Jorge Antonio Aldrete (* 28. Februar 1937 in Mexiko-Stadt) ist ein mexikanischer Anästhesist, der den Postanesthetic Recovery Score (PAR-Score) entwickelte, ein Punkteschema für den Aufwachraum.

Leben und Wirken

Antonio Aldrete wurde am 28. Februar 1937 in Mexiko-Stadt geboren. Zunächst studierte er am University Center of Mexico. 1960 erlangte er seinen M.D. an der Nationalen Autonomen Universität von Mexiko. Anschließend absolvierte er ein Praxisjahr und eine zweijährige Assistenzzeit in der Chirurgie in Denver und Charleston. Danach spezialisierte er sich auf die Anästhesie. 1963 begann er eine entsprechende Ausbildung an der Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland. Zwei Jahre später zog er nach Denver, da ihm an der University of Colorado School of Medicine ein Stipendium angeboten worden war. In Denver wurde Aldrete Teil des Teams von Thomas E. Starzl, das erstmals Lebertransplantationen durchführte. Er fertigte als erster Anästhesist ein Protokoll über eine solche Operation an und begleitete die ersten 180 Lebertransplantationen an menschlichen Patienten.

1967 erhielt Aldrete die Board Certification in Anästhesie und schloss das Studium an der University of Colorado mit dem Master ab. Dort wurde er anschließend Assistant Professor, ab 1969 dann Associate Professor. Er war zudem Chefanästhesist am Denver's Veterans Affairs Hospital. Basierend auf seinen Erfahrungen bei dieser Tätigkeit begann er ein Punkteschema zu entwickeln, mit dem man den Zustand von Patienten nach einer Narkose beurteilen konnte. 1970 veröffentlichte Aldrete zusammen mit Diana Kroulik in dem Artikel A Postanesthetic Recovery Score in Anaesthesia and Analgesia seine Forschungsergebnisse.

Im Mai 1970 zog Aldrete nach Miami, wo er Associate Professor an der University of Miami School of Medicine und medizinischer Leiter der chirurgischen Intensivstation am Jackson Memorial Hospital wurde. Von 1971 bis 1975 arbeitete er an der University of Louisville School of Medicine in Kentucky und als Chef der Anästhesie am Louisville General Hospital. Anschließend kehrte er als Vorsitzender des Fachbereichs für Anästhesie an die University of Colorado School of Medicine zurück und arbeitete erneut mit dem Transplantationsteam zusammen, bis dieses 1980 nach Pittsburgh umzog.

Nach einem Sabbatical in Schweden kehrte Aldrete in die Vereinigten Staaten zurück und übernahm eine Professur an der University of Alabama at Birmingham. Dort forschte er über Hämodilution in der Anästhesie, veröffentlichte zu dem Thema ein Buch und verschiedene Artikel in medizinischen Zeitschriften und organisierte 1982 in Guadalajara einen internationalen Hämodilution-Kongress. Ein anderes Forschungsgebiet von Aldrete war die emotionale Reaktion von Patienten auf eine Operation und die Anästhesie. 1980 veröffentlichte er darüber mit Frank Guerra das Buch The Hidden Dimension: Emotional Responses and Psychological Responses to Anesthesia and Surgery.

Nach den Erdbeben 1985 in Mexiko und 1986 in San Salvador leitete Aldrete medizinische Teams, die das Rote Kreuz bei seiner Arbeit unterstützten. In Anschluss an Sabbaticals an Universitäten in den Niederlanden und Argentinien wurde Aldrete 1986 Abteilungsleiter der Anästhesie am Cook County Hospital in Chicago. Zwei Jahre danach entwickelte er zusammen mit Alberto Torrieri die erste einteilige Nadel für die Kombinierte Spinal- und Epiduralanästhesie. 1989 eröffnete er eine Privatklinik für Schmerzmanagement in Florida. Nach zehnjähriger Behandlung von Patienten mit Arachnoiditis, einer mit starken Schmerzen verbundenen Entzündung der Arachnoidea, gründete Aldrete 1999 die gemeinnützige Organisation Arachnoiditis Foundation, Inc.

Postanesthetic Recovery Score

Das von Aldrete entwickelte Punkteschema dient zur Beurteilung, ob ein Patient den Aufwachraum verlassen darf. Es wurde 1981 von der Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations als Anforderung an Gesundheitsunternehmen übernommen und wird in US-amerikanischen Kliniken, aber auch in zahlreichen anderen Ländern, standardmäßig eingesetzt.

Der PAR-Score umfasst fünf Komponenten:
 Aktivität: Bewegt 0, 2 oder 4 Extremitäten.
 Atmung: Kann tief atmen und frei abhusten; Dyspnoe oder eingeschränkte Atmung bzw. Apnoe.
 Kreislauf: Blutdruck ±20 %; 20–50 % oder mehr vom präoperativen Level.
 Bewusstsein: Vollständig erwacht; erweckbar auf Anruf oder nicht ansprechbar.
 Farbe: Rosa; blass, dunkel, fleckig, gelblich, andersfarbig oder zyanotisch; später ersetzt durch: Pulsoximetrie: > 92 % bei Raumluft; > 90 % mit Sauerstoff bzw. darunter trotz Sauerstoff

Für die Merkmale werden jeweils 0 Punkte, 1 Punkt oder 2 Punkte vergeben; die maximal erreichbare Punktzahl ist 10.

Der Patient benötigt einen Score von mindestens 9 Punkten, um aus dem Aufwachraum entlassen zu werden.

Publikationen (Auswahl)
 mit D. Kroulik: A postanesthetic recovery score. In: Anesth Analg. Band 49, 1970, S. 924–934.
 mit Beverley A. Britt: The Second International Symposium on Malignant Hyperthermia. Grune & Stratton, New York 1978, ISBN 978-0-8089-1073-2.
 mit Harry J. Lowe, Robert Wallace Virtue: Low flow and closed system anesthesia. Grune & Stratton, New York 1979, ISBN 978-0-8089-1176-0.
 mit Frank Guerra: Emotional and psychological responses to anesthesia and surgery. Grune & Stratton, New York 1980, ISBN 978-0-8089-1195-1.
 mit Theodore H. Stanley: Trends in intravenous anesthesia. Symposia Specialists, Miami 1980, ISBN 978-0-8151-0106-2.
 Arachnoiditis: the silent epidemic. Futuremed Publishers, Denver 2000, ISBN 978-968-7860-56-5.

Weblinks
 Dr. J. Antonio Aldrete, Bild und Curriculum Vitae Webseite der Arachnoiditis Foundation, Inc. (englisch)
 Cynthia MacMartin Klobuchar: Jorge Antonio Aldrete, MD, MS Pioneering Anesthesiologist Continues To Shape His Field. Anesthesiology News, Januar 2005 (englisch)
 J. Antonio Aldrete, Diana Kroulik: A Postanesthetic Recovery Score (PDF, englisch; 708 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Anästhesist
Mexikaner
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1937
Mann

Jorge Antonio Aldrete


Lili børster tænder er en dansk animationsfilm fra 2015 instrueret af Siri Melchior.

Handling
Lili børster tænder. Det kan hun nemlig sagtens selv. Hun lukker sig ude på badeværelset med Vovvov, og så går hun ellers i krig. At der skal tandpasta på, at der skal børstes grundigt, og at der skal skylles efter, alt det har hun fanget. At det så ikke lige behøver at være på egne tænder, det er så en anden ting. Lili er en serie af film om at være 3 år.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Børnefilm fra Danmark
Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

Lili børster tænder


İ (И и; italik: И и) sesini karşılayan Kiril harfi. (Küçüğü: и)

Örneğin;

Rusça:

Испания: İspaniya (İspanya: tr)

и: i (ve: tr)

I

И


Nicholas John Spykman (13 de octubre de 1893 – 26 de junio de 1943) fue un periodista y profesor  universitario estadounidense de origen holandés, considerado como uno de los «padres de la geopolítica» en los Estados Unidos.

En lo profesional, recibió influencias de Halford J. Mackinder y Alfred T. Mahan, y a su vez influenció a George F. Kennan, Henry A. Kissinger, John Foster Dulles, y Zbigniew Brzezinski.

Visión geopolítica
Spykman es un discípulo crítico de Alfred Thayer Mahan, y un continuador del enfoque geoestratégico de Halford John Mackinder. Este especialista, al igual que Mackinder, considera que nuestro planeta tiene un "corazón", un heartland, una zona considerada como el centro geográfico de moda, el que está rodeado de un "anillo de tierras" ("tierras del borde" o rimland), que es necesario controlar.
{{cita|Quien tiene el poder mundial no es quien controla directamente el "corazón del mundo", es quien es capaz de cercarlo, como los Estados Unidos lo hicieron durante toda la Guerra Fría, y lo siguen haciendo hasta nuestros días.|José Luis Fiori: "El geopolítico Nicholas Spykman y América Latina".<ref>{{cita web|url= http://www.laondadigital.com/laonda/laonda/301-400/368/b1.htm|título= El geopolítico Nicholas Spykman y América Latina|fechaacceso= |autor= José Luis Fiori|fecha= |obra= |idioma= español|cita= Traducción: Cristina Iriarte"|urlarchivo= https://web.archive.org/web/20100423111849/http://www.laondadigital.com/laonda/laonda/301-400/368/b1.htm|fechaarchivo= 23 de abril de 2010}}</ref>}}

 Heartland y Rimland
Contrariamente a Halford Mackinder, Spykman no piensa que el heartland, "ese pivot geográfico del mundo", esa centralidad según un enfoque económico-geográfico, se encuentre localizado en Europa central / Rusia sino en una zona periférica, sobre el litoral o sobre una cuenca. Según él, el centro del mundo está compuesto de tierras litorales, las coastlands de Mackinder a las que llama "borde de tierras" o "anillo de tierras" o "borde de cuencas", el rimland. Este territorio periférico estaría atrapado entre el corazón europeo (Alemania, Rusia), y los mares tutelados por los ingleses).

Spykman piensa que los Estados Unidos, de una manera o de otra, deben controlar los Estados de este rimland, con la finalidad de imponerse como superpotencia, y así dominar el mundo. El contexto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial obligó a los estrategas americanos a evitar la propagación y el fortalecimiento del nazismo, especialmente más allá del heartland, y a actuar en consecuencia.

Y dada la subsiguiente derrota alemana, esta estrategia se adaptó a la nueva situación, estableciéndose entonces una política llamada de contención (containment policy), orientada ahora a entorpecer la ampliación de la influencia soviética más allá de las fronteras del "corazón del mundo". Los Estados Unidos sostienen y apoyan entonces a Turquía, Irán, y Japón, entre otros, para así enfrentar el retraimiento de las potencias europeas (muy debilitadas por la guerra) de las zonas de Oriente Próximo y de otras zonas de Asia.

 Bibliografía

 1942, America's strategy in world politics, the United States and the balance of power.
 1944, The geography of the peace''.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Nicholas Spykman, el preludio de la Contención; publicado por:; fecha de publicación: 12 de septiembre de 2008.
 Karl Haushofer (I), padre de la Geopolitik alemana; publicado por: ; fecha de publicación: 24 de junio de 2008.

Geopolíticos
Nacidos en Ámsterdam

Nicholas Spykman


Baron Colgrain, of Everlands in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1946 for the Scottish banker Colin Campbell. He was President of the British Bankers' Association from 1938 to 1946.  the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2008. Since 2017 he has been one of the 92 hereditary peers chosen to remain in the House of Lords under the House of Lords Act 1999.

The family seat is Bushes Farm, near Sevenoaks, Kent.

Barons Colgrain (1946)
Colin Frederick Campbell, 1st Baron Colgrain (1866–1954)
Donald Swinton Campbell, 2nd Baron Colgrain (1891–1973)
David Colin Campbell, 3rd Baron Colgrain (1920–2008)
Alastair Colin Leckie Campbell, 4th Baron Colgrain (b. 1951)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Thomas Colin Donald Campbell (b. 1984).

