Kharkiv Oblast (), also referred to as Kharkivshchyna (), is an oblast (province) in eastern Ukraine. The oblast borders Luhansk Oblast to the east, Donetsk Oblast to the south-east, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to the south-west, Poltava Oblast to the west, Sumy Oblast to the north-west and Russia's Belgorod Oblast to the north. The area of Kharkiv Oblast is , corresponding to 5.2% of the total territory of Ukraine.

The oblast is the third-most populous province of Ukraine, with a population of 2,598,961 in 2021, more than half (1.42 million) of whom live in the city of Kharkiv, the oblast's administrative center. While the Russian language is primarily spoken in the cities of Kharkiv oblast, elsewhere in the oblast most inhabitants speak Ukrainian.

Geography
The oblast borders Russia (Belgorod Oblast) to the north, Luhansk Oblast to the east, Donetsk Oblast to the south-east, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to the south-west, Poltava Oblast to the west and Sumy Oblast to the north-west.

History
During the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929, in 1925, the Kharkov Governorate was abolished leaving its five okruhas: Okhtyrka (originally Bohodukhiv), Izyum, Kupyansk, Sumy, and Kharkiv. Introduced in the Soviet Union in 1923, a similar subdivisions existed in Ukraine back in 1918. In 1930 all okruhas were also abolished with raions becoming the first level of subdivision of Ukraine until 1932.

The modern Kharkiv Oblast was established on 27 February 1932. In the summer of 1932, some parts of the oblast were included in the newly created Donetsk Oblast originally centered in Artemivsk (later in Stalino). Then in the fall, some territories of the Kharkiv Oblast were used in the creation of Chernihiv Oblast. More territories became part of Poltava Oblast in fall of 1937 and Sumy Oblast in winter of 1939.

During the Holodomor the population of the Kharkiv Oblast together with Kyiv Oblast suffered the most. The region saw major fighting during World War II in several Battles of Kharkov between 1941 and 1943.

During the 1991 referendum, 86.33% of votes in Kharkiv Oblast were in favor of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 4.2% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 71.5% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond.

Following the Euromaidan, there was pro-Russian unrest in the region, and central government buildings were taken over by separatists in a failed attempt to create a separatist 'Kharkov's People's Republic'. The region also became a very popular destination for refugees from the Russian-occupied Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast regions.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian military launched a major military offensive in the region — the Eastern Ukraine offensive — which resulted in the occupation of parts of the oblast. By late August, about one third of the territory of Kharkiv Oblast was occupied including Izium and Kupiansk. In July 2022, the Donetsk People's Republic signed a memorandum to "liberate Kharkiv from Ukraine".

In early September 2022, the Ukrainian military commenced a counteroffensive in the region. Several settlements in the region were recaptured from Russian control. By 10 September 2022, Ukraine had recaptured Kupiansk and Izium. On 11 September, Russia had retreated from many of the settlements it previously occupied in the oblast  and the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a formal withdrawal of Russian forces from most of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an "operation to curtail and transfer troops" was underway." By 12 September 2022, as the Russian front lines in Kharkiv Oblast continued to collapse, Ukrainian forces had managed to push back to the north-eastern border with Russia in some areas of the region. By 3 October 2022, Russian forces had almost completely withdrawn from Kharkiv Oblast. As of 2023, fighting continues in the easternmost parts of the oblast in the Battle of the Svatove–Kreminna line.

Demographics

Its population in 2001 was 2,895,800 million (1,328,900 males (45.9%) and 1,566,900 females (54.1%)).

At the 2001 census, the ethnic groups within the Kharkiv Oblast were:

 Ukrainians – 70.7%
 Russians – 25.6%
 Belarusians – 0.5%
 Jews – 0.4%
 Armenians – 0.4%
 Azeris – 0.2%
 Georgians – 0.15%
 Tatars – 0.14%
 Others – 2.1%

Groups by native language:

 Ukrainian – 53.8%
 Russian – 44.3%
 Other languages – 1.9%

Age structure
 0–14 years: 12.6%  (male 177,464/female 167,321)
 15–64 years: 72.2%  (male 945,695/female 1,024,841)
 65 years and over: 15.2%  (male 135,737/female 277,725) (2013 official)

Median age
 total: 40.5 years
 male: 36.9 years
 female: 44.1 years  (2013 official)

Administrative divisions

Kharkiv Oblast is administratively subdivided into seven raions. Prior to the 2020 administrative reform, there were 25 raions, and also seven cities (municipalities) that were directly subordinate to the oblast government (Chuhuiv, Izium, Kupiansk, Liubotyn, Lozova, Pervomaiskyi, and the administrative center of the oblast, Kharkiv).

Nomenclature

Most of Ukraine's oblasts are named after their capital cities, officially called "oblast centers" (, translit. oblasnyi tsentr). The name of each oblast is a relative adjective, formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of respective center city: Kharkiv is the center of  the Kharkivs'ka oblast' (Kharkiv Oblast). Most oblasts are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix "-shchyna", as is the case with the Kharkiv Oblast, Kharkivshchyna.

Economy
The Kharkiv oblast has a primarily industrial economy, including engineering, metallurgy, manufacturing, production of chemicals and food processing. It also has an important agricultural sector with 19,000 square kilometres of arable land (comprising 5.9% of the total arable lands of Ukraine). Agricultural production grew substantially in 2015.

Also in Kharkiv is the airplane plant for space controlling systems. It is a major center for all branches of engineering, from large-scale manufacture to microelectronics. Also situated in Kharkiv Oblast is a gas field, which is one of the biggest in Ukraine.

Points of interest

The following sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.
 Derzhprom Building
 Pokrov monastery (Kharkiv)
 Skovoroda museum

Sport
It has a regional federation within Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation.

References

External links
 Kharkiv Oblast Facts & Figures
 Kharkiv Oblast statistics
 Maps of Kharkiv oblast Cities, Towns and Villages
 About Kharkiv Oblast
 Post codes directory of Kharkiv Oblast

Oblasts of Ukraine
States and territories established in 1932
1932 establishments in Ukraine

Kharkiv Oblast


Međunarodni identifikator autoriziranih podataka (ISADN - International Standard Authority Data Number) je međunarodni identifikator autoriziranih podataka.

Otkad postoje knjižnice, za učinkovit rad presudna je bila identifikacija autora. Radi usklađenja toga na međunarodnoj razini, došlo se još od 1970-ih na zamisao o međunarodnom identifikatoru autoriziranih podataka i međunarodnoj virtualnoj normativnoj bazi koja bi bila unutar IFLA-e. Potreba za međunarodnom virtualnom normativnom bazom iskazala se prvo kao zamisao o jedinstvenoj međunarodnoj normativnoj bazi. Zamisao je prerasla u zamisao o povezanim nacionalnim ili regionalnim normativnim podatcima. Inicijativa za pokretanje razvoja međunarodnog identifikatora autoriziranih podataka ISADN rodila se 1979. godine. Radna skupina za Uvjete za funkcionalnost i obrojčivanje zapisa autoriziranih podataka FRANAR suočila se s nerješivim problemima s uvišestručivanjem dodjela te mnogih administrativnih i inih problema centraliziranog sustava. Zbog toga je donijela 2008. godine studija o izvodljivosti "ISADN-a s preporukama da IFLA napusti zadatak definiranja tog identifikatora kako je bio izvorno zamišljen te da nastavi pratiti slična nastojanja u knjižničnom i drugim sektorima".

Od polovice 2000-ih pa narednih desetak godina uz ovaj su se pojavili su se i brojni drugi pokušaji identificiranja autora: Elsevierov Researcher ID, Scopusov Author ID, ORCID, ArXiv Author ID i tako dalje. Nisu se proširili na globalno identificiranje autora zbog vlastitih ograničenja: uska područje pokrivanja, nedostatnost dobro razvijene infrastrukture koja bi ih podupirala, mogućnost višestrukog (obično dvostrukog) zapisa za istog autora, smanjen opseg podataka koji pružaju i zahtjevniji postupci pretraživanja. Identifikator za autore imao je više preduvjeta, a informacijske tehnologije bile su tek jedan od njih.

Izvori

Knjižničarstvo


Pasaport, yabancı ülkelere gidecek olanlara yetkili kuruluşça verilen, yabancı ülke yetkililerinin kimlik incelemesinde geçerli olan belgedir.

Türkiye'de bordo, pasaportlar İl ve İlçe Nüfus Müdürlükleri, yeşil ve gri pasaportlar yalnızca İl Nüfus Müdürlükleri tarafından yurt dışında ise dış temsilciliklerce (örn. konsolosluk) verilirken, siyah pasaport verme yetkisi Dışişleri Bakanlığı'ndadır. Pasaport Kanunu 15 Temmuz 1950'de kabul edilmiştir (5682 sayılı kanun). Pasaport Kanunu'na göre Türkiye'ye giriş için 3 zorunluluk vardır: giriş kapılarından girme, pasaport veya onun yerine geçen bir belge bulundurma, vize (sadece yabancılar için). Giriş çıkışlar ancak Bakanlar Kurulunca saptanır ve kara, hava, demir, deniz yollarını kapsar. Özellikle kara yolundaki giriş çıkışlarda kontrol komşu devletle karşılıklı gerçekleşir. Bakanlar Kurulunca belirlenmiş yollar dışında giriş çıkışlar yasaktır ve uymayanlar cezalandırılır. Batmakta olan bir gemiden can havliyle giriş yaparak karaya çıkanlar bundan ayrı tutulur. 1 Haziran 2010 tarihinden itibaren Türkiye'de e-pasaport sistemine geçilmiştir.

Pasaport, gerçek kişilere özgü bir belgedir. Pasaport Kanunu, Türk Vatandaşlığı Kanunu, Polis Kanunu ve Gümrük Kanunu konuyla yakından ilgilidir.

Pasaportun amaçları
 yurttaşlığın kanıtı
 bir devletin, uyruğuna başka ülkeye gitmede izin vermiş olduğunu göstermesi
 pasaport sahibine gereken resmî kolaylık sağlanmasının belgesi olması
 vizelerin üzerine işlenmesi
 sınırlardan giriş ve çıkışlarda kanıt oluşturan damgaların üzerine vurulması. PK'ye göre, uyruk durumu düzgün olmayanlara ve yurtsuzlara da 'yabancılara mahsus damgalı pasaport' verilebilir.

2003 Kasım ayında Suriye'den 5 bin kişi 48 saatliğine bu belgeyle akrabalarını ziyaret için Hatay'a girip çıkmıştır. Diğer belgeler ise: gemi adamı cüzdanı, demiryolu personeli kimlik belgesi, uçak mürettebatı belgesi.

