يوسف مصطفى علي ندا (ولد في الإسكندرية عام 1931 م) رجل أعمال مصري يحمل الجنسية الإيطالية، ومقيم في كامبيونا الإيطالية الواقعة في سويسرا. وهو المفوض السابق للعلاقات الدولية في جماعة الإخوان المسلمين.

حياته وتجارته
 انتمى لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين عام 1947.
 شارك في القتال ضد البريطانيين في منطقة قناة السويس بداية الخمسينيات.
 اعُتقل في قضية اغتيال جمال عبد الناصر في ميدان المنشية بالإسكندرية في أكتوبر عام 1954، قضى ما يقرب من عامين في السجن وأُفرج عنه في أبريل عام 1956.
 بدأ نشاطه التجاري بعد خروجه من المعتقل وأنهى دراسته الجامعية من كلية الزراعة جامعة الإسكندرية.
 وفي أغسطس عام 1960 قرر ندا الهجرة من مصر، فذهب بداية إلى ليبيا ومنها إلى النمسا حيث بدأ نشاطه التجاري يتوسع بين البلدين، حتى لُقِّب نهاية الستينيات بأنه ملك الأسمنت في منطقة البحر المتوسط.
 تمكن ندا من الهرب من ليبيا حينما اندلعت ثورة الفاتح من سبتمبر عام 1969 إلى اليونان حيث التقى برئيسها (بابا ببلوس) ثم انتقل للإقامة في (كامبيونا) الإيطالية التي تقع داخل الحدود السويسرية، ولا زال يقيم بها إلى الآن.
 يوسف ندا يحمل الجنسية الإيطالية، وحصل على الجنسية التونسية في عهد صديقه الرئيس «الحبيب بورقيبة» في الستينيات.

دوره في العلاقات الدولية
 وصفته وسائل الإعلام بـ (الرجل الغامض).. كما أنه ليس مجرد رجل أعمال مشهور أو رئيس لبنك التقوى الذي اتهمه رئيس الولايات المتحدة بدعم الإرهاب، ولكنه لعب طوال الـ25 سنة الماضية دوراً مهماً في جماعة الإخوان المسلمين.. فهو الذي رتب العلاقة بين الإخوان والثورة الإيرانية، وتوسط بين السعودية واليمن، والسعودية وإيران، وبذل مجهوداً غير عادي في حل الأزمة بين الحكومة الجزائرية وجبهة الإنقاذ.
 يوسف ندا لم يلعب تلك الأدوار فقط، ولكنه قام بإمداد اليمن بوثائق مهمة ساعدتها في حل نزاعها مع إريتريا حول جزر حنيش، إضافة إلى ارتباطه بعلاقة صداقة بالملك «إدريس السنوسي» ملك ليبيا، الذي قامت ضده ثورة الفاتح من سبتمبر بقيادة العقيد القذافي، وزاره ندا في مقر إقامته وله أدوار أخرى في تونس والعراق وتركيا وكردستان وماليزيا وإندونيسيا.
 يوسف ندا كان عضوا في معهد بينمنزو أحد المؤسسات العلمية التابعة للأمم المتحدة، وتنتمي إليه شخصيات عالمية كثيرة، رؤساء دول سابقون، سياسيون كبار، وقام المعهد بتكريمه في أبريل عام 1997، وتم تجميد عضويته في المعهد بعد التحقيق معه
 في أبريل عام 1997 حدثت مشادة بين يوسف ندا والرئيس الأمريكي بوش الأب في مؤتمر نظمه معهد بينمنزو بعنوان السلام والتسامح، وكان من الحاضرين بوش الأب و (بيريز ديك وليير) و (جورباتشوف) و (كوفي عنان) و (أندرسون)، وشخصيات أخرى كبيرة كانت موجودة، وبدأ جورج بوش الأب يتكلم، وابتدأ الخطبة الافتتاحية بقوله: «أنا وجورباتشوف أنهينا الحرب الباردة، وأنهينا الاتحاد السوفيتي، وقبل ذلك كان الاتحاد السوفيتي هو العدو، وبنهاية الاتحاد السوفيتي يجب أن نبحث من العدو، يجب أن نبحث أين العدو، العدو هو الأصولية العدو هو الجريمة المنظمة العدو.. العدو..»، وبعدما انتهى بوش الأب من الحديث تم إرسال الميكروفون ليوسف ندا فقال له: «مع احترامنا الشديد لسيادة الرئيس، أعتقد إن إحنا هنا علشان نسمع عن السلام والتسامح، لكن إحنا شايفين إن أنت بتدور على عدو حتى تحارب، أنت تبحث عن الحرب وليس عن السلام»، فانفعل انفعالا شديدا، وضرب علي الطاولة بيديه الإثنتين، وقال: «هذه حقائق، يجب أن نعيش في الحقيقة، ويجب أن نعيش في الحقائق».

إتهامات بوش الابن له
 وفي نوفمبر عام 2001م اتهمه الرئيس الأمريكي جورج بوش بضلوع شركاته في دعم الإرهاب، وأُصدر قرار بتجميد أمواله وأصول شركاته، وبينها «بنك التقوى» بجزر البهاما الذي كان يرأس مجلس إدارته
 «يوسف ندا» ظل شخصية بعيدة عن الأضواء ووسائل الإعلام حتى يوم 7 نوفمبر 2001م، عندما تحدث عنه الرئيس الأمريكي جورج بوش الابن، ووصفه ومؤسسته بأنه أحد داعمي الإرهاب في العالم، وأنه قام بتمويل أحداث 11 سبتمبر.
 منذ ذلك اليوم أصبح «ندا» محط أنظار العالم، واهتمام وسائل الإعلام المرئية والمكتوبة، ورغم أن كلمات بوش عن الرجل خلفت تبعات شديدة التعقيد، حيث قامت السلطات السويسرية والإيطالية والـ (سي آي إيه) والخزانة الأمريكية والمباحث الفيدرالية الأمريكية بالتحقيق معه واستعانوا باثنتي عشرة دولة أخرى، فلم يثبت عليه شيء.

وفي أواخر عام 2001 استصدرت الإدارة الأمريكية تحت رئاسة جورج بوش الابن قائمة من الأمم المتحدة، وضعت فيها أسماء مسلمين من جنسيات مختلفة، تتهمهم بدعم الإرهاب، بعد هجمات 11 سبتمبر 2001 وضمت القائمة يوسف ندا وغالب همت، فامتثل الادعاء العام السويسري لذلك فاستهدف «مؤسسة ندا للإدارة» المعروفة أيضا باسم «بنك التقوى»، ووضع أموال يوسف ندا وشريكه غالب همت وبعض أعضاء مجلس الإدارة والمقربين منهم تحت الحراسة، وفرضت عليهما الإقامة الجبرية مما أجبر ندا علي تصفية أعماله في سويسرا، وفي 29 سبتمبر 2009 أكدت وزارة الخارجية السويسرية أن مجلس الأمن الدولي شطب اسم يوسف ندا وغالب همت من قائمة الداعمين للإرهاب، وذلك بناء على طلب سويسري. وتم شطب الأسماء بعدما لم يتمكن الادعاء العام السويسري من العثور على أي دليل على إدانتهم بعد أن صادر عشرات الآلاف من الوثائق، كما لم تتمكن الإدارة الأمريكية من تقديم ما قالت إنها أدلة تدين ضلوعهم في دعم «الإرهاب»، ورغم تعليق الادعاء العام السويسري لجميع التحقيقات الخاصة بملف مؤسسة التقوى منذ مايو 2005م بموجب حكم ملزم من المحكمة الاتحادية العليا السويسرية، وتبعتها إيطاليا في عام 2007م لعدم توافر الأدلة؛ فإن الإدارة الأمريكية رفضت شطبهما من «القوائم السوداء». وقد أثنى ندا على جهود عضو مجلس الشيوخ السويسري ديك مارتي، لدعمه القضية «إيمانا منه بحجم ظلمها وإجحافها»

إحالته للمحاكمة العسكرية
 وحكمت عليه السلطات المصرية في أبريل 2008م غيابيا بالسجن 10 سنوات بعدما أحاله الرئيس حسني مبارك إلى المحاكمة العسكرية الاستثنائية مع 39 من قيادات الإخوان المسلمين في مصر (والتي تعتبر سابع محاكمة عسكرية استثنائية لإخوان مصر في عهد الرئيس حسني مبارك)
 نص الحكم : حكمت المحكمة العسكرية (أولاً: غيابياً بمعاقبة كل من المتهمين الثاني والعشرين: يوسف مصطفى علي ندا والرابع والعشرين علي غالب محمود همت، والخامس والعشرين يوسف علي يوسف الميتعايش وشهرته «يوسف الواعي»، والسابع والعشرين إبراهيم محمد الزيات، بالسجن المشدد لمدة عشر سنوات).
 وفي 26 يوليو 2012 أصدر الرئيس المصري محمد مرسي عفوا عاما عنه نشر في الجريدة الرسمية العدد 30 تابع لسنه 2012

إحصاءات عن الإخوان
 ذكر يوسف ندا في حواره مع جريدة المصري اليوم (الحلقة الثالثة) أن عدد الإخوان المسلمين في العالم بلغ 100 مليون شخص ويتواجدون في 72 دولة حسب آخر إحصاء رسمي قامت به الجماعة في عام 2007 وقد ذكر هذا العدد من قبل في مقابلة مع قناة الجزيرة في برنامج بلا حدود

لقاءاته على قناة الجزيرة
 برنامج بلا حدود
 يوسف ندا.. الإستراتيجية المالية للإخوان الجزء الثاني، 6 سبتمبر 2006م
 يوسف ندا.. اتهامات بدعم الإرهاب الجزء الأول، 30 أغسطس 2006م
 ردود الفعل على شهادة يوسف ندا، 2 أكتوبر 2002م
 أبعاد الحملة الأميركية على المؤسسات المالية الإسلامية، 14 نوفمبر 2001م
 برنامج شاهد علي العصر العلاقات الدولية للإخوان كما يراها يوسف ندا
 الحلقة 1، 4 أغسطس 2002م - فيديو1
 الحلقة 2، 11 أغسطس 2002م - فيديو2
 الحلقة 3، 18 أغسطس 2002م - فيديو3
 الحلقة 4، 25 أغسطس 2002م
 الحلقة 5، 1 سبتمبر 2002م
 الحلقة 6، 8 سبتمبر 2002م
 الحلقة 7، 15 سبتمبر 2002م
 الحلقة 8، 29 سبتمبر 2002م

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع المهندس يوسف ندا
 حوار يوسف ندا مع جريدة المصري اليوم في 6 حلقات
 6 وجوه شهيرة في قضية الإخوان - الشاطر وندا ومالك وبشر وسعودي وعودة، شبكة إسلام أون لاين، 15 أبريل 2008م
 يوسف ندا: «أعيش حاليا كالسجين»، سويس إنفو، 12 يناير 2008م
 المهندس يوسف ندا المفوض الدولى للإخوان بعد رفع اسمه من قوائم تمويل الإرهاب: سأعود إلى السياسة والمنطقة ستشهد مفاجآت العام المقبل، المصري اليوم، 11 أكتوبر 2009
 المهندس يوسف ندا مفوض العلاقات الخارجية في «الإخوان» لـ«المصرى اليوم»: «حبيب» في امتحان وأتوقع عودته لصفوف الجماعة.. وخروج أبوالفتوح من مكتب الإرشاد خطأ، المصري اليوم، 6 يناير 2010

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الإسكندرية
أصحاب أعمال إيطاليون
أصحاب أعمال مصريون
إخوان مسلمون إيطاليون
إخوان مسلمون مصريون
إيطاليون من أصل مصري
شخصيات أعمال مصرية في القرن 20
مليارديرات مصريون
مواليد 1349 هـ
مواليد 1931
مواليد في الإسكندرية

يوسف ندا


Mihail Andricu (født 22 december 1894 i Bukarest, Rumænien - død 4 marts 1974) var en rumænsk komponist, violinist og lærer.

Andricu studerede komposition og violin på Bukarest Musikkonservatorium. Han tog efter endt uddannelse til Paris,
hvor han studerede hos bl.a. Gabriel Faure og Vincent d´Indy. Andricu var en meget produktiv komponist.

Han har skrevet 11 symfonier, orkesterværker, kammermusik, balletmusik etc. Han specialiserede sig i orkestermusikken.

Andricu underviste i kammermusik og musikhistorie og komposition på Bukarest Musikkonservatorium. Han regnes blandt Rumæniens vigtige komponister.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni nr. 1 (1943) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 2 (1947) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 3 (1949) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 4 (1954) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 5 (1955) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 6 (1957) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 7 (1958) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 8 (1960) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 9 (1962) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 10 (1968) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 11 "Til minde" (1970) - for orkester
 13 Sinfoniettas (1945-1972) - for orkester
 3 Kammersymfonier (1926, 1961, 1965) - for orkester
 Askepot (1929) - Symfonisk balletsuite

Kilde
 Om Mihail Andricu på musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Rumænien
Violinister fra Rumænien
Lærere fra Rumænien
Personer fra Bukarest

Mihail Andricu


Okrug Masyaf () je okrug u sirijskoj pokrajini Hama. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), okrug je imao 169.341 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u gradu Masyaf.

