CHCH-DT (channel 11) is an independent television station in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Channel Zero, the station maintains studios on Innovation Drive in the west end of Hamilton; prior to 2021, it was located near the corner of Jackson and Caroline streets in downtown Hamilton for nearly 65 years. The station has additional offices at the Marriott on the Falls in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Its transmitter is located on First Road West in the former city of Stoney Creek.

CHCH signed on the air on June 7, 1954, as a CBC affiliate which was founded by Ken Soble. Beginning in 1961, it became an independent station which transformed into a national superstation on January 1, 1982. In 1990, the station was acquired by Western International Communications.

After several years as an independent station, CHCH was acquired by Canwest in 2000 and became the flagship station for the CH programming service as sister to the flagship CIII-TV of the Global Television Network. In 2007, the CH stations were rebranded to E! after an American cable network of the same name. When Canwest had financial problems, CHCH as well as Montreal's CJNT-TV was acquired by independent broadcaster Channel Zero in 2009. It changed its format to an all-news and all-movies station. In 2010, the station again began to air U.S. prime time programming.

History

CBC affiliation (1954–1961)
The station signed on the air on June 7, 1954, operating as an affiliate of CBC Television. Its studios at 163 Jackson Street West were previously used by CJSH-FM (102.9, now CKLH-FM). After CJSH's shutdown, its studios were converted for CHCH. It is the oldest privately owned television station in the Hamilton–Toronto area. At the time all privately owned television stations in Canada were required to be CBC affiliates. CHCH-TV was founded by Ken Soble, a leader of Hamilton's urban renewal movement and the owner of radio station CHML (900 AM).

Independent station (1961–1982)

In 1961, CHCH left the CBC and became an independent station. There were three reasons for removing its affiliation from CBC. Hamilton is part of the Toronto market, and Toronto-based CBLT already provided full network service to some of CHCH's viewing area. CBLT planned to increase its transmitter power and change frequencies (from VHF channel 9 to channel 6, and eventually channel 5), resulting in a near-100 percent overlap with CHCH. The station's managers wanted to produce more local programming, instead of having to carry CBC programming.

CHCH became the first and for over a decade the only television station in Canada not to be affiliated with any network; the other private stations (which signed on the air in 1960 or early 1961) that were not affiliated with the CBC had formed the CTV network in October 1961.

Possible flagship of a third network (1966–1981)
In the mid-1960s, CHCH was the lead station in United Program Purchase, a consortium of Canadian television stations which began purchasing some programming rights separately from the CTV and CBC networks.

By 1966, UPP was attracting media coverage as the potential framework for a third Canadian television network. In the fall of the same year, Soble's Niagara Television which was the licensee of CHCH, put forward a proposal for a network to be branded as NTV. In the original plan, CHCH would have been the network's flagship station for the Greater Toronto Area. However the application faced numerous regulatory hurdles and delays, and its main financial backer which was Power Corporation of Canada, backed out in 1969. By 1970 however, the network application was revived by former CHCH executive Al Bruner's new Global Communications corporation, with Niagara Television and CHCH no longer involved in the bid. The Global Television Network network launched in 1974 on the new CKGN-TV.

Despite the station's lack of success in developing a full-fledged network, it became one of Canada's most prominent syndicators of non-network programming in the 1970s and 1980s, with many of its locally produced entertainment programs airing on television stations across Canada and occasionally internationally.

Superstation CHCH (1982–1997)

CHCH became a national superstation on January 1, 1982, when Cancom (now Shaw Broadcast Services) began carrying the station and three others (CHAN-TV in Vancouver, CITV-TV in Edmonton, and TCTV, which was essentially a rebroadcaster of CFTM-TV in Montreal) to cable television providers in remote regions of the country that otherwise only had access to the CBC.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the station began a branding effort centred around the slogan "Together, we're the ones!" Different promotional slogans referring to either Hamilton or Ontario as a whole, reflecting the station's cable coverage across the province, and a blue-coloured, 3D variation of the longtime "circles" logo were used. Promos had a vocal song from Frank Gari which was part of the Pride Inside music package also used by the station's newscasts and movie presentations (originally commissioned by another channel 11 which is WBAL-TV in Baltimore).

ONtv era (1997–2001)

In 1990, Western International Communications (WIC) purchased CHCH. Although the station had been available on cable television in many Ontario markets for years, its broadcast signal coverage was expanded throughout Ontario in 1997. The launch of several rebroadcasters happened in 1997 in an effort to compete with the reach of Global's Ontario station CIII (channel 6), and with the Baton Broadcast System, a group of mostly CTV-affiliated stations that served most of the province.

In turn WIC rebranded the station as "ONtv" ("Ontario Television"), in line with the branding conventions of many of the company's other stations including CHAN-TV in Vancouver (which was branded as "BCTV"), CITV-TV in Edmonton (which was branded as "ITV"), and CHCA-TV in Red Deer, Alberta (which was branded as "RDTV").

Local news programming shifted their focus from the station's core market, the Hamilton area, toward Ontario as a whole in an attempt to challenge what was then a regional news service provided by Global. However, with Hamilton now being largely an afterthought and other local stations (in Toronto and elsewhere) already having strong ratings, the shift was unsuccessful and CHCH's ratings decreased. During the ONtv years, the station also aired WIC's nightly Canada Tonight newscast.

Canwest ownership (2001–2007)

In 2000, Canwest Global Communications purchased WIC's television assets. Since Global already served the Hamilton area through flagship station CIII-TV's transmitter in Paris, Ontario, Canwest rebranded the station "CH" (or "CH Hamilton") on February 12, 2001, and launched the CH television system in September of that year. The move launched a secondary television system for Canwest's stations in medium-sized cities located near larger markets. Local news coverage was revamped and refocused on the Hamilton/Halton/Niagara region.

Despite the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)'s television station ownership restrictions (one station per owner and per language in each market), Canwest was permitted to maintain CHCH's coverage of other markets throughout most of Ontario. However it could not broadcast to Thunder Bay, Peterborough, or Kingston because of opposition from local television stations. Some cable providers outside of Ontario also continue to carry CHCH as a form of "superstation". Its over-the-air signal also easily covers Buffalo, New York, and Erie, Pennsylvania, across the Canada–United States border.

On June 7, 2004, at 8:00 p.m. CHCH-TV celebrated its 50th anniversary. The station aired a documentary profiling the station's history, entitled The First 50 Years: A Half Century of CH, which was hosted by Matt Hayes. It was announced that the CH brand would change starting in 2007; however, it remained in use until September 7, 2007. Canwest then rebranded CHCH's local programming from CH Hamilton to CHCH News following the relaunch of the national CH service as E! under a brand licensing agreement with the E! cable channel in the United States. CHCH's non-news schedule was rebranded on the same day as "E! Ontario".

Channel Zero ownership (2009–present)
On February 5, 2009, Canwest announced it would explore "strategic options". These included the possible sale or closure of CHCH and the company's other stations in the E! system, saying a second conventional TV network was no longer key to the long-term success of the company. A grassroots group which was fronted by Live @ 5:30 co-host Donna Skelly announced an intent to purchase CHCH from Canwest and return the station to its former local focus.

In March 2009, paperwork filed with the CRTC for a one-year renewal of CHCH's licence revealed that the station was projected to lose nearly $30 million during the station's 2010 fiscal year which began on September 1, 2009—with projected revenues of just $41 million against costs of $69 million. John Douglas, a spokesperson for Canwest, said that CHCH and its other stations in the E! group were money losers during the last decade, coupled with the Canadian broadcasters' dependency on American programming for profits.

On June 30, 2009, Channel Zero announced that it would purchase CHCH and CJNT-TV in Montreal from Canwest in exchange for $12 in cash and the assumption of various station liabilities. The CRTC approved the sale on August 28, 2009. Channel Zero took control of the station's programming at 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time on the morning of August 31, beginning its tenure with a film from the 1980s. CHCH removed its affiliation from E! (which shut down at the end of the day) and adopted a new programming format. This consisted of local newscasts throughout the day on weekdays and movies at night (as well as all day on weekends, outside of limited newscasts, infomercials, and other select programs during the morning and evening hours). The channel reverted to branding itself as "CHCH".

The first film which was broadcast in prime time that night was Rocky as a signal to the new ownership's come-from-behind spirit. CHCH added a modicum of additional programming during the 2009–10 season, including Let's Get It On, a mixed martial arts program; Ed the Sock's This Movie Sucks!, a movie show featuring the former MuchMusic character alongside co-host Liana Kerzner and comedian Ron Sparks; and infomercials.

In September 2010 CHCH, for the first time since its purchase by Channel Zero, began airing American network television series. Many of the programs which were added, including Smallville, Supernatural, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, 48 Hours Mystery, 20/20, Chuck, and 60 Minutes had been broadcast in the Toronto-Hamilton market on CKXT-TV (channel 52; the station's owner, Quebecor, was in the process of replacing it with the all-news cable channel Sun News Network). CHCH also debuted additional original local programs Sportsline (hosted by Mark Hebscher and Clint "Bubba" O'Neil), and launched a second series with Ed the Sock, the entertainment newsmagazine spoof I Hate Hollywood. Coinciding with the schedule changes was the introduction of an updated version of CHCH's classic multi-coloured logo used from the 1960s to the 1980s.

On April 10, 2011 Green Party leader Elizabeth May participated in a panel interview on CHCH. She was invited to attend the show as were the leaders of the Bloc Québécois, Liberals, New Democratic Party, and Conservatives, by Channel Zero, whose president was disappointed by May's exclusion from the 2011 election leaders' debates.

On April 18, 2011, CKXT-TV converted from an independent station to a simulcast of the Sun News Network, leaving CHCH as the only independent station in the Toronto/Hamilton area (the station ceased operations approximately seven months later on November 1, 2011). On June 8, 2011, at Channel Zero's upfront presentation for advertisers for the 2011–12 television season, the company announced a programming distribution deal with 20th Century Fox, giving CHCH and CJNT access to show first-run exclusive broadcast movie premieres, most notably Avatar, which first aired in May 2012 on both stations, featuring the director's cut version of the film not shown in theatres. Other debut titles included Crazy Heart, Taken, and X-Men Origins: Wolverine.

During a broadcast of News Now AM on April 20, 2012, Cogeco's and Shaw Cable's transmissions of CHCH's signal were interrupted for approximately three minutes by the broadcast of a scene from a hardcore gay pornography film from an unidentified adult-oriented specialty channel. The substitution appeared to have been made by a cable operator during repairs of severed cable lines, and not at CHCH, leaving the station's over-the-air viewers and subscribers of other cable and satellite providers unaffected. Channel Zero denied that the program in question came from any of its adult-oriented Category B specialty channels (Maleflixxx Television, XXX TV and AOV TV). The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission later announced it would be investigating the incident as a cable transmission issue.

In September 2012, CHCH acquired the rights to Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! from CBC Television, after the network's exclusive contract to carry both game shows expired. The shows were dropped for the fall 2014 season and The Simpsons began airing on Friday nights. In June 2014, CHCH celebrated its 60th anniversary of broadcasting.

2015 news department bankruptcy and aftermath (2015–present)
On December 11, 2015, CHCH cancelled that evening's 6:00 p.m. newscast amid fears the station was facing a shutdown. Though the station remained on the air, CHCH's daytime rolling news format was discontinued at 4:00 p.m.; Channel Zero CEO Romen Podzyhun appeared on the air to announce that the station's local newscasts would remain off the air through the weekend, and would return on December 14. In addition, Channel Zero announced that Channel 11, L.P., the subsidiary that had produced CHCH's newscasts since 2009, had filed for bankruptcy. Podzyhun blamed it on a loss of federal subsidy and an inability to draw national advertising revenue to a locally oriented station, but stated that the station itself was not shutting down.

CHCH's news output would be scaled back to what it determined to be its "core news programs", only producing  hours of newscasts a week (a morning show and 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. newscasts, with no weekend news), after having produced 80 weekly hours of news before the cutbacks; the local news is mainly being maintained to meet the station's licence requirements. A few programs from Bloomberg Television such as Studio 1.0, Good Fortunes and The Daily Brief were added to the station's schedule the following week. Coincidentally CHCH's former program The Morning Market used resources from Bloomberg twenty years before CHCH shared common ownership with Bloomberg TV Canada. The news graphics that had been used for morning and daytime news programming were kept intact for Morning Live and daytime programming produced by Channel Zero and Bloomberg TV Canada such as The Pinkertons and The Daily Brief.