See also
Carter-Campbell of Possil

References

Notes
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1946

Baron Colgrain


Traian Petrașcu  (n.20 mai  1881, Lancrăm - d.20 septembrie 1923 la Sebeș) a fost un medic, delegat și reprezentant al cercului electoral Cisnădie, Comitatul Sibiu la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia.

Date biografice
S-a născut în comuna Lancrăm la 20 mai 1881, din părinții Petrașcu Toma și soția Petrașcu Ioana, născută Șchiopu (agricultori fruntași din această comună).

Studii
Școala primară a făcut-o în comuna natală, primele patru clase gimnaziale la Gimnaziul Evanghelic Luteran (Săsesc) Sebeș-Alba. Liceul superior l-a făcut la Sibiu, unde a luat și bacalaureatul. Universitatea a urmat-o la Cluj, luându-și doctoratul la Budapesta. Pe durata studiilor universitare a fost beneficiarul unei burse a Fundației Ioan Petran. A fost membru în Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român.

Activitate profesională
Traian Petrașcu a servit ca medic în armata austro-ungară în timpul Primului Război Mondial în regimentul 23 Honvezi din Sibiu și ca medic de circumscripție în comuna Tălmaciu, jud. Sibiu. Dupa Marea Unire din 1918 va profesa ca medic la Sibiu, până în anul 1923. A încetat din viață joi, 20 septembrie 1923 (duminică, 23 septembrie, era programată nunta lui cu fata proprezbiterului gr.-or. Sergiu Medean din Sebeș), fără a lăsa urmași direcți.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1881
Decese în 1923
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Medici români

Traian Petrașcu


Yerleşim yerleri
 Bahçesaray, Van ili ilçesi
 Bahçesaray, Sarayönü, Konya ilin Sarayönü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Bahçesaray, Vezirköprü, Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Ukrayna
 Bahçesaray, Kırım: Ukrayna'nın Kırım Özerk Cumhuriyeti'nde bir kent.

Bahçesaray (anlam ayrımı)


معركة أريحا حسب القصة التناخية هي أول معركة حاربت فيها طوائف بني إسرائيل في غزوهم لكنعان حسب ما ذكر في العهد القديم. جاء وصف المعركة في سفر يشوع والأحاديث النبوية الإسلامية، وقد أصبحت المعركة من أبرز المراجع الثقافية الحديثة التي جاءت من العهد القديم.

الدلائل الأثرية
أظهرت أعمال التنقيب التي تمت في موقع أريحا أن الموقع لم يكن مسكوناً في القرن الثالث عشر قبل الميلاد (الفترة المفترضة للمعركة حسب الديانة اليهودية)، وأن البلدة الأقدم والتي كانت قائمة في العصر البرونزي المتأخر أي في القرن الرابع عشر قبل الميلاد، كانت تجمع سكني بسيط جداً من حيث الحجم والعمارة.ولم تكن هذه البلدة مسورة أيضاً، ولم توجد أي آثار تدل على حدوث تدمير للبلدة قبل تخلي سكانها عنها تدريجياً، كما حدث للكثير من مواقع السكن في منطقة غرب آسيا، نتيجة لتدهور الأوضاع الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية، والذي يرحج حدوثه لتبدلات مناخية (1).

رواية العهد القديم

التجسس على أريحا
قبل عبوره إلى الضفة الغربية من نهر الأردن، أرسل يوشع جاسوسيَن إثنيَن لاستطلاع ما يجري في المدينة. سمع ملك أريحا عن إثنين من طوائف بني إسرائيل يتجسسون في مدينته، فأمر بأن يُأتى بهما إليه. كانت وظيفتهم في المدينة أن يبحثوا عن مواقع الحراس، وعن أي شخص في المدينة يعادي الملك كي يساعدهم، كما كانوا يريدون معرفة نوعية أسلحة وأدرعة الحراس، والوقت الذي يبدلون فيه نوبتهم، وكمية الطعام والماء والتجهيزات في المدينة، وطول حوائط المدينة وعرضها، حتي يضعوا خطة التسلق عليها. اسم المرأة الزانية التي أخفت الجاسوسين هو راحاب، وقامت بحمايتهم حيث أخفتهم تحت السقف. بعدما أخرجوا من المدينة بسلامة، رجعا الجسوسان إلى يوشع وأخبراه أنه «قد خارت قلوب سكانها رعبا منا».

المعركة
بعد عبوره لنهر الأردن، قاد يوشع بني إسرائيل في حصارهم لمدينة أريحا. أمر الله يوشع، حسب سفر يشوع، بالزحف حول المدينة مرة واحدة كل ستة أيام، مع القساوسة السبعة الذين كانوا يحملون قرون الأكباش بالسفينة. في اليوم السابع أمروا بأن يطوّقوا المدينة سبع مرات، وأن ينفخ القساوسة في قرونهم، وعندما طوّق يوشع المدينة، طلب من قومه ألاّ يطلقوا صيحة الحرب إلى أن يأمرهم بفعل ذلك.

في اليوم السابع، بعدما طوّقوا المدينة لسابع مرة، نفخ القساوسة في قرونهم، وأمر يوشع الناس بإطلاق الصيحة. انهارت أسوار مدينة أريحا مما سمح لبني إسرائيل بالقيام بهجوم مباشر عليها. دمرت المدينة بشكل كامل، وقتل كل من كان فيها من الرجال والنساء والأطفال حسبما ذكر في سفر يشوع. كانت راحاب وأهلها هم الوحيدون الذين لم يقتلوا، لأنها أخفت الجاسوسين الذي أرسلهم يوشع. أحرق يوشع أثار المدينة بعد ذلك، ولعن أي رجل يحاول إعادة بناء المدينة بلعنة وفاة إبنه الأول.

نتيجة المعركة
يمثل سقوط أريحا أول نصر لبني إسرائيل في غزواتهم للمنطقة، واشتهر يوشع في كافة أنحاء كنعان. وبعد ذلك أرسل يوشع حملة على مدينة عاي، في غرب أريحا. بقيت أريحا مدينة مخربة، حتى أعاد بنائها حيئيل من بيت إِيل، حيث مات إبنه الأكبر أبيرام نتيجة للعنة يوشع، وعندما حُصنت المدينة مات إبنه الأصغر سجوب كذلك.

الرواية الإسلامية

يعتبر يوشع بن نون نبيّاً في الدين الإسلامي، وتذكر المعركة في الأحاديث النبوية الإسلامية. تتشابه النسخة الإسلامية للقصة مع النسخة المسيحية واليهودية. فحسب وجهة النظر الإسلامية، اجتاز يوشع ببني إسرائيل نهر الأردن إلى أريحا، وكانت من أحصن المدائن بسورها وأكثرها ناساً بأهلها، فحاصرها ستة أشهر.
وجاء في بعض الروايات بأنه في المعركة الأخيرة التي بدأت في يوم الجمعة، أوشك اليهود على تحقيق الانتصار، لكن الشمس قاربت على المغيب، ولأن اليهود لا يعملون ولا يحاربون يوم السبت فقد خشى يوشع أن يتلاشى النصر، فنظر إلى الشمس وقال: «إنك مأمورة، وأنا مأمور، اللهم احبسها علي». فتوقفت الشمس مكانها، وظلت واقفة إلى أن فتح الله عليه.

تذكر المعركة في صحيح مسلم، فقد روي أن محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) قال: «غزا نبي من الأنبياء فقال لقومه لا يتبعني رجل قد ملك بضع امرأة وهو يريد أن يبني بها ولما يبن ولا آخر قد بنى بنيانا ولما يرفع سقفها ولا آخر قد اشترى غنما أو خلفات وهو منتظر ولادها قال فغزا فأدنى للقرية حين صلاة العصر أو قريبا من ذلك فقال للشمس أنت مأمورة وأنا مأمور اللهم احبسها علي شيئا فحبست عليه حتى فتح الله عليه قال فجمعوا ما غنموا فأقبلت النار لتأكله فأبت أن تطعمه فقال فيكم غلول فليبايعني من كل قبيلة رجل فبايعوه فلصقت يد رجل بيده فقال فيكم الغلول فلتبايعني قبيلتك فبايعته قال فلصقت بيد رجلين أو ثلاثة فقال فيكم الغلول أنتم غللتم قال فأخرجوا له مثل رأس بقرة من ذهب قال فوضعوه في المال وهو بالصعيد فأقبلت النار فأكلته فلم تحل الغنائم لأحد من قبلنا ذلك بأن الله تبارك وتعالى رأى ضعفنا وعجزنا فطيبها لنا».

المصادر

(1):التوراة اليهودية مكشوفة على حقيقتها ص119

أساطير دينية
تناخ
سفر يشوع
مذابح في الكتاب المقدس
معارك
معارك الكنعانيين
معارك في الكتاب العبري

معركة أريحا


Several species of humans have intermittently occupied Great Britain for almost a million years.  The earliest evidence of human occupation around 900,000 years ago is at Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast, with stone tools and footprints probably made by Homo antecessor. The oldest human fossils, around 500,000 years old, are of Homo heidelbergensis at Boxgrove in Sussex. Until this time Britain had been permanently connected to the Continent by a chalk ridge between South East England and northern France called the Weald-Artois Anticline, but during the Anglian Glaciation around 425,000 years ago a megaflood broke through the ridge, and Britain became an island when sea levels rose during the following Hoxnian interglacial.

Fossils of very early Neanderthals dating to around 400,000 years ago have been found at Swanscombe in Kent, and of classic Neanderthals about 225,000 years old at Pontnewydd in Wales. Britain was unoccupied by humans between 180,000 and 60,000 years ago, when Neanderthals returned. By 40,000 years ago they had become extinct and modern humans had reached Britain. But even their occupations were brief and intermittent due to a climate which swung between low temperatures with a tundra habitat and severe ice ages which made Britain uninhabitable for long periods. The last of these, the Younger Dryas, ended around 11,700 years ago, and since then Britain has been continuously occupied.

Traditionally it was claimed by academics that a post-glacial land bridge existed between Britain and Ireland, however this conjecture began to be refuted by a consensus within the academic community starting in 1983, and since 2006 the idea of a land bridge has been disproven based upon conclusive marine geological evidence. It is now concluded that an ice bridge existed between Britain and Ireland up until 16,000 years ago, but this had melted by around 14,000 years ago. Britain was at this time still joined to the Continent by a land bridge known as Doggerland, but due to rising sea levels this causeway of dry land would have become a series of estuaries, inlets and islands by 7000 BC, and by 6200 BC, it would have become completely submerged.

Located at the fringes of Europe, Britain received European technological and cultural developments much later than Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region did during prehistory. By around 4000 BC, the island was populated by people with a Neolithic culture. This neolithic population had significant ancestry from the earliest farming communities in Anatolia, indicating that a major migration accompanied farming. The beginning of the Bronze Age and the Bell Beaker culture was marked by an even greater population turnover, this time displacing more than 90% of Britain's neolithic ancestry in the process. This is documented by recent ancient DNA studies which demonstrate that the immigrants had large amounts of Bronze-Age Eurasian Steppe ancestry, associated with the spread of Indo-European languages and the Yamnaya culture.

No written language of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain is known; therefore, the history, culture and way of life of pre-Roman Britain are known mainly through archaeological finds. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that ancient Britons were involved in extensive maritime trade and cultural links with the rest of Europe from the Neolithic onwards, especially by exporting tin that was in abundant supply.  Although the main evidence for the period is archaeological, available genetic evidence is increasing, and views of British prehistory are evolving accordingly. Julius Caesar's first invasion of Britain in 55 BC is regarded as the start of recorded protohistory although some historical information is available from before then.

Stone Age

Palaeolithic
Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) Britain is the period of the earliest known occupation of Britain by humans. This huge period saw many changes in the environment, encompassing several glacial and interglacial episodes greatly affecting human settlement in the region. Providing dating for this distant period is difficult and contentious. The inhabitants of the region at this time were bands of hunter-gatherers who roamed Northern Europe following herds of animals, or who supported themselves by fishing.