Nahije
Okrug je podijeljen u nahije (broj stanovnika se odnosi na popis iz 2004.):
Masyaf (ناحية مصياف): 68,184 stanovnika.
Jubb Ramlah (ناحية جب رملة): 39,814 stanovnika.
Awj (ناحية عوج): 33,344 stanovnika.
Ayn Halaqim (ناحية عين حلاقيم): 16,502 stanovnika.
Wadi al-Uyun (ناحية وادي العيون): 12,951 stanovnika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sirijski okruzi
Pokrajina Hama

Masyaf (okrug)


Pietro Ferruccio Laviani () este un arhitect și designer italian.

Biografie
Laviani a început să învețe meseria de lutier în orașul său natal, dar a abandonat ucenicia după un an. S-a dus la Milano, să studieze acolo arhitectura și designul la Politecnico di Milano. Printre profesorii lui se numară Achille Castiglioni, Marco Zanuso și Ettore Sottsass. A obținut diploma în 1986. Deja în anii precedenți, din 1983, a lucrat pentru designerul Michele De Lucchi și a devenit partenerul său în 1986, înainte de a lucra, în 1991, pe cont propriu.

În același an, Laviani a avut primul său succes la Salone internazionale del mobile cu planul și proiectarea reprezentatiei companiei italiene de mobilă Kartell. Pentru Kartell a fost activ în următorii ani la participări la târguri. În 2000 a dezvoltat plafoniera Fly pentru târg. În anul 2015, Kartell a creat Battery LED pentru noptiera, care poate fi reîncărcată prin cablu USB și lampadarul Kabuki. Alte modele cunoscute ale lui Laviani pentru Kartell sunt masa pe rotile Max și lampa Bourgie. Pentru compania italiană Foscarini SRL a creat, printre altele, lampa Orbital .

Laviani locuiește împreună cu familia sa în centrul orașului Milano și lucrează acolo cu cei doisprezece arhitecți și designeri ai săi.

Note

Bibliografie
 cu Caroline Klein: Ferruccio Laviani, DE / ro / fr / es / it. DAAB, Köln 2007, .

Legături externe
 Site-ul web al designerului

Nașteri în 1960
Designeri
Arhitecți italieni

Ferruccio Laviani


Antonio de Bellis (activo en Nápoles entre 1630 y 1660) fue un pintor barroco, muy característico (junto a José de Ribera o Bernardo Cavallino) de la Escuela Napolitana.
Se desconocen las fechas exactas de su nacimiento y muerte. Fue alumno de Massimo Stanzione. Su obra muestra muchas similitudes con el estilo de Cavallino.

Realizó un ciclo de pinturas sobre la vida de san Carlos Borromeo en la iglesia de San Carlo alle Mortelle de Nápoles. En el Museo de Bellas Artes de Houston se conserva una Escena de Sacrificio y en la Galería Nacional de Londres un Moisés rescatado de las aguas (de atribución incierta), y en el Museo de Bellas Artes de Orleans un San Sebastián. El comercio anticuario Whitfield Fine Art de Londres poseía dos obras suyas (como una Liberación de San Pedro).

Se conservan dos obras firmadas con el monograma ADB: una en una colección privada y otra (un Descanso en la Huida a Egipto) en la citada galería Whitfield de Londres.

En el Museo del Prado hay varias obras atribuidas a él, pero sin plena certeza de su autoría (las tituladas la Curación de Tobías
y los Desposorios de Tobías estuvieron anteriormente atribuidas a Bernardo Cavallino).

Referencias
 GARCÍA LÓPEZ, David: «Bellis, Antonio de», ficha del autor en la página oficial del Museo del Prado (consultada el 17 de febrero de 2012).

 RUOTOLO, Renato: «San Carlo alle Mortelle», en VV.AA: Napoli. Electa, 2002.

Notas

Enlaces externos

Pintores de Italia del barroco
Caravaggistas
Pintores de Italia del siglo XVII
Nacidos en Nápoles
Fallecidos en Nápoles

Antonio de Bellis


Prvi kontakti Arapa s morem datiraju iz vremena kalifa Omara, koji je čamcima upućivao vojsku u pohode na etiopske i egipatske obale.

Početak pomorskih napada
Muavija, osnivač arapske mornarice, gradio je brodove u brodogradilištima osvojenih primorskih gradova i organizirao 645. prvu arapsku flotu u Tripoliju i Aleksandriji. Prvi napadi bili su upereni protiv Cipra, koji je osvojen 649., Rodos je pao 654., a kod Feniksa na obali Likije (Lykía), 655. godine, Abdallah ibn Sa'd (ʿAbdallāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī Sarḥ) ostvario je prvu veliku pobjedu na moru. Ovim je arapska ratna mornarica (RM) stekla prevlast u istočnom dijelu Sredozemnog mora. Ona proširuje svoja djelovanja napadajući čitavo istočno Sredozemlje do Carigrada, obale Sicilije i sjeverne Afrike, pogotovo nakon 661., kada Muavija postaje kalif.

Djelovanja po istočnom Sredozemlju
Pošto su u proljeće 672. na poluotoku Kiziku (Kýzikos), na južnoj obali Mramornog mora, formirali operativnu bazu, Arapi su s malim prekidima do 678. opsjedali Carigrad, a zatim se povukli pretrpjevši velike gubitke, naročito od grčke vatre koju su Bizantinci tada prvi put upotrijebili. Napad na Carigrad ponovili su 717. kada u kolovozu su opsjeli grad s kopna, a 1. rujna počeli napad s mora. Arapska flota od oko 800 brodova uzalud je pokušavala prodrijeti u unutrašnju carigradsku luku Zlatni rog (Haliç), zaštićenu lancem i branjenu bizantskom flotom. U jesen 718. Arapi su morali prekinuti opsadu, s istim je rezultatom završio i pokušaj od 782. U istočnom bazenu Sredozemnog mora pomažu 821. ustanak maloazijskih Slavena protiv Bizanta, a 922. njihova se flota pojavljuje pred Carigradom kao saveznik bugarskog cara Simeona.

Trgovačka djelatnost

Već od 7. stoljeća paralelno s vojnim pohodima arapski trgovci putuju prema Dalekom istoku i prema zapadu, u luke Sredozemlja. U sljedećem stoljeću dopiru do luka na europskim obalama Atlantskog oceana, sve do Biskajskog zaljeva, zatim daleko na jug, duž istočne obale Afrike. Od 8. stoljeća u njihovim rukama je pomorska i kopnena trgovina s Dalekim istokom.

Prijelaz i pustošenje obala zapadnog Mediterana
Arapska osnovica za operacije na moru pomicala se prema zapadu paralelno s njihovim nadiranjem kroz Sjevernu Afriku. Osvajanjem Tripolitanije (Ifrīqiyah) 643. domogli su se brodogradilišta u Tripoliju. Iz Tunisa kroz Sicilijanski prolaz napadali su Siciliju i oko 700. zauzeli otok Pantelleriju. Od 827. do 878. padaju 826. — 827. Kreta, 840. Taranto, 870. Malta i 878. Sirakuza na Siciliji. Arapi sa Sicilije upadaju 841. u Jadran, pljačkajući otoke i naselja na obali. Bari osvajaju 846. te iste godine provaljuju u Rim gdje spaljuju bazilike sv. Petra i sv. Palva izvan zidina. Napad na Rim ponavljaju 849., ali ih pred ušćem Tibera razbijaju udruženi ratni brodovi Napulja, Amalfia i Gaete, koje je papa pozvao u pomoć. Stalni su napadi i na obale Sardinije, a već od 711. i Korzike. U zapadnom bazenu Sredozemnog mora od početka 9. stoljeća Arapi napadaju iz tuniskih, sicilijanskih i španjolskih baza obale Provanse, sredinom 9. stoljeća nekoliko puta upadaju u Marseille i u deltu Rhône, a u La Garde-Freinetu imaju neko vrijeme i svoju bazu.

Vrhunac i pad arapske dominacije
Arapska (mavarska) flota bila je na vrhuncu moći pod španjolskim Omejidom Abd al-Rahmanom III. (′Abd al-Rahmān ibn Mu′awiya), oko 950. Njegovi pljačkaški pohodi donosili su velika bogatstva, no krajem 10. stoljeća arapska pomorska moć počinje opadati. Bizant im oduzima 960. Kretu, a u borbama s Normanima, koje su trajale preko 50 godina (1039. – 1090.), gube Siciliju, a gotovo istovremeno ih potiskuju Bizantinci i iz Egejskog mora. U međusobnim borbama španjolskih Omejida i Fatimida (al-Fāṭimīyūn) sudjeluju i flote obje strane.

Oko 1010., kalif Al-Amir (al-Āmīr) uspio je na Pirinejskom poluotoku ujedini više arapskih državica i od njihovih ratnih brodova formirati flotu s kojom je 1014. osvojio Balearsko otočje, iduće godine Sardiniju. Također je vodio uspješne borbe s flotama Pise i Genove te je napadao pomorski promet i gradove u zapadnom Sredozemlju. Posle Al-Amirove smrti raspada se i njegova država i flota.

Usporedo s procesom raspadanja jedinstvene arapske države u Španjolskoj u 11. stoljeću postepeno nestaje povezanosti između arapskih centara na Istoku i Zapadu. Flote pojedinih arapskih gradova bave se sada isključivo gusarstvom u zapadnom dijelu Sredozemnog mora i na europskim obalama od Atlantskog oceana do La Manchea, a njihovi glavni protivnici su ratni brodovi krišćanskih pomorsko-trgovačkih gradova Sredozemlja.

Literatura

 "Arabljanski pohodi", U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 1., Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970., str. 192. – 194.
 Wüstenfeld, Das Heerwesen der Muhamedaner und die arabische Übersetzung des Aelian, Göttingen, 1880.
 M. Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften, München, Leipzig, 1889.
 Ch. Oman, A History of the Art of War, London, 1898.
 J. Wellhausen, Die Kämpfe der Araber mir den Rhomäern in der Zeit der Umaijaden, Nachrichten der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1901.
 J. Wellhausen, Das arabische Reich und sein Sturz, Berlin, 1902.
 H. Delbrück, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, III, Berlin, 1907.
 А. Крымский, История арабов и арабской литературы, светской и духовной, Москва, 1911.—13.
 С. Huart, Histoire des Arabes, I—II, 1912.—13.
 C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der islamischen Völker und Staaten, München, 1943.
 B. М. Заходер, История Восточного средневековны (Халифат и Ближнийт Восток), Москва, 1944.
 F. Lot, L'art militaire et les armées au moyen âge, I—II, Paris, 1946.
 B. Lewis, The Arbe in History, London, New York, 1950.
 B. Spuler, Der Vordere Orient in islamischer Zeit, Bern, 1952.
 B. Spuler, Die Chalifenzeit, Leiden, 1952.
 Ch. A. Julien, Histoire de l' Afrique du Nord, Paris, 1956.
 Ph. K. Hitti, The Arabs, London, 1956.
 J. B. Glubb, The Great Arab Conquests, London, 1963.

Kalifati
Bivše monarhije
Povijest Španjolske
Povijest Libije
Povijest Tunisa
Povijest Alžira
Povijest Maroka
Povijest Italije
Povijest Francuske
Povijest Grčke

Arapska osvajanja na moru


Die Primera Divisió 2011/12 war die 17. Spielzeit in der Geschichte der andorranischen Fußballliga. Die Liga begann am 18. September 2011 und endete mit dem letzten Spieltag am 22. April 2012. Der FC Lusitanos konnte die erste Meisterschaft in der Vereinsgeschichte gewinnen.

Modus
Nach einer Vorrunde, bestehend aus je einer Hin- und Rückrunde, wurde die Liga in zwei Vierergruppen geteilt: die besten vier Mannschaften spielen in der Meisterrunde um den Titel und internationale Startplätze, die vier schlechtesten Mannschaften um den Abstieg in die Segona Divisió.

Vorrunde

Tabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Vorrunde dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der ersten Spalte aufgelistet, die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe. Die Ergebnisse sind immer aus Sicht der Heimmannschaft angegeben.

Meisterrunde
Die Ergebnisse aus der Vorrunde wurden übernommen

Abstiegsrunde
Die Ergebnisse aus der Vorrunde wurden übernommen

Relegation
Der Siebtplatzierte der Primera Divisió Inter Club d'Escaldes spielte zwei Relegationsspiele gegen den Zweiten der Segona Divisió UE Extremenya. Der Sieger Inter Club d'Escaldes blieb erstklassig und der Meister der Segona Divisió FC Encamp stieg in die erste Liga auf.

|}

Torschützen
Die folgenden Spieler erzielten in der vergangenen Saison mindestens zehn Treffer:

Einzelnachweise

2011
Fußballsaison 2011/12

Primera Divisió 2011/12


Sinem Kobal İmirzalıoğlu (d. 14 Ağustos 1987, İstanbul), Türk oyuncu. İlk kez 2001 yılında Dadı dizisiyle oyunculuğa başlamış ve ardından birçok dizi ve film projesinde yer almıştır. Selena adlı dizide canlandırdığı Selena karakteriyle geniş kitlelerce tanınmıştır.