In 2015, CHCH-DT teamed up with fellow independent CJON-DT and the three Yes TV stations (including nearby station CITS-DT) to share and syndicate YesTV's secular programming in arrangement referred to in advertising sales information as the Net5 alliance (referring to the three O&Os and two affiliates). Since Fall 2016, CHCH has replaced many airings of these programs with newly acquired daytime shows on weekdays, and movies on the weekends. Net5 was rebranded as indieNET following the addition of two other independent stations.

In the spring of 2016, Channel Zero put the studios of CHCH-DT (from which the station has continuously operated, starting in 1954) on the market. The studios include the historic stone mansion "Pinehurst" (built in 1850 by local politician Tristram Bickle and owned by William Southam from 1892 until his death in 1932), as well as the large silver addition dubbed "Spaceship 11" for its futuristic appearance (built in 1983), for . The sale was to a private investor group named Television City, who would rent out half of "Spaceship 11" to CHCH-DT for two and a half years, while looking for other tenants (Pinehurst is protected by the Ontario Heritage Act and will not be altered). It was expected for the sale to close by the middle of November 2016.

In October 2018, CHCH announced a new location for its studios, leaving its long-time location on Jackson Street West in downtown Hamilton, and moving to 4 Innovation Drive in Dundas. The property was renovated for a news operation, which the station had originally intended to have up and running by the spring of 2021. While the station left the Jackson Street studio in June 2021, delays in renovations to 4 Innovation Drive forced it to move to a temporary studio across the street. On April 11, 2022, CHCH had begun broadcasting from its 4 Innovation Drive studios.

Programming

As an independent station, CHCH produced local programs such as the children's talent show Tiny Talent Time (which was revived in September 2014 in honour of the station's 60th anniversary), Jane Gray's Hobby Time and a daily talk show hosted by Elaine Callei.

The station also produced a number of important Canadian syndicated series in the 1970s and 1980s, including The Pierre Berton Show, The Hilarious House of Frightenstein, Me & Max, Party Game, The Baxters, the Canadian version of Supermarket Sweep, and Smith & Smith, and was the original television home of The Red Green Show. Hamilton native Martin Short also made his television debut on the station. The 1986–87 syndicated revival of Split Second hosted by Monty Hall was also taped at CHCH's studios; their involvement was noted in the credits of the show in Canadian broadcasts, whereas the American copies only noted distributor Viacom Enterprises.

As of September 2018, CHCH's daytime programming consists of locally produced newscasts geared primarily to the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario, and a block of classic television series airing weekdays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. and featuring sitcoms and dramas from the 1970s and 1980s. In prime time, the station runs only a handful of first-run domestic and American entertainment programs during prime time and the late evening hours as well as movies. A syndication deal with 20th Television provided the station with programming from both the National Geographic Channel and MTM Enterprises libraries, but by September 2018, most of the National Geographic programming was dropped as the station had reformatted to emphasize its retro programming.

Some of CHCH's imported programs air on CHEK-DT in Victoria, British Columbia, a separately-owned independent station which had been CHCH's sister station during the WIC, CH and E! eras. Upon the initial dissolution of the E! system, the two stations jointly purchased a virtually identical lineup of prime time programming at first, although their prime time schedules later began to diverge. CHEK currently airs entertainment programs from Yes TV, which already serves the Toronto–Hamilton market with CITS-DT.

Sports programming
The station broadcast home games from the Hamilton Red Wings (a minor league hockey team in the OHA Junior "A" league that was an affiliate of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings) from the Hamilton Forum (which were both owned by Ken Soble) on Thursday nights in the 1960s, with Norm Marshall doing the play-by-play.

For a time, CHCH broadcast local mid-week telecasts of NHL games from the Toronto Maple Leafs, and co-produced Buffalo Sabres games with Adelphia Cable and the Sabres' owners. It also produced a wrestling show called Ringside Wrestling, which was filmed in the Telecentre, before later moving to the Hamilton Forum. The station later reproduced World Wrestling Federation programs for Canadian audiences before the company's focus shifted entirely to cable television. For a number of years, CHCH also broadcast Sunday afternoon coverage of regular season games from the NFL's Buffalo Bills because CTV (and later, the Global Television Network) had to choose the Detroit Lions for its Ontario stations as part of that network's NFL coverage (the Bills are now seen primarily on Sportsnet Ontario; the Lions have returned to CTV). McMaster Marauders university football was broadcast on the station during the late 1990s and early 2000s; beginning in 2015, CHCH resumed carrying Ontario University Athletics football, carrying the conference's playoff tournaments and, beginning in 2017 after City passed on the package, some regular season games as well.

In August 2020, the Canadian Premier League announced a deal with CHCH to broadcast one game per week, every Sunday, in addition to the two games per week on CBC Sports.

In 2022, CHCH began airing final round coverage of LIV Golf events; it is the tour's only traditional Canadian broadcaster (entire events are streamed on LIV Golf's Facebook and YouTube pages).

Current programming

First-run
20/20
American Song Contest (since March 2022)
Canadian Premier League soccer
Inside Edition
Nightline
OJHL Game of the Week
OUA University Rush
To Tell the Truth
andPOP
Morning Live
LIV Golf Invitational Series

Re-runs

Bewitched
Community
Dr. Ken
Funny You Should Ask I Dream of Jeannie The Lone Ranger Lost in Space M*A*S*H The Mary Tyler Moore Show Mission: Impossible The Pinkertons Rawhide (only for seven seasons from 1959 until 1965) Rock Icons Science of Stupid Top Million Dollar Agent White Collar

 Feature films CHCH at the Movies

 Former programming Bloomberg Markets Canada Bloomberg North This Movie Sucks!Sportsline Sportscope The SimpsonsAt Home Wheel of Fortune Jeopardy! Jimmy Kimmel Live! SmallvilleCanada Tonight – National news program aired during WIC ownership.ChuckCHCH News Now CHCH Noon News CHCH Niagara Express CHCH Straight Talk First Edition Square OffSupernatural The Morning Market – Morning financial news program; aired in the late 1990sThe Originals Nashville I Hate Hollywood FABLife Access Hollywood Dateline Mystery Wynonna Earp Raising Hope Killer Comebacks British Drama Night Judge Judy Strong The X-Files Rosewood Cheers Numb3rs Happy Days Last Man Standing CSI: NY House of Cards Hoff the RecordKrown Countdown UJustice With Judge Mablean Right This Minute Studio 1.0 The Americans Batman Betty White's Off Their RockersThe Bob Newhart Show Brain Games Degrassi: The Next Generation GeniusGood Fortunes The Incredible Dr. PolThe Monkees Newhart The Partridge Family The Red Green Show Sleepy Hollow The Strain News operation
CHCH airs  hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with  hours each weekday and  hours each on Saturdays and Sundays).

 Since 2008

In late 2008, Canwest placed CHCH's longest serving news anchors, Connie Smith (whose last day on the air occurred on November 28, 2008) and Dan McLean (who left on December 12) on forced retirement, blaming financial troubles and budget cuts. After their departures, Annette Hamm began handling anchoring duties on a shortened noon newscast, and co-hosting Morning Live with Bob Cowan, while Nick Dixon took over anchoring duties on the 6:00 p.m. newscast. Since being taken over by Channel Zero on August 31, 2009, Hamm and Cowan have co-hosted a restored hour-long newscast at noon. A few local non-news programming were also cancelled at this time including At Home, Sportscope, Niagara Express, and Straight Talk.

In January 2009, CHCH's Morning Live program began to be simulcast on former Toronto sister station CIII-TV owing to the cancellation of its own morning newscast Global News Morning. The simulcast on CIII was dropped at the end of August after Channel Zero took control of CHCH, with CIII replacing it with lifestyle programming reruns and rebroadcasts of its 11:00 p.m. newscast from the previous night. While the station continued to share helicopter traffic services provided by the Canadian Traffic Network, the arrangement between Canwest and CHCH ended on December 31, 2009, as Canwest held the exclusive rights to CTN services in the Greater Toronto Area. Upon becoming an independent station on August 31, 2009, the station adopted a news-intensive format, replacing network programming in the 9:00 a.m. to noon and 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. periods on weekdays with expanded newscasts.

On September 12, 2011, CHCH increased its local news programming by launching a 90-minute extension of Morning Live, titled Morning Live First Edition, airing weekdays from 4:00 to 5:30 a.m.; this made CHCH the first Canadian television station (and the first in the Buffalo–Niagara region; WGRZ would follow with a 4:30 a.m. newscast in 2012) to air a morning newscast that starts before 5:30 a.m. The program expanded to two hours, extending it from 4:00 to 6:00 a.m. on September 10, 2012. As a result, the station moved the original Morning Live broadcast's start time by a half-hour and its end time by one hour, running it from 6:00 to 10:00 a.m.

Its heavy weekday newscast total was largely due to a prominent daytime rolling news block on weekdays (airing from 4:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., along with an hour-long newscast at 6:00 p.m., and 11:00 p.m.). In addition, the station also produced a half-hour sports discussion program called Sportsline, which aired each weeknight at 5:00 p.m.; and a half-hour political discussion program Square Off, which immediately followed Sportsline at 5:30 p.m. The rolling news block was removed for an hour at 1 p.m. to air Justice with Judge Mablean.On December 11, 2015, at 4:00 p.m., Channel Zero CEO and Chairman Romen Podzyhun announced, in a pre-recorded message, that Channel 11 L.P., the division responsible for providing news programming for CHCH and the employer of the relevant staff, was declaring bankruptcy, and news programming was suspended immediately. He added that a major restructuring and changes to news coverage would start the following Monday.

 Restructuring of the news operation
Because of the bankruptcy, the entire staff of 165 was cut in the news organization. The new company that was formed in the restructuring offered jobs to 81 people, including 58 full-time and 23 part-time positions. Chris Fuoco, Channel Zero vice-president, said that by 3 p.m. on December 15, 77 people had accepted the offer of employment with the new company.

The restructuring was viewed by some as a union-busting attempt in light of a December 14 note sent by a CHCH News Account manager, Kathleen Marks, to a prospective advertiser indicating that the new company would not be burdened by the union or old CanWest debt. The union, Unifor, asked Channel Zero to honour its commitment. According to the Toronto Star, "Under Ontario law, businesses must honour existing collective agreements when they take over a company unless they dramatically change the nature of the work being performed."

A Hamilton Spectator article on December 16 indicated that a meeting between Channel Zero and Unifor was scheduled for later that day and that Channel Zero insisted that the note about the union was written by an individual who was not a company spokesperson. Sarah Gardiner of Channel Zero also countered the union-busting allegation, stating that it was false and adding that "Many unionized employees were hired" [by the new company]. The amount offered to laid-off employees is in dispute with Channel Zero claiming a minimum of $4000 to be paid per person (for any accrued vacation, expense reimbursements and regular pay) and some employees disputing that amount. A news item on the CHCH web site which was dated December 15, indicated that no severance pay had been offered to any employee, although all were union members. The bankruptcy documents indicate $1.6 million owed to employees, though without specifics.

After several calls, emails, and social media posts from viewers over the two months since the restructuring, CHCH announced on February 18, 2015, that Morning Live would return to a start time of 6 a.m. on February 22. The show would be live from 6 to 9 a.m., with the 8 a.m. hour broadcast repeated from 9 to 10 a.m.

On September 7, 2016, CHCH announced the return of local weekend news programming with two half hours of news at 6pm and 11pm starting October 29, 2016, citing advertiser and viewer demand. The announcement came three months after the CRTC announced plans to launch a local news fund to subsidize local newscasts.

 Affected on-air employees

The CHCH web site said that "Going forward, Morning Live will air between 7 a.m. to 9 a.m., the 6 o'clock newcast will be anchored by Nick Dixon and Taz Boga, and Taz will return for a half hour at 11:00 p.m." Metroland Media reported that Nick Dixon would also produce the 6 p.m. newscast, and that the on-air personalities or reporters who had been laid off include Lori D'Angelis, Matt Hayes, Sean Cowan, Donna Skelly, Ken Welch, Scot Urquhart, Lauran Sabourin, Liz West, Mark Hebscher, Jaclyn Harper (Colville), Natalie Marconi, Miranda Anthistle, and Elise Copps. The shorter Morning Live show continued to be anchored by Bob Cowan and Annette Hamm.Square Off became a podcast called Unplugged, and later No Fun Intended by former co-hosts Mark Hebscher and Liz West; it had the same format. However, it appears the podcast ended; both Hebscher and West moved on to independent projects. Hebscher hosted a sports-focused podcast until he retired in May 2023. West is working in independent productions.