Göçmenler, hükûmet temsilcisinin verdiği vesika veya göçmen belgesi ile pasaportsuz giriş çıkış yapabilirler. Mülteciler ise, Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna İlişkin Sözleşme (1951)'ye göre taraf devletlerden birinin mültecisi seyahat belgesi taşır, izinsiz girişlerinde cezalandırılmaz; sözleşmeye taraf devletlerden birinde ikamet etmeyenlerin girişi ise İçişleri Bakanlığı izniyle olur. Türkiye ile KKTC ve Türkiye ile Gürcistan arasındaki geçişlerde pasaport zorunluluğu yoktur, karşılıklı olarak kimlik belgesi ile giriş yapılabilir. Diğer tüm ülkelere seyahatlerde T.C. yurttaşlarının pasaport ibraz etmesi zorunludur. Bazı Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinden (Almanya, Belçika, Fransa, Hollanda, İspanya, İtalya, Lüksemburg, Malta, Portekiz ve Yunanistan) ayrıca İsviçre ve Lihtenştayn'dan gelen yabancıların Türkiye'ye belli bazı sınır kapılarından (örn: Atatürk Havalimanı) yaptıkları girişlerde pasaport yerine, o ülkelerin kimlik belgesini ibraz etmeleri yeterlidir. Belçika, Fransa, İspanya, İsviçre, Lüksemburg ve Portekiz pasaportları geçerliliklerini son beş yılda (Almanya - son bir yılda) yitirmiş olsalar bile Türkiye'ye giriş-çıkış yapmaya yeterlidir.  Bir araçla giriş yapacakların geçerli bir pasaport ibrazı zorunludur. Pasaportsuz veya yerine geçen belgesiz olanlar ise, Türk vatandaşı iseler, yurda sokulurlar. Vatandaşlığını kanıtlayamayanlar geri çevrilirler. Sınırdışı edilenlerin masrafları kendilerine aittir. Yabancılar ise doğrudan geri çevrilirler. Pasaportunu kaybedenler hakkında İçişleri Bakanlığı soruşturması yapılır. Buna rağmen içeri girenler ağır para cezası ve 1 aydan 6 aya kadar hapisle cezalandırılırlar. Yabancı, cezasını çektikten sonra da sınırdışı edilir. Masrafını karşılayacak parası yoksa sevkini devlet yapar.

Türkiye'de pasaport türleri

 Umumi Pasaport: Her Türk vatandaşına verilebilir. KKTC vatandaşları ile Türkiye'de ikamet eden vatandaşların da alabilecekleri en yaygın pasaport türüdür.
 Hususi Pasaport: 1. 2. ve 3. dereceli devlet memurlarına, belediye başkanlarına, eski TBMM üyelerine, ülke için olağanüstü faaliyetlerde bulunanlara ve bunların 18 yaşına kadar olan çocukları ile evlenmemiş kız çocukları ve 25 yaşın altında olup eğitimine devam eden erkek çocuklarına ve anne - babalarına verilir.
 Hizmet Pasaportu: Devlet tarafından görevlendirilen kişilere görevleri süresince geçerli olarak verilen kısa süreli pasaporttur.
 Diplomatik Pasaport: Diplomatik temsilciliklerde çalışanlara, TBMM üyelerine, Yüksek Yargı üyelerine ve Kuvvet Komutanları ile Genelkurmay Başkanına verilir. Diplomatik Pasaport alma hakkı olan kişilerin 18 yaşına kadar olan çocukları ile evlenmemiş kız çocukları ve 25 yaşın altında olup eğitimine devam eden erkek çocuklarına ve anne - babalarına verilir.
Geçici Pasaport: Pasaportu kayıp veya çalınmış olanlara verilen tek kişilik pasaport türüdür.
 Seyahat Belgesi: Pasaportu kayıp veya çalınmış olanlara kısa süreliğine verilir.
 Gemi Adamı Cüzdanı: Uluslararası gemilerde görev yapan Türk mürettebata verilir.

Başka pasaport türleri
Bazı ülkelerde iç seyahatler için de pasaport gerekebilir, bazı ülkelerde dış seyahat için seyahat amacına uygun daha amaç odaklı pasaportlar verilebilir.

Yeni kimlik ispat teknolojileri pasaport alanında da kullanılmaya başlayalı biyometrik pasaport sayesinde sınırlarda giriş kontrol işlemlerinin kolaylaştırılması, internet üzerinden başka ülkelerin resmi dairelerine başvurularda kimlik doğrulanması olanağı doğmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'nin vize politikası
 Türk vatandaşlarının tabi olduğu vize uygulamaları

Kaynakça

Pasaport


A retailers' cooperative is a type of cooperative which employs economies of scale on behalf of its retailer members. Retailers' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses. A retailers' cooperative is essentially a group of independently owned businesses that pool their resources to purchase in bulk, usually by establishing a central buying organization, and engage in joint promotion efforts. It is common for locally owned grocery stores, hardware stores, and pharmacies to participate in retailers' cooperatives.

A consumers' cooperative, sometimes referred to as a retail cooperative, should be distinguished from a retailers' cooperative.

Governance and operation
Retailers' cooperatives are governed by democratic member control, which generally means one vote per member. Some firms, such as E. Leclerc, are able to make decisions in this fashion, with each member business only receiving one vote.  For many retailer co-ops, however, it is difficult to achieve a democratic standard. Since the members are businesses rather than individuals, offering one vote per member will leave the larger member businesses underrepresented. If the number of votes is based on the size of the business, there is a risk of all smaller businesses within the cooperative being outvoted by a larger business. A democratic solution that many retailers' cooperatives employ is an increase in votes based on business size, up to a certain point, say 5 or 10 votes. This way, the degree of representation for member businesses varies.

Financing and economic goals
In order to lower costs, retailers' cooperatives establish central buying locations, providing them with the opportunity to purchase in bulk. Retailers' cooperatives also engage in group advertising and promotion, uniform stock merchandising, and private branding. This increases consumer recognition of brands and is beneficial for the stores under a franchise.

The aim of the cooperative is to improve buying conditions for its members, which are retail businesses in this case. The incentive to remain in the cooperative is largely due to the profits that members gain. Generally, any surpluses are shared by the members in accordance with their original input.

Examples

Examples of retailer's cooperatives include the following:
Australia and New Zealand
Mitre 10
Foodstuffs
Canada
Carpet One
Federated Co-operatives
Home Hardware
United States
Carpet One
Ace Hardware
Chez Hotels
Do It Best
Frontier Co-Op
True Value (until 2018, now privately owned)
Best Western (until 1985, now a franchisor)
ShopRite
National Automotive Parts Association (NAPA)
France
E.Leclerc
Les Mousquetaires
Système U
Germany
Edeka
REWE Group
Italy
Conad
United Kingdom
Nisa
Edinburgh Bicycle Cooperative

References

See also

 Cooperative

de:Einkaufsgenossenschaft

Retailers' cooperative


Fiul lui Saul (titlu original: în ) este un film maghiar dramatic din 2015 regizat de . Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii ,  și Levente Molnár.  Povestea filmului are loc în lagărul de concentrare Auschwitz în timpul celui de al Doilea Război Mondial și prezintă o zi și jumătate din viața lui Saul Ausländer (interpretat de Géza Röhrig), membru al unităților de muncă forțată .

Fiul lui Saul a avut premiera la , unde a câștigat Marele Premiu. A fost proiectat la  în cadrul secțiunii Prezentări Speciale.

A câștigat în 2016 Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin și Premiul Globul de Aur pentru cel mai bun film într-o limbă străină. Este al nouălea film maghiar care a fost nominalizat pentru premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin, primul după filmul lui István Szabó, , care a fost nominalizat în 1988. Este al doilea film maghiar care a câștigat premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin, primul fiind filmul lui István Szabó, Mefisto în 1981.

Este primul film maghiar care a câștigat Premiul Globul de Aur pentru cel mai bun film într-o limbă străină.

Prezentare

Distribuție
  - Saul
 Levente Molnár - Abraham
  - Oberkapo Biedermann
  - Doctor Miklós Nyiszli
 Todd Charmont - false Rabbi Braun
 Uwe Lauer - SS-Oberscharführer Voss
  - SS-Oberscharführer Busch
 Kamil Dobrowolski - Oberkapo Mietek
 Jerzy Walczak - Rabbi Frankel
  - Feigenbaum
 Attila Fritz - Yankl
 Amitai Kedar - Hirsch
 Márton Ágh - Renegade/Apikoyres
 Levente Orbán - Russian Prisoner
 Tom Pilath - SS-Oberscharführer
 Mihály Kormos - Kapo Schlojme
 Juli Jakab - Ella
 Mendy Cahan - Sonderkommanando
  - Extra

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial produse în anii 2010
 A 73-a ediție a Premiilor Globul de Aur
 Oscar 2016

Filme din 2015
Filme regizate de László Nemes
Filme maghiare
Filme în limba germană
Filme în limba poloneză
Filme în limba maghiară
Filme în limba idiș
Filme dramatice
Filme Mozinet
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin
BAFTA pentru cel mai bun film străin

Fiul lui Saul


Manguster (Herpestidae) er en familie af kattelignende rovdyr hjemmehørende i Sydøstasien, Mellemøsten, Afrika og Sydeuropa. Flere arter er tillige indført til Caribien, Fiji og Hawaii. Tidligere var også 6 arter af små rovdyr fra Madagaskar inkluderet i Mangust-familien, men genetiske undersøgelser har vist at de hører til i familien Eupleridae (Madagaskarrovdyr). De 34 arter spænder fra 24 til 58 cm i længden (fraregnet halen) og vejer fra 320 g (dværgmangust) til 5 kg (hvidhalet mangust) Manguster opdeles i to underfamilier: solitære og sociale manguster.

Manguster har en slående lighed med mårdyr (mustelider) med deres spidse snuder, lange slanke krop, små, afrundede ører, korte ben og lange, aftagende haler. Klørene kan ikke trækkes ind i poterne (som hos katte) og bruges primært til grave. Pupillen er vandret rektangulær, som f.eks. også hos geder. De fleste arter har en stor anal duftkirtel, der anvendes til afmærkning af territorier og i forbindelse med parring.

I modsætning til de trælevende og primært nataktive desmerdyr er manguster mere knyttet til jorden og mange er dagaktive. Føden er primært insekter , krebsdyr , regnorme , firben , fugle og gnavere, men også æg og ådsler .

