Portions of Lubbock, Texas, were struck by a powerful multiple-vortex tornado after nightfall on May 11, 1970, resulting in 26 fatalities and at least $135 million in damage. It was in its time the costliest tornado in U.S. history, damaging nearly 9,000 homes and inflicting widespread damage to businesses, high-rise buildings, and public infrastructure. The tornado's damage was surveyed by meteorologist Ted Fujita in what researcher Thomas P. Grazulis described as "the most detailed mapping ever done, up to that time, of the path of a single tornado." Originally, the most severe damage was assigned an F6 rating on the Fujita scale, making it one of only two tornadoes to receive the rating. Later, it was downgraded to an F5 rating after Fujita declared F6 damage was "inconceivable". The extremity of the damage and the force required to displace heavy objects as much as was observed indicated that winds produced by vortices within the tornado may have reached as high as .

Although skies were clear, dry, and sunny in Lubbock during the afternoon of May 11, the westward push of a dry line brought moist air into West Texas, providing suitable conditions for thunderstorm development. After 6:30 p.m., thunderstorms were in progress over the Lubbock area. At least two tornadoes developed prior to the main F5 tornado, including one that tracked across parts of eastern Lubbock near U.S. 87. The primary F5 tornado touched down in southwestern Lubbock at 9:35 p.m. and over the next half-hour carved a  path of devastation encompassing roughly a quarter of the city, with the twister lifting near the Lubbock Municipal Airport shortly after 10 p.m. The tornado varied in size, spanning  across when it first touched down before narrowing to around  by the time it lifted. Severe damage was wrought to high-rises and other buildings in downtown Lubbock, including the 20-story Great Plains Life Building. The tornado briefly moved west and weakened, causing light damage to the campus of Texas Tech University before reintensifying and resuming a northward path. The tornado's most destructive impacts were observed in the Guadalupe barrio, north of 4th Street, along Texas State Highway Loop 289, and near the Lubbock County Club. In those locales, some homes were completely leveled and many others were irreparably damaged. Around 119 aircraft were damaged at the Lubbock airport where the Lubbock office of the United States Weather Bureau was located. As of 2023, this remains the westernmost F5/EF5 tornado recorded in the United States.

Synopsis

Developing storms (before 8 p.m.)

The Severe Local Storms Unit (SELS) within the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC) of the United States Weather Bureautasked with issuing daily outlooks projecting possible severe weather over the U.S.did not initially highlight the possibility of severe weather over West Texas when the agency issued its daily outlook at 4 a.m. early on May 11, 1970. Six hours later, the SELS amended the outlook to indicate that "isolated thunderstorms with large hail" were "expected in High Plains of West Texas east of Pecos late afternoon and early evening." The afternoon was warm and dry in Lubbock with the temperature rising above  and the dew point remaining at around . As the air mass over the region became increasingly unstable, the forecast agency later advised of the possibility that some of the isolated thunderstorms could become severe. However, the atmospheric conditions aloft were generally unsupportive of a tornado outbreak.

The skies over Lubbock were initially clear on May 11, with the ambient moisture too low to support severe convective storms on its own. However, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico spread north-northwest into the area during the day, providing sufficient buoyancy for convective development. Cumulus clouds began to proliferate over the region by around 4 p.m. and towering cumulus clouds began to develop over West Texas, darkening the skies over Lubbock. The WSR-57 weather radar site in Amarillo, Texas, began detecting radar echoes south of Lubbock at 6:30 p.m. Lubbock radar later picked up on a thunderstorm with a diameter of approximately  forming near Woodrow, Texas,  south of the Lubbock Municipal Airport. Satellite imagery from the ATS-3 satellite showed that the storm emerged about  behind the leading edge of the advancing mass of moist air originating from the Gulf. Although the westward retreat of this boundaryknown as a dry linewould typically coincide with nightfall and a stabilizing of the atmosphere, it did not move far from Lubbock during the evening, maintaining a local area of converging winds and moist rising air supportive of thunderstorm growth. These conducive conditions were also bolstered by the approach of a shortwave trough in the mid-levels of the troposphere, serving as another contributor to rising air. By 7 p.m. the northern fringes of the storm were near the Lubbock city limits. A rawinsonde launched from Amarillo concurrently showed that the tropopause had risen by  to  over the preceding 12 hours. The Amarillo weather radar also suggested that the thunderstorm's cloud tops were rising to at least .

Ironically, at the time the storm was developing, the Lubbock Civil Defense was holding a meeting to discuss disaster preparation plans, highlighted by showing the documentary film Tornado! (1966). The Lubbock Tornado itself became the subject of another documentary, Twister, with a subtle emphasis on a bumper sticker: "Lucky Me!  I Live in Lubbock!"

With the storm approaching and threatening to become severe, Alan Johnson of the Weather Bureau called Bill Payne, the director of Lubbock Civil Defense, to provide notice of the inclement weather. The emergency operations center (EOC) at the basement of the Lubbock city hall was activated at 7:45 p.m. Following discussion between forecasters at the local Weather Bureau office in Lubbock (Lubbock WBO, located at the Lubbock airport) and the radar operator in Amarillo, a severe thunderstorm warning was issued by the Lubbock WBO for Crosby, Floyd, Lubbock, and Hale counties at 7:50 p.m. with an expiry time set to 9:00 p.m. This warning was disseminated via the Emergency Action Notification Signal and through local radio and television stations such as KFYO. KFYO continuously ran without commercials after this time until 7:30 a.m. on May 14. Despite the increasingly conducive atmospheric conditions for the formation of severe thunderstorms, the NSSFC did not issue a severe thunderstorm watch or tornado watch for the region before storms developed. The Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) wrote in a service assessment of the weather event that the lack of such of a watch from the NSSFC demanded "some explanation," but also noted that their absence did not affect the operations of the Lubbock WBO.

Precursor tornadoes develop (8–9 p.m.)

Large hail the size of grapefruits were reported in the thunderstorm  south of Lubbock at around 8 p.m., with baseball-sized hail reaching southeastern Lubbock by 8:13 p.m. Severe Weather Statements were transmitted by the Lubbock WBO over the Weather Wire Service to relay the hail reports as the storm neared Lubbock. Radar data indicated that the thunderstorm's cloud tops had increased to  by 8:10 p.m. At around the same time, an off-duty policeman reported a funnel cloud  southeast of the Lubbock airport and  east of the city limits. This, along with the detection of a hook echo on radar, prompted the Lubbock Weather Bureau office to issue a tornado warning for Crosby, eastern Floyd, western Hale, and Lubbock counties at 8:15 p.m. with an expiry time of 9:00 p.m. At 8:30 p.m., a tornadothe first of two to strike the Lubbock areatouched down near the intersection of Broadway and Quint Avenue in eastern Lubbock. Described by tornado researcher Ted Fujita as a "small forerunner" to the main Lubbock tornado, this first twister produced a damage path roughly  across and caused structural damage indicative of wind gusts reaching around . The most severe damage occurred near the interchange between U.S. 82 and Parkway Drive, which was under construction at the time. There, 13 concrete beams weighing  each and doubly weighted with chains were blown down from a partially-built overpass by the tornado.

At 8:40 p.m., the NSSFC issued a severe thunderstorm watch for the entirety of the Southern Plains. Concurrently, two thunderstorms quickly developed  southwest of the Lubbock airport and moved northeast at ; their formation was noted on a Severe Weather Statement issued by the Lubbock WBO at 8:42 p.m. At 8:59 p.m., the office issued a bulletin that extended the preexisting tornado warning to 10 p.m. The bulletin also advised people to prepare to seek shelter with radar imagery and reports continuing to indicate that a tornado was in progress roughly  south-southeast of the Lubbock airport. At around 9:00 p.m., a separate tornadolisted as an F1 tornado in the National Centers for Environmental Information's Storm Events databaseunroofed a barn approximately  north of Crosbyton, shearing the sheet metal roof over a nearby pasture.

The main Lubbock tornado (after 9 p.m.)
Large hail continued to fall throughout Lubbock, with reports indicating hail the size of golf balls and baseballs. After around 9 p.m., the radar echoes associated with the storms in the Lubbock area began to congeal, resulting in a singular, larger echo. This coalescence had been previously observed in connection with tornadogenesis. By 9:14 p.m., the severe thunderstorm was  in diameter based on radar data. At 9:35 p.m., the main Lubbock tornado, much larger and more destructive than the previous tornadoes, touched down near the intersection of 19th Street and University Avenue and began to track towards the north-northeast. The WSR-1 radar site in Lubbock simultaneously observed a hook echo in the thunderstorm coincident with the newly formed tornado. This prompted the Lubbock WBO to alert the Lubbock Civil Defense EOC, which, in combination with a spotter report of a funnel cloud in the area, resulted in the activation of tornado warning sirens. However, the tornado's winds had already severed the power lines that serviced many of the sirens, rendering them inoperable and causing their failure to activate. Although police cruisers also sounded their sirens to alert those nearby of the imminent tornado, many ultimately did not hear either signal and thus likely received no warning.

Communications were brought down as the tornado tore through Lubbock and triggered widespread power outages. At 9:43 p.m., Bud Andrews, the radio announcer on KFYO, directed listeners to take shelter shortly before the AM station stopped transmitting. The Lubbock Civil Defense headquarters lost commercial power and communications at 9:46 p.m. with the exception of a single telephone line. The Lubbock WBO was able to reach the EOC at 9:47 p.m. to relay that the hook echo observed on radar was in the vicinity of 4th Street and Avenue U. This was the last communication transmitted by the Lubbock WBO as all communications went offline at 9:49 p.m. The WSR-1 radar also went offline around the same time following the downing of its emergency generator. The personnel at the office abandoned their post and took shelter at 9:55 p.m. shortly before the tornado passed over the Lubbock WBO. With the Lubbock WBO no longer fully operational, dissemination of subsequent tornado warnings were carried out by the agency using the VHF-FM radio of the Lubbock Fire Department; this was ultimately the only line of communication between the Lubbock WBO and the surrounding area and allowed tornado warnings to be communicated to the Abernathy, New Deal, and Petersburg areas at 10:10 p.m. Wind gusts at the nearby airport reached  at 10:03 p.m., likely coinciding with the tornado's passage over the airport and the Weather Bureau office. The tornado lifted near the airport shortly thereafter. All weather warnings were called off by the Lubbock WBO at 11:30 p.m. once thunderstorms had lessened to a more moderate intensity around Lorenzo, Texas.

Impact

The primary Lubbock tornadothe second of two tornadoes that struck the city on May 11produced a damage path  long and extending across  of ground, beginning at 9:35 p.m. in southwestern Lubbock, tracking through downtown Lubbock, and lifting shortly after 10 p.m. near the Lubbock Municipal Airport This damage path covered nearly a quarter of the city. The tornado was  wide when it formed and when it tracked through downtown, tying it with the 1947 Glazier–Higgins tornado as the widest tornado recorded in Texas history. The tornado narrowed as it tracked northeast, reaching a width of  when it impacted the Lubbock airport. It was the second tornado in Texas history to strike the downtown area of a city of comparable size, with the first being the 1953 Waco tornado, and one of the most destructive to hit any U.S. city. As the tornado struck after nightfall, no photographs were taken of the twister.

There were 26 fatalities and numerous injuries, with estimates of the lower-bound on the number of casualties ranging from 500 to as high as 2,000. Approximately 1,500 people were treated for injuries and 96 people were hospitalized, with many of the injuries caused by broken glass in the downtown area. Estimates of the tornado's damage toll vary: the National Weather Service office in Lubbock lists the tornado as having caused $250 million in damage. The May 1970 edition of Storm Data estimated a $135 million property damage toll. Nonetheless, the lower estimate made the Lubbock tornado the costliest tornado in Texas history. It also became the costliest tornado in U.S. history, incurring more damage than the tornado that struck Topeka, Kansas, on June 8, 1966; the Lubbock tornado's toll was later surpassed by a tornado that struck Omaha, Nebraska, in 1975. According to the National Weather Service, 8,800 homes were damaged, of which 430 were destroyed. The American Red Cross enumerated damage to 1,713 single family homes, of which 460 were destroyed. Additionally, 600 apartment units were destroyed and 250 businesses were damaged or destroyed. Ten thousand vehicles were also damaged or destroyed; some cars were compacted to a height of  above the ground. Damage to private vehicles reached approximately $3 million. Estacado High School, Thompson Junior High School, and eight elementary schools (Arnett, Jackson, Hunt, Kay Carter, McWhorter, North Avenue U, and Sanders) were damaged. The tornado also caused extensive power outages and disruptions to communications, knocking out service to 25,000 telephones. Large trees were also uprooted throughout the damage swath.

