in mid-1986, the A70 Supra became a separate model from the Celica. In turn, Toyota also stopped using the prefix Celica and named the car Supra. Owing to the similarity and past of the Celica's name, it is frequently mistaken for the Supra, and vice versa. The first, second and third generations of the Supra were assembled at the Tahara plant in Tahara, Aichi, while the fourth generation was assembled at the Motomachi plant in Toyota City. The 5th generation of the Supra is assembled alongside the G29 BMW Z4 in Graz, Austria by Magna Steyr.

The Supra traces much of its roots back to the 2000GT owing to an inline-6 layout. The first three generations were offered with a direct descendant to the Crown's and 2000GT's M engine. Interior aspects were also similar, as was the chassis code "A". Along with this name, Toyota also included its own logo for the Supra. It was derived from the original Celica logo, being blue instead of orange. This logo was used until January 1986, when the A70 Supra was introduced. The new logo was similar in size, with orange writing on a red background, but without the dragon design. That logo, in turn, was on Supras until 1991 when Toyota switched to its current oval company logo. The dragon logo was a Celica logo regardless of what colour it was. It appeared on the first two generations of the Supra because they were officially Toyota Celicas. The dragon logo was used for the Celica line until it was also discontinued.

In 1998, Toyota ceased sales of the fourth-generation Supra in the United States. Production of the fourth-generation Supra for worldwide markets ended in 2002. In January 2019, the fifth-generation Supra, which was co-developed with the G29 BMW Z4, was introduced.

First generation (A40/A50; 1978)

The first generation of the Supra was based largely upon the Toyota Celica liftback, but was longer by . The doors and rear section were shared with the Celica but the front panels were elongated to accommodate the Inline-6 instead of the Celica's 4-cylinder engine. Toyota's original plan for the Supra at this time was to make it a competitor to the very popular Datsun (now Nissan) Z-car.

1978
In April 1978, Toyota began production of the Supra in Japan, as the Celica XX, and sold it alongside the Celica at Japanese dealership sales channels called Toyota Corolla Store.

The Supra was offered with a  2.0 L 12-valve SOHC inline-six engine (M-EU, chassis code MA45) or the  2.6-litre 12-valve SOHC inline-six engine (4M-E, chassis code MA46). The Japanese model was equipped with the smaller 2.0 L engine so that buyers would not incur an additional tax under vehicle size and engine displacement regulations. Both engines were equipped with electronic fuel injection. The installation of the larger engine did obligate Japanese buyers to pay a higher annual road tax, making owning the car more expensive than the smaller Celica.

The Supra was first exported outside Japan in January 1979. The federalized model was originally equipped with a  2.6-litre 12-valve SOHC inline-6 engine.

Transmission options for the model were either a 5-speed manual (W50) or an optional 4-speed automatic transmission (A40D). Both transmissions featured an overdrive gear. The top gear in the 5-speed was its overdrive gear whereas the automatic transmission featured an overdrive gear that would engage at speeds over . The drivetrain for the Supra retained the T series solid rear axle configuration of the Celica in the Japanese MA45 version and a larger F series (and optional Limited Slip Differential) in the MA46 and MA47. The car also came standard with 4-wheel disc brakes and featured a four-link rear suspension with coil springs, lateral track bar, and stabilizer bar. The front suspension consisted of MacPherson struts and a stabilizer bar.

The interior of the Supra had optional power windows and power locks as part of the convenience package. The convenience package also included cruise control and special door trim with door pull straps with an optional sunroof. As for standard features, in the centre console there was an extendable map light and a flip-top armrest, which provided storage. Some other features were the tilt steering wheel, deep zippered pockets on the backs of the front seats, and a tonneau cover under the liftback. The dashboard also contained a state of the art AM/FM/MPX 4-speaker stereo radio, analog clock, and tachometer as part of the instrument panel.

1979
The mid-1979 changes for the 1980 model year US model were mostly cosmetic. The interior received a redesigned center console and a digital quartz clock. On the exterior were redesigned side view mirrors and 14x5 inch aluminium wheels were standard (the previous year had steel wheels with plastic wheel covers as standard and the aluminium wheels were optional). In addition, body molded mudflaps became available. On cars finished in copper metallic and white, the mudflaps were painted the body colour while the mudflaps were left black on all other colours. On the rear of the mudflaps, the word "Celica" was painted in white lettering.

The official Supra site also notes that there was an addition of optional leather-trimmed seating and automatic climate-control.

1980

In August 1980 (for the 1981 model year), the Supra received an upgrade in displacement with the 2.8-litre 5M-E engine. It was still a 12-valve SOHC engine, but had a power output of  and  of torque. The car's automatic transmission was changed to the revised Toyota A43D and it gained a revised final drive gearing. Because of the change in engine and transmission a new chassis code of MA47 was given to the 1981 model. Performance figures for this model include a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time of 10.24 seconds and a 1/4-mile time of 17.5 seconds at a speed of .

Also in 1980 (for the 1981 model year), a new Sports Performance Package became an option, which included sport suspension, raised white letter tyres, and front and rear spoilers. This also marked the last year that an 8-track tape player was offered in any Supra.

Powertrain

Celica XX

The Celica XX (pronounced "double X") is the Japanese market name of the first generation of the Celica Supra. It was offered in Japan during the years 1978–1981, and was redesigned in 1981. Toyota obtained engineering assistance from Lotus Cars, and supplied some components for use in the Lotus Excel. The Supra was sold as the Celica XX only in Japan at Japanese dealership sales channels called Toyota Corolla Store. In worldwide markets, it was sold as the Celica Supra.

In 1981, the Celica XX introduced the world's first navigation computer.

Second generation (A60; 1981)

In mid-1981, Toyota completely redesigned the Celica Supra as well as the entire Celica lineup for the 1982 model year. In Japan, they were known as the Celica XX, but the Celica Supra name was used for the world market. Still based on the Celica platform, there were several key differences, most notably the design of the front end and fully retractable pop-up headlights. Other differences were the inline-six rather than four-cylinder engine, as well as an increase in length and wheelbase to accommodate the larger engine. Cars installed with the 5M engine were slightly wider, while other models remained compliant with Japanese dimension regulations.

In 1981, Japanese buyers were offered an alternative to the Celica XX liftback bodystyle, called the Soarer coupe, which was offered at a different Japanese Toyota dealership network called the Toyota Store, as the Celica XX was sold at the Toyota Corolla Store. The four-door performance saloon called the Celica Camry was realigned with the Japanese market Carina, while in North America the Cressida took on that role.