Manguster, i særdeleshed den indiske grå mangust er kendte for deres evne til at dræbe giftige slanger, især kobraslanger. Deres evne skyldes dels deres smidighed, hurtighed og tykke pels, og dels specialiserede acetylcholinreceptorer i musklerne, som gør dem resistente over for slangegift. . Manguster undgår dog generelt kobraslanger og slår dem ikke ihjel for at spise dem.

Manguster i kulturen
Manguster optræder hyppigt i folklore og kultur. En meget kendt fiktiv mangust er Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, beskrevet af Rudyard Kipling i en novelle af samme navn i Junglebogen (1894). I historien redder Rikki-Tikki-Tavi sin menneskefamilie fra en giftslange (en krait) og to kobraer, Nag og Nagaina.
En anden velkent fiktiv mangust er Timon fra Walt Disneys Løvernes Konge. Timon er en surikat.

Systematik

 Familie Herpestidae
 Underfamile Herpestinae (solitære manguster)
 sumpmangust, almindelig mangust, faraorotte, krabbemangust, hvidhalet mangust m.fl.
 Underfamilie Mungotinae (sociale manguster)
 kusimans, zebramangust, rævemangust, dværgmangust,surikat m.fl.

Referencer

Rovdyr

Manguster


The Lucy Show is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from 1962 to 1968. It was Lucille Ball's follow-up to I Love Lucy. A significant change in cast and premise for the fourth season (1965–1966) divides the program into two distinct eras; aside from Ball, only Gale Gordon, who joined the program for its second season, remained. For the first three seasons, Vivian Vance was the co-star.

The earliest scripts were titled The Lucille Ball Show; but, when that title was rejected by CBS, producers thought of calling the show This Is Lucy or The New Adventures of Lucy, before deciding on the title The Lucy Show. Ball won consecutive Emmy Awards as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the series' final two seasons, 1966–67 and 1967–68.

Creation

In 1960, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz divorced, and the final episode of The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour aired (using the I Love Lucy format). Later that year, Ball moved to New York to try the Broadway stage in an unsuccessful musical, Wildcat. During the show's run, Ball was plagued by illness and fatigue and in early 1961, the show closed when she collapsed on stage from total exhaustion. Later that year, she married for the second time, to comedian Gary Morton. Ball returned to television in the spring of 1962, when she teamed with Henry Fonda in a CBS special titled The Good Years. However, she was adamant about not returning to weekly television, feeling she could never top the success of I Love Lucy.

At that time, Desilu Productions was struggling. In the spring of 1961, four of the studio's situation comedies were cancelled: The Ann Sothern Show; Angel, a sitcom starring Marshall Thompson and French actress Annie Farge; Harrigan and Son, starring Pat O'Brien and Roger Perry; and Guestward, Ho!, starring Joanne Dru and Mark Miller. After a two-year run, the comedy series Pete and Gladys (which was a spin-off of the popular Desilu sitcom December Bride), was canceled in the spring of 1962. It starred Harry Morgan and Cara Williams in the title roles. At that time, the red-headed Williams, who had been promoted as the next Lucille Ball, had just received an Emmy nomination as Best Actress in a Comedy Series for her role on the show. That left Desilu with only one hit series, The Untouchables.

Arnaz, as president of Desilu, offered Ball an opportunity to return to television in a weekly sitcom. At that time, CBS executives were somewhat dubious as to whether Ball could carry a show without Arnaz, and whether she could follow such a landmark series as I Love Lucy. It was "never intended for this program to go beyond a single season." This arrangement was "meant to be a stop-gap measure for the beleaguered studio" and that through the sale of this series, Desilu was able to "force the CBS network to invest in and air other upcoming Desilu products." It was a strategy that Ball would use in the future to take control of The Lucy Show'''s renewal from CBS. With Arnaz's encouragement and persuasion, Ball agreed to do the show, provided that it would be shown on Monday nights (the night on which I Love Lucy had aired), and that she would be reunited with Vivian Vance and her writers from I Love Lucy. CBS agreed to a full season of episodes without a pilot, and The Lucy Show premiered on Monday, October 1, 1962, at 8:30 p.m.

 Premise
The original premise of the series was that widow Lucy Carmichael lives in the fictional town of Danfield, New York, with her teenage daughter Chris and younger son Jerry, with her divorced friend Vivian "Viv" Bagley and Bagley's young son Sherman as tenants. Early episodes included their next-door neighbor, Harry Connors. Lucy's late husband left her a substantial trust fund, managed by a local banker (originally recurring character Mr. Barnsdahl, and later regular character Mr. Mooney); Lucy would frequently try to persuade the bank to let her raid the fund for various purchases or harebrained projects. Lucy also took on various jobs to boost her finances. Lucy, Viv, and Chris all dated regularly, yielding additional fodder for plots; in early episodes, Viv had a regular boyfriend, Eddie Collins.

In 1965, the show was extensively retooled for its fourth season. Lucy moves to Los Angeles to be closer to Chris, who was attending college in California (but no longer appeared on the show), and enrolls Jerry in a military boarding school there (facilitating his also being written out). Viv, now remarried as Vivian Bunson, remains in Danfield with Sherman, but visits Lucy a few times; Lucy's new best friend is Mary Jane Lewis. Lucy finds that Mr. Mooney has been transferred to the Los Angeles branch of the bank, and she eventually becomes his employee there. The new setting provided ample opportunity for celebrities to appear as themselves, often becoming entangled in Lucy's zany schemes. References to Lucy's children and her trust fund were eventually dropped, and this remained the show's premise through the sixth and final season.

ProductionThe Lucy Show was one of only two sitcoms at the time to use the multi-camera setup and film with a live studio audience (The Dick Van Dyke Show, which was also filmed by Desilu and aired on CBS, was the other).

The show began with Lucille Ball as Lucy Carmichael, a widow with two children, Chris (Candy Moore) and Jerry (Jimmy Garrett), living in the fictional town of Danfield, New York, sharing her home with divorced friend Vivian Bagley (Vance) and her son, Sherman (Ralph Hart). In order to get Vance to commit to the series, Arnaz acquiesced to her demands for an increase in salary, co-star billing, a more attractive wardrobe and, finally, that her character's name be Vivian. After doing I Love Lucy, she was still being referred to as Ethel Mertz by people on the street, much to her annoyance.

Although the book on which the show was based, Irene Kampen's Life Without George, centered on two divorcées living together in the same house raising their children, it was decided early on that the Lucy Carmichael character should instead be a widow. The consensus was that fans would be offended with a Lucy who was divorced, despite the fact that this was a new character and Ball herself was divorced. The character of Vivian Bagley became the first divorced woman on primetime television.

In the show's original format, Lucy had been left with a substantial trust fund by her late husband, which was managed during the first season by local banker Mr. Barnsdahl (Charles Lane). Comedian Dick Martin, working solo from his longtime partner Dan Rowan, was cast in ten episodes as Lucy's next-door neighbor and frequent boyfriend, Harry Connors, during the show's first season. Character actor Don Briggs was also featured in six episodes as Viv's beau, Eddie Collins, and Tom Lowell, a young actor seen on various primetime television shows, appeared in three installments as Chris Carmichael's boyfriend, Alan Harper. The first season of The Lucy Show fully utilized the talents of Bob Carroll Jr., Madelyn Martin, Bob Schiller, and Bob Weiskopf (four of the five original writers of I Love Lucy) in creating its thirty episodes, with Desi Arnaz as executive producer for fifteen of those shows. At the end of its first season, The Lucy Show received rave reviews from the critics and ranked #5 in the Nielsen ratings. Ball was nominated for an Emmy Award as Best Actress in a Series, but lost to Shirley Booth for the NBC comedy hit Hazel. Bolstered by great ratings, the series was renewed for a second year, but many changes were made.

At the beginning of the 1962–63 season, Desi Arnaz resigned as head of Desilu and as the executive producer of The Lucy Show. Ball took over as president of the studio and Elliott Lewis replaced Arnaz as executive producer of Ball's series. Dick Martin, Don Briggs, Tom Lowell, and Charles Lane left the show. The characters of Harry Connors and Alan Harper were never mentioned again. Briggs would make one more appearance as Eddie Collins in the episode "Lucy Goes Duck Hunting". The Barnsdahl character was replaced by Theodore J. Mooney, played by Gale Gordon, who would remain with the series for the remainder of its run, surviving another format change. In the episode "Lucy Gets Locked in the Vault", Gordon's character is introduced when Lucy discovers that Mr. Barnsdahl has been transferred to another bank and that the management of her trust fund has been taken over by a new banker. The name "Theodore Mooney" had been used earlier by the actor George Cisar, who was cast as a police sergeant on thirty-one episodes of Gordon's other CBS sitcom, Dennis the Menace.

Gordon had worked with Ball as far back as 1938 on the CBS radio program The Wonder Show and later worked with her on another radio show, My Favorite Husband. When CBS retooled My Favorite Husband for television as I Love Lucy, Gordon was offered the role of Fred Mertz, but he was already committed to the radio series Our Miss Brooks (which also was about to move to television) so William Frawley was cast in the part. In 1952, Gordon guest starred on the first season of I Love Lucy as Ricky Ricardo's boss at the Tropicana, Alvin Littlefield. Six years later, Gordon became a regular on the short-lived NBC-TV sitcom Sally which starred actress Joan Caulfield (who inherited Lucille Ball's role as Liz Cooper when My Favorite Husband was directly adapted to television in 1953). In the late fall of 1958, Gordon guest-starred as a judge in the hour-long Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour episode "Lucy Makes Room for Danny". From 1960 to 1962, he had recurring roles on two CBS-TV sitcoms – The Danny Thomas Show and Pete and Gladys. Gordon was to have joined The Lucy Show at its premiere in the fall of 1962, but he was still contractually obligated to Dennis the Menace, in which he had replaced Joseph Kearns, who had unexpectedly died earlier in the year. It was later revealed that Ball had grown unhappy with Charles Lane because of his difficulty remembering his lines in front of the studio audience and was eager to have Gordon join the cast. Lane then became a semi-regular on the CBS-TV sitcom Petticoat Junction as Homer Bedloe.