The severity of damage along the tornado's path varied considerably, a phenomenon the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) ascribed to both the varied structural integrity of the buildings impacted and the varied wind patterns generated by the tornado. In some areas, homes with minor shingle damage remained standing next to homes with total loss of their roofs. While an NBS investigation concluded that two tornadoes touched down east of Texas Tech University before merging into a single tornado north of downtown, analysis of the tornado damage conducted by Ted Fujita deduced there was a singular multiple-vortex tornado composed of smaller vortices that produced smaller areas of serious damage; 25 of the 26 fatalities occurred in the paths of these smaller vortices. Fujita's analysis of these vortices, which he termed "section spots", suggested that rotational winds of  were produced by the tornado. Two homes in the path of one of these small vortices were pulverized, with the remaining debris carried  away onto a field. One empty fertilizer tank weighing  was displaced , with the tank likely remaining airbone for , being lofted by a tornadic vortex above US-87 before rolling to its final position. When Fujita proposed his eponymous scale for rating tornado damage in 1971, he rated the most severe damage from Lubbock as F5, the highest practical rating on the scale. John A. Shanahan of Stone & Webster analyzed several instances of severe damage produced by the tornado, finding that horizontal winds may have ranged between . Supporting evidence for winds of such strength included a steel tank weighing  being displaced  from its initial supporting structure.

Downtown Lubbock was heavily impacted by the tornado, with skyscrapers and buildings subjected to the tornado's violent winds. The tornado also narrowed during its traversal of downtown to a diameter of roughly , producing in a corresponding increase of winds around the tornado. Eighty percent of the plate glass windows in the downtown district were shattered. The tornado's periphery struck the 20-story Great Plains Life Building (now known as the NTS Building), distorting the building's frame counter-clockwise and disabling three of the building's four elevators. The torsion of the entire building resulted in severe cracks in the building's stairwells and on the fire protection surrounding steel columns within the tower. Brick was also stripped from the building and windows were blown out by the atmospheric pressure differences induced by the tornado. Interior pressure buildup fractured loadbearing columns and lofted ceilings. As the center of the tornado remained  northwest of the skyscraper, the building likely avoided more extreme damage; the damage toll nonetheless reached around $2 million. There were around 30 people in the building when the tornado hit; they took shelter in the lobby as the tornado passed nearby. The predominantly glass north and southern façades of the 15-story First National Bank–Pioneer Natural Gas Building (now the Wells Fargo Building) were largely destroyed. The marble veneer of the building's eastern and western ends were ripped from their copper wire anchor. Strong winds penetrated the buildings interior, damaging suspended ceilings. Total damage to the building amounted to around $1 million. Signs were ripped from the roof of the Lubbock National Bank Building while the Citizens National Bank Building and Lubbock County Courthouse sustained primarily minor window damage. The two-story plate glass windows on the eastern side of the Lubbock City Hall were shattered, leading to the collapse of some interior walls; overall the city hall sustained moderate damage. Federal government buildings in downtown Lubbock avoided significant damage, with occupied and operational buildings collectively sustaining only around $2,000 in damage. However, $150,000-worth of construction materials were damaged at the site of the eight-story Federal Office Building, which was under construction at the time.

Several churches were damaged: the Broadway Church of Christ lost roof tiles and window panes and the roof of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church collapsed. The publishing facilities of the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal were crippled by the tornado. The roof of the Central Fire Station collapsed, smashing the fire trucks below. One dispatcher on duty was struck by shards of flying glass and lost an eye. One Greyhound bus was hurled onto a downtown building by the tornado. The steel frames of the two buildings at Newson's Living Center were contorted by the tornado; one of the buildings was destroyed while the other sustained heavy damage on its topmost, second story.

The tornado curved west its initial traversal of downtown Lubbock and weakened markedly, with the swaths of intense damage caused by the tornado's smaller vortices becoming less apparent. One of the light towers at the Jones Stadium on the campus of Texas Tech was destroyed while three others on the stadium's eastern side were bent by the tornado's winds. The stadium itself sustained light damage; this was the extent of the tornadic damage on the university's campus. After the tornado reached the intersection of University Avenue and 4th Street, it looped eastward and intensified, becoming increasingly destructive. Student housing in the Overton area of Lubbock was particularly hard-hit, with the severity of damage requiring demolition of the remaining structures. The University Arms apartments on 5th Street and University Avenue sustained moderately damage.  The Arnett Benson subdivision sustained significant damage and roofs were damaged and tree limbs were torn near the Clovis Highway. The Brookshire Inn was seriously damaged.

Industrial buildings were hard-hit by the tornado, including several warehouses. Buildings with large segments of exposed and unsupported roofs suffered greatly, experiencing heavy damage or total destruction. Five of the cylindrical grain bins at the Goodpasture Inc. grain elevator, each covered by  thick and steel-reinforced concrete, were blown open by the tornado. Damage to public facilities amounted to roughly $10 million. Both the Lubbock Power and Light (LP&L) No. 1 power plant near downtown and the LP&L No. 2 power plant on Municipal Hill were knocked out by the tornado.

After clearing the downtown area, the tornado tracked northeast along U.S. Highway 87. Significant residential damage was concentrated north of 4th Street. Apartment complexes along the northern side of 4th Street near Indiana Avenue were unroofed. The motels on Avenue Q North Drive (the Amarillo Highway) were destroyed, while all motels lining 4th Street and Avenue Q north of 10th street were seriously damaged. The Lubbock City-County Health Department headquarters on Avenue Q were destroyed. A Ramada Inn adjacent to US-87 was directly in the path of the center of the tornado and was bombarded by quickly-moving debris, resulting in loss of the motel's brick veneer; the motel's carport was lofted  northward. At two mobile home parks north of downtown, some homes were blown off of their chassis, overturned, and crushed by the tornado; 80 mobile homes in total were destroyed, with another 30 taking severe damage. It was the second tornado strike in two years for one of the mobile home parks; many of the complex's residents took shelter in the basement of a nearby house. The most severe residential damage was wrought in the Guadalupe neighborhood, between Avenues A and Q north of 4th Street, along the northern part of Loop 289, and in the Lubbock Country Club west of the Amarillo Highway. The tornado inflicted considerable damage to homes near the Lubbock Country Club. Some homes disintegrated and others were fully unroofed. Without basements or storm shelters, many residents sought shelter beneath mattresses in their homes. Nearby trees were denuded of their leaves and debris in the area was numerous.

The tornado then tracked across the Lubbock Municipal Airport, damaging hangars and buildings. Aircraft were strewn by the powerful winds across the airport tarmac. Roughly 100 private airplanes were destroyed by the tornado both within and outside the hangars, with another 19 small military aircraft irreparably damaged. The rim of the funnel cloud, at the time measuring between  in diameter, came as close as  to the Lubbock WBO, with the office's anomemometer registering a peak gust of .

Aftermath
Twenty-six people were killed in the tornado or died due to injuries received during the storm.

Hospitals turned away people with minor injuries due to the sheer number of casualties inflicted by the tornado. With its water pumps rendered inoperable, the city relied on external sources of water including the Pearl Brewing Company in San Antonio. After the storm, Mayor Jim Granberry imposed a curfew, and Police Chief J.T. Alley issued orders that looters would be shot on sight. No looting was reported throughout the ordeal. The city council was directed to lead the rebuilding process, which continued under Granberry's successor, Morris W. Turner. The Lubbock Tornado also served as a model for the development of the Fujita scale, developed a year later. Bud Andrews and Ernesto Barton, Lubbock radio broadcasters, were given Presidential Citations from then U.S. President Richard M. Nixon for coverage of the disaster.

Despite the destruction wrought by the tornado, the recovery effort revitalized the stagnating Lubbock economy and helped to bring about a period of sustained economic and physical growth. Numerous buildings throughout Lubbock were damaged beyond repair and were demolished after the tornado. This included the northwestern section of downtown, whose demolition made way for the construction of the Lubbock Memorial Civic Center and the George and Helen Mahon Public Library; civic leaders had lobbied for a civic center and other public development of downtown in years prior and used the redevelopment of downtown to make these visions a reality. New hotels and restaurants were constructed along the largely devastated east side of Avenue Q. The residents of the predominantly Hispanic neighborhood of Guadalupe moved to primarily the southern and western portions of Lubbock. The Lubbock Urban Renewal Agency rebuilt the largely destroyed Guadalupe neighborhood, though progress was slow for many years before substantial reconstruction occurred.

The damage path of the Lubbock tornado was the subject of a detailed mapping carried out by Ted Fujita. Researcher Thomas P. Grazulis described this mapping as the "most detailed mapping ever done, up to that time, of the path of a single tornado," becoming a seminal work in understanding the relationship between tornado subvortices and extreme damage. The degrees of damage wrought by the tornado also became the basis for the six tiers of the Fujita tornado scale, which served as the standard for classifying tornadoes until it was superseded by the Enhanced Fujita Scale in 2007.

Fifty years after the disaster, a The Lubbock Tornado Memorial Gateway Park was opened at Ave Q and Glenna Goodacre Blvd in downtown Lubbock: a spot along the destructive path of the larger tornado. The memorial includes two flowing black granite-clad walls representing the two paths of the tornadoes. There are also artistically bent street lights representing the power of the tornadoes, and one relic from the destruction: a snapped-off utility pole. The walls are engraved with timelines of the tornado events, a map of the destructive paths overlaid on a street map of the city at the time, and location references on the map indexed to the individual names and ages of the 26 victims who died as a result of the second tornado. There are also quotes from survivors and other details.

See also
 List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
 List of tornadoes striking downtown areas

Notes

References
Sources

Citations

F5 tornadoes
Lubbock tornado
Tornadoes in Texas
Lubbock tornado
Tornado
Lubbock tornado

Lubbock tornado


Maria Annunciada Ramos Chaves, jurista paraense, nasceu em 16 de dezembro de 1915 em Belém do Pará. Fez seus estudos iniciais em tradicionais instituições de ensino particular belenenses - Instituto Gentil Bittencourt e no Colégio Moderno. Graduou-se em Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais pela Faculdade de Direito do Pará, e foi laureada com o prêmio "Teixeira de Freitas" (APL, 1990).

História
Apesar de ser advogada, Annunciada teve projeção indelével na docência paraoara, iniciando-se nesta atividade precocemente, pois ainda cursava a 3ª série do curso jurídico quando iniciou atividade no magistério secundário, no Colégio Moderno (cuja direção assumiria posteriormente). Ela também pertenceu ao corpo docente do Instituto Gentil Bittencourt, do Colégio Santa Rosa e do Colégio Estadual Paes de Carvalho (instituição de ensino público centenária paraense), em que veio a ser professora catedrática.

Ao nível superior, ela foi uma das responsáveis pela fundação da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, entidade que posteriormente veio a ser professora titular da Universidade Federal do Pará.

Annunciada também se destacou na seara administrativa, tendo sido 1ª Secretária da Caixa de Assistência dos Advogados do Pará, bem como ocupou a Sub-Reitoria de Extensão e Assuntos Estudantis da Universidade Federal do Pará, durante oito anos.

Na esfera científica, pertenceu ao Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Pará, da Academia Paraense de Letras, Sociedade Paraense de Educação e Conselho Estadual de Cultura (do qual foi presidente por quatorze anos).

Por sua irrefutável contribuição a intelectualidade local e nacional, foi agraciada com diversos prêmios dentre os quais pode-se destacar: Comenda da Ordem do Mérito Grão-Pará, conferida pelo Governo do Estado; Palmas Universitárias – Classe Especial, pela Universidade Federal do Pará; Diploma de Membro Efetivo do I Congresso Brasileiro de História e Geografia – Brasília; Láurea pelo Concurso de Títulos e Provas para a Cátedra de História do Brasil, pela Congregação do Colégio Estadual Paes de Carvalho; e Comenda da Ordem do Infante D. Henrique, pelo Presidente da República Portuguesa, entre outros.