L-type and P-type
In the North American market, the Celica Supra was available in two distinct models. There was the "Performance Type" (P-type) and the "Luxury Type" (L-type). While being mechanically identical, they were differentiated by the available options; tyre size, wheel size, and body trim. The P-type had fiberglass fender flares over the wheel wells, while the L-type did not. The P-type was also standard with the more sporty eight-way adjustable seats. The P-type did not get the option of a leather interior until 1983. Initially, the Luxury type meant Automatic transmission, and Performance Type stood for Manual. All editions of the P-type had the same 14x7-inch aluminium alloy wheels and throughout the years the L-type had 14x5.5-inch wheels until 1985 when they were changed to a P-type styled 15x6. The L-type also had the option of a digital instrument cluster with a trip computer; some Canadian models (both L-types and P-types) had this option as well as a few rare instances of American models. The L-type cluster was easily distinguished from the P-type cluster, by the 'ECT' function written on the dial plate. The digital cluster featured a digital tachometer, digital speedometer, and electronic fuel level and coolant level gauges. The trip computer could calculate and display various things such as fuel economy in miles-per-gallon, estimated time of arrival (ETA), and distance remaining to destination. Supras with trip computers also came with cruise control. Excluding the 1982 model, all P-types were available with headlight washers as an option, but the L-types were never given such an option. Although gear ratios changed throughout the years, all P-types came standard with a limited-slip differential.

1981

In 1981, for the 1982 model year, in the North American market, the Celica Supra's engine was the 2.8-litre 12-valve (two valves per cylinder) DOHC 5M-GE. Power output was  SAE net and  of torque. The engine used an 8.8:1 compression ratio to achieve the power and featured a vacuum advanced distributor. When the car debuted, it had a , a  acceleration time of 9.8 seconds and a  time of 17.2-seconds at .

The standard transmission for this year was the W58 5-speed manual with the A43DL 4-speed automatic transmission being an option for L-types. Both transmissions featured an overdrive gear and the automatic featured a locking torque converter. The top gear in the 5-speed was its overdrive whereas the automatic transmission featured an overdrive gear that would engage at speeds over . The 1982 model's rear differential featured a 3.72:1 ratio. The Celica Supra's four-wheel independent suspension was specially tuned and designed by Lotus and featured variable assisted power rack-and-pinion steering and MacPherson struts up front. At the rear, it had semi-trailing arm suspension with coil springs and a stabilizer bar. Braking on the Celica Supra was handled by four-wheel disc brakes.

On the interior, this generation had standard power windows, power door locks, and power mirrors as well as a tilt steering wheel. The power door lock was located in the center console next to the power mirror control. The analog dash of this model only showed a top speed of  in North America. The optional automatic climate control was renovated and was now seen as a standard feature on the A60. Cruise control and a retractable map light was standard in this generation. Some options included the addition of a sunroof, two-tone paint schemes, and a five-speaker AM/FM/MPX tuner with a cassette player (Fujitsu Ten Limited). The optional cassette stereo had a 105-watt power amplifier and a seven-band graphic equalizer. The standard stereo was a five-channel AM/FM/MPX tuner. Leather interior was an option on the L-type model, but the P-type models limited to standard striped cloth interior.

The AM/FM antenna was integrated into the front windshield rather than a typical external mast antenna. There was a key lock on the gas tank door (in lieu of a remote release) and the hatch and rear bumper were black regardless of exterior colour on the rest of the car. The P-type was available with an optional rear window visor above the hatch glass. The tail lights had a reverse light in the centre and the door handles opened the doors by pulling sideways. The front nose badge and B-pillar only read "Supra" for the first several months of production, but were changed to read "Celica Supra" midway through the model year. The L-type had front and rear mudflaps but P-type of this year did not.

1982
In 1982, for the 1983 model year, there were not many changes but there was an increase in power output to  and  of torque from the same 5M-GE engine. The only real change in the engine area was the switch from a vacuum advanced to an electronic advanced distributor, yet that did not increase the power output. Toyota switched to a 4.10:1 rear gear ratio for the P-type and a 3.73:1 for the L-type. As for the optional automatic transmission, they replaced the A43DL 4-speed with a newly designed A43DE 4-speed. It had an electronic controller that would adjust its shift pattern for a balance between performance and economy. It was the first in the industry to provide an electronically controlled transmission (ECT). This allowed the driver to choose either the "power" driving mode or "normal" driving mode at the touch of the button. The power mode provided the quickest acceleration and the normal mode provided the best all-around performance.

The interior virtually had no changes, but changes to the exterior included a switch to a power mast antenna, mudflaps on all models, and the addition of headlight washers on the P-type. All B-pillar and nose badges for cars sold in North America read "Celica Supra" and only the P-type was available in two-tone colour schemes.

1983

In 1983, for the 1984 model year, the changes were significant. Power output was increased on the 5-speed models to  and  of torque. The increase was achieved by a mixture of a redesigned intake manifold with "D"-shaped intake runners and an increase in compression ratio to: 9.2:1. Another notable change in the 5-speed models was the switch to a 4.30:1 gear ratio in the rear differential. All automatic models retained the previous years power statistics, but the rear gear ratio was changed to 4.10:1.

The most notable exterior changes included the switch to wraparound front turn signals, the option of either a rear wing spoiler mounted high up on the rear hatch, or rear window and quarter window louvers. Also, the tail-lights were redesigned and the hatch received a billboard "Supra" sticker instead of the smaller sticker, which was previously positioned on the right. The rear hatch and bumper was changed and received the same colour as the rest of the car (instead of the black of previous years). The door handles were also switched, opening by pulling up instead of sideways. Two-tone paint schemes also became available on both the P-type and L-type models.

Some interior controls such as the steering wheel, cruise control, and door lock switch were redesigned. Toyota included a  speedometer in North American models instead of the traditional 85 mph (140 km/h) speedometer and the automatic climate control display was also changed. The previous year's cassette and equalizer stereo option was now made a standard feature.

1985–1986

The Supra was redesigned again in 1985. Power output was marginally increased to  and torque was up to . All models of this year had the same amount of power (both automatic models and 5-speed models). The engine received a redesigned throttle position sensor (TPS) as well as a new EGR system and knock sensor. With the slight increase in power the Supra was able to propel itself from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 8.4 seconds and netted a 16.1 second quarter-mile at .

Other changes would be a redesigned, more integrated sunshade and spoiler on the rear hatch. The rear spoiler was changed from a one-piece to a two-piece. The option of a leather interior remained exclusive now for the P-Type. Toyota added a standard factory theft deterrent system and the outside mirrors were equipped with a defogger that activated with the rear defroster. All Supras this year received automatic-off lights that also encompassed an automatic illuminated entry and fade-out system.

While 1985 was to be the last year of production of the second generation model, delays in production of the third generation model led to a surplus of second generation models. During the first half of 1986 the 1985 P-type was still offered for sale, with only minor cosmetic changes as well as the addition of a now mandatory rear-mounted third brake light on the hatch. These were all labelled officially as 1986 models. The P-type were the only model available for the 1986 model year. Production for the A60 Supra ended in December 1985 in order to make way for the upcoming A70 Supra.