During the first two seasons, a few guest stars were brought in for some episodes such as Broadway superstar Ethel Merman, actor-comedian Wally Cox, singer Roberta Sherwood, and golf pros Jimmy Demaret and Bo Wininger. Character actor-comedian Hans Conried, who was a semi-regular on The Danny Thomas Show playing Uncle Tonoose, appeared on two episodes of The Lucy Show in 1963 ("Lucy's Barbershop Quartet" and "Lucy Plays Cleopatra") playing Dr. Gitterman, a voice teacher. At this time, Ball also used many other well-known character actors in featured parts such as Carole Cook, Mary Wickes, Roscoe Karns, John McGiver, William Schallert, John Carradine, Robert Alda, Majel Barrett, Karen Norris, Dorothy Konrad, Lou Krugman, Stafford Repp, Ellen Corby, Philip Carey, Carl Benton Reid, Lyle Talbot, Leon Ames, Jackie Coogan, Kathleen Freeman, Keith Andes (who was Ball's leading man in the Broadway musical Wildcat), William Windom, Vito Scotti. Robert Rockwell, Frank Aletter, Reta Shaw, Murvyn Vye, Hazel Pierce, J. Pat O'Malley, Roland Winters, Sandra Gould, Cesare Danova, Bobs Watson, Nancy Kulp, future Academy Award-winning actor Jack Albertson, and even the "Queen of the Hollywood Extras" Bess Flowers. In addition, young performers like Don Grady, Tina Cole, Barry Livingston, Eddie Applegate, Stephen Talbot, Lee Aaker, Eddie Hodges, future Academy Award-nominee Michael J. Pollard, and even Ball's two children Lucie Arnaz and Desi Arnaz, Jr. also made appearances on the program. In the second season, Ball's second husband Gary Morton made his acting debut on The Lucy Show.

At the end of the second season, a disagreement erupted between Ball and head writers Bob Carroll, Jr., and Madelyn Martin regarding a particular script which Ball found to be inferior. As a result, Carroll, Martin, Weiskopf and Schiller left the series.

In early 1964, the show was in threat of getting cancelled when Lucille Ball attempted to retire from CBS to spend her time as president of Desilu Productions, but she changed her mind an signed a new three-year agreement with the network.

In the fall of 1964, though CBS began to broadcast sporting events and cartoons in color, they still refused to broadcast The Lucy Show in color. Through that year ownership of color TV sets grew, and several other manufacturers began making color equipment and color TV sets.

At the beginning of the 1964–65 season, The Lucy Show went through a significant staff change. Elliott Lewis left the series as executive producer and was replaced by Jack Donohue, who served as producer and director. With the absence of Carroll, Martin, Weiskopf, and Schiller, Ball hired veteran comedy writer Milt Josefsberg, who had written for Jack Benny, as script consultant. Under Josefsberg's supervision there were no permanent writers for the series and different writers were employed each week (among them, Garry Marshall). Ball persuaded Weiskopf and Schiller to return and write four installments.

There were further changes to the series. Vivian Vance reduced the number of episodes in which she appeared in that season to spend more time on the East Coast with her husband, literary editor John Dodds. Ann Sothern, whom Ball considered to be "the best comedian in the business, bar none" and a personal friend, made a number of appearances during 1964 and 1965 as the "Countess Framboise" (née Rosie Harrigan) to fill Vance's absence. The Countess, who had been widowed by the death of her husband, "who left her his noble title and all of his noble debts," was always trying to get money to pay off her debts. She also did battle with Mr. Mooney, whom she called "Mr. Money". Because it was known that Vance would be leaving the series, Sothern was proposed as the new co-star, but she declined. Sothern allegedly wanted to share top billing with Ball, a term that Ball was unwilling to accept. Sothern made three more guest appearances during the following (1965–66) season.

In the spring of 1965, Vance was growing tired of commuting weekly between her home on the East Coast and Los Angeles. To continue appearing on the show, Vance wanted more creative control with the opportunity to produce and direct episodes and to receive better pay. Agents and studio executives misinformed Ball regarding Vance's desires, believing that she wanted to be Ball's equal. It was decided not to meet Vance's requests, leaving both Ball and Vance feeling betrayed by the other. As a result, Vance decided to leave the series. Ball would later regret not giving Vance what she requested. Without Vance on the show, Ball seriously considered ending the series, feeling she couldn't continue without her.

Even though Candy Moore, Jimmy Garrett, and Ralph Hart were still contracted to the series, they were used minimally during the third year. For example, in the episode "Lucy and The Old Mansion", which was the final Season 3 installment, filmed in January 1965, Moore, Garrett, and Hart appear in the opening scene, have a few lines of dialogue, then exit. It is the last time in which all of the three children are seen, and they were subsequently written out in Season 4. Dropping Candy Moore, in fact, was Ball's decision. Because Moore was very popular with teenagers and the subject of dozens of articles in youth-oriented magazines at the time, her departure was originally nixed by CBS but finally accepted when Ball threatened to "retire."

The third season included such guest stars as Jack Benny, Bob Hope, Danny Kaye, and Arthur Godfrey.

Format, setting, and major cast changes

In the first episode of the fourth season, Lucy and Jerry Carmichael and Mr. Mooney moved from Danfield to California, where Lucy began working for Mr. Mooney at the bank. Lucy's daughter Chris was said to have gone away to college and was not mentioned again. It was explained that Vance's character (Vivian Bagley) remarried and that she, along with her son Sherman and her new husband, remained in Danfield, although she returned for a few guest appearances towards the end of the series' run. With Candy Moore and Ralph Hart having already left the show at this point, only Jimmy Garrett was retained, but he would make only two appearances to support the transition before he, too, was phased out of the series.

This procedure was later explained by Oscar Katz, one of Desilu's vice presidents. According to Katz, "If you go into a network with the same series but a radically changed format, the contracts allow for greater financial renegotiation." Candy Moore adds, "By dropping all of us at once, Desilu was able to get a lot more money out of CBS for the continuation of The Lucy Show."

In the fourth season premiere episode, "Lucy at Marineland", Jerry was quickly shipped off to a military academy. He made one final appearance, in a Christmas-themed episode, midway in the 1965–66 season. Sothern made three more guest appearances as the Countess, and Joan Blondell guest-starred in two episodes as Lucy's new friend Joan Brenner. However, Ball felt there was no chemistry between them and so, the idea of Blondell becoming Lucy's new comrade on the series was quickly rejected.

Finally, Lucy gained a new best friend, Mary Jane Lewis (Mary Jane Croft). Croft had prior experience performing with Ball and was the wife of former executive producer Elliott Lewis. In 1954, she made her first appearance on I Love Lucy playing Cynthia Harcourt, a rich friend of Lucy Ricardo in the episode "Lucy Is Envious". In 1956, she returned to the series playing Evelyn Bigsby, a traveler seated next to Lucy on an airplane in the fifth season finale, "Return Home from Europe". In 1957, she made her final appearances on the series as Lucy's neighbor Betty Ramsey in the sixth season. During the 1950s, Croft also had occasional roles on I Married Joan and Our Miss Brooks. She was also the voice of Cleo the basset hound in the sitcom The People's Choice. Croft then portrayed Lucy Carmichael's friend Audrey Simmons during the 1962–64 episodes of The Lucy Show. In the third season, with the departure of Elliott Lewis as executive producer, Croft had also left the series, although her character of Audrey was still referred to in a few episodes but never seen. At this time, Croft had also been a regular for ten years on the long-running ABC-TV sitcom The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, which was in its final year of production in 1965. In returning to The Lucy Show in the fall of 1965 as a new character, Croft was replacing Vivian Vance as Lucy's pal and co-conspirator; she did not, however, get co-star billing – like Roy Roberts, who played Mooney's boss at the bank, Mr. Cheever, she received featured billing despite playing a regular character.

By January 1966, all references to Lucy Carmichael's children, her trust fund, and her former life in Danfield were dropped. Lucy Carmichael was firmly established as a single woman living in Los Angeles. Lucy worked in films disguised as stunt man "'Iron Man' Carmichael" for three episodes ("Lucy the Stunt Man", "Lucy and the Return of Iron Man", and "Lucy and Bob Crane"). At the end of the 1965–66 season Lucille Ball was nominated for her second Emmy for The Lucy Show as Best Actress in a Comedy Series, however, Mary Tyler Moore took home the trophy for her role as Laura Petrie for The Dick Van Dyke Show.

The next two seasons featured many stars making guest appearances as themselves conducting business at Lucy's bank. For the last two seasons, Vivian Vance made three guest appearances in her role as Vivian Bagley (except it was now Vivian Bunson, as her character had gotten married again when Lucy Carmichael moved to California). In all three episodes in which Viv visited Lucy, there were passing references to their former life in Danfield as well as Viv's new husband, but no mention was made about any of their children. In the fifth-year episode "Lucy Gets Caught Up in the Draft", Lucy Carmichael receives a letter from her son, who is away in military school. In that installment, he is called Jimmy, not Jerry. During the filming of that particular show, Ball was constantly being corrected by her crew saying that the son's name was Jerry and that Jimmy Garrett had played that part and that was the reason for her being confused. However, Ball refused to listen and so the error stayed in and that was the last reference to Lucy Carmichael's son. For the 1966–67 season, Gale Gordon was nominated for an Emmy Award as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series, but lost to Don Knotts, who won for his guest appearance in the episode "The Return of Barney Fife" on The Andy Griffith Show. Maury Thompson received a nomination for Best Directing in a Comedy Series and is the only Lucy director ever to receive a nomination in the directing category. After eleven years, Ball was finally awarded an Emmy as "Best Actress in a Comedy Series" (she had previously won two, as "Best Comedienne" in 1953 and as "Best Actress in a Continuing Performance" in 1956 for I Love Lucy).

During the 1967–68 season, Ball's second husband, Gary Morton, became executive producer of The Lucy Show. Lucille Ball sold Desilu Productions to Gulf+Western Industries, abandoning ownership of the series. In the spring of 1968, The Lucy Show won Emmy nominations for Best Comedy Series, Milt Josefsberg and Ray Singer for Best Writing in a Comedy Series, Lucille Ball for Best Actress in a Comedy Series, and Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Gale Gordon). This time, Gordon lost the award to Werner Klemperer of Hogan's Heroes, and the show itself lost the Best Comedy Series Award to the NBC sitcom Get Smart. For the second straight year, Ball was awarded the coveted statuette. At the end of its sixth season, The Lucy Show posted its highest Nielsen rating, ranking at #2.

After six seasons, Ball decided to end the series, feeling that the show had enough episodes for syndication. Ball opted to continue on television under the provision that her two children, Lucie Arnaz and Desi Arnaz Jr., agreed to appear alongside her. Thus, in the fall of 1968, an entirely new series, Here's Lucy, debuted. This series featured her and her children, as well as Gordon. Croft was gradually added as a regular and Vance made several guest appearances. Gordon, as well as both actresses, played new characters which were similar to their characters on the former series. Like I Love Lucy and The Lucy Show, Here's Lucy also ran on CBS for six seasons.