Hayatı

İlk yılları ve kariyeri
14 Ağustos 1987 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğdu. Rize, Hemşinli bir ailenin kızıdır. Babası inşaat mühendisi, annesi ise ev hanımıdır.

Kobal, dört yaşında Yıldız Alper bale okulunda başladığı bale eğitimine sekiz yıl devam etmiştir. Royal Akademi'den diplomasını almıştır. İSTEK Vakfı Özel Acıbadem Lisesinden mezun olmuştur. Başarılı bir öğrenci olan Sinem Kobal, ortaokulda öğrenci iken, voleybol takımıyla ikincilik ve step birinciliği kazanmıştır. Şimdi ise latin dansı ve Aikido sporu yapmaktadır.

Dormen Tiyatrosunda aldığı eğitimle sanat hayatına giriş yapmış, henüz 13 yaşındayken ilk kez "Dadı" adlı televizyon dizisinde rol almaya başlamıştır. Daha sonra bir sezon da Uygur Tiyatrosu'nda çalışmıştır.

2003 yılında Star TV'de yayımlanan başrollerini Ali Sürmeli ve Gülben Ergen'in paylaştığı Hürrem Sultan dizisinde "Ayşe' karakterini canlandırmıştır.

Beykent Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Sahne ve Gösteri Sanatları Bölümü mezunudur.

2006-2009 yılları arasında atv'de yayımlanmış olan Selena adlı bir fantastik dizide "Selena" adlı bir karakteri oynamıştır. Akatlar Kültür Merkezi'nde yapılan "Jetix Çocuk Ödülleri Ödül Töreni"nde başrolünü oynadığı Selena dizisi "En Sevilen Yerli Televizyon Dizisi" seçilmiş, Sinem Kobal ise yine bu törende "En Sevilen Türk Kadın Oyuncu" seçilmiştir.

2010 yılının yaz aylarında Kanal D'de yayınlanmaya başlayan daha sonra Star TV'de yayımlanan Küçük Sırlar dizisinde "Su" karakterini canlandırdı.

5 Şubat 2010 tarihinde Romantik Komedi  filminde "Didem" karakterini canlandırdı. 14 Şubat 2013'te ise Romantik Komedi 2 vizyona girdi, bu filmde Kobal aynı rolü tekrarladı.

Kişisel hayatı
14 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde ünlü oyuncu ve sunucu Kenan İmirzalıoğlu ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten 2020 yılında Lalin ve 2022 yılında Leyla adını verdikleri kız çocukları dünyaya geldi.

Filmografisi

Reklamlar
 Vodafone
 GNCTURKCELL
 Avea
 Bingo
 Garnier
 Deichmann

Ödülleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
Türk kadın sinema oyuncuları
Türk kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk televizyon sunucuları
İstanbul doğumlu kadın oyuncular
1987 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Beykent Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Sinem Kobal


أدري فان كراي  ، من مواليد 1 أغسطس1953 ، لاعب كرة قدم هولندي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب أدري فان كراي خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 3 أندية في أربعة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 6 أهداف ضمن 383 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسمين بالكأس وفي ثلاثة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض أدري فان كراي مسيرته مع نادي آيندهوفن في موسم 1971–72 ليلعب معه أحد عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 309 مباراة سجل خلالها 5 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي واترشاي ثور في موسم 1982–83 ولمدة موسمين، حيث شارك في 57 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي بازل في موسم 1984–85 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 17 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من أيندهوفن
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في بلجيكا
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1976
لاعبو بي إس في آيندهوفن
لاعبو كأس العالم 1978
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو كرة قدم من أيندهوفن
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بازل
لاعبو نادي واترشاي ثور
لاعبون فائزون بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
مواليد 1953
مواليد في آيندهوفن
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي الممتاز

أدري فان كراي


ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් (LPL) තරගාවලිය තුල, මහනුවර නගරය නියෝජනය කරන කණ්ඩායමකි  කැන්ඩි ෆැල්කන්ස් . 2020 වසරේ දේශීය නිරූපක ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස කුසල් පෙරේරා ගිවිසුම්ගතවිය.  2021 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී කණ්ඩායම හිමිකරුවන් වෙනස් කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔවුන්ගේ නම කැන්ඩි වොරියර්ස් ලෙස වෙනස් කළේය. 2022  වසරේ සිට මෙම කණ්ඩායම කැන්ඩි ෆැල්කන්ස් ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. එසේම 2022 වසරේදි සුපිරි ක්‍රීඩක වනිදු හසරංගද මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ නායකයා ලෙස ක්‍රීඩා කරයි.

තරග වාරය

අනුග්‍රාහකයන්

වර්තමාන සංචිතය
 අන්තර්ජාතික  වරම් ලැබු ක්‍රීඩකයන් තද අකුරින් දැක්වේ.
  දැනට ක්‍රීඩා නොකරන ක්‍රීඩකයන්
  මෙම තරග වාරය සදහා ක්‍රීඩා නොකරන ක්‍රීඩකයන්

පුහුණුකරුවන් හා කාර්යමණ්ඩලය

නායකයන්

Source: ESPNcricinfo, Last updated: 18 Dec 2021

පෙරසිටි ක්‍රීඩකයන්

සංඛ්‍යාන දත්ත

වැඩිම ලකුණු

Source: ESPNcricinfo, Last updated: 18 Dec 2021

වැඩිම කඩුළු

Source: ESPNcricinfo, Last Updated:18 Dec 2021

Overall result

 Last updated : 23 December 2021
 Source :ESPNcricinfo

By opposition

 Last updated: 23 December 2021
 Tied+Win - Counted as a win and Tied+Loss - Counted as a loss

මූලාශ්‍ර

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

Kandy Tuskers
ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග්
ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට්

කැන්ඩි ෆැල්කන්ස්


Estado Russo () ou Estado da Rússia () foi um Estado proclamado pela Lei da Conferência Estatal de Ufa de 23 de setembro de 1918 (Constituição do Governo Provisório de Toda a Rússia), "Sobre a formação do poder supremo de toda a Rússia" em nome da "restauração da unidade estatal e a independência da Rússia" afetada pelos eventos revolucionários de 1917, a Revolução de Outubro e a assinatura do Tratado de Brest-Litovsk com a Alemanha.

Ato sobre a formação da Autoridade Suprema de Toda a Rússia
As delegações presentes na reunião do Komuch (Samara), Governo Provisório Siberiano (Omsk), Governo Provisório Regional dos Urais (Yekaterinburg), governos militares das tropas cossacas (Astrakhan, Yenisei, Irkutsk, Orenburg, Semirechensk, Siberian, Ural), governos de várias formações estatais nacionais (Governo quirguiz de Alash-Orda, Governo Bashkir, Governo do Turquestão autônomo, Administração Nacional dos muçulmanos turco-tártaros do interior da Rússia e da Sibéria, Governo estoniano provisório), vários grupos políticos de toda a Rússia formaram o Governo Provisório de Toda a Rússia (o chamado "Diretório Ufa"), liderado por Nikolai Avksentiev. Foi estabelecido que o Governo Provisório de Toda a Rússia "até a convocação da Assembleia Constituinte de Toda a Rússia é o único detentor do poder supremo em todo o território do Estado Russo". O ato previa "a transferência para o Governo Provisório de Toda a Rússia, logo que o exija", "todas as funções do poder supremo, enviadas temporariamente, tendo em conta as condições criadas, pelos governos regionais". Assim, a soberania das entidades regionais foi cancelada, que foi substituída por "ampla autonomia das regiões", cujos limites dependiam completamente da "entendimento do Governo Provisório de Toda a Rússia".

O Governo de Toda a Rússia foi encarregado de facilitar a convocação da Assembleia Constituinte e, no futuro, submeter-se incondicionalmente a ela "como o único poder supremo do país".

Os fundamentos da estrutura do Estado Nacional da Rússia deveriam basear-se em princípios federais: "a organização de uma Rússia libertada com base no reconhecimento de ampla autonomia para suas regiões individuais, devido às características geográficas, econômicas e étnicas, assumindo o objetivo final estabelecimento de uma organização estatal de base federal por uma Assembléia Constituinte soberana..., o reconhecimento das minorias nacionais que não ocupam um território separado, os direitos à autodeterminação cultural e nacional".

No que diz respeito ao exército, a lei falava da necessidade de "recriar um exército russo forte, pronto para o combate, unificado, colocado fora da influência dos partidos políticos" e, ao mesmo tempo, sobre "a inadmissibilidade de organizações políticas de militares pessoal e a eliminação dos exércitos políticos".

As seguintes tarefas foram nomeadas como tarefas urgentes para restaurar a unidade estatal e a independência da Rússia:

 A luta para liberar a Rússia do poder soviético;
 A reunificação da secessão da Rússia, regiões separatistas e fragmentadas;
 O não reconhecimento do Tratado de Brest e de todos os outros tratados de caráter internacional concluídos em nome da Rússia ou de suas partes individuais após a Revolução de fevereiro, por qualquer autoridade que não o Governo Provisório Russo, e o restabelecimento da força real das relações dos tratados com os poderes anuentes;
 Continuação da guerra contra a coalizão alemã.

Centralização da Administração
Em 9 de outubro de 1918, o Governo Provisório de Toda a Rússia mudou-se de Ufa para Omsk em conexão com a aproximação do Exército Vermelho a Ufa.

Em 4 de novembro, o Governo Provisório de Toda a Rússia apelou a todos os governos regionais com um pedido para dissolver imediatamente "todos, sem exceção, os Governos Regionais e Instituições Representativas Regionais" e transferir todos os poderes para administrar o Governo de Toda a Rússia. No mesmo dia, com base nos ministérios e administrações centrais do Governo Provisório da Sibéria, foi formado o órgão executivo do Diretório, o Conselho de Ministros de Toda a Rússia, liderado por Pedro Vologdski. Tal centralização do poder estatal deveu-se à necessidade, em primeiro lugar, de "recriar o poder de combate da pátria, tão necessário na luta pelo renascimento da Grande e Unida Rússia", "de criar as condições necessárias para abastecer o exército e organizando a retaguarda em escala de toda a Rússia".

Graças a isso, foi possível conseguir a abolição de todos os governos regionais, nacionais e cossacos no leste da Rússia e, assim, consolidar as forças de resistência antibolchevique.

Golpe de 18 de novembro
Em 18 de novembro de 1918, os membros do Diretório que estavam em Omsk foram presos, o Conselho de Ministros anunciou que havia assumido a soberania plena e então decidiu transferi-la para uma pessoa, dando-lhe o título de Governante Supremo. Por votação secreta dos membros do Conselho de Ministros, o Almirante Alexandre Kolchak foi eleito para este cargo. O almirante aceitou a oferta e anunciou sua aceitação do título de Comandante Supremo. Um novo governo foi formado, que ficou na história como Governo de Omsk ou Governo Kolchak, que durou até 4 de janeiro de 1920.

O Almirante Kolchak foi reconhecido como o governante supremo por todos os comandantes em chefe dos exércitos brancos tanto no sul quanto no oeste da Rússia, na Sibéria e no Extremo Oriente; na virada de maio-junho de 1919, os generais Anton Ivanovich Denikin, Eugene-Ludwig Karlovich Miller, Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich se submeteram voluntariamente a Alexandre Kolchak e reconheceram oficialmente seu Comando Supremo sobre todos os exércitos na Rússia. O Comandante Supremo, ao mesmo tempo, confirmou os poderes dos comandantes em chefe. Por ordem do governante supremo, Miller e Yudenich receberam o status de Governador-Geral.

A partir desse momento, as Forças Armadas do Sul da Rússia, o Exército do Noroeste, o Exército do Norte e a Frente Oriental operaram na posição das frentes desse exército unificado.

O nome "Exército Russo" foi aprovado como a unificação de todas as frentes brancas, o status de comandantes de frente foi formalmente recebido do Supremo Comandante-em-Chefe pelos comandantes dos exércitos do Norte e do Noroeste, generais Yudenich e Miller.

Alexandre Kolchak continuou o curso econômico e político do Governo Provisório da Sibéria, cujo ex-chefe, Pedro Vologdski, próximo aos cadetes, que se tornou um símbolo da legitimidade de seu governo para o governante supremo, foi deixado o presidente do Conselho de Ministros. Nas primeiras declarações após o golpe de 18 de novembro, tanto o governo russo, como o próprio governante supremo, e os governantes brancos e governos de outras regiões russas que reconheceram sua autoridade confirmaram a necessidade de convocar a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, que deveria tornar-se um centro verdadeiramente unificador, sem qualquer participação "radicais revolucionários". Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma nova lei eleitoral.