There is evidence from bones and flint tools found in coastal deposits near Happisburgh in Norfolk and Pakefield in Suffolk that a species of Homo was present in what is now Britain at least 814,000 years ago. At this time, Southern and Eastern Britain were linked to continental Europe by a wide land bridge (Doggerland) allowing humans to move freely. The species itself lived before the ancestors of Neanderthals split from the ancestors of Homo sapiens 600,000 years ago. The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that later became the Thames and Seine. Reconstructing this ancient environment has provided clues to the route first visitors took to arrive at what was then a peninsula of the Eurasian continent. Archaeologists have found a string of early sites located close to the route of a now lost watercourse named the Bytham River which indicate that it was exploited as the earliest route west into Britain.

Sites such as Boxgrove in Sussex illustrate the later arrival in the archaeological record of an archaic Homo species called Homo heidelbergensis around 500,000 years ago. These early peoples made Acheulean flint tools (hand axes) and hunted the large native mammals of the period. One hypothesis is that they drove elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses over the tops of cliffs or into bogs to more easily kill them.

The extreme cold of the following Anglian Stage is likely to have driven humans out of Britain altogether and the region does not appear to have been occupied again until the ice receded during the Hoxnian Stage. This warmer time period lasted from around 424,000 until 374,000 years ago and saw the Clactonian flint tool industry develop at sites such as Swanscombe in Kent. The period has produced a rich and widespread distribution of sites by Palaeolithic standards, although uncertainty over the relationship between the Clactonian and Acheulean industries is still unresolved.

Britain was populated only intermittently, and even during periods of occupation may have reproduced below replacement level and needed immigration from elsewhere to maintain numbers. According to Paul Pettitt and Mark White:
The British Lower Palaeolithic (and equally that of much of northern Europe) is thus a long record of abandonment and colonisation, and a very short record of residency. The sad but inevitable conclusion of this must be that Britain has little role to play in any understanding of long-term human evolution and its cultural history is largely a broken record dependent on external introductions and insular developments that ultimately lead nowhere. Britain, therefore, was an island of the living dead.

This period also saw Levallois flint tools introduced, possibly by humans arriving from Africa. However, finds from Swanscombe and Botany Pit in Purfleet support Levallois technology being a European rather than African introduction. The more advanced flint technology permitted more efficient hunting and therefore made Britain a more worthwhile place to remain until the following period of cooling known as the Wolstonian Stage, 352,000–130,000 years ago. Britain first became an island about 350,000 years ago. Early Neanderthal remains discovered at the Pontnewydd Cave in Wales have been dated to 230,000 BP, and are the most north westerly Neanderthal remains found anywhere in the world.

From c.180,000 to c.60,000 years ago there is no evidence of human occupation in Britain, probably due to inhospitable cold in some periods, Britain being cut off as an island in others, and the neighbouring areas of north-west Europe being unoccupied by hominins at times when Britain was both accessible and hospitable.

This period is often divided into three subperiods: the Early Upper Palaeolithic (before the main glacial period), the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic (the main glacial period) and the Late Upper Palaeolithic (after the main glacial period). There was limited Neanderthal occupation of Britain in marine isotope stage 3 between about 60,000 and 42,000 years BP. Britain had its own unique variety of late Neanderthal handaxe, the bout-coupé, so seasonal migration between Britain and the continent is unlikely, but the main occupation may have been in the now submerged area of Doggerland, with summer migrations to Britain in warmer periods. La Cotte de St Brelade in Jersey is the only site in the British Isles to have produced late Neanderthal fossils.

The earliest evidence for modern humans in North West Europe is a jawbone discovered in England at Kents Cavern in 1927, which was re-dated in 2011 to between 41,000 and 44,000 years old. The most famous example from this period is the burial of the "Red Lady of Paviland" (actually now known to be a man) in modern-day coastal South Wales, which was dated in 2009 to be 33,000 years old. The distribution of finds shows that humans in this period preferred the uplands of Wales and northern and western England to the flatter areas of eastern England. Their stone tools are similar to those of the same age found in Belgium and far north-east France, and very different from those in north-west France. At a time when Britain was not an island, hunter gatherers may have followed migrating herds of reindeer from Belgium and north-east France across the giant Channel River.

The climatic deterioration which culminated in the Last Glacial Maximum, between about 26,500 and 19,000–20,000 years ago, drove humans out of Britain, and there is no evidence of occupation for around 18,000 years after c.33,000 years BP. Sites such as Cathole Cave in Swansea County dated at 14,500BP, Creswell Crags on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire at 12,800BP and Gough's Cave in Somerset 12,000 years BP, provide evidence suggesting that humans returned to Britain towards the end of this ice age during a warm period from 14,700 to 12,900 years ago (the Bølling-Allerød interstadial known as the Windermere Interstadial in Britain), although further extremes of cold right before the final thaw may have caused them to leave again and then return repeatedly. The environment during this ice age period would have been largely treeless tundra, eventually replaced by a gradually warmer climate, perhaps reaching 17 degrees Celsius (62.6 Fahrenheit) in summer, encouraging the expansion of birch trees as well as shrub and grasses.

The first distinct culture of the Upper Palaeolithic in Britain is what archaeologists call the Creswellian industry, with leaf-shaped points probably used as arrowheads. It produced more refined flint tools but also made use of bone, antler, shell, amber, animal teeth, and mammoth ivory. These were fashioned into tools but also jewellery and rods of uncertain purpose. Flint seems to have been brought into areas with limited local resources; the stone tools found in the caves of Devon, such as Kent's Cavern, seem to have been sourced from Salisbury Plain, 100 miles (161 km) east. This is interpreted as meaning that the early inhabitants of Britain were highly mobile, roaming over wide distances and carrying 'toolkits' of flint blades with them rather than heavy, unworked flint nodules, or else improvising tools extemporaneously. The possibility that groups also travelled to meet and exchange goods or sent out dedicated expeditions to source flint has also been suggested.

The dominant food species were equines (Equus ferus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), although other mammals ranging from hares to mammoth were also hunted, including rhino and hyena. From the limited evidence available, burial seemed to involve skinning and dismembering a corpse with the bones placed in caves. This suggests a practice of excarnation and secondary burial, and possibly some form of ritual cannibalism. Artistic expression seems to have been mostly limited to engraved bone, although the cave art at Creswell Crags and Mendip caves are notable exceptions.

Between about 12,890 and 11,650 years ago Britain returned to glacial conditions during the Younger Dryas, and may have been unoccupied for periods.

Mesolithic

(c. 9,000 to 4,300 BC)

The Younger Dryas was followed by the Holocene, which began around 9,700 BC, and continues to the present. There was then limited occupation by Ahrensburgian hunter gatherers, but this came to an end when there was a final downturn in temperature which lasted from around 9,400 to 9,200 BC. Mesolithic people occupied Britain by around 9,000 BC, and it has been occupied ever since. By 8000 BC temperatures were higher than today, and birch woodlands spread rapidly, but there was a cold spell around 6,200 BC which lasted about 150 years. The plains of Doggerland were thought to have finally been submerged around 6500 to 6000 BC, but recent evidence suggests that the bridge may have lasted until between 5800 and 5400 BC, and possibly as late as 3800 BC.

The warmer climate changed the arctic environment to one of pine, birch and alder forest; this less open landscape was less conducive to the large herds of reindeer and wild horse that had previously sustained humans. Those animals were replaced in people's diets by pig and less social animals such as elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boar and aurochs (wild cattle), which would have required different hunting techniques. Tools changed to incorporate barbs which could snag the flesh of an animal, making it harder for it to escape alive. Tiny microliths were developed for hafting onto harpoons and spears. Woodworking tools such as adzes appear in the archaeological record, although some flint blade types remained similar to their Palaeolithic predecessors. The dog was domesticated because of its benefits during hunting, and the wetland environments created by the warmer weather would have been a rich source of fish and game. Wheat of a variety grown in the Middle East was present on the Isle of Wight at the Bouldnor Cliff Mesolithic Village dating from about 6,000 BC.

It is likely that these environmental changes were accompanied by social changes. Humans spread and reached the far north of Scotland during this period. Sites from the British Mesolithic include the Mendips, Star Carr in Yorkshire and Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides. Excavations at Howick in Northumberland uncovered evidence of a large circular building dating to c. 7600 BC which is interpreted as a dwelling. A further example has also been identified at Deepcar in Sheffield, and a building dating to c. 8500 BC was discovered at the Star Carr site.  A group of 25 pits, aligned with a watercourse, laid out in straight lines, up to 500 metres long, has been found at Linmere, Bedfordshire. The older view of Mesolithic Britons as nomadic is now being replaced with a more complex picture of seasonal occupation or, in some cases, permanent occupation. Travel distances seem to have become shorter, typically with movement between high and low ground.

In 1997, DNA analysis was carried out on a tooth of Cheddar Man, human remains dated to c.  7150 BC found in Gough's Cave at Cheddar Gorge.  His mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) belonged to Haplogroup U5. Within modern European populations, U5 is now concentrated in North-East Europe, among members of the Sami people, Finns, and Estonians. This distribution and the age of the haplogroup indicate that individuals belonging to U5 were among the first people to resettle Northern Europe, following the retreat of ice sheets from the Last Glacial Maximum, about 10,000 years ago. It has also been found in other Mesolithic remains in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Members of U5 may have been one of the most common haplogroups in Europe, before the spread of agriculture from the Middle East.

Though the Mesolithic environment was bounteous, the rising population and the ancient Britons' success in exploiting it eventually led to local exhaustion of many natural resources. The remains of a Mesolithic elk found caught in a bog at Poulton-le-Fylde in Lancashire show that it had been wounded by hunters and escaped on three occasions, indicating hunting during the Mesolithic.  A few Neolithic monuments overlie Mesolithic sites but little continuity can be demonstrated.
Farming of crops and domestic animals was adopted in Britain around 4500 BC, at least partly because of the need for reliable food sources.
The climate had been warming since the later Mesolithic and continued to improve, replacing the earlier pine forests with woodland.

Neolithic

(c. 4,300 to 2,000 BC)

The Neolithic was the period of domestication of plants and animals, but the arrival of a Neolithic package of farming and a sedentary lifestyle is increasingly giving way to a more complex view of the changes and continuities in practices that can be observed from the Mesolithic period onwards. For example, the development of Neolithic monumental architecture, apparently venerating the dead, may represent more comprehensive social and ideological changes involving new interpretations of time, ancestry, community and identity.

In any case, the Neolithic Revolution, as it is called, introduced a more settled way of life and ultimately led to societies becoming divided into differing groups of farmers, artisans and leaders. Forest clearances were undertaken to provide room for cereal cultivation and animal herds. Native cattle and pigs were reared whilst sheep and goats were later introduced from the continent, as were the wheats and barleys grown in Britain. However, only a few actual settlement sites are known in Britain, unlike the continent. Cave occupation was common at this time.

The construction of the earliest earthwork sites in Britain began during the early Neolithic (c. 4400 BC – 3300 BC) in the form of long barrows used for communal burial and the first causewayed enclosures, sites which have parallels on the continent.  The former may be derived from the long house, although no long house villages have been found in Britain — only individual examples. The stone-built houses on Orkney — such as those at Skara Brae — are, however, indicators of some nucleated settlement in Britain. Evidence of growing mastery over the environment is embodied in the Sweet Track, a wooden trackway built to cross the marshes of the Somerset Levels and dated to 3807 BC. Leaf-shaped arrowheads, round-based pottery types and the beginnings of polished axe production are common indicators of the period. Evidence of the use of cow's milk comes from analysis of pottery contents found beside the Sweet Track. According to archaeological evidence from North Yorkshire, salt was being produced by evaporation of seawater around this time, enabling more effective preservation of meat.

Pollen analysis shows that woodland was decreasing and grassland increasing, with a major decline of elms. The winters were typically 3 degrees colder than at present but the summers some 2.5 degrees warmer.