 Notable on-air staff
 Annette Hamm – Co-Host, Morning Live''

Former on-air staff
 Michelle Dubé – reporter and anchor; now reporter and anchor for CTV Toronto
 Lisa Hepfner – reporter; now a federal Member of Parliament for Hamilton Mountain
 Heather Hiscox – anchor and executive producer; now news anchor for CBC News Network
 Dan McLean – senior news anchor (1970–2008); later news anchor at CIXK-FM in Owen Sound, Ontario; retired June 2013
 Jennifer Mossop – news anchor and executive producer; later Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament for Stoney Creek, and now a communications consultant
 Geoffrey Scott – Ottawa correspondent in the late 1960s and early 1970s; former Canadian Member of Parliament for the riding of Hamilton—Wentworth, 1978–1993.

Technical information

Subchannel

Analogue-to-digital conversion

The station launched its digital signal on UHF channel 18 on April 18, 2008. CHCH shut down its analogue signal, over VHF channel 11, on August 15, 2011, two weeks prior to the August 31 date on which Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 18 to its former analogue-era VHF channel 11. The analogue signal was discontinued immediately preceding the switch. CHCH-DT is available on digital cable and over-the-air through digital tuners and converter boxes. Since September 12, 2011, CHCH's HD feed has been carried by satellite provider Bell Satellite TV on channel 1057.

On March 9, 2012, Channel Zero-operated numbered company 2190015 Ontario Inc. was granted permission to move the station's broadcasts from VHF channel 11 to UHF channel 15 (which had recently been vacated by CKXT-DT-1), in response to poor reception of CHCH-DT along its fringes in the Greater Toronto Area, compared to its former analogue signal on VHF channel 11 and transitional digital signal on UHF channel 18. During the application process, the station also claimed that Mobile DTV services perform better in the UHF band, and this move would allow the station to plan for a potential Mobile DTV feed. Industry Canada stated that this application is technically feasible, though pirate broadcaster Star Ray TV, had broadcast in analogue on UHF channel 15 from a transmitter in The Beaches neighbourhood of Toronto. (Star Ray would convert to digital following CHCH's reassignment to channel 15, broadcasting on UHF channel 22.) Tri-State Christian Television's WNYB from Jamestown, New York also has a Buffalo-based translator, WBNF-CD, on UHF channel 15, which would require addressing by the CRTC due to the closer location of CHCH's transmitter to WBNF-CD.

On November 12, 2013, CHCH began transmitting a test signal on UHF channel 15, displaying colour bars and tone with text message reading "CHCH-DT RF15 Testing". On December 2, 2013, CHCH moved its digital signal to channel 15, allowing CHCH to broadcast with a considerably higher power of 132 kW compared to 6 kW on channel 11 and 60 kW from their former transitional digital frequency on channel 18. The station's virtual channel continues to be mapped as 11.1.

Transmitters
On August 28, 1996, CHCH received CRTC approval to add new rebroadcast transmitters across most of Ontario. The launch of the transmitters in 1997 coincided with the rebranding of the station as "ONtv".

During the analog television shutdown and digital conversion in August 2011, CHCH's transmitters in Ottawa, London, and Muskoka (serving Barrie which is part of the Toronto market) were converted to digital. This was because the transmitters were in or near markets that were mandated to make the switch. At the time, the transmitters broadcast the channel in standard-definition 480i due to depending on Shaw Broadcast Services, which did not carry CHCH HD. As of September 2014, transmission was upgraded to 1080i.

References

External links

CHCH official website
Canadian Communications Foundation – CHCH-DT History

HCH-DT
HCH-DT
Channel Zero (company)
Television channels and stations established in 1954
HCH-DT
1954 establishments in Ontario
Former Corus Entertainment networks
Classic television networks

CHCH-DT


fue un inventor japonés. Logró el reconocimiento mundial al crear la primera máquina calculadora de Japón.

Nacimiento y Educación
Ryōichi Yazu nació en Buzen, Fukuoka siendo el hijo del alcalde de Iwaya. Cursó sus estudios primarios y secundarios entre su pueblo Iwaya y la ciudad de Buzen. A los 16 años tras concluir sus estudios básicos se desplazaría hasta Osaka para perseguir sus intereses en el vuelo, estudiando matemáticas e ingeniería en una escuela privada de Osaka.

Al cumplir los 22 años regresaría a Buzen para comenzar a trabajar en una tesis sobre la mecánica de los vuelos. Dos años más tarde Ryoichi Yazu enseñaría su tesis y un modelo de su calculadora en una visita al novelista y físico en el ejército Mori Ōgai.

Impresionado, Ōgai escribiría recomendaciones que permitieron a Ryoichi Yazu encabezar el equipo de investigación del Tokio Imperial College of Engineering, donde trabajó en el diseño de un avión de hélices.

Calculadora Mecánica

En marzo de 1902 Yazu solicitaría una patente para su calculadora mecánica, denominada Yazu Arithmometer. Era una calculadora con un solo cilindro y 22 engranajes la cual era capaz realizar cálculos aritméticos de hasta 16 dígitos con un acarreo automático.

La patente fue formalizada en 1903, y una tienda fue establecida para empezar a producirla. Fueron producidas y vendidas unas 200 unidades, principalmente distribuidas en agencias del gobierno incluyendo el Ministerio de Defensa, la oficina de Estadísticas y estaciones de experimentaciones agrícolas, también se distribuyó a empresas como Nippon Railway. La calculadora era muy cara, costando unos 250 yen, unas diez veces el salario mensual de un redactor de un periódico de la época. Yazu invirtió sus ganancias en la construcción de una fábrica en la que poder construir su propio aeroplano. Sin embargo este proyecto fue abandonado debido a su muerte prematura por pleuritis a los 31 años.

Una de estas calculadoras es conservada en el Museo de literatura de la ciudad de Kitakyūshū. En 2008 la Yazu Arithmometer fue considerada como el aparato nº 30 en el Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan).

Avión

De acuerdo a la historia del ayuntamiento de Buzen, Fukuoka, el periódico West Japan informó que el avión aún en su fase de diseño debería tener las siguientes dimensiones.

 1.6m de longitud
 4.26m de anchura
 6m de longitud máxima en las alas
 Un área de 28 m²
 Un peso de 6 toneladas
 Velocidad máxima de 640 km/h
 Velocidad nominal de 320 km/h
 Velocidad mínima de 4.8 km/h
 Precio: 30,000 yen

Después de la muerte de Ryōichi, su padre escribió que el prototipo del motor sólo pesaba 37.5 kg , con una potencia de 20 CV (15kW) con 30.000 rpm en el mejor de los casos. El término japonés de avión  en sí como máquina voladora fue creada por Mori Ogai en marzo de 1901. Cabe destacar que la patente concedida a la calculadora mecánica en 1903 se produjo el mismo año en el que los Hermanos Wright realizaron el primer vuelo motorizado con éxito.

Véase también

Historia del hardware

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Calculadoras

Ryōichi Yazu


Eugênio Pacelli Araújo Souto (Natal, 9 de fevereiro de 1964) é um engenheiro civil e político brasileiro, filiado ao Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB). É o 22.º prefeito de São Paulo do Potengi desde 1º de janeiro de 2021. Foi vereador por dois mandatos de 1993 a 2000, e o 14.º vice-prefeito de São Paulo do Potengi entre 2013 e 2016.

Biografia

Vida familiar
Nasceu em Natal, no dia 9 de fevereiro de 1964, sendo o segundo filho do casal Gileno Pereira Souto e Maria Nini Araújo Souto. Seu pai, odontólogo, fixou-se na Região Potengi onde constituiu família com Maria Nini Araújo Souto, militante católica que viria a ser a primeira mulher prefeita de São Paulo do Potengi entre 1973 e 1977, até os dias atuais sendo a única mulher a ocupar o cargo.

Ao longo de sua vida, estudou no tradicional Colégio São José em São Paulo do Potengi e, mais tarde, ingressou na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), formando-se no curso de engenharia civil.

É casado com a fisioterapeuta Célia Mara Evangelista e tem três filhos: Andrezza, atual prefeita de Sítio Novo, fruto do primeiro casamento com a ex-prefeita sítio-novense, Wanira de Holanda Brasil; e Isadora e Gileno Neto, decorrente do segundo casamento com Geisa Lopes da Rocha.

Vida política em São Paulo do Potengi

Vereador (1993-2000)
Oriundo de uma família política, Pacelli foi candidato a vereador pelo Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT) em 1992, sendo eleito e tomado posse no ano seguinte, tendo disputado a reeleição pelo MDB, conseguindo o terceiro lugar com 446 votos (7,21% dos votos válidos), assegurando dois mandatos no legislativo municipal até o ano 2000.

Vice-prefeito (2013-2016)
Nas eleições municipais de 2012, uniu-se ao então ex-prefeito Naldinho Cassimiro que disputava sua volta ao cargo, encabeçando a chapa majoritária, que culminou na vitória de ambos, com 6.593 votos (59,14% dos votos válidos), contra 4.556 votos (40,86% dos votos válidos) obtidos pelo prefeito Azevedo.

Candidato a prefeito em 2016
Com o notório rompimento com o prefeito Naldinho Cassimiro, disputou a eleição municipal de 2016 num momento em que havia três candidatos (a última vez ocorreu em 1988). No cenário político, emergiu como candidato da oposição ao então prefeito pelo PDT, ficando em segundo lugar com 5.116 votos (46,30% dos votos válidos), diferença de apenas 28 votos atrás do prefeito reeleito que obteve 5.144 votos (46,55% dos votos válidos).

Prefeito (2021-presente)

Após a última eleição como candidato natural da oposição, concorreu novamente ao cargo de prefeito de São Paulo do Potengi, desta vez pelo MDB. Em disputa com o odontólogo Ivan Dantas de Farias, do Partido Socialista Liberal (PSL), candidato apoiado pelo então prefeito Naldinho Cassimiro, teve uma larga e histórica vantagem de votos. Ao fim da apuração, Pacelli obteve 6.713 votos no total, totalizando 62,43% dos votos válidos, contra 4.039 votos do oponente, que ficou em segundo lugar com 37,57% dos votos válidos.

Tomou posse em 1 de janeiro de 2021, ao lado do vice-prefeito João Maria Dantas, do Progressistas (PP). Em seu primeiro mandato a frente do Executivo Municipal, Pacelli está em processo de implantação de um Distrito Empresarial em São Paulo do Potengi, fato sucedido após cerimônia com a governadora do estado Fátima Bezerra que assinou um acordo de parceria entre os executivos. Além do mais, anunciou a construção de uma estátua para homenagear monsenhor Expedito Sobral de Medeiros, conhecido como o "Profeta das Águas", acarretando na criação de um feriado municipal pelo dia da morte de antigo pároco, em 16 de janeiro anual, através da Lei nº 1.049, de 29 de novembro de 2021. Outro fator marcante de sua gestão foi a queima de fogos no paredão da Barragem Campo Grande, pela primeira vez na história do município.

Foi destaque na edição do Prêmio Sebrae Prefeito Empreendedor em 2022, tendo concorrido na etapa estadual em duas categorias como o Empreendedorismo na Escola, como o projeto "Capacitando Talentos" e a Sala do Empreendedor, com o "Projeto Crescer", conquistando os dois troféus.

Desempenho em eleições

Ver também

 Lista de prefeitos de São Paulo do Potengi
 Câmara Municipal de São Paulo do Potengi

Ligações externas

 Pacelli Souto no Facebook
 Pacelli Souto no Instagram
 Pacelli Souto no Twitter

Naturais de Natal (Rio Grande do Norte)
Prefeitos de São Paulo do Potengi
Membros do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (1980)
Membros do Partido Democrático Trabalhista

Pacelli Souto


Amore mio aiutami est un film italien réalisé par Alberto Sordi, sorti en 1969.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Amore mio aiutami
 Réalisation : Alberto Sordi
 Scénario : Alberto Sordi, Rodolfo Sonego et Tullio Pinelli
 Photographie : Carlo Di Palma
 Montage : Franco Fraticelli
 Musique : Piero Piccioni
 Pays d'origine : Italie
 Genre : comédie
 Date de sortie : 1969

Distribution
 Alberto Sordi : Giovanni Macchiavelli
 Monica Vitti : Raffaella Macchiavelli
 Silvano Tranquilli : Valerio Mantovani
 Laura Adani : Elena
 Ugo Gregoretti : Michele Parodi
 Karl-Otto Alberty : Bauer

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1969
Comédie italienne
Comédie à l'italienne
Film réalisé par Alberto Sordi
Film se déroulant à Rome

Amore mio aiutami


Ľuboriečka este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Veľký Krtíš din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 142 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Ľuboriečka este atestată documentar din 1335.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ľuboriečka


أوتا  وتعني «حي أوتا» هو أحد أحياء طوكيو ال 23. حي أوتا هو أكبر أحياء طوكيو مساحة.