Ver também

 Império Russo
 Revolução Russa de 1917
 Revolução Russa de 1918
 Guerra Civil Russa
 Movimento Branco
 Exército Branco
 Exército Negro
 Exército Voluntário
 Exército Verde
 Exército Vermelho
 Governo Provisório Russo
 República Russa
 República Socialista Federativa Soviética da Rússia
 Governante Supremo da Rússia
 União Soviética

Referências

Ligações externas

 Estado Russo de 1918 a 1920
 Dez mitos sobre Kolchak - Parte 1
 Dez mitos sobre Kolchak - Parte 2
 Dez mitos sobre Kolchak - Parte 3

Estados extintos da Europa
Estados e territórios fundados em 1918
História da Rússia
Estados extintos da Rússia
Revolução Russa de 1917

Estado Russo (1918-1920)


Watching You ist ein Lied des deutschen Dance-Projekts R.I.O., der mit der niederländischen Sängerin Liz Kay aufgenommen wurde. Watching You wurde als Doppel-Single mit dem Lied Something About You, in dem Liz Kay ebenfalls zu hören ist, am 12. Februar 2010 als Download-Single veröffentlicht. Der Song konnte sich bisher noch nicht in den Single-Charts platzieren. Watching You ist auf allen drei Alben von R.I.O. zu finden.

Mitwirkende
Watching You wurde von Yann Pfeifer und Manuel Reuter komponiert und geschrieben. Das Lied wurde von Yanou und Manian produziert und über ihr eigenes Label Zooland Records als Doppel-Single veröffentlicht. Tony T. und Liz Kay sind die Stimmen des Songs. Instrumental sind es ausschließlich Synthesizerelemente, die von Manian und Yanou stammen.

Versionen und Remixe
 Radio Edit – 3:55
 Extended Mix – 5:49

Chartplatzierungen
Watching You konnte mehrere Charts erreichen. Darunter waren die Portugiesischen und die Bulgarischen. In Portugal stieg der Song auf Platz 49 ein und erreichte schließlich Platz 34. Nach 6 Wochen stieg er wieder aus. In Bulgarien konnte die Single auf Nummer 39 einsteigen und stieg bis auf Platz 19. Hier konnte man das Lied sogar 9 Wochen in den Charts finden.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Facebook-Seite

R.I.O.-Lied
House-Lied
Lied 2010
Lied von Yanou

Watching You


Émile Aurèle Van Moé né le  à Dunkerque (Nord) et mort le  à Asnières-sur-Seine (Hauts-de-Seine) est un bibliothécaire français.

Biographie
Émile Aurèle Van Moé se présente en 1924 au concours d'entrée à l'École des chartes à Paris dont il ressort major de sa promotion le , sa thèse portant sur "Les ermites de saint Augustin au début du .Agostino Trionfo et ses théories politiques" Il était déjà ingénieur agronome et ancien combattant de la Grande Guerre. Passionné par l'histoire religieuse et philosophique du Moyen Âge, il fréquente l'École française de Rome, dont il est titulaire d'un doctorat de philosophie scolastique. Membre de cette institution, il y poursuit ses recherches sur l'ordre de Saint-Augustin et transmis à l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres un mémoire sur les ermites de cet ordre pour la période de 1250 à 1350. Il œuvra au reclassement scientifique de leur bibliothèque. Il entretenait d'excellentes relations avec la communauté artistique française de Rome, dont les pensionnaires de la villa Médicis à qui il rendait visite régulièrement. Rentré à Paris au bout de deux années, il entre à la Bibliothèque nationale au cabinet des manuscrits.

Publications

 1929 : Les ermites de Saint-Augustin, ami de Pétrarque.
 1930 : L'envoi de nonce à Constantinople par les papes Innocent V et Jean XXI.
 1931 :
 Inventaire archéologique de la Seine-Inférieure. Période gallo-romaine.
 Suppliques originales adressées à Jean XXII, Clément VI, et Innocent VI.
 1932 : La Cour du pape Paul III d'après les registres de la Trésorerie secrète (collection F. de Navenne), Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1932, 2 vol in -4°, XI- 395 p., et 7 planches, et VII- 340 pages et 3 planches.
 1934 : La Figure humaine.
 1935 : « Liber procuratorum nationis Anglicanæ (Alemanniæ) » in: Universitate Parisiensi, éd. Henricus Denifle, Aermilius Chatelain, Carolus Samaran, A. Van Moé, Susanna Vitte.
 1937 :
 Un manuscrit à peinture et la consolation philosophique de Boèce.
 Les Grands Écrivains de France illustrés : Morceaux choisis et analysés par E. Abry… Paul Crouzet, J. Bernès… J. Léger…  1800-1850, relié, . Illustration documentaire d'Émile Aurèle Van Moé.
 Les Enlumineurs français du , Bibliothèque nationale de France.
 1939 : La technique agricole dans l'ancienne France  d'après les enluminures des manuscrits.
 1941 : Un vrai portrait de saint Louis, Paris, Éditions Librairie Couville, 1941 [2] p.- 1 pl. Illustration de Jean-Paul Mariage Eudes de Saint-Pierre (1881-1966).
 1942 :
 Un vrai portrait de saint Louis, Paris, 1942, imprimerie de Duchemin.  édition., in-fol., 2 p., fig., planche.
 Table des tomes LXXXVI à C de 1925-1939 de la Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes.
 La Faculté de décret de l'Université de Paris au .
 Le Livre, les plus beaux exemplaires de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1942 : Éditions du Chêne . Auteurs du texte: Robert Brun (1896-1978), Jacques Guignard (1912-1980), Paul-Henri Michel (1894-1964), Émile Aurèle Van Moé (1895-1944), Jacques Wilhelm, préface d'André Lejard (1899-1974), Marcel Rives.
 1943 :
 La lettre ornée dans les manuscrits du .
 Les Fouquet de la Bibliothèque nationale, préface de Paul Valéry.
  L'Apocalypse de Saint-Sever, manuscrit latin 8878 de la Bibliothèque nationale (), Paris, Éditions de Cluny, 1943,  (texte) et 29 planches en couleurs.
 sans date
 Gravure et miniature florentine au .
 Français de ce temps. Cinq portraits par Paul-Marcel Dammann.
 Mélanges dédiés à la mémoire de Félix Grat 1946-1949.

Expositions
 1939 : Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Les Travaux et les jours dans l'ancienne France, exposition commémorative du  centenaire d'Olivier de Serres.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques sur cths.fr.

Bibliothécaire français
Archiviste paléographe
Naissance en mai 1895
Naissance à Dunkerque
Décès en décembre 1944
Décès à Asnières-sur-Seine
Décès dans le département de la Seine
Décès à 49 ans
Mort d'une insuffisance cardiaque

Émile Aurèle Van Moé


بمكين هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عاليه في محافظة جبل لبنان.

ترتفع بمكين 700 متر عن سطح البحر, و يحدها بلدات القماطية, سوق الغرب, عين الرمانة (عاليه).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عاليه
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان

بمكين


Count Carl Gustaf Ericsson von Rosen (19 August 1909 – 13 July 1977) was a Swedish pioneer aviator, humanitarian, and mercenary pilot. He flew relief missions in a number of conflicts as well as combat missions for Finland (whose first military aircraft his father had donated in 1918) and Biafra. His flights for the Biafran Air Force  were notable for using the small Malmö MFI-9 in a ground attack role.

Early life and family
Von Rosen was born in Helgesta, Flen Municipality, Södermanland, Sweden and grew up in Rockelstad Castle. He was the son of the explorer Count Eric von Rosen (1879–1948), co-founder of National Socialist Bloc, and baroness Mary Fock (1886–1967). He was nephew of Carin Göring, wife of Hermann Göring. Throughout his upbringing, Carl Gustaf appeared to have had serious differences in opinion with his family, with one author referring to him as the "black sheep of his family." His brother, Björn (1905–1989), was a writer, graphic artist and painter, and his sister, Birgitta Wolf (1913–2009), was a writer and human rights activist. From an early age, Carl Gustaf was interested in mechanics; his subsequent fascination with flying machines was likely influenced by his uncle, who was a fighter ace during World War I (and later head of the German Luftwaffe).

He was a student at Lundsbergs boarding school from 1920 to 1926 and at AB Aeromateriel's flight school in 1929 and took the pilot's license test in the same year. Von Rosen took the airline pilot exam in 1934. Von Rosen himself started his flying career as a mechanic before becoming an aerobatic stunt pilot in a travelling circus.

Second Italo-Ethiopian War
When the Italians under Benito Mussolini attacked the independent empire of Ethiopia, von Rosen joined the Swedish Red Cross ambulance mission. He also repeatedly flew casualties out from the battlefield under extremely dangerous conditions. This activity resulted in him receiving mustard gas burns due to the use of the gas by the Italian Air Force.

After his return from the war in Ethiopia, he went to the Netherlands to join KLM, the first public airline in the world, and became one of their foremost pilots.

Second World War
Von Rosen's happiness with his second wife, Hanny, ended with the outbreak of World War II. She joined the resistance, was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Dachau in Germany. After the war, she committed suicide in 1949.

When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in 1939 in the Winter War, von Rosen quit his job to fly bombing missions for the Finns. He purchased a KLM Douglas DC-2, had it converted to a bomber in Sweden, and made one operational mission in March 1940 against the Soviet Union with it.  Later the same year, as the Germans attacked the Netherlands, von Rosen with a Dutch KLM-crew flew a DC-3 with Dutch government documents to England and applied for service with the RAF but was turned down, on account of his family relation to Hermann Göring. Carl Gustaf von Rosen went on flying for the Swedish airline AB Aerotransport (ABA) from August 1940 until the end of the war.

Post-war
Between 1945 and 1956 von Rosen worked in Ethiopia as the chief instructor for the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force. Afterwards von Rosen was employed by the Swedish charter airline Transair. The company was engaged by the UN during the Congo Crisis 1960. Von Rosen also served as the pilot for the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, Dag Hammarskjöld. However, von Rosen was grounded by illness when Hammarskjöld was killed in an air crash while mediating in the Congo Crisis.

Biafran War

Von Rosen's involvement in Africa did not end with the Congo Crisis. He gained international fame seven years later when he flew relief missions for aid organisations into war torn Biafra, a breakaway republic of Nigeria. These flights included flying a DC-7 from São Tomé to Uli at only a little above sea level in August 1968.

Disgusted at the suffering the Nigerian government inflicted on the Biafrans and the continuous harassment of international relief flights by the Nigerian Air Force, he hatched a plan in collaboration with the French secret service to strike back at Nigerian air power. He imported five small civilian single engine MFI-9 planes produced by Malmö Flygindustri, at that time owned by SAAB, which he knew could also be used for a ground attack role in warfare. He had the planes painted in camouflage colours and fitted with license manufactured 68 mm SNEB type rockets, and proceeded with a crew of two Swedes and two Biafrans to form a squadron called 'Biafra Babies' to strike the air fields from which the federal Nigerian Air Force launched their attacks against the civilian population in Biafra. On 22 May 1969, and over the next few days, von Rosen and his five aircraft launched attacks against Nigerian air fields at Port Harcourt, Enugu, Benin and other small airports. The Nigerians were taken by surprise and a number of expensive jets, including a few MiG-17 fighters and three out of Nigeria's six Ilyushin Il-28 bombers, were destroyed on the ground. The Igbo intellectual Fola Oyewole who fought for Biafra recalled of all the Westerners who served with the Biafrans that Rosen was the most idealistic and the one who cared about the Igbos as a people the most.

Despite his controversial methods, Count von Rosen would later be remembered for his efforts to modernize relief efforts to remote conflict zones. One of the notable figures assisting Count Carl Gustav von Rosen was Lynn Garrison, an ex-RCAF fighter pilot. He introduced the Count to a Canadian method of dropping bagged supplies to remote areas in Canada without losing the contents: a sack of food was placed inside a larger sack before the supply drop. When the package hit the ground, the inner sack would rupture, but the outer one kept the contents intact. With this method many tons of food were dropped to many Biafrans who would otherwise have died of starvation. Later models of the Malmö Flygindustri MFI-9 became the SAAB MFI-15 Safari, with official modifications, developed from the Biafran concept,  to facilitate the dropping of food supplies from underwing hard points. Von Rosen was utilizing this type in Ogaden when he was killed during a rebel ground assault.

Return to Ethiopia
From 1974 to 1977 he flew aid for famine and drought victims in Ethiopia.

The last action Count von Rosen saw was again in Africa in 1977, during the Ogaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia. Again flying famine relief for refugees, he was killed on the ground on 13 July 1977, during a sudden Somali army attack in Gode at the outbreak of the war.

He was buried in Gulale cemetery, Addis Ababa.

Personal life
von Rosen was married 1932–1936 to Stina Maria Theresia (Mille) Wijkmark (1911–1994) and 1938–1943 to Johanna (Hanny) Francina Krijgsman (1912-1949). In 1943 he married Gunvor Lilian Martin (born 1917), daughter of the artist Seth Martin and baroness Lily Fock. von Rosen was the father of Nils Gustaf (born 1932), Margaretha (born 1938), Yvonne (born 1940), Astrid (born 1945), Eric (born 1950) and Carl (born 1953).