Cast

Guest stars

From the 1965–66 season onward, with the change in format, a number of celebrities guest starred on The Lucy Show, usually playing themselves under the premise that the Lucy Carmichael character, now living in Hollywood, crossed paths with them, either in her day-to-day life, or through her job at the bank. These included Jack Benny, Mickey Rooney, Carol Burnett, George Burns, Joan Crawford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Dean Martin, Phil Silvers, Frankie Avalon, Wayne Newton, Robert Stack, Mel Tormé, John Vivyan, Jack Cassidy, Clint Walker, and Milton Berle.

Other CBS shows were sometimes brought in. In the episode "Lucy and John Wayne", a photograph of Bob Crane as Colonel Hogan from Hogan's Heroes can be seen as guest star Wayne is exiting a scene.

The episode featuring Joan Crawford, "Lucy and the Lost Star", caused much celebrity fodder given Ball and Crawford's very public feud during the filming. According to Ball, Crawford was often drunk on the set and could not remember her lines. Ball was said to have requested several times to replace Crawford with Gloria Swanson, who was supposed to have filled the role originally but bowed out due to health reasons. Crawford was so upset that at one point, she wouldn't leave her dressing room. According to Ball's friend the singer-comedian Kaye Ballard, it was Vanda Barra, a featured actress frequently used on The Lucy Show, who finally persuaded Crawford to continue with the show by giving her a much needed pep talk. As a result, Crawford sailed through the filming with nary a flaw. After the show was filmed, Crawford went out of her way to thank Barra for encouraging and supporting her.

The February 14, 1966 episode featuring Dean Martin (in which Lucy Carmichael accepts a blind date with Dean Martin's lookalike stunt double "Eddie Feldman," but when he can't make it, the real Dean Martin takes his place on the date with Lucy) was described by Ball as her favorite episode of the series.

Lucie Arnaz, Ball's daughter, appeared in several episodes of the show during its run: she was an extra in the first season's third episode, "Lucy Is a Referee," the teenage best friend of Chris in "Lucy Is a Soda Jerk" and "Lucy Is a Chaperone" (though she was only 12 at the time), and later as one of her mother's friends in the 1967 "Lucy and Robert Goulet" (although she was only 16). She was also seen briefly as a teen walking past Lucy and Mr. Mooney in the episode "Lucy and the Ring a Ding Ring". She was also seen playing a student named Patty in the episode "Lucy Gets Her Diploma".

In addition, Desi Arnaz, Jr. appeared in six episodes on The Lucy Show as Mary Jane Croft's son Billy Simmons ("Lucy Is A Referee", "Lucy Visits the White House", "Lucy and the Little League", and "Lucy and the Scout Trip"). Lucie Arnaz appeared with her brother Desi Arnaz Jr. (Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz's son) briefly in the first episode of the fourth season, "Lucy at Marineland".

The October 1965 episode "Lucy and The Countess Have a Horse Guest" reunited Ball and her former I Love Lucy costar William Frawley, who played a small role as a horse trainer, for the last time. It was his last television appearance, six months before he died. In the episode credits, he's listed as "Our Own Bill Frawley"

Opening credits

A different opening sequence was created for each season:
Season 1 (1962–63): animated stick figures of Ball and Vance were used (similar to the ones used in the original opening sequences of I Love Lucy and of the subsequent 13 hour-long specials later syndicated in reruns as The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour).
Season 2 (1963–1964): stills from previous episodes
Season 3 (1964–1965): Clips appear from previous episodes
Season 4 (1965–1966): Clips from previous episodes appear viewed from a kaleidoscope. The titles were designed by Howard Anderson Jr., who was also responsible for the "heart" opening for I Love Lucy.
Season 5 (1966–1967): an additional opening was created at the beginning of the season that featured Lucille Ball as an animated "jack-in-the-box". Ball reportedly hated it, and it was only used in a handful of episodes at the start of the season before being replaced by a slightly revamped version of the kaleidoscope opening. However, because of poor editing, the theme music to this opening was retained while the kaleidoscope opening played for several of the early 1966 fall episodes.
Season 6 (1967–1968): the kaleidoscope opening was used once again, but the theme music was reorchestrated. Also the "Glamour Shot" of Ball at the end of the opening is a different clip than season five. For the episodes in which Gale Gordon did not appear, the "Co-Starring: Gale Gordon" voiceover was omitted from the audio track.

During later television airings, including 1970s and 1980s syndicated runs, as well as Nick at Nite's 1990s reruns of the series, the later "kaleidoscope" opening was used in nearly all episodes (with a "costarring Vivian Vance" voiceover edited in for episodes from the first three seasons).

The theme music was composed by Wilbur Hatch, who was the show's musical director, a role he also performed on Ball's previous series I Love Lucy.

Episodes

Unproduced episodes
There were several scripts written that were never filmed. "Lucy & Viv Fight Over Harry" was set to be produced as the 11th episode in the first season, but there were too many "production problems" and the episode was canceled. In an interview with Jimmy Garrett, he said the audience barely laughed at rehearsals, and Desi Arnaz cancelled the episode with Lucille Ball's permission.
During season 2, both "Lucy is a Girl Friday" and "Lucy Plays Basketball" were canceled before filming began as well. The details of these "lost" episodes can be found on the official DVD sets for the first two seasons.

 Awards

Filming

Unlike most sitcoms of the era, The Lucy Show was filmed before a live audience; standard practice at the time was to film an episode on a closed set and add a laugh track during post-production. However, a laugh track was still used to fill any gaps in audience reactions or missed punchlines. The live format was used for all I Love Lucy episodes, for all but a few Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour installments and on The Lucy Show. Arnaz felt Ball performed better in front of a live studio audience. Carole Cook, Ball's long-time friend and protégée in a radio show Great Lives based on Lucille Ball said that three cameras were used so to capture everything in one go, and the best angles would be used. While Ball would ad-lib during rehearsals, she followed the script when filming the actual show.

While filming the 1963 episode "Lucy and Viv Put In A Shower", in which the leading ladies attempted to install a shower stall (but become trapped inside, unable to shut the water off), Ball nearly drowned while performing in the tank of water. She was unable to bring herself back to the surface, and it was Vance who realized there was a problem and pulled her co-star to safety; Vance went on to ad lib until Ball could catch her breath to resume speaking her lines (all the while, cameras continued to film). Neither the film crew nor the live studio audience realized there was a problem.

In her autobiography Love Lucy, Lucy talks of this episode:

...I found I had no room to manoeuvre. I couldn't get back to the surface again. What's more I swallowed a lot of water and was actually drowning right there in front of three hundred people who were splitting their sides laughing. Vivian (Vance), realising in cold terror what had happened, never changed expression. She reached down, pulled me safely to the surface by the roots of my hair and then calmly spoke both sides of our dialogue, putting my lines in the form of questions. Whatta girl! And whatta night.

The two special episodes to feature Ethel Merman ("Lucy Teaches Ethel Merman to Sing" and "Ethel Merman and the Boy Scout Show") were originally just one episode, "Lucy Teaches Ethel Merman to Sing". This installment was a consolation prize to Merman after her Desilu-produced pilot, Maggie Brown, was rejected as a regular series by CBS. The plot was much as it remains today with Lucy and Viv trying to pass off Agnes Schmidlap as Ethel Merman, not knowing that it really is Ethel Merman, and Lucy attempts to teach her how to sing. In the original version, Lucy's voice lesson scene with Merman (which was lifted from the previous season's episode "Lucy's Barbershop Quartet" in which Hans Conried was the instructor and Lucy the pupil) was much shorter than it is today and that episode ended with the Boy Scout show, with Jerry Carmichael hosting, Sherman Bagley dancing, and Lucy joining Ethel for a brand new version of Merman's great hit "Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)". But then, Desilu Productions thought that maybe too much had been crammed into one half-hour and since Ball and Vance (who both were great friends of Merman) were having such a marvelous time working with the legendary Broadway belter, they decided to expand it into two episodes, thereby taking advantage of Merman's formidable talents. So, a second filming was scheduled. In Part 1, Ethel was to be the houseguest of Lucy and Viv for a few weeks, and then in Part 2, a full blown episode was created that included scenes of Lucy once again, trying to get into the act. An all new Boy Scout show was filmed also, with Jerry once again hosting, Sherman dancing, and Lucy, Viv, and Ethel, this time joined by Mr. Mooney, singing and dancing through a history of show business.

An episode from the 1966–1967 season called "Lucy Flies to London" served as the basis for a standalone one-hour special called Lucy in London, which featured Ball with guest stars Anthony Newley and the Dave Clark Five. Much of the "Lucy Flies to London" episode, which centered around Lucy's lack of experience in air travel, was based on a unsold pilot shot in 1960 that was written by Bob Carroll, Jr. and Madelyn Pugh Martin Davis. It starred Lucille Ball and Gale Gordon. Desi Arnaz was the director.

Comic book
A comic book adaptation, The Lucy Show, was published by Gold Key Comics for five issues, from June 1963 to June 1964.

Home media
Before July 2009, there were only thirty episodes available on DVD and/or VHS (two episodes from the first season, twenty-one from the fifth season, and seven from the sixth season), all of which are believed to be in the public domain due to copyright oversights. These episodes have been released by unauthorized companies like Vintage Home Entertainment, Mill Creek Entertainment, Alpha Video, Digiview, Front Row Entertainment, Diamond Entertainment, Madacy Entertainment and Echo Bridge Home Entertainment.

CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment) has released all six seasons of The Lucy Show on DVD in Region 1, as of October 9, 2012. CBS announced that all the episodes have been restored and remastered using the original film negatives, and was presented uncut in its original broadcast form. However, some of the episodes were edited from the original, uncut versions due to expensive costing issues, as well as the original music scores were replaced due to music licensing issues.

The first three official DVD releases allow viewers to view the original openings, closings, and cast commercials directly in the episode, while the fourth, fifth and sixth season DVD releases do not have this function.

The Complete Series was released on November 15, 2016.

In Australia, The Complete Series was released on April 1, 2020, and is distributed by Shock Entertainment.

Other releases
In September 2018, Time-Life released a DVD, Lucy: The Ultimate Collection, that contains 24 episodes of The Lucy Show, and which also collected 32 episodes of I Love Lucy, as well as 14 episodes of Here's Lucy, and 4 episodes of the short-lived ABC-TV series Life with Lucy'' (which had at the time never before been released to home media), plus a wide variety of bonus features.

See also
 Fidelman, Geoffrey Mark. "The Lucy Book: A Complete Guide to Her Five Decades on Television," 1999. Renaissance Books. .

