The utility frequency, (power) line frequency (American English) or mains frequency (British English) is the nominal frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in a wide area synchronous grid transmitted from a power station to the end-user. In large parts of the world this is 50 Hz, although in the Americas and parts of Asia it is typically 60 Hz. Current usage by country or region is given in the list of mains electricity by country.

During the development of commercial electric power systems in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, many different frequencies (and voltages) had been used. Large investment in equipment at one frequency made standardization a slow process. However, as of the turn of the 21st century, places that now use the 50 Hz frequency tend to use 220–240 V, and those that now use 60 Hz tend to use 100–127 V. Both frequencies coexist today (Japan uses both) with no great technical reason to prefer one over the other and no apparent desire for complete worldwide standardization.

Electric clocks

In practice, the exact frequency of the grid varies around the nominal frequency, reducing when the grid is heavily loaded, and speeding up when lightly loaded. However, most utilities will adjust generation onto the grid over the course of the day to ensure a constant number of cycles occur. This is used by some clocks to accurately maintain their time.

Operating factors
Several factors influence the choice of frequency in an AC system. Lighting, motors, transformers, generators, and transmission lines all have characteristics which depend on the power frequency. All of these factors interact and make selection of a power frequency a matter of considerable importance. The best frequency is a compromise among competing requirements.

In the late 19th century, designers would pick a relatively high frequency for systems featuring transformers and arc lights, so as to economize on transformer materials and to reduce visible flickering of the lamps, but would pick a lower frequency for systems with long transmission lines or feeding primarily motor loads or rotary converters for producing direct current. When large central generating stations became practical, the choice of frequency was made based on the nature of the intended load. Eventually improvements in machine design allowed a single frequency to be used both for lighting and motor loads. A unified system improved the economics of electricity production, since system load was more uniform during the course of a day.

Lighting
The first applications of commercial electric power were incandescent lighting and commutator-type electric motors. Both devices operate well on DC, but DC could not be easily changed in voltage, and was generally only produced at the required utilization voltage.

If an incandescent lamp is operated on a low-frequency current, the filament cools on each half-cycle of the alternating current, leading to perceptible change in brightness and flicker of the lamps; the effect is more pronounced with arc lamps, and the later mercury-vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps. Open arc lamps made an audible buzz on alternating current, leading to experiments with high-frequency alternators to raise the sound above the range of human hearing.

Rotating machines
Commutator-type motors do not operate well on high-frequency AC, because the rapid changes of current are opposed by the inductance of the motor field. Though commutator-type universal motors are common in AC household appliances and power tools, they are small motors, less than 1 kW. The induction motor was found to work well on frequencies around 50 to 60 Hz, but with the materials available in the 1890s would not work well at a frequency of, say, 133 Hz. There is a fixed relationship between the number of magnetic poles in the induction motor field, the frequency of the alternating current, and the rotation speed; so, a given standard speed limits the choice of frequency (and the reverse). Once AC electric motors became common, it was important to standardize frequency for compatibility with the customer's equipment.

Generators operated by slow-speed reciprocating engines will produce lower frequencies, for a given number of poles, than those operated by, for example, a high-speed steam turbine. For very slow prime mover speeds, it would be costly to build a generator with enough poles to provide a high AC frequency. As well, synchronizing two generators to the same speed was found to be easier at lower speeds. While belt drives were common as a way to increase speed of slow engines, in very large ratings (thousands of kilowatts) these were expensive, inefficient, and unreliable. After about 1906, generators driven directly by steam turbines favored higher frequencies. The steadier rotation speed of high-speed machines allowed for satisfactory operation of commutators in rotary converters.
The synchronous speed N in RPM is calculated using the formula,

where f is the frequency in hertz and P is the number of poles.

Direct-current power was not entirely displaced by alternating current and was useful in railway and electrochemical processes. Prior to the development of mercury arc valve rectifiers, rotary converters were used to produce DC power from AC. Like other commutator-type machines, these worked better with lower frequencies.

Transmission and transformers
With AC, transformers can be used to step down high transmission voltages to lower customer utilization voltage. The transformer is effectively a voltage conversion device with no moving parts and requiring little maintenance. The use of AC eliminated the need for spinning DC voltage conversion motor-generators that require regular maintenance and monitoring.

Since, for a given power level, the dimensions of a transformer are roughly inversely proportional to frequency, a system with many transformers would be more economical at a higher frequency.

Electric power transmission over long lines favors lower frequencies. The effects of the distributed capacitance and inductance of the line are less at low frequency.

System interconnection

Generators can only be interconnected to operate in parallel if they are of the same frequency and wave-shape. By standardizing the frequency used, generators in a geographic area can be interconnected in a grid, providing reliability and cost savings.

History

Many different power frequencies were used in the 19th century.

Very early isolated AC generating schemes used arbitrary frequencies based on convenience for steam engine, water turbine, and electrical generator design. Frequencies between  Hz and  Hz were used on different systems. For example, the city of Coventry, England, in 1895 had a unique 87 Hz single-phase distribution system that was in use until 1906. The proliferation of frequencies grew out of the rapid development of electrical machines in the period 1880 through 1900.

In the early incandescent lighting period, single-phase AC was common and typical generators were 8-pole machines operated at 2,000 RPM, giving a frequency of 133 hertz.

Though many theories exist, and quite a few entertaining urban legends, there is little certitude in the details of the history of 60 Hz vs. 50 Hz.

The German company AEG (descended from a company founded by Edison in Germany) built the first German generating facility to run at 50 Hz. At the time, AEG had a virtual monopoly and their standard spread to the rest of Europe. After observing flicker of lamps operated by the 40 Hz power transmitted by the Lauffen-Frankfurt link in 1891, AEG raised their standard frequency to 50 Hz in 1891.

Westinghouse Electric decided to standardize on a higher frequency to permit operation of both electric lighting and induction motors on the same generating system. Although 50 Hz was suitable for both, in 1890 Westinghouse considered that existing arc-lighting equipment operated slightly better on 60 Hz, and so that frequency was chosen. The operation of Tesla's induction motor, licensed by Westinghouse in 1888, required a lower frequency than the 133 Hz common for lighting systems at that time. In 1893 General Electric Corporation, which was affiliated with AEG in Germany, built a generating project at Mill Creek to bring electricity to Redlands, California using 50 Hz, but changed to 60 Hz a year later to maintain market share with the Westinghouse standard.

25 Hz origins
The first generators at the Niagara Falls project, built by Westinghouse in 1895, were 25 Hz, because the turbine speed had already been set before alternating current power transmission had been definitively selected. Westinghouse would have selected a low frequency of 30 Hz to drive motor loads, but the turbines for the project had already been specified at 250 RPM. The machines could have been made to deliver  Hz power suitable for heavy commutator-type motors, but the Westinghouse company objected that this would be undesirable for lighting and suggested  Hz. Eventually a compromise of 25 Hz, with 12-pole 250 RPM generators, was chosen. Because the Niagara project was so influential on electric power systems design, 25 Hz prevailed as the North American standard for low-frequency AC.

40 Hz origins
A General Electric study concluded that 40 Hz would have been a good compromise between lighting, motor, and transmission needs, given the materials and equipment available in the first quarter of the 20th century. Several 40 Hz systems were built. The Lauffen-Frankfurt demonstration used 40 Hz to transmit power 175 km in 1891. A large interconnected 40 Hz network existed in north-east England (the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Electric Supply Company, NESCO) until the advent of the National Grid (UK) in the late 1920s, and projects in Italy used 42 Hz. The oldest continuously operating commercial hydroelectric power station in the United States, Mechanicville Hydroelectric Plant, still produces electric power at 40 Hz and supplies power to the local 60 Hz transmission system through frequency changers. Industrial plants and mines in North America and Australia sometimes were built with 40 Hz electrical systems which were maintained until too uneconomic to continue. Although frequencies near 40 Hz found much commercial use, these were bypassed by standardized frequencies of 25, 50 and 60 Hz preferred by higher volume equipment manufacturers.

The Ganz Company of Hungary had standardized on 5000 alternations per minute (41 Hz) for their products, so Ganz clients had 41 Hz systems that in some cases ran for many years.

Standardization
In the early days of electrification, so many frequencies were used that no single value prevailed (London in 1918 had ten different frequencies). As the 20th century continued, more power was produced at 60 Hz (North America) or 50 Hz (Europe and most of Asia). Standardization allowed international trade in electrical equipment. Much later, the use of standard frequencies allowed interconnection of power grids. It was not until after World War II – with the advent of affordable electrical consumer goods – that more uniform standards were enacted.

In the United Kingdom, a standard frequency of 50 Hz was declared as early as 1904, but significant development continued at other frequencies. The implementation of the National Grid starting in 1926 compelled the standardization of frequencies among the many interconnected electrical service providers. The 50 Hz standard was completely established only after World War II.

By about 1900, European manufacturers had mostly standardized on 50 Hz for new installations. The German Verband der Elektrotechnik (VDE), in the first standard for electrical machines and transformers in 1902, recommended 25 Hz and 50 Hz as standard frequencies. VDE did not see much application of 25 Hz, and dropped it from the 1914 edition of the standard. Remnant installations at other frequencies persisted until well after the Second World War.

Because of the cost of conversion, some parts of the distribution system may continue to operate on original frequencies even after a new frequency is chosen. 25 Hz power was used in Ontario, Quebec, the northern United States, and for railway electrification. In the 1950s, many 25 Hz systems, from the generators right through to household appliances, were converted and standardized. Until 2009, some 25 Hz generators were still in existence at the Sir Adam Beck 1 (these were retrofitted to 60 Hz) and the Rankine generating stations (until its 2009 closure) near Niagara Falls to provide power for large industrial customers who did not want to replace existing equipment; and some 25 Hz motors and a 25 Hz power station exist in New Orleans for floodwater pumps. The 15 kV AC rail networks, used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and Norway, still operate at  Hz or 16.7 Hz.

In some cases, where most load was to be railway or motor loads, it was considered economic to generate power at 25 Hz and install rotary converters for 60 Hz distribution. Converters for production of DC from alternating current were available in larger sizes and were more efficient at 25 Hz compared with 60 Hz. Remnant fragments of older systems may be tied to the standard frequency system via a rotary converter or static inverter frequency changer. These allow energy to be interchanged between two power networks at different frequencies, but the systems are large, costly, and waste some energy in operation.

Rotating-machine frequency changers used to convert between 25 Hz and 60 Hz systems were awkward to design; a 60 Hz machine with 24 poles would turn at the same speed as a 25 Hz machine with 10 poles, making the machines large, slow-speed, and expensive. A ratio of 60/30 would have simplified these designs, but the installed base at 25 Hz was too large to be economically opposed.