تاريخ
تم تأسيس الحي في 15 مارس 1937. وذلك بدمج 7 الأحياء القديمة أوموري وكاماتا.

مواصلات

مطارات
 مطار طوكيو هانيدا الدولي

شركات
 سيجا
 كانون (شركة)
 نامكو

توأمة
لأوتا (طوكيو) اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 سالم

أعلام

 كارينا مارويوما
 مامورو أوشي
 مينورو تاناكا
 أيومي موريتا
 جيرو كاماتا

مواقع خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمدينة أوتا باللغة الإنكليزية
 الموقع الرسمي لمدينة أوتا باللغة اليابانية

مراجع

أوتا (طوكيو)
أحياء طوكيو
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1947
تأسيسات سنة 1947 في اليابان

أوتا (طوكيو)


Geyik, geyikgiller (Latince: Cervidae) familyasında geviş getiren otobur memeli hayvanların ortak adıdır. Çift toynaklılar takımında bulunan akraba familyalardaki benzer hayvanlar da genel olarak geyik diye adlandırılmaktadır.

Yaşam alanı
Geyikler Antarktika ve Avustralya dışındaki kıtalarda oldukça yaygın olarak dağılmıştır. Afrika kıtasında Kuzey bölümünde Tunus ve Cezayir'in Atlas Dağları'nda bir miktar kızıl geyik bulunmaktadır. Geyikler tundradan tropikal yağmur ormanlarına kadar çeşitli biyomlarda yaşar. Her ne kadar ormanlarla bağdaştırılsa da birçok geyik türü ekotondur yani ormanlar ve çalılıklar ile kırlık ve savanlar arasındaki geçiş bölgelerinde yaşar. Büyük geyik türlerinin çoğu tüm dünyada ılıman yaprak döken ağaç ormanlarında, dağlık karışık ibreli ağaç ormanlarında, tropikal mevsimlik/kuru ormanlarda ve savanlarda bulunur. Ormanlar içinde bazı bölgelerin kısmen ağaçlardan temizlenmesi aslında geyik popülasyonlarına yardımcı olur. Bu şekilde geyiklerin sevdiği ot tiplerinin yetişmesi için yer açılır. Yine de bu popülasyonların büyümesi ve hayatta kalması için gizlenmelerine yardımcı olacak uygun ve yeteri kadar ormanlık ve çalılık bulunması gereklidir. Orta ve Güney Amerika'nın broket ve pudusu ile Asya'nın munçağı gibi küçük geyikler ise genelde sık ormanlarda yaşar ve açık alanlarda pek görülmezler. Ayrıca yalnızca dağlarda, otlaklarda, bataklıklarda ve ıslak savanlarda ya da çöllerle sarılmış ırmak bölgelerinde yaşayan özelleşmiş geyik türleri de bulunur. Bazı geyikler kutup bölgesi çevresinde hem Kuzey Amerika hem de Avrasya'da yayılmıştır. Arktik tundra ve taygalarda yaşayan ren geyiği ile taygalar ve komşu bölgelerinde yaşayan sığın bunlara örnektir.

Asya'nın ılıman kesiminde geyiklerin en çok bulunduğu bölgeler Kuzey Kore, Mançurya (Kuzeydoğu Çin) ve Rusya'nın Ussuri bölgesindeki karışık yaprak döken ağaç ormanları, dağlık ibreli ağaç ormanları ve taygalardır. Bu dünyanın en zengin yaprak döken ve ibreli ağaç ormanlarından olan bölgede Sibirya karacası, sika geyiği, ren geyiği, Kanada geyiği ve sığın bulunur. Bu bölgenin hemen güneyinde Çin'de olağandışı olan Peder David geyiği ile karşılaşılır. Sika geyiği, beyaz dudaklı geyik, Orta Asya kızıl geyiği ve Kanada geyiği gibi geyikler tarih boyunca boynuzları için avlanmıştır. Ren geyiği de kısmen evcilleştirilerek sürüler hâlinde beslenmiştir.

Tropiklerde ise Güney ve Güneydoğu Asya'da Hindistan, Nepal ve bir zamanlar Tayland gibi ülkelerde büyük oranda geyiğe rastlanır. Kuzey Hindistan'ın Ganj Nehri Ovası'nın ve Nepal'in Terai bölgesinin tropikal mevsimlik nemli ve kuru yaprak döken ağaç ormanları ve hem nemli hem kuru savanlarında çital, domuz geyiği, barasinga, Hint sambar geyiği ve Hint munçağı yaşar. Ganj Ovası'nın hemen kuzeyindeki Keşmir Vadisi'nde Orta Asya kızıl geyiğinin nadir rastlanan bir alt türü olan Keşmir geyiğine rastlanır. Bir zamanlar tropikal mevsimlik nemli yaprak döken ağaç ormanları ve nemli savanları olan Tayland'ın Chao Praya Nehri Vadisi'nde domuz geyiği, Schomburgk geyiği (günümüzde soyu tükenmiştir), alından boynuzlu geyik, Hint sambar geyiği ve Hint munçağı yaşardı. Günümüzde hem barasinga hem de alından boynuzlu geyik türlerine nadiren rastlanır ve soyları tehdit altındadır. Tayland'taki domuz geyiği popülasyonu da enderdir. Çital ve barasingha büyük sürüler hâlinde yaşar, Hint sambar geyiği de büyük gruplar hâlinde bulunabilir. Bütün bu geyik türlerinin bir arada yaşamaları hepsinin beslenmek için değişik bitki türlerini tercih etmeleridir. Bu geyikler yaşam alanlarını aynı zamanda Asya filleri, çeşitli antilop türleri ve vahşi öküzler gibi diğer otçullarla paylaşırlar. Türkiye'de doğal olarak 5 geyik türü bulunur. Bunlar sığın, Mezopotamya geyiği, Algeyik, karaca ve kızıl geyiktir. Bu türlerden sığın ve Mezopotamya geyiği aşırı avlanma sonucu yok olup artık Türkiye'de görülmemektedir. Alageyik neredeyse tükenmek üzeredir, kızıl geyik tehlike altında küçük ve dağınık popülasyonlarda hayatını sürdürmektedir, karaca ise hala yaygındır fakat nüfusu azalmaktadır.

Kuzey Amerika'da en yoğun geyik popülasyonlarına Kanada Rocky Dağları ile Alberta ve British Kolombiya bölgeleri arasındaki Kolumbiya Dağları'nda rastlanır. Burada Kuzey Amerika'da yaşayan beş geyik türünün tamamına rastlanır: Ak kuyruklu geyik, katır geyiği, ren geyiği, Kanada geyiği ve sığın. Bu bölgede dağ eteklerinde nemli ibreli ağaç ormanları ve Alp tarzı otlaklar, ovalarda ise göllerin ve akarsuların yakınında tarım bölgeleri ile yaprak döken ormanlardan oluşan parklar bulunur. Ren geyiği daha yüksek rakımda subalpin otlaklar ve alpin tundralarda yaşar. Ak kuyruklu geyik, toprakların tarıma açılması ve ibreli ağaç ormanlarının açılarak yerine yaprak döken ağaçların yetişmesi nedeniyle yaşam alanlarını Kanada Rocky Dağlarının eteklerine kadar genişletmiştir.

Orta ve Güney Amerika'da çeşitli küçük broket türleri ve güneydoğu Asya'da da çeşitli küçük munçak türleri yaşar. Yukarıda belirtilen büyük geyik türlerinin aksine bu geyik türleri daha çok yalnız dolaşır ve sık ormanlarda saklanmayı tercih eder. Dolayısıyla da popülasyon yoğunlukları daha düşüktür.

Avustralya'ya 19. yüzyılda getirilen altı geyik türü buraya uyum sağlamayı başarabilmiştir. Bunlar alageyik, kızıl geyik, sambar geyiği, domuz geyiği, rusa geyiği ve benekli geyiktir. Yeni Zelanda'ya 1900'lerin başında sokulan kızıl geyik 1960'ların sonundan beri geyik çiftliklerinde evcilleştirilmiş olarak yetiştirilmektedir.

Özellikler
Geyik boynuzları diğer geviş getiren çift toynaklıların boynuzlarından farklıdır. Geyik boynuzları özellikle yazları olmak üzere her yıl gelişen kemiksi bir yapıya sahiptir ve genellikle yalnızca erkek geyiklerde oluşur. Genç bir geyiğin ilk boynuzları doğuştan itibaren başlarındaki iki küçük çıkıntıdan büyüyerek gelişir. Yeni çıkan boynuzlar kalın bir kadife tabakasının içinde gelişir ve bu tabaka içindeki kemik sertleşene kadar birkaç ay boynuz üzerinde kalır. Daha sonra bu kadife tabaka halk arasında inanıldığının aksine dökülmez ama yırtılarak parçalanır ve boynuzdan ayrılır. Geyiklerin izledikleri ana güzergâhların avcılar tarafından izlenebilmesinin bir yolu da geyiklerin "sürtünme"lerini izlemektir. Sürtünmeler geyiklerin bölgelerini belirlemek için göz kenarında ve alınlarındaki bezlerden salgılanan kokunun çevreye bırakılması için kullanılır. Çiftleşme mevsiminde erkekler, sürü içindeki dişileri çekebilmek için birbirleriyle boynuz boynuza dövüşür. Birbirinin etrafında dönen erkek geyikler bacaklarını büker, kafalarını eğer ve birbirlerinin üstüne saldırır.

Dişi geyik bir batında bir ya da iki yavru doğurur, üçüzlere çok az rastlanılabilir. Hamilelik süresi karaca için on ay kadardır. Yavruların çoğu kürklerinin üzerinde beyaz benekler ile doğar ancak yaşlandıkça bu lekeler kaybolur. Yalnızca alageyik bu benekleri yaşamı boyunca taşır. Geyik yavrusu doğumunu izleyen ilk yirmi dakika içinde ilk adımlarını atar. Anne geyik yavrusunu üzerinde koku kalmayıncaya kadar yalayarak temizler böylece avcı hayvanların yavruları bulmasını engeller. Yavru geyik bir hafta kadar otların içinde gizlenmiş olarak kaldıktan sonra annesi ile birlikte yürüyebilecek kadar güçlenir. Anne ve yavru yaklaşık bir yıl kadar birlikte kalır. Erkek yavru bir daha asla annesini görmez ama dişi yavru daha sonra bazen kendi yavrularıyla birlikte annesinin yanına gelerek küçük sürüler oluşturur.

Geyiklerin genellikle engebeli ormanlık araziye uygun uzun güçlü bacakları ve kıvrak, küçük gövdeleri vardır. Geyikler aynı zamanda mükemmel yüzücüdür. Alt çene dişlerinin üzerindeki yarımay şeklinde mineleri sayesinde oldukça farklı bitkileri çiğneyebilir. Geyikler geviş getirir ve mideleri dört odacıklıdır. Hemen hemen her geyiğin gözlerinin önünde bezcikler bulunur. Bu bezciklerde bölgelerini belirlemeye yarayan güçlü kokulu feromon bulunur. Birçok tür geyiğin erkekleri sinirlendiklerinde ya da heyecanlandıklarında bu bezleri geniş geniş açar. Tüm geyiklerin karaciğerinde safra kesesi bulunmaz. Boynuzu olmayan ve üst köpekdişleri fildişi gibi büyüyen su geyiği bu özellikleriyle diğer geyik türlerinden ayrılır.

