El puente de la isla Ruski () es un  puente atirantado de Rusia  que cruza el estrecho del Bósforo Oriental, en la ciudad de Vladivostok, en el krai de Primorie. Fue inaugurado con ocasión de la Reunión del Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico que tuvo lugar en Vladivostok en 2012. El puente conecta el continente, donde se encuentra la mayor parte de la ciudad (península de Nazimov), con la isla Ruski, donde se realizaron las principales actividades de la cumbre. Se  inauguró en julio de 2012, siendo en ese momento (y en octubre de 2014) el puente atirantado con mayor vano del mundo, superando al puente Sutong.

El puente de la isla Ruski  fue uno de los dos puentes —con el puente del Cuerno de Oro— construidos en preparación de la cumbre de la APEC 2012 (Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico). La construcción del puente comenzó el 25 de julio de 2008 y el puente fue inaugurado oficialmente el 11 de agosto de 2012.

El puente tiene también las torres más altas y los cables atirantados más largos. En el puente han primado los siguientes factores básicos:
 Distancia de costa a costa más corta: 1460 m.
 Profundidad del canal de navegación: mayor de 50 m
 La localización del puente está afectada por condiciones climáticas muy duras: La temperatura puede variar entre -31 °C y 37 °C. Los tifones pueden mantener velocidades superiores a los 120 km/h. Las olas de la bahía pueden romper contra las torres con una altura de 6 metros y en invierno el mar se hiela con una capa de hielo mayor de 70 centímetros.

Especificaciones del puente

 Vano del puente: 60 + 72 + *3x84 + 1104 + *3x84 + 72 + 60 m
 Longitud total del puente: 1,885.53 metros
 Longitud total incluyendo caballetes: 3.100 metros
 Longitud central del vano: 1,104 metros (3,622 *ft)
 Anchura del puente: 29.5 metros (97 *ft)
 Anchura de la calzada del puente: 23.8 metros (78 *ft)
 Número de carriles de conducción: 4 (dos en cada sentido)
 Número de torres al puente: 2
 Altura de las *pilones: 324 metros
 Número de apoyos del cable: 168
 ramo de cable más largo: 579,83 metros
 Tramo de cable más corto: 135,771 metros

Construcción de los pilones
Construcción del tramo, 2009
Construcción de los pilones al inicio, septiembre de 2009

Los pilones fueron construidos hasta 77 metros bajo tierra y junto a la isla se hicieron 120 pilones de barrena bajo cada una de las dos torres del puente, que tienen una altura de 320 m.

Los pilones se hormigonaron con formas autoescaladas personalizadas en derrames de 45 m. Se utilizó una grúa en los tres primeros vertidos, después se completó el encofrado sin ayuda moviéndose por el movimiento hidráulico de los elementos modulares.

Los pilones tienen forma de A, por lo tanto, el uso de formas estándares no era factible. Se dispuso un conjunto individual de formas para cada torre del puente.

La transición entre los tipos de sección se llevó a cabo a varios niveles  a las cotas de 66,26 m y 191,48 m.

El uso de formas autoescaladas permitió obtener una mejor calidad y reducir en la mitad el tiempo de construcción de las estructuras de hormigón armado hechas in situ.

El cable está situado en la zona de anclaje a partir de los 1975 m. La instalación de apoyos aparejados de los cables y la fundición de los cuerpos de torre de puente se llevó a cabo simultáneamente, reduciendo drásticamente el periodo de construcción.

Estructura del tramo central

La estructura del tramo tiene una sección transversal aerodinámica para asumir cargas de viento con ráfagas importantes. La forma de la sección transversal del espacio se ha determinado en base al diseño aerodinámico y se ha optimizado de acuerdo con los resultados del procesamiento experimental del modelo a escala en la fase de diseño detallado.

Las conexiones de campo soldadas se utilizan para juntas longitudinales y transversales de la lámina de la tapa de la cubierta rtotrópica y la placa nervada inferior. Para juntas de paredes verticales de los bloques, nervios longitudinales, vigas transversales y diafragmas, se utilizan conexiones de campo proporcionadas mediante pernos de alta resistencia.

Las secciones prefabricadas de grandes dimensiones para la instalación del tramo central fueron libradas por barcazas al lugar de erección y elevadas por una grúa a unos 76 m levantada. Aquí se contrapusieron los elementos y se fijaron los sistemas de suspensión de cables.

Sistema de suspensión por cable

Un sistema de suspensión por cable supone todas las cargas estáticas y dinámicas de las cuales depende la propia existencia del puente. Los tirantes de cable no están diseñados para soportar las cargas durante toda la vida del puente, pero son reparables y tienen protección contra desastres naturales y otros impactos adversos.

Los tirantes de cable paralelo (PSS) consisten en hilos paralelos de 157 mm de diámetro; cada rama está formada por siete cables galvanizados. Los tirantes del cable incorporan de 13 a 79 hilos. La longitud del tramo de cable más corta es de 135,771 m; el más largo, 579,83 m. Los alojamientos de protección de los apoyos del cable están fabricados en polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE) y tienen las características siguientes: resistencia a los rayos UV; resistencia a las condiciones climáticas locales de Vladivostok (rango de temperatura de –40 a +40 °C; –40 a +104 °F) y agresividad ambiental.

Críticas

Los costos y el hecho mismo de la construcción del puente fueron ampliamente criticados por la oposición política rusa. En enero de 2007, Vladímir Putin, entonces presidente de Rusia, declaró que la celebración de una cumbre en Vladivostok era una posibilidad distinta, y que al menos se necesitarían 100 mil millones de rublos para preparar la ciudad para la cumbre, que, en ese momento, era tres veces más que el presupuesto del krai de Primorie en su conjunto. En 2012, los costos de la construcción del puente a la isla Ruski, con una población de sólo 5.000 habitantes, se espera que superen . La capacidad del puente es de 50.000 vehículos por día, que es mucho mayor que el número de vehículos que tiene la actual población, por lo que el puente será severamente subutilizado. La descripción del proyecto en el sitio de la empresa contratista no enumera los costos del proyecto.

También ha habido críticas al hecho de que la carretera asfaltada termina en un callejón sin salida a poca distancia más allá del puente.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Notas

isla Russki
isla Russki
Krai de Primorie
Edificios y estructuras de Vladivostok
Rusia en 2012
Arquitectura de 2012
Puentes inaugurados en 2012
Récords mundiales de edificios y estructuras

Puente de la isla Ruski


Johann Jacob Bodemer (* 7. Februar 1762 in Calw, Württemberg; † 14. Februar 1844 in Dresden) war ein deutscher Unternehmer.

Leben
Johann Jacob Bodemer (abweichende Schreibweise "Bodamer") wurde 1762 als zweites von zehn Kindern des Hauptzollers Philipp Jacob Bodemer (1737–1807) und seiner Frau Marie Salome geb. Egeler verw. Schnaufer (1735–1801), Kronenwirtin in Calw geboren. Von 1772 bis 1774 besuchte er die Hohe Karlsschule in Stuttgart, wo er unter anderem Mitschüler von Friedrich Schiller war. Da sich seine Eltern keine höhere Ausbildung für ihn leisten konnten, begann Bodemer im Anschluss eine Lehre zum Kaufmann. Von 1780 bis 1784 arbeitete er als Kommis in Frankfurt am Main. 1784 kam er nach Leipzig, wo er den Kaufmann Schneider kennenlernte. Dieser erkannte Bodemers großes Talent und gewährte ihm einen Kredit in Höhe von 4.000 Talern zur Gründung einer Großhandlung mit englischen Waren.

Mit dieser war er überaus erfolgreich, so dass er etwa 1790 die Kattundruckerei in Naundorf bei Großenhain erwerben konnte. Bodemer begann zu expandieren. So eröffnete er 1802 durch seinen Verwalter Immanuel Gottlob Heßler (1778–1830) in Zschopau am Alten Scharfensteiner Weg (heute Spinnereistraße) seine erste Zweigniederlassung. 1803 ließ er sich in der kleinen Landstadt Eilenburg nieder. Da Eilenburg nach dem Wiener Kongress 1815 zu Preußen kam und das Land durch seine Schutzzollpolitik die einheimische Wirtschaft ankurbelte, entwickelte sich dieser Betrieb rasant. Das Unternehmen mit seinen drei Standorten firmierte als "Bodemer & Co." 1818 führte Bodemer im Zschopauer Werk mechanische Webstühle ein, was bei den dortigen Webern auf heftigen Widerstand stieß. Das Unternehmen unterhielt für den Absatz seiner bedruckten Kattune Handelsniederlassungen unter anderem in Triest und Smyrna. 1819 gründete er die Zschopauer Baumwollspinnerei, die Weberei wurde noch  einige Jahre parallel weiterbetrieben. Als Unternehmer engagierte sich Bodemer bei der Förderung von Nachwuchstalenten. 1830 setzte er sich zur Ruhe. Die Leitung in Großenhain übernahm sein erstgeborener Sohn Heinrich Jacob Bodemer (1800–1883), in Zschopau Jacob Georg Bodemer und in Eilenburg sein Schwiegersohn Carl Degenkolb.

Weblinks

 Sächsisches Industriemuseum: Die Bodemers

Unternehmer (18. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (19. Jahrhundert)
Person (Eilenburg)
Geboren 1762
Gestorben 1844
Mann

Johann Jacob Bodemer


Kolobopetalum auriculatum, vrsta biljke iz porodice Menispermaceae raširene u tropskoj Africi. To nje grmovita penjačica s brojnim zračnim korijenima.

Raste po kišnim šumama na nadmorskim visinama do 400 metara. Ponekad je sakupljaju za lokalnu medicinsku upotrebu. Biljka sadrži O-metil-flavinantin, koji ima strukturu sličnu morfiju i opojno-analgetsko djelovanje od oko 20% jačine morfija. Iz lišća i stabljike izdvojeni su aporfin i alkaloidi N-metilkoridin i magnoflorin.

Koristi se kod neispavanosti, kao sredstvo za ispiranje usta protiv oralnih infekcija, uključujući afte (oboljenja oralne sluznice).

Sinonimi
 Kolobopetalum exauriculatum H.J.P.Winkl.
 Kolobopetalum salmonicolor Exell
 Kolobopetalum veilchianum Diels

Izvori

Menispermaceae
Flora Benina
Flora Cabinde
Flora Kameruna
Flora Srednjoafričke Republike
Flora Republike Kongo
Flora Gabona
Flora Gane
Flora Obale Bjelokosti
Flora Liberije
Flora Nigerije

Kolobopetalum auriculatum


O British Academy Television Awards de 2012 (ou BAFTA TV Awards 2012) foi realizado em 27 de maio de 2012 no Royal Festival Hall em Londres. Os indicados foram anunciados em 24 de abril de 2012.

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Os vencedores estão em negrito.

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Steven Moffat

2012 na televisão
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2012 no Reino Unido
Prémios de televisão do Reino Unido
Edições dos BAFTA
Royal Festival Hall


The Lotus Esprit is a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive sports car built by Lotus Cars at their Hethel, England factory, from 1976 to 2004. Together with the Lotus Elise / Exige, it is one of Lotus' most long-lived models.

The Esprit was among the first of the (near) straight-lined, hard-edge creased, and sometimes wedge-shaped, polygonal "folded paper" designs of the prolific, and highly successful Italian industrial and automotive designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. The Esprit's backbone chassis was later adapted to carry the body of the DeLorean car, another low-bodied, Giugiaro-drawn, sharp-creased, wedge-shaped sportscar design. In 1978, the first updates led to the series 2 and  engined Esprit S2.2, made until the 1982–1988 Series 3 and Turbo Esprit models, that used a 1980 Giugiaro designed aerodynamic and aesthetic restyling package.

The Lotus Esprit however, lived on through the 1990s, and into the 2000s. It received its first significant restyling by designer Peter Stevens, who also did styling on the McLaren F1. Stevens gave the Esprit overall softer lines and shapes, but the car did not get a new series number – it is instead often just called the 'Stevens Esprit', or by its project number, the X180, made from 1988 to 1994.

In 1994, an official Series 4 Esprit, drawn by designer Julian Thomson, had a further rounded shape, especially the bumper sections and lower body of the car. Styling-wise, this became the most long-lived Esprit (1994–2004), only receiving its last changes, by Russell Carr in 2002.

Over the years, the performance of the Esprit's 4-cylinder engine was increased from around  and just under  of torque, to double those power figures, mainly through greater inlet and exhaust flow, and strong turbo-charging. And from 1996, a new  V8 twin-turbo engine was added, offering . Contrary to a long list of low-volume British (sports) cars, with the 3.5 l Rover V8 engine, the Esprit received a Lotus in-house designed V8. Top speed rose from some  in 1976, to over  for the V8, twenty years later.

After a 28-year production run, the Esprit was one of the last cars made with pop-up headlights, together with the 5th generation Chevrolet Corvette.

Background
In 1970 Tony Rudd, who had started at Lotus the previous year, proposed two new model development projects. The first, Project M50, resulted in the 1974 Elite. The second, Project M70, meant to develop a successor to the Europa which, like the Europa, was to be a two-door fixed-head mid-engine coupé.

A meeting between Colin Chapman and Giugiaro was arranged in 1971 by designer Oliver Winterbottom, who also suggested that Giugiaro use his Maserati Boomerang concept as the inspiration for the new Lotus.

Work began on the new car in mid-1971 with production of a 1:4 scale model. According to Italdesign, Chapman was disappointed with the wind-tunnel test results with the model and halted the project, but the Italian coachbuilder pressed on and built a full-size mock-up on a stretched, modified Europa chassis. That nameless prototype, often simply called "the Silver Car", appeared on the Italdesign stand at the 1972 Turin Auto Show and the positive reception convinced Chapman to approve further development.