Awards
von Rosen's awards:
Knight of the Order of Vasa
Commander of the Order of Menelik II
3rd Class of the Order of the Cross of Liberty with swords
Finnish war memorial medal with swords and bar
Finnish Medical silver medal
Royal Swedish Aeroclub gold medal with wings and silver medal
Gold medal
Ethiopian Red Cross Gold Medal
Ethiopian gold medal

See also
Carl Gustaf von Rosen biography
Biafra
Second Italo-Abyssinian War

Books and articles

References

1909 births
1977 deaths
People from Flen Municipality
Swedish nobility
Swedish people of American descent
Swedish people of English descent
Swedish people of German descent
Swedish aviators
Commercial aviators
Swedish mercenaries
Swedish expatriates in Ethiopia
Ethiopian Air Force personnel
People of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Volunteers in the Winter War
World War II pilots
Biafran Armed Forces personnel
Recipients of the Order of Vasa
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia
Carl Gustaf

Carl Gustaf von Rosen


Boyhood er en coming-of-age dramafilm fra 2014, der er skrevet og instrueret af Richard Linklater, og med Patricia Arquette, Ellar Coltrane, Lorelei Linklater og Ethan Hawke som skuespillere. Den blev filmet mellem 2002 og 2013, og Boyhood' fortæller historien om Mason Evans Jr. (Coltrane) i hans barndom og op igennem teenageårene fra han er 6 til 18 år, mens han vokser op i Texas med skilte forældre (Arquette og Hawke). Richard Linklaters dater, Lorelei, spiller Masons søster, Samantha.

Produktionen begyndte i 2002 og blev færdiggjort i 2013, med Linklaters mål om at lave en film om at vokse op. Projektet begyndte uden et færdigt manuskript, og kun grundlæggende plotpunkter og slutningen var fastlagt. Linklater udviklede manuskriptet igennem hele produktionen og skrev manuskriptet til det næste års optagelser efter at have set indeværende års optagelser. Han inkorporerede ændringer som han så i skuespillerne, og han lod også alle de store roller bidrage til skriveprocessen ved at inkorporere deres livserfaring i karakterernes historier.Boyhood'' havde premiere Sundance Film Festival i 2014 og den udkom i biograferne den 11. juli 2014. Filmen var med i hovedkonkurrencen ved Filmfestivalen i Berlin 2014, hvor Linklater vandt en Sølvbjørn for bedste instruktør. Filmen blev nomineret til fem Golden Globe Awards i 2015, hvor den vandt for bedste film - drama, bedste instruktør og bedste birolle for Arquette; fim BAFTA-priser, hvor den vandt bedste instruktør og bedste film; og seks Oscaruddelingen, hvor den vandt bedste birolle for Arquette.

Family of th Years sang "Hero" fra 2012 blev brugt både i filmen og traileren, og den forbindelse et top 10 hit i Østrig, Belgien, Tyskland og Schweiz.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Engelsksprogede film
Amerikanske film fra 2014

Boyhood


Gastrolitul este o concrețiune, de obicei de natură calcaroasă găsită în stomacul unor animale (crustacee, pasări, reptile, pești, mamifere), inclusiv la om.

La crustacee pe pereții regiunii cardiace a stomacului se vad de obicei doi gastroliți, ca două plăci rotunde albicioase, câte unul de fiecare parte, popular cunoscuți sub numele de "ochi de rac". Ei sunt formați din calcar și constituie o rezervă pentru mineralizarea crustei nou formate după fiecare năpârlire.

La pasări, reptile sau pești gastroliții sunt niște pietricele pe care le-au înghițit aceste animale pentru a facilita digestia. Păsările nu au dinți, iar crocodilii nu au molari cu care să sfărâme mâncarea. Multe dintre aceste animale, în special păsările granivore (care se hrănesc cu semințe), înghit grăunți de nisip sau pietricele de diferite mărimi (gastroliți), pe care le folosesc pentru triturarea hranei în interiorul pipotei. Stomacul păsărilor este împărțit în două compartimente. Primul compartiment este stomacul glandular care este o lărgire a esofagului, și are pereți subțiri și bogați în glande, a căror secreție conține un ferment proteolitic. Al doilea compartiment este stomacul musculos (pipota, rânza) și este separat de primul printr-o gâtuitură. Rânza are pereții musculoși și uniform îngroșați și servește ca rezervor alimentar și continuă digestia alimentelor cu ajutorul sucurilor provenite din stomacul glandular. Rânza este mai slab dezvoltată la păsările insectivore, răpitoare, pinguini, pelicani, la care are forma cea mai simplă - un fel de sac extensibil cu pereții musculoși uniform îngroșați, care servește ca rezervor alimentar și unde se continuă digestia cu ajutorul sucurilor provenite din stomacul glandular. La păsările erbivore (de ex., la galiforme) care se hrănesc cu părți vegetale dure (frunze de conifere, rămurele, muguri) și mai ales la cele granivore (de ex., multe paseriforme) care se hrănesc cu semințe, alimentele necesită o acțiune de sfărâmare mecanică. La aceste păsări, rânza este comprimată lateral și mușchii puternici ai săi formează două plăci laterale. Rânza este căptușită pe dinăuntru cu o crustă cheratinoasă foarte groasă și cutată, care acționează ca pietrele de moară la sfărâmarea alimentelor (stomac triturant). Acțiunea de sfărâmare este ajutată de grăuncioarele de nisip și de pietricelele (gastroliții) pe care le înghite pasărea împreună cu alimentele. Părțile din alimente care nu au fost digerate, ca oasele, părul, penele, cochiliile etc., sunt adesea eliminate prin gură sub formă de cocoloș, numit ingluvie.

La om și rumegătoare gastrolitul (sinonim: calcul gastric) este o concrețiune, de obicei calcaroasă, în stomac, care se formează frecvent în jurul unui bezoar. Bezoarul este o concrețiune calculoasă în tubul digestiv (în stomac sau în intestine), formată din aglomerări de păr (trichobezoar), lână (lanobezoar) sau resturi vegetale (fitobezoar). Bezoarii au aspect pâslos, formă sferică sau ovoidă, dimensiuni variind între 3-4 cm și 10-15 cm și prezintă mineralizare superficială, cu aspect neted, lucios sau poros. Se cunosc de asemenea, plumobezoare (formate pe seama aglomerărilor de pene) sau lactobezoare (conglomerate de lapte praf nedigerat, mineralizate superficial). Materialul poate fi înghițit de bolnavi cu tulburări psihice și poate produce uneori obstrucție gastrică. Adesea, este îndepărtat prin intervenție chirurgicală. În trecut, bezoarul a fost utilizat în medicina populară ca antidot și i s-au atribuit proprietăți magice și valoare de talisman.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Darby, D.G. and Ojakangas, J. (1980). Gastroliths from an Upper Cretaceous Plesiosaur. Journal of Paleontology 54:3
 Whittle, C. (1989). On the Origins of Gastroliths: Determining the Weathering Environment of Rounded and Polished Stones by Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis. Geological Society of America Bulletin 51:5.
 Whittle, C. (1988). On the Origins of Gastroliths. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Supplement to 3:28.
 Wings, Oliver (2003): Observations on the Release of Gastroliths from Ostrich Chick Carcasses in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments. Journal of Taphonomy 1(2): 97-103. PDF fulltext
 Wings, Oliver (2004): Identification, distribution, and function of gastroliths in dinosaurs and extant birds with emphasis on ostriches (Struthio camelus). Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 187 pp. URN: urn:nbn:de:hbz:5N-04626 PDF fulltext
 Wings, Oliver (2007): A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52(1): 1-16. PDF fulltext
 Wings, Oliver & Sander, P.M. (2007): No gastric mill in sauropod dinosaurs: new evidence from analysis of gastrolith mass and function in ostriches. Proc. R. Soc. B 274(1610): 635–640.   PDF fulltext
 Stokes, W. L. 1987. Dinosaur gastroliths revisited. Journal of Paleontology 61: 1242–1246.

Stomac
Aparatul digestiv

Gastrolit


Nadia Elena Comăneci (d. 12 Kasım 1961), Rumen eski jimnastikçi. 5 altın, 3 gümüş ve 1 bronz Olimpiyat madalyası sahibidir. 1976 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda tüm jüriden 10 üzerinden 10-puan alması nedeniyle jimnastiğin popülerleşmesinde önemli katkısı olmuştur.

Başarısının sırrının, ilkokul yıllarında kazandığı ilk bronz madalyasını duvara asan babasına karşı çıkarak madalyayı indiren, Rumen geleneklerini yaşatan annesi Maria olduğu rivayet edilir. Nadia Comăneci, 1976 Olimpiyatları'nda, zorlu dengede, asimetrik barda ve genel kombine kategorilerinde olağanüstü performans sergileyerek tümüyle 10 üzerinden puan alarak tarihe geçti.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_10_(gymnastics)

Bu, olimpiyat tarihinde bir jimnastikçinin aldığı ilk tam puan oldu ve onu uluslararası arenada tanınmış bir isim haline getirdi.

Bu büyük başarının ardından Nadia, birçok uluslararası yarışmada üstün performans sergilemeye devam etti. Ancak, Romanya'da siyasi değişiklikler yaşandı ve Comăneci, sporunun politika tarafından kontrol edildiği bir ortamda bulundu. 1980 Moskova Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda da başarılı oldu, ancak artan siyasi baskılar ve spor dünyasının zorlukları nedeniyle 1981'de Romanya'yı terk etmek zorunda kaldı.

Nadia Comăneci daha sonra ABD'ye taşındı ve orada spor yaşamını sürdürdü. Jimnastik alanında genç sporcuları eğitmeye ve desteklemeye başladı. Aynı zamanda Olimpiyat Oyunları'nın ve sporun evrensel değerlerini yaymaya yönelik çalışmalar yaptı.

Nadia Comăneci, tarihi başarısı ve jimnastiğe katkıları nedeniyle spor dünyasında unutulmaz bir isim olarak kaldı. Onun hikâyesi, genç yaşta gösterdiği azim, yetenek ve başarı ile sporun gücünü sergileyen ilham verici bir örnektir.

Comăneci, Oneşti, Romanya'da Gheorghe and Ştefania-Alexandrina çiftinin kızı olarak dünyaya gelmiştir. Nadia, Rumen bir isim değildir, annesi hamileyken bir Rus filmi izlemiş, kadın kahramanın adı da Nadia'dır (Rus isim Nadežda'nın kısaltılmışı, anlamı "umut") ve böylece isminin Nadia olması kararlaştırılmıştır. Nadia'nın ayrıca Adrian adında küçük bir erkek kardeşi vardır.

Comăneci ve arkadaşı, Béla Károlyi tarafından oyun bahçesinde parande atarken keşfedilmiş ve jimnastiğe 6 yaşında başlamıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
Bart Conner ve Nadia Comăneci web sitesi
Nadia Comaneci Derneği  web sitesi

1961 doğumlular
Onești doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Rumen jimnastikçiler
Rumen Olimpiyat jimnastikçileri
1976 Yaz Olimpiyatları jimnastikçileri
1980 Yaz Olimpiyatları jimnastikçileri
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Rumen sporcular
Gümüş Olimpiyat madalyalı Rumen sporcular
Bronz Olimpiyat madalyalı Rumen sporcular
BBC Yılın Denizaşırı Sporcusu Ödülü sahipleri

Nadia Comăneci


The violet-green swallow (Tachycineta thalassina) is a small North American passerine bird in the swallow family. These aerial insectivores are distributed along the west coast from Alaska to Mexico, extending as far east as Montana and Texas. With an appearance very similar to the tree swallow, these individuals can be identified by the white rump side-patches that appear to separate their green back and purple tail. Violet-green swallows are secondary cavity nesters, found in a number of habitats including deciduous and coniferous forest. In addition to nesting in tree holes within these habitats, they are also widely observed nesting in the cracks of large cliffs.

Description

The distinct body form of swallows distinguishes them from other passerine birds. Their long pointed wings and slim, streamlined body evolved to catch insects while in flight. The body of the violet-green swallow is no exception. With an average body length of 5¼ in. (13 cm), the violet-green swallow is slightly shorter and appears more compact in flight compared to other members of the family Hirundinidae. The violet-green swallow most closely resembles the North American tree swallow, but can be distinguished by its shorter wings and colouration.

Colouration
The violet-green swallow gets its name from the colouration on its back and rump. The species is best identified by the glossy green on the top of the head and back as well as hints of purple on the nape, rump and upper tail. Below the green back, the remainder of the wing is a grayish-bronze. Similar to other swallows, T. thalassina is white below, but differs in that the white continues onto rump side-patches that almost meet at the base of the tail. These white rump side-patches sometimes look like one continuous stripe when in flight. White also extends onto the cheeks, partially surrounding the eye. The notch in the tail of the violet-green swallow is slightly shallower than that of the tree swallow, but deeper than the relatively flat tail of the cliff swallow.