Geyikler beslenmelerinde seçicidir. Yapraklarla beslenirler. Otçul standartlarında, özelleşmemiş küçük mideleri vardır. Besin gereksinimleri oldukça yüksektir. Koyun ve ineklerin yaptığı gibi düşük kalite, lifli besinlerden çok miktarda sindirmeye çalışmak yerine kolayca sindirilebilen tomurcukları, genç yaprakları, taze çimenleri, yumuşak ince dalları, meyve, mantar ve likenleri tercih eder.

Taksonomi
Dünya çapında 50 kadar geyik türü bulunur. Geyikgiller iki büyük gruba ayrılır: Muntiacinae ve Cervinae alt familyalarının bulunduğu Eski Dünya grubu ile Hydropotinae ve Capreolinae alt familyalarının bulunduğu Yeni Dünya grubu. Bu terimler yalnızca grupların orijinini belirtir ancak günümüzdeki türlerin dağılımını belirtmez. Örnek verilecek olursa bir Yeni Dünya türü olan su geyiği yalnızca Çin ve Kore'de bulunur.

Yaklaşık 5 milyon yıl kadar önce Yeni Dünya grubunun Kuzey Amerika ve Sibirya ormanlarında, Eski Dünya grubunun ise Asya'da evrim geçirdiği düşünülmektedir.

Alt familyalar, cinsler ve türler

Geyikgiller familyası şu şekilde incelenir:
 Muntiacinae alt familyası
 Muntiacus cinsi (Munçaklar):
 Hint munçağı, Bayağı munçak (Muntiacus muntjak)
 Çin munçağı, Reeves munçağı (Muntiacus reevesi)
 Kara munçak, Kıllı göğüslü munçak (Muntiacus crinifrons)
 Fea munçağı (Muntiacus feae)
 Borneo sarı munçağı (Muntiacus atherodes)
 Roosevelt munçağı (Muntiacus rooseveltorum)
 Gongşan munçağı (Muntiacus gongshanensis)
 Dev munçak (Muntiacus vuquangensis)
 Truong Son munçağı (Muntiacus truongsonensis)
 Yaprak munçağı (Muntiacus putaoensis)
 Elaphodus cinsi:
 Püsküllü geyik (Elaphodus cephalophus)
 Cervinae alt familyası (Gerçek geyikler, Eski Dünya geyikleri):
 Cervus cinsi:
 Cervus alt cinsi:
 Kızıl geyik, Bayağı geyik (Cervus elaphus)
 Asya kızıl geyiği, Orta Asya kızıl geyiği (Cervus affinis)
 Amerika kızıl geyiği, Kanada geyiği (Cervus canadensis)
 Przewalskium alt cinsi:
 Ak dudaklı geyik, Thorold geyiği (Cervus albirostris)
 Sika alt cinsi:
 Sika geyiği, Sika (Cervus nippon)
 Rucervus alt cinsi:
 Barasinga (Cervus duvaucelii)
 Schomburgk geyiği (Cervus schomburgki) (soyu tükenmiş, 1938)
 Eld geyiği, Alından boynuzlu geyik (Cervus eldii)
 Rusa alt cinsi:
 Sambar geyiği, Sambar (Cervus unicolor)
 Rusa geyiği, Sunda sambar geyiği, Timor geyiği (Cervus timorensis)
 Filipinler sambar geyiği, Filipinler sambarı, Filipinler kahverengi geyiği (Cervus mariannus)
 Filipinler benekli geyiği, Visaya benekli geyiği (Cervus alfredi)
 Axis cinsi:
 Axis alt cinsi:
 Benekli geyik Çital, Aksis geyiği (Axis axis)
 Hyelaphus alt cinsi:
 Domuz geyiği (Axis porcinus)
 Calamian geyiği, Calamian domuz geyiği (Axis calamianensis)
 Bawean geyiği, Bawean domuz geyiği, Kuhl domuz geyiği (Axis kuhlii)
 Elaphurus cinsi:
 Peder David geyiği (Elaphurus davidianus)
 Dama cinsi:
 Alageyik (Dama dama)
 İran alageyiği, Mezopotamya alageyiği (Dama mesopotamica)
 Megaloceros cinsi (Soyu tükenmiş):
 İrlanda elki (Megaloceros giganteus) soyu tükenmiş
 Hydropotinae alt familyası (Su geyiği)
 Hydropotes cinsi:
 Su geyiği (Hydropotes inermis)
 Capreolinae (Yeni Dünya geyiği)
 Capreolus cinsi:
 Karaca (Capreolus capreolus)
 Sibirya karacası, Doğu karacası (Capreolus pygargus)
 Alces cinsi:
 Sığın (Alces alces) (dünyadaki en büyük geyik)
 Odocoileus cinsi:
 Ak kuyruklu geyik, Virjinya geyiği (Odocoileus virginianus)
 Katır geyiği (Odocoileus hemionus)
 Ozotoceros cinsi:
 Pampa geyiği (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)
 Mazama cinsi (Kariyakular):
 Kızıl kariyaku, Peru kızıl geyiği (Mazama americana)
 Gri cüce kariyaku, Merioa kariyaku (Mazama bricenii)
 Cüce kariyaku (Mazama chunyi)
 Gri kariyaku (Mazama gouazoupira)
 Pigme kariyaku (Mazama nana)
 Yukatan kahverengi kariyaku (Mazama pandora)
 Küçük kızıl kariyaku (Mazama rufina)
 Pudu cinsi:
 Kuzey pudusu (Pudu mephistophiles) (dünyanın en küçük geyiği)
 Şili pudusu, Güney pudusu (Pudu puda)
 Blastocerus cinsi:
 Bataklık geyiği (Blastocerus dichotomus)
 Hippocamelus cinsi:
 Kuzey And geyiği, Peru Huemul geyiği (Hippocamelus antisensis)
 Güney And geyiği, Şili Huemul geyiği (Hippocamelus bisulcus)
 Rangifer cinsi:
 Ren geyiği (Rangifer tarandus)

Dış bağlantılar

Geyik


The La Grande-3 or LG-3 is a hydroelectric dam on the La Grande River in northern Quebec, part of Hydro-Québec's James Bay Project. The station can generate 2,418 MW and was commissioned in 1982–1984. It generates electricity through the reservoir and dam system. The dam and reservoir both are named La Grande-3. The community of Sakami was founded for its construction.

See also

 List of largest power stations in Canada
 Reservoirs and dams in Canada

External links
 Hydro-Québec's La Grande Complex
 La Grande System
 La Grande-3

James Bay Project
Dams in Quebec
Dams completed in 1984
Dams on the La Grande River
Publicly owned dams in Canada

La Grande-3 generating station


An Aloe succotrina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. An Aloe succotrina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aloe

Aloe succotrina


A headstone, tombstone, or gravestone is a stele or marker, usually stone, that is placed over a grave. It is traditional for burials in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim religions, among others. In most cases, it has the deceased's name, date of birth, and date of death inscribed on it, along with a personal message, or prayer, but may contain pieces of funerary art, especially details in stone relief. In many parts of Europe, insetting a photograph of the deceased in a frame is very common.

Use

The stele (plural: stelae), as it is called in an archaeological context, is one of the oldest forms of funerary art. Originally, a tombstone was the stone lid of a stone coffin, or the coffin itself, and a gravestone was the stone slab (or ledger stone) that was laid flat over a grave. Now, all three terms ("stele", "tombstone" or "gravestone") are also used for markers set (usually upright) at the head of the grave. Some graves in the 18th century also contained footstones to demarcate the foot end of the grave. This sometimes developed into full kerb sets that marked the whole perimeter of the grave. Footstones were rarely annotated with more than the deceased's initials and year of death, and sometimes a memorial mason and plot reference number. Many cemeteries and churchyards have removed those extra stones to ease grass cutting by machine mower. In some UK cemeteries, the principal, and indeed only, marker is placed at the foot of the grave.

Owing to soil movement and downhill creep on gentle slopes, older headstones and footstones can often be found tilted at an angle. Over time, this movement can result in the stones being sited several metres away from their original location.

Graves and any related memorials are a focus for mourning and remembrance. The names of relatives are often added to a gravestone over the years, so that one marker may chronicle the passing of an entire family spread over decades. Since gravestones and a plot in a cemetery or churchyard cost money, they are also a symbol of wealth or prominence in a community. Some gravestones were even commissioned and erected to their own memory by people who were still living, as a testament to their wealth and status. In a Christian context, the very wealthy often erected elaborate memorials within churches rather than having simply external gravestones. Crematoria frequently offer similar alternatives to families who do not have a grave to mark, but who want a focus for their mourning and for remembrance. Carved or cast commemorative plaques inside the crematorium for example may serve this purpose.

Materials

A cemetery may follow national codes of practice or independently prescribe the size and use of certain materials, especially in a conservation area. Some may limit the placing of a wooden memorial to six months after burial, after which a more permanent memorial must be placed. Others may require stones of a certain shape or position to facilitate grass-cutting. Headstones of granite, marble and other kinds of stone are usually created, installed, and repaired by monumental masons. Cemeteries require regular inspection and maintenance, as stones may settle, topple and, on rare occasions, fall and injure people; or graves may simply become overgrown and their markers lost or vandalised.

Restoration is a specialized job for a monumental mason. Even overgrowth removal requires care to avoid damaging the carving. For example, ivy should only be cut at the base roots and left to naturally die off, never pulled off forcefully.
Many materials have been used as markers.

Stone
 Fieldstones. In many cultures markers for graves other than enclosed areas, such as planted with characteristic plants particularly in northern Europe the yew, were natural fieldstones, some unmarked and others decorated or incised using a metal awl. Typical motifs for the carving included a symbol and the deceased's name and age.
 Granite. Granite is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and sandblasting over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers and emblems exposed on the stone, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph.
 Marble and limestone. Both limestone and marble take carving well. Marble is a recrystallised form of limestone. The mild acid in rainwater can slowly dissolve marble and limestone over time, which can make inscriptions unreadable. Portland stone was a type of limestone commonly used in Englandafter weathering, fossiliferous deposits tend to appear on the surface. Marble became popular from the early 19th century, though its extra cost limited its appeal.
 Sandstone. Sandstone is durable, yet soft enough to carve easily. Some sandstone markers are so well preserved that individual chisel marks are discernible, while others have delaminated and crumbled to dust. Delamination occurs when moisture gets between the layers of the sandstone. As it freezes and expands the layers flake off. In the 17th century, sandstone replaced field stones in Colonial America. Yorkstone was a common sandstone material used in England.
 Slate. Slate can have a pleasing texture but is slightly porous and prone to delamination. Slate was commonly used by colonial New England carvers, especially in Boston where elaborate slate markers were shipped down the Atlantic coast as far south as Charleston and Savanah. It takes lettering well, often highlighted with white paint or gilding.
 Schist. Schist Was a common material for grave making in the American Colonies during the 17th and 18th Century. While harder to Carve than Sandstone or Slate, lettering and symbols usually had to be carved deeper into the stone and therefore held up well over long periods of time.  While not as durable as most slate,  most have held up well against the elements.

Metal, wood and plants

 Iron. Iron grave markers and decorations were popular during the Victorian era in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, often being produced by specialist foundries or the local blacksmith. Cast iron headstones have lasted for generations while wrought ironwork often only survives in a rusted or eroded state. In eastern Värmland, Sweden, iron crosses instead of stones have been popular since the 18th century.
 White bronze. Actually sand cast zinc, but called white bronze for marketing purposes. Almost all, if not all, zinc grave markers were made by the Monumental Bronze Company of Bridgeport, CT, between 1874 and 1914. The company set up subsidiaries in Detroit, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and Des Moines; a Chicago subsidiary was named the American Bronze Company, while the St. Thomas White Bronze Monument Company was set up in Ontario, Canada. They are in cemeteries of the period all across the U.S. and Canada. They were sold as more durable than marble, about 1/3 less expensive and progressive.
 Wood. This was a popular material during the Georgian and Victorian era, and almost certainly before, in Great Britain and elsewhere. Some could be very ornate, although few survive beyond 50–100 years due to natural decomposition or termites and other wood boring insects.
 Planting. Trees or shrubs, particularly roses, may be planted, especially to mark the location of ashes. This may be accompanied by a small inscribed metal or wooden marker.

Inscriptions
Markers sometimes bear inscriptions. The information on the headstone generally includes the name of the deceased and their date of birth and death. Such information can be useful to genealogists and local historians. Larger cemeteries may require a discreet reference code as well to help accurately fix the location for maintenance. The cemetery owner, church, or, as in the UK, national guidelines might encourage the use of 'tasteful' and accurate wording in inscriptions. The placement of inscriptions is traditionally placed on the forward-facing side of the memorial but can also be seen in some cases on the reverse and around the edges of the stone itself. Some families request that an inscription be made on the portion of the memorial that will be underground.