Influências de suas obras
Do ponto de vista temático, há forte incidência de obras nas áreas de Literatura, Artes Plásticas, Filosofia, Sociologia, Ciências Políticas, Economia, História, Geografia, Língua Francesa, Latim e, sobretudo Direito (ofício da titular do acervo).

Juristas do Pará

Maria Annunciada Chaves


حى الظاهر حي من أحياء القاهرة القديمة وجاءت هذة التسمية نسبة إلى الظاهر بيبرس وكان يسكنة قديما اليهود ويوجد بة حتى الآن العديد من المعابد اليهودية.
ويوجد به أيضاً العديد من الكنائس بالأضافة إلى مسجد الظاهر بيبرس الذي يعد من أكبر المساجد الموجودة في مصر والذي كان به مذبح للأنجليز وحارب منه نابليون بونابرت أثناء الحملة الفرنسية المقاومة الشعبية في شارع الحسينية.
ومن جهة أخرى فأن قسم الظاهر وباب الشعرية من أقسام الشرطة التي لم يطولها التخريب واثبت المواطنين القانطين فيه مدى تعاونهم في المحافظة على البلاد.

أحياء القاهرة

الظاهر (القاهرة)


Voice of the Faithful (VOTF) is a movement of practicing Catholics, founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2002 in the wake of allegations regarding child abuse by Catholic clergy, perceived mishandling of cases of known or suspected abuse, and pastoral failures of Catholic bishops in response to abusers and abuse survivors alike. According to Notre Dame church scholar R. Scott Appleby, Voice is "not challenging the bishops' authority but calling them to account for mismanagement". However, that view has been disputed.

History
VOTF began when a small group of parishioners met in the basement of St. John the Evangelist Church in Wellesley, Massachusetts, to pray over allegations that priests in the Archdiocese of Boston had abused local youngsters. Its meetings soon became well attended, as well as attracting media attention. At its first conference in July 2002, VOTF attracted more than 4,000 lay Catholics, victims of clergy sexual abuse, theologians, priests, and religious from around the United States. Less than a year after its founding, VOTF had grown to 30,000 members worldwide, and it continues to be a voice for its thousands of members. William D'Antonio and Anthony Pogorelc documented the early history of this social movement in Voices of the Faithful: Loyal Catholics Striving for Change (2007 Crossroad Publishing)  This  book presents both the hard statistics about the group's membership and frank and appreciative analysis of the group's influence.

Its founders ran into trouble early on with language calling for a "Continental Congress" to counterbalance the hierarchy. Voice of the Faithful members were among the protesters who gathered each Sunday at the height of the crisis in the predominantly Hispanic community that is home to the Cathedral of the Holy Cross.

Three years after Voice of the Faithful formed to protest the transfers of abusive priests within the Boston Archdiocese, the movement focused on charting a more relevant strategy as a network of affiliates eager to engage bishops."When I have asked the leadership to tell me what they mean by their third goal, 'to shape structural change within the church,' they have been unable to clearly articulate its meaning or implications," Indianapolis Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein said.

In March 2014 VOTF expressed "deep disappointment" with remarks made by Pope Francis in an interview with the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera. In response to a question about "fanaticism and the bad faith of the secularized world that doesn't respect childhood much", Francis replied,I wish to say two things. The cases of abuse are terrible because they leave very profound wounds. Benedict XVI was very courageous and opened the way. And, following that way, the Church advanced a lot, perhaps more than anyone. The statistics on the phenomenon of violence against children are shocking, but they also show clearly that the great majority of the abuses come from the family environment and from people who are close. The Catholic Church is perhaps the only public institution that moved with transparency and responsibility. No one else did as much. And yet, the Church is the only one being attacked.

VOTF responded, "That the Church may have been the only institution attacked, as in the recent U.N. report, does not matter...We are disappointed that Pope Francis, with his care for the marginalized, desire for social justice and focus on clericalism and reform of the Curia, does not see that holding bishops accountable for coverups and a full release of all secret files are essential for true reform and healing.

Following his installment in December, Bishop of Bridgeport, Frank Caggiano immediately spoke with VOTF members, He met with them again on March 13, 2014 in a meeting he described as "the beginning of a conversation.' On March 19, members of VOTF joined with SNAP (Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests) demonstrated outside the Bridgeport, Connecticut Catholic Center, calling on Caggiano to hire an outside firm to investigate allegations against two priests. Caggiano agreed to meet with the demonstrators; their spokesperson said that "she would prefer to do so after he agrees to the investigation."

Programs

Among VOTF's goals are: supporting clergy abuse survivors; supporting priests who are helping to heal survivors and correct institutional flaws in the Church; and working to reform governing structures in the Church so that abuse of authority could not happen again.

 "Voice of Compassion fund" takes donations from Catholics who did not want to contribute to the Archbishop's Annual Appeal, and offers the funds to Catholic Charities, bypassing the archdiocese.
 Affirming their responsibilities for the good of the Church, VOTF members offer their experiences of faith and their competencies in the Church. The Santa Barbara, California chapter drafted a program to improve implementation of the Los Angeles archdiocese's "Safeguard the Children", the system to ensure that all parishes know what to do in the event of an abuse incident.
 "Measuring and Ranking Diocesan Online Financial Transparency", ranks 177 dioceses on the availability of their financial statements and other criteria.
 Survivor Support
 Priest Support
 Bishop Selection

Observations
With a membership of practicing Catholics, VOTF has always been committed to working within the Church. Early on, the group was endorsed by a number of American Catholic theologians. A 2007 article in Commonweal called the group "one of the most interesting and hopeful developments to come out of the Catholic Church's sexual-abuse crisis."

David Zizik, founder of the diocesan Parish Leadership Forum, disputes VOTF's claim to work in and with existing church structures, citing its refusal to support interim Bishop Richard Lennon's 2003 Lenten Prayer Initiative and opting instead for a so-called "Silent Watch", in which VOTF "called for its supporters to protest at the archdiocesan chancery between noon and 3 p.m. each day during Lent"."We are at loggerheads because many groups within the church have adopted a kind of adversarial [approach]." Such a mindset, says Zizik, is appropriate for a justice system, not a Catholic faith community.

In her 2011 book Faithful Revolution: How Voice of the Faithful Is Changing the Church, Tricia Colleen Bruce, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Sociology at Maryville College in Maryville, Tennessee, looked at the development of Voice of the Faithful and its efforts to advocate for internal change while being accepted as legitimately Catholic. Drawing on three years of field observation and interviews with VOTF founders, leaders, and participants, Bruce's book explores the nature of a religious movement operating within the confines of a larger institution, an example of what the author calls an intrainstitutional social movement. In the concluding section of her book, she writes, "VOTF gave Catholics a space to express outrage at the scandal along with frustration and hope for the contemporary, post-Vatican II Catholic Church."

Demographics
In 2004, two years after its founding, a study conducted by Catholic University of America found that VOTF members "share a deep and highly involved commitment to their Church," The study also found that the majority of members were women, that a small minority had some experience of formation for priesthood or religious life, and that one third were retired. Composition of VOTF membership "leans heavily toward the Pre-Vatican II and Vatican II generations". A large percentage of VOTF members are not members of an affiliate but follow the movement on the internet. Many are active in their local parish community as serving on parish committees, as lectors, or Eucharistic ministers.

References

External links
 Voice of the Faithful
 Notre Dame Magazine: Keep the Faith, Change the Church (interview with first VOTF president Jim Muller)
 The Friends of ST. FRANCES XAVIER CABRINI: Digging in to stay and pray - At some 'suppressed' churches, they defy O'Malley's plan (reprinted from National Catholic Reporter)
 FutureChurch

2002 establishments in Massachusetts
Catholic lay organisations
Christian organizations established in 2002
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in the United States

Voice of the Faithful


David Kamhi (Sarajevo, 1936. — Sarajevo, 12. ožujka 2021.), židovski teolog, sarajevski hazan i violinist.

Životopis
David Kamhi je rođen u Sarajevu 1936. godine. U rodnom gradu je završio Prvu mušku gimnaziju, zatim Srednju glazbenu školu, a diplomirao je i magistrirao na Glazbenoj akademiji u Sarajevu. Nekoliko godina je proveo na Moskovskom državnom konzervatoriju P. I. Čajkovski, i u Rimu na Glazbenoj akademiji Santa Cecilia.

Bio je profesor violine, viole i metodike na Glazbenoj akademiji u Sarajevu. Imao solističke koncerte u Bosni i Hercegovini, regiji i Europi. Dvadeset godina je bio je predsjednik Udruge glazbenih umjetnika Bosne i Hercegovine.

U periodu 1993. – 1995. bio je član Savjeta Predsjedništva Republike Bosne i Hercegovine za vanjske poslove, te savjetnik u Veleposlanstvu Republike Bosne i Hercegovine u Madridu 1995. i 1996. godine. U periodu od 1992. do 1997. bio je potpredsjednik židovskog kulturnog i humanitarnog društva La Benevolencija, Židovske općine Sarajevo i glavni urednik glasila Bilten. Od 1992. do listopada 2016. bio je hazan Sarajevske sinagoge.

Preminuo je u Sarajevu, 12. ožujka 2021. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 DISCOGS: David Kamhi

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Židovi u Bosni i Hercegovini

David Kamhi


කරුණාකලගේ සජීව චානක ද සිල්වා (උපත 1971 ජනවාරි 11) හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි . වමත් වේග-මධ්‍යම පන්දු යවන්නෙකු වන ඔහු 1996 සිට 2000 දක්වා කාලය තුළ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් ටෙස්ට් තරඟ අටක් සහ එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර තරඟ 38ක් ක්‍රීඩා කර ඇත. ඔහු 2004 අගෝස්තු 17 වන දින 2004 SLC විස්සයි20 තරඟාවලියේදී බර්ගර් විනෝද සමාජය (BRC) වෙනුවෙන් ඔහුගේ මංගල විස්සයි20 තරඟයට පිවිසියේය.

සජීව ද සිල්වා රසල් ආනල්ඩ් සමග එක්ව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් එක්දින ක්‍රිකට් පිටියේ 10 වැනි කඩුල්ල වෙනුවෙන් ලකුණු 51ක් ලබා ගත් ඉහළම ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාවේ වාර්තාව පිහිටුවීය.

යොමු කිරීම්

ශ්‍රී ලංකීය ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයන්
ජීවමාන ජනයා
1971 උපත්

සජීව ද සිල්වා


Oneida (eget navn: Onyota'a:ka eller Onayotekaonotyu) er et folk af oprindelige amerikanere og en af de fem oprindelige stammer i Irokeserføderationen (Haudesonaunee). De levede oprindeligt i det centrale af nutidens USA-stat New York omkring søen Oneida og i Oneida County. I nutiden er der fire anerkendte stammer tilbage: en i New York, en i Wisconsin i og omkring byen Green Bay samt to i den canadiske provins Ontario i henholdsvis Six Nations of the Great River og lidt længere mod syd i Southwold.

Referencer

Irokesere

Oneida


En náutica, amurar es llevar a su debido lugar a barlovento los puños de las velas que admiten esta maniobra y sujetarlos con la amura.

Amurar es también colocar el aparejo o velas en disposición de ceñir el viento, orzar o bolinear.

Véase también
Bolina
Bordada
Apéndice:Términos marineros

Referencias

Terminología naval

Amurar


طريق الملك عبد العزيز ( ويسمى طريق المطار القديم ) من الطرق الرئيسية في مدينة الرياض حيث يوجد عليه الكثير من الوزارات مثل وزارة النقل والخدمات اللوجستية ووزارة التجارة ووزارة الصناعة والثروة المعدنية ووزارة التعليم ووزارة البيئة والمياه والزراعة ووزارة الصحة ووزارة الموارد البشرية والتنمية الاجتماعية.