Notes

References

External links

1960s American sitcoms
1962 American television series debuts
1968 American television series endings
Black-and-white American television shows
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about widowhood
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Desilu Productions
Television shows based on books
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television shows set in New York (state)

The Lucy Show


Traian Ludu (n. Prejmer – d. 10 mai 1935, Prejmer) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
A fost notar în Bod, apoi în Prejmer. A luptat în armata austro-ungară în Primul Război Mondial. A decedat la 10 mai 1935, în Prejmer.

Activitatea politică

A participat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918 ca delegat al satului Prejmer, alături de alți consăteni de ai săi.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
Neamțu, Gelu, Vaida-Voevod, Mircea, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. I+II)
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Decese în 1935
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Traian Ludu


Der Große Preis von Malaysia 2001 (offiziell III Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix) fand am 18. März auf dem Sepang International Circuit in Sepang statt und war das zweite Rennen der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2001.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Nach dem Großen Preis von Australien führte Michael Schumacher in der Fahrerwertung mit vier Punkten vor David Coulthard und mit sechs Punkten vor Rubens Barrichello. In der Konstrukteurswertung führte Ferrari mit acht Punkten vor McLaren-Mercedes und mit 10 Punkten vor Sauber-Petronas.

Mit Eddie Irvine und Michael Schumacher (jeweils einmal) traten zwei ehemalige Sieger dieses Grand Prix an.

Training
Im ersten freien Training am Freitag fuhr Jarno Trulli die schnellste Zeit, gefolgt von Michael Schumacher und Barrichello.

Im zweiten freien Training am Samstag war Barrichello der Schnellste. Zweitschnellster wurde Ralf Schumacher gefolgt von Mika Häkkinen.

Qualifying
Im Qualifying sicherte sich Michael Schumacher sich die Pole-Position. Sein Teamkollege Barrichello fuhr die zweitschnellste Zeit, gefolgt von Ralf Schumacher.

Warm Up
Im Warm Up war Barrichello mehr als eine Sekunde schneller als der Zweitschnellste Coulthard. Die drittschnellste Zeit fuhr Trulli.

Rennen
Michael Schumacher startete das Rennen im Ersatzauto, da er im Warm-Up mit seinem Ferrari von der Strecke abgekommen war.

In der Einführungsrunde wurde Heinz-Harald Frentzen ungewöhnlich langsam, sodass ihn alle überholten und er das Rennen somit von hinten starten musste. Der Grund für seine Probleme war ein Computerfehler. Als sich dann alle Fahrzeuge in ihre Startposition einordnen sollten, verursachte Giancarlo Fisichella einen Startabbruch, indem er seine Startposition nicht ordentlich eingenommen hatte. Durch den Startabbruch wurde das Rennen um eine Runde verkürzt und Frentzen konnte wieder auf seinen Startplatz 9 zurück. Beim Start in die neue Einführungsrunde blieb Juan Pablo Montoya stehen. Er wechselte jedoch schnell genug in das Ersatzfahrzeug, um damit aus der Boxengasse starten zu dürfen.

Beim Start kam Michael Schumacher gut weg und verteidigte seine Führung problemlos. Sein Teamkollege Barrichello hatte jedoch Schwierigkeiten. Ralf Schumacher platzierte sich links neben Barrichello und beide bogen nebeneinander in die erste Kurve ein. Dabei touchierte Barrichello den auf der Außenbahn fahrenden Ralf Schumacher leicht und er drehte sich infolgedessen. Ralf Schumacher konnte das Rennen aber am Ende des Feldes wieder aufnehmen. Alle anderen Fahrer kamen ohne größere Probleme durch die erste Kurve. Der Sauber von Kimi Räikkönen rollte aufgrund eines Schadens am Antrieb wenige Meter nach dem Start aus.

Nach der ersten Runde führte Michael Schumacher vor Barrichello, gefolgt von Trulli, Coulthard, Frentzen und Jos Verstappen.

In der zweiten Runde musste der auf Position neun liegende Olivier Panis sein Rennen vorzeitig aufgrund eines Motorschadens beenden, nachdem er sich auf dem von seinem Motor verlorenen Öl ins Kiesbett drehte. Auf dieser Ölspur rutschten in der dritten Runde auch die beiden führenden Ferrari-Piloten aus und verloren mehrere Positionen. Währenddessen begann es zudem zu regnen.

In der vierten Runde intensivierte sich der Regen so stark, dass alle Fahrer an die Box kommen mussten, um die Reifen zu wechseln. Auf der Strecke drehten sich viele Fahrer, da sie ihre Runde auf den Trockenreifen zu Ende fahren mussten. Um das Feld sicher um den Kurs zu führen entschloss die Rennleitung, das Safety-Car herauszuschicken. Der Großteil des Feldes entschloss sich für die Regenreifen, wobei Ferrari hingegen sich für die Intermediates entschied. Der Boxenstopp von Barrichello dauerte über eine Minute, da man die Reifen nicht bereitliegen hatte und große Mengen Kies aus den Seitenkästen entfernt wurden, da Barrichello zuvor von der Strecke abgekommen war. Dahinter wartete Michael Schumacher auf seinen Reifenwechsel, welcher dann nur acht Sekunden dauerte. Jacques Villeneuve, Nick Heidfeld, Enrique Bernoldi, Montoya und Irvine beendeten die dritte Runde nicht, da sie sich im starken Regen von der Strecke drehten.

Nachdem sich das Feld hinter dem Safety-Car wieder sortiert hatte, führte Coulthard vor Frentzen, Verstappen, Häkkinen, Trulli, Jean Alesi, Fisichella, Ralf Schumacher, Gastón Mazzacane, Barrichello und Michael Schumacher. Der Regen hatte derweil aufgehört.

In Runde zehn erfolgte dann der Restart. Verstappen überholte in der ersten Runde Frentzen. Die beiden Ferrari-Piloten machten jeweils zwei Plätze gut. Nach Verstappen überholte auch Häkkinen Frentzen, der nun auf Position vier lag. Die Intermediates der Ferrari waren für diese Bedingungen optimal und sie arbeiteten sich nach vorne. Michael Schumacher kam mit den Reifen am besten zurecht, sodass er Barrichello überholte. Die immer weiter abtrocknende Strecke vergrößerte den Vorteil der Intermediates noch, sodass Michael Schumacher in der 15. Runde an Coulthard vorbeiging.

Bei den ersten planmäßigen Boxenstopps wechselten die Piloten wieder auf die Trockenreifen. Häkkinen war nach seinem Boxenstopp hinter Verstappen auf Platz fünf zurückgefallen. Dieser hielt Häkkinen auf, sodass Ralf Schumacher aufschloss und beide überholen konnte. Als Michael Schumacher an die Box ging, war sein Vorsprung so groß, dass er seine Führung nicht einbüßte. Verstappen und Häkkinen lieferten sich ein hartes Duell, das es Frentzen ermöglichte, in einer Kurve an beiden gleichzeitig vorbeizugehen. Danach überholte Frentzen auch Ralf Schumacher. Nachdem Verstappen an die Box gegangen war, holte Häkkinen auf Ralf Schumacher auf, konnte ihn jedoch bis zum Rennende nicht mehr überholen.

Es gewann Michael Schumacher vor seinem Teamkollegen Barrichello. Den dritten Podestplatz sicherte sich Coulthard, gefolgt von Frentzen, Ralf Schumacher und Häkkinen.

In der Fahrerwertung blieben die ersten drei Positionen unverändert. In der Konstrukteurswertung blieb Ferrari vor McLaren-Mercedes, neuer Dritter war Jordan-Honda.

Meldeliste

Klassifikationen

Qualifying

Anmerkungen

Rennen

WM-Stände nach dem Rennen
Die ersten sechs des Rennens bekamen 10, 6, 4, 3, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

Konstrukteurswertung

Einzelnachweise

2001
Malaysia
Sportveranstaltung in Selangor
Sepang International Circuit

Großer Preis von Malaysia 2001


Keisuke Iwashita (født 24. september 1986) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Avispa Fukuoka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Keisuke Iwashita


The emperor of Austria () was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The hereditary imperial title and office was proclaimed in 1804 by Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until Charles I relinquished power in 1918.

The emperors retained the title of Archduke of Austria. The wives of the emperors held the title empress, while other members of the family held the titles of archduke or archduchess.

Predecessors
Members of the House of Austria, the Habsburg dynasty, had been the elected Holy Roman Emperors since 1438 (except for a five-year break from 1740 to 1745) and mostly resided in Vienna. Thus the term "Austrian emperor" may occur in texts dealing with the time before 1804, when no Austrian Empire existed. In these cases the word Austria means the composite monarchy ruled by the dynasty, not the country. A special case was Maria Theresa; she bore the imperial title as the consort of Francis I (r. 1745–1765), but she herself was the monarch of the Austrian Hereditary Lands including Bohemia and Hungary.

The emperor
In the face of aggressions by Napoleon I, who had been proclaimed "Emperor of the French" (French: Empereur des Français), by the Constitution of the Year XII on 18 May 1804, Francis II feared for the future of the Holy Roman Empire and wished to maintain his and his family's imperial status in case the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved. Therefore, on 11 August 1804 he created the new title of "Emperor of Austria" for himself and his successors as heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. For two years, Francis carried two imperial titles: being Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and "by the Grace of God" (Von Gottes Gnaden) Emperor Francis I of Austria.

In 1805, an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich (which at this time was only a powerless confederation) by motivating or pressuring several German princes to enter the separate Confederation of the Rhine with their lands in July. This led Francis II/I on 6 August 1806 to declare the Reich dissolved and to lay down the Imperial Crown created in the second half of the 10th century (today displayed at the Treasury of Hofburg Palace in Vienna).

From 1806 onwards, Francis was Emperor of Austria only. He had three successors—Ferdinand I, Francis Joseph I and Charles I—before the empire broke apart in 1918. A coronation ceremony was never established; the heir to the throne became emperor the moment his predecessor died or abdicated. The symbol of the Austrian emperor was the dynasty's private crown dating back to Rudolf II (r. 1576–1612), (called Rudolfinische Hauskrone by the experts).

Titles of the emperor
The Austrian emperors had an extensive list of titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs. The grand title of the emperor of Austria had been changed several times: by a patent of 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an Imperial court ministry decree of 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter of 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Majesty the Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty".