In addition, some gravestones also bear epitaphs in praise of the deceased or quotations from religious texts, such as "requiescat in pace". In a few instances the inscription is in the form of a plea, admonishment, testament of faith, claim to fame or even a curseWilliam Shakespeare's inscription famously declares

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosèd here.
Blest be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.

Or a warning about mortality, such as this Persian poetry carved on an ancient tombstone in the Tajiki capital of Dushanbe.

I heard that mighty Jamshed the King
Carved on a stone near a spring of water these words:
 "Manylike ussat here by this spring
 And left this life in the blink of an eye.
 We captured the whole world through our courage and strength,
 Yet could take nothing with us to our grave."

Or a simpler warning of inevitability of death:

Remember me as you pass by,
As you are now, so once was I,
As I am now, so you will be,
Prepare for death and follow me.

Headstone engravers faced their own "year 2000 problem" when still-living people, as many as 500,000 in the United States alone, pre-purchased headstones with pre-carved death years beginning with 19–.

Bas-relief carvings of a religious nature or of a profile of the deceased can be seen on some headstones, especially up to the 19th century. Since the invention of photography, a gravestone might include a framed photograph or cameo of the deceased; photographic images or artwork (showing the loved one, or some other image relevant to their life, interests or achievements) are sometimes now engraved onto smooth stone surfaces.

Some headstones use lettering made of white metal fixed into the stone, which is easy to read but can be damaged by ivy or frost. Deep carvings on a hard-wearing stone may weather many centuries exposed in graveyards and still remain legible. Those fixed on the inside of churches, on the walls, or on the floor (often as near the altar as possible) may last much longer: such memorials were often embellished with a monumental brass.

The choice of language and/or script on gravestones has been studied by sociolinguists as indicators of language choices and language loyalty. For example, by studying cemeteries used by immigrant communities, some languages were found to be carved "long after the language ceased to be spoken" in the communities. In other cases, a language used in the inscription may indicate a religious affiliation.

Marker inscriptions have also been used for political purposes, such as the grave marker installed in January 2008 at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky by Mathew Prescott, an employee of PETA. The grave marker is located near the grave of KFC founder Harland Sanders and bears the acrostic message "KFC tortures birds". The group placed its grave marker to promote its contention that KFC is cruel to chickens.

Form and decoration

Gravestones may be simple upright slabs with semi-circular, rounded, gabled, pointed-arched, pedimental, square or other shaped tops. During the 18th century, they were often decorated with memento mori (symbolic reminders of death) such as skulls or winged skulls, winged cherub heads, heavenly crowns, or the picks and shovels of the gravedigger. Somewhat unusual were more elaborate allegorical figures, such as Old Father Time, or emblems of trade or status, or even some event from the life of the deceased (particularly how they died). Large tomb chests, false sarcophagi as the actual remains were in the earth below, or smaller coped chests were commonly used by the gentry as a means of commemorating a number of members of the same family. In the 19th century, headstone styles became very diverse, ranging from plain to highly decorated, and often using crosses on a base or other shapes differing from the traditional slab. By this time popular designs were shifting from symbols of death like Winged heads and Skulls to Urns and Willow trees. Marble also became overwhelmingly popular as a grave material during the 1800s in the United States.  More elaborately carved markers, such as crosses or angels also became popular during this time. Simple curb surrounds, sometimes filled with glass chippings, were popular during the mid-20th century.

Islamic headstones are traditionally more a rectangular upright shaft, often topped with a carved topknot symbolic of a turban; but in Western countries more local styles are often used.

Some form of simple decoration may be employed. Special emblems on tombstones indicate several familiar themes in many faiths. Some examples are:

 Anchor: Steadfast hope
 Angel of grief: Sorrow
 Arch: Rejoined with partner in Heaven
 Birds: The soul
 Book: Faith, wisdom
 Cherub: Divine wisdom or justice
 Column: Noble life
 Broken column: Early death
 Conch shell: Wisdom
 Cross, anchor and Bible: Trials, victory and reward
 Crown: Reward and glory
 Dolphin: Salvation, bearer of souls to Heaven
 Dove: Purity, love and Holy Spirit
 Evergreen: Eternal life
 Garland: Victory over death
 Gourds: Deliverance from grief
 Hands: A relation or partnership (see Reference 3)
 Heart: Devotion
 Horseshoe: Protection against evil
 Hourglass: Time and its swift flight
 IHS: Stylized version of iota-eta-sigma, a Greek abbreviation of "Iesus Hominum Salvator" ("Jesus, savior of mankind"); alternatively treated as an initialism for "in Hoc Signo (Vinces)": "In this sign you shall conquer." Commonly indicates Roman Catholic faith, the latter especially Society of Jesus.
 Ivy: Faithfulness, memory, and undying friendship
 Lamb: Innocence, young age
 Lamp: Immortality
 Laurel: Victory, fame
 Lily: Purity and resurrection
 Lion: Strength, resurrection
 Mermaid: Dualism of Christfully God, fully man
 Oak: Strength
 Olive branch: Forgiveness, and peace
 Palms: Martyrdom, or victory over death
 Peacock: Eternal life
 Pillow: a deathbed, eternal sleep
 Poppy: Eternal sleep
 Rooster: Awakening, courage and vigilance
 Shell: Birth and resurrection
 Skeleton: Life's brevity
 Snake in a circle: Everlasting life in Heaven
 Square and Compasses: Freemasonry
 Star of David: Judaism
 Swallow: Motherhood
 Broken sword: Life cut short
 Crossed swords: Life lost in battle
 Torch: Eternal life if upturned, death if extinguished
 Tree trunk: The beauty of life
 Triangle: Truth, equality and the trinity
 Tzedakah box (pushke): Righteousness, for it is written "...to do righteousness and justice" (Gen 18:19) and "the doing of righteousness and justice is preferable to the Lord than sacrificial offering" (Proverbs 21:3).
 Shattered urn: Old age, mourning if draped
 Weeping willow: Mourning, grief

Greek letters might also be used:

  (alpha and omega): The beginning and the end
  (chi rho): The first letters spelling the name of Christ

Safety
Over time a headstone may settle or its fixings weaken. After several instances where unstable stones have fallen in dangerous circumstances, some burial authorities "topple test" headstones by firm pressure to check for stability. They may then tape them off or flatten them.

This procedure has proved controversial in the UK, where an authority's duty of care to protect visitors is complicated because it often does not have any ownership rights over the dangerous marker. Authorities that have knocked over stones during testing or have unilaterally lifted and laid flat any potentially hazardous stones have been criticised, after grieving relatives have discovered that their relative's marker has been moved. Since 2007 Consistory Court and local authority guidance now restricts the force used in a topple test and requires an authority to consult relatives before moving a stone. In addition, before laying a stone flat, it must be recorded for posterity.

Image gallery

See also
 Gravestone rubbing
 Khachkar
 Mausoleum
 Megalith
 Murder stone
 Sarcophagus
 Scottish gravestones
 The Devil's Chair (urban legend)
 Tombstone tourist
 Viewlogy

References

External links

 In Search Of Gravestones Old And Curious by W.T. Vincent, 1896, from Project Gutenberg
 Azeri.org, Sofi Hamid Cemetery
 World Burial Index  Photographs of memorial inscriptions plus free surname search
 A Very Grave Matter Old New England gravestones
 Historic Headstones Online Project to transcribe content from historic headstones
 Pennsylvania German tombstones
 Stockton University includes gravestone imagery in New Jersey
 How to clean a Grave marker by Ralf Heckenbach
 Stone Quarries and Beyond
 "Memorializing the Civil War Dead:  Modernity and Corruption under the Grant Administration", by Bruce S. Elliott, in Markers XXVI, Association for Gravestone Studies, 2011, pp. 15–55.  (Reprinted with permission of the  "Association for Gravestone Studies". (Details the beginning of the mass production of cemetery stones and the increased use of the sand blast process.)

Burial monuments and structures
Monumental masons
Stone monuments and memorials
Stones

Headstone


Mythimna turca es una polilla de la familia Noctuidae. Se encuentra en Europa.

La envergadura es de 37 a 45 mm. La polilla vuela de junio a julio dependiendo de la ubicación.

Las larvas se alimentan de diferentes gramíneas, incluyendo Dactylus glomerata, Poa nemoralis y especies de Luzula.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

turca

Mythimna turca


LFLA steht für:
 Flugplatz Auxerre-Branches (ICAO-Code)
 Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Lehranstalt, Schulform in Österreich

LFLA

LFLA


Zabaleta er et spanskt efternavn, der henviser til blandt andre:

 Juan de Zabaleta (1610–1670?) – spansk forfatter
 Mariano Zabaleta (født 1978) – argentinsk tennisspiller
 Nicanor Zabaleta (1907–1993) – spansk harpist
 Pablo Zabaleta (født 1985) – argentinsk fodbollspiller

Efternavne

Zabaleta


Victor I. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu (n. 21 septembrie 1910, București – d. 10 martie 1962, Penitenciarul Văcărești) a fost un diplomat român. El a participat la inițierea negocierilor pentru a scoate România din alianța cu Germania Nazistă în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Fiind un adversar al Partidului Comunist Român, a fost arestat cu puțin timp înainte de instituirea regimului comunist în România și a fost deținut timp de cincisprezece ani, murind în închisoare ca urmare a tratamentului primit acolo.

Biografie

Formarea profesională
S-a născut la București într-o familie din clasa superioară, tatăl său, Ion, fiind profesor universitar și susținător politic al lui Titu Maiorescu, în timp ce mama lui, Elena, a condus Școala Centrală de Fete înainte de 1939. Fratele său a fost, de asemenea, un distins diplomat, în timp ce sora lui, Anina (1902-1994), a jucat un rol activ în comunitatea emigranților români din Paris în timpul epocii comuniste. El a obținut licențe universitare în drept, filosofie și sociologie înainte de a fi angajat în Ministerul de Externe în 1934 în ciuda faptului că suferea de o paralizie avansată a părții de jos a corpului său. El a fost repartizat la Direcțiunea presei și a informațiilor.

Activitatea din timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial
În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, în timp ce era angajat în cadrul ministerului, a luat parte alături de Camil Demetrescu și Grigore Niculescu-Buzești la inițierea negocierilor secrete cu Aliații. Obiectivul lor a fost scoaterea României din alianța cu Puterile Axei, precum și o conspirație împotriva dictatorului Ion Antonescu, care a culminat cu Lovitura de stat a regelui Mihai din august 1944. A fost numit prin decizia ministerială nr. 115.521 din 21 septembrie 1944 în funcția de director al cabinetului și al cifrului, fiind delegat de la 22 septembrie 1944, prin decizia nr. 115.522 din 22 septembrie 1944, cu conducerea Direcțiunii presei și a informațiilor din Ministerul Afacerilor Străine. Mai mult decât atât, în calitate de director al cabinetului ministerial și al direcției cifrului, a jucat un rol important atât în timpul războiului cât și după război în informarea factorilor de decizie ai țării. A furnizat informații, de asemenea, ambasadelor occidentale la București, anunțându-i de pericolul iminent al preluării puterii de către comuniști și a trimis în străinătate documente care au demonstrat dominația economică și jaful practicat de ocupanții sovietici ai României. El a fost demis din cadrul ministerului în 1946.

Arestarea și detenția
În calitate de membru al Partidului Național-Țărănesc, l-a ajutat pe liderul său, Iuliu Maniu, să aibă legături cu diplomații străini în timpul războiului. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu a fost arestat în august 1947, în urma Înscenării de la Tămădău care a dus la persecutarea mai multor membri ai partidului. A fost judecat alături de Maniu și de alți patru lideri politici și condamnat în noiembrie 1947 la pedeapsa de 25 de ani de închisoare pentru conspirație și trădare, cu un adaos de 55 de ani pentru alte trei acuzații. Potrivit unei relatări, fiind acuzat de complicitate cu "trădătorii din străinătate", el a răspuns că nu li s-a alăturat numai pentru că s-a temut că starea lui precară de sănătate "ar putea fi un impediment în activitatea lor". El a trecut prin închisorile de la Malmaison, Galați, Sighet, Râmnicu Sărat și Văcărești. A fost deținut aproape patru ani, la Galați, după care a fost transferat la Sighet.