يتقاطع طريق الملك عبد العزيز مع الكثير من الطرق المهمة بمدينة الرياض ومنها:
 طريق الملك سلمان بن عبدالعزيز (طريق المطار الجديد)
 شارع الخيالة (بدون إشارة مرورية)
 طريق أنس بن مالك
 طريق لأمير ناصر بن سعود بن فرحان آل سعود (بدون إشارة مرورية)
 طريق الأمام سعود بن فيصل
 طريق التخصصي
 شارع أبي معاذ الأنصاري
 طريق الأمام سعود بن محمد بن مقرن
 شارع محمد المقدمي (بدون إشارة مرورية)
 الطريق الدائري الشمالي
 شارع ابن سينا
 طريق الإمام سعود بن عبد العزيز بن محمد
 شارع هشام بن عبد الملك ( شارع الاتصالات )
 طريق الملك عبد الله
 شارع مساعد العنقري
 طريق العروبة
 شارع الثلاثين السليمانية
 شارع الضباب
 ميدان أبو ظبي، وينتج عن تقاطع طريق الملك عبد العزيز بشارع الثلاثين العليا
 ميدان وكبري الخليج، وينتج عن تقاطع طريق الملك عبد العزيز مع طريق خريص وطريق المعذر]]

مراجع

مصادر
 منطقة الرياض
 الهيئة العامة للنقل

شوارع في الرياض

طريق الملك عبد العزيز


La croix de Manses est une croix monumentale située sur la commune de Manses, dans le département de l'Ariège, en France.

Situation
L'édifice se trouve contre le mur de l'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste au centre du village.

Description

La croix en fer forgé se compose de trois branches terminées chacune par une fleur de lys.

La croix forgée et scellée sur un socle bâti proche du mur de l'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Histoire
Le monument date du  siècle.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'Ariège

Liens externes

Manses
Monument historique dans l'Ariège
Monument historique classé en 1980

Croix de Manses


Leváre este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Revúca din regiunea Banská Bystrica, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 86 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna .

Istoric
Localitatea Leváre este atestată documentar din 1427.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Leváre


El Zoo La Grandera está situado en Cangas de Onís (Asturias). Es propiedad de Faunastur S.L..

Dentro del recinto del parque funciona un centro de recuperación de fauna salvaje.

Cría de animales
En el centro se han criado en cautividad lobo polar (Canis lupus albus), cárabo lapón (Strix nebulosa) y alimoche (Neophron percnopterus) entre otras especies.

Es el único centro de España que ha conseguido reproducir alimoches en cautividad. Mantiene un convenio de colaboración con GREFA para crear un núcleo reproductor de alimoches con el que comenzar un futuro proyecto de reintroducción en la Comunidad de Madrid.

El centro no es miembro de asociaciones internacionales de zoológicos (AIZA, EAZA, WAZA) ni los animales criados en cautividad en el centro se incluyen en programas internacionales de conservación ex-situ (EEP o ESB).

Referencias

Cangas de Onís
Zoológicos de España

La Grandera


Ross S. Bagdasarian (født 27. januar 1919 i Fresno, Californien, død 16. januar 1972 i Beverly Hills, Californien), også kendt under sit kunstnernavn David Seville, var en amerikansk pianist, skuespiller og pladeproducer.

Eksterne henvisninger

Pianister fra USA
Filmskuespillere fra USA
Musikproducere fra USA

Ross Bagdasarian Sr.


Wynohradne (; ) ist eine Siedlung in der ukrainischen Oblast Cherson mt 24 Einwohnern (2001).

Wynohradne liegt am südlichen Ufer des Dnepr-Bug-Limans im Rajon Skadowsk.

Am 27. März 2017 wurde das Dorf ein Teil der neugegründeten Landgemeinde Tschulakiwka, bis dahin war es ein Teil der Landratsgemeinde Rybaltsche im Nordwesten des Rajons Hola Prystan.

Seit dem 17. Juli 2020 ist sie ein Teil des Rajons Skadowsk.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Cherson
Rajon Skadowsk

Wynohradne (Skadowsk)


Lehistan Veraset Savaşı (1733-1738) Lehistan kralı II. August'un ölmesi üzerine çıkan taht kavgalarının diğer Avrupa ülkelerinin de katılmasıyla bir veraset savaşına dönüşmesidir.

Savaşın nedeni
II. August'un ölmesi (1 Şubat 1733) üzerine Avusturya ve Rusya, onun oğlu Saksonya kralı II. Friedrich August'un Polonya kralı seçilmesinden yana tutum aldı. Ama Polonyalıların çoğu, İsveçlilerin II. August'u tahttan indirdiği 1704-09 döneminde taç giyen ve Fransa kralı XV. Louis'nin kayınpederi olan Stanislaw Leszczynski'yi yeğlediler. İspanya ve Fransa, Avusturya ve Rusya'ya karşı çıkarak, 12 Eylül 1733'te Varşova'da toplanan 12.000 delegeli bir meclis (Sejm) tarafından Polonya kralı seçilen Leszczynski'yi destekledi. Ama 30.000 kişilik bir Rus ordusunun Varşova'ya yaklaşması üzerine Leszczynski, Gdansk'a kaçtı. Bunun üzerine, 3 bin delegeden oluşan başka bir meclis II. Friedrich August'u III. August adıyla 5 Ekim 1733'te Polonya kralı seçti. Bunun üzerine Fransa, Habsburglara karşı 26 Eylül'de Sardinya-Savoia'yla, 7 Kasım'da da İspanya'yla ittifak kuruldu. 10 Ekim'de Avusturya'ya savaş ilan etti.

Savaş
İspanyol prensi Don Carlos 40 bin kişilik bir İspanyol ordusuyla Toscana ve Papalık devletleri üzerinden Napoli'ye giderek 25 Mayıs 1734'te Bitonto'da Avusturyalıları yendi. Sicilya'yı fethederek III. Carlo adıyla Napoli ve Sicilya kralı oldu. Ama Avusturya prensi Eugene de Savoie-Carignan, Lorraine'i istila eden Fransızlarının ilerlemesini Almanya'nın güneyinde durdurdu. Üstelik, Lombardiya'yı işgal eden Fransız ve Savoia (Savoie) kuvvetleri Mantova'yı alamadı.Rus kuşatması altındaki Gdansk'ı kurtarmak için deniz yoluyla gönderilen küçük Fransız kuvveti etkili olamadı. Gdansk Haziran 1734'te düştü.

Prusya'ya kaçan Leszczynski'yi desteklemek için Polonyalıların örgütlediği Dzikow Konfederasyonu da (Kasım 1734) Rusları ve August'u yenmeyi başaramadı. Dahası, İspanya ile Savoia arasındaki anlaşmazlık 1735'teki İtalya seferinin sonuçsuz kalmasına yol açtı; İngiltere ve Hollanda'nın Avusturya'nın müttefiki olarak savaşa girmesinden korkan Fransa, Avusturya'yla ön barış anlaşması imzaladı (Viyana Barışı; 3 Ekim 1735). Bu anlaşmayla August Polonya kralı olarak kalıyordu. Napoli-Sicilya'yı elinde tutan don Carlos da 1731'de miras yoluyla kendisine geçen Parma ve Piacenza'yı Avusturya'ya verecek ve Toscana üzerinde hak iddia etmeyecekti. Sardinya-Savoia Lombardiya ise Habsburgların elinde kaldı. Anlaşmadan sonra Leszczynski tahttan feragat ettiğini açıkladı (26 Ocak 1736) ve Dzikow Konfederasyonu 1736'da August'u kral olarak tanıdı.

Sonuç
18 Kasım 1738'de Fransa Avusturya ön anlaşmanın koşullarını doğrulayan ve Fransa'nın Veraset Yasası'na (Pragmatische Sanktion) koşullu olarak güvence verdiği Viyana Antlaşması'nı imzaladı. Bu yasayla VI. Karl, kızı Avusturya arşidüşesi Maria Theresia'yı Habsburg topraklarının varisi ilan etti. Savaşa katılan öteki büyük ülkeler de barışı 1739'da kabul etti.

Kaynakça
 Ana Brittannica Cilt 18, sayfa 78-79 15. baskı, 1989

1730'larda çatışmalar
18. yüzyılda çatışmalar
Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu'nun katıldığı savaşlar
Erken Modern Çağ'da savaş
Polonya-Rus savaşları
1730'larda Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu

Lehistan Veraset Savaşı


Steinbach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Großen Kreisstadt Rothenburg ob der Tauber im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie

Der Weiler liegt am Steinbach, der ein rechter Zufluss der Tauber ist. Im Norden grenzt das Rahmholz an. Ein Anliegerweg führt zur Staatsstraße 2268 bei der Weißenmühle (0,3 km westlich). Durch den Ort verläuft der Fränkische Marienweg.

Geschichte
Im Geographischen Lexikon (1802) wird der Ort folgendermaßen beschrieben:

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde der Ort dem Steuerdistrikt und der Munizipalgemeinde Rothenburg ob der Tauber zugewiesen.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Georg (Bettwar) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Johannis (Rothenburg ob der Tauber) gepfarrt.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten

Baudenkmäler
 Haus Nr. 11: Bauernhaus mit Satteldach, verputztes Fachwerk, 16./17. Jahrhundert, Queranbau 18. Jahrhundert
 Steinbachbrücke: gewölbte Steinbrücke mit einem flachen Bogen, wohl 18. Jahrhundert, erneuert im frühen 20. Jahrhundert

Rad- und Wanderwege
Steinbach liegt am Taubertalradweg.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken

Steinbach (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)


Vikingesværd er den type sværd, der var fremherskende i Vest- og særligt Nordeuropa i vikingetiden (for Skandinavien) og Tidlig middelalder (for øvrige områder).

De blev udviklet i 700-tallet fra folkevandringstidens sværd (frankiske sværd fra 500- til 700-tallet, der igen var udviklet fra de romerske spatha), og i 1000- og 1100-tallet udvikledes til riddersværdet.

Den norske arkæolog Jan Petersen udgav i 1919 bogen De Norske Vikingsverd, der indeholdt en klassificering af de norske vikingesværd, og angav standarden. Den ligger til grund for Oakeshott typologin for senere sværd.

Eksempler

 Sæbøsværdet: et sværd fra 800-tallet af type C, som blev fundet i 1825 i en gravhøj i Sæbø i Vikøyri i området Sogn i det vestlige Norge. Det er berømte for inskriptionen i klingen, som er tolket som runer af George Stephens (1867); alle andre er med latinske bogstaver, muligvis med undtagelse af Sæbøsværdet.
 Et af de tungeste og længste sværd fra vikingetiden er dateret til 800-tallet og fundet i Flå. Det er 102,4 cm lang, bladet er 86 cm, og det vejer ca. 1,9 kg. Det er på Kulturhistorisk Museum i Oslo.
 Sankt Stefans Sværd er fra 900-tallet af Petersens type T med et fæste i hvalrostand udskåret i mammenstil. Det er udstillet som den ungarske Sankt Stefans kroningssværd på St. Vitus-katedralens skatte i Prag.
 Lincolnsværdet (Sværdet fra Withamfloden): et sværd der er dateret til 900-tallet med et blad af tysk eller ottoniansk oprindelse. Det er af Petersens type L (Evisons "Wallingford Bridge" type) med fæstedekorationer af en angelsaksisk håndværker. Det blev fundet i floden Witham overfor et munkkloster i Lincoln i England i 1848. Peirce (1990) nævner dette sværd som "betagende", "et af de mest fantastiske vikingesværd". Lincolnsværdet er også det ene af blot to sværd med indskriften Leutfrit (+ LEUTFRIT) i bladet. Det andet er fra det Volgabulgarske rige. Det opbevares på det historiske museum i Kasan. På bagsiden er indlagt et dobbelt rullemønster.
 Essensværdet er et 900-tals sværd, der er bevaret i Essen Kloster. Det er dekoreret med bladguld mod slutningen af 900-tallet.
 Cawoodsværdet og det lignende Korsoygadensværd er med til at afgrænse typen "vikingesværd" fra middelalderens sværd. De passer fint ind i Petersens typologi, men Oakeshott (1991) betragter dem som stilmæssigt fra 1100-tallet.