Development continued with production of a second prototype, registered as "IDGG 01" and known as "the Red Car", that would be a functional car. Design of the car's mechanical systems progressed, but was not complete when the Esprit was officially announced.

S1 (1976)

The Esprit was launched in October 1975 at the Paris Motor Show and entered production in June 1976, replacing the Europa in the Lotus model lineup. These first cars became known as "Series 1" (or S1) Esprits. The wedge-shaped fibreglass body was mounted on a steel backbone chassis. Power was from the  Lotus 907 four-cylinder engine that was rated at  in European trim and  in US/Federal trim. The engine was mounted longitudinally behind the passengers and drove the rear wheels through a Citroën C35 5-speed manual transaxle also used in the SM and Maserati Merak. Rear brakes were mounted inboard, following contemporary racing practice. The Series 1 embodied Lotus' performance through light weight mantra, weighing less than .

Front suspension consisted of upper A-arms and lower lateral links triangulated by the anti-roll bar. Rear suspension consisted of tapering box-section trailing arms and lower lateral links. The half-shafts had no provision for plunge and handled some of the lateral forces. There were coil-over shock absorbers and disc brakes at all four corners. Steering was by an unassisted rack and pinion.

While the S1 Esprit was lauded for its handling and was said to have the best steering of any Esprit, it was generally regarded as being under-powered, especially in markets such as the United States where the engine was stifled by emission controls. Lotus' claim of acceleration from  in 6.8 seconds and a top speed of  may have been optimistic, as actual road tests revealed a 0-60 mph acceleration time of 8 seconds and a top speed of about .

The S1 Esprit was distinguished from later Esprits by its snow-shovel style front air dam, Fiat X1/9-sourced taillights, absence of body-side ducting, and Wolfrace alloy wheels. Inside the car, the S1 Esprit had a one-piece instrument cluster with green-faced Veglia gauges. The S1 is rare in the present day, mostly due to drivetrain problems.

S2 (1978) and derivatives

In 1978, the revised Series 2 (or S2) Esprit was introduced. External changes included intake and cooling ducts added behind the rear quarter windows; bigger, ribbed taillights, this time from the Rover SD1, and a new front spoiler that was now integrated, folding rearward under the nose and so forming the start of the car's initially modest, thin black side-skirts.

S2 Esprits also had  Speedline alloy wheels designed by Lotus. Other changes included relocating the battery from above the right side fuel tank under the rear quarter window to the rear of the car, adding an access door to the engine cover, installing wider seats and replacing the Veglia instrument cluster with individual gauges made by Smiths and a new style of illuminated dashboard switches. Many switches and buttons came from the Morris Marina.

A special edition model was released to commemorate Lotus' victory in the 1978 F1 World Championship. Wearing the black and gold livery of John Player & Sons (JPS), Lotus' F1 sponsor at the time, these cars were known as the Commemorative Edition Esprits as Lotus had stopped being sponsored by JPS. They were mechanically identical to the regular 2.0, with special seat and dash trim, smaller steering wheel and special plaque. According to Lotus a series of 300 were built, but it is likely the total was considerably lower. Lotus' production records are notoriously vague, but reliable estimates suggest that 149 Commemorative Esprit cars were made.

The S2.2 was a stop-gap model introduced in May 1980 whose only major difference from the S2 was, as indicated in its model name, having a 2.2 L type 912 engine. Engine power output was unchanged but torque rose from  to . The S2.2 received a galvanised chassis, but not the revised chassis structure to come in the Series 3. S2.2 cars are extremely rare even among Esprits. According to Lotus only 88 were produced during its thirteen-month production span.

Essex Turbo Esprit (1980)
In 1980 the Essex Turbo Esprit was launched. This special edition model wore the blue, red and chrome livery of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the sponsor of Team Lotus from 1979 to 1981. While Lotus dealer Bell and Colvill had been offering turbo conversions for the S2 Esprit from as early as 1978, the Essex Turbo Esprit was the first factory turbocharged Esprit. The Essex Turbo Esprit received the dry sump type 910 engine which has a power output of  at 6,250 rpm and  of torque at 4,500 rpm. Acceleration from 0- could be achieved in 6.1 seconds and a top speed of .

The chassis and rear suspension were redesigned, with an upper link added at the rear to alleviate strain on the half-shafts. The brakes were also improved. Giugiaro designed an aerodynamic body kit for the car, with a rear lip spoiler, prominent louvered rear hatch, more substantial bumpers, a deeper front airdam, and air ducts in the sills just ahead of the new three-piece 15-inch Compomotive rear wheels. Inside scarlet leather combined with a roof-mounted Panasonic stereo for a dramatic environment. 45 Essex Turbo Esprit cars were built, interspersed and followed by a number of non-Essex-liveried but otherwise identical specification dry sump turbo cars.

By the end of 1980, Lotus was building three different models of Esprit with distinct chassis designs and body moulds - the domestic (i.e. UK) S2.2, the export S2.2, and the dry sump-engined Turbo Esprit.

S3, Turbo Esprit (1982) and derivatives

The Series 3 (or S3) and Turbo Esprit debuted in April 1981. The two models shared a common chassis, and bodywork was based on a common set of moulds.

The S3 received the 2.2 L Type 912 engine. The Turbo Esprit had a wet sump engine with the same power and torque output as its dry sump predecessor. Interior trim was revised which, when combined with changes to the body moulds, resulted in more headroom and an enlarged foot-well. The Turbo Esprit retained the aerodynamic body kit of the Essex cars and featured prominent 'turbo esprit' decals on the nose and sides. The S3 gained the new larger bumpers but kept the simpler sill line and glazed rear hatch of the S2.2 body. Both cars came with  BBS alloy wheels. One interesting omission was that the Esprit S3 had no cigarette lighter as standard equipment; ashtrays are tucked away in the door sills.

Minor changes were made to bodywork and front suspension for the 1985 model year.

The final incarnations of the Giugiaro-styled Esprit were announced in April 1986. Higher compression ratios for the engines was indicated by the 'HC' moniker. Power output of the naturally aspirated engine rose to  and  for the Esprit HC, and to  and  for the Turbo Esprit HC, with more torque available at lower engine speeds.

For markets with stringent emissions requirements like the United States, Lotus introduced the first fuel-injected Esprits. The HCi variant added Bosch KE-Jetronic fuel injection and a catalytic converter to the Turbo HC engine. This engine had the same peak power as the carburetted version but at a somewhat higher engine speed. Torque dropped to .

X180 (1988) and derivatives

In 1987, the Esprit was restyled by British designer Peter Stevens. Stevens, who would later style the Gordon Murray designed McLaren F1, produced a less angular, more rounded Esprit. Giugiaro is said to have liked the new shape, claiming it was perhaps too close to his original design. The exterior changes were accompanied by a redesign of the interior that gave more space to the occupants. The revised Esprit was not given a new "Series" number but is often called by its project code of X180.

Panels for the body were produced using a new process called VARI (Vacuum Assisted Resin Injection). This method, which was patented by Lotus, offered advantages over the previous hand lay-up process. Kevlar reinforcement was added to the roof and sides for roll-over protection. This contributed to a 22% increase in the Esprit's torsional rigidity. The new rectangular taillights were borrowed over from the 1983-1985 Toyota Corolla Levin AE86.

The X180 cars inherited most of their mechanical components from the earlier HC Esprit and Turbo Esprit, although the name for the forced induction model was now Esprit Turbo. 1988 model year North American Esprit Turbo models kept the Citroën transaxle and Bosch fuel injection system used in the previous model year. Other X180 models received a new Renault UN-1 transaxle, which necessitated a move to outboard rear brakes.

Power output of the Type 910 turbocharged engine was unchanged, but 0–97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration times decreased from 5.6 seconds to between 5.4 and 5.1 seconds. Top speed was over .

In 1989, the K-Jetronic system was replaced with a Lotus/Delco multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) system. The engine also received an air-water-air intercooler called a Chargecooler by Lotus. This revised engine was known as the Type 910S. Power output was up to  with  available on overboost. 0–97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration times decreased to 4.7 seconds and top speed was over . The 910S engine went into the new Special Equipment (SE) model, which also received changes to the body, with side skirts parallel to the body, five air ducts in the front air dam, wing mirrors from the Citroën CX and the addition of a rear wing.

Lotus also produced the rarely seen Esprit S, a mid-range turbocharged variant offering fewer appointments and having a power output of , as well as the standard Turbocharged engine having a power output of  included as an option. Original normally aspirated (Esprit) and turbo (Esprit Turbo) models were discontinued after 1990. The S models were cancelled in 1991. A unique two-litre "tax special" Esprit with SE trim was developed for the Italian market. Equipped with an intercooled and turbocharged  version of the 900-series engine that had a power output of  at 6,250 rpm, this model appeared in December 1991. This engine became available in other markets beginning in the fall of 1996.

X180R

In 1990, two specially prepared Esprits competed in the SCCA Escort World Challenge series. These cars started out as regular SE models but had all unnecessary equipment, trim removed and glass replaced by plexiglass. The suspension geometry was revised and Monroe shock absorbers were added. The brakes were by AP Racing, and the car's Delco/Moraine ABS system was the first anti-lock braking system ever used on an Esprit. The Chargecooled Type 910S engine had a revised engine management system with larger fuel injectors and now had a power output of . These cars were designated Type 105 and were campaigned by the Pure Sports team headed by "Doc" Bundy, who helped with development. In the first season the car was able to claim six pole positions, win four races and post two one-two finishes.

Late in 1990, Lotus built 20 road-going examples of the Type 105 and gave them the name X180R. These were developed to homologate parts for the 1991 and 1992 racing seasons, specifically to allow an Esprit to campaign in IMSA's newly formed Bridgestone Supercar Championship. With a MSRP of $126,000, these cars came with amenities like glass windows, sport seats, a heater and air conditioning. The chassis of the road-going X180R was also galvanized, in contrast to the untreated chassis of the Type 105. The special road-going 1991 model year X180Rs were only sold within the United States. They were fitted with a full roll cage, reduced sound insulation, special bucket seats, competition-type disc brakes, synchromesh gearbox with limited-slip differential, 16" Revolution racing-style 3-piece wheels, special tuned suspension and shock package, racing-type front spoiler and rear wing, and competition type mirrors. The type 910S engine was developed to an officially reported 286 hp, though actual output is unknown.

Three more race cars were built for the 1991 season to be run by Lotus Sport alongside the two upgraded 105s in the American IMSA Bridgestone Supercar Championship. The new cars were designated Type 106, but adopted the X180R name as well. They had a reinforced chassis with a revised roll cage and larger wheels and tyres but weighed  less than the Type 105. The engine was modified with larger fuel injectors, a better Chargecooler and the removal of the catalytic converter which caused the output to rise to . In 1991 driver/actor Robert Carradine placed second in the series and in 1992, Bundy won three races and took the driver's title.

In 1993, the sanctioning body changed the rules such that the X180R was assessed a  weight penalty, which made the cars uncompetitive.

An extensively modified derivative of the X180R was sold in Europe as the Sport 300. These are known as the fastest of the four-cylinder Esprits and among the most desirable with only 50 cars produced. The Sport 300 utilised a Garrett T4 turbocharger along with an improved Chargecooler and larger inlet valves enabling the engine to have a power output of  at 6,400 rpm and  of torque at 4,400 rpm. The power to weight ratio rose to 243 hp per tonne, same as the Porsche 964 Turbo 3.6. The Sport 300 could accelerate from 0–97 km/h (60 mph) in 4.7 seconds and had a claimed top speed of  (tested top speed amounted to  during a test conducted by British magazine Autocar in 1993).

Esprit sales and production fell sharply in 1991 and 1992 as the SE started to face newer competitors like the Honda NSX.

S4 (1994) and derivatives

Another refresh of the car in 1993 penned by Julian Thomson resulted in the Series 4 (or S4). Exterior changes included a smaller rear spoiler placed halfway up the rear deck-lid, revised front and rear bumpers, side skirts and valence panels. New five-spoke alloy wheels were also fitted. The taillights from the pre-facelift Toyota AE86 were carried over from the previous generation. The S4's engine had the same power output as the SE at . The S4 was the first Esprit to use power steering.

The S4 was complemented in 1994 by the S4 Sport (S4s). The most obvious external change from the S4 was the addition of a rear wing from the Sport 300. The engine was still a 2.2 L 910-series, but with performance-enhancing modifications that included enlarged inlet ports, cylinder head modifications, a re-calibrated ECM and a revised turbocharger. Engine output rose to  and  of torque. Top speed was , slalom speed , lateral acceleration increased to 0.91g and 0–97 km/h (60 mph) took 4.6 seconds.

The last iteration of the four-cylinder Esprit was the GT3, a turbocharged, Chargecooled variant with the 2.0 L Type 920 which had previously been used only in Italian market cars. The GT3 was produced alongside the Esprit V8. Lotus originally intended to produce 50 GT3 models, but following the car's popularity, a total of 190 units were eventually built. The interior of the GT3 featured a re-designed instrument binnacle, which was narrower and more focused than the design used for previous models. Other notable interior features included a milled steel gearshift knob and a colour coded central tunnel to complement it.