In the United States, Southern California Edison had standardized on 50 Hz. Much of Southern California operated on 50 Hz and did not completely change frequency of their generators and customer equipment to 60 Hz until around 1948. Some projects by the Au Sable Electric Company used 30 Hz at transmission voltages up to 110,000 volts in 1914.

Initially in Brazil, electric machinery were imported from Europe and United States, implying the country had both 50 Hz and 60 Hz standards according to each region. In 1938, the federal government made a law, Decreto-Lei 852, intended to bring the whole country under 50 Hz within eight years. The law did not work, and in the early 1960s it was decided that Brazil would be unified under 60 Hz standard, because most developed and industrialized areas used 60 Hz; and a new law Lei 4.454 was declared in 1964. Brazil underwent a frequency conversion program to 60 Hz that was not completed until 1978.

In Mexico, areas operating on 50 Hz grid were converted during the 1970s, uniting the country under 60 Hz.

In Japan, the western part of the country (Nagoya and west) uses 60 Hz and the eastern part (Tokyo and east) uses 50 Hz. This originates in the first purchases of generators from AEG in 1895, installed for Tokyo, and General Electric in 1896, installed in Osaka. The boundary between the two regions contains four back-to-back HVDC substations which convert the frequency; these are Shin Shinano, Sakuma Dam, Minami-Fukumitsu, and the Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter.

Utility frequencies in North America in 1897

Utility frequencies in Europe to 1900

Even by the middle of the 20th century, utility frequencies were still not entirely standardized at the now-common 50 Hz or 60 Hz. In 1946, a reference manual for designers of radio equipment listed the following now obsolete frequencies as in use. Many of these regions also had 50-cycle, 60-cycle, or direct current supplies.

Frequencies in use in 1946 (as well as 50 Hz and 60 Hz)

Where regions are marked (*), this is the only utility frequency shown for that region.

Railways

Other power frequencies are still used. Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and Norway use traction power networks for railways, distributing single-phase AC at  Hz or 16.7 Hz. A frequency of 25 Hz is used for the Austrian Mariazell Railway, as well as Amtrak and SEPTA's traction power systems in the United States. Other AC railway systems are energized at the local commercial power frequency, 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

Traction power may be derived from commercial power supplies by frequency converters, or in some cases may be produced by dedicated traction powerstations. In the 19th century, frequencies as low as 8 Hz were contemplated for operation of electric railways with commutator motors.
Some outlets in trains carry the correct voltage, but using the original train network frequency like  Hz or 16.7 Hz.

400 Hz
Power frequencies as high as 400 Hz are used in aircraft, spacecraft, submarines, server rooms for computer power, military equipment, and hand-held machine tools. Such high frequencies cannot be economically transmitted long distances; the increased frequency greatly increases series impedance due to the inductance of transmission lines, making power transmission difficult. Consequently, 400 Hz power systems are usually confined to a building or vehicle.

Transformers, for example, can be made smaller because the magnetic core can be much smaller for the same power level. Induction motors turn at a speed proportional to frequency, so a high-frequency power supply allows more power to be obtained for the same motor volume and mass. Transformers and motors for 400 Hz are much smaller and lighter than at 50 or 60 Hz, which is an advantage in aircraft and ships. A United States military standard MIL-STD-704 exists for aircraft use of 400 Hz power.

Stability

Time error correction (TEC)

Regulation of power system frequency for timekeeping accuracy was not commonplace until after 1916 with Henry Warren's invention of the Warren Power Station Master Clock and self-starting synchronous motor. Nikola Tesla demonstrated the concept of clocks synchronized by line frequency at the 1893 Chicago Worlds fair. The Hammond Organ also depends on a synchronous AC clock motor to maintain the correct speed of its internal "tone wheel" generator, thus keeping all notes pitch-perfect.

Today, AC power network operators regulate the daily average frequency so that clocks stay within a few seconds of the correct time. In practice the nominal frequency is raised or lowered by a specific percentage to maintain synchronization. Over the course of a day, the average frequency is maintained at a nominal value within a few hundred parts per million. In the synchronous grid of Continental Europe, the deviation between network phase time and UTC (based on International Atomic Time) is calculated at 08:00 each day in a control center in Switzerland. The target frequency is then adjusted by up to ±0.01 Hz (±0.02%) from 50 Hz as needed, to ensure a long-term frequency average of exactly 50 Hz × 60 s/min × 60 min/h × 24 h/d =  cycles per day. In North America, whenever the error exceeds 10 seconds for the Eastern Interconnection, 3 seconds for the Texas Interconnection, or 2 seconds for the Western Interconnection, a correction of ±0.02 Hz (0.033%) is applied. Time error corrections start and end either on the hour or on the half-hour.

Real-time frequency meters for power generation in the United Kingdom are available online – an official one for the National Grid, and an unofficial one maintained by Dynamic Demand. Real-time frequency data of the synchronous grid of Continental Europe is available on websites such as . The Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET) at the University of Tennessee measures the frequency of the interconnections within the North American power grid, as well as in several other parts of the world. These measurements are displayed on the FNET website.

US regulations
In the United States, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission made time error correction mandatory in 2009. In 2011, The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) discussed a proposed experiment that would relax frequency regulation requirements for electrical grids which would reduce the long-term accuracy of clocks and other devices that use the 60 Hz grid frequency as a time base.

Frequency and load
The primary reason for accurate frequency control is to allow control of the flow of alternating current power from multiple generators through the network. The trend in system frequency is a measure of mismatch between demand and generation, and is a necessary parameter for load control in interconnected systems.

The frequency of the system will vary as load and generation change. Increasing the mechanical input power to any individual synchronous generator will not greatly affect the overall system frequency, but will produce more electric power from that unit. During a severe overload caused by failure of generators or transmission lines, the power system frequency will decline due to an imbalance of load versus generation. Loss of an interconnection while exporting power will cause system frequency to increase upstream of the loss, but may cause a collapse downstream of the loss, as generation is now not keeping pace with consumption. Automatic generation control (AGC) is used to maintain scheduled frequency and interchange power flows. Control systems in power stations detect changes in the network-wide frequency and adjust mechanical power input to generators back to their target frequency. This counteracting usually takes a few tens of seconds due to the large rotating masses involved (although the large masses serve to limit the magnitude of short-term disturbances in the first place). Temporary frequency changes are an unavoidable consequence of changing demand. Exceptional or rapidly changing mains frequency is often a sign that an electricity distribution network is operating near its capacity limits, dramatic examples of which can sometimes be observed shortly before major outages. Large generating stations including solar farms can reduce their average output and use the headroom between operating load and maximum capacity to assist in providing grid regulation; the response of solar inverters is faster than generators because they have no rotating mass. As variable resources such as solar and wind replace traditional generation and the inertia they provide, algorithms have had to become more sophisticated. Energy storage systems such as batteries are fulfilling the regulation role to an expanding degree as well.

Frequency protective relays on the power system network sense the decline of frequency and automatically initiate load shedding or tripping of interconnection lines to preserve the operation of at least part of the network. Small frequency deviations (e.g., 0.5 Hz on a 50 Hz or 60 Hz network) will result in automatic load shedding or other control actions to restore system frequency.

Smaller power systems, not extensively interconnected with many generators and loads, will not maintain frequency with the same degree of accuracy. Where system frequency is not tightly regulated during heavy load periods, system operators may allow system frequency to rise during periods of light load to maintain a daily average frequency of acceptable accuracy. Portable generators, not connected to a utility system, need not tightly regulate their frequency because typical loads are insensitive to small frequency deviations.

Load-frequency control
Load-frequency control (LFC) is a type of integral control that restores the system frequency and power flows to adjacent areas back to their values before a change in load. The power transfer between different areas of a system is known as "net tie-line power".

The algorithm involves defining the term area control error (ACE), which is the difference between the net tie-line power error and the product of the frequency error  (the difference between the actual and target frequency) with a frequency bias constant B: , where  is the change in the tie-in power outflow. When the area control error is reduced to zero, the frequency and tie-line power are at their "normal" values.  The frequency bias coefficient B has a negative value (typically expressed in MW/0.1Hz, thus there is sometimes a 10x coefficient in front of B), so that when the frequency is lower than the target (negative ) the area power production should increase.

Tie-line bias LFC was known since 1930s, but was rarely used until the aftermath of the Second World War. It got popular after a 1956 article  by Nathan Cohn, "Some Aspects of Tie-Line Bias Control on Interconnected Power Systems". Cohn considered a simplified system with a tie-in line in between two identical areas. One area exhibits a step change in power ("fault"). The system response to a fault, per Cohn, consists of three stages:
 after the fault, frequency drops (inertial response) and stabilizes due to governor control, tie-in line inflow, and load reduction associated with lower frequency. LFC is too slow to engage at this point;
 after some time, LFC in the unaffected area kicks in (it is presumed that the faulty area is unable to increase power due to the fault);
 the fault area is recovers and tie-in power flow returns to normal.
At the beginning of the second stage the net change in load power in the fault area , where  is the change in generator power due to governor control (R is the governor regulation coefficient, the control is assumed to be linear),  is the load reduction due to lower frequency (D is the damping coefficient that aggregates the effects of frequency change - droop speed control, lower load due to lower frequency, damper winding in the generator becoming engaged, the change is again assumed to be linear). At the same time in the no-fault area  (the different sign of  is due to the fact that outflow of one area is an inflow for another one). Substitution of the expressions for  into the balance of the fault area yields .

At the end of the second stage the power of the generator in the no-fault area increases by  due to the actions of governor and LFC respectively, with the fault area unchanged. Since the LFC algorithm drives the ACE to zero, at the end of the second stage . As a result, in the no-fault area . Thus .

Rate of change of frequency
Rate of change of frequency (also RoCoF) is simply a time derivative of the utility frequency (), usually measured in Hz per second, Hz/s. The importance of this parameter increases when the traditional synchronous generators are replaced by the variable renewable energy (VRE) inverter-based resources (IBR). The design of a synchronous generator inherently provides the inertial response that limits the RoCoF. Since the IBRs are not electromechanically coupled into the power grid, a system with high VRE penetration might exhibit large RoCoF values that can cause problems with the operation of the system due to stress placed onto the remaining synchronous generators, triggering of the protection devices and load shedding.

As of 2017, regulations for some grids required the power plants to tolerate RoCoF of 1-4 Hz/s, the upper limit being a very high value, an order of magnitude higher than the design target of a typical older gas turbine generator. Testing high-power (multiple MW) equipment for RoCoF tolerance is hard, as a typical test setup is powered off the grid, and the frequency thus cannot be arbitrarily varied. In the US, the controllable grid interface at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is the only facility that allows testing of multi-MW units (up to 7 MVA). Testing of large thermal units is not possible.