The full list (after the loss of the Lombardy in 1859 and Venetia in 1866):

Emperor of Austria,
Apostolic King of Hungary,
King of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, and of Illyria,
King of Jerusalem, and so forth,
Archduke of Austria,
Grand Duke of Tuscany and of Cracow,
Duke of Lorraine, of Salzburg, of Styria, of Carinthia, of Carniola and of the Bukovina,
Grand Prince of Transylvania,
Margrave in Moravia,
Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Auschwitz and Zator, of Teschen, Friuli, Ragusa and Zara,
Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca,
Prince of Trent and Brixen,
Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria,
Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, and so forth,
Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro and of the Windic March,
Grand Voivode of the Voivodship of Serbia, and so forth,
Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

House and court
The function of the emperor was styled like a secular papacy. Therefore, it was the overall goal to demonstrate the all-highest (allerhöchste) majesty and dignity of the monarch to his subjects and to other monarchs and countries. His and his entourage's life was governed by very strict rules all the time.

The Imperial House

The members of the House of Habsburg were ranked as princes and princesses of the blood imperial, with the honorary title of Erzherzog or Erzherzogin (archduke or archduchess). Their permanent address and their travels abroad had to be agreed to by the Emperor.

Whoever wanted to marry an archduke or archduchess of the Habsburg dynasty had to originate from a ruling or formerly ruling house, as was stipulated by the Familienstatut des Allerhöchsten Herrscherhauses, the Family Statute of the Highest Monarch's House, issued by Ferdinand I in 1839. Otherwise the marriage would be one "to the left hand", called a morganatic marriage, excluding the offspring of the couple from any right the House of Habsburg possessed. (The problems of such a situation were encountered when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the throne, married a simple countess in 1900).

To manage the political implications of the Imperial house after 1867 the Emperor and King appointed the k.u.k. Minister des kaiserlichen und königlichen Hauses und des Äußeren (the I.& R. Minister of the Imperial and Royal House and of the Exterior), one of the three ministers common to Austria and Hungary. Under Francis I, Klemens von Metternich had covered these and many other agenda, bearing the title Haus-, Hof- und Staatskanzler (Chancellor of the House, the Court and the State).

The Imperial Court

The Emperor's household, his personal officers and the premises where they worked were called Hof ("court").
The four highest officials managing the Imperial Court, who were drawn from among the highest noblemen of the Empire, were
the Grand Master (Obersthofmeister),
the Grand Marshal (Obersthofmarschall),
the Grand Chamberlain (Oberstkämmerer),
the Master of the Stables (Oberststallmeister).

Whoever sought an audience with the Emperor himself had to apply at the Office of the Grand Master (Obersthofmeisteramt). Francis I used to wear civilian clothes of the Biedermeier era, while Francis Joseph I and Charles I mostly were seen in the uniform of an Austrian field marshal to underline the importance of the army to the throne. Francis Joseph I expected soldiers to appear in uniform at his court and civilians to appear in tails. He never shook hands with visitors; in letters he never addressed his subjects as "Sir" or "Mr." (Herr).

The Emperor's court managed the following institutions:
 the Imperial Palace in Vienna (Hofburg); each of the four Emperors of Austria chose his living and working rooms in another part of this huge palace;
 the Imperial Treasury at Hofburg, where the Habsburgs' crown insignia were kept;
 the Imperial Court Library, today Austrian National Library
 Imperial residences outside Vienna, like Schönbrunn Palace (the area was included into the Vienna city area in 1892) and Laxenburg Palace;
 the court's collection of carriages (today Wagenburg at Schönbrunn Palace Gardens);
 the I.R. Hofburgtheater and the I.R. Hofoperntheater;
 the Imperial Crypt below the Capuchin Church and Monastery in Vienna, where three of the four emperors of Austria have been buried (Charles I was buried on Madeira, his last exile).

Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich) from 1804 to 1867 consisted of the Habsburg lands as a whole, leaving each land its special definition as kingdom (e.g., Bohemia, Hungary), archduchy (Lower and Upper Austria), duchy (e.g., Carniola) or princely county (e.g., Tyrol), however the Kingdom of Hungary—as Regnum Independens—was administered by its own institutions separately from the rest of the empire. Kaisertum might literally be translated as "emperordom" on analogy with "kingdom" or "emperor-ship"; the term denotes specifically "the territory ruled by an emperor". Austria proper (as opposed to the complex of Habsburg lands as a whole) had been an archduchy since the 15th century, and most of the other territories of the Empire had their own institutions and territorial history, although there were some attempts at centralization, especially between 1848 and 1859.

In 1866, Austria lost the war with Prussia and Italy. Francis Joseph I was urged to solve the internal problems of his realm and was well-advised to provide a substantial concession to the Hungarian nobility, which had stayed in passive resistance to him after the crushed Hungarian revolution of 1848- 1849. By the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich), the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria, as two separate entities, joined on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Thus the former Habsburg-ruled lands were restructured into a dual union which shared a monarch and a common army, navy and foreign policy. Transylvania became again an integral part of Hungary while Croatia-Slavonia were acknowledged as part of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, which were called Transleithania by government officials to distinguish them from Cisleithania, the Austrian part of the empire from 1867 onwards. The latter were known in the internal administration as the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council" (Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder). Unofficially ever since, these territories officially were called "Austria" from 1915 to 1918 only, despite the fact that all the citizens held the common Austrian citizenship since 1867.

Austria-Hungary disintegrated at the end of World War I in 1918, when the Austrian lands established their independence. Bohemia and Moravia in the newly created Czechoslovakia, Galicia joined Poland, while Bukovina became a part of Romania. Carniola and Dalmatia joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Other territories were annexed by Italy (South Tyrol, Trieste and Istria). Yet the last Emperor, Charles I, used his imperial title until the end of his life. The Kingdom of Hungary, due to measures enacted during peace proceedings after the Great War and having terminated the 1867 compromise by 31 October 1918, similarly broke apart.

Abbreviations of common and non common institutions
The term Kaiserlich und Königlich (k.u.k., spoken , meaning "Imperial and Royal") was decreed in a letter of 17 October 1889 for the army, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy. Institutions of Cisleithania used the term Kaiserlich-Königlich (K.K., meaning "Imperial Royal", e.g. K.K. österreichische Staatsbahnen, Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways).

Emperors of Austria (1804–1918)

Succession to the throne

The heir apparent to the throne bore the title of Crown Prince (Kronprinz); heirs presumptive were called Thronfolger, in addition to their title of archduke. Francis I was followed by Ferdinand Charles, (later Ferdinand I). In the wake of the 1848 revolutions, the empire's existence was in danger. The Habsburg family tried a new start with a new emperor: Ferdinand I was urged to hand over government on 2 December 1848. He then moved to Prague Castle and, without laying down his imperial title, lived there privately until his death in 1875.

As Ferdinand I had no sons, his brother Francis Charles would have become emperor, but was persuaded by his wife Princess Sophie of Bavaria to pass over the right of succession to their son, Francis Joseph. He accepted the duty of the Emperor of Austria without having been Crown Prince or Thronfolger before. Francis Joseph's only son Rudolf committed suicide in 1889, Francis Joseph's brother Karl Ludwig died in 1896. Karl Ludwig's son Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive to the throne. He was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia in 1914; due to his morganatic marriage, his son had no rights to the throne. At this time his younger brother Otto Franz had already died, which made Otto's son Charles the new heir presumptive to the throne, to which he acceded in 1916 as Charles I, upon the death of Francis Joseph I. In this moment Charles I's son, four-year-old Otto became the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary. He declared himself a loyal citizen of the Republic of Austria in 1961.

Heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (since 1918)
Charles I did not see himself as a pretender but as the monarch of Austria, while the Habsburg Law of the Republic of Austria of 1919 called him "the former bearer of the crown" (der ehemalige Träger der Krone). His son Otto von Habsburg, who had used the title Archduke of Austria in his earlier life outside of Austria, declared himself a loyal citizen of the Republic in order to be allowed to enter Austria; from 1961 onwards he no longer considered himself pretender. Otto's son Karl von Habsburg has never pretended to be the rightful monarch of Austria.

 Charles I (11 November 1918 – 1 April 1922)
 Otto von Habsburg (1 April 1922 – 1 January 2007)
 Karl von Habsburg (1 January 2007 – present)
 Heir apparent: Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg

See also
 Austrian nobility
 Holy Roman Emperor
 List of Austrian consorts
 List of rulers of Austria
 Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
 List of heads of government under Austrian Emperors

References

Further reading
 Letter Patent creating title Hereditary Emperor of Austria

Austria, Emperor

Emperor of Austria


Laura Lippman (Atlanta, 31 de janeiro de 1959) é uma escritora e jornalista norte-americana, com mais de 20 romances de ficção policial.

Biografia
Lippman nasceu em Atlanta, Geórgia, e foi criada em Columbia, Maryland. Ela é filha de Theo Lippman Jr., um escritor do Baltimore Sun, e Madeline Mabry Lippman, uma bibliotecária aposentada do Sistema de Escolas Públicas de Baltimore. Seu avô paterno era judeu, e o restante de sua ascendência é escocesa-irlandesa. Lippman foi criada como presbiteriana.

Foi jornalista durante 20 anos, 12 dos quais no Baltimore Sun, tendo escrito também para o New York Times, o Wall Street Journal e o Washington Post. O site Literary Hub nomeou-a uma das mais importantes escritoras de thrillers dos últimos 100 anos.

Lippman é casada com David Simon, outro ex-repórter do Baltimore Sun, criador e produtor executivo da série da HBO The Wire. A personagem dessa série, Bunk, é mostrada lendo um dos livros da escritora, o In a Strange City, no episódio oito da primeira temporada de The Wire. Lippman apareceu em uma cena no primeiro episódio da última temporada de The Wire como repórter trabalhando na redação do Baltimore Sun.

Lippman e Simon têm uma filha chamada Georgia Ray Simon, que nasceu em 2010.

Carreira literária
Seus romances são ambientados em Baltimore e em geral apresentam Tess Monaghan, uma repórter que se tornou investigadora particular, inspirada na experiência da autora como repórter no Baltimore Sun. Ela foi a primeira autora a ser laureada com o Prêmio de Excelência Literária atribuído pela Câmara de Baltimore, laura Lippman ainda mora na cidade.

As obras de Lippman ganharam os prêmios Agatha Awards, Anthony Awards, Edgar Awards, Nero Award, Gumshoe Awards e Shamus Award. What the Dead Know (2007), foi o primeiro de seus livros a fazer parte da lista de best-sellers do New York Times.

Adaptações
O romance de Lippman, Every Secret Thing, foi adaptado para um filme de 2014, de mesmo nome (wikipedia em inglês: :en:Every Secret Thing (film)) estrelado por Diane Lane. Seu romance Lady in the Lake, foi adaptado em uma série limitada para a Apple.