V8 (1996)

In 1996, Lotus launched the Esprit V8. The car came equipped with Lotus' own Type 918 V8 engine. The engine is an all-aluminium 90° DOHC 4 valves per cylinder with a flat-plane crankshaft and two Garrett T25/60 turbochargers but with no Chargecooler. The transaxle used was the same Renault unit as before but upgraded by Lotus racing driver Derek Bell with a much thicker single piece input shaft. Despite having a modified transaxle, the Type 918 engine was detuned from a potential  to  to prevent gearbox damage. In period tests, acceleration from 0–97 km/h (60 mph) was achieved in 4.4 seconds and a top speed of over  was achieved.

In 1998 the V8 range was split into SE and GT models. Both cars had revised interiors and similar performance but the SE was the more luxurious of the two.

The ultimate incarnation of the Esprit was the 1999 Sport 350. Only 50 were made. the engine in the Sport 350 was tuned to have a power output of 350 horsepower (per the name) and various engine, chassis and braking improvements that included AP Racing brakes, stiffer springs and a revised ECU. Among the visual changes was a large carbon fibre rear wing on aluminium uprights in place of the standard fibreglass rear wing. The Sport 350 weighed  and could accelerate to  in 4.3 seconds and to  in under 10 seconds.

GT1

Having raced the Esprit in GT2 and GT3 classes, Lotus began to develop a new version of the car to race in GT1 class racing. Development of the car was entrusted to the newly formed Lotus GT1 Engineering group, which included many staff from the recently dissolved Team Lotus Formula One team.

The Esprit GT1 was built on the Type 114 platform using the body from the new S4 road-going Esprit made from composite materials and carbon fibre. Changes to the bodywork included a new carbon fibre splitter, diffuser and floor. Power came from a Type 918 V8 engine with a single Garrett T4 turbocharger that had a power output of . The Renault transaxle was not considered adequate for the task. Where the GT2 cars used Hewland DG300 units, the GT1 would use the new TGT200 6-speed transverse transaxle. The front suspension was now upper and lower A-arms, while at the rear were upper and lower lateral links paired with upper and lower trailing links. The braking system used AP Racing carbon ceramic discs and calipers, and Penske triple-adjustable gas-pressurised shock absorbers were used at all four wheels. The chassis was similar to the production Esprit but with a roll-cage that added stiffness. Weight was reduced to .

Production amounted to 3 units: chassis 114-001, 114-002 and 114-003. Two cars debuted at the 1996 BPR Global GT Series 4 Hours of Donington. Reliability dogged the car throughout the year, with problems linked to brakes, oil pumps, oil pipes and overheating, and it was succeeded by the Type 115 Elise GT1 the next year. Two of the Esprit GT1 cars were converted to GT2 specifications. Chassis 114-001 was acquired by Mike Haines Racing, who developed it into a competitive GT2 car. Chassis 114-001 now resides in a private museum in Tokyo, Japan. Chassis 114-002 was damaged at Oulton Park and became a parts donor for the remaining cars. Chassis 114-003 was destroyed in a fire.

Final redesign and end of production

In 2002, the Esprit received another styling update done by future Lotus Design head Russell Carr. Carr, who had contributed to the S4 update, revised the car with changes that included replacing the pre-facelift Toyota AE86 taillights with a new design that incorporated the same round taillights as the Lotus Elise S2. Few, if any, mechanical changes were made to the car.

After a 28-year production run, the last Esprit rolled off the production line on February 20, 2004, and was shipped to Chicago. A total of 10,675 Esprits were produced. Alongside the Chevrolet Corvette C5 (which ended production on July 2, 2004), the Esprit was one of the last cars produced with retractable pop-up headlights.

Esprit type numbers and production numbers

Esprit convertibles
While Lotus Cars never developed or built a convertible Esprit, custom manufacturers stepped in to fill this market.

St. Tropez
The St. Tropez conversion was designed by Paul Bailey and his company PBB Design, which was established in 1987. The conversion involved removing the roof and rear bodywork. The wheel arches were also widened and new Compomotive wheels were part of the package. The A-pillar and the chassis were reinforced with steel, and a steel subframe was added in the rear.

PBB Design built three cars before the moulds were sold to Mark Irwin's Esprit Developments, who updated the design and marketed it along with a Rover V8 conversion. Esprit Developments completed another three cars.

Esprit Roadster
Another Esprit convertible was built in Hamburg Germany by Autohaus Kollinger GMBH. Their Esprit Roadster was based on S2, S3 & Turbo Esprit donor cars.

Styling concept (2010)

As part of a five-car announcement at the 2010 Paris Motor Show, Lotus unveiled a completely redesigned Esprit. Production was slated to start in late 2013 and sales in the spring of 2014.

Work on a new Esprit had started as early as 2006 under Carr. The car was unveiled during Donato Coco's tenure as design chief and was to have featured a futuristic front-end with LED front daytime running lights and a centre-mounted dual exhaust system in the rear. Power was to come from a 5.0 litre Lexus V8 engine delivering up to  through a 7-speed dual-clutch transaxle, giving a 0-60 time of 3.5 seconds and a top speed of 195 mph. A KERS system was to be optional. The interior was to have a futuristic but minimal design which included a digital instrument cluster, a sport steering wheel and carbon fibre trim scattered throughout the cabin. The design exhibited had a length of , a width of  and a height of . Gross weight was stated to be around .

On 29 September 2014 Lotus cancelled the project and announced that they would not make the Esprit. Lotus had decided to continue making lightweight cars and nimble cars instead of heavier and more expensive cars due to the company's financial position at the time.

Esprit designers

Giorgetto Giugiaro
Esprit – 1976–78
Esprit S2 – 1978–81
Esprit JPS (John Player Special) – 1978–79
Esprit JPS ("JPS Mario Andretti Edition") - 1979
Esprit S2.2 – 1980–81
Essex Turbo Esprit – 1980
Esprit S3 – 1981–86
Turbo Esprit – 1981–86
Esprit S3 HC – 1986–87
Turbo Esprit HC – 1986–87
Turbo Esprit HCi – 1986–87

Peter Stevens
Esprit – 1987–90
Esprit Turbo – 1987–90
Esprit SE – 1989–91
Esprit S – 1991
Esprit X180R - 1991-92
Esprit SE HighWing – 1992–93

Julian Thomson
Esprit Sport 300 – 1993
Esprit S4 – 1993–96
Esprit S4s –  1995–96
Esprit GT3 – 1996–99
Esprit V8 – 1996–98
Esprit V8-GT – 1998–2001
Esprit V8-SE – 1998–2001
Esprit Sport 350 – 1999

Russell Carr
Esprit V8 – 2002–04

Parts commonality
Lotus used a variety of parts from other cars to reduce development costs. Esprits built before 1993 used many British Leyland parts and those built in the mid-to-late 1980s incorporated more Toyota parts while those built after 1993 had many GM (Vauxhall, Opel) parts. Door handles from the Morris Marina/Austin Allegro were used until the S4 model in 1994 when GM Calibra door handles were used. Early cars used a Momo steering wheel, while later ones had the same wheel as the Pontiac Trans Am. Headlight lift motors came from the Pontiac Fiero. The aerial mount and whip on the S4 and V8 was the same as the GM Calibra and Tigra. The side mirrors were from the Citroën CX. Non-SE fog lamps from about 1989 were GM Astra MK1. The fan motors came from the Ford Fiesta Mk2. The alternator on the V8 models was a standard GM unit also found in the V6 Opel Omega B and the earlier Lotus Carlton/Omega, which also provided interior plastic fittings such as door handles and steering column covering. The clutch master and slave cylinders on 1998 and newer models were Girling parts shared with the series 2A Land Rover. The S1 and S2 shared some front suspension components with the Opel Ascona. The GT3's Brembo front brake pads were the same as on a Fiat Coupé Turbo or a Peugeot 406 3.0 V6. The SE's fuel pump was from the Renault Fuego V8 pistons are from a RENAULT F7P 2.0L 16V CLIO WILLIAMS .

Motorsports
 Doc Bundy won the 1992 IMSA Bridgestone Supercar Championship drivers title with the Esprit X180R. The Esprit has been used by Thorkild Thyrring to win his class in the 1993 and 1994 British GT Championship, and also driven by Richard Piper, Peter Hardman and Olindo Iacobelli, competing in the 1993 and 1994 24 Hours of Le Mans.
 Brad Jones won the 1994 Australian Super Production Car Series driving an Esprit.

In film and on television

 An S1 Esprit was featured in the 1977 James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me, where a car famously converted into a submarine after a road chase. The car used in the underwater scenes, nick-named "Wet Nellie", was bought by businessman Elon Musk in September 2013.
 Two Essex-spec Turbo Esprits were featured in the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only. A white one destroyed early in the film and a copper-red model appearing later.
 An X180 Esprit appeared in the film Pretty Woman after Ferrari and Porsche declined the product placement opportunity because the manufacturers did not want to be associated with soliciting prostitutes. Lotus saw the placement value with such a major feature film and supplied a Silver 1989.5 Esprit SE.
 The car was also seen in Basic Instinct, The Rookie, Taking Care of Business, If Looks Could Kill / Teen Agent, Archive and Parts: The Clonus Horror, as well as the short-lived TV series The Highwayman.
A 1996 Esprit V8 was driven by James May in the Top Gear Patagonia Special. The car has since been destroyed, along with the Ford Mustang and the Porsche 928.
In 2014, an Esprit S4 appears in Rick and Morty Season 1 Episode 08 Rixty Minutes at 20:47 in a fictional movie called Ball Fondlers.
In 2017, an Esprit S4s appeared in Halt and Catch Fire Season 4 Episode 10 Ten of Swords at around 47:50 during the series send-off song, Solsbury Hill.

See also

Lotus Esprit Turbo Challenge, early 1990s video game on the Amiga computer.
Pegasus WSC, a short-lived IMSA GT Championship car based on the Esprit.
Turbo Esprit, 1986 video game

References

Further reading

External links

Esprit
Italdesign vehicles
Group 4 (racing) cars
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Coupés
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars
Cars introduced in 1976
24 Hours of Le Mans race cars
The Spy Who Loved Me (film)
For Your Eyes Only (film)
Automobiles with backbone chassis
Sports cars

Lotus Esprit


الصديق ابريك سليمان بودواره قاص وروائي ليبي.. يمارس مهنة الصحافة .
الصِّدِّيق بودوارة - مواليد 24/8/1963 المرج ، انتقل من مدينة المرج حيث ولد، إلى مدينة البيضاء حيث واصل دراسته وعاش فيها، حتى تحصل على بكالوريوس في مجال الزراعة العام 1988 .
- ماجستير آداب، بكالوريوس اقتصاد زراعي.
- مدير إدارة البرامج بإذاعة الجبل الأخضر المحلية.
-عمل كمدير تحرير لصحيفة قورينا.
- يكتب زاوية أسبوعية في صحيفة الجماهيرية بعنوان : (قبل أن أنسى) منذ عام
2000 وحتى الآن.
- يكتب زاوية أسبوعية في صحيفة قورينا بعنوان (لا مال. لا فزاعه)
- كتب الكثير من البرامج الإذاعية لإذاعة الجماهيرية وإذاعة الجبل الأخضر المحلية.
- الإصدارات:
1. شجرة المطر (مجموعة قصصية) عام 98. عن الدار الجماهيرية للنشر والتوزيع
والإعلان.
2. آلهة الأعذار (مجموعة قصصية) عام 2000. عن دار البيان للنشر.
3. يحكى أن (مجموعة قصصية) عام 2003. عن مجلس تنمية الإبداع.
4. البحث عن السيدة ج (مجموعة نصوص) عام 2005. عن مجلة المؤتمر الليبية.
5. منساد (رواية) عام 2006. عن مجلس الثقافة العام.
6. ميم (مجموعة نصوص) عن مجلس الثقافة العام.

مصادر

أشخاص من البيضاء (ليبيا)
صحفيون ليبيون

الصديق بودوارة


Herhangi bir cümle kümesi, herhangi bir cümle (P) için, hem P'yi hem de P'nin mantıksal tersini ispatlayabiliyorsa tutarsızdır.
Aynı şekilde herhangi bir kuram, herhangi bir cümle (P) için, hem P'yi hem de P'nin tersini içinde barındırıyorsa tutarsızdır.

İlgili bağlantılar
 Eksiksizlik
 Gödel'in Eksiklik Teoremi

Mantık

Tutarsızlık


Rachid Bouchareb (París, 1 de septiembre de 1953) es un director de cine francés de ascendencia argelina.

Sus películas han sido elegidas ocho veces para representar a Argelia en los premios Óscar en la categoría de mejor película internacional siendo nominado en tres ocasiones. Las películas nominadas han sido Poussières de vie (1995), Indigènes (2006) y Hors-la-loi (2010). Las otras elegidas han sido Cheb, Little Senegal, London River (descalificada), La route d'Istanbul y London River.

Filmografía
 1976: La Pièce (cortometraje)
 1977: La Chute (cortometraje)
 1978: Le Banc (cortometraje)
 1983: Peut-être la mer (cortometraje)
 1985: Bâton Rouge
 1991: Cheb
 1994: Poussières de vie
 2000: Little Senegal (Premio al Mejor largometraje en la edición 11 del Festival de cine africano de Milán)
 2005: L'Ami y'a bon
 2006: Indigènes
 2006: Tage des Ruhms
 2008: Niloofar
 2009: London River
 2010: Hors-la-loi
 2014: La voie de l'ennemi
 2016: La route d'Istanbul
 2018: Le Flic de Belleville
 2022: Nos frangins

Premios y distinciones

Premios Óscar

Premios César

Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Directores de cine de Argelia
Guionistas de Argelia
Directores de cine de Francia
Guionistas de cine de Francia
Escritores de París
Caballeros de la Legión de Honor
Nacidos en París

Rachid Bouchareb


Mændenes hold med fleuret under sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro fandt sted 12. august 2016 på Carioca Arena 3.