Violet-green swallows exhibit very little sexual dimorphism, with adult males simply showing brighter colours than adult females. Additionally, the white cheeks are not as prominent and the head is more bronze than green on the female. Juveniles are not as easily identifiable compared to adults due to their dull colouration. Similar to other juvenile swallows, especially the tree swallow, the juvenile violet-green swallow is white below and grayish-brown above. However, the more gradual change in colour and visible (but slightly reduced) white cheek patches can help identify juvenile individuals of the species.

Standard measurements

Taxonomy
The swallows have been well studied ecologically, but only recently has their phylogeny been thoroughly researched. Swallows are passerine birds grouped within the family Hirundinidae. The family Hirundinidae is split into two subfamilies: Pseudochelidoninae, which contains two species of river martins, and Hirundininae, comprising all other martins and swallows. The 82 species within the subfamily Hirundininae are further classified into three groupings: the mud nesters, basal relicts and core martins, with the violet-green swallow falling into the last group. Violet-green swallows are one of 9 species of New World tree swallows within the genus Tachycineta. This genus is a monophyletic group and is considered the sister taxa of all other New World swallows.
Violet-green swallows are important members of the Tachycineta clade due to their large geographic range and because they are one of 2 species that breed within North America. It is generally agreed that Tachycineta is split into a North and a South American clade, but the phylogenetic placement within the genus depends on the type of analysis used. The violet-green swallow is a member of the North American grouping, along with T. bicolor (the North American tree swallow), T. euchrysea (the golden swallow of Hispaniola and Jamaica) and T. cyaneoviridis (the Bahama swallow). A mitochondrial genome analysis has placed T. thalassina as a sister taxon of the Caribbean swallows, T. euchrysea and T. cyaneoviridis, with all 3 species forming a sister clade to T. bicolor. Nuclear genome analyses and a consensus of both methods have reorganized this North American clade, alternating the closest sister taxon of T. thalassina between T. cyaneoviridis and T. euchrysea. Nonetheless, the taxonomy of the violet-green swallow is well understood up to the genus level, after which some uncertainty surrounds the placement of T. thalassina within the North American clade of the genus Tachycineta.

Subspecies
Violet-green swallows are divided into three subspecies, T. t. thalassina, T. t. brachyptera and T. t. lepida differing in breeding ranges and wing length. T. t. thalassina has slightly longer wings and has been known to breed as far north as Alaska, while the shorter winged T. t. brachyptera breeds further south in California and Mexico. Not all of the literature agrees upon T. t. lepida as a third subspecies, and little information is available to help distinguish it from other subspecies.

Hybridization
Hybridization has been known to occur among the swallows, with a few cases involving violet-green swallows being reported. Breeding between violet-green swallows and both tree and barn swallows has been recorded on separate occasions, but resulting offspring were not observed. In 2000, the strange plumage of a swallow seen in British Columbia, Canada, suggested the possible successful hybridization of a violet-green and a cliff swallow. Nonetheless, these observations are rare, which accounts for the minimal research into swallow hybridization.

Habitat
The type of habitat occupied by violet-green swallows varies depending on their geographical location and elevation. Across their range, these birds can be found in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, as well as within canyons and in close proximity to large cliffs. Breeding and non-breeding habitats do not differ much except that breeding habitat is usually at lower elevations. Violet-green swallows have also been observed nesting around buildings in more settled areas.

Distribution
Violet-green swallows are a predominantly western species, with the rare sighting of individuals in eastern North America. The distribution of the species can be divided on the basis of the recognized subspecies, but the entire range spans from central Alaska down to Mexico. Longitudinally, the range borders the west coast of Alaska, British Columbia and the United States, and extends eastward into southwestern Alberta, Montana, the Dakotas and Texas. The breeding range spans almost the entire distribution, while the winter range is restricted to Mexico.

Behaviour

Vocalizations
There are many knowledge gaps surrounding the vocalization behaviour of violet-green swallows. These gaps include vocalizations made during early development, alarm calls and the daily pattern of calls. The little information available suggests two main classes of vocalizations, the chee-chee calls and twitter calls.

Chee-chee calls
This call is most commonly heard when one violet-green swallow interacts with another swallow, either during foraging, in-flight chases or when approaching a nesting site. Flocks of swallows have been recorded making chee-chee calls, suggesting its use in social cohesion. Juveniles have also been observed making this vocalization when waiting to be fed by an adult, implying that it plays a role in parent-juvenile recognition.

Twitter calls
Observations of violet-green swallows making twitter calls typically associate the vocalization with courtship displays and the establishment of new territories. Twitter calls have only been heard in flight, either by a male escorting a female or during brief intraspecific territorial disputes. Mixing of the two calls occurs occasionally, but little ecological research can explain its use.

Diet

Similar to other swallows, violet-green swallows are specialized aerial insectivores, catching and eating their prey while in flight. However, they have been known to feed higher in the sky than most other swallows. The examination of the stomach contents of multiple individuals has presented a wide range of diet items, including insects like ants, beetles and flies as well as other arthropods such as spiders.  On rare occurrences these birds have been observed foraging along the ground, but such events represent exceptions to their typical feeding habits.

Reproduction
Violet-green swallows will usually arrive at their breeding area weeks prior to the start of reproduction. Location dependent, copulation takes place mid-May with the eggs being laid by the start of June, followed by a couple weeks of incubation before hatching. The average clutch size is 5 eggs, with females laying approximately 1 per day. During the weeks post-hatching, the parents feed their young as they slowly begin to grow their feathers. After approximately 3 weeks the young are ready to leave the nest. It is more common for pairs to reproduce once per breeding season, but a second brooding has been observed on occasion.

Nesting sites
Violet-green swallows are secondary cavity nesters, meaning they typically nest in natural holes or previously occupied nests. Some breeding pairs will even go as far as usurping nests from other species. A majority of violet-green swallow nests are in tree holes excavated by other animals or within the cracks of large cliffs. Due to their dependence on large trees, violet-green swallows are highly impacted by forest management practices. In addition to nesting in natural cavities, violet-green swallows have also been observed occupying artificial nest boxes. Pairs typically breed in independent nests, except on cliffs where large colonies can be found nesting together.

Interspecific egg-dumping
Violet-green swallows have been observed cooperating and competing with various avian species, including western bluebirds. A similar field observation notes a violet-green swallow laying an egg in an active bluebird nest box. Initially, the male bluebird attempted to drive the swallow from the nest cavity, while the female bluebird did not seem concerned with the intruder. It appeared the bluebirds tolerated the act of egg-dumping by the violet-green swallow, but the observer returned the following day to find the newly laid egg smashed below the nest. This behaviour suggests that when unable to access her original nest after physiologically committing to laying her egg, a female violet-green swallow may participate in interspecific egg-dumping.

Intraspecific paternity-defence
Violet-green swallows are secondary cavity nesters and aerial insectivores, making males susceptible to nest and mate competition. To avoid being cuckolded, males spend more time guarding their mate than their nest, contrary to tree swallows. This paternity-defence behaviour emphasizes that non-territorial violet-green swallows exhibit greater mate competition than nesting site competition.

Interspecific cooperation
Multiple accounts of violet-green swallows forming cooperative relationships with other species have been recorded. From 1981 to 1982, three independent swallow pairs were observed co-occupying the nest boxes of western bluebirds. These violet-green swallows protected the nesting site, removed fecal sacs from the boxes and fed the bluebird fledglings with no resistance from the adult western bluebirds. Despite too small of a sample size to hold statistical significance, fledgling survival was greater when violet-green swallows provided active care. It is believed that the swallows benefit from the cooperative relationship by inheriting the nest box after the bluebird parents and fledglings have left.

Interspecific competition

Similar to the occasional observation of violet-green swallows building interspecific cooperative relationships, they have also been involved in interspecific competition for nesting sites. One example from 1974 noted the competitive behaviour between mountain chickadees and violet-green swallows. The physical altercation began when a pair of swallows attempted to overtake a nesting site occupied by a pair of chickadees and their fledglings. After multiple aerial battles, the chickadees regained control of their nest and successfully defended against future violet-green swallow attacks. The same field observer noted a similar altercation between violet-green swallows and hairy woodpeckers, which resulted in the same outcome. These species are permanent residents, allowing them first choice of nesting sites, while the violet-green swallows are summer residents with late breeding habits. Thus, a scarcity of viable nesting sites may lead to this interspecific competitive behaviour in violet-green swallows. A similar observation of competitive behaviour for potential nesting sites has been observed between acorn woodpeckers and violet-green swallows.

Torpor
It has been speculated that certain birds, including swallows, enter a state of torpidity during harsh winter conditions. Few observations of this decrease in body temperature and metabolic rate have been recorded in violet-green swallows, the first case occurring in 1965 near Death Valley National Monument in Saratoga Springs, California. Field observers noted 3 "dead" individuals on the east-facing slope of a dune the morning after a cold and windy night. Upon closer observation, the violet-green swallows made minor movements, such as opening their eyes, but did not struggle while being handled. The physical appearance of the swallows, including the position of their head in relation to the slope and the fluffing of their feathers was similar to that of other birds in torpor. Despite the lack of thermometers, it was apparent these 3 individuals were in a state of hypothermia for about 45 minutes after the sun began to rise. Eventually the 3 swallows awkwardly flew off, signifying the end of their torpor bout.

Ectoparasite control

Sunbathing
In addition to reaching borderline hypothermic temperatures during bouts of torpor, violet-green swallows have been observed behaving similar to hyperthermic individuals while sunbathing. Indications of this activity include the orientation of their wings and tail, their trance-like state and the occasional loss of balance. Research has shown that increasing feather temperatures during basking can control ectoparasites. The period of sunbathing in violet-green swallows is short and dependent on ambient temperature and wind velocity, but typically occurs after an increase in parasite loads near the end of nesting.

References

External links

Violet-green swallow videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Violet-green swallow species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Violet-green swallow - Tachycineta thalassina - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Violet-green swallow photo gallery VIREO

violet-green swallow
Native birds of Alaska
Native birds of Western Canada
Native birds of the Western United States
Birds of Mexico
violet-green swallow
Taxa named by William John Swainson

Violet-green swallow


Hurst puede referirse a:

Estados Unidos
 Hurst (Illinois)
 Hurst (Texas)

Inglaterra
 Hurst (Berkshire)
 Hurst (Cumbria)
 Hurst (Dorset)
 Hurst (Gran Mánchester)
 Hurst (Somerset)
 Hurst Green, Sussex Oriental

Personas
 Charles Chamberlain Hurst

Hurst


Wijnegem Shopping Center este un centru comercial din Wijnegem, Belgia, situat la limita administrativă cu orașul Antwerpen. Este construit pe locul fostului Fort 1, primul din centura de forturi Brialmont. În centrul comercial se găsesc 250 de magazine, care ocupă o suprafață comercială de 61.913 m².

Istoric
Centrul comercial a fost construit în diverse faze: în 1993 a fost terminată prima fază, realizându-se o suprafață comercială de 32.000 m², iar în 1997, odată cu a doua fază, au mai fost adăugați 25.000 m². O a treia fază a urmat în 2013.

Între timp, în anul 2000, a fost realizată și o parcare acoperită cu o capacitate de 1.500 automobile. În anul 2016 complexul oferea 5.000 de locuri de parcare, din care 1.500 în jurul centrului comercial, 1.500 pe acoperiș și 2000 în parcarea subterană. Suprafața totală a terenului pe care se întind diversele clădiri și anexe ale centrului comercial este de 12,5 hectare.

Începând din 14 aprilie 2012, tramvaiele  și  deservesc centrul comercial, la 50 de ani după închiderea fostei căi ferate vicinale care conecta Antwerpen și Turnhout. Tramvaiele opresc în fața intrării principale în complex, iar vizitatorii care coboară din tramvaie sau autobuze intră în centrul comercial printr-o structură de mari dimensiuni sub formă de cort.

Planuri de viitor
Conform declarațiilor din 2014 ale directorului comercial Jeroen Hafkamp, în 2018 clădirii i se va adăuga încă un etaj pentru sporirea suprafeței comerciale.

Note

Legături externe
 Pagina web a Wijnegem Shopping Center
 Planul Wijnegem Shopping Center

Wijnegem
Centre comerciale din Belgia

Wijnegem Shopping Center


The Cooper Car Company is a British car manufacturer founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper.  Together with John's boyhood friend, Eric Brandon, they began by building racing cars in Charles's small garage in Surbiton, Surrey, England, in 1946. Through the 1950s and early 1960s they reached motor racing's highest levels as their mid-engined, single-seat cars competed in both Formula One and the Indianapolis 500, and their Mini Cooper dominated rally racing.  The Cooper name lives on in the Cooper versions of the Mini production cars that are built in England, but is now owned and marketed by BMW.