Audible noise and interference
AC-powered appliances can give off a characteristic hum, often called "mains hum", at the multiples of the frequencies of AC power that they use (see Magnetostriction). It is usually produced by motor and transformer core laminations vibrating in time with the magnetic field. This hum can also appear in audio systems, where the power supply filter or signal shielding of an amplifier is not adequate.

Most countries chose their television vertical synchronization rate to be the same as the local mains supply frequency. This helped to prevent power line hum and magnetic interference from causing visible beat frequencies in the displayed picture of early analogue TV receivers particularly from the mains transformer. Although some distortion of the picture was present, it went mostly un-noticed because it was stationary. The elimination of transformers by the use of AC/DC receivers, and other changes to set design helped minimise the effect and some countries now use a vertical rate that is an approximation to the supply frequency (most notably 60 Hz areas).

Another use of this side effect is as a forensic tool. When a recording is made that captures audio near an AC appliance or socket, the hum is also incidentally recorded. The peaks of the hum repeat every AC cycle (every  ms for 50 Hz AC, or every  ms for 60 Hz AC). The exact frequency of the hum should match the frequency of a forensic recording of the hum at the exact date and time that the recording is alleged to have been made.  Discontinuities in the frequency match or no match at all will betray the authenticity of the recording.

See also
Mains electricity
Maximum demand indicator
Network analyzer (AC power)
Telechron

Further reading
Furfari, F.A., The Evolution of Power-Line Frequencies  to 25 Hz, Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE, Sep/Oct 2000, Volume 6, Issue 5, Pages 12–14, .
Rushmore, D.B., Frequency, AIEE Transactions, Volume 31, 1912, pages 955–983, and discussion on pages 974–978.
Blalock, Thomas J., Electrification of a Major Steel Mill – Part II Development of the 25 Hz System, Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE, Sep/Oct 2005, Pages 9–12, .

References

Sources

Electric power

Utility frequency


Trichosarcina, monotipski rod zelenih algi čija pripadnost porodici još nije utvrđena a pripada redu Ulotrichales. Jedina je vrsta terestrijalna alga nevažećeg imena T. polymorpha uz pacifičku obalu Japana.

Izvori

Ulotrichales

Trichosarcina


The Owl Service is a low fantasy novel for young adults by Alan Garner, published by Collins in 1967. Set in modern Wales, it is an adaptation of the story of the mythical Welsh woman Blodeuwedd, an "expression of the myth" in the author's words.

Garner won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British author. It was named one of the top ten Medal-winning works for the 70th anniversary celebration in 2007, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite. Garner also won the second annual Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, a similar award that authors may not win twice. Only six books have won both awards in the 45 years from 1966 to 2011.

The mythical Blodeuwedd is featured in the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi. She is a woman created from flowers by the king of Gwynedd, Math, and the magician and trickster Gwydion, for a man who was cursed to take no human wife.  She betrays her husband Lleu in favour of another man, Gronw, and is turned into an owl as punishment for inducing Gronw to kill Lleu. In Garner's tale three teenagers find themselves re-enacting the story. They awaken the legend by finding a set of dinner plates (a dinner service) with an owl pattern, which gives the novel its title.

Henry Z. Walck published the first US edition in 1968.

Plot summary

Roger and Alison are stepbrother and sister. Alison's father died and her mother Margaret has married Clive, a businessman and former RAF officer. Clive's former wife was notoriously unfaithful, bringing shame to the family and a particular kind of pain to his son, Roger. To bond the new family together they are spending a few weeks of the summer in an isolated valley in Wales, a few hours' drive from Aberystwyth. They occupy a fine house formerly owned by Alison's father, subsequently transferred to her to avoid death duty. He in turn inherited it from a cousin, Bertram, who died there in mysterious circumstances around the time Alison was born.

With the house comes Huw Halfbacon, also known as Huw the Flitch, a handyman and gardener. He is the last of the original domestic staff to remain at the house. The former cook, Nancy, had left to live in Aberystwyth but is offered a substantial amount to come and resume her duties. With her comes her son Gwyn. He has never seen the valley before but knows everything about it, courtesy of his mother's stories. Someone else who knows a lot about the place is Huw, but he is very mysterious about it. Oddly, Nancy has told Gwyn nothing about Huw.

Alison hears scratching noises in the attic above her bed and persuades Gwyn to investigate. He finds stacks of dinner plates with a floral pattern. When he picks one up, something odd happens. He almost falls through the ceiling while simultaneously Roger, lounging by a large flat stone near the river, hears a scream and seems to see something flying through the air toward him. The stone is known as the Stone of Gronw. It has a hole neatly bored through it, and legend says that Lleu killed Gronw by throwing his spear clear through the stone that Gronw was holding to shield himself.

Alison begins behaving peculiarly. She traces the pattern on the plate onto paper and folds the result to make an owl. Finding out that Gwyn has been in the attic, Nancy demands that Alison give up the plate. Alison asserts she has no right to it, and eventually produces a blank white plate. She maintains that the pattern disappeared from the plate. Alison becomes obsessed by the plates. One by one she traces them and makes the owls, and one by one the plates become blank. The owls themselves disappear, though no one cares at first about some folded paper models.

In the house's billiard room part of the wall has been covered with pebble-dash. Bit by bit this begins to crack and fall away, exposing first a pair of painted eyes, and then an entire portrait of a woman made of flowers. Tensions between the occupants of the house began to rise. Gwyn is intelligent and wants to further his education, but Clive expresses a stereotypical clannish closed-ranks attitudes of the upper middle class towards him. Roger begins to feel hostile despite his initial friendliness. Eventually he takes to ridiculing Gwyn's efforts to improve himself with elocution lessons on gramophone records, calling them "improve-a-prole." Alison seems friendly to Gwyn and the two go on long walks together. She has visions where she sees herself next to him, even though he is some distance away. Margaret, her mother, never appears but the need to keep her happy affects everyone else.

As the holiday slides into disaster, the British attitude of "seeing it through to the end" prevails, even though Clive could pay off all the staff and leave at any time. Nancy repeatedly threatens to quit, and is repeatedly mollified with crisp banknotes. She constantly warns Gwyn to stay away from the others, lest he be taken out of school and forced to work in a shop to earn some money. Nancy gradually reveals her resentment of Margaret and Alison, as she once expected to marry Bertram and should have been mistress of the very house she toils in.

Competition between the boys for Alison is, at most, a subtext here, although Garner's television script is much more overt about Gwyn's attraction to her, despite his poverty. Alison, notwithstanding any attraction to him, would rather keep her privileges, such as her tennis club membership, than cross her mother. This is something she eventually admits to Gwyn.

The mysterious Huw presides over this like some ringmaster at a circus, making strange pronouncements. There is a background of odd comments from the villagers, noises of motorcycles in the distance, sounds of birds, and mysterious noises from locked buildings.

Gwyn follows Alison on one of her inexplicable midnight walks. She is completing her tracing of the plates somewhere in the woods. Gwyn is harassed by columns of flame, which he tries to convince himself are merely marsh gas. He finds Alison when she has made the final owl, then escorts her back to the house. Huw is waiting, and greets them with the remark "She's come."

By this time the connection between the legend and the events is becoming clear. Gwyn tries to see things rationally. He attempts to run away, walking up the sides of the valley as the weather worsens, but is chased back by a pack of sheepdogs. Stealing Roger's hiking gear, he tries the other side of the valley, only to find Huw waiting for him. Huw tells him of the power that exists in the valley, how those of the blood have to re-enact the legend each time, and how Blodeuwedd always comes as owls instead of flowers because of the hatred. Huw, of course, is Gwyn's real father, so Gwyn is the next generation. Huw was responsible for Bertram's death, sabotaging the old motorcycle Bertram liked to ride around the garden, not realising he would take it out on the dangerous hill road. The dinner plates and the wall painting were done by Huw's ancestors, trying to lock up the magic in their creations, but Alison has let it loose again.

Huw directs Gwyn to a crack in an ancient tree where he finds various things, including a spear head. All the men of Huw's line come to this tree, where they leave something and take something. Gwyn removes a carved stone, leaving a cheap owl-decorated trinket. He tells Huw to give the stone to Alison. Gwyn is going to return to the house and leave with his mother, who has finally and irrevocably quit.

In a locked room, Roger discovers a stuffed owl, which Bertram shot in his own attempt to lay the ghost of Blodeuwedd, along with all the paper owls that have traced intricate patterns in the dust of a storeroom. He also finds the sabotaged motorcycle. Nancy charges in and wrecks the place, destroying the owl and then attempting to knock the very feathers out of the air.

Alison, having been given the stone by Huw, collapses and is brought into the kitchen, where she writhes in the grip of some force that makes claw marks on her skin. Huw begs Gwyn to comfort her, but Gwyn by now feels totally betrayed by Alison and can say nothing. A storm rages outside, branches smashing through the windows and skylight, a sound of owls and eagles pressing in on them. Feathers swirl in the room and trace owl patterns on the walls and ceiling.

Roger is desperate, abasing himself before Gwyn, but to no avail.  "It is always owls, over and over and over," says Huw. Then Roger shouts that it's not true, that she is flowers. He yells this at Alison until abruptly all is peaceful, and the room is filled not with feathers but with petals.

Writing

Garner spent four years researching and writing the book. He learned Welsh "in order not to use it" in the dialogue—nor to use dialect, as in what he calls the "Come you here, bach" school of writing—because he believed that doing so would only superficially express what it is to be Welsh.

Themes
John Rowe Townsend cited the theme of ancient but living legend, which also appears in Garner's earlier books, saying that in this book "Garner added to his gift for absorbing old tales and retransmitting them with increased power a new grasp of the inward, emotional content of an incident or situation."

Another fellow reteller of Welsh material in English, Susan Cooper said that the novel can be called "true fantasy", "subtle and overwhelming". Penelope Farmer wrote, "I doubt if you could find any piece of realistic fiction for adolescents that says a quarter as much about adolescence as Alan Garner's The Owl Service."

Inspiration

According to his Postscript included in the 2017 HarperCollins (London) edition, pp216–219, Garner had "The sensation of finding, not inventing, a story ....  It was all there, waiting, and I was the archaeologist picking away the earth to reveal the bones".  He described 4 key inspirations leading to, and directly providing key elements of, the story, in both book and video forms.

First, (p216)

It began when I read an old Welsh legend about Lleu, and his wife Blodeuwedd who was made for him out of flowers.

Second, (p217)

The legend stuck in my mind for several years, and then one day my mother-in-law showed me an old dinner service.  She had noticed that the floral pattern round the edge of the plates could be seen as the body, wings, and head of an owl.  My wife, Griselda, traced the pattern, juggled it a bit, folded the pattern together and there it was, a model paper owl, which she perched on the back of a chair.