Markets

The second generation of the Supra came in a variety of options around the world as well as only being offered during select years.

Japan
From August 1982 to 1983, the Celica XX, as it was named in Japan, had fender mirrors and came in four models depending on the engine:

 2800GT Twin Cam:  DOHC 5M-GEU  and  of torque.
 2000GT Twin Cam 24:  DOHC 1G-GEU  and  of torque.
 2000 Turbo:  SOHC turbocharged M-TEU  and  of torque.
 2000:  SOHC 1G-EU  and  of torque.

From August 1983 to 1986, the Celica XX had door-mounted mirrors and the same four engines options but with performance improvements. The 5M-GEU engine compression ratio was increased to achieve  and  of torque and the M-TEU engine upgraded with an air-to-liquid intercooler to  and  of torque.

Most of Europe
 Sold from August 1982 to 1986.
 82–83:  DOHC 5M-GE  and  of torque. Analog instrument cluster, no fender flares.
 84–86:  DOHC 5M-GE  and  of torque. Digital dash, P-Type fender flares.

Great Britain
 Sold from 1982 to 1986.
 82–83:  DOHC 5M-GE  and  of torque. Analog dash, no fender flares.
 84–86:  DOHC 5M-GE  and  of torque. Digital dash, P-Type fender flares.

Australia, Sweden, and Switzerland
 Sold from 1984 to 1986 - these had a version of the earlier single-cam engine as it was not worth the expense of making the twin cam engine meet the particular emissions regulations shared by these three countries. This particular engine was also used in the Cressida and the Crown in the Swiss market.
  SOHC 5M-E  and  of torque.
 The Supra in Australia was sold from 1983 to 1986 had a digital instrument cluster, fender flares, 14x7-inch wheels, 84 style lights, single piece spoiler, LSD and optional sunroof. This was the only variant and no L Type model was offered.
 In Australia, the Supra (manufactured between 1982 and 1990), was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings in 2006 as providing "worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash.

New Zealand
 Sold from 1984 to 1985
  DOHC 5M-GE  and  of torque. Digital dash, P-Type fender flares.

Powertrain

Third generation (A70; 1986)

In February 1986, the bonds between the Celica and the Supra were cut; they were now two completely different models. The Celica changed to a front-wheel drive layout, using the Toyota "T" platform associated with the Corona, while the Supra kept its rear-wheel-drive layout. The engine was updated to a more powerful  inline-six engine rated at . Although initially only available with naturally aspirated engines, a turbocharged version was added in the 1987 model year. The Supra was now mechanically related to the Soarer.

All Japanese market models with the various versions of the 2.0 L engine were slightly narrower overall so as to be in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations so that Japanese buyers weren't liable for yearly taxes for driving a larger car.

The new engine used in the A70 Supra, the Toyota 7M-GE, was the flagship engine of Toyota's arsenal. Both versions of the engine contained 4 valves per cylinder and dual overhead cams. The turbocharged 7M-GTE engine was Toyota's first distributor-less engine offered in the US which used coil packs sitting on the cam covers and a cam position sensor driven by the exhaust camshaft. It was equipped with a CT26 turbocharger and was rated at  at 5,600 rpm while the naturally aspirated 7M-GE engine was rated at  at 6,000 rpm. Further refinement on the turbo model increased power to  at 5,600 rpm and  of torque at 3,200 rpm in 1989. This was mostly due to a redesign of the wastegate. All models used the same tyre size of 225/50R16 on 16x7 inch wheels. Spare tyres were full-sized but on steel wheels.

The naturally aspirated model came standard with the W58 manual transmission. The turbocharged models included the R154 manual transmission. Both were available with the optional 4-speed A340E automatic transmission.

The third-generation Supra represented an arsenal of new technology. In 1986, options available for the Supra included a 3-channel ABS and TEMS which gave the driver two settings which affected the damper rates; a third was automatically activated at wide open throttle, hard braking, and high speed maneuvering.

ACIS (Acoustic Control Induction System), a method of controlling air compression pulses inside the intake piping to increase power, was also a part of the 7M-GE's technological arsenal. All models were fitted with double wishbone suspension front and rear. A targa top was offered in all model years along with a metal power sliding sunroof (added in 1991).

Production numbers of the GA70/MA70/JZA70 Supra was estimated at 241,471 units.

1986 1/2
The third-generation Supra was introduced in February 1986 as a stand-alone model, officially being separate from the Celica. Whereas the Celica became a front-wheel-drive sport coupe, the Supra retained its image as a rear-wheel-drive sports/GT car. The new Supra would continue to move upscale and become a showcase for Toyota's technology. The Supra was powered by a 3.0-litre DOHC inline six-cylinder engine rated at . Notable features included an electronically-controlled independent suspension (called the Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension – TEMS), and some came with a removable Sport-Roof panel (Targa top).

1987
The A70 Supra Turbo was introduced in 1987. The intercooled, turbocharged version of the 3.0-litre inline 6-cylinder engine boosted power to  and  of torque. The engine, designated as 7M-GTE, was one of the first distributor-less mass production engines in the United States. This was accomplished with 3 coils being shared using the wasted spark system.  The Turbo model also included an engine oil cooler and an integrated rear spoiler. The sports package, which was standard on the Turbo and optional on the base model, included a limited-slip differential (LSD), TEMS, and headlamp washers. A new 4-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS) was optional on both models. In 1987, a new beige/tan colour combination was implemented, and only 1,000 cars were produced with this scheme. Toyota installed its variable induction technology into the DOHC twin-turbocharged 1G-GTE engine called T-VIS and also included it into the 7M-GTE engine as well.

1988
Changes for the 1988 model year were nominal with the exception of the discontinuation of two-toned brown exterior paint. The spoiler-mounted brake light changed from a square to a trapezoid shape. Seat pattern was changed from squares to lines, and "foil" on climate control and switch gear changed from light to dark gray. Japanese buyers could select from six different trim packages starting with the top level 3.0 GT Turbo Limited with the 7M-GTEU engine, followed by the 3.0 GT Turbo, GT Twin Turbo with the 1G-GTEU DOHC 2.0 L engine, the GT with the 2.0 L DOHC 1G-GEU engine, the G with the 1G-EU engine and the S with the 1G-EU engine as the base model. All Japanese models came with either a 5-speed manual transmission or the 4-speed automatic transmission with ECT-s except the G and the S on which the ECT-s wasn't available. In Japan, the 3.0 GT Turbo Limited, the 3.0 GT Turbo and the GT Twin Turbo were installed standard with a digital instrument panel, the 3.0 L models came with an AM/FM Cassette stereo with an integrated CD player and cruise control. Climate control was also standard on all turbocharged models, and leather interior was only available on the GT Turbo Limited.