Oversigt
Alle tider er brasiliansk tid (UTC−3)

Placering

Referencer

Hold med fleuret (herrer)

Fægtning under sommer-OL 2016 – Hold med fleuret (herrer)


Kozja brada (tuturuša, brada kozlova, prčja brada, zimska šalata; lat. Tragopogon), biljni rod od preko 120 vrsta jednogodišnjeg i dvogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica iz porodice Compositae.

U Hrvatskoj raste nekoliko vrsta kozjih brada, to su: balkanska kozja brada (T. balcanicus), velika kozja brada (T. dubius), lukasta kozja brada ili gorka kozja brada (T. porrifolius), livadna kozja brada (T. pratensis) i Tomasinijeva kozja brada (T. tommasinii)

Križana kozja brada ili riđasta kozja brada pripada rodu Geropogon (Geropogon hybridus).

Vrste

 Tragopogon acanthocarpus Boiss.
 Tragopogon alaicus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon albinervis Freyn & Sint.
 Tragopogon albomarginatus Kitam.
 Tragopogon altaicus S.A.Nikitin & Schischk.
 Tragopogon ameniacus Kuth.
 Tragopogon anatolicus A.Duran, B.Doğan & Coşkunç.
 Tragopogon angustifolius Bellardi ex Willd.
 Tragopogon artvinensis Makbul, Gültepe & Coşkunç.
 Tragopogon aureus Boiss.
 Tragopogon badachschanicus Boriss.
 Tragopogon bakhtiaricus Rech.f.
 Tragopogon balcanicus Velen.
 Tragopogon bjelorussicus Artemczuk
 Tragopogon bombycinus Gredilla
 Tragopogon bornmuelleri Ownbey & Rech.f.
 Tragopogon borysthenicus Artemczuk
 Tragopogon brevirostris DC.
 Tragopogon buphthalmoides (DC.) Boiss.
 Tragopogon capitatus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon caricifolius Boiss.
 Tragopogon castellanus Levier
 Tragopogon cazorlanus C.Díaz & Blanca
 Tragopogon charadzae Kuth.
 Tragopogon coelesyriacus Boiss.
 Tragopogon colchicus Albov ex Grossh.
 Tragopogon collinus DC.
 Tragopogon coloratus C.A.Mey.
 Tragopogon conduplicatus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon × crantzii Dichtl
 Tragopogon cretaceus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon crocifolius L.
 Tragopogon dasyrhynchus Artemczuk
 Tragopogon dubius Scop.
 Tragopogon elatior Steven
 Tragopogon elongatus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon erostris Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Tragopogon fibrosus Freyn & Sint. ex Freyn
 Tragopogon filifolius Rehmann ex Boiss.
 Tragopogon floccosus Waldst. & Kit.
 Tragopogon gaudanicus Boriss.
 Tragopogon gongylorrhizus Rech.f.
 Tragopogon gorskianus Rchb.f.
 Tragopogon gracilis D.Don
 Tragopogon graminifolius DC.
 Tragopogon heteropappus C.H.An
 Tragopogon heterospermus Schweigg.
 Tragopogon idae Kuth.
 Tragopogon jesdianus Boiss. & Buhse
 Tragopogon karelinii S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon karjaginii Kuth.
 Tragopogon kasahstanicus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon kashmirianus G.Singh
 Tragopogon kemulariae Kuth.
 Tragopogon ketzkhovelii Kuth.
 Tragopogon kindingeri Adamovic
 Tragopogon kopetdaghensis Boriss.
 Tragopogon kotschyi Boiss.
 Tragopogon kultiassovii Popov
 Tragopogon kurdistanicus Chrtek & Hadac
 Tragopogon lainzii Suár.-Sant., P.S.Soltis, Soltis, C.Díaz & Blanca
 Tragopogon lamottei Rouy
 Tragopogon lassithicus Rech.f.
 Tragopogon latifolius Boiss.
 Tragopogon leonidae S.Kutateladze
 Tragopogon leucanthus Rech.f.
 Tragopogon longifolius Heldr. & Sartori ex Boiss.
 Tragopogon macropogon C.A.Mey.
 Tragopogon makaschwilii Kuth.
 Tragopogon malikus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon marginatus Boiss. & Buhse
 Tragopogon marginifolius Pavlov
 Tragopogon maroofii Mahmoodi & Safavi
 Tragopogon maturatus Boriss.
 Tragopogon meskheticus Kuth.
 Tragopogon minor Mill.
 Tragopogon × mirabilis Rouy
 Tragopogon × mirus Ownbey
 Tragopogon × miscellus Ownbey
 Tragopogon montanus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon oligolepis Hartvig & Strid
 Tragopogon olympicus Boiss.
 Tragopogon orientalis L.
 Tragopogon otschiaurii S.Kutateladze
 Tragopogon paradoxus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon pichleri Boiss.
 Tragopogon podolicus (DC.) Nikitina
 Tragopogon porphyrocephalus Rech.f.
 Tragopogon porrifolius L.
 Tragopogon pratensis L.
 Tragopogon pseudocastellanus Blanca & C.Díaz
 Tragopogon pseudomajus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon pterocarpus DC.
 Tragopogon pterodes Pancic
 Tragopogon pusillus M.Bieb.
 Tragopogon rechingeri Ownbey
 Tragopogon reticulatus Boiss. & A.Huet
 Tragopogon rezaiyensis Rech.f.
 Tragopogon ruber S.G.Gmel.
 Tragopogon ruthenicus Besser ex Krasch. & Nikitin
 Tragopogon sabulosus Krasch. & S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon samaritani Heldr. & Sartori
 Tragopogon scoparius S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon segetum Kuth.
 Tragopogon serawschanicus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon serotinus Sosn.
 Tragopogon sibiricus Ganesh.
 Tragopogon soltisiorum Mavrodiev
 Tragopogon songoricus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon sosnowskyi Kuth.
 Tragopogon stribrnyi Hayek
 Tragopogon stroterocarpus Rech.f.
 Tragopogon subacaulis O.Schwarz
 Tragopogon subalpinus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon tanaiticus Artemczuk
 Tragopogon tasch-kala Kuth.
 Tragopogon tomentosulus Boriss.
 Tragopogon tommasinii Sch.Bip.
 Tragopogon trachycarpus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon tuberosus K.Koch
 Tragopogon turcicus Coşkunç., Gültepe & Makbul
 Tragopogon turkestanicus S.A.Nikitin
 Tragopogon ucrainicus Artemczuk
 Tragopogon undulatus Jacq.
 Tragopogon vaginatus Ownbey & Rech.f.
 Tragopogon vanensis Gültepe, Coşkunç. & Makbul
 Tragopogon verrucosobracteatus C.H.An
 Tragopogon vvedenskyi Popov

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Scorzonerinae

Kozja brada


Robin Briguet, né le  à Sion, est un skieur acrobatique suisse, spécialiste du half-pipe.

Carrière
Il se classe  lors des Championnats du monde juniors de 2017. Pour ses débuts en Coupe du monde, il remporte la médaille de bronze lors de l'épreuve au Genting Secret Garden en Chine, lieu qu'il retrouvera en 2022 lors des Jeux olympiques.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques

Coupe du monde
 1 podium

Liens externes

Références

Naissance en mai 1999
Skieur acrobatique suisse
Skieur acrobatique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018
Naissance à Sion
Skieur acrobatique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022

Robin Briguet


الصحف المهاجرة وصف أطلق على الصحف التي تصدر في بلد ما ويكون جمهورها المستهدف في بلد آخر، حيث تعمد جهات معينة خاصة إلى إصدار وتحرير هذه الصحف في البلد الذي هاجرت إليه غير أنها توزع نسخها في بلد آخر، غير بلد الإصدار، وتتفاوت الأسباب التي تدفع إلى مثل هذه الحالة ما بين أسباب سياسية أو اقتصادية, لكنها غالباً ما تكون سياسية أكثر بسبب قوانين معينة أو تحفظات ومحاذير حكومية تجعل الحصول على تراخيص إصدار هذه الصحف أمراً متعذراً. أما الأسباب الاقتصادية فإنها ترجع بالدرجة الأولى إلى محاولة تفادي نفقات وأجور التشغيل الباهظة لكن ذلك أمر نادر الحدوث. وقد تلجأ الصحف والوسائل الإعلامية إلى الهجرة لأسباب أخرى مهنية تتعلق بالعاملين فيها.

صحف

صحيفة مهاجرة


النوراك (Nuraghe) هو برج حجري شكلة كمخروط مقطوع، يرجع تاريخه إلى الألفية الثانية قبل الميلاد، منتشر في جميع أنحاء جزيرة سردينيا.

هذة الأبراج كانت مركز الحياة الاجتماعية للسرديين القدامى، الذين سُميت حضارتهم باسم الأبراج. واحدة من أكثر الحضارات غموضاً في البحر الأبيض المتوسط.
فريدة من نوعها
هم من هي بين أكبر وأفضل المعالم المحافظ عليها في أوروبا. تعتير اليوم أفضل رمز معروف لسردينيا.

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موسوعة مع صور
 ArcheologiaSarda.com علم الآثار
 NeroArgento.com*

آثار سردينيا
أنواع نصب
غرف
مبان ومنشآت أثرية في إيطاليا
مبان ومنشآت في سردينيا

نوراك


Gabriel Siminic (n. 11 martie 1986, Reșița) este un fotbalist român, care evoluează pe postul de fundaș stânga la clubul din Liga a II-a, Șoimii Pâncota.

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai CSM Politehnica Iași
Fotbaliști ai FCU Politehnica Timișoara
Fotbaliști ai FC Oțelul Galați

Gabriel Siminic


Piggy is the name of two animated cartoon characters in the Merrie Melodies series of films distributed by Warner Bros. The first character was a fat, black pig wearing a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front, and his first film was You Don't Know What You're Doin'!

Piggy's name came from one of two brothers who were childhood classmates of Freleng's, nicknamed "Porky" and "Piggy".

Merrie Melodies
Animator Rudolf Ising introduced Piggy to replace his previous character, Foxy, as the star of the Merrie Melodies series Ising was directing for producer Leon Schlesinger. Nonetheless, Ising had only made two Piggy shorts in 1931 before he left Warner Bros. with partner Hugh Harman. The animators who took over the Merrie Melodies cartoons dropped the Piggy character (as well as his girlfriend Fluffy) and turned the series into a string of one-shots.

Piggy's coloration and dress were identical to those of the Walt Disney character Mickey Mouse before the advent of color film.  John Kenworthy argues that, considering the fact that some sketches of mice that Hugh Harman had drawn in 1925 were the inspiration for the creation of Mickey Mouse, Harman and Ising never intended to copy Disney.

Despite their clichéd lead character, Ising's two Piggy shorts are well received by some critics. In the first, You Don't Know What You're Doin'!, Piggy visits a surreal nightclub where he heckles and plays with the club's jazz band. Cartoon historians Jerry Beck and Will Friedwald call this "the definitive Harman-Ising Warner film: the characters are cute, the humor is gross, the visuals are uninhibited, and the music is red hot."

This was followed by Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land, also in 1931. Here, Piggy plays a steamboat captain who must rescue a drowning Uncle Tom. Due to its stereotypical portrayal of the Uncle Tom character, the cartoon is included among the so-called "Censored 11", Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts that are withheld from circulation due to their heavy use of ethnic stereotypes. Piggy never starred in another cartoon, although he continued to appear at the end of every short up to 1932's You're Too Careless with Your Kisses!

In 1936, Animator Friz Freleng created another character named Piggy. This character was given lighter, more white color with distinguishing birthmarks. The redesigned character appeared as a gluttonous child in a large family of pigs in At Your Service Madame (which gives his full name as Piggy Hamhock), where he leads his fellow siblings in foiling a bum's attempt to rob their mother.

A year later, the new Piggy starred in Pigs Is Pigs in which his gluttony takes center stage.  This is his final appearance. After this, he is discarded, with his character traits transferred for a time to Porky Pig.

References

Articles about multiple fictional characters
Film characters introduced in 1931
Film characters introduced in 1936
Anthropomorphic pigs

Looney Tunes characters
Male characters in animated films
Characters created by Rudolf Ising
Mickey Mouse
Characters created by Friz Freleng

Piggy (Merrie Melodies)


Bodo-Knut Jüngst (* 26. Januar 1935 in Waiblingen; † 6. August 2017 in Mainz) war ein deutscher Kinderarzt und Sportmediziner.

Leben
Jüngst studierte ab 1953 in Jena und später in Heidelberg Medizin. 1959 wurde er in Heidelberg zum Dr. med. promoviert. Nach der Tätigkeit als Assistenzarzt, war Jüngst ab 1962 wissenschaftlicher Assistent an der Universitätskinderklinik Mainz. 1965 war er beteiligt, als die erste Intensivstation für Kinder in Deutschland eingerichtet worden ist. Nachdem er 1966 zum Facharzt für Kinderheilkunde ernannt wurde, habilitierte er 1971 in Medizin mit der Venia legendi für Kinderheilkunde. Ab 1972 war er Oberarzt und außerplanmäßiger Professor für Kinderheilkunde an der Kinderklinik des Universitätsklinikums Mainz.

Jüngst war Mitglied der Landsmannschaft Zaringia Heidelberg.