Origins

The first cars built by the Coopers were single-seat 500-cc Formula Three racing cars driven by John Cooper and Eric Brandon, and powered by a JAP motorcycle engine. Since materials were in short supply immediately after World War II, the prototypes were constructed by joining two old Fiat Topolino front-ends together. According to John Cooper, the stroke of genius that would make the Coopers an automotive legend—the location of the engine behind the driver—was merely a practical matter at the time. As the car was powered by a motorcycle engine, they believed it was more convenient to have the engine in the back, driving a chain. In fact there was nothing new about 'mid' engined racing cars but there is no doubt Coopers led the way in popularising what was to become the dominant arrangement for racing cars.
Called the Cooper 500, this car's success in hillclimbs and on track, including Eric winning the 500 race at one of the first postwar meetings at Gransden Lodge Airfield, quickly created demand from other drivers (including, over the years, Stirling Moss, Peter Collins, Jim Russell, Ivor Bueb, Ken Tyrrell, and Bernie Ecclestone) and led to the establishment of the Cooper Car Company to build more. The business grew by providing an inexpensive entry to motorsport for seemingly every aspiring young British driver, and the company became the world's first and largest postwar, specialist manufacturer of racing cars for sale to privateers.

Cooper built up to 300 single-and twin-cylinder cars during the 1940s and 1950s, and dominated the F3 category, winning 64 of 78 major races between 1951 and 1954. This volume of construction was unique and enabled the company to grow into the senior categories; With a modified Cooper 500 chassis, a T12 model, Cooper had its first taste of top-tier racing when Harry Schell qualified for the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix. Though Schell retired in the first lap, this marked the first appearance of a rear-engined racer at a Grand Prix event since the end of WWII.

The front-engined Formula Two Cooper Bristol model was introduced in 1952. Various iterations of this design were driven by a number of legendary drivers – among them Juan Manuel Fangio and Mike Hawthorn – and furthered the company's growing reputation by appearing in Grand Prix races, which at the time were run to F2 regulations. Until the company began building rear-engined sports cars in 1955, they really had not become aware of the benefits of having the engine behind the driver. Based on the 500-cc cars and powered by a modified Coventry Climax fire-pump engine, these cars were called "Bobtails". With the centre of gravity closer to the middle of the car, they found it was less liable to spins and much more effective at putting the power down to the road, so they decided to build a single-seater version and began entering it in Formula 2 races.

Rear-engined revolution
Jack Brabham raised some eyebrows when he took sixth place at the 1957 Monaco Grand Prix in a rear-engined Formula 1 Cooper. When Stirling Moss won the 1958 Argentine Grand Prix in Rob Walker's privately entered Cooper and Maurice Trintignant duplicated the feat in the next race at Monaco, the racing world was stunned and a rear-engined revolution had begun. The next year, , Brabham and the Cooper works team became the first to win the Formula One World Championship in a rear-engined car. Both team and driver repeated the feat in , and every World Champion since has been sitting in front of the engine.

The little-known designer behind the car was Owen Maddock, who was employed by Cooper Car Company. Maddock was known as 'The Beard' by his workmates, and 'Whiskers' to Charles Cooper. Maddock was a familiar figure in the drivers' paddock of the 1950s in open-neck shirt and woolly jumper and a prime force behind the rise of British racing cars to their dominant position in the 1960s.
Describing how the revolutionary rear-engined Cooper chassis came to be, Maddock explained, "I'd done various schemes for the new car which I'd shown to Charlie Cooper. He kept saying 'Nah, Whiskers, that's not it, try again.' Finally, I got so fed up I sketched a frame in which every tube was bent, meant just as a joke. I showed it to Charlie and to my astonishment he grabbed it and said: 'That's it!' "
Maddock later pioneered one of the first designs for a honeycomb monocoque stressed skin composite chassis, and helped develop Cooper's C5S racing gearbox.

Brabham took one of the championship-winning Cooper T53 "Lowlines" to Indianapolis Motor Speedway for a test in 1960, then entered the famous 500-mile race in a larger, longer, and offset car based on the 1960 F1 design, the unique Type T54. Arriving at the Speedway 5 May 1961, the "funny" little car from Europe was mocked by the other teams, but it ran as high as third and finished ninth. It took a few years, but the Indianapolis establishment gradually realized the writing was on the wall and the days of their front-engined roadsters were numbered. Beginning with Jim Clark, who drove a rear-engined Lotus in 1965, every winner of the Indianapolis 500 since has had the engine in the back. The revolution begun by the little chain-driven Cooper 500 was complete.

Once every Formula car manufacturer began building mid-engined racers, the practicality and intelligent construction of Cooper's single-seaters was overtaken by more sophisticated technology from Lola, Lotus, BRM, and Ferrari. The Cooper team's decline was accelerated when John Cooper was seriously injured in a road accident in 1963 driving a twin-engined Mini, and Charles Cooper died in 1964.

Final years

After the death of his father, John Cooper sold the Cooper Formula One team to the Chipstead Motor Group in April 1965. The same year, the Formula One team moved from Surbiton to a modern factory unit at Canada Road, Oyster Lane in Byfleet, just along the road from Brabham in New Haw and close to Alan Mann Racing. Cooper's 1965 season petered out and at the end of the year, number one driver Bruce McLaren left to build his own F1 car for the new for 1966 3-litre formula. Cooper's new owners held the Maserati concession for the UK and arrangements were made for Cooper to build a new 3-litre Cooper-Maserati car which would be available for sale as well being raced by the works team. The Maserati engine was an updated and enlarged version of the 2.5-litre V-12 which had made sporadic appearances in the works 250Fs in 1957. It was an old design, heavy and thirsty and the new Cooper T81 chassis built to take it was necessarily on the large side, in spite of which the bulky V-12 always looked as though it was spilling out of the back. Three cars were sold to private owners, one each to Rob Walker for Jo Siffert to drive, Jo Bonnier's Anglo Swiss Racing Team, and French privateer Guy Ligier. None of these cars achieved much success.

Jochen Rindt was entering the second year of his three-year contract, but with the departure of McLaren, Cooper had a seat to fill in the second car and with the team's recent lack of success, understandably, a large queue of potential drivers was not forming at Canada Road. In the circumstances, Cooper were fortunate to acquire the services of Honda's Richie Ginther, who was temporarily unemployed due to the Japanese company's late development of their new 3-litre car. After a couple of races, Ginther was recalled by Honda to commence testing of their new car and the American was no doubt more than somewhat chagrined to discover that it was even bigger and heavier than the Cooper. After making a one-off arrangement with Chris Amon (unemployed due to the McLaren team's engine problems) to drive in the French Grand Prix, Cooper had an enormous stroke of luck when John Surtees became available after falling out with Ferrari. Once conflicting fuel contract issues were resolved (Surtees was with Shell, Cooper with BP), Surtees joined the team. Cooper honoured its commitment to Amon, so three cars were run in the French GP. Subsequently, the team reverted to two entries for Surtees and Rindt and with the former Ferrari driver's development skills and a switch to Firestone tyres, the car was improved to the point that Surtees was able to win the final race of the year in Mexico.

Surtees left to join Honda for 1967 and Pedro Rodríguez joined Rindt in the team and immediately won the opening race of 1967 in South Africa in an unlikely Cooper one-two. This was a fortuitous win for Rodríguez, as he was being outpaced by Rhodesian John Love in his three-year-old ex McLaren Tasman Cooper powered by a 2.7-litre Coventry Climax FPF. Unfortunately, Love had to make a late pit stop for fuel and could only finish second. This was to be Cooper's last Grand Prix victory. The rest of the 1967 season had the team's fortunes steadily decline and the midseason appearance of the lighter and slimmer T86 chassis failed to improve things. Rindt, impatiently seeing out his Cooper contract, deliberately blew up his increasingly antiquated Maserati engine in the US Grand Prix and was fired before the season finale in Mexico.

For 1968, Cooper would have liked to have joined the queue for the Cosworth-Ford DFV, but felt that its connections to British Leyland with the Mini-Coopers made this inadvisable. Instead, a deal was done with BRM for the use of its 3-litre V-12, originally conceived as a sports car unit, but which BRM themselves would be using in 1968. A slightly modified version of the T86 was built for the new engine, dubbed T86B and Italian ex-Ferrari driver Ludovico Scarfiotti and young Englishman Brian Redman were employed to drive it. The cars managed three-four finishes in the Spanish and Monaco Grands Prix, largely thanks to the unreliability of the competition, but then Scarfiotti was killed driving a Porsche in the Rossfeld hill climb and Redman had a big accident in the Belgian Grand Prix which put him out of action for several months. Cooper continued the season with a motley collection of drivers, none of whom could make anything of the outclassed T86B. During the season, Cooper built a modified chassis, the T86C, intended to take an Alfa Romeo 3-litre V-8 but the project was stillborn.

The beginning of the end for the Cooper Car Company was in 1969, as it tried, and failed, to find sponsorship for a new Cosworth DFV-powered car and there were many redundancies.  Frank Boyles was the last to leave, since he was in charge of building customer cars and it had been hoped that some more F2 cars would be sold. Frank went on to design and build a Formula Ford car called the Oscar and also a series of Oval Circuit cars known as Fireballs. Driving the rear-engine version of this car, Frank won more than 200 races during a period up until 1975 in a car he had designed and raced himself. This record is believed to have never been beaten.

In all, Coopers participated in 129 Formula One World Championship events in nine years, winning 16 races.

Besides Formula One cars, Cooper offered a series of Formula Junior cars. These were the T52, T56, T59, and T67 models. Ken Tyrrell ran a very successful team with John Love and Tony Maggs as his drivers. Following the demise of Formula Junior, Ken Tyrrell tested Jackie Stewart in a Formula Three car, a Cooper T72. This test at the Goodwood Circuit marked the start of partnership which dominated motorsport later on.

John Cooper retired to the Sussex coast, where in 1971, he founded the garage business at Ferring, near Worthing. The garage sold Mini Cooper engine-tuning kits and performance parts.

The garage was sold to Honda in 1986 and the business was moved to East Preston to convert Mini Coopers into race cars.

In October 2009, Mike Cooper, the son of John Cooper, launched Cooper Bikes, the bicycle division of the Cooper Car Company.

Formula One results

Mini legacy

As the company's fortunes in Formula One declined, however, the John Cooper-conceived Mini – introduced in 1961 as a development of the Alec Issigonis-designed British Motor Corporation Mini with a more powerful engine, new brakes, and a distinctive livery – continued to dominate in saloon car and rally races throughout the 1960s, winning many championships and the 1964, 1965, and 1967 Monte Carlo rallies.

Several different Cooper-marked versions of the Mini and various Cooper conversion kits have been, and continue to be, marketed by various companies. The current BMW MINI, in production since 2001, has Cooper and Cooper S models and a number of John Cooper Works tuner packages.

Cooper garage
On 1 April 1968, John Cooper leased the building, 243 Ewell Road, to the Metropolitan Police and the local Traffic Division (V Victor) moved in. They would stay there for the next 25 years and 'TDV' would become one of the busier police garages. In August 1968, they were supplied with two Mini Coopers, index numbers PYT767F and PYT768F. The centre boss of the steering wheel was replaced by a speaker and microphone and a PTT transmitter switch, was added to the steering column. The vehicles were trialled for a number of months, but no orders were placed for other garages. The police subsequently moved out, and the building became a Porsche dealership.

References
Footnotes

Sources
 John Cooper Works
 John Cooper - A Very British Marque, A Very British Man
 John Cooper: The Man Who Beat Italia
 Cooper profile at The 500 Owners Association
 John Cooper (1977). The Grand Prix Carpetbaggers: The Autobiography of John Cooper. Doubleday.
 Cooper Cars, by Doug Nye, 1983, Osprey Publishing, 2003, Motorbooks International

External links

 Cooper Type Reference, www.race-cars.com

Formula One constructors
Formula One entrants
1947 establishments in England
1969 disestablishments in England
Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Auto racing teams in the United Kingdom
British racecar constructors
Formula Two constructors
Auto racing teams established in 1947
Auto racing teams disestablished in 1969
Formula One World Constructors' Champions
British Touring Car Championship teams
24 Hours of Le Mans teams

Cooper Car Company


Orthoptics is a profession allied to the eye care profession. Orthoptists are the experts in diagnosing and treating defects in eye movements and problems with how the eyes work together, called binocular vision. These can be caused by issues with the muscles around the eyes or defects in the nerves enabling the brain to communicate with the eyes. Orthoptists are responsible for the diagnosis and non-surgical management of strabismus (cross-eyed), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders. The word orthoptics comes from the Greek words ὀρθός orthos, "straight" and ὀπτικός optikοs, "relating to sight" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns disorders of binocular vision and defects of eye movement. Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment, such as eye patches, eye exercises, prisms or glasses. They commonly work with paediatric patients and also adult patients with neurological conditions such as stroke, brain tumours or multiple sclerosis.  With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring of some forms of eye disease, such as glaucoma, cataract screening and diabetic retinopathy.

Effectiveness
For children, there is evidence that orthoptics is more effective at treating convergence insufficiency than home-based pencil or computer training; for adults the effectiveness is less evident.