Third, (p217)

But even so, for a long time nothing else would come.  Then, by chance, we went to stay at a house in a remote valley in North Wales.  Within hours of arriving I knew that I had found the setting for the story, or the setting had found me.  Its atmosphere fitted both the original legend and the nature of the dinner service.  Ideas began to grow. [...] The story took shape.  I looked around for more ideas.  The lie of the land fitted the descriptions in the legend.  Everything was where it ought to be.  The legend could have happened here.  As I stood on the doorstep at night, thinking these things, an owl brushed its wings in my face.

Fourth, he cited a local's key contribution:  (pp217–218)

Dafydd Rees was eighty-one years old.  He was known in the valley as Clocydd, "bell-ringer", because he had rung the church bell for sixty-five years, after his uncle retired from the same job after seventy years.  Dafydd had worked as the caretaker and gardener of the house since 1898.  He was the greatest help to me, since he let me in to his knowledge of the valley, its history, its traditions, its folklore.  Everything that Gwyn, in the book, tells Alison about the valley, is what Dafydd told me. [...]

In its re-telling in video form, Garner described (p219) the later making of the television series, filmed in the valley itself, as "a kind of magical madness", saying it "had made the story...more real than reality".

I found the experience hard to bear, because characters —who had lived in my head for so many years— were now really in the valley and really speaking the words that I had written.  What had been a thought was now happening in front of me.

The abrupt and entire removing of crew, kit, and actors left him with mixed emotions and he closed with:

For me, in the valley where I had set the story, it was a sense of loss.  The valley had not changed.  It was as it had been before I ever knew it. For a few hectic weeks my thoughts had taken on shapes, and moved as people in the landscape where I had imagined them.  But now they had gone, and all was as it had always been.
"It was a good time," Dafydd wrote in a letter afterwards.  "I have been to the stone.  She is lonely now."

The dinner service
The pattern of the dinner service, a floral design in which some "flowers" can be read as "owls" when upside down, was designed for Old Hall by Christopher Dresser (died 1904). Garner sought to identify the designer for more than forty years.

Peter Plummer, the producer and director of the television adaptation, described in 1979 a nationwide search for surviving dinner services with the same owl/flower pattern, conducted in association with TV Times during 1969:

"I only know now that there are precious few of these sets in circulation ... (we) only managed to turn up three other copies, one of which, curiously enough, had been accompanied by very unpleasant associations of disaster in the family which had owned it (and one of the other families suddenly woke up to what it was they were eating their tea off while watching the transmission of the first episode)."

In 2012 Garner mentioned that he had only ever seen five plates with the design.

Television adaptation

The Owl Service was made into a Granada Television television serial of the same name in 1969. It was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 2000.

See also

Notes

References

External links
  —immediately, first US edition

 Images of the original plate, recreations, and a similar design discovered in Shikoku, Japan, April 2006

1967 British novels
1967 fantasy novels
British young adult novels
Carnegie Medal in Literature winning works
Guardian Children's Fiction Prize-winning works
Welsh fantasy novels
Novels set in Wales
Novels by Alan Garner
William Collins, Sons books
Mabinogion
Works based on Celtic mythology
1967 children's books
Children's books set in Wales

The Owl Service


Karahüseyinli, Bartın - Bartın ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karahüseyinli, Yavuzeli - Gaziantep ili Yavuzeli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karahüseyinli, İskenderun - Hatay ili İskenderun ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karahüseyinli, Yunusemre - Manisa ili Yunusemre ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karahüseyinli, Alaçam - Samsun ili Alaçam ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Karahüseyinli


Min fremtid ligger i dine hænder er en film instrueret af Janus Billeskov Jansen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Min fremtid ligger i dine hænder


Die Autobahn Shiyan–Tianshui oder Shitian-Autobahn (), chin. Abk. G7011, ist eine im Bau befindliche regionale Autobahn in den Provinzen Hubei, Shaanxi und Gansu in der Mitte Chinas. Die 740 km lange Autobahn zweigt bei Shiyan von der Autobahn G70 ab und führt in westlicher Richtung über Ankang und Hanzhong nach Tianshui.

Einzelnachweise

Autobahn in der Volksrepublik China
Straße in Asien
Straße in Hubei
Straße in Shaanxi
Straße in Gansu

Autobahn Shiyan–Tianshui


El zumbador grande, zumbador dorado o mango antillano, también mango dominicano, colibrí dorado, mango dorado o zunzún,  (Anthracothorax dominicus) es una especie de ave apodiforme de la familia Trochilidae. Es endémico de La Española.

Distribución
Se encuentra en la República Dominicana y Haití.

Hábitat
Su hábitat natural son los bosques secos tropicales o subtropicales, bosques húmedos subtropicales o tropicales de tierras bajas y bosques antiguos muy degradados.
La cola de las hembras adultas muestran color rojo-marrón muy oscuro por la parte inferior y termina la cola con una bien diminuta mancha blanca, la cola de los machos es azul oscuro. Las hembra muestra vientre blanco-gris y los macho verde oscuro. Los machos son de coloración verde-dorado es el espalda mientras las hembras son verde claro con algunos tonos de verde azul.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/antillean-mango-anthracothorax-dominicus Antillean Mango videos, images and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection]

dominicus
Taxones descritos por Carlos Linneo
Animales descritos en 1766
Aves del Caribe

Anthracothorax dominicus


Maidan Wardak or Maidan (Pashto: ), also called Wardag or Wardak, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central region of Afghanistan. It is divided into eight districts and has a population of approximately 500,000. The capital of the province is Maidan Shar, while the most populous district in the province is Saydabad District. Wardak is known for one of its famous high peak mountain known as (Shah Foladi).

In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the province during the 2021 Taliban offensive.

History

During the communist times, the people of Maidan Wardak never gave significant support to the communist government. Wardak Province was significant during the Civil War in Afghanistan, due to its proximity with Kabul and its agricultural lands. Hezb-e Wahdat had a significant presence in the area. Most of the area was captured by the Taliban around winter 1995. It remains a major Taliban travel route to Kabul with Maidan Shar a target for terror.

The security situation rapidly deteriorated in Wardak in 2008 and 2009. According to a report by Mohammad Osman Tariq Elias, both Logar and Wardak, by the end of 2008, were under de facto Taliban control. As of April 2009, the Ministry of the Interior (Afghanistan) had listed the entire province as "High Risk."

In October 2017, US Forces from elements of the 1st Battalion 87th Infantry Regiment and 10th Special Operations Group launched an offensive to wrest the province from Taliban control.

On 21 January 2019, a Taliban attack on a military base and police training center in the province resulted in 125 NDS officers killed. At least 30 people were reported to be injured. The attack came during a time of intense daily violence throughout the country.

Geography

Maidan Wardak province is located in the central and eastern region of Afghanistan; bordering Parwan to the northeast, Kabul and Logar to the east, Ghazni to the south and Bamyan to the west. The capital of Wardak province is Maidan Shar, which is located about 35 km from Kabul. Wardak province covers an area of 9,934 km2. It is mountainous like the rest of the country with plains and many valleys, such as the Tangi Valley. The majority of its residents live in rural areas. The most heavily populated areas are along the Kabul–Kandahar Highway. The rest of the province is thinly populated, with villages concentrated in areas with available irrigation and water sources (CSO and UNFPA, 2003). Famous passes include the Unai Pass and the Hajigak Pass.

Economics and industry

In terms of industry, one marble factory is working in the province, and there are marble mines in the provincial center and Sayed Abad District although no mining is currently undertaken there due to the government ban. The majority of commercial activity in Maidan Shahr. Wardak is related to trade in agricultural and livestock products, although stone quarrying is also a growing business in the area. The people from Maidan Shahr are also experts in karez cleaning and repair and go to other parts of the country for this purpose. In Wardak, there are many natural resources like petroleum, iron, rubies, and emeralds.

Agriculture is a major source of revenue for 43% of households in Maidan Wardak province. Four-fifths (79%) of rural households own or manage agricultural land or garden plots in the province.  However, nearly a quarter (24%) of households in the province derive income from trade and services, and around half (45%) of households earn some income through non-farm related labor.

Education

The overall literacy rate in Maidan Wardak province is 25%. There are around 251 primary and secondary schools in the province catering for 105,358 students. There are 2909 teachers teaching in these schools.

Demographics

As of 2021, the total population of Maidan Wardak province is about 671,817. The province is predominantly Pashtun and Hazaras with Tajiks making up most of the remainder of the population. The Tajiks live primarily in northern districts of the province while the Hazaras live in the western part of the province. The province also has a small population of Qizilbash.

Districts

See also
 Wardak (Pashtun tribe)
 Provinces of Afghanistan

References

External links

 Wardak Province by the Institute for the Study of War
 Wardak Province by the Naval Postgraduate School

Provinces of Afghanistan
Hazarajat
Provinces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Maidan Wardak Province


Soy milk (), also known as soya milk or soymilk, is a plant-based drink produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, boiling the mixture, and filtering out remaining particulates. It is a stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein. Its original form is an intermediate product of the manufacture of tofu. Originating in China, it became a common beverage in Europe and North America in the latter half of the 20th century, especially as production techniques were developed to give it a taste and consistency more closely resembling that of dairy milk. Soy milk may be used as a substitute for dairy milk by individuals who are vegan or lactose intolerant.

Soy milk is also used in making imitation dairy products such as soy yogurt, soy cream, soy kefir, and soy-based cheese analogues. It is also used as an ingredient for making milkshakes, pancakes, smoothies, bread, mayonnaise, and baked goods.

Names
In some parts of China, the usual term 豆浆 dòujiāng (lit."bean broth") is used for the traditional watery and beany beverage produced as an intermediate product in the production of tofu, whereas store-bought products designed to imitate the flavor and consistency of dairy milk, may contain a mixture of dairy and soy, are more often known as 豆奶 dòunǎi ("bean milk").

In other countries, there are sometimes legal impediments to the equivalents of the name "soy milk". In such jurisdictions, the manufacturers of plant milks typically label their products the equivalent of "soy beverage" or "soy drink".

Naming in the EU
In the European Union, "milk" by law refers exclusively to "the normal mammary secretion obtained from one or more milkings without either addition thereto or extraction therefrom". Only cow's milk is allowed to be named "milk" on packaging, and any other milks must state the name of the respective animal: for example, "goat milk" or "sheep milk". There are exceptions for traditional products such as coconut milk. The naming of soy drink as soy milk became subject of a 2017 court case before the Court of Justice of the European Union after a German consumer protection group filed an unfair competition complaint about a company describing its soya and tofu products as 'milk' or 'cheese'. The Court of Justice ruled that such designations cannot be legally used for purely plant-based products and that additions indicating the plant origin of the products (soy milk) does not influence that prohibition.

History
The earliest record of soybean milk is on a stone slab of the Eastern Han dynasty unearthed in China, on which is engraved the situation of making soy milk in ancient kitchens.