The Middle Neolithic (c. 3300 BC – c. 2900 BC) saw the development of cursus monuments close to earlier barrows and the growth and abandonment of causewayed enclosures, as well as the building of impressive chamber tombs such as the Maeshowe types. The earliest stone circles and individual burials also appear.

Different pottery types, such as grooved ware, appear during the later Neolithic (c. 2900 BC – c. 2200 BC). In addition, new enclosures called henges were built, along with stone rows and the famous sites of Stonehenge, Avebury and Silbury Hill, which building reached its peak at this time. Industrial flint mining begins, such as that at Cissbury and Grimes Graves, along with evidence of long-distance trade. Wooden tools and bowls were common, and bows were also constructed.

Changes in Neolithic culture could have been due to the mass migrations that occurred in that time. A 2017 study showed that British Neolithic farmers had formerly been genetically similar to contemporary populations in the Iberian peninsula, but from the Beaker culture period onwards, all British individuals had high proportions of Steppe ancestry and were genetically more similar to Beaker-associated people from the Lower Rhine area. The study argues that more than 90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool was replaced with the coming of the Beaker people.

Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of modern European populations shows that over 80% are descended in the female line from European hunter-gatherers. Less than 20% are descended in the female line from Neolithic farmers from Anatolia and from subsequent migrations. The percentage in Britain is smaller at around 11%. Initial studies suggested that this situation is different with the paternal Y-chromosome DNA, varying from 10 to 100% across the country, being higher in the east. This was considered to show a large degree of population replacement during the Anglo-Saxon invasion and a nearly complete masking over of whatever population movement (or lack of it) went before in these two countries. However, more widespread studies have suggested that there was less of a division between Western and Eastern parts of Britain with less Anglo-Saxon migration. Looking from a more Europe-wide standpoint, researchers at Stanford University have found overlapping cultural and genetic evidence that supports the theory that migration was at least partially responsible for the Neolithic Revolution in Northern Europe (including Britain). The science of genetic anthropology is changing very fast and a clear picture across the whole of human occupation of Britain has yet to emerge.

Bronze Age

(Around 2200 to 750 BC)

This period can be sub-divided into an earlier phase (2300 to 1200 BC) and a later one (1200 – 700 BC). Beaker pottery appears in England around 2475–2315 cal. BC along with flat axes and burial practices of inhumation. With the revised Stonehenge chronology, this is after the Sarsen Circle and trilithons were erected at Stonehenge. Several regions of origin have been postulated for the Beaker culture, notably the Iberian peninsula, the Netherlands and Central Europe. Beaker techniques brought to Britain the skill of refining metal. At first the users made items from copper, but from around 2150 BCE smiths had discovered how to smelt bronze (which is much harder than copper) by mixing copper with a small amount of tin. With this discovery, the Bronze Age arrived in Britain. Over the next thousand years, bronze gradually replaced stone as the main material for tool and weapon making.

Britain had large, easily accessible reserves of tin in the modern areas of Cornwall and Devon and thus tin mining began. By around 1600 BC the southwest of Britain was experiencing a trade boom as British tin was exported across Europe, evidence of ports being found in Southern Devon at Bantham and Mount Batten. Copper was mined at the Great Orme in North Wales.

The Beaker people were also skilled at making ornaments from gold, silver and copper, and examples of these have been found in graves of the wealthy Wessex culture of central southern Britain.

Early Bronze Age Britons buried their dead beneath earth mounds known as barrows, often with a beaker alongside the body. Later in the period, cremation was adopted as a burial practice with cemeteries of urns containing cremated individuals appearing in the archaeological record, with deposition of metal objects such as daggers. People of this period were also largely responsible for building many famous prehistoric sites such as the later phases of Stonehenge along with Seahenge. The Bronze Age people lived in round houses and divided up the landscape. Stone rows are to be seen on, for example, Dartmoor. They ate cattle, sheep, pigs and deer as well as shellfish and birds. They carried out salt manufacture. The wetlands were a source of wildfowl and reeds. There was ritual deposition of offerings in the wetlands and in holes in the ground.

There has been debate amongst archaeologists as to whether the "Beaker people" were a race of people who migrated to Britain en masse from the continent, or whether a Beaker cultural "package" of goods and behaviour (which eventually spread across most of Western Europe) diffused to Britain's existing inhabitants through trade across tribal boundaries. A 2017 study suggests a major genetic shift in late Neolithic/early Bronze Age Britain, so that more than 90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool was replaced with the coming of a people genetically related to the Beaker people of the lower-Rhine area.

There is evidence of a relatively large scale disruption of cultural patterns (see Late Bronze Age collapse) which some scholars think may indicate an invasion (or at least a migration) into Southern Great Britain c. the 12th century BC. This disruption was felt far beyond Britain, even beyond Europe, as most of the great Near Eastern empires collapsed (or experienced severe difficulties) and the Sea Peoples harried the entire Mediterranean basin around this time. Some scholars consider that the Celtic languages arrived in Britain at this time, but other elements of the Celtic cultural package derive from the Hallstatt culture.

In an archaeogenetics study, Patterson et al. (2021) uncovered a migration into southern Britain during the 500-year period 1,300–800 BC. The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul, and had higher levels of EEF ancestry. During 1,000–875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain, making up around half the ancestry of subsequent Iron Age people in this area, but not in northern Britain. The "evidence suggests that, rather than a violent invasion or a single migratory event, the genetic structure of the population changed through sustained contacts between Britain and mainland Europe over several centuries, such as the movement of traders, intermarriage, and small scale movements of family groups". The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain". There was much less migration into Britain during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. The study also found that lactose tolerance rose swiftly in early Iron Age Britain, a thousand years before it became widespread in mainland Europe; suggesting milk became a very important foodstuff in Britain at this time.

Iron Age

(around 750 BC – 43 AD)

In around 750 BC iron working techniques reached Britain from southern Europe. Iron was stronger and more plentiful than bronze, and its introduction marks the beginning of the Iron Age. Iron working revolutionised many aspects of life, most importantly agriculture. Iron tipped ploughs could turn soil more quickly and deeply than older wooden or bronze ones, and iron axes could clear forest land more efficiently for agriculture. There was a landscape of arable, pasture and managed woodland. There were many enclosed settlements and land ownership was important.

It is generally thought that by 500 BC most people inhabiting the British Isles were speaking Common Brythonic, on the limited evidence of place-names recorded by Pytheas of Massalia and transmitted to us second-hand, largely through Strabo. Certainly by the Roman period there is substantial place and personal name evidence which suggests that this was so; Tacitus also states in his Agricola that the British language differed little from that of the Gauls. Among these people were skilled craftsmen who had begun producing intricately patterned gold jewellery, in addition to tools and weapons of both bronze and iron. It is disputed whether Iron Age Britons were "Celts", with some academics such as John Collis and Simon James actively opposing the idea of 'Celtic Britain', since the term was only applied at this time to a tribe in Gaul. However, place names and tribal names from the later part of the period suggest that a Celtic language was spoken.

The traveller Pytheas, whose own works are lost, was quoted by later classical authors as calling the people "Pretanoi", which is cognate with "Britanni" and is apparently Celtic in origin. The term "Celtic" continues to be used by linguists to describe the family that includes many of the ancient languages of Western Europe and modern British languages such as Welsh without controversy. The dispute essentially revolves around how the word "Celtic" is defined; it is clear from the archaeological and historical record that Iron Age Britain did have much in common with Iron Age Gaul, but there were also many differences. Many leading academics, such as Barry Cunliffe, still use the term to refer to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain for want of a better label.

Iron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups, ruled by a chieftain. As people became more numerous, wars broke out between opposing tribes. This was traditionally interpreted as the reason for the building of hill forts, although the siting of some earthworks on the sides of hills undermined their defensive value, hence "hill forts" may represent increasing communal areas or even 'elite areas'. However some hillside constructions may simply have been cow enclosures. Although the first had been built about 1500 BC, hillfort building peaked during the later Iron Age. There are around 3,300 structures that can be classed as hillforts or similar "defended enclosures" within Britain. By about 350 BC many hillforts went out of use and the remaining ones were reinforced. Pytheas was quoted as writing that the Britons were renowned wheat farmers. Large farmsteads produced food in industrial quantities and Roman sources note that Britain exported hunting dogs, animal skins and slaves.

Late pre-Roman Iron Age (LPRIA)

The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw an influx of Celtic speaking refugees from Gaul (approximately modern day France and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England.

From around 175 BC, the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large enough to be called towns.

The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw increasing sophistication in British life. About 100 BC, iron bars began to be used as currency, while internal trade and trade with continental Europe flourished, largely due to Britain's extensive mineral reserves. Coinage was developed, based on continental types but bearing the names of local chieftains. This was used in southeast England, but not in areas such as Dumnonia in the west.

As the Roman Empire expanded northwards, Rome began to take interest in Britain. This may have been caused by an influx of refugees from Roman occupied Europe, or Britain's large mineral reserves.  See Roman Britain for the history of this subsequent period.

Protohistory
The first significant written record of Britain and its inhabitants was made by the Greek navigator Pytheas, who explored the coastal region of Britain around 325 BC. However, there may be some additional information on Britain in the Ora Maritima, a text which is now lost but which is incorporated in the writing of the later author Avienius.  Julius Caesar also wrote of Britain in about 50 BC after his two military expeditions to the island in 55 and 54 BC. The failed invasion during 54 BC is thought to be an attempt to conquer at least the southeast of Britain.

After some further false starts, the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD led to most of the island falling under Roman rule, and began the period of Roman Britain.

See also

 Prehistoric Europe
 Prehistoric Scotland
 Boxgrove
 Gough's Cave
 Genetic history of the British Isles
 Happisburgh footprints
 Kents Cavern
 List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain
 Pakefield
 Paviland
 Pontnewydd
 Swanscombe
 Arras Culture
 Wetwang Slack
 Danes Graves
 Arthur's Stone, Herefordshire

Notes

Sources

 Ball, Martin J. & James Fife (ed.). 1993. The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge. .
 British History Encyclopedia. 1999. Paragon House. .
 Collis, John. 2003. The Celts – Origins, Myths and Inventions. Tempus.

 James, Simon. 1999. The Atlantic Celts. British Museum Press.

Further reading

 Alonso, Santos, Carlos Flores, Vicente Cabrera, Antonio Alonso, Pablo Martín, Cristina Albarrán, Neskuts Izagirre, Concepción de la Rúa and Oscar García. 2005. The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape. European Journal of Human Genetics 13:1293–1302.
 Cunliffe, Barry 2001. Facing the Ocean: The Atlantic and Its Peoples, 8000 BC to AD 1500. Oxford University Press.
 Cunliffe, Barry. 2002. The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek. Penguin.
 Darvill, Timothy C. 1987. Prehistoric Britain. London: B.T. Batsford
 Hawkes, Jaquetta and Christopher. 1943. Prehistoric Britain. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 Miles, David. 2016. "The Tale of the Axe: How the Neolithic Revolution Transformed Britain". London Thames & Hudson Ltd.
 Oppenheimer, Stephen. 2006. The Origins of the British. London: Constable.
 Pryor, Francis. 1999. Farmers in Prehistoric Britain. Stroud, Gloucestershire and Charleston, SC: Tempus.
 Pryor, Francis. 2003. Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans. London, Harper-Collins.
 Sykes, Brian. 2001. The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. Bantam, London.
 Sykes, Brian. 2006. Saxons, Vikings, and Celts: The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland. New York, Norton & Co. (Published in the UK, also in 2006, as Blood of the Isles. London, Bantam Books.)
 Wainright, Richard. 1978. A Guide to Prehistoric Remains in Britain''. London: Constable.

External links
Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Project
Britain's human history revealed
Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF)
700,000-year-old remains in Norfolk
The Boxgrove project
Ancient Britons come mainly from Spain
An audio-visual presentation by Dr Mike Weale of UCL talking about genetic evidence for migration

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Britain
Archaeology of the United Kingdom

Prehistoric Britain


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Filippo Maria Renazzi (Rome,  - Rome, ) est un jurisconsulte italien.