Se også
 Folkevandringstidens sværd
 Vikingetidens rustning og våben
 Ulfberht
 Ingelrii

Referencer

Litteratur
 Alfred Geibig, Beiträge zur morphologischen Entwicklung des Schwertes im Mittelalter (1991).
 P. Paulsen, Schwertortbänder der Wikingerzeit (1953).
 Ian G. Peirce, Swords of the Viking Age, 2002.
 Jan Petersen, De Norske Vikingsverd, 1919 (archive.org).
 Mechthild Schulze-Dörrlamm, "Schwerter des 10. Jahrhunderts als Herrschaftszeichen der Ottonen", Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 59 (2012) 609–51

Eksterne henvisninger

 Swords (vikingage.org)
 Wiglaf's Weapon Widget  Database of Viking swords.
 The Norwegian Viking Swords by Jan Petersen, translated by Kristin Noer An online English translation of Jan Petersen's typology of Viking swords.
 Petersen typology (vikingsword.com)
 Christopher L. Miller, The Sword Typology of Alfred Geibig (myarmoury.com)

Sværd
Sværd fra Europa

Vikingesværd


Fernando Francisco González Ciuffardi (; born 29 July 1980) is a Chilean former professional tennis player. During his career, he reached at least the quarterfinals of all four major tournaments. He contested his only major final at the 2007 Australian Open, losing to top-seeded Roger Federer. González is the fourth man in history to have won an Olympic tennis medal in every color, with gold in doubles and bronze in singles from Athens 2004, and silver in singles from Beijing 2008. The gold medal that González won partnering Nicolás Massú at the 2004 Olympics in men's doubles was Chile's first-ever Olympic gold medal. During his career, González defeated many top players, including Lleyton Hewitt, Andre Agassi, Federer (all while they held the top spot), Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, Andy Roddick, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Carlos Moyá, Gustavo Kuerten, Marat Safin, Pete Sampras, and Andy Murray. González qualified twice for the year-end Masters Cup event and was runner-up at two Masters Series tournaments. González was known for having one of the strongest forehands on the tour. In Spanish he is nicknamed El Bombardero de La Reina ("The  Bomber from La Reina") and Mano de Piedra ("Hand of Stone").

Tennis career

Early years

At the age of four, González split his time playing both football and tennis. His father, an amateur tennis player, was able to persuade his son to choose tennis over football. González began playing tennis at the age of six and moved with his family to La Reina, in eastern Santiago, where he practiced with his coach Claudio González (no relation) at Club La Reina three times a week.

In 1988, when he was eight years old, González and his father spent a month and a half in the United States, training and participating in tennis championships. In 1992, his entire family moved to the U.S. for four years. They settled in Miami, where González honed his skills at the Patricio Apey Academy.

González played his first junior match in August 1995 at the age of 15, at a grade 5 tournament in El Salvador. As a junior, he won the US Open boys' doubles (with compatriot Nicolás Massú) in 1997, and the French Open singles (defeating a young Juan Carlos Ferrero in the final) and doubles (with Venezuelan José de Armas) in 1998. That year, at the age of 17, he made his Davis Cup debut in Chile's tie against Argentina, losing in four sets to Franco Squillari. He won his first Davis Cup tie in a doubles rubber, partnering with Massú. González reached as high as No. 4 in the world in singles and No. 2 in doubles.

González achieved success at the Futures level in 1998. In the three Futures events held in Chile that year, he reached two semifinals and defeated Italian Enzo Artoni in the final in Santiago.

Junior Grand Slam results - Singles:

Australian Open: A (-)
French Open: W (1998)
Wimbledon: 3R (1997)
US Open: QF (1998)

Junior Grand Slam results - Doubles:

Australian Open: A (-)
French Open: W (1998)
Wimbledon: 1R (1997)
US Open: W (1997)

1999–2004
González became a professional in 1999. Early in the year, he played mainly at the Futures level. He reached his first Challenger quarterfinal in Edinburgh and played his first ATP tournament in Washington, where he defeated Ivan Ljubičić in the first round before losing to Marc Rosset.

González won his first ATP Tour title in May 2000 when he defeated Massú at the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships final in Orlando, Florida. It was the first all-Chilean ATP final since Jaime Fillol defeated Ricardo Acuña in the 1982 Itaparica final.

In January 2001, González played at the Australian Open for the first time, losing in the first round to Guillermo Coria in four sets. In May, he made his debut at Roland Garros's main singles draw, reaching the second round. He continued to play Challengers and smaller ATP events throughout the year, with notable results including a final at the Montevideo Challenger (losing to David Nalbandian), and semifinals at Zagreb and Lima.

In February 2002, González won his second career ATP title in Viña del Mar by defeating Nicolás Lapentti in the final. Later that year, he won his third title in Palermo, Italy, and reached the semifinals at the Cincinnati Masters (defeating seeded Tim Henman and Andy Roddick en route), and the quarterfinals at the US Open. In September, he surpassed former No. 1 player Marcelo Ríos as the top Chilean in the singles rankings and was one of the most improved players on the ATP Tour, jumping 123 positions in the ATP singles rankings.

In May 2003, González reached the quarterfinals of Hamburg and the French Open. In between, he won the World Team Cup for Chile, winning all his singles and doubles matches. Later that year, he reached the finals of Washington and Metz and made the Stuttgart semifinals. In doubles, he and partner Tommy Robredo reached the semifinals in Miami.

In February 2004, González repeated his Viña del Mar title by defeating Gustavo Kuerten in the final. He also retained the World Team Cup with Chile. In August, at the Olympic Games in Athens, he and doubles partner Massú gave their country its first-ever Olympic gold medal when they defeated Nicolas Kiefer and Rainer Schüttler of Germany to win the men's doubles tournament. He also won a bronze medal in the men's singles. González had to play the bronze medal match against Taylor Dent and the doubles final on the same day. Additionally, he saved match points in both games, most notably four match points in the doubles final in the fourth-set tiebreak.

2005

González began the season by taking the title in Auckland, New Zealand, which was his first hard court title. In April, he won his first ATP doubles tournament (and second after the Olympics) in Valencia (clay) with doubles partner Martín Rodríguez. After reaching the quarterfinals at Wimbledon in June, he went on to win the ATP tournament in Amersfoort (clay), Netherlands, in the following month. He further proved his all-court versatility by winning the indoors-carpet singles title at Basel and also won the doubles title in the same tournament with partner Agustín Calleri. His results in 2005 were good enough for him to attend the year-end Masters Cup in Shanghai first as a reserve and then as a player after the withdrawal of Andre Agassi following his first match. González became the first Chilean to win a Masters match when he beat Mariano Puerta and missed out on making the semifinal—and finishing the year as No. 11—after losing to Gastón Gaudio in a match in which he had three match points.

2006
In April, González became the third Chilean (after Ríos and Massú) to break into the top 10 singles ranking. In May, he reached No. 10 in the world after winning a quarterfinal match at the Monte-Carlo Masters, shortly after parting ways with longtime coach Horacio de la Peña. He was then replaced by Larry Stefanki. After reaching his first Masters Series singles final in Madrid (losing to Roger Federer in straight sets) in October, he ascended to world No. 7. He finished the year ranked No. 10.

2007
In January, González reached the Australian Open singles final, becoming the first Chilean to have reached the quarterfinals in all four Grand Slam tournaments ,and the fourth Chilean (third male) to reach a Grand Slam final. En route to the final, he defeated Evgeny Korolev, Juan Martín del Potro, Lleyton Hewitt, James Blake, world No. 2 Rafael Nadal, and Tommy Haas. He lost to world No. 1, Roger Federer, in (relatively close) straight sets. On 29 January, he jumped to No. 5, his best career singles ranking, only five points behind No. 4. In May, he became the first Chilean to reach the finals of the Rome Masters since Ríos won the title in 1998. At the US Open, González was upset by Teymuraz Gabashvili in a five-set thriller. From July to August, González went on a five-match losing streak, which ended in September when he captured the China Open tournament title in Beijing. In November, he became the first Chilean since Ríos in 1998 to directly qualify for the Tennis Masters Cup. In his opening match, he staged a huge upset by beating top-ranked Federer for the first time in eleven encounters. He then lost to Andy Roddick and Nikolay Davydenko, finishing last in his group. He ended the season at No. 7, his highest year-end ranking to date.

2008
At the Australian Open in January, González failed to defend all his points from the previous year, causing him to fall from No. 7 to No. 24 in the ATP singles rankings. However, he bounced back the following week, winning his home event at Viña del Mar for the third time and rising to No. 16. In May, he won his tenth ATP title at the BMW Open in Munich. The following month, he reached the quarterfinals of the French Open for the second time, losing to top seed Roger Federer in four sets.

In August, González represented Chile at the Beijing Olympics in both singles and doubles events, where he was his country's standard-bearer at the opening ceremony. As in Athens 2004, he partnered with Massú in doubles, but was unable to defend his gold, exiting in the first round. In singles, he improved his Olympic record, clinching a silver medal after beating James Blake in the semifinals. In the gold medal match, he lost in straight sets to Rafael Nadal.

At the US Open in September, he lost in the fourth round to former local champion Andy Roddick, 2–6, 4–6, 1–6. He ended the season at No. 15. In November, at the end of the season, Stefanki stopped coaching González after receiving a job offer from Roddick. On 12 December, González announced he had hired former Argentine player Martín Rodríguez as his new full-time coach for 2009.

2009
In the first round of the Australian Open, González prevailed in a five-set thriller over Lleyton Hewitt, which lasted for 3 hours and 7 minutes. In the third round, he came back from two sets down to defeat Richard Gasquet of France in a match that lasted over four hours, with a score of 3–6, 3–6, 7–6, 6–2, 12–10. However, he bowed out of the tournament with a straight-sets defeat against world No. 1 and eventual champion Rafael Nadal in the fourth round.

At the Viña del Mar tournament in February, González claimed victory once again, taking the title for the fourth time in five finals. He overpowered all of his opponents with a solid display of tennis and did not drop a set throughout the entire tournament. In the final, he defeated his good friend José Acasuso, 6–1, 6–3. With this win, he returned to the top 15 in singles.

In early March, González missed the Davis Cup tie against Croatia due to a back injury. In April, he resigned from the Chile Davis Cup team, citing a violation of a confidentiality agreement. The local tennis federation had disclosed the amount of money won by the players at the tie against Australia. He conditioned his return on the resignation of the federation's current directive and promised to relinquish all his future Davis Cup proceeds for the "benefit of younger players."

At the start of the clay-court season, González reached the semifinals in Barcelona and Rome. However, he had to withdraw from Munich and Madrid after twisting his ankle while signing autographs in Rome. At the French Open, he reached the semifinals for the first time by beating third seed Andy Murray in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, he played Robin Söderling, who had previously defeated top seed Rafael Nadal and Nikolay Davydenko. González came just two games away from winning that match during the fifth set, after holding an advantage of 4–1.

At the US Open, González reached the quarterfinals for the second time, beating seventh seed Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the fourth round. He was defeated by third seed Rafael Nadal in a match repeatedly delayed by rain. The match was suspended on Thursday night with González trailing, 6–7, 6–6, down 2–3 in the tiebreaker. When the match resumed on Saturday, González was visibly flat, losing the remaining four points in the tiebreaker and not winning a game in the third set.

With his notable performances at the French and US Open, González achieved a career-high 14 victories in Grand Slam events during the year.

2010
González won against Olivier Rochus, Marsel İlhan, and Evgeny Korolev at the Australian Open, but lost to Andy Roddick in the fourth round in a tense and controversial five-set match that lasted for 3 hours and 25 minutes. During the match, there was a disputed set point in the fourth set when a Roddick forehand winner was called out. Roddick challenged the call and Hawk-eye technology revealed that the ball was in. Therefore, Roddick won the set. González believed the point should have been replayed as he was in the right position and could have made a play on the ball if it had been called in. González lost the match 3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 5–7, 2–6.

Afterwards, González participated in the Movistar Open, which was held in Santiago for the first time that year instead of Viña del Mar, where he had won the previous two years. He made it to the semifinals but lost to Thomaz Bellucci in three sets despite being a break up in the second set and only two games away from victory.

In the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, González made it to the semifinals, defeating Sam Querrey, Victor Hănescu, and Eduardo Schwank in three sets before suffering a bad loss to David Ferrer. He then chose to skip the 1000 Masters in Indian Wells to travel to areas affected by the 8.8 magnitude earthquake in Chile.