1989
Changes for the 1989 model year include modifications to the wastegate actuator, feed location and engine management increased power output by  on the turbo model. The engine mount and brace were also revised in late 1989. The changes made to the cross member and mounts made to accommodate the (1JZ engine) for Japanese models. The protective body molding was also changed by taking away the steel reinforcement. This made the molding lighter and prevented the rusting problem found on the previous year models. The "white package" was introduced as well, featuring white body molding and white "saw blade" wheels. Interior choices were limited to blue and burgundy only. Other than pure cosmetics changes, there was nothing different from other models. All models received rear 3-point seat belts to replace the previous years' two-point lap belts. New tail lights, front bumper with integrated lower grille (as opposed to the previous years' detachable grille), side mirrors, turn signals, upper grilles, foglights, steering wheel, door panels, climate control, window switches and bezels, and stereo are added. Addition of coat hooks on B-pillar and removal of rear seat pockets round out interior changes. Turbo models received three piece spoiler with an integrated LED brake light. 1989 also marked the end of headlight washers in the US and SuperMonitor; an advanced system offered by Toyota able to calculate miles able to be traveled on current tank, ability to check vehicle codes from inside the cabin, among other features.

1990

For the 1990 model year, changes included larger protective laminate in front of rear wheels, lower redline (owing to the heavier crank with cylinders 2 & 5 counterbalanced), redesigned steering wheel with cruise control relocated to a stalk on the right side (US only). In addition to a driver-side airbag and airbag indicator light on dashboard (US only), the left side of the switch panel was also redesigned, which replaced one of the coin slots with the dimmer. The lower dashboard panel became a two-piece design, which was also much heavier than the previous one-piece panel owing to a change in material. Finally, the memory lever on the steering column was removed. In short, a plethora of the changes for the 1989 and 1990 were to the interior.

1991

For the 1991 model year, the wheel design was changed to 5-spoke wheels. Both models had 16x7-inch aluminium alloy wheels that were fitted with 225/50/16 tyres and full-sized spares on steel wheels. Body molding changed in colour to better match the exterior. The front "Supra" emblem was also changed to the current corporate oval Toyota symbol was used from this model year onwards. The speedometer was also revised, and included more lines that were removed in 1989, but still did not have as many (one line per mph) as 1986.5 to 1988 models. New interior colours, namely shadow gray and deep red, were introduced, which marked the end of medium gray, tan and burgundy. Blue interior became only available on white packages, and those with blue paint. Burgundy was replaced with white package-only deep red. Every other body colour received a shadow gray interior, with leather interiors retaining medium gray seats and interior inserts. Front speakers were changed from 3.5 inch to 6.5 inches and the speaker cover was also enlarged to accommodate them. Beginning in 1991, Toyota began to offer a factory spoiler-style panel sunroof. These sunroofs are now highly sought after and rare since they were introduced in the ending production years of the A70 Supra.

1992

For the 1992 model year, the leather shadow gray interiors received black seats and inserts. Non-turbo models lost the option of a targa top, and a new optional subwoofer was available. Subwoofer-equipped Supras did without the rear bins and wooden "floorboard". Instead, rear carpet was molded to the spare tyre, and there was a cut-out for the woofer housing.

JZA70 and GA70
The Japanese models of the Supra were given the chassis codes JZA70 and GA70 respectively. The JZA70 has a 2.5-litre  parallel twin-turbocharged 1JZ-GTE engine, and the GA70 has a 2.0-litre  twin-turbocharged 1G-GTE and a naturally aspirated 1G-GEU engines respectively.

JZA70-R
In addition to the introduction of the JZA70 in 1990, Toyota introduced a special version of the JZA70 with the 1JZ-GTE engine known as the 2.5 Twin Turbo R model (JZA70-R). It boasted additional upgrades, including lighter sway bars, a larger intercooler, Torsen differential, Interbred TEIN/Bilstein sports suspension, Shadow/Dark grey interior trim, MOMO steering wheel and gear knob and Recaro seats and door trim. The wheels were painted charcoal grey, and the front bumper lip featured channeled air ducts for the front brakes. The Twin Turbo R introduced a new and exclusive colour option in 1992 for the JZA70-R model known as Jade Mica Green. (Note: this colour was also available in Europe) The JZA70-R model is the lightest and fastest model of third generation of the Supra.

Turbo A
The Turbo-A was Toyota's evolution model for the Group A Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC) all over the world that required a minimum homologation run of 500 units. The Turbo-A was manufactured for 2 months during the period of September and October 1988 and was available strictly in Japan. Thus the term 88 Spec A. Some notable differences between the standard MA70 Supra 3.0 GT and the Turbo-A model are both cosmetic and mechanical. The standard CT-26 turbo had a slightly larger inducer and can be identified by a stamped "E" on the raised casting on the compressor housing. The Turbo-A had a  wide throttle body and accompanied a larger diameter "blank" crossover pipe, instead of the standard 7M-GTE  throttle body and original "3000" cast pipe. The Turbo-A also benefited from a larger volume steel air cleaner instead of the factory plastic unit, as well as thicker roll bars and ventilated brake discs all-round.

The fuel management used a MAP system, instead of the standard Karmen Vortex AFM. The front nose features an additional "Turbo A duct" to add airflow to the top area of the intercooler. Also unique was the side decal and rear badging ("3.0GT Turbo A") and a black paint job (paint code 202). All cars came standard with grey leather interior featuring a MOMO-sourced steering wheel and shift knob. It is powered by a  Toyota 7M-GTEU engine. It is important to note that the 7M-GTEU was standard in all Japanese MA70 models and is not unique to the Turbo-A. The "U" designation meant the engine came equipped with a catalytic converter as per Japan emission laws.

The Group-A MA70 Supra had varying degrees of success in various fields such as Rally and 24HR, but is most known for its participation in the Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC). In the JTCC, the Supra did not win as many races as intended, which is primarily judged on the fact it was underdeveloped and its placement in a higher tier division under regulations because of the 3.0-litre engine displacement, imposing the Toyota with the performance inhibition of running with a higher curb weight and less power compared to the rest of its class. Both the TOM'S and SARD teams fared well in results in the (JTCC) with the TOM'S team winning on its debut in 1987, before abruptly ending their (JTCC) career with the MA70 Group-A in 1989.
Upon its initial Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC) debut in 1989, the Group-A Supra failed to finish its first race. With DNF's becoming a regular upset owing to the lack of power and heavy weight of the Supra, it began to strike doubt in the car's capability of success in the (ATCC) which suffered increasingly due to constant rules and regulation changes issuing a red-faced outcome against its main rivals like the Ford Sierra Cosworth RS500, Nissan Skyline HR31 GTS-R and the BMW M3 (E30) which were lighter, more powerful, and had smaller displacement engines. Hopes would further diminish for Toyota in the top division by the introduction of the domineering Nissan Skyline GT-R (R32) in the (JTCC) in 1989 and the Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC) in 1990. Australian racing team Fitzgerald Racing won the first edition of the March 1991 Bathurst 12 Hour. Toyota in 1991 would switch to racing the Corolla Levin instead in the lower tier divisions, while many privateer teams soldiered on with the Supra until the Group A racing's final demise in 1993.
Only eleven MA70 Group-A cars were built by TRD Japan for homologation racing. A few out of many special developed parts that were fitted to the various Group-A race cars happen to include a cast magnesium nine litre oil pan with matching high flow oil pump, 288 camshafts with 10.88mm lift, Hollinger close proportion 5-speed gear-set in the R154 case, Harrop 4 piston brake calipers with 15.5-inch (393 mm) rotors, and TRD-sourced torque-vectoring mechanical limited-slip differential with 50:50 left:right lockup on full throttle. TRD was also responsible for the thick rear-anti squat tram-rods which were integral to the multi-link rear suspension setup to control rear squat under hard acceleration and launching.