Ehrungen
 2004: Ehrendoktorwürde der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

Schriften
 Die Entwicklung der Anaesthesie bei gynaekologischen Laparotomien in den letzten sieben Jahren, 1951-1957, an der Heidelberger Universitäts-Frauenklinik. Dissertationsschrift, Heidelberg 1959
 Medizinisches Rechnen für Krankepflegeberufe. Thieme, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-13-620901-X
 mit Aloys Berg und Karl Traenckner: Prävention und Rehabilitation im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8047-1481-1
 mit Helge Hebestreit et al.: Kinder- und Jugendsportmedizin. Thieme, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-13-126391-1

Literatur
 Ernest Kay: International Who's Who in Education. International Publications Services, 1981, S. 215.
 August Ludwig Degener, Walter Habel (Hrsg.): Wer ist Wer?: das deutsche Who's who. Band 22, Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1983, ISBN 3-7950-2003-4, S. 582.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Pädiater
Sportmediziner
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz)
Landsmannschafter
Deutscher
Geboren 1935
Gestorben 2017
Mann

Bodo-Knut Jüngst


Den værdifulde Husassistent er en dansk stumfilm fra 1916, der er instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Valdemar Andersen og Robert Hansen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1916

Den værdifulde Husassistent


Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe, (abreviado Voy. Astrolabe), es un libro con descripciones botánicas que fue escrito por Achille Richard y publicado en el año 1834. El viaje fue comandado por Jules Sebastian Cesar Dumont d'Urville.

Viaje del Astrolabe

El Astrolabe bordeó la costa sur de Australia, llevando a cabo nuevos levantamientos cartográficos de la isla Sur de Nueva Zelanda, llegó a los archipiélagos de Tonga y Fiyi, realizó los primeros mapas de las islas Lealtad (parte de la francesa Nueva Caledonia) y exploró las costas de Nueva Guinea. Se identificó el sitio del naufragio de La Pérouse en Vanikoro (una de las islas Santa Cruz, parte del archipiélago de las Islas Salomón) y recogió numerosos restos de sus botes. El viaje continuó con la cartografía de una parte de las islas Carolinas y de las Molucas. El Astrolabe volvió a Marsella durante los primeros meses de 1829 con una carga impresionante de trabajos hidrográficos y colecciones zoológicas, botánicas y mineralógicas, que estaban destinadas a tener una gran influencia en el análisis científico de esas regiones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en Botanicus

Libros de botánica de Francia del siglo XIX
Libros de 1834
Ciencia de 1834
Francia en 1834

Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe


The MTV Video Music Award for Best Post-Modern Video was first given out in 1989, and it was one of the four original genre categories added to the VMAs that year. The award was last presented in 1990 and the category was renamed Best Alternative Video the following year.

Recipients

MTV Video Music Awards
Awards established in 1989
Awards disestablished in 1990


ජනාධිපති මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන විසින් එවකට තනතුරුධාරී රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ මහතා විධිමත් ලෙසින් තනතුරෙන් පහකිරීමට පෙර, හිටපු ජනාධිපති සහ පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී  මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මහතා අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙසින් 2018 ඔක්තොම්බර්  26 දිනදී පත්කිරීමත් සමගම එකවිට අගමැතිවරුන් දෙදෙනෙකු තනතුරු දැරීමෙහි තත්ත්වයක් උද්ගත වෙමින් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාමය අර්බුදයක්  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි ඇරඹිණි. වික්‍රමසිංහ මහතා සහ  එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය (එජාප) විසින් මෙම පත්කිරීම නීතිවිරෝධි ලෙසින් දුටු අතර, එබැවින් ඉල්ලා අස්වීම ඔහු විසින් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කෙරිණි.

සිරිසේන මහතාගේ මෙම හදිසි තීරණය විසින්  "රට තුල දේශපාලනමය ව්‍යාකූල තත්ත්වයක්" ඇතිකිරීමට පදනම සකස් වූ අතර, ජාත්‍යන්තර  විවේචනය ඔහු වෙත එල්ලවුණි.  වික්‍රමසිංහ මහතා, පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි බහුතරයක්, සහ විපක්ෂයෙහි පක්ෂ විසින් ඔහුගේ ඉවත් කිරීම සහ රාජපක්ෂ මහතාගේ පත්කිරීම පිළිගැනීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කල අතර, සිරිසේන මහතාගේ ක්‍රියාවලිය ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට පටහැනි බවට කියා සිටියහ.  පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි බහුතරය තවමත් ඔහු සතු බවට හිමිකම් පල කර සිටි වික්‍රමසිංහ මහතා  පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි කථානායක කරු ජයසූරිය වෙතින් ඉල්ලා සිටියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව කැඳවන ලෙසටය.  පාර්ලිමේන්තුව යළි-කැඳවන ලෙසට ඉදිරිපත්වූ සියළු ඉල්ලීම් නොසලකා හැරි සිරිසේන මහතා,  ඔක්තොම්බර් 27 දිනදී පාර්ලිමේන්තුව වාරාවසාන කිරීම තුලින්, එහි රැස්වීම් පැවැත්වීම නොවැම්බර් 16 වන දින තෙක් පමා කර ලීය.  රාජපක්ෂ මහතා අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා සහිතව නව කැබිනට් අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලයක් පිහිටුවීමට ගත් වෑයමක් ව්‍යර්ථ වීමෙන් අනතුරුව, නොවැම්බර් 9 දිනදී පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසුරුවාහැරීමට සිරිසේන මහතා උත්සාහ දැරීය. මෙම පියවර ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට පටහැනි බව එජාප යෝජනා කල අතර ඉන් ඉක්බිතිව 2018 දෙසැම්බර මස දක්වා සිරිසේන මහතාගේ මෙම විසුරුවාහැරීමෙහි නියෝගය අත්හිටවූ    ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය ඉනික්බිතිව තීරණය කලේ එම පියවර ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට පටහැනි බවයි.

පසුබිම

සිදුවීම් කාලරේඛාව

අගමැතිවරුන් දෙදෙනා

පාර්ලි‌මේන්තුව යළි රැස්වීම

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පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසුරුවාහැරීම සහ මැතිවරණය

පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසුරුවා හරිමින් සිදු කල ආඥාව ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය විසින් අත්හිටුවයි

පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසුරුවාහැරීම ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට පටහැනි බව ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය තීන්දු කරයි
2018 දෙසැම්බර් 13 දිනදී, පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි වාර කාලය නිමවීමට මාස 20 කට ඉහතදී එය විසුරුවාහැරීමට ජනාධිපති සිරිසේන ගත් තීරණය ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට පටහැනි බවට ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය විසින් තීන්දු කෙරණි. පූර්ණ (විනිසුරුවන්-සත් දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත) විනිසුරු මඬුල්ලක් විසින් ඒකමතිකව තීන්දු කලේ එහි වාර කාලය වසර සතර-හමාරක් වීමට පළමුව ජනාධිපතිවරයා විසින් පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසුරුවාහැරීම සිදු කල නොහැකි බවයි. අධිකරණය තව දුරටත් පැවසුවේ  ජනාධිපතිවරයා විසින් හදිසි මැතිවරණයක් කැඳවීම නීතිවිරෝධී බවයි.

ප්‍රචන්ඩත්වය
ඔක්තොම්බර් 28 වන ඉරුදින දී, බලයෙන් ඉවත් කෙරුණු අමාත්‍යවරයෙකුගේ ආරක්ෂක නිලධාරීන් විසින් විරෝධතාකරුවන් පිරිසකට වෙඩි තැබීම නිසා එක් අයෙකු මරණයට පත් විය.

2018 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාමය අර්බුදය


ناصر الصالح، ملحن سعودي. ولد في الأحساء، يلقب بين محبيه بـ قبطان الطرب الخليجي، نشأ وسط أسرة فنية، والده يملك شركة إنتاج فني بتلك الفترة، تأثر بأصدقاء والده فنانين الأحساء الشعبيين وأولهم عيسى الأحسائي. ويعتبر واحد من اكتشافات جمعية الثقافة والفنون بالإحساء.

ألحانه

محمد عبده

نوال الكويتية

أحلام

راشد الفارس

ماجد المهندس

راشد الماجد

رابح صقر

عبد الكريم عبد القادر

عبد الله الرويشد

نبيل شعيل

خالد عبد الرحمن

كاظم الساهر

عبد المجيد عبد الله

رجاء بلمليح

صابر رباعي

طلال سلامه

عبد الله رشاد

ذكرى

علي بن محمد

جواد العلي

إبراهيم الحكمي

يارا

منى امرشا

حسين العلي

محمد خلاوي

عيسى الناصر (فتى رحيمه)

ديانا كرزون

لطيفة التونسية

عادل محمود

كارول سماحه

عصام كمال

فدوى المالكي

أماني السويسي

فهد الكبيسي

عبد العزيز المنصور

شذى حسون

شمس الكويتية

عبد الله عبد العزيز

محمد الزيلعي

نايف البدر

محمد البكري

أسماء المنور

مرشد

وليد الجيلاني

امينة محمد

صباح العطار

ميس حمدان

اروى

جابر الكاسر

عبد الله السكيتي

مساعد البلوشي

محمد المشعل

سعد العاطف

مشاري العفاسي

عبد الله الدوسري

انس خالد

وعد البحري

حامد الضبعان

انغام

اغاني وطنية

اغاني رياضية

أغاني ناصر الصالح
 فهمتك
 ثلاث ارباع
 بن الحلال
 نار أشواقي
 زمن عبد الحليم
 أرجوك السماح
 شمس الحنين
 انا الغلطان
 كاتب شقا
 متصدر لا تكلمني
 حبايب
خلها تذوب

السينما والتلفزيون
 لحن أغنية فيلم كيف الحال (2006)
 لحن أغنية فيلم مناحي (2008)
 لحن وغنى مسلسل حامض حلو (1996)
 لحن مسلسل بيوت من ثلج
 لحن مسلسل مجاديف الامل (2005)
 لحن مسلسل أيام السراب 2010)
 لحن مسلسل هوامير الصحراء الجزء الثاني
 لحن مسلسل العاصوف 2018

مشاركات ونجاحات
 تلحينه أوبريت رواد السلام إنتاج روتانا
 تلحينه اوبريت مهرجان الجنادريه بعنوان (وطن المجد) عام 2005
 فاز بلقب أفضل ملحن عربي لسنة 2007 بأستفتاء مجلة زهرة الخليج
 شارك في برنامج ألبوم كمدرب لفريق الخليج على قناة إم بي سي
 تلحين اوبريت مهرجان حسانه فلة بعنوان (بلاد الخير)
 شارك في برنامج نجم الخليج في لجنة التحكم
 لحن أوبريت وحدة وطن بالمشاركة مع الفنان ماجد المهندس (2010)
 عضواً في لجنة تحكيم مسابقة الميكروفون الذهبي (2010)
 لحن اوبريت (كوكب الأرض) 2013
 شارك في برنامج ذا فويس 2018 كمدرب لفريق أحلام الشامسي

مراجع

أشخاص من الأحساء
ملحنون سعوديون
مواليد 1380 هـ

ناصر الصالح


Capital e Juros () é um trabalho em três volumes sobre finanças publicado pelo economista austríaco Eugen Böhm von Bawerk (1851–1914).

Os dois primeiros volumes foram publicados na década de 1880, quando ele lecionava na Universidade de Innsbruck.

O primeiro volume de Capital e Juros, intitulado History and Critique of Interest Theories (1884), é um levantamento exaustivo dos tratamentos alternativos do fenômeno de Juros: teorias do uso, teorias de produtividade, teorias da abstinência e muito mais.

Neste trabalho, Böhm-Bawerk baseou-se nas ideias de preferência temporal de Carl Menger, insistindo que há sempre uma diferença de valor entre os bens presentes e os bens futuros de igual qualidade, quantidade e forma. Além disso, o valor dos bens futuros diminui à medida que aumenta o tempo necessário para sua conclusão.

Böhm-Bawerk citou três razões para esta diferença de valor. Em primeiro lugar, em uma economia em crescimento, a oferta de bens será sempre maior no futuro do que é no presente. Em segundo lugar, as pessoas têm tendência a subestimar suas necessidades futuras devido ao descuido e à curta antecipação. Finalmente, os empresários preferem iniciar a produção com os bens atualmente disponíveis, em vez de esperar por bens futuros e retardar a produção.

Também foi incluída uma crítica à teoria da exploração de Marx. Böhm-Bawerk argumentou que os capitalistas não exploram os trabalhadores; eles acomodam os trabalhadores – fornecendo-lhes renda muito antes da receita da produção que eles ajudaram a produzir.

A Teoria Positiva do Capital de Böhm-Bawerk (1889), oferecida como o segundo volume de Capital e Juros, elaborada sobre os processos de produção demorados da economia e sobre os pagamentos de juros que eles implicam. Livro III, Valor e Preço, construído sobre os Princípios do Menger para apresentar uma versão distintamente austríaca do marginalismo. Para ilustrar o marginalismo, ele deu o seguinte exemplo:Karl Marx, no entanto, morreu antes que a revolução do marginalismo fosse finalmente aceita como ortodoxia e, portanto, não foi capaz de refazer esse desafio fundamental ao seu esquema. É por isso que a maioria dos marxistas ortodoxos ainda se apegam à teoria do valor-trabalho.

Outros ensaios sobre capital e juros (1921) foram iniciados como apêndices do segundo volume, mas apareceram como um terceiro volume.

Todos os três volumes foram recentemente publicados juntos como um encadernado pela Libertarian Press. A edição da Libertarian Press foi traduzida por Hans Sennholz e publicada pela primeira vez em 1959.

O Ludwig von Mises Institute disponibilizou em 2007 as traduções de William Smart como Capital and Interest, The Positive Theory of Credit e Recent Literature on Interest.