A tofu broth (doufujiang)  was used during the Mongol Yuan. As doujiang, this drink remains a common watery form of soy milk in China, usually prepared from fresh soybeans. The compendium of Materia Medica, which was completed in 1578, also has an evaluation of soymilk. Its use increased during the Qing dynasty, apparently due to the discovery that gently heating doujiang for at least 90 minutes hydrolyzed or helped to break down its undesirable raffinose and stachyose, oligosaccharides, which can cause flatulence and digestive pain among lactose-intolerant adults. By the 18th century, it was common enough that street vendors were hawking it; in the 19th, it was also common to take a cup to tofu shops to get hot, fresh doujiang for breakfast. It was already often paired with youtiao, which was dipped into it. The process was industrialized in early Republican China. By 1929, two Shanghai factories were selling over 1000 bottles a day and another in Beijing was almost as productive itself. Following disruption from the Second World War and the Chinese Civil War, soy milk began to be marketed in soft drink-like fashion in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japan in the 1950s.

Soymilk was mentioned in various European letters from China beginning in the 17th century. "Soy milk" entered the English language (as "soy-bean milk") in an 1897 USDA report. Li Yuying established Caséo-Sojaïne, the first soy milk "dairy", in Colombes, France, in 1910; he received the first British and American patents for soy milk manufacturing in 1912 and 1913. J.A. Chard began production of "Soy Lac" in New York City, United States, in 1917. Harry W. Miller—an American businessman forced to relocate his factory from Shanghai owing to World War II—was similarly compelled by the USDA and the US dairy industry to use the term "Soya Lac" rather than "soy milk". John Harvey Kellogg had been working with what he called "soymilk" at his Battle Creek Sanitarium since 1930, but was similarly compelled to market his acidophilus-enriched beverage as "Soygal" when it began commercial production in 1942.

A string of 40 court cases against Rich Products between 1949 and 1974 finally established that non-dairy "milks" and imitation dairy products were "a new and distinct food", rather than inferior and illegal knock-offs. Cornell researchers established the enzyme lipoxygenase as responsible for the "beany" flavor of soy milk made in 1966; the same research established a process for reducing or eliminating the bean flavor from commercial products. With Tetra Pak cartons extending its shelf-life, Hong Kong-based Vitasoy reintroduced soy milk to the US market in 1980 and brought it to 20 other countries within a few years. Alpro similarly began production in Belgium in 1980, quickly becoming Europe's leading producer. New production technology and techniques began to permit soy beverages with an appreciably more milk-like flavor and consistency in the mid-1980s.

Preparation

Soy milk is made from whole soybeans or full-fat soy flour. The dry beans are soaked in water for a minimum of three hours up to overnight depending on the temperature of the water. The rehydrated beans then undergo wet grinding with enough added water to give the desired solids content to the final product which has a protein content of 1–4%, depending on the method of production. The ratio of water to beans on a weight basis is 10:1 for traditional soy milk. The resulting slurry or purée is brought to a boil to improve its taste properties (see "Soy odor" below), by heat inactivating soybean trypsin inhibitor, and to sterilize the product. Heating at or near the boiling point is continued for a period of time, 15–20 minutes, followed by the removal of insoluble residues (soy pulp fiber) by straining/filtration.

Processing requires the use of an anti-foaming agent or natural defoamer during the boiling step. Bringing filtered soy milk to a boil avoids the problem of foaming. It is generally opaque, white or off-white in color, and approximately the same consistency as cow's milk. Quality attributes during preparation include germination time for the beans used, acidity, total protein and carbohydrates, phytic acid content, and viscosity. Raw soy milk may be sweetened, flavored, and fortified with micronutrients. Once fully processed, soy milk products are typically sold in plastic bottles or plastic-coated cartons, such as tetrapaks.

Soy odor
Traditional Asian soymilk has a "beany" odor, partly of hexanal, considered disagreeable by most Westerners. This is caused by the lipooxygenase (LOX) in the soy oxidizing the fat in the beans. Rehydrating the beans allows the reaction to proceed with the oxygen gas dissolved in soaking water. To eliminate the odor, one can either disable the LOX enzyme with heat or remove the oxygen dissolved in the water. The former can be achieved by soaking beans in hot water (a "hot grind"), skipping the soak entirely, or blanching the soy in water or steam first. The latter can be achieved by a variety of chemical means, such as adding glucose and glucose oxidase to consume the oxygen. The soybean cultivar also influences the odor and a mutant cultivar lacking LOX completely has been produced.

The issue and preference of soy odor also affects products made from soymilk, especially tofu. See .

Commerce
With soybean production increasing worldwide during the early 21st century, and consumer interest in plant milks growing from demand in Asia, Europe, and the United States, soy milk became the second-most consumed plant milk (after almond milk) by 2019. Soy milk sales declined in the United States during 2018–19, mainly due to the rising popularity of almond milk and loss of market share to the successful introduction of oat milk.

According to market research in 2019, the worldwide market for soy milk was growing at an annual rate of 6%, and was forecast to reach $11 billion in total commerce by 2025. Growth in consumption was due mainly to expanding the flavors of sweetened soy milks and uses in desserts, whereas unsweetened soy milk was being used particularly in Asia-Pacific countries as an ingredient in snacks and various prepared foods.

Usage

Nutrition
A cup (243 mL) serving of a generic unsweetened commercial nutrient-fortified brand of soy milk provides 80 calories from 4 g of carbohydrates (including 1 g of sugar), 4 g of fat and 7 g of protein. This processed soy milk contains appreciable levels of vitamin A, B vitamins, and vitamin D in a range of 10 to 45% of the Daily Value, with calcium and magnesium also in significant content.

It has a glycemic index of 34±4. For protein quality, one study gave soya milk a Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) of 78% for infants, 99% for young children, and 117% for older children, adolescents, and adults, with the limiting amino acid for those groups being leucine, lysine, and valine respectively. A DIAAS of 100% or more is considered to be an excellent/high protein quality source.

Taste

Manufactured, sweetened soy milk has an oatmeal-like, nutty flavor. In acidic hot drinks, such as coffee, curdling may occur, requiring some manufacturers to add acidity regulators.

Phytic acid
Soybeans, and soy milk in particular, contain phytic acid, which may act as a chelating agent and inhibit mineral absorption, especially for diets already low in minerals. However, dietary intake of phytic acid may help reduce the risk of developing colon cancer.

Regional

Soy milk is a common beverage in East Asian cuisines.
 In Chinese cuisine, "sweet" soy milk is made by adding cane sugar or simple syrup. "Salty" or "savory" soy milk is often combined with chopped pickled mustard greens, dried shrimp, youtiao croutons, chopped spring onions, cilantro, pork floss, and/or shallots, along with vinegar, sesame oil, soy sauce, and/or chili oil. Both are traditional breakfast foods, served hot or cold depending on the season or personal preference. At breakfast, it is often accompanied by starchy carbohydrate-rich foods like mantou (a thick, fluffy kind of roll or bun), youtiao (deep-fried dough sticks), and shaobing (sesame flatbread).
 Japanese cuisine uses soy milk to make yuba and as an occasional base for nabemono.
 In Korean cuisine, soy milk is used as the broth for making kongguksu, a cold noodle soup eaten mostly in summer.

In many countries, soy milk is used in vegan and vegetarian food products and as a replacement for cow's milk in many recipes. Soy milk is also used in making imitation dairy products such as soy yogurt, soy cream, soy kefir and soy-based cheese analogues. It is also used as an ingredient for making milkshakes, pancakes, smoothies, bread, mayonnaise, and baked goods.

Ecological effects
 Using soybeans to make milk instead of raising cows is ecologically advantageous. Cows require much more energy to produce milk, since the farmer must feed the animal, which can consume up to  of food in dry matter basis and  of water a day, producing an average of  of milk a day. Legumes, including the soybean plant, also replenish the nitrogen content of the soil in which they are grown.

The cultivation of soybeans in South America is a cause of deforestation (specifically in the Amazon rainforest) and a range of other large-scale environmental harm. However, the majority of soybean cultivation worldwide, especially in South America where cattle farming is widespread, is intended for livestock fodder rather than soy milk production.

See also

 Plant milk
 Milk substitute
 Soy milk maker
 Soy yogurt
 List of soy-based foods
 Tofu (soy milk curd)
 Tofu skin
 Soy boy

References

Bibliography
 Atkinson, Fiona S.; et al. (1 Dec 2008), "International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2008", Diabetes Care, 31 (12): 2281–3, doi:10.2337/dc08-1239, PMC 2584181, PMID 18835944.
 Huang, H.T. (2008), "Early Uses of Soybean in Chinese History", The World of Soy, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-03341-4.
 Lawrence, S.E.; et al. (2016), "Preference Mapping of Soymilk with Different U.S. Consumers", Journal of Food Science, 81 (2): S463–76, doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13182, PMID 26677062.
 Langworthy, C.F. (7 July 1897), "Soy Beans as Food for Man", USDA Farmers' Bulletin, pp. 20–23.
 Lei Ma Li, Bin; Han, Fenxia; Yan, Shurong; Wang, Lianzheng; Sun, Junming (2015), "Evaluation of the Chemical Quality Traits of Soybean Seeds, as Related to Sensory Attributes of Soymilk", Food Chemistry, 173: 694–701, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.096, PMID 25466078.
 Shi, X.; et al. (2015), "Flavor Characteristic Analysis of Soymilk Prepared by Different Soybean Cultivars and Establishment of Evaluation Method of Soybean Cultivars Suitable for Soymilk Processing", Food Chemistry, 185: 422–9, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.011, PMID 25952888.
 Shurtleff, William and Aoyagi, Akiko. (2004), "Dr John Harvey Kellogg and Battle Creek Foods: Work with Soy", History of Soybeans and Soyfoods, 1100 BC to the 1980s, Lafayette: Soyinfo Center.
 Shurtleff, William and Aoyagi, Akiko. (2009), History of Miso, Soybean Jiang (China), Jang (Korea), and Tauco/Taotjo (Indonesia), 200 BC–2009, Lafayette: Soyinfo Center, ISBN 9781928914228.
 Shurtleff, William and Aoyagi, Akiko. (2013), History of Soymilk and Other Non-Dairy Milks, 1226 to 2013 (PDF), Lafayette: Soyinfo Center.
 Shurtleff, William and Aoyagi, Akiko. (2014), History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in China and Taiwan and in Chinese Cookbooks, Restaurants, and Chinese Work with Soyfoods outside China, 1024 BCE to 2014 (PDF), Lafayette: Soyinfo Center.