Powertrain

Fourth generation (A80; 1993)

The A80 program began in February 1989 under various teams for design, product planning, and engineering led by Isao Tsuzuki. By the middle of 1990, a final A80 design concept from Toyota Technical Centre Aichi was approved and frozen for production in late 1990. The first test mules were hand-built in A70 bodies during late 1990, followed by the first A80 prototypes being hand-assembled in 1991.

Again using subframe, suspension, and drivetrain assemblies from the Z30 Soarer (Lexus SC300/400), pre-production of the test models started in December 1992 with 20 units made, and official mass production began in April 1993. The fourth-generation Supra again shared its platform with the upscale Soarer coupe, sold in the U.S. as the Lexus SC. Although the two cars looked similar dimension-wise, the new Supra was more than 13 inches (340 mm) shorter than its luxurious cousin.

This redesign saw Toyota placing great emphasis on a more serious high-performance car. The A80 featured two new engines: a naturally aspirated Toyota 2JZ-GE having a power output of  at 5,800 rpm and  at 4,800 rpm of torque and a twin turbocharged Toyota 2JZ-GTE having a power output of  and  of torque for the Japanese model. For the export model (American/European markets) Toyota upgraded the Supra turbo's engine (by installing smaller, steel wheeled turbochargers and bigger fuel injectors, etc.). This increased the power output to  at 5,600 rpm and  of torque at 4,000 rpm ( and  for European markets) Upon its launch in 1993, it was the first Toyota-badged vehicle to include a passenger-side airbag as standard (US-market only).

The twin turbochargers operated in sequential mode instead of parallel. Initially, all of the exhaust gases are routed to the first turbine for reduced lag. This resulted in boost and enhanced torque as early as 1,800 rpm, where it already produced  of torque. At 3,500 rpm, some of the exhaust gases are routed to the second turbine for a "pre-boost" mode, although none of the compressor output is used by the engine at this point. At 4,000 rpm, the second turbo's output is used to augment the first turbo's output. Compared to the parallel mode, sequential mode turbochargers provide quicker low RPM response and increased high RPM boost. This high RPM boost was also aided with technology originally present in the 7M-GE in the form of the Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS) which is a way of managing the air compression pulses within the intake piping as to increase power.

For this generation, the Supra received a new six-speed Getrag/Toyota V160 gearbox on the turbo models while the naturally aspirated models were equipped with a five-speed manual W58 transmission, revised from the previous model. Each model was offered with a four-speed automatic with manual shifting mode.

All vehicles were equipped with five-spoke aluminium alloy wheels, the naturally aspirated models had 16-inch wheels and the turbo models had 17-inch wheels. The difference in wheel size was to accommodate the larger brakes equipped as standard on the turbo model, but in Japan were optional equipment. Both models had a space saver spare tyre on a steel rim to save both space and weight.

Toyota took measures to reduce the weight of this new model. Aluminium was used for the bonnet, targa top (when fitted), front crossmember, oil and transmission pans, and forged upper suspension A-arms. Other measures included hollow carpet fibers, magnesium-alloy steering wheel, plastic gas tank and lid, dished out head bolts, gas injected rear spoiler, and a single pipe exhaust. Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tyres, and an additional turbocharger, the car was at least  lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of . The targa top added  of weight while the automatic transmission added . The fourth-generation model had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution. The turbo model weighed  with a manual transmission while the automatic added another  to the overall weight. Weight distribution was 53% front and 47% rear. The Supra was heavier than the Mazda RX-7 and all aluminium bodied Acura/Honda NSX and weighed about the same amount as the Nissan 300ZX, but was lighter than the Mitsubishi 3000GT VR-4.

By the late 1990s, sales of all sport coupes were declining in North America. Furthermore, a stronger yen pushed prices up in markets outside Japan. The Supra was withdrawn from the Canadian market in 1996 and the US in 1998. The Turbo was not available in 1998 in California Air Resources Board (CARB) states. Production continued in Japan until August 2002, ceasing owing to restrictive emission standards.

At the March 2002 Geneva Motor Show, a Japanese coach builder company called Ohno Car Craft displayed their 1960s style grand tourer based on the Supra, known as the Naomi III. Two variants were available, the naturally aspirated 3000GT-SZ with the same  as the naturally aspirated Japanese market Supra SZ and a tuned turbocharged 3000GT-RZ with .

Performance
The turbocharged variant could accelerate  in as low as 4.6 seconds and cover  in 13.1 seconds at . Car and Driver magazine includes a rollout in their 4.6 seconds test (typically about 0.3 second) that they subtract from the acceleration figures. The turbo version has a tested top speed of , but the cars are restricted to just  in Japan and  in worldwide markets. European versions of the car also had an air intake or scoop on the bonnet. It has a  for the naturally aspirated models and 0.32 for the turbo models but unknown with the rear spoiler.

The standard A80 Supra chassis has also proven an effective platform for roadracing, with several top 20 and top 10 One Lap of America finishes in the SSGT1 class. In 1994, the A80 managed remarkable skidpad ratings of 0.95 lateral g's (200 ft) and 0.98 lateral g's (300 ft) The Supra also featured a four-sensor four-channel track tuned ABS system with yaw control whereby each caliper is sensored and the brakes are controlled individually according to the speed, angle, and pitch of the approaching corner. This unique Formula One-inspired braking system allowed the Supra Turbo to record a  -0 braking distance of , the best braking performance of any production car tested in 1997 by Car and Driver magazine. This record was finally broken in 2004 by a Porsche Carrera GT, which did it in .