Biographie
Né à Bologne le , étudia le droit dans cette ville et se rendit à Rome où, à peine âgé de vingt-cinq ans, il fut nommé professeur adjoint de droit à l'université. L'année suivante, 1769, on lui confia la chaire de droit criminel. Il publia alors pour son cours un traité qui valut à l'auteur de flatteuses distinctions. Clément XIV lui fit une pension, et le cardinal Herzen lui offrit, au nom de l'Empereur d'Allemagne, la première chaire de droit à l'université de Pavie, tandis que, de son côté Catherine II, le faisait inviter à se rendre à Saint-Pétersbourg. Mais Renazzi était retenu à Rome par trop de liens pour accepter les offres des souverains étrangers ; une nombreuse famille, les bienfaits du souverain pontife, plusieurs emplois honorables et lucratifs dans la magistrature et l'administration, tout l'engageait à rester en Italie, et il y resta en effet. Ce ne fut qu'après trente-quatre ans de professorat qu'il demanda sa retraite, et encore y fut-il obligé par le mauvais état de sa santé. Le souverain pontife récompensa ses longs services en lui conservant tout son traitement et en lui conférant des lettres de noblesse, le 30 septembre 1803. Mais Renazzi ne put jouir que peu de temps de ces faveurs. Ses infirmités ne cessèrent de le tourmenter, et il mourut le . Ses restes furent déposés dans l'église Sant' Eustachio, où on lit son épitaphe par l'abbé Cancellieri.

Œuvres

 Index conclusionum in docisionibus S. Rotæ Romanæ, Rome, 1760, in-8° ;
 Pitonii Addit. ad disceptationes ecclesiast. opus posthumum recensuit Phil.-M. Renatius, Rome, 1767, in-8° ;
 Elementa juris criminalis, Rome, 1773-1775-1781, 3 vol. in-8°. Ces éléments furent adoptés par plusieurs universités, entre autres celle de Pise, et traduits en différentes langues. Ils ont été fréquemment réimprimés depuis à Venise, à Naples, avec des notes de Bernardo Ferrante ; à Sienne en 1794, avec d'autres ouvrages de Renazzi ; à Rome en 1802 et 1805, puis de nouveau en 1819, in-12 ; enfin à Bologne en 1825, 5 vol. in-12.
 De ordine seu forma judiciorum, etc., Rome, 1776, in-8° ;  édit., 1828, in-12 ;
 Oratio de studiis litterarum ad bonum reipub. referendis, Rome, 1781, in-8° ;
 De sortilegio et magia liber singularis, Venise, 1792, in-8°, réimprimé plusieurs fois ;
 Oratio de laudibus Leonis X, P. M., Rome, 1793, in-8° ;
 Comp. di teoria e pratica per uso de' commissarii ed uffiziati della R. F. di S.-Pietro, Rome, 1793, in-8° ;
 Annali degli elementi di diritto criminale, Sienne, 1794, 1 vol. in-8°. Cet ouvrage a été traduit en latin sous le titre de Synopsis elementorum juris criminalis, Rome , 1828, in-8°.
 Stato della R. Fabrica di S.-Pietro dal 1783 al 1792, Rome, 1795, in-8° ;
 Notizie storiche degli antichi vice-domini del patriarcato lateranense e de' moderni prefetti del S. Palazzo apostolico, Rome, 1796, in -8° ;
 Oratio de optimo studiorum fine adsequendo, Rome, 1796, in-8° ;
 Ragionamento sull'influenza della poesia sulla morale, Rome, 1797, in-8° ;
 Storia dell'università degli studi di Roma, etc., Rome, 1803-1804-1805-1806, 4 vol. in-8° ;
 Lettera al chiarissimo monsignor Brenciaglia, con cui s'illustra l'intaglio di un niccolo antico, Rome, 1805, in-8° ;
 Ricerche sulle varie maniere di contrar le nozze e sui loro diversi effetti presso gli antichi romani, Sienne, 1807, in-8°. Selon l'abbé Cancellieri, Renazzi a laissé en manuscrit des vers latins et italiens, différents discours académiques, une lettre à l'abbé dom Settimio Costanzi en réfutation du Contrat social, un parallèle de Denys d'Halicarnasse et de Plutarque, avec des notes sur les mariages des anciens Romains, en réponse aux Ricerche de l'abbé Consalve (Adorno, 1807, 1 vol. in-8°) ; enfin une Vie de Nicolas Zabatro.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Jurisconsulte italien

Filippo Maria Renazzi


Brændsel fra danske moser er en dokumentarfilm fra 1942 af ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Eigil Holm: Filmen viser, hvordan man laver tørv og tørvebriketter, og hvordan moser bliver til landbrugsjord, når tørven er gravet bort (Store Vildmose). Det er en fortælling om et produkt, som vi danske kan være stolte af. Tørv dannes af plantedele i søer og moser; i mosen er der fem lag (vist med skilte). Skæretørv afskæres med spade og lægges på bør. De tørrer på 5-6 uger. Æltetørv læsses på tipvogne i mosen og køres til æltemaskiner, der gør tørven ensartet. Tørres på store pladser, hvor de skæres i firkanter af hestetrukket tromle. 6 ugers produktionstid. Sprøjtetørv skylles ud af mosen med vandslanger. Tørvevællingen sprøjtes ud på tørreplads og skæres ud. Briketter laves af presset tørv på Kaas briketfabrik ved St. Vildmose. Der kommer 50 millioner briketter fra 150 hektar tørreflade. Efter at tørven er væk, drænes vildmosen. Bulldozer samler resten af tørven. Denne tørvemasse samles i en 8 m høj masse, der dækker 1 hektar. På drænet mosebund vokser nu skov.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1942

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Fossile brændstoffer og brændsler
Industrihistorie

Brændsel fra danske moser


Ida Kavafian (en arménien ), née le  à Istanbul, est une violoniste et altiste américaine d'origine turco-arménienne.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Ida Kavafian naît le  à Istanbul de parents tous deux d'origine arménienne. En 1956, la famille émigre aux États-Unis. Ida commence le violon à l'âge de six ans à Détroit. Elle étudie le violon et l'alto à la Juilliard School de 1969 à 1975. Ses professeurs successifs sont Ara Zerounian, Mischa Mischakoff, Oscar Shumsky et Ivan Galamian.

Carrière

Concours et distinctions
En 1973, Ida Kavafian remporte sa première compétition internationale, la Vianna da Motta International Music Competition ; cinq ans plus tard, elle remporte les Young Concert Artists International Auditions, ce qui lui permet de commencer une carrière de concertiste à Carnegie Hall. Elle est également un des membres fondateurs du .

Encadrante et formatrice
Durant trente-cinq ans, Ida Kavafian est la directrice du festival Music from Angel Fire situé au Nouveau-Mexique, ne prenant sa retraite qu'en 2019. Elle a également fondé le Bravo! Vail Music Festival au Colorado.

Elle préside également l'institut de musique Curtis. On compte notamment parmi ses élèves Bella Hristova. La qualité de sa formation dans cet institut lui vaut de recevoir un  pour l'ensemble de son enseignement.

Elle est également professeur à la Juilliard School et au .

Concerts, collaborations et enregistrements
Ida Kavafian a joué et enregistré des disques notamment avec Chick Corea et Wynton Marsalis, ainsi qu'avec Mark O'Connor. Elle crée et enregistre le concerto « Fire and Blood » de Michael Daugherty avec l'orchestre symphonique de Détroit. Elle collabore à l' durant plus de quarante années.

En 1998, elle fonde avec Anne-Marie McDermott, son mari  et Peter Wiley le quatuor Opus One.

Répertoires favoris
Ida Kavafian est en particulier réputée d'une part pour ses interprétations du répertoire classique, en particulier de Mozart, Beethoven et Mendelssohn, et d'autre part pour celles du répertoire du vingtième siècle, notamment de Ruth Crawford Seeger, Charles Wuorinen ou de Tōru Takemitsu.

Vie privée
Ida Kavafian est la sœur cadette d'Ani Kavafian, également violoniste de haut niveau, avec qui elle a joué à plusieurs reprises en concert.

Elle est mariée avec , également violoniste et avec qui elle joue fréquemment au sein dOpus One.

Outre sa carrière musicale, Ida Kavafian s'est également investie dans l'élevage, le dressage et la présentation en compétition de braques hongrois à poil court, activité pour laquelle elle obtient des premiers prix nationaux en 2003, 2007 et 2018.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1952
Naissance à Istanbul
Violoniste américaine
Altiste américaine
Violoniste classique
Violoniste classique arménien

Ida Kavafian


Victor Andrew de Bier Everleigh McLaglen (født 10. december 1886, død 7. november 1959) var en britisk-amerikansk filmskuespiller.

Før Hollywood
McLaglen var en ældre bror til skuespiller Cyril McLaglen. McLaglen løb hjemmefra i en alder af fjorten år for at blive en del af den britiske hær for at kæmpe i den Anden Boerkrig. Men til sin irritation blev han stationeret ved Windsor Castle, og senere blev han tvunget til at forlade hæren, da hans rette alder blev opdaget.

Fire år senere flyttede han til Canada, hvor han tjente som en bryder og sværvægtbokser, med flere imponerende sejre i boksingen. Mellem kampene turnerede McLaglen med et cirkus og tilbød $25 til den der kunne gå tre runder imod ham i ringen.

McLaglen vendte tilbage til England i 1913 og under 1. Verdenskrig var han kaptajn for Den Kongelige Prinsesse af Wales. Han fortsatte boksningen og blev udnævnt til sværvægtsmester i den britiske hær i 1918. Efter 1. verdenskrig begyndte han at tage roller i britiske stumfilm.

Filmkarriere
McLaglens karriere tog en overraskende tur i 1920, da han flyttede til Hollywood. Han blev en populær karakterskuespiller, med en særlig evne til at spille fædre. Flere gange spillede han roller som irer, hvilket betød, at mange filmfans fejlagtigt antog at han var irsk snarere end engelsk.

Højdepunktet i McLaglens karriere var en Oscar for bedste mandlige hovedrolle for sin rolle i Forræder (1935), baseret på en roman af Liam O'Flaherty. I slutningen af sin karriere blev han nomineret igen, denne gang Oscar for bedste mandlige birolle, da han spillede overfor John Wayne i filmen Den tavse mand (1952). McLaglen har fået en stjerne på Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Privatliv
McLaglen var gift tre gange. Hans første ægteskab var hos Enid Lamont i 1919. Parret fik en datter, Sheila, og en søn, Andrew, som senere arbejdede som instruktør. McLaglens kone døde efter en rideulykke i 1942. Hans andet ægteskab var hos Suzanne M. Brueggeman, hvis ægteskab varede fra 1943 til 1948. McLagels tredje og sidste ægteskab var med Margaret Pumphrey, som han giftede sig fra 1948 til sin død. McLaglen døde af et hjerteanfald i 1959. Dengang var han blevet en amerikansk statsborger. McLaglen blev begravet på Forest Lawn Memorial Park i Glendale, Californien.