În timp ce se afla la Sighet, unde a fost ținut în principal  izolat de ceilalți deținuți, s-a constatat în urma unei examinări medicale că suferea de mai multe boli fizice, inclusiv paraplegie spastică, hipoestezie și disfuncția sfincterului Oddi. Ajuns apoi la Râmnicu Sărat în urma închiderii penitenciarului Sighet în 1955, el a fost imobilizat la pat în celula lui. În mai 1956 a solicitat efectuarea unui nou consult medical, iar autoritățile din penitenciar au refuzat, semnalând o "atitudine dușmănoasă" a lui față de conducerea și personalul penitenciarului din cauza plângerilor repetate cu privire la tratamentul său inuman. Neputând să se ridice din pat atunci când i s-a ordonat, el a fost bătut de directorul închisorii, Alexandru Vișinescu, și de ceilalți gardieni. În toamna anului 1961, când era deja prea târziu pentru a i se mai putea salva viața, a fost transferat la spitalul închisorii Văcărești, unde a murit în luna martie a anului următor.

Potrivit lui Neagu Djuvara, sociologul procomunist Mihai Ralea i-a sugerat lui Rădulescu-Pogoneanu să fie "mai suplu" cu administrația închisorii. Interlocutorul său ar fi răspuns, potrivit surselor: "nici sănătatea, nici viața mea nu sunt de vânzare…". Soția lui, Cici, a fost arestată la scurt timp după Victor și trimisă la închisoare pentru șase luni, începând din decembrie 1947, pentru faptul că nu ar fi denunțat autorităților activitățile soțului ei. Arestată din nou în 1952, a fost interogată despre legăturile soțului ei cu Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu. Doi ani mai târziu, ea a mărturisit în cele din urmă la procesul spectacol al lui Pătrășcanu că cei doi bărbați au purtat negocieri între guvern și opoziție în timpul "grevei regale" a regelui Mihai, fapt care a fost folosit pentru a-l acuza de conspirație pe Pătrășcanu.

Note

Nașteri în 1910
Decese în 1962
Politicieni români din secolul al XX-lea
Bucureșteni
Persoane care au murit în detenție în România
Anticomuniști români
Diplomați români
Români cu dizabilități
Membri PNȚ
Deținuți politici români
Victime ale regimului comunist din România
Opozanți ai regimului comunist

Victor Rădulescu-Pogoneanu


Félix Machado da Silva Castro e Vasconcelos (Vale, Arcos de Valdevez, 1 de novembro de 1595 - 4 de junho de 1662), moço fidalgo, 1.º marquês de Montebello, em Montebello della Battaglia no Ducado de Milão, 1.º conde de Amares e 6.º senhor de Entre Homem e Cávado.

Foi embaixador em Roma, genealogista, romancista de pícaro e pintor.

Biografia
Nasceu na Casa de Tora, solar com torre, de seu avô paterno, na freguesia do Vale, nos Arcos de Valdevez.

Herdou por sua mãe o senhorio de Entre Homem e Cávado, a comenda de Souzel na Ordem de Avis e a de São João de Coucieiro na Ordem de Cristo; as casas e os respectivos solares de Crasto, Vasconcelos, Barroso e Arega.

Estudou em Braga e Lisboa, depois fixou-se em Madrid.

Por conveniência da família da sua mulher, após a Restauração da Independência de Portugal, deixou-se ficar pela côrte filipina de Madrid. Foi nessa altura que se dedicou a publicar a sua escrita genealógica e a pintar quadros para fora, pois, segundo o próprio, tivera de exercer por falta de outros recursos financeiros, dado lhe terem sequestrado os rendimentos em Portugal por razões políticas, conforme alegou em 1642 no Memorial genealógico que fez imprimir na capital espanhola.

Aí, em Espanha, dedicou-se ao ensino da pintura, sobretudo ao retrato e, cerca do ano de 1643, chegou a produzir um seu autorretrato, tornando-se o primeiro português a fazê-lo duma forma independente.

Por essa altura, em 1644-1646, Manuel de Faria e Sousa reedita «Fuente de Aganipe», cuja 1/ parte vem dedicada ao marquês de Montebelo, em casa de quem ele e a esposa viviam um pouco como de esmola do parente rico, desde 1643 — albergue que se cifra na colaboração na edição do «Nobiliário do conde D. Pedro» e d´ «Os Lusíadas».

Obras
 «Memorial del Marquez de Montebelo», Madrid, 1642.
 «Tercera Parte de Gusman de Alfarache dividida em três livros», que pretendia publicar com o suposto nome de "Félix Márquez, catredático [sic] de Prima en la Picardía, sin salario", Madrid, 1651.
 «Vida de Manoel Machado de Azevedo, señor de las Casas de Castro, Vasconcelos, y Barroso, y de los solares dellas, y de las Tierras de Entre Homem, y Cabado, Villa de Amares, Comendador de Sousel, en la Orden de Avis. Por el marques de Montebelo, Felix Machado de Silva, Castro, y Vasconcelos, Comendador de San Iuan de Coucieiro, en la Orden de Christo, su bisnieto, y sucessor de su Casa. Escriviase a don Francisco Machado de Silva, su hijo, para que la imitasse, como imito, hasta acaber la Filosophia, en edad de catorze años y médio, en la qual fue Dios servido de llevarle para si. Oy se da a la estampa para qve estas dos vidas sirvan de dos espejos a Don Antonio Machado de Silva y Castro, ultimo hermano de seis que tuvo», Madrid, 1660.
 «Notas al Nobiliario de D. Pedro Conde de Barcelos hijo d'EIRey D. Dioniz de Portugal», Madrid e Lisboa, 1667.
 «Conquista de Catalunha».
 «Ensaios de Princípios»
 «Teatro de Política Moral»

Dados genealógicos
Filho de Manuel de Araújo de Sousa e Castro e de D. Margarida Machado da Silva e Vasconcelos, filha herdeira de Francisco Machado da Silva, senhor de Entre Homem, e Cavado, e comendador de Sousel na Ordem de Aviz, que tinham se apaixonado e que fugiu da casa dos pais para se casar. O pai "gastou grande parte da renda do seu morgadio com pleitos com o rei e com a sua própria madrasta. Foi envenenado, por engano."

Casou com Violante de Orozco, dama da imperatriz Maria de Áustria, filha de Rodrigo de Orosco, 1º marquês de Mortara, e de Vitoria Hermes de Porcia (da antiquíssima família dos Porcias. "Padeceu muitos anos de gota e morreu tolhida na cama". Era irmã de Francisco de Orozco, 2º marquês de Mortara e 1º marquês de Olias, vice-rei e capitão general  da Catalunha e governador de Milão.

Tiveram:
 Manuel, que morreu "infante".
 Francisco Machado (Madrid, 1638 - 1652). Sem geração.
 Felix.
 Diego.
 António Félix Machado da Silva e Castro (Madrid, 3 de Julho de 1645 - ), alcaide-mor de Mourão, governador de Pernambuco e senhor de todos os bens e títulos de seu pai. Foi casado com Luísa Maria de Mendonça e Eça (c. 1650 - ?), filha de Manuel de Sousa da Silva e Meneses, cavaleiro da Ordem de Avis, e de sua mulher Joana Francisca de Mendonça, filha de Diogo de Mendonça Furtado, 12.º governador-geral do Brasil.
 Francisca Machado. Sem geração.
 Bernarda, representada no autorretrato de seu pai e acompanhados pelo seu irmão mais velho Francisco, mas Felgueiras Gayo não a refere, no entanto acrescenta que houve várias filhos dos marqueses que terão morrido ainda crianças.

Bibliografia
 ANDRADE, Gilberto Osório. Montebelo, os Males e os Mascates, Morão, Rosa e Pimenta
 Notícia Biobibliográfica sobre a Família Montebelo, Ebion de Lima, UC Biblioteca Geral 1, 1983
 "Resenha das Famílias Titulares e Grandes de Portugal", por Albano da Silveira Pinto e continuada por Augusto Romano Sanches de Baena e Farinha de Almeida Portugal Silva e Sousa, 1.º Visconde de Sanches de Baena, Fernando Santos e Rodrigo Faria de Castro, Lisboa, 1883, Volume II

Fidalgos da Casa Real
Embaixadores do Reino de Portugal
Embaixadores de Portugal na Santa Sé
Genealogistas de Portugal
Biógrafos de Portugal
Romancistas de Portugal
Escritores de Portugal do século XVII
Pintores de Portugal do século XVII
Professores de Portugal
Nobres de Portugal do século XVII
Comendadores da Ordem de Avis
Portugueses com título nobiliárquico estrangeiro
Naturais de Arcos de Valdevez


An Telipogon salinasiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Farfán ngan Moretz. An Telipogon salinasiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon salinasiae


Geesthacht Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı kent. 33,19 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 29450 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Ingo Fokken tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.geesthacht.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Geesthacht


دوكسيسايكلين . مستحضر دوائي من فئة التتراسيكلينات يستخدم كمضاد حيوي واسع الطيف ضد مجموعة معينة من الجراثيم.

الأثر الطبي
دوكسيسايكلين مضاد حيوي يوقف نمو الجراثيم له تأثير واسع مشتق من أوكسي تتراسكلين. ويعمل عن طريق تثبيط تصنيع البروتين في البكتيريا.
وأيضا يعالج امراض السرطان بما فيها سرطان الثدي

دواعي الاستعمال
يستعمل في معالجة الالتهابات الناتجة عن أصناف من الكائنات الحية الدقيقة مثل: ريكتسيا، مايكوبلازما، بروسيلا، للبكتيريا الموجبة. والسالبة تفاعل غرام.

وهذه الالتهابات تشمل:
 التهاب اللوزتين والبلعوم والجيوب الأنفية.
 التهاب الجهاز التنفسي.
 التهابات الجهاز البولي.
 حمى التيفوس.
 التهابات ما حول الأسنان.
 حمى لدغة القرادة الإفريقية.
 للعلاج والوقاية من: الجمرة الخبيثة، الملاريا، الوردية، حب الشباب.

موانع الاستعمال
 الحساسية للتراسكلينات.
 الحوامل.
 المرضعات.

الاحتياطات
 قد يسبب تغير لون الاسنان بشكل دائم عند الأطفال.
 قد تحدث حساسية ضوئية عند استخدامه.

الأثار الجانبية
 اضطرابات بالجهاز الهضمي (غثيان، اقياءات، اسهال، صعوبة في البلع، تهيج المري).
 تفاعلات تحسسية بالجلد.
 رائحة كريهة متصلة بإفرازات المهبل عند الإناث.
 متفرقات (فقدان حاسة الشم، ارتفاع الضغط داخل الجمجمة).

التفاعلات الدوائية
 تقلل الأدوية التالية من امتصاصه عبر الجهاز الهضمي: مضادات الحموضة التي تحتوي على أملاح الألمنيوم والكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم. كذلك مستحضرات الحديد والزنك والبزموت.
 يقل امتصاصه مع استعمال مع الطعام وتناول الحليب ومشتقاته.
 عند مشاركته مع مضادات التخثر فينصح بتقليل الجرعة لأنه يسبب نقص في نشاط البروثرومبين بالدم.

الجرعات
يجب تناول الدواء مع كمية كبيرة من الماء ويكون المريض في وضعية الجلوس.
عدم الاستلقاء بعد تناول الكبسولة لمدة نصف ساعة.
 الجرعة المعتادة لليوم الأول: 200 ملغ.
 الالتهابات الشديدة: 1000 ملغ (أي غرام كامل) يومياً.
 التهابات الحوض: 100 ملغ/يوم لمدة 14 يوم.
 الحالات المبكرة لمرض الزهري: 100 ملغ/مرتين يومياً لمدة 14 يوم، وللزهري الكامن: 200 ملغ/مرتين يومياً مدة 28 يوم.
 اصابات السيلان غير المضاعف والتهاب الاحليل غير السيلاني: 100 ملغ/مرتين يومياً لمدة 7 أيام.
 الجمرة الخبيثة: 100 ملغ/مرتين باليوم.
 الحمى الراجعة والتيفوس: 100 ملغ أو 200 ملغ كجرعة وحيدة.
 حب الشباب 50 ملغ/يوم.
 البروسيلا: 100 ملغ / مرتين يومياً لمدة 45 يوم، ويستخدم معه حقنة ستربتومايسين مرة في اليوم لفترة 2-3 أسابيع.