Ligações externas

 Capital e Juros por Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk
Livros de economia
Livros do século XIX

Capital e Juros


Nikolaj Ivanovitj Noskov (, ; født 12. januar 1956 i Gagarin, Smolensk oblast, Sovjetunionen) er en sovjetisk/russisk sanger og tidligere vokalist i hardrockbandet Gorky Park (mellem 1987-1990). Noskov har vundet Den gyldne grammofon fem gange. Han var medlem af Москва-bandet (Moskva) i begyndelsen af 1980'erne, og bandet Гран-при (Grand Prix) i 1988 lige før han sluttede sig til Gorky Park, og senere i 1990'erne af bandet Николай (Nikolaj). Fra 1998 startede Noskov en solokarriere, hvor han udgav seks soloalbummer. I 2015 var han jury i anden sæson af reality-tv-serien Glavnaja stsena, den russiske udgave af The X Factor.

Diskografi

Albummer
 Я тебя люблю (I Love You, 1998) (En anden titel Блажь, Whim)
 Стёкла и бетон (Glass and Concrete, 2000) (En anden titel Паранойя, Paranoia)
 Дышу тишиной (Breathing the Silence, 2000)
 По пояс в небе (Talje dybt i himlen, 2006)
 Оно того стоит (It's worth it, 2011).
 Без названия (No Name, 2012) (En anden titel Мёд, Honning)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Rockmusikere
Sangere fra Rusland
Personer fra Smolensk oblast

Nikolaj Noskov


Refleks ya da tepki, dıştan gelen bir uyarı sonucunda refleks yayı aracılığıyla doğan ve devinim, iç salgı gibi iç tepkilere yol açan istem dışı sinir etkinliğidir.

Vücudumuzun dışarıdan gelen ışık ses gibi bir uyarıda ani ve hızlı bir hareketle tepki göstermesine refleks denir. Refleks sözcüğü, Latince "yansımak" anlamına gelen "reflectere" sözcüğünden türetilmiştir. Belirli bir uyarı etkisiyle düşünme sürecinden önce oluşan refleks, sinir sisteminin bir olayıdır. Merkezi sinir sisteminin işleyiş yasalarına göre refleksin ana özelliği aynı türden uyarılara hep aynı tepkinin verilmesidir ancak uyarının şiddetine göre refleksin oluşma süresinde ve sürmesinde farklılıklar olur. Refleks, sinir sisteminin işleyişinde büyük öneme sahip bir etkinliktir. Refleksleri olmayan canlı organizmaların, dış etkilere karşı yeterince hızlı tepki verememeleri nedeniyle, yaşamlarını sürdürme olanakları azalır. Refleks mekanizması  omurilik tarafından yönetilir.

Omurilik refleksleri kalıtsaldır ve ikiye ayrılır:

 Doğuştan gelen refleks
 Sonradan kazanılan refleks

Doğuştan (Kalıtsal) Refleks
 Doğuştan gelir, sonradan kazanılmaz.
 Aynı türün bireylerinde görülür.
 Bu refleksler omuriliğin kontrolündedir.

Öksürme, hapşırma, göz kapağının kırpılması, çocuktaki emme davranışı, hapşırınca gözün kapanması.

Sonradan (Şartlı) Refleks
 Sonradan öğrenmeyle oluşur.
 Bireyden bireye farklılık gösterebilir.
 Örneğin bisikleti sürmeyi öğrenirken, öğrenme işlevi beynin kontrolündedir. Ancak her gün bisiklet sürerek bu davranışı alışkanlık haline getiririz. O zaman davranış omuriliğin kontrolüne geçer.

Araba sürme, örgü örme, limon görüldüğünde ağzın sulanması, yutkunmak, bisiklet sürme, Pavlov'un köpeğinin zil çalınca ağzının sulanması, yüzmek, kar topu oynamak.

Pavlov'un köpekler üzerinde yaptığı klasik koşullanma deneyleri ünlüdür; Köpeğe ilk olarak birkaç kez zil çalınır. Köpek  buna tepki vermez. Sonradan zil çalınır ve et verilir. Daha sonra et verilmediği halde zil çalındığında köpeğin salya salgıladığı görülür. Şartlı ya da şartlandırılmış refleks denen olay da budur.

Yürümek, yüzmek, bisiklete binmek, enstruman çalmak vb. refleks davranışlar olmayıp motor davranış veya beceridir.

Kaba motor becerileri
Kaba motor becerileri, yürümek, dengede durmak, emeklemek gibi bir iş yapmak için büyük kas gruplarını kullanmak gerekir.

İnce motor becerileri
İnce motor becerileri, piyano çalmak, video oyunları oynamak gibi bir iş yapmak için küçük kas gruplarını kullanmak gerekir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Refleks yayı
İlkel refleksler

Kaynakça

Refleks


Infinity je drugi studijski album kanadskog glazbenika Devina Townsenda i prvi izdan pod njegovim pravim imenom. Townsendova diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records objavila ga je 21. listopada 1998. godine.

Pozadina
Nakon što je dovršio Strapping Young Ladov ekstremni metal album City i svoj samostalni progresivni rock uradak Ocean Machine: Biomech, Townsend je doživio živčani slom. O tom je periodu izjavio: "Ljudska bića postala su mi mali, usamljeni roza komadići mesa na bazi vode, oblici života koji kroz sebe ispuhuju zrak i stvaraju zvukove koje drugi komadići mesa naočigled razumiju". Godine 1997. prijavio se u psihijatrijsku bolnicu, gdje mu je bio dijagnosticiran bipolarni poremećaj. Dijagnoza mu je pomogla u uočavanju izvora dviju strana njegove glazbe; smatrao je da je njegov poremećaj "stvorio dva ekstrema koja su Strappingov album City i Ocean Machineov Biomech."

Nakon što je izišao iz bolnice, Townsendu je "sve kliknulo" i uspio je skladati pjesme za svoj drugi samostalni album, Infinity, koji je opisao kao "roditeljski projekt" Cityja i Biomecha. Townsend se vratio u studio s bubnjarem Geneom Hoglanom kako bi zajedno radili na albumu, na kojem je Townsend svirao većinu glazbala. Tijekom snimanja Devin je spavao na studijskom podu. Devin je izjavio da je Infinity djelomično bio nadahnut eksperimentiranjem s LSD-jem i ostalim psihodeličnim drogama.

Također je izjavio da Infinity predstavlja "službenu glazbu za Isusov povratak" i da je vrlo intiman album jer su se na njemu kao gostujući pjevači pojavili njegovi roditelji i sestra. Snimanje albuma trajalo je više od godine dana. Toliko je bio nezadovoljan prvim miksom albuma, koji je nastao u svibnju 1998. godine u studiju Hipposonics, da je u kolovozu 1998. napravio drugi miks i spojio ih u jedan, zbog čega nije imao dovoljno vremena da u knjižicu prvog izdanja albuma uklopi tekstove pjesama.

Za pjesmu "Christeen" bio je snimljen glazbeni spot.

Prve dvije minute pjesme "Om" katkad su se izvodile uživo kao interludij u druge pjesme i bile su snimljene u demoinačici za album Addicted (no kasnije su se pojavile na box setu Contain Us). Dio skladbe "Processional" pod imenom "Infinite Waltz" kasnije je bio iskorišten kao outro za pjesmu "The Mighty Masturbator" s albuma Deconstruction. Pjesma "Truth" ponovno je bila snimljena za Transcendence, sedmi studijski album Devin Townsend Projecta.

Album sadrži nekoliko slika koje prikazuju golog Townsenda kao dvospolno biće; time je želio istaknuti da nije važan izgled glazbenika, već samo njegova glazba.

Popis pjesama
Inačica Infinityja koju je objavio InsideOut sadrži drugačije nazive pjesama te su ti nazivi navedeni u zagradama. Ta je verzija albuma sadržavala i tri bonus skladbe.

Izvorni je popis pjesama na Infinityju bio drugačiji od konačnog. Townsend nije mogao dovršiti neke skladbe zbog vremenskog ograničenja koje mu je nametnula diskografska kuća. Te su pjesme naknadno bile objavljene na EP-u Christeen + Four Demos. Izvorni je popis pjesama bio:

Objava
Infinity je u listopadu 1998. godine objavila Townsendova nezavisna diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records. U Kanadi ga je objavio HevyDevy, u Japanu Sony, dok ga je u Europi prvo izdao USG Records, a potom InsideOut, čija je inačica albuma sadržavala tri bonus skladbe.

Recenzije
Michael Rensen iz glazbenog časopisa Rock Hard u svojoj je recenziji izjavio da Infinity razočarava u usporedbi sa svojim prethodnikom Ocean Machine: Biomech te je dodao da je Townsend umjetnost skladanja pjesama ostavio po strani i previše se usredotočio na futurističan zvuk. Pohvalio je "zaraznu "Christeen"" i "Bad Devil", industrijalnu skladbu pomiješanu s trombonima, ali je napomenuo da ostatak pjesama "katkad pada u apokalitičnu, pomalo monotonu pretjeranost zvuka". Jörg Graf s internetske stranice Babyblaue Seiten komentirao je da Infinity nudi bombastičan i brutalan zvuk po kojem je Townsend poznat, ali da same pjesme nisu dovoljno dobre. Kritizirao je uobičajenost melodija te ponavljanje istih rifova i aranžmana i dodao da album "gotovo uopće nije napet" i da "ništa nije pamtljivo". Međutim, pohvalio je pjesmu "Bad Devil", koju je prozvao "ludom duhovnom pjesmom", i instrumental "Ants", koji je smatrao "lekcijom u uglazbljivanju mravinjaka".

Osoblje

Devin Townsend
Devin Townsend – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, programiranje, produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miksanje, mastering
Dodatni glazbenici
Gene Hoglan – bubnjevi
Christian Olde Webbers – kontrabas
Andy Condrington – trombon
Erin Townsend – dodatni vokali
Lyn Townsend – dodatni vokali
Naomi – dodatni vokali
Tanya Evans – dodatni vokali
Lara Ulhoff – dodatni vokali
Chris Valagao – dodatni vokali
Brad Jackson – dodatni vokali

Ostalo osoblje
Aaron Mason – fotografija
Mille Thorsen – omot albuma, dizajn
Matteo Caratozzolo – digitalno uređivanje
Jennifer Lewis – digitalno uređivanje
Pete Wonsiak – miksanje
Greg Reely – mastering

Izvori

Bilješke

Albumi iz 1998.
Albumi Devina Townsenda

Infinity


Brøndbyvester Station er en kommende letbanestation på Hovedstadens Letbane (Ring 3-letbanen) i Brøndby Kommune. Stationen kommer til at ligger på Søndre Ringvej umiddelbart nord for krydset med Vallensbækvej og Seminarievej ved linje 300S' nuværende stoppested. Den kommer til at ligge på den vestlige side af vejen og kommer til at bestå af to spor med hver sin perron med adgang via fodgængerfeltet i krydset. Stationen forventes at åbne sammen med letbanen i 2025.

Vest for stationen ligger et større industrikvarter (Ragnasminde), mens der øst for stationen primært er parcelhusbebyggelse, grønne områder, samt en kirkegård.

Noter

Stationer på Ring 3 Letbane
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Brøndby Kommune

Brøndbyvester Station


سارة البلوشي، هي ممثلة بحرينية.

عن حياتها
وهي ابنة خالة الممثلة غادة الفيحاني، بدأت مشوارها في التمثيل في مسرحية إذا ما طاعك الزمان.

لقلة المعلومات والمصادر فليس هنالك الكثير ليقال، على الصعيد الشخصي الفنانة سارة لا تشارك حياتها في وسائل التواصل، ليس هنالك اي حسابات على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي للفنانة.

أعمالها

في التلفزيون
 شوف الدنيا.
 سوالف طفاش.
 متلف الروح.
 سوالف طفاش - الجزء الثاني.

في المسرح
 إذا ما طاعك الزمان.
 مواطن آيل السقوط.

أعمال أخرى
المسباح  .  الجزء الثاني ( حكاية فطوم  )  بدور " فطوم "

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات
ممثلات مسرح بحرينيات

سارة البلوشي


Articles with hCards

සත්සෝරූපවතී නාදන් (    ) කාර්කෝපවති නාටන් (1937 මාර්තු 6 - 2017 මැයි 4) ලෙසද හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික කාන්තා දෙමළ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශකවරියක් සහ ප්‍රවෘත්ති ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නියකි. රටේ භාෂා තුනම චතුර ලෙස හැසිරවීමේ හැකියාව සහ විවිධ කුල සහ ආගම්වලට අයත් වෙනත් පුද්ගලයින් සමඟ කටයුතු කිරීමට ඇති හැකියාව හේතුවෙන් ඇය සිංහල සමාජය අතර ජනප්‍රිය වූවාය. ඇය මාධ්‍යයට දායක වූ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම දෙමළ කාන්තාවක් ලෙස සැලකේ.

අධ්‍යාපනය
ඇය යාපනයේ යාපනය හින්දු කාන්තා විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර මදුරාසි විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තාය. මදුරාසි විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේදී ඇය BA උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තාය.