Filmografi (udvalg)
 1928 – En Pige i hver Havn
 1936 – Klondike Annie
 1952 – Den tavse mand

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Royal Tunbridge Wells
Briter i 1800-tallet
Briter i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 1800-tallet
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Oscar for bedste mandlige hovedrolle
Hollywood Walk of Fame
Briter i 1. verdenskrig
Amerikanere i 1. verdenskrig

Victor McLaglen


Ozieri (sardinski: Otièri) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 390 metara i ima 10 602 stanovnika. Prostire se na 252,13 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 42 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Ardara, Chiaramonti, Erula, Ittireddu, Mores, Nughedu San Nicolò, Oschiri, Pattada i Tula.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Ozieri


Herzen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Alexander Herzen (1812–1870), writer
 Édouard Herzen (1877–1936), chemist
 Jana Herzen, singer

See also
 3052 Herzen, asteroid
 Flammende Herzen, 1977 album
 Herzen University
 Starke Herzen, television series

Herzen


Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anton Reichard von Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim (1896–1961), deutscher General der Artillerie
 Christian Freiherr von Mauchenheim gen. Bechtolsheim (* 1960), deutscher Unternehmer und Botschafter des Malteserordens
 Gustav von Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim (1889–1969), deutscher Generalmajor der Wehrmacht
 Hermann von Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim (1836–1910), bayerischer Badkommissär
 Julie Freifrau von Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim (1751–1847) deutsche Dichterin

Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim


Social philosophy examines questions about the foundations of social institutions, social behavior, and interpretations of society in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations. Social philosophers emphasize understanding the social contexts for political, legal, moral and cultural questions, and the development of novel theoretical frameworks, from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy, natural law, human rights, gender equity and global justice.

Subdisciplines
There is often a considerable overlap between the questions addressed by social philosophy and ethics or value theory.  Other forms of social philosophy include political philosophy and jurisprudence, which are largely concerned with the societies of state and government and their functioning.

Social philosophy, ethics, and political philosophy all share intimate connections with other disciplines in the social sciences and the humanities.  In turn, the social sciences themselves are of focal interest to the philosophy of social science.

The philosophy of language and social epistemology are subfields which overlap in significant ways with social philosophy.

Relevant issues

Some topics dealt with by social philosophy are:
 Agency and free will
 The will to power
 Accountability
 Speech acts
 Situational ethics
 Modernism and postmodernism
 Individualism
 Identity
 Property
 Rights
 Authority
 Ideologies
 Cultural criticism

Social philosophers

A list of philosophers that have concerned themselves, although most of them not exclusively, with social philosophy:

 Theodor Adorno
 Giorgio Agamben
 Hannah Arendt
 Alain Badiou
 Mikhail Bakunin
 Jean Baudrillard
 Walter Benjamin
 Jeremy Bentham
 Judith Butler
 Thomas Carlyle
 Chanakya
 Rabbi Manis Friedman
 Cornelius Castoriadis
 Noam Chomsky
 Confucius
 Simone de Beauvoir
 Guy Debord
 Vincenzo Di Nicola
 Émile Durkheim
 Terry Eagleton
 Friedrich Engels
 Julius Evola
 Michel Foucault
 Sigmund Freud
 Erich Fromm
 Giovanni Gentile
 Henry George
 Erving Goffman
 Jürgen Habermas
 Georg Wilhelm Hegel
 Martin Heidegger
 Thomas Hobbes
 Max Horkheimer
 Ivan Illich
 Carl Jung
 Ibn Khaldun
 Peter Kropotkin
 Jacques Lacan
 R. D. Laing
 Henri Lefebvre
 Emmanuel Levinas
 John Locke
 Georg Lukács
 Herbert Marcuse
 Everett Dean Martin
 Karl Marx
 Marshall McLuhan
 John Stuart Mill
 Huey P. Newton
 Friedrich Nietzsche
 Antonie Pannekoek
 Plato
 Fred Poché
 Karl Raimund Popper
 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
 John Rawls
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Sheila Rowbotham
 John Ruskin
 Bertrand Russell
 Jean-Paul Sartre
 Alfred Schmidt
 Arthur Schopenhauer
 Socrates
 Pitirim A. Sorokin
 Herbert Spencer
 Charles Taylor
 Thiruvalluvar
 Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez
 Max Weber
 John Zerzan
 Slavoj Žižek

See also

 Outline of sociology
 Social simulation
 Social theory
 Sociological theory
 Sociology

References

Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology

Social philosophy


La Medalla de Galicia es una distinción de honor que concede la Junta de Galicia, a personas o instituciones por sus méritos al servicio de Galicia en cualquier aspecto de la realidad social, cultural o económica.

Creada en 1984 con una única categoría, de oro. Hasta 1991 se otorgaron únicamente cuatro medallas, dos de ellas a título póstumo, a partir de esta fecha se crearon dos categorías más (plata y bronce) y se hizo más prolífica su concesión, llegando a concederse hasta 34 medallas por año. A partir de 2006, sus categorías se redujeron, de nuevo, a una única -la medalla de oro-, con el fin de racionalizar y recuperar el máximo valor del galardón.

Es la más alta condecoración que otorga la Junta de Galicia. Su acto de concesión suele coincidir con el 25 de julio, Día Nacional de Galicia.

Lista de condecorados
 Lista de galardonados con la Medalla de Galicia
Castelao

Véase también
 Órdenes, condecoraciones y medallas de España
 Medalla Castelao
 Junta de Galicia
 Galicia

Referencias

Premios de Galicia

Medalla de Galicia


{{Infookvir nogometni klub
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| slika              =
| puno ime           = FK Budućnost Gložan
| nadimak            = Plavi
| godina osnivanja   = 1926.
| igralište          =
| kapacitet stadiona =
| trener             =
| liga               = Vojvođanska liga "Sjever" (IV.)
| sezona             = 2017./18.
| plasman            =  11.
| trenutačna sezona  =
| igrači             =
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FK Budućnost Gložan (Budućnost, Budućnost Gložan; srpski ФК Будућност Гложан; slovački FK Budućnost Hložany) je nogometni klub iz Gložana, općina Bački Petrovac, Južnobački okrug, Vojvodina, Republika Srbija.
U sezoni 2017./18. klub se natječe u Vojvođanskoj ligi "Sjever"'', ligi četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Srbije.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1926. godine.

Uspjesi

Pregled po sezonama

Poveznice
 Slovaci u Vojvodini
 srbijasport.net, FK Budućnost Gložan, profil kluba
 srbijasport.net, FK Budućnost Gložan, rezultati po sezonama
 transfermarkt.com, FK Budućnost Gložan, profil kluba
 fsgzrenjanin.com, Stare lige

Izvori

Budućnost

FK Budućnost Gložan


أهل الغرام هو مسلسل سوري أنتج عام 2006 من إخراج الليث حجو وسيناريو لبنى الحداد وزهير قنوع. يتألف من جزئين من 28 حلقة منفصلة.

قصة المسلسل
تدور فكرة «أهل الغرام» حول قصص الحب الفاشلة نتيجة ظرف قاهر أو بسبب مشكلة اجتماعية أو مادية أو لها علاقة بالدين لتتكون لدى الجمهور حالةً من التعاطف مع شخصيات المسلسل.
ويقدم المسلسل في كل حلقة محطةً منفصلة عن الأخرى يروي في تفاصيلها علاقة حب متوهجة أطفأتها ظروف مختلفة.

يجمع المسلسل أغلب الفنانين السوريين من ضمنهم بسام كوسا، وعبد المنعم عمايري، وجمال سليمان، وسلافة معمار، وقصي خولي، ونسرين طافش، وصبا مبارك، وديما قندلفت، وباسم ياخور، ورامي حنا، ونادين سلامة، ومنى واصف، وباسل خياط. وغيرهم من الممثلين

حلقات المسلسل
1- كل القصايد: رامي حنا وسلافة معمار

2- قديش حلوة هالشيبة: جمال سليمان ونسرين طافش

3- بدى شوفك كل يوم: بسام كوسا ويارا صبري

4- مشيت على الأشواك: عبد المنعم عمايري وصبا مبارك

5- العام الجديد: قصي خولي ونادين سلامة

6- بحلم بيك: أحمد الأحمد وقمر خلف

7- أنا عم بحلم: نضال سيجري وديمة قندلفت

8- لو على قلبى: عبد المنعم عمايري وسلافة معمار

9- وماله: باسل خياط وقمر خلف

10- وين مسافر: نضال نجم ونسرين طافش

11- حبيبى يا: لورا أبو أسعد

12- زهرة الصحراء: رامي حنا وعبير شمس الدين

13- يامريم البكر: قصي خولي وديمة قندلفت

14- عيون القلب: جمال سليمان ومي سكاف

15- تبات ونبات:بسام كوسا وصبا مبارك

16,17 يا لله تنام: مكسيم خليل

18- كذبك حلو: قصي خولي ونسرين طافش

19- مشيت خلاص: رافي و هبي وقمر خلف

20- أجمل احساس: سعد مينة وسلافة معمار

21- أنا ناطر: أحمد الأحمد وريم زينو وبسام كوسا

22- مأثر فييى: باسم ياخور وصبا مبارك

23- بحبك أنا كتير: قصي خولي وأناهيد فياض ونسرين طافش

24- لا بأحلامك: قيس الشيخ نجيب وكندة حنا ونسرين طافش ونادين سلامة

25- في يوم وليلة: بسام كوسا وجمال سليمان ونورا رحال

26- واحشني يا حبيبي: عبد المنعم عمايري ونادين سلامة

27- لا تشكي فيي: باسل خياط وسلافة معمار

28- كيفك أنت: عبد الرحمن آل رشي ومنى واصف

الجزء الثالث
عام 2016 أنتجت شركة سامة للإنتاج والتوزيع الفني وإيبلا الدولية للانتاج السينمائي والتلفزيوني الجزء الثالث من المسلسل المكون من ست خماسيات تتناول علاقات الحب وتداعياتها بمشاركة أبرز نجوم الدراما السورية".
شارك في تأليف الخماسيات نجيب نصير، ريم حنا وإياد أبو الشامات، وتولى الإخراج ثلاثة مخرجين وهم الليث حجو وحاتم علي ورامي حنا.
ولم ينحصر في الحالة السورية بل تناول حالة المجتمع العربي عموماً وجرى تصويره بين بيروت ودبي. عرض بداية على شبكة أوربت شوتايم وفي رمضان 2017 عرض على شاشتي المؤسسة اللبنانية للإرسال وقناة  الانتشار اللبناني.

خماسية «طبيب جراح» من تأليف إياد أبو الشامات وإخراج حاتم علي ونجومية جمال سليمان، رنا أبيض كندة علوش، دارينا الجندي
خماسية «بعدك حبيبي» من تأليف نجيب نصير وإخراج المثنى صبح ونجومية بسام كوسا ومرح جبر ومحمد خير الجراح.
خماسية «مطر أيلول» من تأليف إياد أبو الشامات وإخراج حاتم علي ونجومية مكسيم خليل وندين تحسين بك وعبد الهادي الصباغ.
خماسية «شكراً على النسيان» من تأليف إياد أبو الشامات وإخراج الليث حجو ونجومية باسم ياخور وكاريس بشار وجيني إسبر ومحمد حداقي.
خماسية «امرأة كالقمر» من تأليف ريم حنا وإخراج المثنى صبح ونجومية سلافة معمار وقيس الشيخ نجيب وديمة الجندي وفادي صبيح.
خماسية «يا جارة الوادي» من تأليف ممدوح حمادة وإخراج الليث حجو ونجومية عابد فهد وأمل بوشوشة وأيمن رضا وعبد المنعم عمايري.
خماسية «الموت» من مكسيم خليل، روعة السعدي.
خماسية «رمز على سيارة» من أيمن عبد السلام،مرام علي، مي عمر، هيام عباس، نيللي كريم

انظر أيضاً
 سيرة الحب (مسلسل)
 الفصول الأربعة (مسلسل)

مراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية سورية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات تلفزيونية اجتماعية سورية

أهل الغرام (مسلسل)


An Carex sychnocephala in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Carey. An Carex sychnocephala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex sychnocephala


Masullo ist der Familienname von:

 Francesco Paolo Masullo (1679–1733), italienischer Soprankastrat und Kapellmeister
 Marisa Masullo (* 1959), italienische Sprinterin

Masullo


Santa Fe es una estación ferroviaria ubicada en la Ciudad de Santa Fe, departamento La Capital, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina.

Servicios
La estación corresponde al Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre (principalmente), y al Ferrocarril General Belgrano de la red ferroviaria argentina.

Se encuentra actualmente sin operaciones de pasajeros ni de cargas.