In early March, González and his teammates defeated Israel in the Davis Cup to advance Chile to the quarterfinals. He then returned to the ATP Tour Masters 1000 in Miami, where he lost in the fourth round to Robin Söderling. He also hosted a benefit for the Chilean earthquake victims called Champions for Chile, appearing alongside Andy Roddick, Jim Courier, and Gustavo Kuerten.

During the clay season, González played only one tournament in Houston, where he reached the quarterfinals. At Roland Garros, he was defeated in the second round and was sidelined for almost three months with a knee injury.

González returned to play in New Haven, where he lost in the second round to Radek Štěpánek. At the US Open, he retired from his first-round match against Ivan Dodig. On 21 September, González announced that he would undergo surgery on his right hip and possibly his right knee on 4 October, and was expected to be out for eight to nine months.

2011
González announced he would return to Belgrade for "the start of the end of my career." He defeated Alexandr Dolgopolov in the first round of Wimbledon and made it to the third round, but lost to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in straight sets.

2012
On 9 February 2012, González announced that he would retire from professional tennis after the Miami Masters. He played his last professional match on 21 March 2012 at Miami, losing in three sets to Nicolas Mahut in the first round.

Personal life
González was born in Santiago. His father, Fernando González Ramírez, is the manager of the Molina flour mill in Santiago, and his mother, Patricia Ciuffardi, a housewife of Italian descent. He has an older sister, Patricia, and a younger sister, Jéssica. He studied primary school at Colegio de La Salle and finished secondary school at Colegio Terra Nova.

Since 2017, he had been in a relationship with retired Argentine field hockey player Luciana Aymar, and they have two children: a son, Félix, born in 2019, and a daughter, Lupe, born in 2021.

In July 2022, González announced that he and his family would be moving to Miami.

Career statistics

Grand Slam singles performance timeline

Grand Slam finals

Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)

Olympic gold medal matches

Notes

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Chilean male tennis players
Chilean people of Italian descent
French Open junior champions
Olympic bronze medalists for Chile
Olympic gold medalists for Chile
Olympic medalists in tennis
Olympic silver medalists for Chile
Olympic tennis players for Chile
Tennis players from Santiago
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
Masters tennis players

Fernando González


Svend Wiig Hansen i Nikolaj Kirke er en film instrueret af Keld Appel Hansen.

Handling
Maleren og billedhuggeren Svend Wiig Hansen er i august 1974 midt i sit livs farligste og største eksperiment. Nikolaj Kirke i København er i 14 dage hans åbne værksted. Her viser han under publikums åsyn, hvordan hans billeder bliver til ... I dag regnes han for een af vor tids betydeligste kunstnere. Han har fået ord for at være provokerende, besættende, forrykt, hæmningsløst selvudfoldende, profet, sand ekspressionist, lidenskabelig. Et vidne om menneskelivet. Et spøgelse man helst ville have manet i graven (fra filmens indledende kommentar).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1977

Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet

Svend Wiig Hansen i Nikolaj Kirke


Stephanie McMahon  (24 septembrie din 1976), este o luptătoare profesionistă americană. Stephanie este fiica presedintelui al WWE, Vince McMahon și Linda McMahon, sora lui Shane McMahon, și soția wrestlerului Triple H, cu care are trei fiice.

Stephanie a apărut în mod regulat în WWE între 1999 și 2003. În această perioadă el a fost Campion Feminina și Manager General al SmackDown. Înainte de a fi Managerul General din SmackDown, a fost proprietarul pe ecranul de Extreme Championship Wrestling în timpul Alianței. La sfârșitul anului 2008, el a revenit la marca Raw în cazul în care a fost Director General.

El este în prezent Comisar de Raw.

Viața personală
A fost acuzata că ar fi inițiat concedierea lui Joanie "Chyna" Laurer, care a plecat din WWF în 2001, după ce Laurer, a fost implicata romantic cu Paul "Triple H" Levesque pentru cu cati va ani in urma, a susținut că plecarea ei nu a fost o chestiune de plăți, dar pentru că McMahon o vraia afară din companie. Laurer a susținut că în timpul relației ei cu Triple H, McMahon a avut o aventură cu el și l-a ținut departe de ea. Triple H si vince McMahon au început sa apara în 2000 în timpul povestei de dragoste cu un script, și care sunt comise de Ziua Îndrăgostiților în 2003.

Ea și Triple H a-u trei fiice. Pe 8 ianuarie din anul 2006, WWE a anuntat ca McMahon și Levesque așteptau primul lor copil, pe 27 iulie, din 2006. McMahon a continuat să lucreze și să călătorească cu WWE pe tot parcursul sarcinii, la naștere pe 24 iulie de anul 2006 cu o fetiță de 3,8 kg, pe care au numit Aurora Rose Levesque. Cuplul a avut al doilea lor copil, o fiică care au numito Murphy Claire Levesque, pe 28 iulie, din 2008. Pe 24 August 2010, Stephanie a dat naștere la al treilea lor fiica, Vaughn Evelyn Levesque, în 2016, după moartea lui Chyna a fost acuzata pentru problemele pe care le-au avut aceasta după plecarea din WWE, Stephanie și-a trimis condoleanțe după ce a aflat de eveniment teribil și zile dupa ce a ridicat interdicția care a fost prezentat la Laurer (Chyna) din 2001, pentru a fi adăugat la secțiunea de Absolventi , și să-i recunoască pentru toate progresele ei, ca o femeie într-un sport de divertisment, Stephanie a avut, de asemenea, probleme cu Paul Heyman, AJ Lee, CM Punk, Chris Jericho, fratele ei, Shane McMahon și alte talente care a trecut prin WWE, dar acestea au fost ținute în secret.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1976

Stephanie McMahon


Fortepiano este un pian timpuriu; în principiu, cuvântul "fortepiano" poate specifica orice pian datând de la inventarea instrumentului de către Bartolomeo Cristofori, în jurul anului 1700 până la începutul secolului al XIX-lea. Cel mai comun, însă, este utilizat spre a referi instrumentele sfârșitului de secol XVIII spre începutul secolului XIX, instrumente pentru care Haydn, Mozart și tânărul, pe atunci, Beethoven au compus opere pianistice. Începând din timpul vieții lui Beethoven, pianul a cunoscut o perioadă de evoluție susținută, culminând, spre sfârșitul secolului XIX, cu apariția pianului modern de concert, așa numitul grand piano. Astfel că pianul timpuriu, fortepiano, a devenit învechit și a absentat de pe scena muzicală pentru zeci de ani. Dar în secolul al XX-lea fortepiano a fost înviat, ca urmare a creșterii interesului pentru o interpretare documentată istoric. Fortepiano este construit azi în atelierul specialistului pentru acest scop.

Construcție
Fortepiano are ciocănele acoperite cu piele și corzi subțiri ca ale clavecinului. Are o construcție mai ușoară decât pianul modern și, exceptând exemple ulterioare ale începutului secolului al XIX-lea (deja evoluând spre pianul modern), nu are cadru metalic sau rigidizări. Acțiunea sau ciocănelele sunt mai ușoare, dând naștere la o atingere mai ușoară, care într-un fortepiano bine construit este de asemenea foarte sensibilă.

În momentul apariției sale un fortepiano avea patru octave și treptat acest număr a crescut.  Mozart (1756–1791) a compus muzica sa de pian pentru instrumente având cinci octave.  Opera pianistică a lui Beethoven (1770–1827) reflectă o creștere graduală a capacităților instrumentului; ultimele sale compoziții pianistice sunt pentru un instrument cuprinzând șase octave și jumătate.  (Cele mai moderne piane sunt construite pentru 7⅓ octave, ceea ce s-a obținut încă din secolul al XIX-lea. 19th.)

Fortepiano a avut de la început și de cele mai multe ori dispozitive similare pedalelor pianelor moderne, dar acestea nu au fost întotdeauna pedale; uneori au fost folosite în schimb opritoare manuale sau pârghii acționate cu genunchiul.

Sunet
Precum pianul modern , fortepiano poate produce diferite volume sonore pentru fiecare notă, în funcție de mărimea vitezei cu care interpretul apasă clapa respectivă. Tonul unui fortepiano este însă diferit de acela al unui pian modern fiind mai moale și cu o susținere mai redusă. Accentele sforzando tind să fie reliefate, așa cum acestea sunt diferite pentru notele cu timbru și volum moale, și scad rapid.

Fortepiano de asemenea tinde să aibă chiar diferite calități de ton în registrele sale – un zumzet în registrul jos, mai exteriorizat în registrul mediu înalt, și mai rotund (foarte apropiat de pianul modern) în gama medie. Prin comparație cu acesta, pianele moderne sunt mai degrabă uniforme în sunet pe tot registrul sonor acoperit.

Istorie

Cristofori

Pianul a fost inventat de către Bartolomeo Cristofori, producător de clavecine în Florența la începutul secolului al XVIII-lea. Prima înregistrare vrednică de încredere a pianului apare în inventarul  familiei Medici, patronii săi, fiind datată 1700. Cristofori a continuat construcția de piane până în anii 1720, perioadă din care datează cele trei instrumente care au supraviețuit.

Cristofori este probabil cel mai mult admirat în zilele noastre pentru acțiunea ingenioasă a pianului său, care în multe privințe a fost mai subtilă și mai eficientă decât aceea a multor instrumente ulterioare. Cu toate acestea, alte inovații au fost de asemenea necesare pentru a face pianul de azi. Pur si simplu, utilizând acțiunea lui Cristofori la un clavecin ar fi produs un sunet foarte slab. Dar instrumentele lui Cristofori au utilizat corzi mai groase și mai tensionate, montate pe un cadru considerabil mai robust decât acela al clavecinelor contemporane. La fel ca practic toate pianele mai târzii, în instrumentele lui Cristofori ciocănelele atingeau simultan mai mult de o singură coardă per clapă; Cristofori a utilizat perechi de corzi pentru întreaga gamă de note.

Cristofori a fost primul care a inclus în construcția unui pian o variantă constructivă a pedalei una corda de azi (mecanismul utilizat pentru a determina ciocănelele să atingă mai puțin decât numărul maxim de corzi; varianta constructivă a lui Cristofori a fost un stop manual). Nu se cunoaște dacă pedala una corda modernă este descendentul direct al dispozitivului lui Cristofori sau a apărut în mod independent față de acesta.

Invenția lui Cristofori a atras curând atenția publică ca rezultat al unui articol de revistă scris de  și publicat la 1711 în Giornale de'letterati d'Italia la Veneția. Articolul conținea o schemă a mecanismului, miezul invenției lui Cristofori. Acest articol a fost republicat în 1719 într-un volum ce conținea opera lui Maffei și mai târziu (1725) într-o traducere germană 'Critica Musica' a lui . Aceasta din urmă a constituit poate evenimentul declanșator în răspândirea noii invenții în țările vorbitoare de limbă germană (vezi mai jos).

La început, răspândirea instrumentului lui Cristofori a fost relativ mică, probabil pentru că, fiind de o concepție mai elaborată decât clavecinul, era foarte scump. Pentru un timp, pianul a constituit instrumentul capetelor încoronate, fie cu instrumente construite de însuși Cristofori, fie cu instrumente construite în stilul său și utilizate pentru interpretare la curțile Portugaliei și Spaniei. Mai multe exemplare aparțineau reginei Maria Barbara a Spaniei, eleva compozitorului Domenico Scarlatti. Una dintre primele persoane fizice care au deținut un pian a fost  , care l-a moștenit de la Maria Barbara.

Prima compoziție scrisă în mod special pentru pian datează din această perioadă: Sonate da cimbalo di piano e forte (1732) autor . Publicarea acestei opere a fost un fenomen cu totul izolat; James Parakilas presupune că publicarea a fost menită ca o onoare adresată compozitorului de către protectorii săi regali. Desigur că n-a existat piață pentru muzica scrisă pentru fortepiano câtă vreme acesta a continuat să existe doar ca un specimen exotic.

Se pare că fortepiano nu s-a bucurat de o popularitate deplină până în anii 1760, moment din care datează prima menționare a unei interpretări publice, respectiv din care muzica compusă pentru fortepiano a început pentru prima oară să fie publicată pe scară largă.