History
Orthoptics has a long history in supporting ophthalmic care. French ophthalmologist Louis Emile Javal began using ocular exercises to treat strabismus (squint) and described the practice of orthoptics in his writings in the late 19th century. Mary Maddox pioneered the orthoptic profession and was the first documented orthoptist. She was trained by her father, Ernest E. Maddox, in response to increasing patient demand and time needed to examine and treat patients. Ernest Maddox was a reputed ophthalmologist as well as the inventor of various instruments for investigating binocular vision. Mary Maddox started her own practice in London in the early 1920s and her first hospital clinic opened at the Royal Westminster Hospital in 1928. The first Australian hospital clinic with orthoptists was established at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne in 1931.

Current orthoptic practice
Orthoptists are mainly involved with diagnosing and managing patients with binocular vision disorders which relate to amblyopia, eye movement disorders, extraocular muscle balance such as with version, refractive errors, vergence, accommodation imbalances, positive relative accommodation and negative relative accommodation. They work closely with ophthalmologists to ensure that patients with eye muscle disorders are offered a full range of treatment options. According to the International Orthoptic Association, professional orthoptic practice involves the following:
Primary activities
Ocular motility diagnosis and co-management
Vision screening. In the UK all school vision screening programmes for children between age 4–5 years is orthoptic led. Screening is either conducted by orthoptists or by health professionals who have received extensive training and certification from their local orthoptic department.
Assessment of special needs
Assessment and rehabilitation in neurological disorders
Secondary activities
Low vision assessment and management
Glaucoma assessment and stable glaucoma management
Biometry (includes sonography work)
Fundus photography and screening
Visual electrodiagnosis
Retinoscopy and refraction, such as using a phoropter to assess refractive errors
Further activities
Specific outpatient waiting list initiatives to reduce the delay for children referred to the eye clinic (filter screening)
Joint multidisciplinary children's vision screening clinics (orthoptics/optometry)
Organisation/prioritisation of the strabismus surgical admissions list according to agreed criteria
Assistance with surgical procedures

Qualifications and training
In the US, students of orthoptics must attend two years of fellowship training. , there were thirteen programs affiliated with medical facilities or universities in the US and three in Canada offering an orthoptic curriculum.
In the United Kingdom, the orthoptic degree is a full time three-year course, including hospital placements to develop and refine clinical skills and specialism.

Admission criteria vary from school to school; however, national regulations require completion of a baccalaureate degree prior to sitting for the national certifying exams. A personal interview is customarily part of the admissions process. In the UK the majority of orthoptists are employed by the NHS in hospitals or community eye services. They contribute to the wider eye care teams, alongside ophthalmologists and optometrists.

See also

Bates method
Diplopia
Dissociated vertical deviation
Esotropia
Exotropia
Eye care professional
Eyepatch
Haploscope
Pediatric ophthalmology
Pinhole glasses
Vision therapy
Vision rehabilitation

References

Diagnostic ophthalmology

Orthoptics


Davor Mladina (Split, 26. studenoga 1959.) hrvatski je nogometni trener i bivši nogometaš. Trenutačno je trener Dugopolja.

Trenerska karijera
Vodio je klubove poput: NK Imotskog, Hrvatskog dragovoljca, Širkog Brijega i nekih stranih poput Ras-Al-Khaime. Trenirao je Imotski, Marsoniju, Mosor, Primorac 1929, GOŠK iz Gabele, Široki Brijeg, Lučko, Goricu, Ras Al-Khaimu, Cibaliju, SV Horn, Međimurje i nekoliko puta Hrvatski dragovoljac.

Dana 21. kolovoza 2021. godine postao je novi (stari) trener Hrvatskoga dragovoljca. Dragovoljca je trenirao do siječnja 2022. godine, a početkom listopada iste godine preuzeo je NK Rudeš.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Hrvatski nogometni treneri
Nogometaši Hajduka
Nogometaši NK Solina
Nogometaši FK Sloboda Tuzla
Nogometaši HNK Šibenika
Nogometaši NK Zadra
Nogometaši HNK Cibalije
Treneri HNK Cibalije
Treneri NK Hrvatskog dragovoljca
Životopisi, Split

Davor Mladina


نتيجة تمسك الرئيس أمين الجميل رئيس الجمهورية اللبنانية المنتخب بعد مقتل شقيقة رئيس الجمهورية بشير الجميل في العام 1982 باتفاق 17 أيار، وهو اتفاق لم بيصر النور بين حكومة أمين الجميل وحكومة العدو الإسرائيلي مناحيم بيغين، تأزم الوضع الداخلي اللبناني.
كان نبيه بري قد أصبح زعيماً للشيعة من خلال هذه الانتفاضة ودعم من قبل سورية لإلغاءاتفاقية 17 أيار وقد أعلن الرئيس حافظ الأسد بأن اتفاق 17 أيار لن يمر، وسماه "اتفاق الإذعان"؛ وألغي هذا الاتفاق في جلسة لمجلس النواب اللبناني نتيجة ضغوط شعبية في آذار 1984.

بدا أن الاصطدام مع الحكم أمر لا مفر منه وفي ضوء ذلك ونتيجة الاتصالات واللقاءات تحالف رئيس حركة أمل نبيه بري مع رئيس الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي وليد جنبلاط والرئيسين سليمان فرنجيةو رشيد كرامي وقوى حزبية أخرى وصعدوا معارضتهم ضد اتفاق 17 أيار. وفيما كانت حرب الجبل بين القوات اللبنانية والحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي في أوجها كانت الاحتكاكات تشتد يوماً بعد يوم بين عناصر حركة أمل والجيش الفئوي كما كانت تطلق عليه قوى الاحزاب الوطنية في أحياء الضاحية الجنوبية لمدينة بيروت . وهكذا بدأت تتسع رقعة المعارضة ضد حكم الجميل.

قرر أمين الجميل سحق كل من يقف في وجه اتفاق 17 أيار، فأقدمت وحدات من الجيش على تطويق جامع بئر العبد في الضاحـية الجنوبية بـعد أن حـاول المصلين الاعتصام احتجاج على الاتفاق الموقع مع الإسرائيليين فـحصل صدام بين الجيش والمعتصمين أدى إلى استشهاد الشاب محمد نجده فتوتر الوضـع كثيرا على الأرض ولاقت الحادثة استنكارا واسع جدا.

سيطرت حال من الغليان على الشارع وبدأت الاحتكاكات تتصاعد يوما بعد يـوم بين الأهالي والجيش فبعد أيام من المـواجهة التي حصلت بين الـجيش وأهالي طريق المطار بعد محاولة جرف مساكنهم غـير الشرعية وقعت المواجـهة الثانية الأخطر في منطقة وادي أبو جميل بيـن عـدد من المتظاهرين ومعظمهم مـن مهجري المنطقة وبين قوة من الجيش اللبناني سقط بنتيجتها عدد من القتلى والجرحى وهكذا بدا إن الأمور تتجه نحو الاسواء بعد أن حمل نبيه بري مسؤولية تلك الأحداث لحكم الرئيس أمين الجميل وبدا إعداد العدة للانتفاضة على الحكم.

في هذا الوقت انفجرت الضاحية غـضباً وثارت بوجه الجيش، وتمكنت عناصر حركة أمل من السيطرة على عدد من مواقع الجيش وآلياته وأسلحته بعد سلسلة من المواجهات العنيفة؛ وخلال أقل من ثلاثة أيام كانت الضاحية تحت السيطرة بالكامل ما أثار حفيظة الرئيس أمين الجميل وجيشه فوجهت فوهات المدافع باتجاه الضاحية وقصفت أحيائها بشكل جنوني.
مع اتساع دائرة التأييد الشعبي شعر أمين الجميل بخطر حقيقي بعد فقدانه السيطرة على الضاحية ومناطق الجبل فدعم وحدات الجيش اللبناني في المناطق الغربية من بيروت وفرض حظر التجول ليلاً وكثف الجيش عمليات المداهمة وملاحقة الأشخاص المشتبه بعلاقتهم بالأحزاب، وكان لذلك مفاعيله السلبية عند الناس.

دخل عـناصر تابعة لميليشيا الكتائب والقوات اللبنانية وحزب الوطنيين الأحرار حيـث قامت باعتـقال العشرات من العناصر التابعـة للأحـزاب الوطنية ومارست شتى أنـواع الاستفزازات داخل الأحياء السكنية وحول المركز الحزبية في الشطر الغربي لبيروت كما تعرض منزل رئيس الحركة في بربور للتطويق والدهم من قبل عناصر الجيش.

أخضعت المنطقة الغربية لتدابير عسكرية صارمة ومشددة ولم تفلح كل الدعوات التي وجهت للرئيس أمين الجميل في التخفيف من الإجراءات التي تصاعدت بشكل لا يطاق ولم يعد من خيار سوى المواجهة مهما كلف الأمر.

اندفع شباب الأحزاب إلى الشارع بعضهم يحمل قطعة سلاح وبعضهم الأخر يبحث عن قطعة أخرى لحملها لعدم توفر الـسلاح والذخيرة آنذاك فلجأت إلى تهريب الأسلحة ونقلها إلى بيـروت لمد المقاتلين الذين نجحوا شيئا فشيئا في السيطرة على الجيش اللبناني التـي رفضـت الاستسلام كما جرى السيطرة على مبنيي وزارة الإعـلام في الصـنائع حيث الإذاعة الرسمية وتلفزيون لبنان في تلة الخياط واذيع بيان الانتفاضة الشهير الذي شكل منعطفا وحدثا كبيرا في تاريخ لبنان.

أعطى نداء الانتفاضة مفعوله سريعا على الأرض فلبت الوحدات العسـكرية التـابعة للواء السادس في الجيش اللبناني النداء والتزمت به وعملت على سحب الجنـود إلى الثكنات وعدم الانجرار في القـتال الداخـلي ورفض الأوامر الصادرة عن القـيادة العسكرية في وزارة الدفاع في اليرزة وهكذا اكمل مقاتلوا الحـركة سـيطرتهم على الأرض وكانت انتفاضة السادس من شباط عـام 1984 التـي هـزت لـبنان كـله.

حققت الانتفاضة أوسع تأييد شعبي فـي الصراع المفتوح ضد الاحتلال الإسرائيلي والسلطة اللبنانية المتمـثلة بالرئيـس أمين الجميل.

لبنان في 1984
الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية
انتفاضات
حركة أمل
سياسة لبنان
معارك الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية
نزاعات في 1984

انتفاضة 6 شباط 1984


El distrito de Kara-Buura (en kirguís: Кара-буура району) es uno de los rayones (distrito) de la provincia de Talas en Kirguistán. Tiene como capital la ciudad de Kizil-Adir.

K

Distrito de Kara-Buura


İyodür, iyot elementinin -1 yüklü halidir ve alkali elementlerle tuzlar oluşturur: Potasyum iyodür, sodyum iyodür gibi. Klorür ve bromürler de olduğu gibi aynı adlandırma sistemi kullanılan ve iyodür ile oluşan bileşiklere iyodürler adı verilir.

Anyonlar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kimyasal maddeler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

İyodür


Stephen C. Spiteri (* 15. September 1963) ist ein maltesischer Historiker, Autor und Publizist. Der Schwerpunkt seiner Tätigkeit liegt auf dem Gebiet der militärischen Architektur und der Militärgeschichte Maltas.

Werdegang
Nach dem Besuch des St. Aloysius College in Birkirkara studierte Spiteri an der University of Malta. Seit Abschluss seines Studiums ist Spiteri im Bereich der Denkmalpflege tätig. Er war amtierender Kurator der Rüstkammer des Großmeisterpalastes in Valletta und für zehn Jahre Inspektor für Befestigungsanlagen (Superintendent of Fortifications). Gegenwärtig ist er als Forschungskoordinator in der Restoration Unit des Ministeriums für Ressourcen und Angelegenheiten des ländlichen Raums (Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs) der Republik Malta tätig.

Spiteri verfasste eine Reihe von Publikationen zur Militärorganisation, zur Ausrüstung und Bewaffnung des Johanniterordens sowie zu militärischen Befestigungsanlagen auf Malta. Er ist Mitbegründer der Sacra Milita Foundation for the study of Hospitaller Military and Naval History zur Erforschung der Militär-  und Flottengeschichte des Johanniterordens und der Fortress Explorer Society. Er fungiert auch als Herausgeber des Online-Journals Arx - International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification, das sich mit Fragen des Festungsbaus und der militärischen Architektur beschäftigt.

Publikationen
 The Knights Fortifications (1989)
Fortresses of the Cross (1994)
 British Military Architecture (1996)
 The Fougasse, The Stone Mortar of Malta (1999)
 Fortresses of the Knights (2001)
 Armoury of the Knights (2003)
 The Great Siege (2005)
 The Art of Fortress Building in Hospitaller Malta (2008)

Weblinks
 military architecture (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Militärhistoriker
Burgenforscher
Malteser
Geboren 1963
Mann

Stephen C. Spiteri