1994
In 1994, Toyota Racing Development displayed a replica of the 1994 JGTC BLITZ Racing Team Supra GT500 race car, known as the TRD3000GT. The differences with the standard Supra was mainly with the body kits, aiming for better aerodynamics. The new body kit made the car 60 mm wider at the front and 50 mm wider at the rear. This allowed wider wheels to be fitted, which in turn improved the car's lateral grip. The engine and suspension also got small modifications. Only 35 examples of these were ever produced, each of which came with its own specially numbered VIN plate that officially re-classified the car as a TRD3000GT rather than a Toyota Supra.

1995
In 1995, for the 1996 model year, in the US the turbo model was only available with an automatic transmission owing to OBD-II certification requirements. The targa roof was also made standard on all turbo models.

1996

In 1996, for the 1997 model year, manual transmission returned for the turbo engine along with a redesign of the taillights, headlights, front fascia, polished wheels, and other minor changes such as the radio and steering wheel designs. Each supra had a badge indicating "Limited Edition 15th Anniversary". All turbo models came standard with the rear spoiler.

1997

In 1997, for the 1998 model year, updates were a 3-spoke steering wheel, a redesigned radio, and VVT-i on the naturally aspirated engine. In Japan, the turbo engines were installed with VVT-i. The SZ-R model was also updated with the introduction of a six-speed Getrag V161 transmission, the same one used for the twin-turbo RZ models.

Powertrain

Fifth generation (J29/DB; 2019)

The fifth-generation Supra was released in January 2019 after 17 years off the market as the GR Supra, part of Toyota's Gazoo Racing (GR) family of performance cars. It was developed in partnership with BMW, sharing the platform and many parts from the BMW Z4 (G29) with BMW derived 4- and 6-cylinder turbocharged engines and maintaining rear-wheel drive layout from the previous Supra. The model is designated with BMW model codes "J29" or "DB", however Toyota used the "A90" and "A91" codes for promotional and marketing materials for the fifth-generation Supra to maintain the lineage from the previous Supra. The GR Supra is manufactured at the Magna Steyr plant in Graz, Austria alongside the Z4.

The fifth-generation Toyota Supra was launched in total seven colour options including CU Later Gray, Stratosphere, Burnout, Absolute Zero, Nocturnal, Renaissance 2.0, and Nitro Yellow. Apart from the cosmetics, in 2023, new driving modes are introduced called Hairpin+. This mode allows additional wheel-spin on one of the rear tyres to help rotate the Supra around ultra-tight hairpin turns.

Motorsport

The Supra has been used in many levels of motorsport, with some prominent examples being in Group A (international) and JGTC/Super GT (Japan).

Awards
 The A60, with its all-new design, quickly became a success in the US where it was awarded the Import Car of the Year by Motor Trend. It also made Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1983 and 1984.
 In 1994, the A80 Supra won Popular Mechanics "Design & Engineering awards".
 The fifth-generation GR Supra (J29/DB) was selected to be on Car and Driver magazine's 10Best list for 2020, 2021, and 2023, and was named to the magazine's Editor's Choice list in the Sports Car category for 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023.
 It won "Best Sports Coupe" for 2020 and 2021 in MotorWeek magazine's Drivers' Choice Awards.
 In 2019, the fifth-generation GR Supra won Auto Bild magazine's "Golden Steering Wheel" award for Best New Sports Car, and was named the "Car of the Year" by Esquire magazine.
 In 2020, the GR Supra won Sport Auto magazine's "Best Handling Car 2020", and was Automobile magazine's 2020 Automobile All-Stars winner.
 In 2021, the Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) awarded the fifth-generation GR Supra as the "Sport Compact of the Year". Additionally, the Texas Auto Writer's Association named it the "Performance Vehicle of Texas" for the year.

Production timeline
 1979 – Celica Supra A40 introduced with  SOHC 4M-E I6 engine.
 1981 – A40 engine displacement increased to  with the introduction of the SOHC 5M-E I6 engine.
 1982 – A60 Celica Supra introduced with a  DOHC 5M-GE I6 engine.
 1986–1986.5 – A70 Supra introduced on its own platform with  DOHC 7M-GE I6 engine.
 1987 – Option of turbocharger available for the  DOHC 7M-GTE engine having a power output of  .
 1989 – Redesign implemented. Turbo model's power output increased to  & .
 1993 –  A80 Supra introduced with  Turbo (2JZ-GTE) or naturally aspirated (2JZ-GE) DOHC engine.
 1996 – Turbo model only available with automatic transmission owing to OBD2 certification requirements. Targa roof standard on all turbo models.
 1997 – Manual transmission available on all turbo models. Restyled front bumper and grey (instead of black) taillight surrounds. Restyled headlights, now black on the inside with chrome rings (all chrome previously) and a clearer lens. All 1997 models labeled as 15th Anniversary model. New grey dash panels to replace the previous black. Japanese production stopped in September.
 1998 – Slight restyling of interior. 3-spoke steering wheel introduced. Slightly updated seat design (headrest is no longer separate) VVT-i on non-turbo models which increased power. Turbo variants discontinued in the US that require California emissions.
 1999 – Export of Supra ended in the US, production continued in Japan.
 2002 – Production of A80 Supra ended in Japan.
 2019 – Fifth generation Supra introduced at the January 2019 North American International Auto Show.

Sales

References

External links

Supra
Cars introduced in 1978
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Sports cars
Hatchbacks
Coupés
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles

Toyota Supra


Svijet

Događaji

Osnivanja i ukidanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 28. kolovoza – Sveti Augustin (* 354.)

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Događaji

Osnivanja i ukidanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kršćanstvo u 430.


Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb – Sjever, također i kao Zagrebačka regionalna liga – Sjever u sezoni 1989./90. je predstavljala ligu petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bila "Budućnost" iz Hodošana.

Ljestvica

 U slučaju neriješenog rezultata se izvodilo raspucavanje jedanaesterca te bi pobjednik dobio 1 bod, a poraženi u raspucavanju bi ostao bez bodova
  "Budućnost" Hodošan prvak zbog bolje gol-razlike

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Hrvatska liga – Sjever 1989./90.
 Regionalna liga Zagreb – Jug 1989./90.
 Liga ZO Varaždin 1989./90.
 Međuopćinska liga Đurđevac – Koprivnica – Križevci – Virovitica 1989./90.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine"
 library.foi.hr, "Varaždinske vijeti"
 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine", br. 23, god. XLV, objavljeno 15. lipnja 1990., str. 9 (Sport), (konačna ljestvica), preuzeto 12. listopada 2019.
 library.foi.hr, "Varaždinske vijeti", br. 24 (2370), god. XLVI, objavljeno 21. lipnja 1990., str. 15 (Sport)], (konačna ljestvica), preuzeto 12. listopada 2019.
 Mladen Levak, Kristina Poljičak: Nogometni klub "Osvit" Đelekovec : 1923. – 2013. : 90 godina Nogometnog kluba "Osvit" i igranja nogometa u Đelekovcu, Đelekovec, 2014., str. 254-256

1989-90 Sjever
Zagreb regija Sjever
1989-90 Zagreb

Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb – Sjever 1989./90.