Obras

Série da Tess Monaghan
 Baltimore Blues (1997) no Brasil: (Record, 2010)
 Charm City (1997)
 Butchers Hill (1998)
 In Big Trouble (1999)
 The Sugar House (2000)
 In a Strange City (2001) no Brasil: Em uma Cidade Estranha (Record, 2012)
 The Last Place (2002)
 By A Spider's Thread (2004)
 No Good Deeds (2006)
 Another Thing to Fall (2008)
 The Girl in the Green Raincoat (2011)
 Hush, Hush (2015)

Contos relacionados à série
 "Orphans' Court" (1999) (conto em First Cases: Volume 3, editado por Robert J. Randisi)
 "Ropa Vieja" (2001) (conto em Murderers Row, editado por Otto Penzler)
 "The Shoeshine Man's Regrets" (2004) (conto em Murder and All That Jazz, editado por Robert J. Randisi)

Livros isolados

Romances
 Every Secret Thing (2004) no Brasil: Cada Segredo (Record, 2011)
 To The Power of Three (2005)
 What the Dead Know (2007) no Brasil: O Que os Mortos Sabem (Record, 2009) / em Portugal: Só os Mortos Sabem (Gótica, 2008)
 Life Sentences (2009)
 I'd Know You Anywhere (2010)
 The Most Dangerous Thing (2011)
 And When She Was Good (2012)
 After I'm Gone (2014)
 Wilde Lake (2016)
 Sunburn (2018) em Portugal: Escaldão (TopSeller, 2018)
 Lady in the Lake (2019)
 Dream Girl: A Novel (2021)

Antologias
 Baltimore Noir (2006)
 Hardly Knew Her: Stories (2008)

Ver também
 Aleksandra Marínina
 Anne Perry
 Petros Markaris
 Val McDermid
 Lisa Scottoline
 Yrsa Sigurðardóttir

Ligações externas

 Website oficial da Laura Lippman

Nascidos em 1959
Naturais de Atlanta
Pessoas vivas
Mulheres romancistas dos Estados Unidos
Mulheres na literatura
Escritoras de literatura policial
Escritoras do século XXI
Mulheres jornalistas dos Estados Unidos

Laura Lippman


was a town located in Kamoto District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,617 and the density of 488.77 persons per km2. The total area was 17.63 km2.

On January 15, 2005, Kamoto, along with the towns of Kahoku, Kaō and Kikuka (all from Kamoto District), was merged into the expanded city of Yamaga and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Yamaga

Dissolved municipalities of Kumamoto Prefecture

Kamoto, Kumamoto


An Schoenus breviculmis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Bentham. An Schoenus breviculmis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenus

Schoenus breviculmis


NGC 341 este o galaxie spirală situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 21 octombrie 1881 de către Édouard Stephan.

Note

Vezi și

 NGC 340
 NGC 342

Legături externe

 NGC 341 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 341 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1881
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Édouard Stephan

NGC 341


Pawel Trofimowitsch Konowalow (, engl. Transkription Pavel Trofimovich Konovalov; * 13. Februar 1960) ist ein ehemaliger sowjetischer Sprinter, der sich auf den 400-Meter-Lauf spezialisiert hatte.

1982 siegte er bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften in Mailand. Im Sommer wurde er bei den Leichtathletik-Europameisterschaften in Athen Sechster und gewann mit der sowjetischen Mannschaft in der 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel Bronze.

Persönliche Bestleistungen
 400 m: 45,84 s, 9. September 1982, Athen
 Halle: 46,87 s, 6. März 1982, Mailand

400-Meter-Läufer (Sowjetunion)
4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Sowjetunion)
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1960
Mann

Pawel Trofimowitsch Konowalow


Mag, MAG, Mags or mags may refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media
 MAG (video game), released in 2010
 Mág (film), a 1988 Czech film
 Mag (Slovenian magazine), published from 1995 to 2010
 The Mag, a British music magazine

Businesses and organisations
 MacKenzie Art Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
 Manchester Airport Holdings, trading as MAG, a British holding company
 Maricopa Association of Governments, the regional agency for the greater Maricopa region in Arizona, U.S.
 Mines Advisory Group, a non-governmental organization
 MAG motorcycle engines, manufactured by Motosacoche
 Hungarian General Machine Factory (, MÁG), a former automobile and aircraft manufacturer

Military
 a United States Marine Corps aviation group
 FN MAG, a machine gun
 MAG-7, a shotgun

People
 Mag Bodard (1916–2019), Italian-born French film producer
 Mags Darcy (born 1987), Irish camogie player
 Mags McCarthy (born 1989 or 1990), Irish country music singer
 Mags Murray (1961–2020), Irish politician
 Mags Portman (1974–2019), British medical doctor
 Gallus Mag, nickname of a notorious 19th century female bouncer in New York City
 Mags, stage name of Magne Furuholmen (born 1962), Norwegian musician and visual artist

Places
 Mag, a village near Săliște, Sibiu County, Romania
 Mag (river)
 Madagascar, UNDP country code MAG

Science and technology
 MAG (cipher), a stream cipher algorithm
 Magnesium alloy wheels, commonly called "mags"
 Magnetometer, sometimes abbreviated "mag"
 Magnitude (astronomy), abbreviated "mag" as a measure of brightness of an object in the sky
 Male accessory gland, in human biology
 Maximum Absorbency Garment, a diaper-like garment worn by astronauts
 Metal active gas welding
 Myelin-associated glycoprotein

Other uses
 Mount Albert Grammar School (MAGS), Auckland, New Zealand
 Magnology, or The MAG, a community convention in Germany
 Hag and Mag, demons in Mandaeism
 Men's artistic gymnastics
 Madang Airport, Papua New Guinea, IATA airport code MAG
 Mag., an abbreviation of Magister
 MAG mini truck, a captive import utility truck better known as the Hafei Ruiyi

See also
 Magazine (disambiguation)
 Maggie (disambiguation)

Given names
Hypocorisms
Nicknames

Mag


Filip af Frankrig, Hertug af Orléans (; født 21. september 1640 i Saint-Germain-en-Laye, død 8. juni 1701 i Saint-Cloud) var en fransk prins.

Han var søn af den franske kongepar, Ludvig den 13. og Anna af Østrig, og yngre og eneste bror til Ludvig den 14. Fra fødslen havde han titlen hertug af Anjou, der almindeligvis var blevet givet til de yngre sønner af de franske konger. Da farbroderen, Gaston, hertug af Orléans, døde i 1660 uden at efterlade sig mandlige arvinger, overtog Filip i 1661 titlen som hertug af Orléans.

Biografi

Fødsel og familie

Philippe var den anden søn af kong Ludvig 13. og dronning Anne af Frankrig. Han blev født den 21. september 1640 på slottet i Saint-Germain-en-Laye to år efter sin bror Louis-Dieudonné (den fremtidige Ludvig 14.) og dagen før sin mors 39 års fødselsdag. Som søn af en regerende fransk konge havde han rang af fils de France (søn af Frankrig) fra fødslen og havde ret til prædikat af Kongelig Højhed. Ved sin fødsel var Philippe nummer to i arvefølgen til Frankrigs trone efter sin storebror

Han blev født i nærværelse af sin far Ludvig 13., fyrstinden af Condé og hertuginden af Vendôme, alle fremtrædende medlemmer af Bourbon-dynastiet. Han blev døbt allerede en time efter fødslen og fik navnet Philippe. Ludvig 13. havde ønsket at give ham titlen greve af Artois til ære for en nylig fransk sejr i Arras i grevskabet Artois. Ludvig fulgte dog  sædvanen ved det franske hof og gav ham titlen hertug af Anjou, en titel, der almindeligvis var givet til de yngre sønner af de franske konger siden det 14. århundrede.

Le petit monsieur

Da Ludvig 13. døde i maj 1643, besteg Philippes storebror Frankrigs trone som kong Ludvig 14. Philippe blev dermed tronfølger fra sin brors tronbestigelse i 1643 til fødslen af brorens første barn, le grand Dauphin, i 1661. Den franske konges ældste lillebror blev tiltalt som Monsieur, men da Philippes farbror Gaston, som også havde været yngre bror til en fransk konge, stadig var i live, blev Philippe omtalt som le petit Monsieur, mens Gaston var kendt som le grand Monsieur. Det var først efter Gastons død i 1660, at Philippe blot blev Monsieur.

Børnenes mor, dronning Anne, tilbagekaldte den afdøde konges testamente for at arrangere en magtdelingsaftale med kardinal Mazarin, der var Ludvig 13.'s ledende minister. Anne havde nu fuld kontrol over sine børn, hvad hun havde stræbt efter siden deres fødsel. Da Philippe var otte, begyndte borgerkrigen kendt som Fronden i Frankrig, der varede til 1653. Under konflikten flygtede kongefamilien i 1651 fra Paris til Saint-Germain-en-Laye for at undgå adelens oprør mod Mazarin. Da freden kom, blev det besluttet at Philippe skulle flytte sin husstand til Palais des Tuileries, hertuginden af Montpensiers tidligere residens over for Palais-Royal. Ved Ludvig 14.'s kroning den 7. juni 1654 fungerede Philippe som dekan og placerede Frankrigs krone på sin brors hoved. Hele sit liv var Philippe kendt som en elsker af etikette, der sikrede at alle ceremonielle detaljer blev overholdt.

Hertug af Orléans
Da farbroderen, Gaston, hertug af Orléans, døde i 1660 uden at efterlade sig mandlige arvinger, overtog Filip i 1661 titlen som hertug af Orléans. Samme år giftede han sig med sin kusine, Henriette af England, der var yngste datter af Karl 1. af England og Philippes faster, Henriette Marie af Frankrig. Filip var åbenlyst homoseksuel, og ægteskabet blev ikke særlig lykkeligt. De fik seks børn, hvoraf to døtre opnåede voksenalder:
 Marie Louise, der giftede sig med Karl 2. af Spanien og
 Anne Marie, der giftede sig med Viktor Amadeus 2. af Savojen, den første konge af Sardinien.

Efter sin første hustrus død giftede Filip sig med Elisabet Charlotta af Pfalz. Med hende fik han sønnen
 Filip, der efterfulgte faderen som hertug af Orléans, samt datteren
 Elisabeth Charlotte, der giftede sig med hertug Leopold af Lothringen

Se også
 Frankrigs historie
 Kongeriget Frankrig
 Huset Bourbon-Orléans

Referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Frankrig
Huset Bourbon-Orléans
Hertuger af Orléans
Franskmænd i 1600-tallet
Huset Bourbon

Philippe af Frankrig, Hertug af Orléans