External links

Ancient dishes
Chinese drinks
Chinese inventions
Hong Kong drinks
Japanese drinks
Korean drinks
Milk substitutes
Non-alcoholic drinks
Plant milk
Soy-based foods
Taiwanese drinks
Vegan cuisine
Vegetarianism and drinks

Soy milk


Ağırlık antrenmanı, kasların hacmini (kas hipertrofisi) ve gücünü arttırmaya yönelik egzersiz çeşididir. Doğru uygulandığında ağırlık kaldırma yalnızca güç arttırmayı sağlamaz aynı zamanda sağlık üzerinde de olumlu etki yapabilmektedir.

En yaygın ağırlık antrenman metodu çalışma programı içinde kullanılan ağırlıkların tedricen arttırılmasıdır.(progressive overload)  Çeşitli aletlerle ve çalışma programlarıyla belirli kas gruplarının uygulanan diğer spor türlerine yardımcı olabilmesi ya da sadece sağlık ve fitness için geliştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir.

Ağırlık antrenmanı vücut geliştirme, halter ve güç kaldırışları gibi sporlardan farklı olmakla birlikte bu sporların antrenmanlarının da bir parçasıdır.

Tarihçe
Tedricen arttırılan mukavemet antrenmanının geçmişi Antik Yunanistan'a kadar geri gitmektedir. Efsaneye göre Krotonlu Milo yeni doğmuş bir sığırı büyüyüp gelişinceye kadar her gün sırtında taşıyarak antrenman yapmıştır. Bir başka Yunan olan tıp adamı Galen 2.yüzyılda günümüzde kullanılan el ağırlıklarının (dumbbell) ilk örneği olan halterleri kullanarak güç talimi yapılabileceğini belirtmektedir.

Hindistan'da da çok eskilere varan bir ağırlık kaldırma geçmişi bulunmaktadır. 1100'lerde ağırlık kaldırma ile ilgili tanımlar bulunmakta hatta taş, kum torbaları ve içine çeşitli ağırlıklar konulabilen tahta dubalar ağırlık olarak kullanılmaktadır.

El ağırlıklarına çubukların (barbell) eklenmesi 19.yüzyılın ikinci yarısında gerçekleşmiştir. İlk zamanlarda çubuklarda içi kum ile veya kurşun ile doldurulabilen küreler kullanılırdı ancak yüzyılın sonları doğru günümüzde kullanılan demir plakalar kullanılmaya başlandı.

Türkler'de ağırlık güreş gibi sporları icra edenler tarafından ağır taşlarla yapılmıştır. Padişah IV. Murat'ın ağır gürzlerle ağırlık çalıştığı, orduda gürz idman yarışmaları düzenlendiği bilinmektedir.

Güç antrenmanlarında izometrik egzersizlerin (ağırlıklı veya ağırlıksız sabit mukavemet çalışmaları) 1930'larda Charles Atlas tarafından popülerleştirildi. 1960'larda egzersiz makineleri ortaya çıkmaya başladı. 1980'lerde kimi vücut geliştirmecilerin Hollywood'da meşhur olmasıyla ağırlık antrenmanları yaygınlık kazandı.

Temeller

Ağırlık çalışmalarında tekrar ve set sistemi kullanılır. Tekrar bir ağırlığın kaç kere indirilip kaldırılacağı set ise tekrarların duraksamaksızın bir dizi halindeki ifadesidir. Örneğin 10 tekrar 2 set ifadesi ağırlığın 10 kez indirilip kaldırılacağı ve belirli bir dinlenme aralığından sonra ikinci defa 10 kez aynı hareketin tekrarlanacağı anlamına gelmektedir. Tekrar sayıları 4-5'ten 15'e kadar çıkabilmekte aynı şekilde setler de 2-3'ten 4-5 set'e kadar arttırılabilmektedir. Tekrar ve setlerin ne kadar olacağı ağırlık antrenmanından beklenen hedefe bağlı olarak değişebilmektedir. Bu hedef çabuk kuvvet, maksimum kuvvet ve dayanıklılık gibi kuvvet türlerine belirli bir spor türünden beklenen kas türüne ve kasın tepki hızına göre değişebilmektedir. Atletizm gibi spor türlerinde çabuk kuvvet ön plana çıkarken mücadele sporlarında maksimum kuvvet de önemli olabilmektedir.

Spor fizyolojisi denilen bilim dalında kasların bariz bir büyüklük kazanmadan kuvvetinin arttırılabileceği ispatlanmıştır. Bu, tekrar ve set sistemiyle sağlanabilmektedir. Vücut geliştirme'de 3-4 set ve 8-12 tekrar yapılan orta hızda hareketler kasın hacmini ve dolayısıyla da belirli ölçüde gücünü arttırmaktadır. Ancak kasların büyüklüğünün önemli olmadığı hatta yapılan spor türüne göre engel teşkil edebileceği durumlarda set sayısını ve tekrarı düşük tutarak (örneğin 2-5 gibi tekrarlarla) güç artışı sağlanmakta buna mukabil kasın hacmi vücut geliştirmecilerde olduğu kadar büyümemektedir.

Kas Sistemi

Ağırlık antrenmanları vücudumuzdaki istemli kas gruplarının çalıştırılması, güçlendirilmesi, dayanıklılıklarının arttırılması için en elzem egzersiz grubuna girmektedirler. Genel olarak vücudumuzdaki temel kas grupları aşağıdaki şemada sıralanmıştır:

Kasların spor terminolojisinde kullanılan isimleri, anlamları ve egzersizleri

 Göğüs : pectoralis (Bench Press, Incline Bench Press ,Cable Fly)
 Trapez : trapezius (Power Clean, Upright Rows, Shrugs/Banane)
 Omuz : deltoids (Overhead Press, Lateral/Front Raises, Bent-Over Lateral Raise, Upright Row)
 Pazu : biceps brachii (Barbell Curl, Preacher(Scott) Curl, Dumbbell Hammer Curls )
 Triceps(Arka Kol) : triceps brachii (Skull Crushers, Seated Overhead Barbell Triceps Extension, Dips, Close-Grip Bench Press, Push-Ups(Şınav) )
 Ön kol: brachioradialis (Barbell Wrist Curls, Reverse Barbell Wrist Curls, Reverse Curl, Power Clean)
 Orta sırt: rhomboids (Deadlifts)
 Sırt(Kanat) : latissimus dorsi/Lats (Overhead Pulldown, Seated Cable Row, Bent-Over Row,
 Karın : rectus abdominis
 Alt Sırt : (Power Clean, Deadlifts,Low Rows,Hyper Extension)
 Ön Bacak : quadriceps (Leg Press,Barbell Back&Front Squat, Barbell Lunge, Leg Extensions)
 Arka Bacak : biceps femoris (Leg Press, Lying Leg Curls, Dumbbell Lunges)
 Kaba Et : gluteus maximus and medius (Barbell Deadlift, Seated Leg Curl, Barbell Squat, Leg Press)
 Bacak Pazusu: Calves (Standing Calf Raises) ,Donkey Calf Raises)

Başlıca Egzersizler
Egzersizlerde genel prensip zorlanıldığında (çoğu durumda bu ağırlığın kaldırılması sırasında olur) nefes vermek, ağırlık indirildiğinde nefes almak şeklindedir. Egzersizden beklenen amaca göre orta şiddette veya hızlı kaldırışlar yapılabilir.

Üst beden

Pectorals (Göğüs)

 Göğüs İtiş (Bench Press) : Her iki kolun serbest kaldığında aşağıya düşebileceği ağırlık sırasına uzanıp ağırlık çubuğunu (bar) göğüs bölgesine indirip kaldırmakla gerçekleştirilir. Vücudun üst bölgesini en iyi çalıştıran egzersizlerden biridir ve pek çok spor dalında yardımcı egzersiz olarak çalışılmaktadır.
Gerekli Ekipman: Tek el ağırlıkları (dumbbells), ağırlık çubuğu (barbell) Smith machine veya bench press machine.

Lats (Kanat ve Üst Sırt)

 Makarada Çekiş (Pulldown Machine) : Latissimus dorsi denilen üst sırtı geliştiren en önemli egzersizlerden biridir. Eller olabildiğince açık tutulup sırta ve/veya göğüse çekilir.
Gerekli Ekipman: Lat Pulldown Machine, cable machine

Bel
Bel için
Rock Pulls ( Kısa Deatlift), Serbest exention ( Ters Mekik) ,

Karın (göbek)

Kıraç yere uzanmış yüzü ile bükük dizleri yukarıda omuzları leğen kemiğine karşı yukarı bükerek yapılır. Bu karın için bir izolasyon egzersizidir.

Alt Beden

Quadriceps (Ön Bacak)

 Tek el ağırlıkla Ceset Kaldırışı (Dumbbell deadlift) ellerde ağırlıkla çömelip kalkmakla gerçekleştirilir. Bacak pazısı (calves), hamstringler, alt sırt, latlar da ön bacak kaslarıyla birlikte çalışır. Hareket ağırlık çubuğuyla da (bar) gerçekleştirilebilir. Ceset kaldırışı sadece bacaklara için değil tüm vücudun dayanıklılığını arttıran ve mukavemet ve mücadele sporlarında uygulanan egzersizlerden biridir.
Gerekli ekipman : Tek el ağırlıklar (dumbell) veya ağırlık çubuğu (barbell)

 Çömelip kalkma (squat) ağırlıkla çömelip kalkarak yapılır. Bu harekette hamstring, glute'ler, alt sırt ve kalflar da çalışmaktadır. Hareket ağırlık çubuğuyla (Barbell) veya makinede de yapılabilir. Emniyet için ağırlık kemeri kullanmakta fayda vardır.
Gerekli ekipman : Barbell&Squat Rack, Hack Squat Machine

 Bacak Pres (leg press) oturarak bacakları kullanıp bir ağırlığı bedenden itmekle gerçekleştirilir. Hamstringleri ve kalfları (calves) da içeren komple egzersizdir.
Gerekli ekipman : Leg Press Machine

Hamstring (Arka Bacak)

 Bacak bükme (leg curl) ağırlık sehpasında yüzüstü uzanıp ayaklarla kalça bölgesine kadar ağırlığın kaldırılmasıyla gerçekleştirilir. Bu egzersiz arka bacak kaslarını (hamstring) çalıştıran izole bir egzersizdir.
Gerekli ekipman : Leg Curl Machine

Deltoids (Omuzlar)

 Tek el ağırlık kaldırışı (Dumbbell Lateral Raise):
Oturarak veya ayakta iki tek el ağırlığı (dumbell) alınır. Omuzun bu bölgesinin diğer bölgelere oranla güçsüz oluşundan ötürü nispeten hafif bir ağırlık seçilir ve kollar iki yana açılır.
Gerekli Ekipman: Tek el ağırlıkları (dumbbells), cable machine veya lateral raise machine.