ගුවන්විදුලි විකාශනය
සත්සෝරූපවතී ගුවන්විදුලියට සම්බන්ධ වූයේ 1965 දීය. 1965 දී රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් ආයතනයට බඳවා ගන්නා ලද ඇය වසර 40කට වැඩි කාලයක් රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් ආයතනයේ සේවය කර ඇත. සත්සෝරුපවතී නාදන් හොඳ ප්‍රසිද්ධ කථිකයෙකු මෙන්ම ඇගේ මව් භාෂාව වන දෙමළ භාෂාවෙන් විවාද කරන්නියක ලෙස ද විශිෂ්ට විය. දෙමළ භාෂාවෙන් චෙන්දිල්මනී මයිල්වාගනම්ට පසුව ඇය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හොඳම ප්‍රවෘත්ති කියවන්නිය ලෙස සැලකේ. ඇය ද ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව හොඳින් දන්නා අතර වරක් ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ (SLBC) ඉංග්‍රීසි සේවයේ කතා සහ විශේෂාංග සඳහා වැඩසටහන් සංවිධායකවරියක් ලෙස සේවය කිරීමට කැඳවනු ලැබුවාය. එතැන් පටන් ඇය SLBC හි ඉංග්‍රීසි සේවයේ වැඩසටහන් සංවිධායක ධූරය හෙබවූවාය. ඇය දෙමළ පුවත් පත්‍රිකා ද සංස්කරණය කර තිබුණි.

සමාජ සේවා
සත්සෝරූපවතී නාදන් බෞද්ධ කාන්තා විද්‍යාලයක විද්‍යා ගුරුවරියක් ලෙස සේවය කර ඇති අතර අර්ධකාලීන කථිකාචාර්යවරියක් ලෙසද සේවය කර ඇත. ඇය කොළඹ දෙමළ සංගම් හි පළමු කාන්තා උප සභාපතිනිය ද විය. ඇය ද කාන්තා අවශ්‍යතා සහ ඔවුන්ගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබඳ කථිකයෙකු ලෙස සහ කථිකයෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළාය.

චරිතාපදානය සහ මරණය
සත්සෝරුපවතී නාදන් උපත ලැබුවේ 1937 මාර්තු 6 වැනිදා යාපනයේ ගමක ය. ඇය තම ජීවිත කාලය තුළ විවාහ නොවී තනිකඩව සිටි අතර මාධ්‍ය සහ සමාජ සුබසාධන සේවාවන් සඳහා සිය ජීවිත කාලය කැප කළාය.

සත්සෝරූපවතී නාදන් 2017 මැයි 4 වන දින වයස අවුරුදු 80 දී මිය ගියේය.

සම්මාන

 ජවර්හලාල් නේරු සම්මානය (1958)
 හොඳම නිවේදකයාට හිමි ජනාධිපති සම්මානය (1995)
 ජීවිත කාලීන ජයග්‍රාහකයා සම්මානය
 උන්ද ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මානලාභී

මේකත් බලන්න

 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික විකාශකයින්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්

2017 මරණ
1937 උපත්

සත්සෝරූපවතී නාදන්


ජ්‍යෝතිෂ්ශාස්ත්‍රයට අනුව යම් අවස්ථාවක පෘථිවිය‍ට සා‍පේක්‍ෂව සඳ ඇති ස්ථානය (නැකත් කොටුව) එම අවස්ථාවේ නැකත හෙවත් නක්ෂත්‍රය නම්වේ.

ජ්‍යෝතිෂ්ශාස්ත්‍රය

නක්‍ෂත්‍රය


عبد الله بن سعود الكبير بن عبد العزيز آل سعود إمام الدولة السعودية الأولى قتل في سنة 1234 هـ / 1818م.
 عبد الله بن سعود بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود ابن الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ملك المملكة العربية السعودية

عبد الله بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (توضيح)


Velocity war ein 1996 von dem US-amerikanischen Gitarristen, Sänger und Songwriter David Victor gegründetes Hardrock-Projekt. Neben dem bisher einzigen veröffentlichten Album Impact brachte Victor anschließend noch eine EP heraus, bevor er sich anderen Projekten zuwandte.

Hintergrund
Velocity wurde von David Victor 1996 gegründet. Er schrieb sämtliche Lieder für das erste Album selbst und holt sich den Gitarristen Chris Dodge als Unterstützung dazu. 1997 nahm er mit Dodge und dem Schlagzeuger Pat Torpey (Mr. Big) das erste Album auf. Victor spielte auf diesem Album Leadgitarre, Rhythmusgitarre und Bass, Dodge steuerte weitere Leadgitarren bei. Victor trat anschließend überwiegend im Westen der USA mit wechselnden Musikern unter dem Namen Velocity auf, bevor er 2001 die EP Activator veröffentlichte, die fünf Titel enthielt. Seitdem ist Velocity nicht mehr aktiv gewesen.

Diskografie
 Impact (1999)
 Activator (2001)

Quellen

Weblinks
 David Victor-Website
 David Victor-Biografie (Website) Abgerufen am 29. März 2012

Rockband
Hard-Rock-Band
US-amerikanische Band

Velocity (Band)


මීරිගම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි  මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශ අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය නම් ලද්දේ  බස්නාහිර පළාතේ  ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ,  මීරිගම නගරය අනුව යමිනි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින්   පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි . එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට  ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශ වූ බලප්‍රදේශ 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශ 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී  මීරිගම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය වෙනුවට  ගම්පහ බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය  ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය තුළ ඡන්ද බලප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස මීරිගම දිගටම පවතියි.

1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
23 අගෝස්තු 1947 සිට 20 සැප්තැම්බර් 1947 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු  පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

1952 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
24 මැයි1952 සහ 30 මැයි1952 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුර පැවැත්වුණු  දෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

1956 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
5 අප්‍රේල් 1956 සහ 10 අප්‍රේල් 1956දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු  තෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැරණි මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශ
 ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

මීරිගම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය


Prins Nicolas of Belgien (Nicolas Casimir Marie; født 13. december 2005) er det andet barn af prins Laurent og prinsesse Claire of Belgien. Han er nummer 13 efter sin søster i tronfølgen til den belgiske trone.

Den 29. maj 2014 fik han og hans bror, Aymeric af Belgien, deres første kommunion i Sainte-Catherine Bonlez, som er en distrikt af Chaumont-Gistoux i Walloon Brabant-provinsen, hvor den kongelige familie deltog.

Referencer

Prinser af Belgien
Huset Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha

Nicolas af Belgien


Hvalbugten (engelsk Bay of Whales) var en naturlig isbugt i Rossbarrieren, som blev brugt af Roald Amundsen som havn under hans sydpolekspedition 1910-1912.

Isbugten skabtes af Roosevelt Island, som ligger under isshelfen og bryder isens naturlige bevægelse. Bugten blev besøgt af Ernest Shackleton 24. januar 1908 og han navngav den efter de mange hvaler, som blev observeret i bugten.

Ishavnen blev også brugt som udgangspunkt for tre ekspeditioner ledet af Richard E. Byrd: fra 1928 til 1930, fra 1933 til 1935, og fra 1939 til 1941.

"USS Atka", United States Navy påviste i januar 1955, at havnen var blevet ubrugelig som et resultat af isbremmens kalving. Hele bugten forsvandt i 1987, da et 159 km langt isbjerg brækkede af.

Noter

Antarktis
Bugter

Hvalbugten


Le tris-acétylacétonate de cobalt()), ou , est un complexe de coordination de formule chimique . Il se présente sous la forme d'un solide diamagnétique vert, soluble dans les solvants organiques mais pas dans l'eau. Cette dernière propriété le rend utile en catalyse homogène par réduction.

La structure du complexe a été confirmée par cristallographie aux rayons X. Les trois ligands acétylacétone, abrégés « acac », sont liés à l'atome de cobalt de manière bidentate selon une géométrie octaédrique. Ce complexe est isomorphe avec le tris-acétylacétonate de fer(III), le tris-acétylacétonate de manganèse(III) et le tris-acétylacétonate d'aluminium. Ces composés présentent une symétrie D chirale et peuvent généralement être résolus en leurs énantiomères individuels.

Le tris-acétylacétonate de cobalt() peut être obtenu par réaction de carbonate de cobalt(II)  et d'acétylacétone en présence de peroxyde d'hydrogène.

L'un des aspects distinctifs du  est sa sensibilité à la substitution électrophile aromatique, qui conduit au remplacement de protons sur l'atome de carbone central des ligands par divers électrophiles :
 + 3  ⟶  + 3 H.

Notes et références

cobalt(III)

Tris-acétylacétonate de cobalt(III)


Christian Lépine (* 18. September 1951 in Montréal) ist Erzbischof von Montréal.

Leben
Christian Lépine studierte zunächst am Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu und später Maschinenbau an der École polytechnique de Montréal. Nach seiner theologischen Ausbildung an der Universität Montreal empfing am 7. September 1983 die Priesterweihe für das Erzbistum Montréal. Von 1986 bis 1989 absolvierte er ein Doktoratsstudium in Philosophie an der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana in Rom. Nach seelsorgerischer Tätigkeit wurde er 1996 persönlicher Sekretär von Jean-Claude Kardinal Turcotte. 1998 wechselte er an das Staatssekretariat des Vatikans und später an die Kongregation für den Gottesdienst und die Sakramentenordnung. 2000 wurde er Rektor des Diözesanseminars in Montreal und wechselte von 2006 bis 2012 als Pfarrer in die Seelsorge. Über zwanzig Jahre lang lehrte er Philosophie und Theologie am Grand Séminaire de Montréal.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 11. Juli 2011 zum Weihbischof in Montréal und Titularbischof von Zabi. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm der Erzbischof von Montréal, Jean-Claude Kardinal Turcotte, am 10. September desselben Jahres; Mitkonsekratoren waren Lionel Gendron PSS, Bischof von Saint-Jean-Longueuil, und André Gazaille, Bischof von Nicolet.

Am 20. März 2012 berief ihn der Papst zum Erzbischof von Montréal. Am 27. April desselben Jahres wurde er dort offiziell in sein Amt eingeführt.

Er ist seit 2015 Großprior der Statthalterei Kanada-Montreal des Ritterordens vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Titularbischof
Hochschullehrer (Grand Séminaire de Montréal)
Rektor einer Hochschule
Großprior (Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem)
Komtur mit Stern (Ritterorden vom Heiligen Grab zu Jerusalem)
Absolvent der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana
Kanadier
Geboren 1951
Mann
Person des Christentums (Kanada)
Erzbistum Montréal

Christian Lépine


Bos mutus, Tibet öküzü, Tibet sığırı, Yak veya Hotoz olarak da bilinir. Boynuzlugiller (Bovidae) familyasından Tibet, Himalaya bölgeleri ve Moğolistan'da bulunan uzun tüylü kamburlu bir sığır türüdür. Büyük evcil bir nüfusa ek olarak küçük korunmasız vahşi bir yak nüfusu vardır. Evcilleri de, yabanileri de sürü hayvanlarıdır.

Etimoloji
Tibetçede yak kelimesi sadece türün erkeğini tanımlamakta kullanılır, dişiler nak veya dri olarak adlandırılır. Buna rağmen birçok dilde yak iki cinsiyet için kullanılmaktadır.

Özellikleri
Yabani Tibet sığırları ayaktan omuza  boyunda ve  ağırlığındadır. Baş ve kuyruğa kadar olan vücut uzunluğu , kuyruk kısmı ise yaklaşık  uzunluğundadır. Dişiler erkeklere oranla 1/3 ağırlıkta ve %30 oranında daha küçüktür. Evcil olan Bos grunniens ise bir şekilde daha küçüktür.

Bos mutus kendisini soğuktan koruyan uzun tüylere sahiptir, vücutlarının yanlarında ve altlarında son derece uzun ve yumuşak tüyler vardır. Tüyleri genellikle tüm vücuda yayılı olarak siyah veya koyu kahverengi olurlar. Evciller ise beyaz da olabilir. Altın renkli tüyleri olanlarda mevcuttur () ve Çin'de yabani ortamda nüfusları yaklaşık olarak 170'ten az olduğundan dolayı tehlike altındaki türler kategorisindedir.

Qilian ve Kunlun olmak üzere iki morfolojik türü tanımlanmıştır.

Hem dişilerin hem de erkeklerin ay biçiminde ayrık boynuzları vardır. Tibet Sığırı kısa bacaklı ve iri ayaklıdır. Geviş getiren hayvanlardır. Burunları ise kılsızdır.

Vahşi yaklar, 1,000 kg kadar tartabilir. Genellikle 10-30 hayvanlık gruplar halindedirler.

Yaşam alanları, tepeler gibi ağaçsız yüksek araziler, 3,200- 5,400 m'in arasında dağlar ve yaylalardır. Otlar, likenler ve diğer bitkileri yerler.

Üreme
On aylık bir gebelik süresinden sonra sonbaharda yavrularlar. Yabaniler sadece dişilerden oluşan sürülerde yaşar. Erkeklerse yalnız yaşarlar.

Kültür

Tibet sığırları, özellikle Tibetlilerin yaşamında önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Bunun nedeni Tibet'in yüksek karlı yaylalarına çok iyi uyum sağlayabilmesidir. Toprağa çok sağlam basar. Bu nedenle ulaşım araçlarının giremediği bölgelerde büyük rağbet görürler, binek, çeki ve yük hayvanı olarak kullanılırlar. Ayrıca sütünden, kılından, etinden yararlanılır. Bu öküzün yağından kandil yapımında, tezeğinden gübre olarak faydalanılırdı. Ayrıca kuyruğundan tuğ, tüyünden de yapılan ve at gerdanına süs olarak takılan püsküle de Kotas, Kotaz yahut Kutas adı verilirdi.