Hasta 2007, Trenes de Buenos Aires operaba esta estación cuando el servicio iba a Buenos Aires.

En su edificio se encuentra funcionando desde hace más de 20 años el Centro Cultural y Social "El Birri". Dicho espacio cuenta con una Biblioteca Popular y una Sala Popular de Teatro -única en el sector oeste de la ciudad-, la cual forma parte del circuito del Instituto Nacional de Teatro .

Actualidad
Tras décadas de abandono, se hicieron obras (en diversas etapas, se cumplió la primera) en la estación, las cuales se enfocaron en lo que es infraestructura, mampostería, pintura, etc.
Esto, aparentemente, con vistas a la aplicación de un servicio metropolitano entre Santa Fe y Santo Tomé.

Imágenes

Véase también
Ramal Bernardo de Irigoyen - Santa Fe del Ferrocarril Mitre
Ramal F1 del Ferrocarril Belgrano

Referencias

Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Ferrocarril en la ciudad de Santa Fe

Estación Santa Fe (Mitre)


La tortolita pechimorada, también palomita de pecho pojo, palomita pechirroja, tortolita serranera, tortolita serrana, turquita pechimorada, tortolita de pecho morado, tórtola pecho morado, tortolita pechimarrón, tortolita pechimarrón, tortolita de pecho marrón o tortolita chusquera (Paraclaravis mondetoura) es una especie de ave columbiforme de la familia Columbidae. Es nativo de América Central y América del Sur, incluyendo Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Panamá, Perú y Venezuela. Su hábitat consiste de bosque húmedo tropical y subtropical y matorrales.

Subespecies
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies:
 Paraclaravis mondetoura inca Van Rossem, 1934
 Paraclaravis mondetoura mondetoura (Bonaparte, 1856)
 Paraclaravis mondetoura ochoterena Van Rossem, 1934
 Paraclaravis mondetoura pulchra Griscom, 1930
 Paraclaravis mondetoura salvini Griscom, 1930
 Paraclaravis mondetoura umbrina Griscom, 1930

Referencias

Enlaces externos

mondetoura
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1856
Taxones descritos por Charles Lucien Bonaparte

Paraclaravis mondetoura


Acem halısı, İran halısına verilen addır.

Düğüm tarzları da Türkiye'de dokunan halılardan farklıdır. Acem düğümü veya İran düğümü denilen dokuma tarzı Gördes düğümü veya Türk düğümü şeklinde anılan dokuma tarzından daha gevşek olup, kalite ve dayanıklılık açısından daha zayıftır.

Düğümler

Halı
İran'da kültür
Azerbaycan'da kültür
Türkiye'de kültür
Halıcılık

Acem halısı


Onkel og Nevø er en stumfilm fra 1912 instrueret af August Blom efter manuskript af Lars Svenné Langkjær.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1912

Onkel og Nevø


Animal Rights el término puede referirse a:

Derechos de los animales (Animal Rights)Animal Rights (1996) sencillo de Moby.Animal Rights'' (2010) sencillo de Deadmau5.

Animal Rights


Ravne su naseljeno mjesto u općini Vareš, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 410

 Muslimani - 371
 Srbi - 36
 Jugoslaveni - 1
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 2

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 204

 Bošnjaci - 204

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Vareš

Ravne (Vareš, BiH)


Iosif H. Barbu (nume complet: Iosif Hazi Barbu; ) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
S-a năcut în Lugoj, la data de 9 septembrie 1868. A urmat cursurile ciclului primar și gimanzial în localitatea natală, iar pe cele universitare la Școala superioare de comerț din Viena.

S-a implicat activ în viața economică a Banatului - a fost președinte al Camerei de Comerț și Industrie din Lugoj, director al Băncii Frontiera Banatului, membru în direcțiunea Băncii Albina și acționar la diverse bănci românești. A militat pentru afirmarea românilor bănățeni în domeniile comerțului și industriei.

După 1918 a continuat să se implice în stimularea comerțului în Banat. A decedat la 2 iulie 1931/1932, la Lugoj.

Activitate politică

A fost directorul Băncii Frontiera Banatului și Președintele Camerei de Comerț și  Industrie din Lugoj. A fost membru în Direcțiunea Băncii Albina din Sibiu și a deținut acțiuni la mai multe bănci românești. A fost un membru important al Partidului Național Român. A fost delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din partea Cercului Lugoj, județul Caraș Severin.

Note

Bibliografie
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților. Ioachim Crăciun: Documente la un sfert de veac de la Marea Unire, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005.
Ioan Munteanu, Dumitru Tomoni, Banatul și Marea Unire. Bănățeni la Alba Iulia, Timișoara, Editura Partoș, 2018

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1868
Decese în 1931
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Comercianți români
Lugojeni
Români din Austro-Ungaria

Iosif H. Barbu


Ernst comte zur Lippe-Weißenfeld (né le  à See et mort le  à Berlin) est un capitaine et historien prussien.

Biographie
Ernst, comte et noble seigneur de Lippe-Weißenfeld appartient à la famille de Lippe, plus précisément à la . Ses parents sont Ludwig comte et seigneur de Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld (1781-1860) et son épouse Eleonore Auguste, née comtesse von Hohenthal (1795-1856). Le ministre de la Justice  (1815-1889) est son frère aîné.

Lippe-Weißenfeld s'est engagé dans l'armée prussienne et, jusqu'à sa démission pour cause de maladie le 14 janvier 1860, il sert dans le , dont il écrit l'histoire du régiment la même année. En tant qu'historien, il travaille également travaillé pour l'Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, à laquelle il contribue par 47 articles. De nombreuses autres publications spécialisées en histoire militaire, certaines sous des pseudonymes, sont nées de sa main.

Lippe-Weissenfeld est fait chevalier de Justice de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean, chevalier de  classe de l'ordre d'Albert l'Ours, chevalier de  classe de l'Ordre de Saint-Michel et de l'Ordre du Lion de Zaeringen, titulaire de la croix d'honneur de  classe de l'ordre de la Maison de Lippe, titulaire de la , de l'Ordre de la Couronne de  classe, la , la médaille du Centenaire et commandeur de l'ordre d'Adolphe de Nassau.

Travaux
 Geschichte des Königlich Preussischen 6. Husaren-Regiments (ehedem 2. Schlesischen). Verlag der Kgl. Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei (), Berlin 1860 (Digitalisat im Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum).
 Vom großen König, aus Anlaß der Säcular-Erinnerung an den Hubertusburger Frieden zusammengestellt. Döring, Potsdam/Berlin 1863.
 Husaren-Buch. Döring, Potsdam/Berlin 1863.
 Elend und Hülfe. "Bene fate fratelli!" Aufsätze. Verlag von Ludwig Rauh, Berlin 1864.
 Militaria aus König Friedrichs des Großen Zeit. E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1866.
 Westpreussen unter Friedrich dem Grossen. Nach urkundlichen Quellen bearbeitet. Ernst Lambeck, Thorn 1866 (Digitalisat im Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum)
 Der Briefwechsel zwischen König Friedrich dem Gr. und dem Grafen Dönhoff, 1753, betreffend. (Ein genealogischer und biographischer Commentar.)  In: Wochenblatt der Johanniter-Ordens-Balley Brandenburg. Band 9, Nr. 5 vom 29. Januar 1868, S. 27–28.
 Fridericus Rex und sein Heer. Ein Stück preussische Armeegeschichte. Vossische Buchhandlung (Strikker), Berlin 1868 (Digitalisat bei Google Books)
 Derfflinger. Biographische Skizze. Beitrag zur 2. Secularfeier des Sieges bei Fehrbellin. Verlag der "Militaria", Berlin 1875 (aus: Neue militärische Blätter)
 2. Auflage u. d. T.: Derfflinger. Verlag der "Militaria" (G. von Glasenapp), Berlin 1880.
 Zieten, "das alte Husarengesicht". Mit Bild u. Unterschrift nebst Kärtchen zum "Zietenritt" am 20. Mai 1745. Verlag der "Militaria" (G. von Glasenapp), Berlin 1880 (Digitalisat bei Google Books)
 2. veränderte Auflage u. d. T.: Hans Joachim von Zieten. Eine Lebensgeschichte. Eisenschmidt, Berlin 1885.
 Der "geweihte Degen Daun's". Eine historiographische Darlegung. R. L. Prager, Berlin 1883.
 (als "Anton Antus") Des Feldmarschalls Graf Daun geweihter Degen? In Dunkeles ein Streiflicht. Gebrüder Unger, Berlin 1897.

Liens externes

 pedigree

Références

Rittmeister prussien
Historien militaire
Commandeur de l'ordre d'Adolphe de Nassau
Chevalier de l'ordre d'Albert l'Ours
Chevalier de Justice de l'ordre de Saint-Jean (Bailliage de Brandebourg)
Chevalier de 2e classe de l'ordre du Lion de Zaeringen
Chevalier de 3e classe de l'ordre de Saint-Michel (Bavière)
Chevalier de 3e classe de l'ordre de la Couronne (Prusse)
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de la Maison de Lippe
Récipiendaire de la médaille du Mérite militaire (Lippe)
Naissance en février 1825
Naissance en Saxe
Naissance dans la province de Silésie
Décès en juillet 1909
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 84 ans

Ernst zur Lippe-Weißenfeld


Federal Triangle station is an Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C., United States. The island-platformed station was opened on July 1, 1977, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines, the station's entrance is beneath the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building.

History
The station opened on July 1, 1977. Its opening coincided with the completion of  of rail between National Airport and RFK Stadium and the opening of the Arlington Cemetery, Capitol South, Crystal City, Eastern Market, Farragut West, Federal Center SW, Foggy Bottom–GWU, L'Enfant Plaza, McPherson Square, National Airport, Pentagon, Pentagon City, Potomac Avenue, Rosslyn, Smithsonian, and Stadium–Armory stations. Orange Line service to the station began upon the line's opening on November 20, 1978. Silver Line service at Federal Triangle began on July 26, 2014.

On January 13, 1982, an eastbound Metro train on the Orange Line derailed just east of the station resulting in three fatalities, the first fatalities in the system's history.

From March 26, 2020 until June 28, 2020, this station was closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Between January 15 to January 21, 2021, this station was closed because of security concerns due to the Inauguration of Joe Biden.

Location
The station serves an area of Washington crowded with federal buildings, on 12th Street between Pennsylvania Avenue NW and Constitution Avenue NW, including the triangular area formed by 15th Street, Constitution, and Pennsylvania known as Federal Triangle, from which the station takes its name. The triangle includes such federal buildings as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, the Herbert C. Hoover Building (Department of Commerce), and the buildings of the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency.

Station layout
Federal Triangle utilizes the simple island platform layout. There are two tracks: track D1 is used for trains bound for New Carrollton and Downtown Largo, and track D2 is used for trains going to Vienna, Ashburn and Franconia–Springfield. As with all stations on the Metro, there are platform edge lights to warn passengers of incoming trains. In 2008, WMATA installed red-colored LED lights at Federal Triangle and centrally-located stations after a successful pilot at . There is a coffered barrel-vault ceiling at Federal Triangle, as is typical of other Washington Metro stations built at that time.

There is only one entrance to the platform level, located slightly south of the center of the platform. Escalators from this mezzanine level lead to the plaza of the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building.

In popular culture
The station was featured in the 2007 film Breach .

Notable places nearby

 Several federal government buildings in and near the Federal Triangle
 William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building (United States Environmental Protection Agency headquarters
 Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium
 Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building (Department of Justice headquarters)
 Herbert C. Hoover Building (Department of Commerce headquarters)
 National Aquarium in Washington, D.C.
 White House Visitor Center
 Environmental Protection Agency
 J. Edgar Hoover Building (Federal Bureau of Investigation headquarters)
 Old Post Office (Waldorf=Astoria Hotel)
 Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center
 Freedom Plaza
 National World War I Memorial
 National Mall
 Several Smithsonian Institution museums on the Mall, including the National Museum of American History and National Museum of Natural History

References

External links

 The Schumin Web Transit Center: Federal Triangle Station
 12th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View

Stations on the Blue Line (Washington Metro)
Federal Triangle
Stations on the Orange Line (Washington Metro)
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Washington Metro stations in Washington, D.C.
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1977
1977 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Railway stations located underground in Washington, D.C.