Triceps (Üçbaşlı Kas-Arka kol)

 Uzanarak tek el ağırlık triseps uzatma (Lying dumbbell triceps extension) : Oturarak veya ayakta tek el ağırlık veya çubuk ağırlık alınır başın arka tarafına doğru indirilir.
Gerekli Ekipman: Tek el ağırlıkları (dumbbells), ağırlık çubuğu (barbell), cable machine veya triceps extension machine.

Biceps (Pazular)

 'Pazu Bükme (Bicep Curl|bicep curl): Oturarak veya ayakta omuzları oynatmaksızın kolların dirseklerden bükülüp yüz hizasına getirilmesiyle gerçekleştirilir.
Gerekli Ekipman: Tek el ağırlıkları (dumbbells), ağırlık çubuğu (barbell) veya cable machine.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Egzersiz fizyolojisi
 Vücut geliştirme

Kaynakça

 Body Building in India
 Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture

Egzersiz fizyolojisi

Ağırlık antrenmanı


U sezoni 2021./22. NK Osijek natjecao se u Prvoj HNL, Hrvatskom kupu i Konferencijskoj ligi.

Momčad

Natjecanja

Utakmice

Prijateljske

Prva HNL

Hrvatski kup

UEFA Europska konferencijska liga

Statistika igrača
ažurirano: 21. svibnja 2022.

Strijelci

Vratari po broju utakmica bez primljenog pogotka

Kartoni

Nastupi i pogodci

Transferi

Dolasci

Odlasci

Dolasci na posudbu

Odlasci na posudbu

Povezani članci
 NK Osijek II 2021./22.

Izvori i bilješke

2021-22

NK Osijek 2021./22.


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Marcelová enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Marcelová im Okres Komárno.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Marcelová


Agrilus windhoeki é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1935.

Referências

windhoeki

Agrilus windhoeki


Zeyna: Savaşçı Prenses Yeni Zelanda'da çekilen bir Amerikan televizyon dizisidir. Dizi 4 Eylül 1995'ten 18 Haziran 2001'e kadar özgün televizyon kanallarında yayınlanmıştır.

Dizi yazar-yönetmen-yapımcı Robert Tapert'in prodüksiyon etiketi Renaissance Pictures (Universal Studios'un yerel bir kolu) altında oluşturulmuştur. Sonradan yapımcı olarak R. J. Stewart (diziyi Tapert ile birlikte geliştirmişlerdir) ve Sam Raimi başa geçmiştir. Dizi kötü şöhretli savaşçı Zeyna'nın (Lucy Lawless'in oynadığı) masum insanlara karşı üstün savaş yeteneklerini kullanarak işlediği günahlara karşılık kendilerini savunamayan insanları koruyarak telafi etmeye çalıştığı görevini anlatır. Dizinin ilk başında basit bir köylü kızından Amazon savaşçısına ve Zeyna'nın silah arkadaşına dönüşen Gabriel (Renée O'Connor'ın oynadığı) Zeyna'ya dizi boyunca eşlik eder. Gabriel'in saflığı Zeyna'yı iyi birine dönüştürmeye ve ona "daha iyi"yi bulmak ve tanımak için yardımcı olur.

Dizi Herkül: Efsanevi Seyahatler dizisinden çıkmıştır; Herkül'de üç bölümde gözükmüş Zeyna karakteri, üçüncü bölümde aslında ölmesi planlanıyordu. Halk arasında çok başarılı olduğunu fark eden yapımcılar onun maceraları üzerine bir dizi oluşturmaya karar verdiler. Zeyna 1998'den beri Dünyada 108'den fazla ülkede gösterime girmiş başarılı bir diziydi. 2004 ve 2007'de TV Guide'ın En İyi Tutku Gösterileri sıralamasında 9. ve 10. olmuş ana karakter ise Bravo'un En Büyük 100 TV Karakteri arasında 100. olmuştur. Zeyna'nın başarısı yüzden fazla bağlantılı çizgi romana, kitaba, video oyununa dahil ürünlere ve  Pasadena, Kaliforniya, Londra'da yıllık düzenlenen toplantılara önayak olmuştur.

Dizi, kendinden öncekileri reytingde ve popülerlikte geçerek güçlü bir mezhep oluşturmuş, devamında hayran gruplarının, parodilerin, akademik çalışmalarda ve diğer TV dizilerinin ilham kaynağı olmuştur.

Konu özeti

Zeyna: Savaşçı Prenses, temel olarak antik Yunan'ın mitolojik fantezilerle yansıtmaya çalışmıştır, dizi Yeni Zelanda'da çekilmiştir. Bazı çekim yerleri gizli tutulmasına rağmen, çoğu sahne Waitakere Ranges Yöresel Park'ta, Auckland Yöresel parkların belirli kısımlarında çekilmiştir ve dizi sonunda bu yerler sıklıkla belirtilmiştir.

Dizide Antik Yunan, çoğunlukla tarihsel yerlerden, gelenek ve göreneklerden örnek alınarak tasvir edilmiştir. Dizi, ilgi çekici hayali bir dünya yaratmak için bu bilinen yerleri, olayları ve savaşları, ticaret yollarını, kasabaları ve benzeri şeylerin çoğunu değiştirerek anlatmıştır.

Karakterler
Zeyna: Aslında gerçek bir prenses olan Zeyna, ailesini kaybettikten sonra yurtsuz bir şekilde yolculuğa çıkar. Seyahati boyunca karşılaştığı tüm haksızlıklara karşı gelmeye çalışır. Her zaman bir zırh giyer, atına ve Gabriel'e çok bağlıdır. Karakteri, Lucy Lawless canlandırmıştır.

Gabriel: Zeyna tarafından kurtarılan Gabriel, gidecek bir yeri olmadığı için yolculuğunda Zeyna'ya arkadaşlık etmeye başlar. Genelde bir asa taşır ve onunla dövüşür. Renée O'Connor tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Joxer: Zeyna ve Gabriel'in yol arkadaşlarından biridir. Kendisini güçlü ve muhteşem Joxer olarak adlandırır. Karakteri Ted Raimi canlandırmıştır.

Kaynakça

1995'te başlayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2001'de sona eren Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
1990'larda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
Alternatif tarih
Popüler kültürde Yunan-Roma mitolojisi
Heracles
Avrupa mit ve efsanelerine dayanan eserler
Herkül filmleri
Antik Roma hakkında dramatik televizyon dizileri
Televizyonda Jül Sezar hakkındaki kültürel tasvirler
Popüler kültürde mitoloji
Yunan-Roma mitolojisine dayanan filmler
Avrupa mit ve efsanelerine dayanan filmler
Uyarlama filmler

Zeyna: Savaşçı Prenses


Synsphyronus sertus est une espèce de pseudoscorpions de la famille des Garypidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Territoire du Nord en Australie. Elle se rencontre dans les monts James.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure  et la femelle paratype .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par en Cullen & Harvey, 2021.

Publication originale
 Cullen & Harvey, 2021 : « New species of the pseudoscorpion genus Synsphyronus (Pseudoscorpiones: Garypidae) from Australia. » Records of the Western Australian Museum, ,  (texte intégral).

Notes et références

Garypidae
Espèce de pseudoscorpions (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Territoire du Nord

Synsphyronus sertus


Les conditionnels contrefactuels ( en anglais) sont des propositions utilisées pour exprimer une situation hypothétique dans le passé et de leur conséquences imaginaires. Cette construction grammaticale est utilisée pour spéculer sur des situations qui n'ont pas réellement eu lieu, mais qui auraient pu se produire si les circonstances avaient été différentes.

Le conditionnel contrefactuel se présente généralement sous la forme « Si A était le cas, alors B serait le cas ». Il s'agit d'un sous-ensemble des conditionnels, c'est-à-dire les propositions du type « Si P, alors Q ». Mais dans le cas des contrefactuels, nous supposons que l'hypothèse P n'est pas vérifiée. La proposition « Si Pierre croyait aux fantômes, il serait effrayé d'être ici » est un conditionnel contrefactuel : en réalité, Pierre ne croit pas aux fantômes, mais nous imaginons ce qui se passerait s'il y croyait.

En français, le conditionnel contrefactuel est souvent formé d'une prémisse au plus-que-parfait, suivie d'une conclusion au conditionnel passé.

Exemple : « Si j'avais gagné à la loterie, j'aurais acheté une grande maison à la plage. » Ici, on suppose que la personne n'a pas réellement gagné à la loterie, donc elle n'a pas pu acheter une maison à la plage.

Logique ancienne

Les philosophes stoïciens ont développé une logique des conditionnels. Le fondateur de l'école, Zénon de Kition, donne plusieurs exemples de contrefactuels :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens connexes

 Contrafactualité (physique)
 David Lewis
 Événement (philosophie)
 Logique modale
 Mondes possibles

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Concept logique

Conditionnels contrefactuels


Manuel Merry y Colón o Colom (Sevilla, 1835-Sevilla, 15 de octubre de 1894) fue un cervantista e historiador español del .

Biografía
Fue hijo de una familia aristocrática sevillana formada por Antonio Merry y Dolores Colom; su hermano Francisco Merry fue nombrado Conde de Benomar por Alfonso XII en reconocimiento a su trayectoria como diplomático (fue embajador en Tánger (1860), Berlín y Roma). Antonio estudió filosofía y letras, además de derecho en la Universidad de Sevilla y Teología en el Seminario conciliar de la ciudad. En 1862 habría sido editor de La Bética. Tras ser profesor sustituto y luego auxiliar en la Universidad de Sevilla entre 1863 y 1866, en 1867 sacó por oposición la cátedra de latín y principios de literatura del Instituto de Osuna, que dirigió además al menos entre 1869 y 1870, según las Guías oficiales de España de esos años; entre sus discípulos tuvo al futuro gran cervantista Francisco Rodríguez Marín, como este mismo se ocupó en señalar en varios de sus escritos; al año siguiente se doctoró en Filosofía y letras y en 1872 se licenció en ambos derechos, canónico y civil, y en Teología, y ejerció la abogacía en los colegios de Sevilla (1863) y Granada (1873). En 1873 fue catedrático de Estudios críticos sobre autores griegos en la Universidad de Granada y se trasladó a la de Historia de España en 1874. En ese año fue nombrado catedrático numerario por concurso de traslados de Historia crítica de España en la Universidad de Sevilla. Fue además individuo correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia y estuvo como vocal en la Comisión de Monumentos de Sevilla (1869-1894). Se casó y tuvo un hijo escritor, Antonio Merry Villalba, quien colaboró con su padre en alguna de sus obras.