"Fortepian"-ele lui Silbermann

Cel care a adus construcția "fortepian"-elor țărilor vorbitoare de limbă germană a fost . Silbermann, care lucra în Freiberg, Germania, a început să producă piane utilizând conceptul lui Cristofori pe la 1730. (Experiența sa anterioară a obținut-o construind orgi cu tuburi pentru biserică, clavecine și clavicorduri. Ca și Cristofori, Silbermann a avut suport regal, în cazul său din partea lui Frederic cel Mare al Prusiei, care a și cumpărat multe din instrumentele sale.

Instrumentele lui Silbermann au fost criticate de Johann Sebastian Bach pe la 1736, dar pianele construite ulterior întâlnite de Bach la Berlin în decursul vizitei sale din 1747 se pare că au obținut aprobarea sa. Este de presupus că îmbunătățirile instrumentelor lui Silbermann au rezultat mai degrabă datorită faptului că acesta ar fi văzut un pian Cristofori, decât că ar fi citit articol lui Scipione Maffei.

Silbermann este cel despre care se crede că a inventat dispozitivul predecesor pedalei sustain, cea care ridică simultan toți amortizorii permițând coardelor să vibreze liber. Dispozitivul lui Silbermann a fost un stop manual, putând astfel să fie schimbat doar în decursul unei pauze a muzicii.

Școala vieneză de constructori
Constructorii de fortepiano care l-au urmat pe Silbermann au introdus mecanisme mai simple decât cele ale lui Cristofori, mergând până acolo încât să nu mai cuprindă  (dispozitivul care permite ciocănelului să revină la pozția inactivă chiar dacă clapa a fost eliberată). Aceste dispozitive au fost subiecte ale criticii (o scrisoare deseori citată a lui Mozart către tatăl său, dar erau simplu de făcut și incluse pe scară largă în .

Nota bene
Termenii fortepiano și pianoforte, în limba română sunt identici: sinonimul timpuriu al pianului. Pentru limba engleză ei semnifică termeni diferiți, iar această pagină nu se vrea altceva decât o traducere, în nici un caz o modificare a DEX-ului.

Note

Bibliografie

Good, Edwin M. (1982) Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press.
Kennedy, Michael (1996). "Piano". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (Fourth ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198608844.
Marshall, Robert (2003) 18th Century Piano Music, Routledge.
Pollens, Stewart (1995) The Early Pianoforte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ripin, Edwin M. (1986) "Piano", 1986 Encyclopædia Britannica
Ripin, Edwin M. (2001). "Fortepiano (i)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Also in Grove *Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 June 2008), (subscription access)
Ripin, Edwin M., Stewart Pollens, Philip R. Belt, Maribel Meisel, Alfons Huber, Michael Cole, Gert Hecher, Beryl Kenyon De Pascual, Cynthia Adams Hoover,
Cyril Ehrlich, And Edwin M. Good (2001). "Pianoforte I: History of the Instrument". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie and J.
Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Also in Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 June 2008), (subscription access)

Vezi și
 Pian

Legături externe

Instrumente muzicale timpurii
Instrumente cu claviatură

Fortepiano


An Oberonia sinica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Sing Chi Chen ngan Kai Yung Lang, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Paul Ormerod. An Oberonia sinica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oberonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oberonia

Oberonia sinica


Masha og björninn(rússneska: "Маша и Медведь") er vinsæl rússnesk teiknimyndasería. Búið til af Animacord studio með 3D grafík. Frumsýningin fór fram 7. janúar 2009.

Árið 2011 kom út fyrsti spunaleikurinn sem heitir "Masha's Tales" og samanstendur af 26 þáttum byggðum á rússneskum þjóðsögum og öðrum ævintýrum. Árið 2014 kom út annar spunaleikurinn sem heitir "Masha's Horror Stories". Þann 31. maí 2019 byrjaði þáttaröð 4 undir nafninu "Masha's songs".

Saga
Stúlkan Masha lendir óvart í húsi björnsins sem býr í skóginum. Þar gerir hún rugl, Björninn er í örvæntingu. Hann reynir að losa sig við óæskilega gestinn og fara með hana að heiman. Á kvöldin byrjar hann að hafa áhyggjur af stúlkunni og fer að leita að henni. Með því að finna hana ekki, snýr Medvedvy heim dapur og finnur Masha þar. Frá þeirri stundu eru Masha og Björninn bestu vinir. Masha heimsækir björninn oft og hann reynir að ala hana upp. Frá þriðju tímabili vex Masha úr grasi og verður aðeins ábyrgari. Nú er hún sjaldnar í Medvedi og meira upptekinn af sínum málum heima. Jafnvel án hennar byrja íbúar skógarins að haga sér illa og lenda í ýmsum vandræðum og Masha hjálpar þeim að komast út.

Dreifing
Teiknimyndin "Masha og björninn" er sýnd á sjónvarpsstöðvum í Bretlandi, Þýskalandi, Frakklandi, Ítalíu, Sviss, Spáni, Kanada, löndum Rómönsku Ameríku og Miðausturlöndum. Síðan 2015 hefur serían verið til í formi gagnvirkrar teiknimyndar í fullri lengd þar sem persónurnar hafa samskipti við áhorfendur.

Aðalpersónur
 Masha er lítil óhamingjusöm stelpa. Kærasta Bjarna. Skólastúlka. Óþekkur, uppátækjasamur. Hefur gaman af sleikjóum, sælgæti, að leika sér með verðlaun og Björnsbolla, leika sér með bolta, hoppa í fötu, horfa á teiknimyndir, spyrja spurninga, segja sögur.
 Björninn er besti vinur Masha, sem hún kallar "Misha", "Mishka". Vinnusamur. Talar ekki, fyrrverandi sirkusleikari, kominn á eftirlaun. Ástfanginn af Bear. Þjáist stöðugt af hrekkjum Masha.

Tenglar
 Teiknimyndasíða á vef Animacord stúdíósins
 Animacord stúdíó vefsíða

Masha og björninn


Mihal Kayakoğlu ya da Mihal Kayaoğlu, (d.1893, Ürgüp - ö.?), Rum asıllı Türk siyasetçi.

Anadolu Kapadokyalı olan Mihal Kayakoğlu, Hukuk fakültesinden mezun olmuştur. Serbest Avukatlık yapmıştır. TBMM VII. Dönem Ankara Milletvekilidir. Bekârdır.

Kaynakça

1893 doğumlular
Ürgüp doğumlular
Ölüm tarihi bilinmeyenler
TBMM 7. dönem Ankara milletvekilleri
İstanbul doğumlu siyasetçiler
Türkiye Rumları
Türkiye'de azınlık milletvekilleri
Türk avukatlar
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Kapadokya Rumları

Mihal Kayakoğlu


An Carex hirta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné. An Carex hirta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex hirta


يعتبر صمام الأشعة السينية أو أشعة إكس من الصمامات الأشعة الكاثودية التي تسمى أحيانا صمامات أشعة مهبطية. وأول من اكتشفها هو العالم الألماني رونتجن أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، وحصل بهذا الاكتشاف على أول جائزة نوبل للعلوم عام 1901.

أنتاج الأشعة السينية

تصدر الاشعة السينية بطريقتين:

 بواسطة تعجيل (تسريع) الجسيمات المشحونة وتكون عادة إلكترونات - وهذه تكوّن أشعة الكبح Bremsstrahlung التي تشكل طيفا مستمرا (أي خليط من الموجات الكهرومغناطيسية القصيرة والقصيرة جدا).
 أو عند انتقالات الإلكترون في غلاف الذرة أو الجزيئ من مستوي عال جدا للطاقة إلى مستوي منخفض. وهذه هي الاشعة السينية المتميزة بطول موجة معين، ويكون لها طاقة محددة.

وتستغل كلتا الحالتين في صمام الأشعة السينية، حيث تنشأ الإلكترونات عند المهبط المتوهج (فتيل متوهج مثل فتيل اللمبة) وتسرع ثم تصتدم بالمصعد الموجب الشحنة فتنكبح بشدة. وعندئذ تنتج الأشعة السينية وحرارة. 99 % من الطاقة الكهربائية المستخدمة تظهر على هيئة حرارة ليست مفيدة وفقط 1% من الطاقة يتحول إلى الأشعة السينية. ويحدث اصتدام الإلكترونات بإلكترونات ذرات معدن المصعد وتطيح بها خارج الذرة، ونظرا لأن الذرة لا تبقى طويلا خالية من أحد إلكتروناتها، فيمتلئ المكان الشاغر بإلكترون من خارج الذرة ويصدر مع هذا الانتقال شعاعا من الأشعة السينية ذا طول موجة محددة.

ويستخدم اليوم السيراميك كمادة للمصعد ويكون مكان اصتدام الإلكترونات عليه مغطى بالموليبدنوم أو بالنحاس أو بالتنجستن.

خطورة الأشعة السينية

تنتمي الأسعة السينية إلى ألإشعاعات المؤينة. أي تسبب في تأين الوسط الذي تمر فيه وذلك بفصل بعض الإلكترونات في الذرات والجزيئات. فيمكنها إحداث تغيرات في الخلايا الحية قد تؤدي إلى المرض بالسرطان. ولذلك تضع الحكومات تعليمات وقوانين تتعلق باستعمال الأشعة السينية سواء في الطب أو في الصناعة، وتراقب اتباع تلك التعليمات وتعاقب المخالفين للتعليمات طبقا للقوانين الموضوعة في هذا الشأن.

ولكن تستعمل الأشعة السينية أيضا في مكافحة مرض السرطان بطريقة تركيز الأشعة السينية على الخلايا السرطانية. ويعتبر الحامض النووي DNA في الكائنات الحية حثاث جدا للأشعة السينية، حيث يتزايد إتلافه بتزايد امتصاصه تلك الاشعة. أي أن التعرض إلى جرعة صغيرة من تلك الأشعة مهما كانت صغيرة، يكمن فيها احتمال تحول إحدى الخلايا الحية إلى خلية سرطانية. ولهذا يؤخذ هذا الاحتمال لحدوث السرطان في الاعتبار عند استخدام الأشعة السينية في التشخيص أو في العلاج.

 وبصفة عامة يجب أن لا تتعرض المرأة الحامل للأشعة السينية على البدن، كما يجب الحذر جدا من استخدامها على الأطفال، وهي قد تسبب العقم عند الرجال والنساء إذا تعرضت الأجهزة التناسلية لها.

تطبيقات

تستخدم تكنولوجيا الأشعة السينية كثيرا في مجال الكشف الصحي والعلاج، مثل الكشف على الكسور والأنسجة الجسمية الغليظة مثل الأورام. وفي مجالات أخرى غير المجال الطبي تستخدم الأشعة السينية في البحث عن متفجرات أو أسلحة في أمتعة المسافرين بالطائرات أو السفن. وكذلك لها استخدامات كثيرة في الصناعة وتحليل المواد (Xerographic Radiation).

تطبيقات في الطب

تستخدم الاشعة السينية في الطب في مجال الكشف والعلاج بالأشعة وكذلك في مجال الكشف على الأسنان. وهي طريقة تتم سريعا أيضا للحصول على صور لمناطق عميقة في الجسم وخاصة للكشف على العظام، حيث تفرق الاشعة السينية بوضوح بين العظام والأنسجة اللحمية. ويستغل التصوير بالأشعة السينية في الفحوص التالية :

 تصوير كامل أو جزئي للفك والأسنان orthopantomogram
 الكشف على الثديين لاكتشاف الأورام mammography
 الكشف عن الأورام بالتصوير الطبقي tomography

وهناك مجال آخر في الطب وهو استخدام الاشعة السينية في العلاج ومقاومة الأورام السرطانية، ولكن لا ينتمي هذا إلى مجال التصوير.
 وتستخدم الأشعة السينية المتألقة Fluoroscopy للكشف الآني للأوعية الدموية لمعرفة مواقع الانسداد angiography.
 وتستعمل طريقة باستخدام مركبات الباريوم barium enema للكشف على مشكلات الأمعاء الغليظة والأمعاء بصفة عامة.
 وتستعمل طريقة ابتلاع مركبات الباريوم أيضا barium swallow للكشف الآني على المريئ. والطريقة الآنية هنا تعني أن الطبيب يستطيع رؤية صور متحركة على شاشة أمامه تشبه شاشة التلفزيون.
 كذلك يستعان بالأشعة السينية الوميضية عند أخذ بعض عينات من الجسم بغرض تحليلها biopsy، حيث تساعد الطبيب عند أخذ العينة من المنطقة المراد أخذ العينة منها.