الشكل الصيدلاني

كبسولات عيار 100 ملغ.

مراجع

أدوية أساسية حسب منظمة الصحة العالمية
أدوية حب الشباب
أميدات
أمينات
تتراسيكلينات
فينولات
كيتونات
مضادات الملاريا

دوكسيسايكلين


De paralympiske vinterlege 2018, officielt set kendt som de XII Paralympiske Vinterlege, vil blive afholdt fra den 9. til den 18. marts 2018 i Pyeongchang i Sydkorea.

Ansøgning om værtsskabet

Pyeongchang gav sit tredje på hinanden følgende bud til vinter-OL og vinter-PL 2018, som byen i sidste ende vandt. München gav også et bud, som vært. Annecy gav et bud, men fik ikke offentlig støtte fra lokalbefolkningen. Deres bud fik i sidste ende kun syv stemmer. Kun disse tre byer lavede bud til legende og alle tre blev kandidater.

Kandidatbyer

Kalender

Deltagende lande

Se også
 Vinter-OL 2018

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Pyeongchang 2018 web site

Vinter-PL

Vinter-PL 2018


Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen (Lima, 1890-2 de noviembre de 1974), fue un médico y político peruano. Especializado en bacteriología y enfermedades tropicales, fue también experto en seguridad social y administración hospitalaria. Fue ministro de Salud Pública, Trabajo y Previsión Social (1938-1939).

Biografía
Fue hijo del médico y político Francisco Almenara Butler y de Elvira Irigoyen Irigoyen. Realizó estudios primarios en el Colegio San José de Cluny y secundarios en el Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta.

Al igual que su padre siguió la carrera de medicina. Ingresó a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos en 1906 y a la Facultad de Medicina en 1908. Se graduó de bachiller en Ciencias Naturales con su tesis «Contribución al estudio de los anticuerpos y el origen de las precipitinas» (1911) y se doctoró con su tesis «Algunas consideraciones sobre las cualidades nutritivas e higiénicas de la leche en Lima» (1912). Y en 1915 se graduó de bachiller en Medicina con su tesis «Anatomía patológica de la leishmaniasis dérmica», recibiéndose de médico-cirujano ese mismo año. Continuó estudios en Argentina y Brasil, donde se especializó en bacteriología. En 1922 se graduó de doctor en Medicina con su tesis «El chamico, estudio histórico, fármaco-botánico, fármaco-químico y fármaco-dinámico de la Datura Datulán».

En 1926 fundó el laboratorio clínico que lleva su nombre e introdujo en el Perú técnicas modernas de química biológica. En su alma máter ejerció durante la década de 1920 las cátedras de Biología, Química y Farmacología.

En 1930 fundó el Departamento Municipal de Salubridad. En 1930 fundó el Instituto Municipal de Higiene de Lima, que dirigió hasta 1936.

Entre los años 1938 y 1939 fue ministro de Salud Pública, Trabajo y Previsión Social, en el segundo gobierno de Óscar R. Benavides. Durante su gestión fundó el Instituto Nacional de Higiene. Accidentalmente, se encargó del despacho de Justicia y Culto. Junto con los doctores Edgardo Rebagliati y Juan José Calle, integró la Comisión encargada del proyecto de la Seguridad Social en el Perú, que se concretó con la promulgación de la Ley del Seguro Social y la construcción del Hospital Obrero, inaugurado en 1940 y que fue en su momento el más grande y el mejor equipado de Sudamérica.

Participó en el II Congreso Médico Social Panamericano, realizado en Lima en 1948.

Entre 1950 y 1954 supervisó la construcción del Hospital del Seguro Social del Empleado, actual Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins.

Ya con el prestigio ganado en administración hospitalaria, en 1954 viajó a Costa Rica donde ejerció como consultor técnico del programa hospitalario de dicho país.

En 1955 integró el cuerpo de expertos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).

Entre 1958 y 1960 fue asesor del director del hospital clínico de la Universidad Nacional de Uruguay, donde dictó cursos de administración hospitalaria.

Se casó con Graciela Valdez, con quien tuvo cinco hijos; al enviudar se casó con Susana Chau, con quien tuvo otros cinco hijos.

En su honor, a partir de 1981 el Hospital Obrero de Lima pasó a llamarse Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, en cuya entrada se levanta su busto.

Condecoraciones
 Gran Oficial de la Orden El Sol del Perú.
 Gran Oficial de la Orden de Servicios Distinguidos.
 Gran Cruz de la Orden Hipólito Unanue.
 Gran Oficial de la Orden Hipólito Unanue.
 Gran Oficial de la Orden Daniel Alcides Carrion.
 Gran Oficial de la Orden al Mérito de la República de Chile.

Publicaciones
 "Elogio de Carrión" (publicado en Crónica Médica, 1912)
 Tratamiento médico de la leishmaniasis del dermis (1913)
 "Leishmaniasis y blastomicosis en el Perú" (en coautoría con Carlos Monge y publicado en Crónica Médica, 1915)
 Alteraciones anatomopatológicas del hígado en la enfermedad de Chagas (1919)
 El metabolismo basal (1927)
 La racionalización de los servicios de la salubridad pública (1932)
 El hospital central del seguro del empleado (1952)

Referencias

 Tauro del Pino, Alberto: Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú. Tercera Edición. Tomo 1. Lima, PEISA, 2001. ISBN 9972-40-150-2
 Varios autores: Grandes Forjadores del Perú. Lima, Lexus Editores, 2000. ISBN 9972-625-50-8

Enlaces externos
 Apuntes Médicos del Perú.

Nacidos en Lima
Fallecidos en Lima
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Catedráticos de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Médicos de Perú
Ministros de Justicia de Perú
Ministros de Salud de Perú
Sanmarquinos (siglo XX)
Alumnado del Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones Recoleta

Guillermo Almenara


Topfasan () er en fugl, der er en del af familien fasanfugle. Topfasan lever i Himalaya.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fasanfugle

Topfasan


Penguin Books este o editură britanică. Ea a fost fondată în 1935 de către Sir Allen Lane, frații săi, Richard și John, ca o ramură a editurii The Bodley Head, devenind o companie separată abia în anul următor. Penguin a revoluționat activitatea editorială în anii 1930 prin intermediul cărților ieftine cu coperți subțiri, vândute prin intermediul Woolworths și al altor magazine de pe străzile centrale pentru sixpence, aducând astfel ficțiunea și non-ficțiunea de înaltă calitate către publicul de masă. Succesul Penguin a demonstrat că exista un public larg pentru literatura serioasă. Penguin a avut, de asemenea, un impact semnificativ asupra dezbaterii publice din Marea Britanie, prin cărțile sale despre cultura, politica, artele și științele britanice.

Penguin Books este acum o marcă a companiei internaționale Penguin Random House, un conglomerat în curs de dezvoltare care s-a format în 2013 prin fuziunea a două edituri. Anterior, Penguin Group a fost deținută în întregime de către Pearson PLC, compania media globală care deținea, de asemenea, ziarul  Financial Times, dar acum păstrează doar un pachet minoritar de 47% din acțiuni spre deosebire de Bertelsmann, proprietarul Random House, care controlează pachetul majoritar de acțiuni. Ea este una dintre cele mai mari edituri de limba engleză, cunoscute anterior ca "Big Six", iar acum ca "Big Five".

Note

Lectură suplimentară

 Baines, Phil (2007): Penguin by Design: a Cover Story 1935-2005. London: Allen Lane  (published to accompany the exhibition "Penguin by design" held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 8 June – 13 November 2005).
Baines, Phil (2010): Puffin by Design: 70 years of imagination 1940-2010. London: Allen Lane.
 Penguin by Illustrators.
 Cinamon, Gerald (1987): "Hans Schmoller, Typographer", The Monotype Recorder (New Series), 6 April 1987.
 Graham, Tim (2003): Penguin in Print - a Bibliography. Penguin Collectors Society.
 Hall, David J., "King Penguins", in The Private Library Winter 1977, published by the Private Libraries Association.
 Hare, Steve (1995): Penguin Portrait: Allen Lane and the Penguin Editors, 1935–1970. London: Penguin Books.
 Joicey, Nicholas (1993): "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951", Twentieth Century British History, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25–56.
 Lewis, Jeremy (2005): Penguin Special: Life and Times of Allen Lane .
 Morpurgo, J. E. (1979): Allen Lane: King Penguin. London: Hutchinson.
 Aynsley, J., Lloyd Jones, L. (1985), Fifty Penguin Years. .
 Cherry, B. (1983): The Buildings of England: A short History and Bibliography, Penguin Collectors Society, London.
 Edwards, R. (1997): A Penguin Collector's Companion, Penguin Collector's Society, London.
 Holland, S. (1993): Mushroom Jungle: A History of Postwar Paperback Publishing, Westbury.
 Pearson, J. (1996): Penguins March On: Books for the Forces During World War II, Penguin Collector's Society, London.
 Lane, A., Fowler, D. et al. (1960): Penguins Progress, 1935-1960, Harmondsworth.
 Ten Years of Penguins: 1935-1945, Harmondsworth.
 Williams, W. E. (1956): The Penguin Story, Harmondsworth.
 Wood, S. (1985): A Sort of Dignified Flippancy, Edinburgh University Library.

Legături externe
 Site-uri oficiale
 Penguin Group
 Company history at Penguin UK
 Altele
 Penguin Archive  University of Bristol Library Special Collections
 Penguin Archive Project University of Bristol
 King Penguin Book Series King Penguin Book Series
 The Art of Penguin Science Fiction The history and cover art of science fiction published by Penguin Books from 1935 to the present day
 Penguin First Editions Guide to the early (1935-1955) first editions published by Penguin Books
 Penguin book covers
 Penguin Cerise Travel  Celebrating Penguin Books' early 'Travel and Adventure' series
 Foley Collection — articles and extensive lists
 History of the Penguin Archive by Toby Clements, The Telegraph, 19 February 2009.

Edituri din Regatul Unit
Mărci britanice

Penguin Books


Le , littéralement Rue Hirokōji, est une voie du centre-nord de Kyoto, dans l'arrondissement de Kamigyō. Orientée est-ouest, elle débute au  et termine au , devant le parc Kyōto Gyoen.

Description

Situation
La rue dans le centre-nord de Kyoto est situé à l'est du parc Kyoto Gyoen et à l'ouest de la rivière Kamo.

Elle suit le Kōjinguchi-dōri au sud et précède l'Ishiyakushi-dōri (石薬師通) au nord.

Voies rencontrées
De l'est vers l'ouest. Les voies rencontrées de la droite sont mentionnées par (d), tandis que celles rencontrées de la gauche, par (g). Contrairement à la plupart des petites rues du centre-ville, elle n'est pas à sens unique.

  (河原町通)
  (寺町通)
 Sources : arc.ritsumei.ac.jp

Transports en commun

Odonymie

Le nom Hirokōji (広小路) signifie large ruelle. C'est un nom fréquemment utilisé pour nommer les rues.

Histoire

L', fondé par  y déménage fin décembre 1901. L'école est rénovée en 1905 et devient l'université de Ritsumeikan. La faculté d'Administration est créée en 1968. L'espace, qui se résume en  sur le côté nord de la rue, devient de plus en plus serré pour l'école croissante, et la faculté de Sciences sociales déménage en 1970. En 1978, c'est la faculté de Littérature qui quitte.

L'université de Ritsumeikan est relocalisé officiellement en 1981 avec le départ de la faculté de Droit. Le terrain est vendu à la préfecture en mars de la même année, et l'université de Médecine y est installée. En 2012, une plaque commémorative est inaugurée sur la rue, commémorant l'ancien emplacement de Ritsumeikan.

Comme le  faisant référence à l'université de Kyoto, le Hirokōji-dōri était un métonyme pour Ritsumeikan. L'université de Ritsumeikan est aujourd'hui dans l'arrondissement de Kita.

Patrimoine et lieux d'intérêt
 Université préfectorale de médecine de Kyoto
 Centre préfectoral des arts et de la culture de Kyoto
 Collège de l'université préfectorale de médecine de Kyoto (京都府立医科大学医療短期大学)
 , temple bouddhiste

 , sanctuaire shinto
 Parc Kyoto Gyoen, entrée Seiwain (清和院御門)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Voie à Kyoto

Hirokōji-dōri (Kyoto)