Imprimió una Historia de España en cuatro volúmenes que en su segunda edición amplió a seis. En esta y otras obras durante la Restauración se reveló como un conservador y neocatólico integrista, imbuido de una idea providencial de su disciplina; reunió sus artículos contra el librepensador Emilio Castelar en su obra Mis principios respecto a la Santa Sede (1860). En 1889 publicó un Compendio de Historia de España "redactado para servir de texto en los Seminarios y Colegios católicos" donde definía la historia de España como "la ciencia que expone los hechos realizados por la nación española para el cumplimiento de su destino providencial" y afirmaba que uno de los primeros pobladores de España debió ser uno de los cuatro nietos de Jafet. Entre sus estudios literarios, se consagró en especial a estudiar las Novelas ejemplares de Cervantes, el teatro clásico español del Siglo de Oro y, sobre todo, la obra del poeta sevillano y matemático Alberto Lista, cuya Geografía ampliada redactada en la parte astronómica por Alberto Lista completó, anotó y editó (Sevilla, 1864). Colaboró en la publicación quincenal Sevilla Mariana (1881-1884) y en La Cruz: revista religiosa de España y demás países católicos de su amigo León Carbonero y Sol. Algunos lo consideran uno de los numerosos padres intelectuales del nacionalcatolicismo y de las doctrinas parejas de Sabino Arana. Sus manuales de historia, junto con los de Joaquín Rubió y Ors, fueron muy usados y populares como libros de texto en los seminarios conciliares de la época.

Obras
Estudio sobre el teatro español en los siglos XVI y XVII, 1876.
Del origen, fundación, privilegios y excelencias de la Universidad de Osuna, Madrid: Carlos Fraontaura, 1868.
El libro de los católicos y Carmen de la virtud, Granada, 1874, devocionario dirigido a los niños.
Ensayo crítico sobre las Novelas ejemplares de Cervantes, 1877.
Vida y viajes de Colón Sevilla: Universidad, 1885.
Elementos de Historia Crítica de España, Sevilla, 1885.
Historia de España (Sevilla: Imp. de A. Izquierdo, 1876-1884, 4 vols.; 2.ª ed. Sevilla: Imp. de Díaz Carballo, 1886-1888, 6 vols.)
Con Antonio Merry y Villaba, Compendio de Historia de España (Sevilla: José María Ariza, 1889).
Mis principios respecto a la Santa Sede. Sevilla; Imp. de V. Caro, 1860.
Geografía ampliada redactada en la parte astronómica por Alberto Lista completó, anotó y editó (Sevilla, 1864).

Notas

Bibliografía

Nacidos en Sevilla
Fallecidos en Sevilla
Historiadores de España del siglo XIX
Cervantistas
Historiadores de Sevilla
Alumnos de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Sevilla
Alumnos de Derecho de la Universidad de Sevilla
Catedráticos de la Universidad de Sevilla
Catedráticos de la Universidad de Granada

Manuel Merry y Colón


WiziShop est une entreprise française, créée en 2008 par la SARL ABSOLUT CREATIONS, représentée par Grégory Beyrouti, René Cotton et Steven Mouret et par Cédric Piazza. La société édite un logiciel de création de site de commerce en ligne en mode SaaS du même nom.

Historique

WiziShop a été créée en 2008 par Grégory Beyrouti, René Cotton, Steven Mouret et Cédric Piazza.

Le 1er octobre 2008, la solution commerce en ligne WiziShop est officiellement lancée.

En janvier 2013, l'équipe dirigeante boucle une levée de fonds de .

Distinctions
 Grégory Beyrouti, lauréat pour le prix Jeune Entrepreneur dans la catégorie Smart Tech

Notes et références

Liens externes

Éditeur de logiciel ayant son siège en France
Entreprise ayant son siège à Nice

WiziShop


Unst es una de las North Isles de las islas Shetland en Escocia. Es la más septentrional de las islas británicas habitadas y la tercera isla más grande de Shetland después de Mainland y Yell. Tiene una superficie de 120 kilómetros cuadrados.

Unst consta en su mayoría de praderas, con acantilados en la costa. Su pueblo más grande es Baltasound, antiguamente el segundo puerto más grande de pesca de clupea, después de Lerwick, y actualmente sede de una cervecería, un polideportivo y el aeropuerto de la isla. Otros asentamientos incluyen a Uyeasound, hogar de Greenwell's Booth (un almacén hanseático); Muness Castle (construido en 1598 y saqueado por piratas en 1627); y Haroldswick, célebre por sus museos.

Historia

El significado del nombre 'Unst' es desconocido, pero parece tener un origen prenórdico, como varias otras islas del archipiélago Shetland (como Yell y Fetlar, por ejemplo). Por lo tanto, es probable que los habitantes pre-escandinavos le hayan dado el nombre, y que éste se haya originado de un dialecto del idioma picto. En nórdico antiguo, la isla se llamaba "Ornyst", cuyo posible significado es "nido de águila".

El padre y el tío de Robert Louis Stevenson fueron los principales ingenieros de diseño para el faro de Muckle Flugga, en las afueras de Hermaness, al noroeste de la isla. Stevenson visitó Unst, y se cree que la isla fue la inspiración para el mapa de la ficticia Isla del Tesoro. La otra región que pudo haber sido la inspiración es Fidra, en East Lothian.

El 7 de enero de 2007, Unst sufrió un terremoto de 4,9 puntos en la escala de Richter, en lo que se cree que fue uno de los terremotos más potentes del mar de Noruega en los últimos diez años.

Geografía y geología

Las autoridades de la isla, a lo largo de los años, han reclamado el título de la "más nórdica" del Reino Unido en varias categorías: el pequeño asentamiento en Skaw en el noreste de la isla es el más boreal del país; el faro Muckle Flugga, al norte de Unst, fue abierto en 1858 y es el faro más nórdico de Gran Bretaña, y está situado cerca de Out Stack, la roca que se encuentra más al norte de las islas.

Vestlandet se encuentra a trescientos kilómetros de distancia.

Las islas de Unst y Fetlar están formadas principalmente por rocas ígneas ultramáficas y máficas, las cuales forman parte de una ofiolita, una sección de corteza oceánica del océano de Jápeto, destruido durante la orogenia caledoniana.

Unst fue, en otra época, emplazamiento de varias canteras de cromita, una de las cuales fue administrada por el Hagdale Chromate Railway entre 1907 y 1937.

Clima
Dada su ubicación geográfica, el aislamiento de las urbes y de la contaminación atmosférica, el clima de la isla es oceánico, con veranos frescos e inviernos relativamente fríos, con temperaturas que raramente superan los 14 °C.

Las temperaturas invernales generalmente oscilan entre los 2 °C y los 6 °C. por su parte, Las temperaturas medias veraniegas van desde los 10 °C hasta los 18 °C, con picos históricos de 25 °C o más.

Economía y transporte
Un servicio de ferries conectan Belmont, dentro de la isla, con Gutcher en Yell y Oddsta en Fetlar.

El Refugio de Autobús de Unst, también llamado Refugio de Autobús de Bobby en honor a un niño que evitó que lo removieran, es un refugio y parada de autobuses cercano a Baltasound, equipado con comodidades tales como un televisor, mantenido por los residentes locales.

Unst alberga también el proyecto Promoting Unst Renewable Energy (PURE), un sistema de energía limpia organizado por la comunidad, basado en la producción de hidrógeno. El proyecto forma parte de Unst Partnership, una organización comunitaria.

En el extremo sur de Unst, por sobre la terminal de ferries de la isla, se encuentra Belmont House. Construida en 1775, Belmont ha sido descruta como "posiblemente la mansión clásica más ambiciosa y menos alterada de las Northern Isles". Una organización de caridad la restauró entre 1996 y 2010, y la convirtió en una sede para eventos.

La población estable de Unst y Fetlar, según el censo británico de 2001, era de 806 habitantes.

Saxa Vord
La célebre estación de radar Saxa Vord, de la Royal Air Force, cerró en 2006, conllevando la pérdida de más de cien puestos de trabajo.

En abril de 2007, el empresario Frank Strang adquirió el sitio donde se encontraba Saxa Vord, más la carretera que llega hasta Mid Site, y los renombró como "Saxa Vord Resort". En la actualidad la base es un centro turístico y cultural que recibe huéspedes de todo el mundo.

Fauna y flora
Unst alberga importantes colonias de aves marinas, sobre todo dentro de la Reserva Natural de Hermaness. También se caracteriza por su flora, entre la que se incluyen la Arenaria norvegica y la Cerastium nigrescens, esta última endémica de la isla.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Sandison, Charles - Unst: My Island Home and its Story, Shetland Times, 1968 [repr. 1975]

Enlaces externos

 Unst.org
 Dialectos de Unst

Islas del archipiélago de las Shetland

Unst


Çerkes Mehmet Paşa IV. Murad saltanatının devlet idaresinin Valide Kösem Sultan'ın elinde olduğu ilk dönemlerinde 3 Nisan 1624 - 28 Ocak 1625 tarihleri arasında dokuz ay yirmi beş gün sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Çerkes asıllıdır. Enderun'da yetişmiştir. Önce padişah silahtarı olmuştur. Saraydan çıkması 1618'de  Şam Beylerbeyliği'ne atanması ile olmuştur. Sonra 1621'de İstanbul'a gelmiş ve kubbe veziri olarak Divan-ı Hümayun'da görev yapmıştır.

3 Nisan 1624'te Kemankeş Ali Paşa sadrazamlıktan azledilip idam edilmesinden sonra sadrazam olarak görev verilmiştir. Bu sırada, önce II. Osman'ın intikamı almak üzere isyan eden eski Erzurum valisi Abaza Mehmet Paşa Orta Anadolu'ya sarkmış idi. Abaza Mehmed Paşa'yı tenkil için serdar olan Sadrazam önce Konya ve Niğde'yi bu Celali isyancılarının elinden kurtarmıştır.  Sonra 3 Eylül 1624'te Abaza Mehmed Paşa'yı  Kayseri yakınında "Karasu Köprüsü Muharebesi"'nde mağlup etmiştir.  Diğer taraftan doğu'da İran'la savaş devam etmekteydi. Çerkes Mehmet Paşa İran'a karşı serdar-ı ekram olarak da görevlendirmişti. O kış ertesi yıl yapılması planlanan İran seferine hazırlık yapmak için Tokat'a gelmiştir. Burada 28 Ocak 1625'te hastalanıp öldü.

Naaşı İstanbul'a getirilmiş ve Bayezid Camii mezarlığına gömülmüştür.

Uzunçarsılı'ya göre
orta derecede iktidarlı, hamiyetli ve iyi ahlaklı bir vezir olarak tanınmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010)  say.379-380.
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971), Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı,  İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Tektaş, Nazım. (2009), Sadrâzamlar - Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı. İstanbul:Çatı Kitapları. ISBN 9789758845000

Osmanlı sadrazamları
1625 yılında ölenler
Tokat'ta ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
Osmanlı Çerkesleri

Çerkes Mehmed Ali Paşa