EZ kan betyde flere ting:

 EZ (kode)
 EZ (vægtstang)
 E-Z notation - kemisk begreb
 Eurozonen
 Sun-Air of Scandinavias IATA-kode

EZ


HIV Drug Resistance Database, også kendt som Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence Database, er en database på Stanford University, der sporer 93 fælles mutationer af HIV. Den er blevet rekompileret i 2008 med 93 fælles mutationer, efter den første mutationssamling i 2007 på 80 mutationer. Den nyeste liste benytter data fra andre laboratorier i Europa, Canada og USA, herunder mere end 15.000 sekvenser fra ubehandlede individer.

Henvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger
 HIV Drug Resistance Database

Hiv/aids
Epidemiologi
Stanford University
Databaser

HIV Drug Resistance Database


Próti, en , est une île inhabitée du dème de Triphylie, district régional de Messénie, en Grèce.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Île inhabitée en Grèce
Géographie du Péloponnèse
Messénie

Próti (Messénie)


Labirintul este un film românesc din 1980 regizat de Șerban Creangă. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Virgil Andriescu, George Șofrag, Tudor Gheorghe.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.433.494 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1980 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1980
Filme regizate de Șerban Creangă
Filme cu ilegaliști

Labirintul (film din 1980)


Orazio Fortezza (Šibenik, oko 1530. - Šibenik, između 10. i 14. svibnja 1596.), graver, zlatar i minijaturist.

Očuvane su dvije glavne skupine njegovih radova - srebrne aplike (reljefne pločice) za matrikule šibenskih bratovština (danas se nalaze u šibenskom Dijecezanskom muzeju) i niz posuda od mjedi, umivaonika i vrčeva, koje se nalaze u muzejima Londona, Firence i Venecije, dok se jedan umivaonik čuva u Muzeju grada Šibenika. Godine 1578. restaurirao je sliku sv. Jurja i popravio križ za bratovštinu i crkvu sv. Marije od Milosrđa, što je jedan od ranijih spomena ove aktivnosti kod nas.

Dodatna literatura
 Pelc, M. Horacije Fortezza: šibenski zlatar i graver 16. stoljeća, Zagreb 2004.

Izvori

Hrvatski konzervatori restauratori
Životopisi, Šibenik

Orazio Fortezza


est un festival bouddhiste et shinto commémoré le 8 février dans le Kantō et le 8 décembre à Kyoto et dans le Kansai. Ce festival est célébré par les femmes en hommage aux aiguilles à coudre qu'elles ont brisées dans l'année qui vient de s'écouler. Les couturières prient aussi pour améliorer leurs compétences. L'événement est également nommé « messe de l'aiguille et de l'épingle ». Hari veut dire « aiguille » ; le suffixe -kuyo signifie « mémorial » et est dérivé d'un mot sanskrit, pūjā ou pūjanā , signifiant « apporter des offrandes ».

Histoire
Le festival Hari-kuyō a débuté il y a quatre cents ans comme un moyen pour les ménagères et les couturières professionnelles de reconnaître leur travail au cours des dernières années et de respecter leurs outils. Dans les traditions animistes, les objets ainsi que les humains, les animaux, les plantes et les objets sont considérés comme ayant une âme. Cet événement reconnaît le bien donné aux gens par leurs outils. Les pratiquants se rendent dans les sanctuaires shinto et les temples bouddhistes pour remercier leurs aiguilles cassées de leur aide et de leur service. Ceci est conforme à la philosophie de « ne pas gaspiller » ou d'« honorer les petites choses » illustrée dans le concept de mottainai.

Pratique moderne
Les festivaliers se rassemblent dans les sanctuaires et les temples, apportant leurs aiguilles et épingles cassées. Dans une ambiance funèbre, les ustensiles sont déposés dans du tofu ou du konnyaku dans un esprit d'affection et de gratitude.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .

Fête bouddhiste
Fête au Japon
Festival shinto
Art textile japonais

Hari-kuyō matsuri


The USSR State Prize () was the Soviet Union's state honor. It was established on 9 September 1966. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the prize was followed up by the State Prize of the Russian Federation.

The State Stalin Prize (Государственная Сталинская премия, Gosudarstvennaya Stalinskaya premiya), usually called the Stalin Prize, existed from 1941 to 1956. It essentially played the same role; therefore upon the establishment of the USSR State Prize, the diplomas and badges of the recipients of Stalin Prize were changed to that of USSR State Prize.

In 1944 and 1945, the last two years of the Second World War, the award ceremonies for the Stalin Prize were not held. Instead, in 1946 the ceremony was held twice: in January for the works created in 1943–1944 and in June for the works of 1945.

USSR State Prize of 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees was awarded annually to individuals in the fields of science, mathematics, literature, arts, and architecture to honor the most prominent achievements which either advanced the Soviet Union or the cause of socialism. Often the prize was awarded to specific works rather than to individuals.

Each constituent Soviet republic (SSR) and autonomous republic (ASSR) also had a State Prize (or Stalin Prize).

The Stalin Prize was an honor different from the Stalin Peace Prize. The latter was created on 21 December 1949 and was usually awarded to foreign recipients rather than to Soviet citizens.

It should also not be confused with the Lenin Prize.

References

See also
List of recipients of the USSR State Prize
List of recipients of the Stalin Prize

Civil awards and decorations of the Soviet Union
Awards established in 1966
Awards disestablished in 1991
1966 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Recipients of the USSR State Prize

USSR State Prize


Jugokup, odnosno Jugocup ili Jogoslavenski nogometni kup je igran od srpnja do prosinca 1936.  Kup su organizirali i u jemu sudjelovali vodeći nogometni klubovi u Jugoslaviji, nezadovoljni sustavom natjecanja državnog prvenstva za 1935./36. čija se završnica igrala po kup sustavu, te su ga bojkotirali prvaci Splitskog i Zagrebačkog podsaveza. U kupu je trebalo sudjelovati sedam momčadi, no BSK Beograd je odustao s obzirom na to da je bio oponent ostalim klubovima u prevlasti u Jugoslavenskom nogometnom savezu, kojeg je imao u za sebe. Iako je kup igran tokom 1936., igran je i u vrijeme trajanja prvenstva za 1936., koje je završilo u kolovozu te lige 1936./37., koja je počela u rujnu, ali su njene kvalifikacije igrane u kolovozu 1936., te se u ponekim izvorima spominje da je ovaj kup igran za 1936./37.  Kup je osvojila Jugoslavija iz Beograda.

Rezultati

I. kolo

Poluzavršnica

Završnica

Poveznice
 Kvalifikacije za prvenstvo Jugoslavije u nogometu 1935./36.
 Prvenstvo Jugoslavije u nogometu 1935./36.
 Prvenstvo Jugoslavije u nogometu 1936./37.