Dış bağlantılar
 ARKive - Vahşi yakların resim ve videoları(Bos grunniens)
AnimalInfo.Org: Animal Info – Wild Yak

Kaynakça

Durumu hassas hayvanlar
Bovinae
Çiftlik hayvanları
Genomu dizilenmiş memeliler

Bos mutus


علم غينيا الاستوائية  تبني العلم في 21 أغسطس 1979، ويتكون من ثلاثة شرائط أفقية (أخضر-أبيض-أحمر) بالإضافة لمثلث أزرق من ناحية ناصية العلم، يتوسط الشريط الأبيض شعار البلاد.

الألوان
 الأخضر يمثل الموارد الطبيعية والأدغال الممتدة على أرض البلاد.
 الأزرق يمثل البحر الذي يحوي الجزر التابعة للبلاد.
 الأبيض يمثل السلام.
 الأحمر يمثل القتال من أجل الحرية.

التاريخ
رُفع أول علم في يوم الاستقلال، 12 أكتوبر 1968، ويختلف عن العلم الحالي بكونه لا يحمل الشعار الوطني. وفي عام 1973، خلال نظام فرانسيسكو ماسياس نغيما، استخدم شعار يتألف من عدة أدوات وسيف ودجاجة. وكتب تحته الشعار الوطني المعدل Trabajo (العمل)، وUnidad ،Paz ،Justicia (الوحدة، السلام، العدالة). وبعد خلع نغيما في 21 أغسطس 1979 أعيد الشعار الوطني الأصلي.

شعار البلاد
تبني الشعار عام 1979 ويحوي درع فضي يحوي شجرة البومباكس الاستوائية أو القطن الحريري، فوق الدرع يتوضع 6 نجوم سداسية الأطراف التي تمثل أرض النيو موني والجزر التابعة للبلاد. تحت الدرع يوجد شريط فضي الذي يحوي شعار البلاد (الوحدة، الحرية، والعدالة).

معرض صور

انظر أيضًا
 شعار غينيا الاستوائية

مراجع

أعلام استحدثت في 1979
غينيا الاستوائية
أعلام وطنية
تأسيسات سنة 1979 في غينيا الاستوائية
رموز غينيا الاستوائية الوطنية

علم غينيا الاستوائية


Inin međunarodni ženski auto rally, hrvatsko automobilističko natjecanje međunarodnog karaktera. Rally je bio jedinstven i cijenjen u Europi. Organizirao ga je AK INA. Održavao se od 1969. do 1987. godine. Na svih 18 izdanja sudjelovale su Mira Nikolić, Anka Špiljak i Zdenka Brčić. Ukupno je svih godina sudjelovalo više od 1500 sudionica. Najuspješnija je bila Mira Nikolić, koja je pobijedila ukupno šest puta: 1972., 1973., 1974., 1978., 1982., 1985. te mnogo puta po klasama.

Izdanja i pobjednice

Podloga
1969.-'??. ?

Baza relija
1969.-'??. ?

Kazalo:

Izvori

Međunarodna natjecanja u reliju u Hrvatskoj

Inin međunarodni ženski auto rally


Samuel Baláž (Bratislava, 25 de agosto de 1998) é um canoísta eslovaco, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Baláž conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de K-4 500 m, ao lado de Denis Myšák, Erik Vlček e Adam Botek com o tempo de 1:23.534 minuto.

Canoístas olímpicos da Eslováquia
Canoístas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Samuel Baláž


Isla de Mäuseturm (en alemán: Mäuseturminsel) es una isla localizada en el río Rin, frente a la ciudad de Bingen am Rhein y que administrativamente forma parte del estado federado de Renania-Palatinado. Posee una superficie de 1 hectárea (0,01 km²) con 250 metros de largo por 50 de ancho. No es accesible al público y se encuentra totalmente deshabitada.

Véase también
 Geografía de Alemania
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Islas del río Rin
Islas fluviales de Alemania
Archipiélagos e islas de Renania-Palatinado

Isla de Mäuseturm


رأس شقير منطقة تعدين تقع علي الضفة الغربية لخليج السويس بمصر على ساحل البحر الأحمر. وهي من أكبر الحقول البحرية لاستخراج الزيت الخام والغاز بجمهورية مصر العربية.

تم إنشاء منطقة عمليات خليج السويس التابعة لشركة جابكـو عام 1965 لإنتاج ومعالجة وتكرير وتخزين وشحن وتفريغ البترول الخام بالإضافة إلى معالجة الغازات المصاحبة للخام بمنطقة خاصة تسمى «منطقة غازات راس شقير» ويتم تشغليها بواسطة إدارة شركة بترول خليج السويس «جابكو» بالنيابة عن الهيئة المصرية العامة للبترول شركة بي بي الإنجليزية.

النشاط الرئيسي لشركة جابكو بمنطقة خليج السويس هو إنتاج البترول الخام والغاز من الآبار البحرية والحفاظ على استمرارية الإنتاج وتدفقة من الآبار بواسطة مجموعة من العمليات والأنشطة المتتابعة والمختلفة. ويصل معدل الإنتاج اليومي لمنطقة خليج السويس 100,000 برميل بترول من إجمالي حوالى 400 بئر وتم ربطهم بـ 9 منصات رئيسية في عدد من المواقع المختلفة بخليج السويس وجميع هذة الآبار بحرية ويتم الإنتاج طبيعياً أو صناعياً عن طريق الحقن. يتم نقل البترول الخام من الآبار/المنصات الرئيسية إلى المنشاءات البرية براس شقير بواسطة خطوط أنابيب بترولية تحت سطح البحر للبدء في عمليات المعالجة وتكرير البترول المستخرج عن طريق إزالة المياة والأملاح المتواجدة بالبترول الخام ثم يتم تجميع البترول المعالج في صهاريج التخزين على أن يتم إرسالها إلى القاهرة من خلال خطوط أنابيب بترول برية أو شحنها لناقلات البترول من خلال ميناء راس شقير البحري.

تم إنشاء ميناء راس شقير البحري خصيصاً لاستيراد وتصدير البترول الخام ويتم تشغيلة وإداراته بواسطة شركة بترول خليج السويس (جابكـو)؛ حيث يتم تخزين البترول الخام المنتج في صهاريج معزولة (سعة 5,5 مليون برميل في 13 صهريج) على أن يتم التصدير من خلال خط أنابيب بترول بقطر 36" وباستخدام إمكانيات منشآت ميناء راس شقير البحري التي تستقبل ناقلات بترول تتراوح سعة حمولتها من 180,000 طن إلى 322,000 طن.

يوجد بالمنطقة حقول للنفط والغاز تملك معظمها شركة بترول خليج السويس (جابكو)، ويوجد بها حقل سقارة البحرى الذي عد من أكبر الاكتشافات في مجال الزيت الخام في العقدين الأخيرين بمنطقة خليج السويس.

تمتلك الشركة خمسه حقول بترولية رئيسية بخليج السويس تمتد من اتجاة الشمال إلى الجنوب حوالي 160 كيلومتر تقريباً. وقد تم تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة مناطق رئيسية هي الشمال والوسط والجنوب طبقاً للآتي:
أولاً - منطقة الشمال: تشمل حقل بترول أكتوبر.
ثانياً - منطقة الوسط: تشمل حقول بترول مرجان - يوليو – رمضان؛ بالإضافة إلى ميناء راس شقير البحري ويتضمن رصيفين بحريين لشحن وتفريغ البترول الخام.
ثالثاً - منطقة الجنوب: تشمل حقول بترول شعب علي - شمال شدوان.

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة البحر الأحمر
مدن محافظة البحر الأحمر

رأس شقير


ضمير الهاكر أو بيان الهاكر هي مقالة صغيرة كتبت في الثامن من كانون الثاني/يناير سنة 1986م من قبل هاكر والذي عرف بالاسم المستعار المعلم بالأنجليزية:(The Mentor) واسمه الحقيقي لويد بلاكشيب بالأنجليزية: (Loyd Blankenship). تم نشر هذا المقال في مجلة فراك النشرة 7 الملف 3 من 10.

محتوى المقالة

تم القبض على أحدهم، الأخبار تملأ الجرائد. «تم القبض على شاب لجريمة حاسوب»، «تم القبض على هاكر لتلاعبه بالبنك»...
اللعنة على الأطفال. جميعهم متماثلون.
ولكن هل نظرت مرة، بمعلوماتك السيكولوجية وعقلك التقني الذي نفذ تاريخه في الخمسينات، إلى العالم من وراء عيون الهاكر؟ هل فكرت مرة ما الذي يجعل
قلبه ينبض؟ أي قوى شكّلته وصقلته؟
أنا هاكر، ادخل عالمي...
عالمي هو عالم يبدأ بالمدرسة... أنا أذكى من أغلب الطلاب، وهذه التفاهات التي يعلمونا إياها تُشعرني بالملل...
اللعنة على المقصرين، جميعهم متماثلون.
أنا في الاعدادية أو الثانوية، لقد استمعت إلى المعلمة تشرح للمرة الخامسة عشر كيف يتم تبسيط الكسور. أنا أفهم الموضوع. «لا آنسة سميث، لم أكتب الحل، لقد حللتها في عقلي...»
ولد ملعون. على الأغلب نسخ الجواب. جميعهم متماثلون.
لقد اكتشفت شيئاً اليوم. وجدت حاسوب. انتظر لحظة، هذا مذهل. إنه يفعل ما أطلبه منه وإذا أخطأ فالسبب هو أنني ارتكبت خطأً. ليس لأنه لا يحبني... أو يشعر بأنني أهدده... أو لأنه يظن أنني أتذاكى... أو لأنه لا يحب التعليم والمفترض أن لا يكون هنا...
ولد ملعون. كل ما يفعله هو لعب ألعاب الفيديو طوال الوقت. جميعهم متماثلون.
وعندها حدث الأمر... فُتح باب إلى عالم جديد... نبض إلكتروني يمر عبر خطوط الهاتف مثل الهيروين في عروق المدمن، والبحث عن مكان للابتعاد عن المشاكل اليومية بدأ... وأقيم نادي. «هذا هو... هذا المكان الذي أنتمي إليه...» أنا أعرف الجميع هنا... حتى لو أنني لم أقابلهم أو أكلمهم في حياتي، ولن أتعامل معهم في المستقبل... أنا أعرفكم جميعا...
ولد ملعون. يشغل خط الهاتف مرة أخرى. جميعهم متماثلون.
نعم جميعنا متماثلون... لقد قمتم بإطعامنا السميد في المدرسة حينما أردنا أن نأكل اللحم... قطع اللحم الصغيرة التي وصلتنا عبركم كانت مبسطة وبدون مذاق. لقد حكمنا ساديون وتجاهلنا اللا مبالون. القلة الذين كان عندهم شيء ليعلمونا إياه وجدوا أننا تلاميذ نشطاء، ولكن هؤلاء كانوا كنقاط الماء في الصحاري.
هذا عالمنا الآن... عالم الإلكتروني والمفاتيح الإلكترونية وروعة الباود. نحن نقوم باستخدام خدمات موجودة دون أن ندفع مقابل ما كان من الممكن ان يكون سعره رخيص جداً لولا أن القائمون وراءه طمّاعون لأقصى الدرجات، وأنتم تنادوننا بالمجرمين. نحن نستكشف... وأنتم تنادوننا بالمجرمين. نحن نبحث عن العلم... وتسمّوننا بالمجرمين. نحن نعيش بدون لون بشرة، بدون تطرف قومي أو تمييز ديني... وتسموننا بالمجرمين. أنتم تبنون القنابل النووية، تخوضون الحروب، تقتلون، تغشون، وتكذبون لتجعلونا نصدق أن الأمر لمصلحتنا، ومع ذلك نحن المجرمون.
نعم، أنا مجرم. جريمتي هي حب الاستطلاع. جريمتي هي الحكم على الناس بحسب أقوالهم وأفكارهم، وليس بحسب منظرهم. جريمتي هي أنني أذكى منكم، وهذا شيء لن تغفروه لي ابداً.
أنا هاكر وهذا بياني. ربما تتمكنون من إيقاف هذا الفرد، ولكن لن توقفونا جميعا... لأننا جميعنا متماثلون.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 المقال الاصلي ضمير الهاكر في أرشيف phrack.org

اختراق (حماية الحاسوب)
ثقافة المخترق
علم الحاسوب
نصوص عن إنترنت
نصوص متعلقة بتاريخ إنترنت
وثائق في 1986

بيان الهاكر


A. Whitney Brown est un acteur et scénariste américain né le  à Charlotte au Michigan.

Biographie

Filmographie

Scénariste
 1985-1991 : Saturday Night Live (111 épisodes)
 1988 :  cérémonie des Primetime Emmy Awards
 1989 : Les Contes de la crypte (1 épisode)
 1991 : Saturday Night Live: The Best of Robin Williams
 1992 : Best of Saturday Night Live: Special Edition
 1995 : Exit 57 (6 épisodes)
 1996-1998 : The Daily Show (386 épisodes)
 1997 : The Daily Show Year-End Spectacular '97
 1998 : The Daily Show Guide to Home Video
 1998 : The Beth Littleford Interview Special
 1998 : Weirder Than Whitney
 1998 : The Daily Show Beach House
 1998 : The Daily Show Year-End Spectacular '98
 1999 : This Week Has 7 Days
 2005 : Saturday Night Live: The Best of Jon Lovitz
 2007 : Bush vs. Zombies

Acteur
 1985 : That Was the Week That Was (1 épisode)
 1985-1991 : Saturday Night Live : plusieurs rôles (43 épisodes)
 1992 : I'm Your Man : Professeur Bob
 2011 : The Roommate : Pearce

Notes et références

Liens externes

Scénariste américain
Acteur américain
Naissance en juillet 1952
Naissance dans le comté d'Eaton
Scénariste du Saturday Night Live

A. Whitney Brown