Federal Triangle station


La  armée /  haut commandement de l'armée (AOK 10) est le nom donné à l'unité majeure de l'armée allemande et à ses autorités de commandement associées pendant la Première Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) Elle comprend plusieurs corps d'armée ou de réserve ainsi que de nombreuses troupes spéciales.

Histoire

Après la décision prise à l'état-major fin 1914 de rester dans un premier temps défensif à l'ouest et de se concentrer sur le front de l'Est, les troupes y sont renforcées pour les opérations offensives à venir. En Prusse orientale, les formations d'une nouvelle  armée se rassemblèrent derrière la  armée à partir de fin décembre 1914. Le  haut commandement de l'armée prévu est formé le 26 janvier 1915 à Cologne. Le colonel-général Hermann von Eichhorn est nommé commandant en chef. Avant la guerre, il commande en fait le   armée, mais est grièvement blessé dans un accident de cheval. L'armée comprend les unités de corps suivantes lors de sa création:

Tout d'abord, la  armée joue un rôle déterminant dans la bataille d'hiver en Mazurie en février 1915. Au cours de l'été et de l'automne, il prend des mesures avec succès contre les troupes russes (→ Grande Retraite) et au printemps 1916 est impliqué dans de lourdes batailles défensives lors d'une contre-offensive russe (→ Offensive du lac Narotch). Le  haut commandement de l'armée est chargé de deux manières, car en plus de la direction de ses propres unités, il fait également office de haut commandement du groupe d'armées Eichhorn à partir du 30 juillet 1916.

Après la révolution et la guerre civile en Russie en 1917/1918, la fin précoce des combats actifs devient apparente au printemps 1918. La plupart des troupes sont donc relocalisées sur le front ouest. L'armée avec seulement six divisions entre la frontière lituanienne et le nord de l'Ukraine dans ce qui est maintenant la Biélorussie fait office de force d'occupation. Son commandant en chef était depuis le 5 mars 1918 l'ancien ministre de la guerre et chef du grand état-major général, le général d'infanterie Erich von Falkenhayn. Il dirige l'armée jusqu'à sa dissolution en février 1919.

Le quartier général du haut commandement de l'armée est initialement à Margrabova (du 6 mars au 8 août 1915), puis à Vilnius (du 29 septembre 1915 au 12 juin 1918) et enfin à Minsk. C'est de là qu'il entame sa marche de retour après la fin de la guerre, le 6 décembre 1918.

Liens externes
 Die höchsten Kommandostellen des Heeres auf www.deutsche-kriegsgeschichte.de (Stand: 19. April 2010)

Bibliographie
 Holger Afflerbach: Falkenhayn – Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich. Oldenbourg-Verlag, München 1994, , (= Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte. Band 42).
 Hermann Cron: Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914–1918. Siegismund, Berlin 1937 (Geschichte der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des Deutschen Reichsheeres 5).

Références

Unité militaire allemande de la Première Guerre mondiale

10e armée (Empire allemand)


La Médaille de la Croix-Rouge est une médaille allemande créée le  par Guillaume II. Il en existe trois classes et elle pouvait être décerné à tous ceux qui ont rendu de grands services aux blessés de guerre, ou pour tout autre service rendu auprès de la Croix-Rouge allemande.

Références

Décoration civile allemande
Distinction fondée en 1898

Médaille de la Croix-Rouge


القشتالة أو الكستيلة أو (نقحرة: كاستيلا)  هو نوع من الكعك الاسفنجي ذو شعبية في اليابان مصنوعة من السكر، والدقيق، والبيض، والنشا، وهو شائع جدا في المقاهي والأماكن العامة ويباع في الطرقات أيضًا.

تشتهر مدينة ناغاساكي بالقشتالة بشكل خاص، حيث أن هذا النوع من الكعك كان قد قدم إلى اليابان عن طريق التجار البرتغاليين في القرن السادس عشر. والاسم مشتق من اللغة البرتغالية باو دي كاستيلا بمعنى «خبز من قشتالة». تباع القشتالة في علب طويلة يقرب طولها إلى 27 سم.

تاريخ

وصل البرتغال إلى اليابان في القرن السادس عشر، وسرعان ما بدأت التجارة والعمل التبشيري. كانت ناغاساكيحينها الميناء الوحيد المفتوح للتجارة اليابانية الخارجية. أحضر البرتغال العديد من الأمور الجديدة على الثقافة اليابانية مثل البندقية، التبغ، والقرع، والقشتالة. كان القشتالة قادرا على البقاء دون أن يفسد لفترة طويلة من الزمن، ولذلك كان من المفيد للبحارة الذين يخرجون في عرض البحر لعدة شهور. في فترة إيدو وبسبب كلفة السكر العالية كان يعتبر من أنواع الحلويات المكلفة.

اقرأأيضاً
 قائمة الحلويات اليابانية

المراجع

 Castella.co.jp
 http://www.tokyo-bunmeido.co.jp/ 文明堂
 Shooken
 Nagasakido
 Shokando.jp

حلويات يابانية
كعكات
مطبخ ياباني

قشتالة (كعكة)


Professor Nachtfalter ist eine deutsche Filmkomödie von Rolf Meyer aus dem Jahr 1951. Sie lief auch unter dem Titel Sowas tun die Herren immer wieder gerne.

Handlung
Joachim Wendler, Sohn eines italienischen Tenors und selbst begeisterter Sänger, ist Musiklehrer an einem Mädchenpensionat, das vom Festland aus nur über eine Fähre erreicht werden kann. Die zumeist kurz vor dem Abitur stehenden Mädchen schwärmen fast alle für ihn und deren Eltern beschweren sich daher regelmäßig bei der Schulleiterin Frau von Weinsberg, Joachims Tante. Auch die neue Schülerin Inez aus Rio de Janeiro hat sich in Joachim verliebt und malt entsprechende Bilder in ihre Schulhefte. Frau von Weinsberg fürchtet um den Ruf des Pensionats und rät Joachim, sich eine Ehefrau zu suchen. Entnervt fährt Joachim mit seinem Kollegen und Freund Dr. Obermann in die Stadt. Aufgrund eines Trinkspiels sind sie schon auf der Fähre in die Stadt angetrunken, anschließend ziehen sie durch die Bars und landen am Ende im Nachtclub Nachtfalter, der von der Sängerin Stefanie Walden geleitet wird. Stefanie wird ebenfalls von Verehrern umschwärmt und findet es anstrengend, alle Männer jede Nacht von neuem abzuweisen, wenn sie sich eigentlich um die Buchhaltung kümmern müsste. Joachim landet spät abends bei Stefanie an der Bar und beide beklagen sich, weil sie so viele Verehrer haben. Sie beschließen vorzugeben, miteinander verheiratet zu sein und so ihre Verehrer auf Distanz zu halten. Joachim setzt eine entsprechende Anzeige auf die Rückseite einer Getränkekarte des Nachtfalter und gibt das Blatt Obermann mit, der die letzte Fähre zurück zum Internat nimmt. Joachim bleibt bei Stefanie und hilft ihr, einen entsprechenden Text für ihre Gäste zu entwerfen.

Am nächsten Morgen ist er halbnüchtern der erste Gast auf der Fähre und wird im Pensionat mit einem Begrüßungslied von zahlreichen weinenden Mädchen zur Hochzeit beglückwünscht, auch wenn er sich kaum erinnern kann, am Vorabend diesen Plan gefasst zu haben. Da er nun verheiratet ist, muss er aus dem Pensionat aufs Festland ziehen. Er geht zu Stefanie, die ebenfalls ernüchtert ist. Seit ihrer Hochzeit bleiben die Gäste weg. Joachim beginnt, nachts im Nachtfalter aufzutreten, und bald erscheinen neue Gäste. In der Schule ist Joachim nun häufig übermüdet. Auch die Mädchen sind durch Inez' Anstiftung misstrauisch geworden, da Inez die Rückseite der Heiratsanzeige gesehen hat und auch an Joachims Kleidung einen Nachtfalter-Anstecker gefunden hat. Sie vermuten, dass Joachim ein Doppelleben führt. Inez schleicht sich mit zwei weiteren Mädchen abends aus dem Pensionat. Zu dritt besuchen sie den Nachtfalter und sehen dort, wie Joachim mit einer Musiknummer auftritt. Am nächsten Tag summt das ganze Pensionat die Nummer und Inez schlägt eine aufreizende Interpretation des Stücks gar für die Geburtstagsfeierlichkeiten der Direktorin vor. Joachim, der von den Schülerinnen nur noch "Professor Nachtfalter" genannt wird, geht zu Stefanie und teilt ihr mit, dass er zukünftig nicht mehr im Nachtfalter auftreten kann.

Wenig später wird Joachim eine neue Schülerin vorgestellt. Es handelt sich um Stefanie, die sich unter dem Namen "Leonie Mertens" im Internat als Schülerin beworben hat und aufgenommen wurde. Joachim ist entsetzt, doch will seine Tante ihre Entscheidung nicht rückgängig machen. Insgeheim sieht sie in Leonie die perfekte Ehefrau für Joachim. Inez bemerkt bald, dass etwas nicht stimmt und begibt sich heimlich zum Nachtfalter, wo sie nur erfährt, dass die Besitzerin der wegen Renovierung geschlossenen Bar auf Hochzeitsreise ist. Ein Plakat zeigt Leonie jedoch als Stefanie Walden und so schickt Inez Joachim einen Erpresserbrief, in dem sie andeutet, alles zu wissen, und ihn nachts in ihrem Zimmer sprechen will. Er begibt sich zu ihr, will sie jedoch nur an die Hausordnung erinnern: Lehrer haben ihre Sprechzeiten, zu denen die Schülerinnen zu ihnen kommen können. Inez hat sich jedoch in den Kopf gesetzt, ihn zu verführen, und als sie das Personal schreiend aufwecken will, um ihn bloßzustellen, küsst Joachim sie. Anschließend geht er zu Stefanie und erklärt ihr, dass Inez alles weiß. Die hat unterdessen das gesamte Personal geweckt. Als alle an Stefanies Tür klopfen, erscheint Joachim, und Stefanie gibt zu, in Wirklichkeit eine Barbesitzerin zu sein. Während die eilig einberufene Lehrerkonferenz über den Verbleib Joachims am Pensionat entscheidet, wird Inez von den anderen Mädchen durch die Schule gejagt.

Am Ende finden sich alle im Nachtfalter ein, wo Joachim und Stefanie inzwischen gemeinsam auftreten. Wenig später heiraten beide wirklich.

Produktion
Professor Nachtfalter entstand nach einer Idee von Adolf Schütz und Paul Baudisch. Er wurde im Atelier Bendestorf, in Meersburg und Konstanz am Bodensee gedreht. Franz Schroedter schuf die Bauten, Helmuth Volmer übernahm die Produktionsleitung. Die Produktionskosten beliefen sich auf 900.000 DM. Der Film erlebte am 23. Februar 1951 in der Essener Lichtburg seine Premiere.

Der Film war das Leinwanddebüt zahlreicher Darstellerinnen, darunter Helga Feddersen, Ingrid Andree, Christiane Jansen und Carla Hagen, die im Film Schülerinnen spielten.

Im Film sind mehrere Lieder zu hören; die Musik stammt von Friedrich Schröder, die Liedtexte schrieb Willy Dehmel.

 Heute müßt' es Frühling sein
 So was tun die Herrn
 Das erste Lied der Welt
 Adam saß im Paradies und fühlte sich allein (Kanon)

Kritik
Der film-dienst nannte Professor Nachtfalter eine "deutsche Nachkriegskomödie mit Tanz und Musik."

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1951
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Filmkomödie

Professor Nachtfalter