Izvori
 EX YU Fudbal, Jugokup 1936.,  pristupljeno 9. listopada 2016.
 Povijest Dinama, Građanski - sezona 1936./37. ,  pristupljeno 9. listopada 2016.
 Hajduk Split - kup utakmice 1936., pristupljeno 9. listopada 2016.

1936
1936 kup

Jugokup u nogometu 1936.


Le NBA All-Star Game 2022 est la  du NBA All-Star Game.

Il se déroule le  à la Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse de Cleveland, siège des Cavaliers de Cleveland. C'est la troisième fois que la ville de Cleveland accueille le NBA All-Star Game, les anciennes éditions se sont déroulées en 1981 et 1997.

Par concours de circonstances, l'évenement s'est tenu à Cleveland lors du ,  et  anniversaire de la NBA. L'événement est télévisé aux États-Unis pour la  fois.

Format
Pour cette édition du All-Star Game, la NBA décide de garder le format précédemment utilisé en 2020 et 2021. Le score est mis à zéro à chaque début de quart-temps. Puis, au terme du troisième quart-temps, les scores de chaque équipe sont cumulés. Le vainqueur du match est alors désigné lorsqu'une équipe atteint le score de celle qui se trouvait en tête avant le début du quatrième quart-temps, auquel on ajoute 24 points en hommage à Kobe Bryant.

Pour donner un exemple, si le score est de 116-110, l'équipe vainqueur est la première à atteindre les 140 points, puisque l'on prend les 116 points de la première équipe auxquels on ajoute 24. Ce qui signifie que le dernier quart-temps n'a pas de limite de temps.

Votes des fans

Système de vote
Le vote pour le All-Star Game 2022 s'est tenu du 25 décembre 2021 au 23 janvier 2022. Les titulaires sont de nouveau choisis par trois comités : les fans, médias et joueurs. La répartition des votes se fait de la manière suivante, concernant les titulaires des deux équipes : 50% des votes des fans, 25% des votes des médias et 25% des votes des joueurs

Des checkpoints détaillés ont été réalisés le 6 janvier, le 13 janvier et le 20 janvier. La NBA a également remis au goût du jour les «2-for-1 days», c'est-à-dire que pendant cinq jours, les votes compteront double ; il s'agissait du 25 décembre puis les 7, 13, 17 et 20 janvier.

Choix des fans
La NBA a révélé le résultat final des votes, ainsi que les noms des deux capitaines le 27 janvier 2022.

Conférence Est

Conférence Ouest

Sélection des titulaires

Une note pondérée est finalement calculée afin de déterminer les titulaires de la conférence, les notes au plus proche de 1 peuvent permettre au joueur d'être élu titulaire.

Le joueur ayant reçu le plus de votes des fans, parmi les titulaires, est capitaine pour une des deux équipes.

Conférence Est

Conférence Ouest

Sélection des remplaçants
Les entraîneurs de chaque conférence désignent 7 remplaçants par conférence, qui sont dévoilés le .

Entraîneurs
Monty Williams, entraîneur des Suns de Phoenix, est sélectionné pour entraîner la Team LeBron.

Erik Spoelstra, entraîneur du Heat de Miami, est sélectionné pour entraîner la Team Durant.

Composition des équipes

1 : LaMelo Ball remplace Kevin Durant, blessé.2 : Dejounte Murray remplace Draymond Green, blessé.3 : Jarrett Allen remplace James Harden, blessé.

Match

MVP : Stephen Curry

All-Star Week-end

Rising Stars Challenge

Le Rising Stars Challenge oppose initialement des joueurs rookies et sophomores de la ligue. Auparavant, les joueurs de première année étaient opposés à ceux de deuxième année. Depuis quelques années, l'opposition est faite entre les joueurs américains (Team USA) et les joueurs internationaux (Team World). Cette année, la NBA a décidé de changer de formule et a dévoilé un nouveau format.

Il s'agit d'un tournoi à quatre équipes de sept joueurs qui vont s'affronter dans un format demi-finale puis finale. Pour gagner ces matchs, il n'y aura pas de temps mais seulement un nombre de points à atteindre. 50 points pour les demi-finales et 25 points pour la finale, qui donnent un total de 75 points à inscrire pour remporter le tournoi.

Sur les 28 joueurs qui participent au tournoi, il y réside un total de 12 rookies et 12 sophomores, qui seront accompagnés de quatre joueurs de l'équipe de NBA G League Ignite. Ces derniers deviennent ainsi les premiers joueurs qui ne jouent pas en NBA à participer au NBA All-Star Week-end. Les joueurs de la NBA G League Ignite sont sélectionnés par les entraîneurs de la NBA Gatorade League et chaque équipe du tournoi est composée de l'un d'entre eux. Les 24 autres joueurs sont sélectionnés par les entraîneurs assistants des équipes NBA. Le jour du tournoi, chaque équipe est dirigée par un membre du Top 75 all-time de la NBA.

Un concours de tir aura même lieu entre les demi-finales et la finale : le Clutch Challenge. Quatre équipes de deux joueurs devront inscrire un tir depuis cinq positions différentes sur le parquet (positions sélectionnées par la NBA en référence à certains tirs mythiques de l'histoire des playoffs). La première équipe débute avec 90 secondes pour marquer ces cinq tirs, et le temps utilisé pour y arriver sera le nouveau temps de référence pour l'équipe suivante. Les coéquipiers devront se relayer de sorte qu'aucun joueur ne tire deux fois de suite et finalement, c'est l'équipe qui inscrit le plus rapidement ses tirs qui remporte le concours.

Sélection des joueurs
La sélection des joueurs est annoncée le 2 février, avec un total de 28 joueurs, repartis entre les rookies, sophomores et jeunes joueurs de la NBA G League Ignite.

1 : Jonathan Kuminga remplace Chris Duarte, blessé.2 : Nah'Shon Hyland remplace Davion Mitchell, blessé.

Composition des équipes
Les joueurs sont ensuite répartis dans quatre équipes, dirigées par des joueurs marquants de l'histoire de la NBA, afin de célébrer le  anniversaire.

Compétition

MVP : Cade Cunningham

Concours de dunk

Cette année les participants sont : Cole Anthony, Jalen Green, Obi Toppin et Juan Toscano-Anderson.

Concours de tirs à trois points

Les participants du concours de tirs à trois points sont : C. J. McCollum, Luke Kennard, Zach LaVine, Fred VanVleet, Patty Mills, Karl-Anthony Towns, Desmond Bane et Trae Young.

Taco Bell Skills Challenge

Team Rooks

Team Cavs

Team Antetokounmpos

Point de chaque round

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse
 Liste des participants au NBA All-Star Game

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NBA All-Star Game 2022