والأشعة السينية هي أشعة مؤينة شديدة النفاذية، ولهذا تستخدم آلات أشعة إكس لأخذ الصور لأجزاء الجسم ذات الكثافة العالية مثل العظام والأسنان. وذلك لأن العظام والأسنان تمتص تلك الأشعة أكثر من امتصاص الأنسجة اللحمية لها. ويتم التصوير في وقت قصير حيث تتخلل الاشعة السينية القادمة من المصدر الجسم ومنه إلى لوح فوتوغرافي. فتظهر المناطق التي امتصت جزءا كبيرا من الأشعة كظلال رمادية وتميل إلى اللون الأبيض. وتستخدم هذه الطريقة للكشف عن كسور العظام. أما في استخدام التصوير بالأشعة السينية المتألقة حيث يـُكشف على الجهاز الهضمي بالاستعانة بمادة ممتصة للأشعة مثل كبريتات الباريوم يبتلعها المريض، وتساعد على التفريق بين الأوعية الهضمية وما حولها من أنسجة.

تطبيقات في الأمن

وفي مجال التصوير تستعمل الأشعة السينية المتألقة Fluoroscopy والتي يقابلها المسافر بالطائرة عند الكشف على أمتعته في المطار قبل صعوده الطائرة.

انظر أيضًا

 أشعة سينية

مراجع

أمن الطيران
تصوير شعاعي

صمام أشعة سينية


David Patrick Hamilton Russell (* 6. November 1938; † 17. August 2014 in Kapstadt) war ein südafrikanischer anglikanischer Bischof und Anti-Apartheidsaktivist.

Leben
Russell studierte an der Universität Kapstadt, wo er einen Bachelor machte, und anschließend an der University of Oxford. Nach seinem Master-Abschluss dort folgten eine Priesterausbildung am College of the Resurrection in Mirfield und eine Promotion in Religionswissenschaft mit dem Schwerpunkt christliche Ethik in Kapstadt. 1965 wurde er ordiniert und Kaplan.

1977 wurde Russell aufgrund seiner Arbeit für Migranten für fünf Jahre unter Hausarrest gestellt. Nachdem er sich 1980 dem Hausarrest widersetzt und an einer anglikanischen Synode teilgenommen hatte, wurde er zu dreieinhalb Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt und für zweieinhalb Jahre von seinem Amt suspendiert. Seine Haftzeit sollte er im Pollsmoor Prison in Kapstadt verbringen, aufgrund eines Berufungsantrages seines Anwalts wurde er jedoch auf Kaution entlassen. 1986/87 war er Suffraganbischof, von 1987 an der 12. Bischof von Grahamstown, von 1986 bis 2004 war er Mitglied der Bischofskonferenz von Südafrika. Im Jahr 2000 wurde er zum Dekan der Kirchenprovinz Südafrika gewählt. Nach seiner Pensionierung 2004 war Russell in einer christlichen Nichtregierungsorganisation tätig.

Russell war verheiratet und wurde Vater zweier Söhne.

Auszeichnungen
Russell erhielt 2011 von Präsident Jacob Zuma den Order of the Baobab in Silber.

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf von Russell bei South African History Online (englisch)
 Ehrung von Russell auf den Seiten des südafrikanischen Präsidenten (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Anglikanischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Anglikanischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Person des Christentums (Südafrika)
Person (Anglican Church of Southern Africa)
Bürgerrechtler
Apartheidgegner
Südafrikaner
Geboren 1938
Gestorben 2014
Mann

David Patrick Russell


Bent Andersen kan henvise til flere personer:

 Bent Hindrup Andersen (født 1943) – dansk politiker
 Bent Rold Andersen (1929–2015) – dansk politiker og socialminister
 Bent Stier Andersen (født 1932) – dansk atlet

Bent Andersen


La Massey Harris 890 est un modèle de moissonneuse-batteuse automotrice produit par l'entreprise Massey Harris.

Évolution du modèle 90, répandu aux États-Unis, la 890, mieux adaptée au marché européen, est construite de 1953 à 1961 dans l'usine française de Marquette-lez-Lille et largement diffusée en France.

Historique
En 1938, Massy Harris fabrique aux États-Unis la première moissonneuse-batteuse automotrice de sa gamme. La pénurie de main d'œuvre consécutive à la Seconde Guerre mondiale fait bondir les ventes de ce type de machine et, en 1948, Massey Harris détient 53 % du marché américain.

La Massey Harris 890, évolution du modèle américain 90, est produite dans l'usine française de Marquette-lez-Lille à partir de 1953, le préfixe « 8 » indiquant une production française. Cette machine rencontre un grand succès et, au milieu des années 1950, trois moissonneuses-batteuses sur quatre vendues en France sont des Massey Harris. En 1958, dans le cadre de la fusion entre Massey Harris et Ferguson, la « Massey Harris 890 » devient « Massey-Ferguson 890 » sans modifications techniques ; sa production cesse en 1961, la 892 pourvue d'un moteur Diesel qui la remplace étant commercialisée dès 1960.

Caractéristiques
Bien qu'elle soit fabriquée en France, la 890 est équipée d'un moteur à essence d'origine Chrysler dont la consommation est élevée. Ce moteur est en outre placé en partie inférieure de la machine, entre les roues avant ; cette disposition s'avère favorable à une bonne stabilité de la machine, mais expose le moteur aux poussières et augmente le risque d'incendie. Sa cylindrée est de  pour six cylindres en ligne et sa puissance maximale de .

Trois largeurs de coupe sont proposées, ,  et  ; il s'agit alors de la plus grosse machine automotrice proposée sur le marché français. Son batteur mesure  de large, douze centimètres de plus que la 80 américaine, ce qui lui permet de récolter les champs européens, plus densément semés.

La boîte de vitesses ne comporte que deux rapports avant et un rapport arrière, mais elle est couplée avec un variateur à courroie offrant douze crans de réglage. La machine peut atteindre  ; cette vitesse relativement faible n'est pas un inconvénient à une époque où les déplacements sur route sont encore réduits.

La Massey Harris 890 est proposée de série avec une trémie de  pour la récolte du grain en vrac , mais un dispositif d'ensachage est disponible en option. Au fil des années, avec l'évolution des pratiques agricoles, cette option est de moins en moins souvent retenue. De la même manière, la presse à balles montée à l'arrière de la machine est rapidement abandonnée ; elle génère trop de pannes.

La moissonneuse-batteuse combine des éléments ou équipements modernes pour l'époque (système sécurisé d'amenée de la récolte vers le batteur, dispositif performant de nettoyage du grain) avec des caractéristiques plus rustiques (ajustement électrique de la hauteur de coupe, réglage de la vitesse du batteur par changement des pignons), trahissant une conception américaine partiellement adaptée au marché européen.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Moissonneuse-batteuse

Massey Harris 890


Lars Henrik Aagaard (født 14. april 1961 i Hjørring) er en dansk journalist, kommentator, forfatter og quizmaster. Han er uddannet journalist 1984-88 fra Danmarks Journalisthøjskole i Aarhus. Siden 1988 fastansat på avisen Berlingske, bl.a. som litteraturreporter (1990-96), kulturredaktør (1998-2001) og fra 2002 som videnskabsjournalist.

Lars Henrik Aagaard udviklede i 2003 Berlingskes faste feriequiz "Er du rigtig klog?" og har siden formuleret over 1.000 spørgsmål årligt til quizzen. Fra 2009 videnskabskommentator med den ugentlige kommentar "Videnskabet". Fast "Professor"-spalte i børneavisen Kids' News, indtil avisen blev lukket i 2018.

Han er forfatter til flere populærvidenskabelige bøger for både voksne og børn og har ofte optrådt  i radio og tv.

Deltager i Galathea 3-ekspeditionen, 2006-2007.

Lars Henrik Aagaard modtog i 2012 De Berlingske Journalisters Pris for indsigtsfuld videnskabsjournalistik samt for dækningen af tsunamien og atomkatastrofen i Japan i 2011 og af terrorkatastrofen i Oslo og på Utøya samme år.

Bibliografi
Jorden rundt med Galathea 3, Alinea/Berlingske, 2006 (medforfatter)
Når Jorden går amok: Skælv, tsunami, vulkan, orkan, JP-Politikens Forlag, 2006
Er du rigtig Klog?, Gyldendal, 2008
Vildt vejr over Danmark, Berlingske/People'sPress, 2011
Hvor langt er der til verdens ende? 50 store spørgsmål til professoren, Berlingske/People'sPress, 2015
Hvad er Månen lavet af? 50 nye spørgsmål til professoren, Berlingske/People'sPress, 2016
Rejsen til rummet: Alt hvad du gerne vil vide om Big Bang, universet, galakser, rumrejser og rumvæsner, Berlingske/People'sPress 2017
Rejsen til Jorden: Alt hvad du gerne vil vide om jordskælv, vulkaner, mennesket, klimaet, Jordens fødsel og død, Berlingske/People'sPress 2018
Den store månebog: Månerejser, månefakta, måneopdagelser og alt om Månens fremtid, People'sPress 2019
Klimaklog: Forstå klimakrisen og lær at leve klimavenligt, People'sPress 2019
Hvad er det største der findes? 101 spørgsmål til professoren, People'sPress 2020

Journalister fra Danmark
Debattører fra Danmark
Quizmastere
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Journalister ved Berlingske
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Lars Henrik Aagaard


Paralaks veya ıraklık açısı; bir kimsenin gözünden çıkan, biri yer kürenin merkezinde öbürü yeryüzünde bulunan iki doğrunun bir gökcisminin merkezinde birleşerek oluşturdukları açı.

Yıldızların, yerküreye olan uzaklıklarını hesaplamada kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Dünyadan güneşe, güneşten yıldıza, yıldızdan da tekrar dünyaya birer çizgi çekildiğinde oluşan üçgenin açıları yardımıyla yıldızların uzaklıkları hesaplanabilmektedir. Bu yöntem ancak 3000 ışık yılı uzaklığa kadar olan hesaplamalar için sağlıklı sonuçlar vermektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Açı
Gök ölçümü
Görme
Optik

Iraklık açısı


Briksdalsbræen er en bræarm af Jostedalsbræen og ligger i  Jostedalsbreen Nationalpark. Briksdalsbræen ligger på nordsiden af Jostedalsbræen, i Briksdalen, inderst i Oldedalen i Stryn kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Briksdalsbræens top ligger ca. 1900 moh. og endte i Briksdalsbrevatnet 346 moh. (frem til 2008).

Der er foretaget årlige frontmålinger siden 1900. Bræen havde fremstød omkring 1910 og 1930, men trak sig ca. 800 meter tilbage mellem 1932 og 1951. Briksdalsbrevannet kom frem i denne periode. Bræfronten har haft flere fremstød og perioder med tilbagegang. Ved et fremstød mellem 1987 og 1997 blev vandet igen helt dækket af bræen. Efter 1999 trak bræen sig hurtigt tilbage så søen i 2008 var fuldstændig bræfri. Målingerne foretages af  Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat.

Bræen har været et kendt turistmål siden 1800-tallet og trækker årligt 300.000 besøgende.

Briksdal fjellstove (fjeldstue)  3 km nedenfor bræen har eksisteret siden 1891, med madsalg og overnatning for turister.

Kilder og henvisninger

Stryn
Gletsjere i Vestland

Briksdalsbræen


Zachary "Zach" King (født 4. februar 1990 Portland, Oregon) er en amerikansk YouTuber. Han er mest kendt for sine "magic vines" - seks sekunders videoer digitalt redigeret for at have det til se ud som om han laver magi. Han begyndte at lave videoer til YouTube i 2008, og i 2013 begyndte han at sende videoer til Vine.

I filmen Zootropolis lavede Zach en cameo i filmen.

YouTubere fra USA
Personer fra USA

Zach King